[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


























































































        TC
        330
        F6
        .R40
        1990



                                                                              1-7-



                                     CM   258


                                   FINAL REPORT


                                 DECEMBER 21, 1990



               "EFFECTS OF MOSQUITO CONTROL WATER MANAGEMENT ON SOIL
              CHEMISTRY, HYDROLOGY, AND FISH/CRUSTACEAN MICROHABITAT
           ASSOCIATIONS ON UPPER MARSH FLATS OF RIM-MANAGED IMPOUNDMENTS
                                AND TIDAL MARSHES"





                                     J.R. REY
                       Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory

                                        AND

                                   R."G. GILMORE
                   Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Inc.


             SPONSORING AGENCY: INDIAN RIVER MOSQUITO CONTROL DISTRICT



                                  DOUGLAS CARLSON
                                   GLENNON DODD
                           Project Managers/Coordinators




         [FUNDS FOR THIS PROJECT WERE PROVIDED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF
         ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION, OFFICE OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT USING FUNDS
         MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
         ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972, AS
         AMENDED].















                                    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY




          SULFIDE DYNAMICS.     The measurement of pore and surf ace water
          sulfide dynamics in artificial ditches and a natural tidal creek
          demonstrated similar dynamics.      That being an overall trend of
          increasing sulfide concentrations during the summer, and sharp
          peaks in the late fall-early winter coinciding with maximum litter
          inputs.    However, impoundment perimeter ditches showed higher
          sulfide concentrations as compared to tidal creeks.               These
          increased levels are attributed to generally restricted water
          movement and higher rates of organic deposition there.

                In general, water column sulfide levels were not shown to be
          lethal to aquatic organisms. However, in the summer high sulfide
          concentrations in bottom ditch waters may be critical to benthic
          invertebrates.     Impoundment management efforts which minimize
          vegetation mortality and limit the buildup of organic material is
          encouraged to maintain water quality conducive to marine organisms.

          SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW AND FIDDLER CRAB POPULATION DYNAMICS.


                The Cvprinodon variegatu      (sheepshead minnow) behavioral
          observation study demonstrated that males are territorial during
          reproductive periods. In shallow water (<30 cm.) , they will defend
          a territory of approx. 0.5 m. which is the location where mating
          occurs. Summer marsh flooding as part of a Rotational Impoundment
          Management (RIM) plan allows Cyprinodon breeding on the marsh
          surface for 3-4 months longer than in a tidal marsh, resulting in
          an increased Cyprinodon population size under RIM management.

                Published work shows that Uca (fiddler crab) populations are
          important components of the marsh system contributing to the
          breakdown of plant material and nutrient cycling.          This study
          demonstrated that high water levels can affect Uca distribution
          patterns at all sites.     RIM management caused a major impact on
          burrow density and distribution with a complete loss of burrows at
          lower elevations. The fall sea level rise, beginning in September
          and continuing until November, lowered Uca numbers, especially at
          lower marsh elevations. This effect continued the loss of lower
          elevation burrows at Impoundment 12 as well as complete loss at the
          created marsh (Grand Harbor), and lowered densities at the other
          sites. At the RIM-managed and created marsh sites consistently low
          Uca densities occurred year-round, perhaps coincidental with the
          sparce vegetation which occurs there. At the other study sites,
          which are moderate to densely vegetated, Uca were present year-
          round.









                                          SUMMARY



          TASK 1. COMPARE UPPER MARSH SOIL CHEMISTRY AND COMPOSITION BETWEEN
               RIM-MANAGED IMPOUNDMENTS AND TIDAL CREEKS.

               An examination of the pore and surface water sulfide dynamics
          in several Indian River lagoon salt marshes indicates that sulfide
          dynamics of impoundment perimeter ditches appear similar to those
          of natural tidal creeks.       The general trend observed was for
          increasing sulfide concentrations in the summer with peaks in the
          late-fall, early winter period when litter input to the sediments
          peaks.    On average, the natural creek had the lowest sulfide
          concentrations and the managed impoundment perimeter ditch had the
          highest. These elevated sulfide levels in perimeter ditches are
          attributed to the resticted water movement and higher rates of
          organic deposition there.

               Relatively low sLilfide concentrations were measured in the
          water column. Thus, aquatic organisms encounter toxic levels only
          in the ditch bottom during the summer months. Most bottom-
          inhabiting fish are usually. able to avoid such stress through
          behavioral or physiological adaptations. However, the summer may
          be a critical time of the year in the population cycles of benthic
          and epibenthic invertebrates that inhabit the ditch bottoms.

               Perimeter ditch water quality, especially during the summer
          months, may be enhanced by periodically exporting organic matter
          from the ditch rather than letting it accumulate there. Possible
          means to accomplish this include improving impoundment-lagoon
          connection wherever possible as well as periodic draining and re-
          flooding of the impoundment during the summer. Also, preventing
          large scale vegetation kills is important to preserve water quality
          since decaying vegetation is the major organic input. Delaying the
          seasonal culvert opening until lagoon water levels rise in the fall
          is important to prevent massive fish kills that have been
          associated with high sulfide and low dissolved oxygen levels in the
          perimeter ditches.

               The comparative study of soil composition among managed
          impoundment, breached impoundment and an unimpounded marsh is not
          complete pending final collection of samples this month and their
          lab analysis. Preliminary data comparisons indicate that the soils
          of breached impoundments and unmanaged marsh are more similar to
          each other than to those of the managed impoundment studied.
          Complete analysis will be presented in an upcoming progress report.

          MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS.

          1) Delay fall impoundment opening until lagoonal water levels meet
               or exceed those within the impoundment to minimize organism
               entry into impoundment waters where poor water quality (high
               sulfides and low dissolved oxygen levels) may negatively
               affect their survival.

          2)   Minimizing vegetation kill due to impoundment flooding is
               important to limit the buildup of organic material into the
               system.








          3)   Draining and ref looding impoundments at regular intervals
               during the summer months as a means to export organics trapped
               in the perimeter ditch could ameliorate water quality
               degradation.

          4) Increase the amount of organic matter exported to the lagoon by
               increasing the number and size of culverts connecting the
               marsh with the lagoon.


          TASK 2. COMPARE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW AND FIDDLER CRAB POPULATION
               DYNAMICS, FEEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR BETWEEN DIFFERENT
               MARSH MICRORABITATS UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES.

               Previous CZM funded impoundment management studies have
          documented that along with Gambusia holbrokii (mosquitofish), and
          Poecilia   latipinna    (sailfin   molly),   Cyprinodon     variegatus
          (sheepshead minnow) is the dominant marsh resident fish in
          impounded marsh systerds.    This study, which observed Cyprinodon
          behavior in impounded and tidal marsh locations, documented the
          territoriality of Cyprinodon males during their reproductive
          periods. During these reproductive times, males def end a territory
          of approx. 0.5 m. in diameter in shallow water (<30 cm.). It is
          within these defended territories that mating occurs.

               Summer impoundment flooding under Rotational Impoundment
          Management provides a longer marsh surface breeding period than in
          a tidal marsh.     In addition, all Cyprinodon observation sites
          developed an algal mat while flooded, a primary food source for
          Cyprinodon. Therefore, this extended flooding period allows for an
          increased Cyprinodon population to develop under RIM conditions.

               Previously published studies of Uca (fiddler crab) populations
          in a variety of marsh habitats documented that Uca are important
          marsh components.      They provide a bio-turbation function by
          contributing to the breakdown of plant material as well as nutrient
          cycling.

               This study demonstrated that high water levels negatively
          affect Uca distribution.     High water levels associated with RIM
          summer flooding showed a complete loss of burrows at Impoundment
          12.    Correspondingly, the fall sea level rise, beginning in
          September and continuing until November, lowered Uca numbers along
          the transects studied, in particular, at lower marsh elevations.

               At the RIM-managed (Impoundment #12) and created marsh site
          (Grand Harbor) , where marsh vegetation was sparce, consistently low
          Uca densities occurred year-round.       At the other moderate to
          densely vegetated study sites, Uca were present year-round.

          MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS.

          1) Decrease the length of time that the marsh surface is closed
               and flooded by delaying flooding.

          2)  Increase the amount of non-flooded marsh surface by reducing
               flooding elevations.









          TASK 3. PROVIDE SCIENTIFIC REPORTS AND PRESENTATIONS AND
                PUBLICATIONS FROM THE INFORMATION GENERATED FROM TASKS 1 & 2.

                Listed below is: 1) a chronology of presentations made during
                the past year which drew on CZM sponsored research and 2) a
                list of 1989-90 publications from CZM sponsored work.

          1) PRESENTATIONS DRAWING ON CZM SPONSORED WORK.

          NOVEMBER 1989:


          FLORIDA ANTI-MOSQUITO ASSOCIATION FALL MEETING (Punta Gorda) . Doug
                Carlson's presentation updating activities of the Subcommittee
                on Managed Marshes (SOMM) acknowledged the importance of CZM
                sponsored research.

          REGIONAL COASTAL MANAGEMENT SEMINAR (Vero Beach). At this
                University of Fla., Institute of Food and Agricultural
                Sciences seminar, -Peter 0 'Bryan presented: "Mosquito control:
                function and management of impoundment areas and control
                methods used". CZM sponsored research was the focus for the
                impoundment management portion of this seminar.

          DECEMBER 1989:


          ST.  JOHNS RIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (Palatka) .       At John
                Minton's (Governing Board Chairman) invitation, Doug Carlson
                summarized salt marsh management along the IR lagoon to the
                the SJRWMD Governing Board.    The highlights and management
                implications of CZM sponsored work was the focus of this
                presentation. SJRWMD began taking an increasingly important
                role in salt marsh management along the IR lagoon through
                their administration of the SWIM (Surface Water Improvement
                and Management) program.

          FEBRUARY 1990:


          FLORIDA ANTI-MOSQUITO ASSOCIATION SHORT COURSES (Ocala). Doug
                Carlson was an instructor in a course "Environmental Issues
                Affecting Mosquito Control". This presentation covered the
                political and scientific implications of mosquito control
                water management stressing CZM sponsored research as the basis
                for the impoundment management improvements currently used.

          APRIL 1990:

          AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION (Lexington, KY).            Doug
                Carlson made a presentation entitled "Interagency cooperation
                in developing management plans for Florida's salt marshes".

          FLORIDA MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION (Ocala) . Doug Carlson's
                presentation was entitled "The SWIM program: cooperation
                between the St. Johns River WMD, HRS, and the Subcommittee on
                Managed Marshes in promoting improved salt marsh management".










          MAY 1990:

          PAN AMERICAN CONGRESS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE (Mexico City, Mexico)
                Jorge Rey's presentation was entitled: "Manejo del Ambiente
                para el Control de los Mosquitos Aedes taeniorhynchus and
                Aedes sollicitans.


          SEPTEMBER 1990:


          CAYMAN ISLANDS INTERNATIONAL MOSQUITO CONTROL CONFERENCE. At this
                Grand Cayman conference, Doug Carlson was an invitational
                speaker, who presented a paper on Rotational Impoundment
                Management.     This conference reviewed the Cayman Islands
                mosquito    control program and made recommendations on
                directions the program should pursue. Increased emphasis on
                physical control was one focus of discussion.

          NAVIGATING THE NINETYS (FLORIDA COASTAL MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE,
                Clearwater) .

                A) At this DNR/DER sponsored conference, Doug Carlson
                      organized and moderated a session entitled: "Current
                      techniques and issues in salt marsh water management".
                      Four presentations summarized the research, management
                      experience and interagency cooperation accumulated over
                      the past decade of salt marsh management for mosquito
                      control    and   natural    resource    enhancement.        Two
                      presentations directly drawing on CZM sponsored work
                      were:


                      1)     "Rotational     Impoundment      Management       (RIM):
                            implementation    and management       issues,/     Peter
                            O'Bryan, Indian River MCD.

                      2) "St. Lucie Mosquito Control District's environmental
                            enhancement techniques in rotationally managed
                            (RIM) impoundments", James David, St. Lucie Co.
                            MCD.


                B) Dr. Grant Gilmore organized and moderated a session
                      entitled: "Habitat management". Two presentations within
                      this session drawing on CZM work were:

                      1) "What good is a periodically flooded mud flat? Who
                            lives, eats and reproduces in marginal wetlands of
                            Florida?, Dr. Grant Gilmore, HBOI.

                      2) "Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes along the
                            Indian River lagoon", Dr. Jorge Rey, FMEL.


          OCTOBER 1990:


          44TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND
                WILDLIFE AGENCIES (Richmond, VA) .         Dr. Grant Gilmore was
                invited to give a paper entitled; "Annual sea level rise as an
                effector of high-low marsh trophic interactions in subtropical
                Florida", which incorporated several years of CZM funded work.










          2) PUBLICATIONS DRAWING ON CZM SPONSORED WORK.

          Douglas B. Carlson, Peter D. O'Bryan and Jorge R. Rey. 1991. A
               review of current salt marsh management issues in Florida",
               Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, in
               press.

          Peter D. O'Bryan, Douglas B. Carlson and R. Grant Gilmore. 1990.
               Salt marsh mitigation: an example of the process.of balancing
               mosquito control, natural 'resource, and development interests.
               Florida Scientist, Vol. 53, No. 3: 189-203.

          Jorge R. Rey et al. 1989. Salt marsh and mangrove forest soils in
               impounded wetlands, Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito
               Association 60:50-55.

          Jorge R. Rey et al., 1990. Effects of re-establishing tidal
               connections in two impounded subtropical marshes on fishes and
               physical conditions. Wetlands 10:27-45.

          Jorge R. Rey et al. 1990. Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes
               along the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Journal of
               Environmental Management 14:397-409.

          Jorge R. Rey et al. 1990. Above-ground vegetation production in
               impounded, ditched, and natural Batis-Salicornia marshes along
               the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Wetlands 10:1-21.

          Jorge R. Rey et al. 1991. Wetland impoundments of east-central
               Florida. Florida Scientist 54:, in press.

          Jorge R. Rey and R.W. Stahl. 1991. Manejo del ambiente para el
               control de los mosquitos Aedes taeniorhynchus and Aedes
               sollicitans. Pan American Health Organization, Boletin de la
               Direccion General de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, in
               press.
















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                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS


          CONTRACT-RELATED ACTIVITIES   ..................................  1


          GENERAL INTRODUCTION   ........................................   2


          PORE WATER SULFIDE DYNAMICS   .................................   2


               Introduction   ...........................................   2

               Study Sites  ............................................    3

               Methods  ................................................    4


               Results  ................................................    5


               Discussion  .............................................    7


               Conclusion   .............................................  10


          SALT MARSH SOILS  ............................................   11


               Introduction   ...........................................  11

               Study Sites  ............................................   12

               Methods  ................................................   12


               Data  ...................................................   13


          LITERATURE CITED  ............................................   14


          TABLES  ......................................................   18


          FIGURES  .....................................................   24












                               CONTRACT-13 ELATED ACTIVITIES


                                        PUBLICATIONS


          Rey, J. R., et al. 1989. Salt marsh and mangrove forest soils in
                impounded 1@,etlands. J. Fl. Anti-Mosq Assoc. 60: 50-55.

                      . 1990. Effects of re-establishing tidal connections in
                two impounded subtropical marshes on f ishes and physical
                conditions. Wetlands 10: 27-45.

                         1990. Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes along
                the Indian River - Lagoon, Florida, USA.        J. Environmental
                Management 14: 397-409.

                      . 1990. Above-ground vegetation production in impounded,
                ditched, and natural Batis-Salicornia marshes along the Indian
                River Lagoon, Florida, U.S.A. Wetlands 10: 1-21.

                      . 1991. Wetland impoundments of east-central Florida.
                Florida Scientist 54:, in press.

                      . 1991. Zooplankton of impounded marshes and shallow
                areas of a subtropical lagoon.        Florida Scientist 54:, in
                press.

          Rey,  J. R. and R. W. Stahl. 1991. Manejo del ambiente para el
                control de los mosquitos Aedes taeniorhynchus and Aedes
                sollicitans. Pan American Health Organization, Boletin de la
                Direccion General de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, in
                press.

          Carlson, D. B., P. D. O'Bryan, and J. R. Rey. 1990. A review of
                current salt marsh management isuues in Florida.         J. Amer.
                Mosq. Control. Assoc., in press.

                                   PRESENTATIONS (1990).

          Manejo del Ambiente para el Control de los Mosquitos Aedes
          taeniorhynchus and Aedes sollicitans.        Pan American Congress of
          Tropical Medicine, Mexico City.

          Vegetation Dynamics in Impounded Marshes along the Indian River
          Lagoon. Florida Coastal Management Conference. Clearwater, Fl.











                                GENERAL INTRODUCTION

              This report covers two distinct projects: the impoundment pore
         water sulfide study, and the marsh soils study. The first study
         has been completed and a full report of the results and conclusions
         are presented here.    Field work for the second project is still
         under way. We expect to collect the last soil samples this month,
         which means that laboratory analyses will not be completed until
         late February.    Consequently, analysis of these data will not be
         finished for at least three more months. Here we present only some
         summary data to give an indication of the sources of variation
         that we will be dealing with, and of the general shape of the data
         set.


                            PORE WATER SULFIDE DYNAMICS


                                     INTRODUCTION


              In salt marshes, a significant proportion of the energy
         contained   in   organic   matter,    particularly   that    produced
         underground, is processed through the sulfur cycle (Howarth and
         Teal 1980, King 1983, Gardner et al. 1988).      Energy produced by
         sulfate   reduction   is directly utilized by microorganisms
         responsible for the process, or is stored underground as reduced
         sulfur compounds, mainly hydrogen sulfide (H,S) , iron monosulf ide
         (FeS) , or pyrite (FeS,) (Howarth et al. 1983).      The process of
         sulfate reduction is also important because some by-products of
         sulfate oxidation (e.g. H,S) can be toxic to marsh vegetation
         (Nickerson and Thibodeau 1985) and to aquatic organisms (Abel et
         al. 1987), and all generate acidity upon oxidation. H,S can also
         act as a strong scavenger of dissolved oxygen. Thus, many aspects
         of the sulfate reduction process have the potential to produce
         stressful conditions for the marsh flora and fauna, particularly
         in areas with reduced water flow such as in isolated marsh
         depressions or impounded marshes (Gaviria et al. 1986).

              Salt marsh impoundments are common in many areas of the world
         and have been used for a wide variety of purposes including
         agriculture (Tompkins 1986), aquaculture (Bardach et al. 1972),
         waterfowl management (Hardin 1987), water storage (Baxter 1977),
         mosquito control (Provost 1977), and others.      Over 16,000 ha of
         salt marshes and mangrove forests bordering the Indian River
         Lagoon, in east central Florida, have been impounded for mosquito
         control.   Impounding involves construction of a dike around the
         marsh with material excavated from the marsh perimeter thus
         creating a ditch that borders the dike on-the inside of the marsh.
         This allows artificial flooding of the marsh during the mosquito
         producing season and eliminates mosquito production because the
         salt marsh mosquitos Aedes taeniorhynchus Wied. and A. sollicitans
         Walker will not oviposit upon standing water.           only a few
         centimeters of water ate required to prevent mosquito oviposition.


                                           2











              In this area, impoundments are usually artificially flooded
         in late spring, and are maintained flooded during the summer. In
         the past, most agencies attempted to minimize the adverse effect
         of impounding upon the marsh and lagoon systems by opening the
         culverts connecting the impounded marsh with the lagoon as soon as
         potential mosquito production declined, usually in early or mid
         September. This practice, however, often creates problems because
         during the flooded period, the water in the perimeter ditches
         become highly stratified, with an anoxic lower layer with high
         sulfide concentrations (G. Gilmore and P. Carlson, unpublished
         data). In early September, water levels in the lagoon are low so
         when the culverts are opened, water flows out from the impoundment
         into the lagoon and the oxygenated upper layer in the ditches is
         drained, leaving only the anoxic high sulfide lower layer.           As
         marsh water levels drop, aquatic organisms have to retreat from the
         upper marsh into the perimeter ditches, were the interaction of low
         dissolved oxygenand high sulfide prove lethal to many species
         (Peterson 1990), and often result-in massive fish kills.

              A great deal of effort has been devoted during the past years
         to preventing fish kills when the culverts are opened. Some new
         techniques such as bottom-water release culverts (which drain the
         ditches from the bottom) and overpumping lagoon water into the
         ditches prior to opening (to break up the stratification), have
         been found to significantly improve conditions in the ditches when
         the impoundments are drained       (Carlson et al. 1989, David and
         Vessels 1989). These-techniques, however, are often expensive and
         very labor-intensive.     An alternative is to delay culvert opening
         until the water levels in the lagoon rise in late September or
         early October, and open the culverts at high tide. In this way,
         lagoon waters will first flow into the impoundment and mix with the
         impoundment water thus improving overall water quality and breaking
         up the stratification in the ditches before the marsh drains at low
         tide.

              This study investigates the sulfide dynamics in impoundment
         perimeter ditches and the surrounding pore waters. Specifically,
         we compare the sulfide concentrations in a functional managed
         impoundment with those in an impoundment that remains open all year
         and those in a nearby tidal creek.      We also examine the effects
         of delayed fall opening of the managed impoundment upon sulfide
         concentrations in the pore and surface waters.

                                      STUDY SITES

              Three sites were selected for this study; two impoundments
         (IRC #12 and Blue Hole) and a natural tidal creek (Figure 1). IRC
         #12 is a 128.4 ha impoundment on the barrier island side of the
         Indian River lagoon at the Indian River-St. Lucie county li        'ne.
         The impoundment is connected to the lagoon via two 76.2 cm diameter
         culverts with risers, and two 45.7 cm diameter culverts with

                                            3







                                                                         I




         flapgates. The culverts connecting the marsh with the lagoon were
         closed on June 8, 1989 and the marsh was f looded for mosquito          is
         control by pumping..in lagoon water. The culverts were re-opened
         at high tide on September 22, 1989, at which time lagoon water
         levels were high enough to flood the marsh. Blue Hole is located
         approximately 1.5 km south of IRC #12. It covers an area of 743.5
         ha, and is connected all year to the lagoon via a 76.2 cm diameter
         culvert with no control structures, and through a breach on the
         dike on the northeast side of the impoundment. The tidal creek is
         located 1.5 km south of Blue Hole. It is approximately 15m wide
         with a mean depth of approximately 95cm. It runs from a natural
         marsh into the lagoon, approximately 180m away and has no flow
         restrictions throughout its length.

                                       METHODS


              At each site, two pore water sampling stations were
         established on the creek or ditch banks, and one in mid-channel.
         Additional stations were established to sample the water column in
         the center of the ditches or creek at the three sites.

              Samples were collected biweekly at depths of 15, 30, and 45
         centimeters below the marsh floor, not more than 1 hour before or
         after high tide using modified versions of the pore water samplers
         described by Zimmermann et al. (1978; Figure 2).          Additional
         samples were collected on September 22, 1989 prior to opening the
         culverts, 2 hours and 8 hours after the culverts were opened, and
         at high tide the following morning. The samplers were permanently
         installed at the appropriate depth and were only removed if repairs
         or replacement became necessary.

              The water column samplers were suspended in a float so that
         samples were always collected 35 cm below the water surface.
         Equipment and time constraints did not permit more intensive
         sampling of the water column, therefore we chose the above depth
         to allow sample collection even when water levels were low, and to
         reflect the quality of the habitat available for aquatic organisms
         during low water periods and during the critical fall opening.

         Sample Collection.

              Samples were removed by pumping in nitrogen gas through the
         sampler's gas intake valve (Figure 2) to completely purge the
         system of oxygen. The samples were collected directly into vacuum
         sealed 50 ml serum bottles that were filled with nitrogen gas.
         This was done with a plastic tubing and needle arrangement that
         penetrated the rubber'seal without introducing air into the sample
         bottles. All samplers were purged of accumulated water 12 hours
         prior to sample collection, and were sealed to the atmosphere
         afterwards.





                                          4









               After collection, 10 ml of pore water for sulfide analysis
          were removed from the bottles with 20 ml syringes which contained
          10 ml of freshly-prepared SAOB and which were wrapped in aluminum
          f oil and kept in a cooler.     After collection, each syringe was
          again wrapped with aluminum f oil and returned to the cooler. Thus,
          there was no exposure to oxygen and only minimal exposure to light
          during the sample extraction and fixing process.           The water
          remaining in the serum bottles was used to obtain measurements of
          dissolved oxygen and temperature (YSI Model 51B meter), pH
          (Gallenkamp pH Stick), and salinity (AO temperature compensated
          refractometer).

               In the laboratory, sulfide determinations were made not more
          than three hours after collection using an Orion EA940 Ion Analyzer
          with a Model 94-16 Silver/Sulfide electrode, a Model 90-02 double
          junction reference electrode, and an Orion Automatic Temperature
          Compensator (ATC) probe.       Prior to analysis, the system was
          calibrated using Orion Sulfide Standards. Standards covering the
          range of concentrations normally encountered in our samples were
          also run after every 4 samples.

          Data Analysis.

               All data analyses were performed using SAS (SAS Institute,
          Cary N.C.) on a Microvax II computer. ANOVAS were performed with
          the GLM procedure of SAS, and the Waller-Duncan a-posteriori test
          was used to examine individual differences for significant ANOVA
          terms.   If significant interactions were discovered in multiway
          and nested ANOVASF the interacting terms were analyzed separately
          using one-way analyses.


                                         RESULTS


               Pore water temperatures during the study ranged from 160C in
          winter to 400C in summer with dissolved oxygen and pH ranges during
          the same interval of 0 to 5.8 ppm and 4.5 to 8.6, respectively.
          Salinity ranged from 26 to 75 ppt. Drought conditions during late
          spring and summer of 1989, coupled with high evaporation rates,
          combined to produce the highest salinity values observed during the
          study. Pore water sulfide concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 1640
          Ag-at/liter. Mean sulfide concentrations ranged from 0.16Ag-at/l
          at the tidal creek to,436.52gg-at/l at IRC #12 (Table 1).

          Site-Station-Depth Effects

               There were significant differences between sites in pore water
          D.O., temperature, salinity, and sulfide (Table 2).        Results of
          Waller Duncan tests indicate that creek pore waters had the lowest
          temperature and sulfide concentration and the highest D.O., whereas
          IRC #12 had the highest salinity and sulfide concentrations and
          Blue Hole the lowest D.O. (Table 2).


                                            5









               Significant differences between stations within sites, and
          between depths within stations were evident only for salinity and
          sulfide. Differences in salinity with depth were only significant
          at Blue Hole, where the salinity increased with depth. Sulfide,
          however, increased with depth at all three sites (Table 3) . At the
          two impoundments, the mid-channel station had higher sulfide
          concentrations than the bank stations but the opposite was true at
          the tidal creek (Table 3).

               There were no significant differences in water column D.O.,
          temperature and salinity (Table 4).      Water column sulfide was
          higher at IRC #12, than at Blue Hole and the tidal creek, whereas
          pH at the tidal creek was lower than at the other two stations
          (Table 4).

          Seasonal Patterns


               Seasonal patterns in sulfide concentrations at the creek and
          ditch bank stations were similar at all sites. There was a trend
          of increasing sulfide starting in the summer, with sharp peaks in
          late fall and early winter. Sulfide then decreased steadily, and
          remained low during late winter and spring except for the 45cm
          samples at the bank stations which displayed an increasing trend,
          starting in late spring (Figure 3).

               At the mid channel stations, there was no increasing trend
          during summer, except for the 15cm samples at Blue Hole, which
          peaked during August and September (Figure 4).         At the two
          impoundments, mid-channel sulfide peaked during November and
          December, and decreased steadily thereafter, whereas at the tidal
          creek it peaked sharply during September-October and remained low
          during the rest of the year (Figure 4).

               Water column sulfide was less than 1 Ag-at/l throughout the
          year, except for small peaks at IRC #12 when the culverts were
          closed in June 1989 (up to 3 gg-at/1), and just before they were
          opened in September (l gg-at/1).

          Fall Opening.

               In the ditch bank stations at IRC #12, sulfide concentrations
          at all depths increased after the culverts were opened in September
          1989., The increase continued through the receding tide and reached
          near twice the original levels at 15 and 30 cm, with a smaller
          increase (about 30%) evident at 45 cm (Figure 5).     By the first
          high tide the following day, sulfide levels had again dropped, but
          were still higher than before culvert opening (Figure 5). At the
          mid-channel station, the 15cm samples exhibited patterns similar
          to the above.    At 30cm, sulfide concentration decreased after
          culvert opening whereas at 45cm, sulfide concentration first
          decreased and then increased so that by the next high tide, levels
          were higher than before opening (Figure 5). Water column sulfide

                                           6









          levels remained low throughout the interval; they dropped slightly
          with each sample, going from 0.22 gg-at/l before the culverts were
          opened, to 0.13 gg-at/l the next day.

                                      DISCUSSION


              The standing stock of sulfide at a given location is the
          result of several processes, particularly the rate of sulfate
          reduction, the rate of sulfide precipitation as metal sulfides,
          the rate of f lushing, of sulf ide-containing pore waters, and the
          amount and sulf ide concentration of water exchanged with other
          locations.


              Sulf ide concentrations at the bank stations were somewhat
          lower than reported for temperate marshes (Howarth et al. 1983,
          Carlson and Forrest 1982), but were similar to those reported from
          creekside stations in Georgia (King et al. 1982) and South Carolina
          (Gardner et al. 1988).   In general, they were higher than those
          reported by Carlson et al. (1983) for black mangrove (Avicennia
          germinans) zones in nearby overwash mangrove island sediments (0 -
          100 gM), but lower than pore water concentrations found by the
          same authors in red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) zones (10 - 1500
          AM).

              Creek and ditch bank areas such as the ones where our stations
          are located usually have lower sulfide concentrations than back
          marsh areas (King et al. 1982, Gardner et al. 1988). Several
          factors that have be-en -found to produce lower standing stocks of
          sulfide at creekside than in the back marsh are also probably
          responsible for the relatively low levels found at our sites: 1)
          faster drainage of sulfide-containing pore water into the creeks
          and ditches (Gardner et al. 1988, Agosta 1985); 2) Higher inputs
          of reactive iron at creekside (King gt al. 1982); 3) Higher levels
          of bioturbation at creekside recycle reactive iron so that iron
          reduced at depth is brought to the surface and oxidized, and fresh
          iron oxides are transported downward where they react with sulfides
          and precipitate as FeS or FeS2 (Gardner et al. 1985, Gardner 1990).
          Although many Florida marshes are poor in iron (Hsieh and Yang
          1989), high iron content and high rates of sulfide precipitation
          as FeS have been reported from nearby marshes by Carlson et al.
          (1983); 4) Portions of the creekside sediments receive greater
          aeration than upper marsh sediments, particularly when negative
          pore pressures develop as a result of shifting water levels (Agosta
          1985).

          Site Comparisons.

              The higher sulfide concentrations present at IRC #12 than at
          the other two sites probably result from a variety of factors: 1)
          The restricted water flow and exchange with the lagoon reduces the
          rate of flushing of sulfides (King et al. 1982, Howarth and Giblin
          1983) and the input of reactive iron to the sediments (King @gt al.

                                           7









          1982, Giblin and Howarth 1984).     The scant water. flow may also
          increase the rates of sulfate reduction by promoting more reducing
          conditions in the sediments (Jorgensen 1977). 2) Soils at IRC #12
          have a higher organic matter content than Blue Hole (Rey et al.,
          in prep.) and probably than the natural creek. This is a result
          of widescale vegetation kills at that site in the past (Rey et al.
          1990a) , and of higher.rates of yearly plant litter input caused by
          localized vegetation kills that often occur during the flooded
          period in the summer (Rey et al. 1990a). The higher organic matter
          content will promote higher rates of sulfate reduction (Gardner et
          al. 1988).

               Similar factors may be  responsible for sulfide concentration
          patterns at the mid-channel  stations. The reduced water flow in
          the impoundments limits the  amount of sulfide that can be removed
          from the sediments, particularly during summer, when perimeter
          ditch stratification is most pronounced.      Additionally, litter
          produced in the impoundments must reach the perimeter ditches and
          then make its way to one of the culverts (or the breach at Blue
          Hole) before it is exported to the lagoon. This situation clearly
          fosters the accumulation of organic matter in ditch bottoms thus
          promoting sulfate reduction.

          Seasonal Patterns.

               Previous studies report that salt marsh sulfide concentrations
          are highest in late summer (Jorgensen 1977, Howarth & Teal 1979     '
          Howarth et al. 1983). This pattern has been attributed to higher
          reducing activity during those times (Howarth et al. 1983), to
          higher inputs of organic matter to the sediments due to plant
          senescence (Howarth and Teal 1979), or death of the benthic fauna
          due to anoxia (Jorgensen 1977), and to concentration of sulfide as
          a result of high rates of evapotranspiration in summer (Gardner  ' et
          al. 1988). Carlson a@d co-workers, however recorded their lowest
          sulfide concentrations during the summer and attribute this pattern
          to the low water levels typical of this area during that season
          (Carlson et al. 1983).

               Although in this Jarea reducing activity is highest during late
          summer (Lahmann 1988), peak vascular plant detritus input into the
          sediments in this area does not occur until late fall or early
          winter (Rey et al. 1990b). Thus, we have a pattern of increasing
          sulfide concentrations during the summer (with increasing reducing
          activity and evapotranspiration) and more or less sharp peaks
          during late fall - early winter which correlate with peak detritus
          input into the sediments.

               The sharp drops in sulfide levels evident at all sites after
          December correspond with the yearly drop in Lagoon water levels,
          which increases exposure of the marsh surface and drainage of the
          pore waters.   Because the mid-channel stations are permanently
          flooded, the seasonal differential in reducing activity and

                                           8









          evapotranspiration are probably less pronounced there than at the
          bank stations, which may explain the lack of a consistent rise in
          sulfide during the summer at mid-channel.

          Fall Opening.

               The increase in   sulfide concentrations evident at the bank
          stations of IRC #12 after the culverts were opened in September
          1989 are puzzling as one would expect the increased flushing and
          the replacement of stagnant impoundment water with lagoon waters
          to cause a decrease in concentration. It is possible that sulfate
          became limiting during the summer and sulfate reduction rates
          increased when fresh sulfate was introduced in the incoming lagoon
          waters, thus causing the observed increase in sulfide stocks. This
          is not an unreasonable process considering the fact that the
          impoundment was closed for three months prior to opening, which
          means that no fresh sulfate was introduced into the system during
          a period when reducing activity is usually highest.           Although
          sulfate is abundant in sea water and is seldom limiting in marine
          and estuarine surface waters (Howarth and Teal 1979), pore water
          sulfate concentrations are often much lower, particularly at depth
          (Jorgensen 1977). Several studies have demonstrated drops in pore
          water sulfate levels during periods of low water movement
          (Jorgensen 1977, Giblin and Howarth 1984) ; for example, Lee and Kim
          (1990), working in intertidal sediments in Korea, found that high
          reductions rates could cause total depletion of sulfate from pore
          waters.

               Alternatively, the rise in sulfide at our stations may be a
          result of lateral transport of high sulfide pore water from the
          marsh interior to the ditch and creek banks.        Recall that the
          culverts at IRC #12 where opened at high tide. Two hours later,
          when the "AFTER" samples were taken, water levels in the lagoon
          were receding, but because of the restricted nature of the exchange
          pathways between marsh and lagoon (culverts), levels in the former
          drop slower than in the latter. As a result, a head differential
          is established that slopes down towards the perimeter ditch. Such
          a process is known to'force lateral movement of pore water in the
          direction of decreasing head (Agosta 1985).

               Examination of the salinity patterns during the same interval
          indicate that both of these processes may be at work. Initially,
          pore water salinity dropped, which indicates that the major water
          flux was that of the incoming, lower salinity (high sulfate) ,
          lagoon water into the sediments.       As the tide receded in the
          lagoon, salinity rose indicating transport of higher salinity water
          from the marsh interi 'or into the perimeter ditch area, eventually
          elevating salinity to'higher levels than before the culverts were
          opened.   The observation that salinity changes at 45cm lagged
          behind those at 15 and. 30cm suggests slower vertical and horizontal
          transport at that depth.


                                            9











               The fact that water column sulfide levels remained low
         throughout the study is partly due to the fact that our samples
         were not collected at the bottom, where high sulfide concentrations
         are common in summer.     However, we did not observe high sulfide
         concentrations when the top layer was drained in the fall (the
         culverts at IRC #12: are not the bottom-release type) .            This
         indicates that the incoming lagoon water effectively mixed         with
         that in the ditches lowering sulfide concentrations by dilution and
         also by oxidation of sulfide in the formerly anoxic layer; the
         latter is also suggested by a drop in water column pH from 7.2 to
         6.8 after the culverts were opened (King et al. 1982).

                                       CONCLUSION

               Sulfide dynamics of impoundment perimeter ditches appear to
         be similar to those of natural tidal creeks.         Higher levels of
         sulfide in ditches than in tidal creeks are promoted by restricted
         water movement and by higher rates of organic matter input in the
         former.   The water flow bottleneck created by the culverts may
         foster the lateral transport of pore waters when lagoon water
         levels are changing and increase the accumulation of organic matter
         in the ditch bottoms.1
               The low sulfide levels measured in the water column indicate
         that aquatic organisms are not likely to encounter toxic levels of
         this substance in the ditches, except near the bottom in summer.
         Most bottom-dwelling fishes that inhabit these impoundments during
         summer have behavioral and/or physiological adaptations that help
         them survive the summer conditions (Peterson 1990), but that time
         of year may be critical in the population cycles of benthic and
         epibenthic invertebrates that inhabit the ditch bottoms. Delayed
         fall opening of the impoundment culverts effectively prevented
         entrapment of aquatic organisms in the anoxic, high-sulfide layer
         of the perimeter ditches after the fall opening of culverts.

               Conditions in the perimeter ditches would probably be enhanced
         by allowing a greater;fraction of the organic matter produced in
         the marsh to be exported to the lagoon instead of accumulating in
         the ditch bottoms. This could be accomplished by increasing the
         number and size of culverts connecting the marsh with the lagoon,
         and also by preventing widescale vegetation damage when the
         impoundment is flooded in summer. The latter is important because
         vegetation killed in. early summer will be trapped within the
         impoundment until the@culverts are re-opened in the fall and thus
         has a high probability of being sequestered in the perimeter
         ditches.

               Attention needs to be devoted to the actual rates of sulfate
         reduction, particularly from late spring to late fall.         If the
         suggestion that sulfate reduction during summer is limited by the
         availability of substrate is generally true then some schemes to
         improve impoundment water quality, such as draining and re-


                                           10









          flooding the impoundments at regular intervals during the summer,
          may have unexpected results.


                                   SALT MARSH SOILS


                                      INTRODUCTION

               A great deal of research undertaken during the past years on
          the biology of salt marsh impoundments has resulted in valuable
          information on the fauna, flora, surface and pore water chemistry,
          and other components of the marsh-impoundment system. Very little
          attention, however, has been devoted to the soil characteristics
          of impounded marshes.      This neglect parallels the dearth of
          information on salt marsh soils in general, perhaps because of the
          limited potential of these areas for agricultural development
          (Coultas and Calhoun 1976).

               Soils can exert a significant influence on many aspects of
          salt marsh biology such as plant establishment and growth, physical
          conditions of the water column, productivity, rate and by-products
          of organic matter decomposition, and many others (see Jenny (1980),
          Greenland and Hayes (1981), and Scott et al. (1989) for general
          discussions). moreover, the soil-inhabiting biota is an important
          component of the marsh system and has the potential for significant
          impacts upon the marsh. Sulfur-reducing bacteria, for example, can
          cause significant changes in the salt marsh environment.        Their
          impact, however, can be minimized by other components of the soil
          fauna such as bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa that protect against
          hydrogen sulfide toxicity by oxidizing H2S to S. The soil f auna and
          flora also figure prominently in the overall marsh energetics and
          production dynamics (Odum 1988).

               Marsh soils can be extremely variable both between and within
          marshes, but they usually contain a large proportion of fine sands
          and clays of marine origin, and are moderately to highly saline.
          Frequent tidal flooding, and sodium defloculation of sand and silt
          combine to seal pore spaces and cause most salt marsh soils to be
          moderately to strongly reducing very near the surface. They can
          be neutral, acid, or basic depending upon the parent material, the
          soil fauna, and the marsh hydroperiod.

               Salt marsh soils are often deficient in nutrients needed for
          plant growth, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen (Gallagher 1975,
          Boto and Wellington 1984). Some anaerobic organisms (e.g. bacteria
          of the genus Nitobacter) can use nitrate as a source of oxygen and
          cause denitrificatioil. by the liberation of gaseous nitrogen or
          nitrous oxide.    Ammonia also is liberated after flooding as a
          result of anaerobic breakdown of organic matter, and is often the
          major source of nitrogen for marsh plants.       Phosphorus may be
          chronically deficient, or may be lost by leaching, but reduction









          of iron phosphate upon waterlogging may release phosphate into the
          soil solution. Organic content varies widely, but is usually in
          the range of 10 to 40% (Odum et al. 1982).

                                       STUDY SITES


               Three sites were used in this study; a managed impoundment
          (IRC #12), an unmanaged, breached impoundment (SLC #23), and a
          natural unimpounded marsh (Oslo Marsh). At IRC #12, stations were
          established in the following locations: 1) In an upper marsh flat
          sometimes covered with Salicornia bigelovii (12R) ; 2) Approximately
          100 m southeast of 12R in an unvegetated upper marsh flat (120);
          3) Approximately 2 m from the perimeter ditch in a Batis-.Salicornia
          stand (12D).

                Four stations were established in impoundment SLC #23: 1)
          Station 23B is located near the perimeter ditch on the south side
          of the breach; 2) station 23D is located approximately 15 m from
          the perimeter ditch approximately 250 m south of the breach in an
          area dominated by black mangroves; 3) station 23N is located in a
          Batis meadow, approximately 100 m from the perimeter ditch.          4)
          Station 23S is located within the same Batis stand as 23N,
          approximately 6 m to the south of 23.             Two stations were
          established at Oslo Marsh, one in the upper marsh, above mean high
          water (OSE) , and the other about ten meter west of the former below
          mean high water.      Both stations were located within          Batis-
          Salicornia stands.


                                         METHODS


                 Samples were collected  on a monthly schedule by inserting a
          10.2cm diameter corer into the sediments to a depth of 20 cm. The
          resulting core was then divided into two equal halves representing
          0-10 and 11-20 cm horizons. Each portion was stored in a separate
          plastic bag for transport to the laboratory.       In the laboratory,
          the samples were spread in labelled aluminum trays, debris was
          removed from the samples, and large chunks of           sediment were
          manually broken up to facilitate drying.        The trays were then
          stored in an air-condi tioned room equipped with a dehumidifier for
          drying.                i
               After the samples were dry, they were ground with a hand soil
          grinder, and sieved through a 2mm mesh aluminum sieve. The samples
          were then packed in paper bags and shipped to the University of
          Florida's (IFAS) Soil Analysis Laboratory where the following:
          determinations were performed: concentration of potassium (K) ,
          phosphorus (P) , iron (Fe) , Ammonia (NH4) , nitrate (N03)1 Sodium
          (Na) , and Chloride (Cl) ; electrical conductivity (EC), pH (pH) , and
          percent organic carbon (OC).       Table 5 gives a summary of the
          samples collected and:their status.



                                            12












                                         DATA

              There was considerable temporal variation in most variables
         measured, as indicated by the high percent of the variance
         I explained I by the DATE component (Table 6) -    Site station and
         depth were also important. The latter two components will probably
         gain in importance when the sites are considered independently.

              Mean values for the variables measured are shown in Figure 6.
         cursory examination of the plots indicates that SLC #23 and Oslo
         Marsh appear to be more similar to each other than to IRC #12.
         The latter site had higher Na, Cl, K, EC and OM and lower Fe and
         P values than the others.      The highest mean Fe values and the
         lowest N03 values were recorded at SLC #23, whereas Oslo Marsh
         tended to have high nitrogen (NO, and NH4) and low sodium.

              As mentioned above, no conclusions can be gleaned from these
         data until the field work is completed and the data set properly
         analyzed.    We will include the results of those activites in
         upcoming reports.































                                          13













                                     LITERATURE CITED


          Abel, D. C., C. C Koenig, and W. P. Davis. 1987. Emersion in the
                mangrove forest fish Rivulus marmoratus a unique response to
                hydrogen sulfide.     Environmental Biology of Fishes 18: 67-
                72.

          Agosta, K. 1985. The effect of tidally induced changes in the
                creekbank water table on pore water chemistry.          Estuarine,
                Coastal and Shelf Science 21: 389-400.


          Bardach, J. E., J. H. Ryther, and W. 0. McLarney. 1972. Aquacul-
                ture: The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine
                Organisms. Wiley Interscience, N.Y.

          Baxter, R. M. 1977. Ecological effects of dams and impoundments.
                Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8: 255-283

          Boto, K. G., and J. T. Wellington. 1984. Soil characteristics and
                nutrient status in a northern Australian mangrove forest.
                Estuaries 7: 61-69.

          Carlson. P. R., and J@ Forrest. 1982. Uptake of dissolved sulfide
                by Spartina alterniflora: evidence from natural sulfur isotope
                abundance ratios. Science 216: 633-635.

          Carlson, P. R., B. Sargent, H. Arnold, L. Yabro, and J. David.
                1989.     The effects of water management practices on
                impoundment Water Quality. Bulletin of the Florida Anti-
                Mosquito Association 1:22 (abstract).

          Carlson, P. R., L. A. Yabro, C. Zimmermann, and J. R. Montgomery.
                1983. Pore water chemistry of an overwash mangrove island.
                Florida Scientist 46: 239-249.

          Coultas, C. L. and F. G. Calhoun. 1976. Properties of some tidal
                marsh soils in Florida. Soil Science Society of Am            erica
                Journal 40: 72-76.

          David, J. and K. Vessels. 1989. Dissolved oxygen levels in salt
                marshes impounded for mosquito control in St. Lucie County,
                Florida, January 1984 to September 1988. Bulletin of the
                Florida Anti-Mosquito Association 1:23 (abstract).

          Gallagher, J. L. 1975     Effects of an ammonium nitrate pulse on the
                growth and elemental composition of natural stands of Spartine
                alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus.        American Journal of
                Botany 62: 644-648.

          Gardner, L. G. 1990. Simulation of the diagenesis of carbon,
                sulfur, and dissolved oxygen in salt marsh sediments.
                Ecological Monographs 60: 91-111.

                                             14










          Gardner, L. R., T. G. Wolaver, and M. Mitchell. 1988. Spatial
               variations in the sulfur chemistry of salt marsh sediments at
               North Inlet, South Carolina. Journal of Marine Research 46:
               815-836.

          Gaviria M., J. I., H. R. Schmittou, and J. H. Grover. 1986. Acid
               sulfate soils: identification, formation and implications foe
               aquaculture.    Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 1: 99-
               109.


          Giblin, A. E., and   R. W. Howarth. 1984. Porewater evidence for a
               dynamic sedimentary iron cycle in salt marshes. Limnology and
               Oceanography 29: 47-63.

          Greenland, D. J. and M. H. B   * Hayes (eds.). 1981. The Chemistry
               of Soil Processes. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

          Hardin, D. 1987. An evaluation of impoundments and ponds created
               for waterfowl in Delaware tidal marshes.          Pp, 120-126 In:
               Whitman, W. R. i,and W. H. Meredith (eds.). Waterfowl and
               Wetlands Symposium. Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources,
               Dover.


          Howarth, R. W. and A. Giblin. 1983. Sulfate reduction in the salt
               marshes at Sapelo Island, Georgia. Limnology and Oceanography
               28: 70-82.


          Howarth, R. W. , A. G  iblin, J. Gale, B. J. Peterson, and G. W.
               Luther 111. 1983. Reduced sulfur compounds in the pore waters
               of a New England salt marsh. Environmental Biogeochemistry
               Ecological Bulletin 35: 135-152.

          Howarth, R. W. and J. M. Teal. 1979. Sulfate reduction in a New
               England salt marsh. Limnology and Oceanography 24: 999-1013.

          Howarth, R. W. and J. M. Teal. 1980. Energy flow in a salt marsh
               ecosystem: the role of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds.
               The American Naturalist 116: 862-872.

          Hsieh, Y. P. and C. , H. Yang. 1989. Diffusion methods for the
               determination of reduced inorganic sulfur species in
               sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 34: 1126-1130.

          Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource, Origin and Behavior. Springer-
               Verlag, New York.

          Jorgensen, B. B. 1977. The sulfur cycle of a coastal marine
               sediment (Limf j orden, Denmark) . Limnology and Oceanography 2 2:
               814-832.






                                             15









          King, G. 1983. Sulfate reduction in Georgia salt marsh soils: an
                evaluation of pyrite formation by use       of 3'5S and 55Fe tracers.
                Limnology and Oceanography 28: 987-995.

          King, G. M., M. J. Klug, R. G. Wiegert, and A. G. Chalmers. 1982.
                The relationship between soil water movement, sulf ide con-
                centration, and Spartina alterniflora production in a Georgia
                salt marsh. Science 218: 61-63.

          Lahmann. E. 1988 Effects of different hydrological regimes on the
                productivity of Rhizophora mangle L. A case study of mosquito
                control impoundments at Hutchinson Island, St. Lucie County,
                Florida.

          Lee,  C-B and D-S Kim. 1990. Pore water chemistry of intertidal
                mudflat sediments: 1. Seasonal variability and nutrient
                profiles (S, N, P). Journal of the Oceanographic Society of
                Korea 25: 8-20.


          Nickerson, N. H. and F. R. Thibodeau. 1985. Association between
                pore water sulf ide concentrations and the distribution of
                mangroves. Biogeochemistry 1: 183-192.

          Odum, W. E. 1988. Comparative ecology of tidal freshwater and salt
                marshes. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 147-
                176.
          Odum, W. E., C. C. MdIvor, and T. J. Smith. 1982. The ecology of
                the mangroves of South Florida: a community profile. U.S. Fish
                and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS 81/24, Washington, D.C.

          Peterson, M. S. 1990. Bypoxia- induced physiological changes in two
                mangrove    swamp    fishes:    sheepshead     minnow,     Cyprinodon
                variegatus Lacepede, and sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna
                (Lesueur). Comparative Biochemistry.and Physiology 97A: 17-
                21.

          Provost, M. W. 1977.       Source reduction in salt marsh mosquito
                control: past and    future. Mosquito News 37: 689-698.

          Rey,  J. R., R. A. Crossman, and T. R. Kain. 1990. Vegetation
                dynamics in impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon,
                Florida, USA. Environmental Management 14: 397-409.

          Rey,  J. R., J. Shaffer, R. Crossman, and D. Tremain. 1990. Above-
                ground primary production in impounded, ditched, and natural
                Batis-Salicornia marshes along the Indian River Lagoon,
                Florida, U.S.A. Wetlands 10: 1-21.

          Scott, M. L., W. L.Slauson, C. A. Segelquist, and G. T. Auble.
                1989. Correspondence between vegetation in wetlands and nearby
                uplands. Wetlands 9: 41-60.


                                              16










         Tompkins, M. E. 1986. Historical review of South Carolina's
              impoundments.   Pp 3-11 In: DeVoe, M. R. and D. S. Baugham.
              (eds.)   South   Carolina   Coastal   Wetlands    Impoundments:
              Ecological Characterization, Management, Status, and Use, Vol
              II. Publication # SC-SG-TR-86-2, S.C. Sea Grant Consortium,
              Charleston.


         Zimmermann, C. F., M. T. Price, and J. R. Montgomery. 1978. A
              comparison of ceramic and Teflon in situ samplers for nutrient
              pore water determinations.      E@-tua-rine and Coastal Marine
              Science 7: 93-97.



















































                                          17










           Table 1. Mean (S.E.) sulfide concentrations ( g-at/1) collected
           at the different stations and depths. MID = mid-channel, COL
           water column.





                        COL             15 cm            30 cm            45 cm


                     MEAN    S.E.    MEAN     S.E.   MEAN     S.E.    MEAN     S.E.



                                          BLUE HOLE


           NORTH                     21.18    5.03   70.85 13.25 110.38 12.43
           SOUTH                     20.45    5.06   30.21    5.71    76.20    6.62
           MID         -       -    136.76   26.32   42.97    22.04   88.99    10.49
           COL       0.046 0.012        -      -         -      -         -      -


                                           IRC #12


           NORTH       -       -     41.39   10.77   47.90    8.70    46.05    5.25
           SOUTH                     32.36    8.14   38.59    5.42    51.80    6.27
           MID         -       -    203.33  33.56 406.84      36.14   436.52   60.32
           COL       0.325 0.131        -      -         -      -         -      -


                                         TIDAL CREEK


           EAST        -       -       3.29   0.80     9.25   1.19    33.29    5.13
           WEST                        3.85   1.18     9.15   1.78    27.42    3.04
           MID         -       -       0.59   0.16      1.00  0.43      1.04   0.31
           COL       0.057 0.012        -      -         -      -         -      -




































                                              18
 








          Table 2.   Results of nested ANOVA for the effects of site (S),
          station (STA), and sample depth (D) upon the pore water variables
          measured. W-D indicates the rankings obtained after application
          of the Waller-Duncan test to the site means. Brackets and
          parentheses indicate the nesting hierarchy.


          FACTOR                  F             P:5              W-D



          D.O.


          S                      5.01          0.007     CREEK > BLUE
          STA(S)                 0.80          0.573
          D(STA(S)]              0.71          0.806

          TEMPERATURE


          S                      11.34         0.001     IRC #12 = BLUE > CREEK
          STA(S)                 0.73          0.501
          D(STA(S)j              0.95          0.517


          SALINITY


          S                      71.55         0.001     IRC #12 > CREEK      BLUE
          STA(S)                 25.66         0.001
          D[STA(S)]              2.81          0.001

          pH


          S                      0.46          0.633
          STA(S)                 0.97          0.444
          D(STA(S)]              0.95          0.521

          SULFIDE


          S                     154.38         0.001     IRC #12 > BLUE > CREEK
          STA(S)                115.19         0.001
          D[STA(S)]              7.49          0.001















                                              19












          Table 3. Results of Waller-Duncan tests for differences between
          stations and depths in salinity and sulfide concentrations at each
          site. Inequalities are significant at the 0.05 level. NSD = no
          significant differences (p > 0.05).




                                     STATION                     DEPTH



          SALINITY


             BLUE HOLE                 NSD                   45 > 30 > 15


             TIDAL CREEK          MID > WEST > EAST               NSD


             IRC #12             NORTH = SOUTH > MID              NSD


          SULFIDE2


             BLUE HOLE           MID > NORTH > SOUTH         45 > 30 = 15


             TIDAL CREEK          EAST = WEST > MID          45 > 30 > 15


             IRC #12             MID > NORTH = SOUTH         45 = 30 > 15



           Station: F,,,,,,=25.66, p :5 0.001, Depth: F,8,610=2-811 8p :5 0.001
          2Station: F6.63,=115.19, p :5 0.001, Depth: F,,,,39=7.49, p :5 0.001



















                                          20
 










          Table 4. Results of analyses of variance for the effects of site
          upon surface water salinity, pH, and sulfide. W-D indicates the
          rankings obtained after application of the Waller-Duncan test to
          the data.



          VARIABLE            F               P:5                   W-D



          D.O.               1.18            0.314


          TEMP.              2.24            0.113


          SALINITY           2.41            0.097


          pH                 3.04            0.050         BLUE = IRC #12 > CREEK

          SULFIDE            4.43            0.015         IRC # 12 > BLUE = CREEK






































                                             21










           Table 5. Summary and status of the samples collected.


             DATE               NUMBER                   5TATUS


             1989


           7 December             54           Completed

             1990


           9 January              54           Completed

           14 February            54           Completed

           23 March               54           Completed

           26 April               54           Completed

           31 May                 54           Completed

           27 June                ..54         Completed

           25 July                54           Completed

           29 August              54           Completed

           26 September           54           In Soil Analysis Lab.

           29 October             54           In transit to S.A.L.

           30 November            54           Drying

           27 December            54           To be collected.


























                                            22










         Table 6. Variance components for the soil chemistry data. Numbers
         indicate the percent of the total variance accounted for by the
         given factor.


         VARIABLE       SITE        STATION      DEPTH        DATE         ERROR



         K              17.7          2.2         0.0         65.8          14.3


         P              13.4         35.4         9.4         30.2          11.7


         Fe             18.2         53.9         0.1         17.6          10.2


         Na             16.4          6.7         0.6         38.2          38.1


         N03              5.4        10.6        17.0         45.1          21.9

         NH4              7.7         0.0        12.9         64.5          14.9


         Cl               6.2         3.2         0.0         85.5            5.1


         EC             42.8          5.7         1.1         40.6            9.9


         pH             35.8         21.1        13.8         12.6          16.7






























                                            23












                                    FIGURE LEGENDS

         Figure 1.   Map of thepore water sulfide study area indicating the
                     sampler layout  at each site.

         Figure 2.   Schematic diagram of the pore water samplers.

         Figure 3.   Sulfide concentrations at the bank stations. Circles
                     = 15cm, squares = 30 cm, triangles = 45 cm.

         Figure 4.   Sulfide concentrations at the mid-channel stations.
                     Symbols as in Figure 3.

         Figure 5.   salinity and sulfide during culvert opening. Symbols
                     as in Figure 3.

         Figure 6.   Mean values of the soil chemistry variables for the
                     data available so f ar. (A) EC & pH, (B) N03 & NH41 (C)
                     Na & Cl, (D) Fe & OM, (E) K & P.


































                                           24








                                         lRC-l'-
                                          12


                                                                    ..FI-ORIDA





                                                                                       STUDY
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                                                       3-WAYLEURLOCK VALVES


        0.318 cm
        I.D. POLYETHELENE.                               DETAIL OF COLLECTION
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                                                                APPARATUS
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     REDUCED                                                              N2
     BRUSHING                                            SAMPLE                           PUMP
     TURNED TO FIT


               THREAD
                                                         HYPODERMIC
                                                         NEEDLES                  RUBBER SEAL

                                                                                  SAMPLE
                  SAND


      0.318 cm I.D.
                                                                 DETAIL OF FILTERING
       POLYETHELENE
                                                                            PIECE
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     1.91 cm PVC PIPE
     THREADED                                                           #2 PLASTIC
     BOTH ENDS                                                          SCREENING

                                     P
     3.81 cm PVC PIPE


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     BUSHING                                                     0
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                                          SEAL
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                                                                       MACRO FILTER
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                                             Final Report


                      Spatial and Terporal Dynamics of Secondary productivity in
                    High marsh Habitats vegetated with Algae, Herbaceous and woody
                         Flora under Natural and Managed Hydrological Cycles




                                               IRCMM/DER
                                                 CM-258




                                                   By



                                        R. Grant Gilmore, Ph.D.
                                         Principal Investigator

                                           Douglas M. Scheidt
                                       Ronald E. Brockmeyer, Jr.
                                           Steven Vander Kooy

                                Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution
                                         5600 Old Dixie Highway
                                       Fort Pierce, Florida 34946




















                                                SU4V%RY

                   In summary, positive and negative biological impacts of rotational
              impoundment management have been documented for high marsh populations of
              numerically dcminant organismsf Cyprinodon variecratus and Uca spp.

                   1. As a result of competition for space, Cyprinodon move into newly
              flood areas and establish new territories as the water levels rise.
                   2. Cyprinodon males are territorial during reproductive periods. At
              this time they defend a territory of approximately 0.5 m in diameter in
              shallow water less than 30 an. Mating occurs within these territories.
                   3. With flooding, all Cyprin       observation sites developed an algal
              mat which is a documented food source for this species.
                   4. Impoundment flooding under RIM allows breeding on the marsh surface
              to occur for 3-4 months longer than the period found in tidal areas under
              natural conditions during fall sea level rise. This results in an increased
              number of Cypr       being produced in impoundments under RIM.
                   5. High water levels played an important role in the distribution of
              Uca at all of the study sites. The fall sea level rise, starting in
              September and continuing until November had a marked affect on the lower
              elevation transects of all sites. This affect ranged from the complete loss
              of burrows at the created marsh at Grand Harbor to markedly low densities at
              the other sites. The upper elevation transects were affected but, not to
              the extent of the those at lower elevation transects.
                   6. The RIMmanagement of Impoundment 12 showed a major'impact on
              burrow density and distribution. A complete loss of burrows started at
              closure in June at the lower elevation transect and continued through the
              fall sea level rise.
                   7.    Impoundment 12 and the created marsh at Grand Harbor consistently
              had low densities of Uca year round. Both of these sites have little or
              sparse vegetation. The other sites are moderate to densely vegetated with
              mud or sand substrate with Uca present,year round.
                   8. The presence of Uca is important in a wetland ecosystems in the
              form of bio-turbation, breakdown of plant material and nutrient cycling and
              as a source of food for secondary consumers. Therefore, rotational
              impoundment management could have a substantial negative impact on these
              aspects of wetland ecology.                                 1
                   9.    We strongly recommend that the ecological impact on the benthic
              communities, created by impoundment closure and flooding, be reevaluated.
              Management should consider reducing the period of tine that the impoundment
              is closed and flooded by delaying flooding and/or opening earlier. The
              reduction of flood elevation should also be considered.







   0


                                              INTRODUCTION

                   Recent historical observations on the function of marsh and mangrove
              swamp ecosystems have demonstrated that the high marsh salterns and algal
              flats associated with herbaceous halophyte meadows are of great energetic
              value (Gilmore et al. 1985, 1986a). The algal substrate is consumed by a
              variety of invertebrates, and transient and resident marsh fishes and is
              important to the sheepshead minnow which contributes the greatest nekton
              biomass in regional high marsh ecosystems. There also are considerable
              differences in high marsh function when it is covered with herbaceous
              vegetation, than when it is covered with woody vegetation such as the red
              mangrove, Rhizophora manal (Gilmore et al. 1986b).    Anthropogenic impacts
              on marsh and mangrove swamp ecosystems on the coast of east central Florida
              have created a variety of high marsh vegetative communites under artificial
              hydrological conditions, particularly in association with ditching and
              impounding for mosquito control (Carlson et al. 1985; Lewis et al. 1985;
              Gilmore 1987).
                   Maintenance of standing water over the high marsh for several months
              preceding the natural inundation has an impact on the high marsh which has
              not been totally defined. We know that resident fishes disperse across the
              upper marsh in herbaceous halophyte habitats and consume detrital-algal
              conglomerates on the surface of the marsh and reproduce. We know another
              typical high marsh species the fiddler crab, Uca spp., which is also
              primarily a detrital-algavore may utilizes this same resource under
              different conditions. Previous meter-square throw net data from impounded
              high marsh sites under rotational impoundment management (RIM) (Impoundment
              12, Indian River County) revealed that Uca was absent from the high marsh in
              the impoundment while it was present in relatively large numbers at
              unimpounded sites adjacent to the impoundment.
                   These animals contribute considerable biomass to the high marsh
              community and the adjacent estuary during the high marsh exposure periods.
              They export high marsh primary production through biological transport by
              emigration or when consumed by a variety of aquatic and terrestrial
              predators (e.g. snook, tarpon, wading birds, marsh snakes, raccoons and
              otters [Gilmore and Snedaker in press]). Therefore, there is some concern
              by various state agencies on the impact of premature and prolonged marsh
              flooding on the high marsh flora and fauna. This research, conducted
              simultaneously in natural, impounded-tidal and RIM managed high marsh
              habitats, was designed to produce a new perspective on the impact of RIM
              programs on high marsh animal populations.









   0







                                                                                          2   is


                                         WdERIALS AND METHODS


               Site descriptions: This research was conducted in selected marshes and
               mangrove forests adjacent to the Indian River lagoon on the east coast of
               central Florida. These sites were in Indian River and St. Lucie counties.
               Below is a brief description of each site with information on vegetation,
               topography, and substrate type.

               Indian River County, Florida
                    Impoundment 12 (Fig. 1) is a 21 ha marsh which is 70% unvegetated with
               20% cover of the marsh succulents, Batis sp. and Salicornia, and 10% cover
               of mixed mangroves (Rey and Kain) . The substrate is mostly detrital
               material with very little live macrcphyte vegetative cover. This surface
               supports a heavy mat of algae when inundated for prolonged periods. Along
               the eastern upland fringe, there is a band of"the marsh succulents mentioned
               above, grading down into the open marsh surface. The substrate in this band
               is mostly sand mixed with detrital material. This impoundment is managed
               under what is called rotational impoundment management (RIM) . The
               impoundment is seasonally closed and pumped, covering the marsh surface with
               water to control the breeding of the salt marsh mosquitos (Aedes sp.).
               Under RIM, the impoundment is closed from May or June through September
               while remaining open to the lagoon via culverts during the rest of the year.
               This is the only study site where water levels were controlled.
                    The "north marsh" (Fig. 2) is an unimpounded area just north of IMP 12
               that has 2 shallow ditches (less than 0.5 m in depth) that run from the
               estuary into the high marsh. These ditches are lined with mangroves and are
               the major man-made impact on the area. Away from the ditches there are
               broad areas of high marsh dominated by dense, mature-growth marsh succulents
               with scattered black mangroves. The substrate is a firm mud mixed with
               sand. This appears to be very nearly what marshes along the estuary in this
               area were before impounding. There is a filled upland covered primarily
               with exotic vegetation along the eastern edge of this marsh.
                    Grand Harbor (Fig. 3; mitigated marsh) is a marsh located within a
               residential development north of the Vero Beach city limits. This area has
               a wide variety of marsh types and conditions from relatively unimpacted high
               marsh areas (similar to north marsh) covered with marsh succulents to
               totally new "created" marsh mandated as mitigation for the development. In
               this latter case, the marsh was constructed by scraping the substrate to
               grade and then planting Batis and Salicornia with a fringe of Spart
               alterniflo   along the water. This area was also available for recruitment
               of other vegetation by tidal action during seasonal events. The vegetation
               in some of this area was sparse. The surface substrate was hard packed
               sand/clay and included rocks and even marl.

               St. Lucie County, Florida
                    Impoundment 23 or Blue Hole Point (Fig. 4; breached impoundment) is a
               122 ha impoundment with a 10m breach in the western dike allowing free tidal
               access from the Indian River lagoon.    The vegetation consists of 50% mixed
               mangroves and 30% Batis and Salicornia  sp. with 20% unvegetated (Rey and
               Kain). The study area Is located on the southern portion of the
               impoundment. The study area has a very  distinct vegetation gradient. Near
               the water at lower elevations, there is a dense stand of red and black













                                                                                             3

               mangroves that grades into a band of marsh succulents as the substrate
               elevation slowly increases. As the elevations continues to slowly rise, the
               succulents thin and are replaced by large open areas with scattered small
               black mangroves (0.5 m). Nearing the upland fringe, there is a second band
               of Batis and Salicorni that is much denser than the first. The substrate
               consists mainly of sand with a small amount of detrital material with some
               muddier areas in the mangroves.
                   The "tidal creek" site (Fig. 5; natural marsh) is a natural island
               adjacent to the barrier island near Jack Island State Preserve. The island
               has a saline tidal tributary to the Indian River lagoon draining its
               interior.  The study area extends from a firm mud zone along the tidal
               creek with mixed black and red mangroves toward the high marsh. The high
               marsh consists of dwarf red and black mangroves with about 50% of the area
               covered by Batis. The substrate consist mostly of sand with little detrital
               material present. Elevations rise steeply from the fringe to the high marsh
               and this high marsh may be higher than the other sites listed above.

               Fish observations: Observational data on fish behavior and utilization of
               on the upper marsh surface was conducted during the sumer at Impoundment
               12, as this was the only study site that was flooded due to water management
               under RIM. The other sites, the breached impoundment, the mitigated marsh,
               and the natural marsh, were not flooded until fall under natural hydrologic
               cycles. The substrate elevation and vegetation at the natural marsh area
               did not allow comprehensive observations following the methods described
               here. Observations were taken in ten 10 m X 10 m quadrats located along a
               transect across the marsh surface from areas of low elevation to higher
               elevations near the upland fringe. The ten quadrats were broken down into
               two groups of five at upper and lower elevations   2  Each quadrat was then
               broken down into nine equal sections of 11.1 m . A computer program was
               written to randomly determine the group of quadrats (upper or lower) to be
               observed first and in what order the quadrats within that group would be
               observed. The program next determined which section within each of the
               quadrats would be observed. This program was executed once for each
               transect at each site for each observation date.
                   At each chosen section within the quadrat, a timed observation was
               made. After approaching a section, a two-minute acclimation period (Raney
               @tt al. 1953; Itzkowitz 1974) was allowed for the settling of disturbed
               fishes and material in the water. After this acclimation period, a five-
               minute observation period commenced. During this time, the following
               activities were scored on the data sheet (Fig. 6): Cruising - a
               multidirectional movement within or through the study section; Feeding -
               capture of a prey item or foraging action such as, nibbling on the substrate
               or vegetation; and Flashing - fish dashing on their side along the bottom
               resulting in the reflectance of light vertically through the water column
               (seen as a flash as from a mirror by the observer). Fish position in the
               water column and numbers of fish observed (estimated by the largest group of
               fish observed cruising) were recorded along with comments on pertinent
               environmental factors, including water clarity, weather, and vegetation
               cover. All of these categories were applicable to all fish species
               observed: Cypri      variegatus, Poecili latipinn , and Gambusia holbrooki.
               In addition, two categories of behavior were included specifically for
               Cyprinodon and need further explanation.













                                                                                          4

                   Cyprinodon behavior has been studied in many other locations and
               habitats by Itz   tz, Kodric-Brown, Raney et al., and others. Much is
               known about its life history and the complex behavioral patterns associated
               with reproduction. The majority of these studies concentrated on the male
               behavior. Cypr        males are aggressive and establish territories during
               breeding. Itzkowitz has identified three main defensive territorial
               behaviors that have been classified as chasing, threatening, and patrolling
               (Itzkowitz 1984). These behaviors define and defend the territory that has
               been established by the male to attract a female for mating. For our
               purposes these three behaviors were combined and labeled "defending". A
               reproductive male is easily identified not only by his behavior but by his
               bright irridescent blue mating coloration (Itzkowitz 1974) . They defend
               territories that are approximately 0.5 m. in diameter from all intruding
               males and juveniles. The number of these territories which have easily
               identifiable physical boundaries was recorded. If a receptive female enters
               the territory, mating may occur. It may, however be interrupted by
               intruders which distract the breeding male (Itzkowitz 1974 and 1981).
                   Spawning starts with the female slowly swimming into the territory of a
               male. The male typically reacts by rapidly swimming toward her as if she
               were an intruder. Her response is to swim rapidly in small circles,
               followed closely by the male. The female will abruptly dive to the
               substrate and take bite out of it. The male positions himself parallel to
               her making contact with her just behind the operculum. At this point the
               pair perform the S-shape mating act (thought to be typical for the genus)
               while the male wraps his tail around her's (Itzkowitz 1974). A rapid
               vibration of the bodies occurs at which point the eggs are laid (Raney et.
               al) . The mating act may be repeated several times or the female may just
               leave the territory (Itzkowitz 1974). For our purposes, all of the sequence
               described above for mating was condensed into a behavior called Imating".
               All observation data were entered into a computer for analysis.
                   Observations at Impoundment 12 were taken at various times of day
               during the closed period. After the impoundment was opened on 24 September,
               all observations were taken at or near high tide with the exception of those
               taken on 25 and 26 September at low tide. All other observations at other
               sites were taken near high tide.

               Fiddler crab counts: The data for Uca populations was collected by
               establishing 2 transects at each of the 5 sampling sites (Figs. 1-5). These
               transects were separated from the fish observation areas to reduce the
               habitat disturbance in all of the areas. Transects were 15 m in length with
               stakes placed at the 0, 5, 10, and 15 m marks. These transects were
               oriented with respect to the topography of the marsh with 0 m being the
               lowest elevation. At each site, a "lower" transect started at or near the
               waters edge and proceeded onto the marsh surface, while an "upper" transect
               started on the surface and proceeded to the upland fringe. The exception to
               this procedure occurred at Grand Harbor where one transect was in a
               mitigated area; the other was in a more natural area domin4ted by saltwort
               and glasswort; and both were at "lower" elevations. A 1 m frame was tossed
               at random in the area between each pair of stakes (i.e. 0 m and 5 m, 5 m and
               10 m.) and in the same manner in the 5 meter area beyond the 15 m stake in
               the upland direction. All Uca borrows within the frame were counted and
               recorded. A total of three replicate tosses were made in each area. Mere
               the frame could not be thrown because of vegetation, an object such as a








                                                                                        5
              golf ball was thrown to establish a corner and the frame laid down from that
              point.





















   












  
 












                                                                                           6



                                                RESULTS


               Fish observations:
               Impoundment 12
                    The number of behaviors observed for Cyprinodon increased over the
               course of the closed period at Impoundment 12 (Figs. 7-11; Table 1). All of
               the individual behaviors followed this trend to some degree, as did the
               number of territories and the estimate of the number of fish present. There
               was a lag of almost 2 months after closure on 6 June before numbers of fish
               began to show noticeable increases. Near the end of July there was a
               gradual increase in the numbers of observations of cruising and flashing
               from near 0 to peaks in September in the thousands (Figs. 7 & 8). Groups
               observed cruising included juveniles and adult males and females. In mid
               August the first aggressive defending behaviors were observed in the lower
               transect.followed the next week by defending in the upper transect (Fig. 9).
               The first territories followed the same trend with lower preceding upper by
               approximately a week (Fig. 10). The number of territories rose much higher
               much faster in the lower transect. However, the number of territories in
               the upper transect. did surpass the number in the lower reaching over 70 on
               13 September, but decreased to near 0 within days. A similar decrease
               occurred in the lower transect, but it lagged behind the upper by several
               days (Fig. 10) . Defending behavior followed much the same trend (Fig. 9).
               These events and peak number estimates (Fig. 11) occurred just prior to
               impoundment opening on 24 September.
                    After opening, the first 2 days of observation (25 and 26 September)
               were conducted on or near a low tide. The observations made 26 September
               illustrated the differences in elevation in the two transects. The upper
               transect was dry except for a few puddles (about 1 an in depth) with almost
               no fish, while areas in the lower transect had up to 5 cm. of water and 1000
               fish (Table 1).
                    Subsequent sampling on high tides showed that different behaviors
               responded differently to the presence of tides. Cruising and flashing
               tended to follow the average water levels closely and were still present in
               large numbers (Figs. 7 & 8). Defending behavior, as stated above, decreased
               just prior to opening and except for'a few scattered observations never
               recovered. These scattered observations only occurred when the average
               water level was near or above the 30 cm mark (Fig. 9). Territories were
               also absent except for 12 found in quadrat 2 on the lower transect on 31
               October and 1 in each of 2 quadrats in the upper transect on 7 November.
               Both of these dates had average water levels near 30 an.
                    Garrbusi were present more frequently in the lower transect, but the
               greatest numbers of cruising and feeding events per timed observation
               occurred in quadrat 1 on the upper transect (Table 1). Gambusia were
               present in 63 time observations in the lower transect and were present in
               only 31 in the upper transect. Five of the 6 observations of 100 or more
               cruising or feeding events, including an observation of 300 cruising events,
               occurred in the first quadrat of the upper transect. This quadrat is
               immediately adjacent to an upper marsh pond.
                    Poecilia was present in only 27 timed observations with the majority
               occurring in the lower transect (20). The only behavior that was observed
               was cruising with a maximum of 62 of these events occurring in a single














                                                                                          7

              lower transect observation. The total number of cruising events for all
              timed observations was 132.

              Blue Hole Point
                   With the fall sea level rise in mid September, the marsh surface at
              Blue Hole Point began to be tidally flooded and observations commenced. By
              mid November tides no longer reached the marsh surface and observations
              ceased. During this entire time however, water was never present in
              quadrats 4 and 5 of the upper transect. These 2 quadrats were in the upper
              band of marsh succulents and into the upland fringe. Observations in
              quadrat 1 of the lower transect were occasionally obstructed by the presence
              of mangroves.
                   The first Cyprinodon were observed on 17 September with large numbers
              of cruising and feeding events occurring in the lower transect. and lower
              quadrats of the upper transect (Table 2). This date had the largest total
              number of behaviors observed in the lower transect in three categories,
              cruising, feeding, and flashing (1196, 423, and 188, respectively; Figs. 12,
              13, & 14) . It was also the peak for the estimated number of individuals
              (90) for the lower transect combined (Fig. 15) . Maximums for the upper
              transect combined were reach in cruising and feeding behaviors and total
              numbers on this date as well (Table 2; Figs. 12, 13, & 15) . Nearly all of
              these behaviors occurred in quadrat 1 which has the lowest elevation in the
              upper transect. There is no clear trend in these behaviors through the rest
              of the period except for their ultimate decline as water levels recede.
                   Aggressive defending behavior and territories were only present during
              one time observation at Blue Hole Point. On 2 October, 6 territories were
              being defend in quadrat 2 in the lower transect (Fig. 16) . A total of 92
              individual defensive behaviors were observed in this one 5 minute period.
              On this date fish were present in other quadrats, but none were exhibiting
              this behavior.
                   Gambusi were regularly observed cruising in the lower transect with
              some quadrats having as many as 38 events being noted (Table 2) . These
              larger numbers were observed in October. Poecilia were virtually absent
              with on 5 cruising events recorded throughout this period.

              Grand Harbor
                   The Grand Harbor transects were established just after the fall sea
              level rise, and were sampled beginning on 4 October. The observations were
              done at the transects in conjunction with the monitoring program being
              conducted at that location. These observations were done at roughly two
              week intervals in association with lunar cycles. A total of 4 observations
              were made before water no longer covered the marsh on high tide. Quadrat 5
              on the upper transect was at a high elevation and was not flooded during
              this period.
                   Numbers of behaviors observed for Cyprin     were highest on the second
              and third observation date (Table 3). No Cyprinodon were observed on the
              first trip and overall numbers of behaviors were greatly reduced by the
              fourth date. Cruising and flashing account for the majority of the
              behaviors observed with feeding being important on some occasions. The
              largest number of cruising events occurred on 18 October with 592 being
              counted in the lower transect quadrats combined. In the upper transect, the
              largest total for cruising occurred on the same day with 246 events being







                                                                                           8   40
               recorded (Table 3) . Flashing followed the same trend. The peak number of
               flashing behaviors occurred in quadrat 2 on the lower transect. again on 18
               October. The greatest number of feeding events occurred 2 weeks later on 2
               November with 120 being counted in quadrat 4 of the lower transect. Overall
               many more of the above 3 behaviors were recorded from the lower transect
               (Table 3).
                    All of the defending behavior observed was seen in November. The first
               and largest observation of defending behaviors coincided with the peak in
               feeding behavior cited above. Quadrat 4 of the lower transect. was the
               location for 25 aggressive defending events. Two weeks later on 19
               November, 8 more such events occurred in quadrat 2 of the upper transect.
                    Gambusi and Poecili seemed to be the pioneers into the newly flooded
               marsh in early October. The largest numbers of cruising events occurred on
               4 October. On this date, all quadrats with water in both transects had
               cruising events numbering from 32 to 157. Their number declined with the
               coming of November and were gone as the water receded.

               Natural Marsh (tidal creek)
                    The topography and vegetation at the natural site made it impossible to
               do the same systematic observations as were done at the other locations.
               Several qualitative observations were made at gain as much information as
               was practical. At the highest tide observed at the site, water was only a
               thin sheet over the central part on the high marsh. Very small 6 to 8 mm
               fish were seen swimming for puddle to puddle. Upon collection, these fish
               were identified as Poecilia. In the transition area between the mangrove
               fringe and the high marsh, small to moderate sized Cyprinodon (15-30 mm)
               were observed in among the dense vegetation. No distinct behaviors could be
               observed.


               Uca (Fiddler Crab) Burrow Densi
               Impoundment 12
                    The data collected at Impoundment 12 (Fig. 17; Table 4) showed for the
               lower transect that a low density of Uca burrows were present from December
               to May and are absent June to November. The highest density reached in the
               lower transect was 15 burrows/m in December in the 10-15 m quadrat.
               During the period from June to November zero Uca burrows were present in all
               four quadrats. From December to May the 10-15 m. and 15+ m quadrats had
               higher monthly densities than the 0-5 m and 5-10 m. quadrats. The 5-10 m
               quadrat showed t@ie lowest densities on a monthly basis with values staying
               below 5 burrows/m. during the December to May period.
                    In the upper transeq the 0-5 m. and 5-10 m. quadrats consistently had
               densities below 6 burrows/m. (Fig. 17; Table 4) from December to June and
               zero burrows from July to November. The 10-15 m. quadrat paches a high
               density of 25 burraws/m. in December and a low of 10 burrows/m. in April for
               the December to May period. During the June to @ovember period the 10-15 m.
               quadrat showed a sharp decline, from 13 burrows/m. in June to zero burrows in
               September and October. For the 15+ m qua5rat during the December to My
               period, t@e high density was 14 burrows/m. in January and the low 11
               burrows/m. in March. For the June to November p2riod the density did not
               reach zero, the lowest density reached 3 burrows/m. in October and a high
               density of 24 burrows in August. For November at both the 10-15 m. and the
               15+ m. quadrats the density increased, where in the 0-5 and the 5-10 m
               quadrats the density remained zero.













                                                                                            9

                    When comparing water level data for Impoundment 12 (Fig. 17) it must
              be considered that this site is managed under RIM. During the months June
              to September, the impoundment is closed off from tidal access and the marsh
              surface flooded and the water level maintained at a higher level than
              normal. The remainder of the year, October to may, the impoundment is open
              to tidal access allowing the marsh surface to be tidally flooded during the
              fall months and the marsh surface exposed during months of low water levels.
                   At the lower transect, Uca burrows were present from December to May
              when the water levels were low and the marsh surface exposed. Starting in
              June when the impoundment was closed under RIM and the surface was
              continually flooded to 33 an and above, burrow densities dropped to zero and
              remained zero through November in all Quadrats. The data for the upper
              transect showed that, for the 0-5 m and 5-10 m quadrats burrows were present
              from December to May. However, starting in June and continuing to November
              the density dropped to zero. The 10-15 m quadrat had burrows present from
              December to August, but, in September and October zero burrows were present
              and less than 5 burrows/m appeared in November. The 15+ m quadrat:Pad
              burrows present during all months with a low of less than 3 burrows/rh in
              October.


              North Marsh
                   The data for the lower transect (Fig. 18; Table 5) showed a general
              pattern of high densities in December, which declined monthly until May,
              when the densities increased through August. After the fall sea level rise,
              burrow densities dropped to zero except for a very small number of burrows
              in October. The 0-5 m. quadrat showed the lowest densities relative to the
              other quadrats consistently from December to August. The highest densities
              occurred in December in the 5-10 ml 10     215 m and 15+ m quadrats were
              densities ranged from 80 to 90 burrows m    2  During the December to August,
              period the lowest density, 10 burrows m occurred in May in the 0-5 m
              quadrat. For all four quadrats a density of zero occurred during the months
              of September and November. For the month of  2October the 5-10 m., 10-15 m and
              the 15+ m quadrats had less than 5 burrows/m and the 0-5 m. quadrat zero.
                   The data for the upper transect (Fig. 18; Table 5) showed highest
              densities in December which declined until May, then a slight increase
              occurred with burrows present until November. The highest den@ity for the
              transect occurred in the 10-15 m quadrat, with 79 burrows/M , the lowest
              density occurred in September with values of zero for the 0-5 m, 5-10 m and
              10-15 m quadrats. The 15+ m quadrat consistently had the lowest densities
              except for September.
                   The north marsh is an unimpounded marsh where the affects of tidal
              influence will only be a factor during fall sea level rise. In September as
              the fall sea level rise occurred (Fig. 18) the lower transect burrow density
              reached zero for all of the quadrats. In October when the water level was
              still rising, burrows were present in     2the 5-10 m, 10-15 and the 15+ m
              quadrats butf in densities of 4 burrows/m or less. As the sea level rise
              continued the density again fell to zero in all quadrats. The influence of
              water level is not as dramatic upon the upper transect. In September at the
              start of fall sea level rise, the 0-5 m, 5-10 m and the 10-15 m quadrqs
              density dropped to zero, the 15+ m quadrats had a density of 3 burrows/m .
              For October and Nov5mber, burrows were present where densities ranged from
              1.6 to 13.3 burrows/m .













                                                                                           10


               Tidal Creek
                    The data for the lower transect (Fig. 19; Table 6) showed a general
               pattern of high densities in December which declined until may when the
               densities increased through August, and from September to November there was
               a marked 2reduction in densities. The highest density recorded was 113
               burrows/m. in December in the 0-5 m. quadrat. During the December to August
               period, @ay had the lowest densities recorded for all quadrats with 13
               burrows/m being the lowest in the 10-15 m quadrat.       from. September to
               November the density ranged from zero and to 13 burrows/m. -
                    The data for the upper transect (Fig. 19; Table 6) showed a general
               pattern of high densities in December which declined until May when the
               densities increased through August, and from September to November 2there was
               a marked reduction in densities. The highest density 59 burrows/rd occurred
               in December in 0-5 m quadrat. During the December to August period, ny had
               the lowest densities recorded for all quadrats with 10 burrows/r6 being
               lowest in the 5-10 m quadrat.   From September to November the densities
               ranged from zero to 45 burrows/m. .
                    In September when the water level rose (Fig. 19) above 24 cm. burrow
               density dropped markedly and in December as the water level receded burrow
               density increased. In September, at both transects the burrows in the 0-5 m
               quadrat disappeared.

               Blue Hole Point
                    At this location, sampling did not begin until April, when a suitable
               site was established. At the lower transect (Fig. 20; Table 7) no well
               defined pattern appeared except for t112       complete loss of burrows in
               November. The highest density, 40 burrows/m. occurred in August in the 15+
               m quadrat.    The 0-5 m and 5-10 m. quadrats both had zero burrows in October
               and November while the 10-15 and 15+ m quadrats reached zero only in
               November.
                    The upper transect (Fig. 20; Table 7) had burrows present during all
               months sampled, Apr@l to November, with no distinct pattern. The highest
               density, 34 burrows/m. , oc(,-@irred in November in the 0-5 m quadrat. The
               lowest density, 1 burrowsM , occurred in September in the 0-5 m quadrat.
                    In October as the water level exceeded 25 an (Fig. 20) burrows started
               to disappear in the lower transect -in the 0-5 m and 5-10 m, quadrats. In
               November as the water level exceeded 30 cm all four quadrats were affected.
               The water level had no marked affect on the upper transect.

               Grand Harbor
                    The created marsh transect had rather low densities from December to
               August with a slight spike in August, from September to November the
               density dropped to zero (Fig. 21; Table 8). The m@jority of the quadrats
               from December to Augus@ had a density of 10 burrows/m. or less. The highest
               density 52 burrows/m. occurred in August in the 10-15 m quadrat. From
               September to November, all quadrats recorded a density of zero.
                    The natural marsh transect showed the same general pattern of high
               density in December which declined until April-May and then increased
               slightly until September when the density dropped marke@ily or to zero in
               certain quadrats. In August a density of 40 burrows/m. or greater was
               recorded for all quadrats   2  During the December to August period, the
               lowest density, 13 burrows/m. , was recorded in may in the 10-15 m. quadrat.
               In September the density reached zero in all four quadrats. In October












             burrows returned to all four quadrats. In November only the 0-5 m quadrat
             had burrows present.
                  In the created marsh transect as the water level reached 19 cm, in
             September, the burrow density reached and remained zero through November.
             In the natural marsh transect as the water level rose in September, the
             burrows disappeared and then returned in October at a lower density. In
             November, burrows only remained in the 0-5 m quadrat.













                                                                                         12



                                               DISCUSSION

                    Considerable emphasis has been placed on the determination of organism
               population dynamics, spatial and tenporal distributions in various wetland
               habitats, including the high marsh ecosystems of the Indian River Lagoon
               (Gilmore et al. 1985, 1986a, b, & c, 1987). However, very little work has
               been done on the behavior and activities of individual organisms qualifying
               their roles in their respective habitats. This information is important in
               interpreting the function of habitats and microhabitats in the life history
               of the organism. Knowledge of the man's influence on the biological
               activities, behaviors and organism association with microhabitats is
               critical if enlightened managezent of whole ecosystems such as impounding
               and flooding of high marsh and mangrove forest habitats is to take place in
               a responsible manner. It is not enough to know the structure or description
               of an animal community under man's influence. One must know the activities
               influenced before obtaining an understanding of the relationship between
               ecosystem management and natural ecosystem function.
               Fish Behavior:
                    One of our principle objectives in this research program was to
               determine f ish microhabitat associations and to document individual
               behaviors of fish in high marsh habitats in an impoundment under rotational
               management, a breached tidal impounded wetland and an undisturbed wetland.
               This objective required the development of new techniques for f ish
               observation. The sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variecratus, numerically
               dominated the high marsh open substrate and herbaceous study sites and was
               the principle fish under study. The data obtained has allowed an initial
               understanding of individual fish behavior and site selection relative to
               feeding, schooling and reproduction.
                    Before impoundment closure for rotational management, the population of
               Cyprinodon was at some equilibrium in the perimeter ditch at Impoundment 12.
               As the water level rises at pump up, the amount of habitat available to this
               population increased dramatically. The flooding of the marsh surface
               relieves the potential limitation on the population caused by competition
               for space in these territorial breeders. This flooded condition also
               supplied a virtually unlimited food source in the developing algal mat.
               These two f actors are likely the reasons for the dispersal and rapid
               population growth in Cypr       observed over the summer and fall in the
               closed impoundment. In addition, the otherwise harsh conditions in the
               impoundment during summer (Gilmore et al. 1982) for which the Cyprinodon is
               so ideally suited, has the effect of limiting aquatic piscine predators and
               other fish which might compete with them for resources. Mating was only
               observed once during this study, but all information from the literature
               indicates that if territories are being defended, mating is occurring. This
               is a logical conclusion considering the immense numbers of Cyprinodon
               collected by Gilmore and colleagues in previous studies in this habitat
               (Gilmore et al. 1986a. & c, 1987).
                    In the initial period after impoundment flooding, the delay before the
               observation of fish in the transects may be the result of the dispersal
               pattern documented by Gilmore et al. (1986c, 1987) . The numbers of fish in
               the perimeter ditch diluted into the vast acreage available after flooding
               could make it unlikely that fish would be observed in any one location.
               However, it may be caused by Cyprinodon utilizing the area closest to the













                                                                                          13

              perimeter ditch for breeding first and, after reaching some increased
              density, move further onto the high marsh surface. Competition for breeding
              territories may contribute to the spread of Cyprinodon across the marsh
              surface. Competition for food and the increases in the available food
              resource on the marsh surface may also be a factor. With the development of
              the algal mat after flooding, food would be available throughout the
              impoundment.
                   Following the same theory, defending behavior and territories would
              occur closer to the perimeter ditch first. This was the case. However the
              upper transect ultimately contained a higher number of territories,
              indicating a more favorable habitat for breeding there. Defending behaviors
              and territories decline with the first influence of tides in the fall, but
              it is possible that this trend may have been exaggerated by a decrease in
              water clarity. When defending occurred after opening, the mean daily sea
              level was at or near 30 cm which insured coverage of the high marsh surface
              by water.
                   In the tidal areas, the high marsh surface habitat was not available
              until the fall sea level rise. This allowed approximately 2.5 to 3 months
              for Cyprinodon to utilize this resource. Cyprinodon were defending
              territories at both Grand Harbor and Blue Hole Point in        r or November.
              Flooding at lower elevations at these sites also produced optimum resource
              conditions and algal mat growth. At Grand Harbor's transect site, which is
              in a mitigated area, the algal mat was very thick and in some places left
              the bottom and formed floating rafts of material which in some case hindered
              observations.
                   At Blue Hole Point, the highest numbers in all categories occurred in
              the lower transect. This area was covered by water first and for the
              longest time. The lowest elevation quadrat in the upper transect had the
              most behaviors of all categories found in this area. Defending behavior was
              restricted to quadrat 2 of the lower transect. This quadrat, being one of
              the lowest in elevation, was flooded more frequently for longer periods of
              time. Grand Harbor followed the same trends, but the defending behaviors
              first occurred almost one month after those at Blue Hole Point. Numbers of
              all behaviors observed at these tidal sites never reach the levels recorded
              in Impoundment 12.

              Uca (Fiddler Crab) Burrow Density:
                   The role of Uca in Florida marshes and mangrove habitats have been
              generally ignored in the past. Thus, the importance of Uca in the ecology
              and energetics of the salt marsh and mangrove forest ecosystems have not
              been considered in the management of impoundments in Florida.      The work of
              Teal (1958, 1962), Wolf et al. (1975), Krueter (1976) and Macintosh (1982)
              all discuss the important role that Uca play in the the ecology of the marsh
              in form of cycling plant material, turning over soil and contributing
              greatly to the biomass export from the ecosystem.     The distribution of the
              fiddler crab Uca is worldwide with the most species found in tropical
              regions. At least six species including Uca pugnax, 1I.Duailator, and
                      have been documented in regional wetlands.
                  The distribution of Uca within the wetland habitat is complex with soil
              composition and vegetation cover playing important roles. Teal (1958),
              illustrated these distributions in relation to a Georgia salt marsh. The
              results from Teal's study showed that biotic and abiotic factors along a
              elevation gradient directly affected Uca distribution. The slight changes













                                                                                          14

               in elevation could be linked to changes in tidal influence which affects
               soil composition and plant commzAties which create microhabitats or zones
               that are preferable to a certain species of Uca. Tidal patterns are also
               found to be important in the reproductive cycle of at least one species, Uca
               rucrilator (Christy 1978) a conmon local species found in the area of study.
                   As illustrated in the results, high water levels played an important
               role in the distribution of Uca at all of the study sites. The fall sea
               level rise, starting in September and continuing until November had a marked
               affect on the lower elevation transect at all sites. This affect ranged to
               the complete loss of burrows at Impoundment 12 and Grand Harbor created and
               markedly low densities at the other sites. The upper elevation transects
               were affected but, not to the extent of that observed at the lower elevation
               transect.
                   The flooding of Impoundment 12 during RIM showed a major impact in
               burrow density and distribution. In the lower elevation transect a complete
               loss of burrows started at inpoundment closure in June and continued through
               the fall sea level rise. The 0-5 m and 5-10 m quadrats in the upper
               elevation transect. also exhibited this pattern.     Mien conpared to sites
               with tidal influence, North Marsh, Tidal Creek, Blue Hole Point and Grand
               Harbor (Figs. 18-21) Uca burrows density is impacted mostly by the fall sea
               level rise period. Also at all of the tidally influenced sites except for
               Grand Harbor created, the densities are much higher than at the RIM managed
               site (Fig. 17)..
                   The impact of water level fluctuations on Uca burrow density is
               directly related to the topography and elevation of the marsh surface. The
               higher the marsh elevation the higher water level is required to flood the
               marsh. within sites a relative conparison of elevation between transects
               can be established. The results of fall the sea level rise on the Uca burrow
               density illustrates that the upper transect. is higher in elevation than the
               lower transect. The exception to this coaparison is at Grand Harbor were
               the elevation of the created marsh and the natural marsh does not appear to
               be the major factor in Uca burrow density.
                   The vegetation and substrate play an inportant role in distribution and
               zonation of,Uca species within a marsh (Teal 1958). The complex
               relationship of these factors to each species is too cowplex in scope to be
               dealt with in this study. The role of Uca populations will be treated as a
               commmity in its contribution to the wetland ecosystem.
                   When comparing vegetation and substrate between sites only general
               inferences can be made due to the limited quantitative and qualitative data
               for these parameters at the study sites. Inpoundment 12 and Grand Harbor
               created (Figs. 17 & 21) are the two sites with consistently low densities of
               Uca year round. Both of these sites have little or sparse vegetation. In.
               the lower transect. at Impoundment 12 the there is no vegetation cover, in
               the upper transect. the 0-5 m and 5-10 m quadrats are devoid of vegetation
               and the 10-15 m and 15+ m quadrats have a fringe of Batis. The loss of
               vegetation at Impoundment 12 is the result of long term flooding before the
               inplenientation of RIM. At Grand Harbor created, this marsh was constructed
               as a mitigation site. The vegetation is sparse with mainly planted Batis
               and Salicornia and a Spartin fringe. The substrate at Impoundment 12 is
               mostly detrital material with very little macrophyte vegetative cover, where
               the upper transect is mostly sand mixed with detrital material. The
               substrate at Grand Harbor created is very hard packed material which
               includes rocks and marl. The North marsh and Grand Harbor natural are very     is













                                                                                           15

               similar in vegetation and substrate, both of these sites are dominated by
               dense, mature stands of Batis with a firm mud mixed with sand substrate.
               Also similar in vegetation and substrate are the Tidal Creek and Blue Hole
               Point sites. These sites are moderately vegetated with patches of Batis and
               mangroves. The substrate is mostly sand with very little organic material.
                   The Uca distribution among these sites show similarities when comparing
               vegetation and substrate. The Grand Harbor created and Impoundment 12
               sites, both have greatly impacted vegetation and show low densities
               throughout the year. Both of these sites substrates do not meet the
               profiles listed in the literature (Teal 1958) for suitable habitats for Uca.
               The sites with dense vegetation especially Batis and firm mud with sand
               substrate show similar trends and densities. Also at these sites were there
               is large productivity of plant material, there is very little leaf and plant
               material present on the marsh surface. The sites with predominately sand
               substrate show similar density patterns. These sites also have very little
               plant material present on the marsh surface. All of these sites appear to
               be favorable habitat for Uca except for Grand Harbor created and Impoundment
               12. To make comparison to any greater detail without taking into account the
               different species component of the Uca population at each site would be
               misleading.
                   One of the most common trends present at all sites, even though it was
               muted at Grand Harbor created was the decline of density from December to
               May with density increasing from then. The spawning period for Uca
               generally ranges from late spring to early fall (Teal 1958; Christy 1978;
               Macintosh 1982) and the populations may die off over the winter. This would
               account for the increase in Uca burrow density starting in May and the
               decline from December. Christy (1978), showed the importance of the
               influence of tidal patterns and rhythms in the reproductive cycle of Uca.
               The study showed breeding was in synchrony with tidal rhythms to maximize
               tidal movements to transport larvae to optimum habitat for settlement. The
               non-tidal condition at Impoundment 12 during the summer may have a affect on
               the transport of larvae out of and into this site.
                    The ecological importance of Uca can best be explained by Macintosh
               (1982): "Fiddler crabs turn over the surface sediment layer while feeding,
               Thereby exposing fresh surfaces to physical and chemical action. Kraeuter
               (1976) estimated that fiddler crabs and Littorina snails completely reworked
               the surface sediment each year in Georgia salt marshes. Macintosh (1980)
               observed the same phenomenon on mangrove shores where Uca were abundant ... It
               can be inferred from these findings that fiddler crabs play a significant
               role in recycling organic matter and minerals in both salt marsh and
               mangrove swamp ecosystems." The marsh surface during the study showed
               evidence of this activity.
                    The contribution to the ecosystem in the form of biomass is another
               important role of Uca. To further quote Macintosh, "Fiddler crabs are also
               an important food source for terrestrial and aquatic predators ... It is also
               believed that fiddler crabs may be consumed by fish entering salt marshes
               and mangrove swamps during high tides ... Predation intensity on Uca
               populations has not been studied adequately, but for comparative purposes it
               may be assumed that most of annual production by Uca is consumed by
               predators." Also the work of Rozas and LaSalle (1990) showed that Uca was a
               major prey item consumed by Fundulus grandis (gulf killifish). To further
               reinforce the importance of Uca as a food source we observed evidence of
               raccoon (Procy loto ) excavation of Uca burrows on the marsh surface.












                                                                                         16



                                               CONCLUSION

                    It is obvious from these observations that rotational impoundment
               management has a differential impact on the two principle species under
               study the sheepshead minnow and the fiddler crab, Uca spp. Sheepsbead
               minnow breeding and feeding habitat is made accessible earlier and for
               longer periods of time in managed impoundments allowing more individuals to
               be produced in the managed impoundment. The number of fish produced in the
               tidal areas is dependent on the period of natural inundation of the high
               marsh as prolonged flooding of pristine high marsh may increase production
               of fish. As a result, populations will vary with the annual variability of
               sea level rise.
                   Fiddler crab populations are influenced in the opposite manner as high
               water periods coincide with reduced populations on the high marsh surface.
               The fall sea level rise affected Uca density by reducing the populations at
               most sites. The flooding of Impoundment 12 in June for RIM reduced the Uca
               populations to zero. Hydrological events also play a role in the
               reproductive success of Uca by using tidal transport of larvae to optimum
               habitat. Sites that are vegetated and have substrates of mud or sand proved
               to be the most suitable habitat. The importance of fiddler crabs in wetland
               ecology could be quite critical in substrate dynamics and overall benthic
               biomass production. These organisms play a significant trophic role and
               fill an important part in the wetland food chain.

               Management Recomnendations:
                   The Uca (fiddler crab) observations bring to light the concern for
               rotational impoundment management impacts on benthic invertebrate and floral
               communities which may influence the overall productivity of the impounded
               wetland. We strongly reconnend that the ecological impact on the benthic
               communities created by impoundment closure and flooding be reevaluated.
               Management should consider reducing the period of time that the impoundment
               is closed and flooded, by delaying flooding and/or opening earlier. The
               reduction of flood elevation should also be considered.














                                                                                         17



                                           LITERATURE CITED

              Carlson, D., R.G. Gilmore and J. Rey. 1985. Perspectives on management of
                impounded salt marsh habitats in Florida. Proceedings of the 12th Annual
                Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation sponsored by Hillsborough
                Camunity College Environmental Studies Center, Tampa.

              Christy, J.H. 1978. Adaptive significance of reproductive cycles in the
                fiddler crab Uca Pucrilato : a hypothesis. Science, N.Y. 199:453-455

              Gilmore, R.G. and S.C. Snedaker. Chapter 5: Mangrove Forests In W. H.
                Martin, et. al. (eds.) Biotic Communities of the Southeastern United
                States (Terrestrial Communities, Volume Two) . John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
                Publishers, N.Y.

              Gilmore, R.G. 1987. Fish, macrocrustacean and avian population dynamics
                and cohabitation in tidally influenced impounded subtropical wetlands.
                pp. 373-394 in Whitman, W.R. and W.H. Meredith, eds. Proceedings of a
                Symposium on Waterfowl and Wetlands Management in the Coastal Zone of the
                Atlantic Flyway. Delaware Depart. Nat. Res. and Envir. Control, Dover,
                Delaware.

              Gilmore, R.G., D.W. Cooke and C.J. Donohoe. 1982. A comparison of the fish
                populations and habitat in open and closed salt marsh impoundments in
                east-central Florida. Northeast Gulf Science, 5: 25-37.

              Gilmore, R.G., P.B. Hood, R.E. Brockmeyer, Jr. and D.M. Scheidt. 1987.
                Final Report: Effects of increased culvert density on utilization of
                marsh impoundments by fishes and macrocrustaceans. Fla. Dept. Health and
                Rehabilitative Serv. Contract No. LD703. 43 pp., 21 Thls., 46 Figs.

              Gilmore, R.G. and D.J. Peters. 1986. Rotational management impoundment
                affects on fish, macrocrustacean and avian population dynamics and basic
                hydrological parameters. Final Report, Fla. Dept. Environ. Reg., Coast.
                Zone Manag. Contract No. 122. 78 pp.-

              Gilmore, R.G., B.J. McLaughlin and D.M. Tremain. 1986. Fish and
                macrocrustacean utilization of an impounded and managed red mangrove swamp
                with a discussion of the resource value of managed mangrove swamp habitat.
                Final Report., Homer Hoyt Inst. 132 pp.

              Gilmore, R.G., P.B. Hood, R.E. Brockmeyer, Jr. and D.M. Scheidt. 1986.
                Final Report: Impoundment No. 16A and 24, St. Lucie County, John Smith
                Impoundment, Brevard County, Florida: Water control systems and their
                hydroligcal impact. Fla. Dept. Health and Rehabilitative Serv. Contract
                No. LD704. 63 pp., 20 Thls., 79 Figs.

              Gilmore, R.G., D.J. Peters, J.L. Fyfe, and P.D. O'Brian. 1985. Fish,
                macrocrustacean and avian population dynamics in a tidally influenced
                impounded subtropical salt marsh. Final Report, Fla. Dept. of Environ.
                Reg., Coast. Zone Manag. Contract No. 93. 42 pp. + Appendix.













                                                                                          18

               itzkowitz, M. 1974. The effects of other fish on the reproductive behavior
                 of the male Cyprinodon variegatus (Pisces: Cyprinodaontidae) - Behavior
                 48:1-22.

               Itzkowitz, M. 1981. The relationships of intrusions and attacks to
                 territory size and quality in the pupf ish, Cyprinodon variegatus
                 Laoepede. Biology of Behavior 6:273-280

               Itzkowitz, M. 1984. Organization of defensive behavior in the pupfish,
                 Cyprinodon variecratus Lacepede. Biology of Behavior 9:105-114.

               Kraeuter, J.N. 1976. Biodeposition by salt-marsh invertebrates. Mar. Biol.
                 35: 215-223.

               Lewis, R.R. III, R.G. Gilmore, Jr., D.W. Crewz and W.E. Odum. 1985.
                 Mangrove habitat and fishery resources of Florida. Pp. 281-336 in W.
                 Seaman, Jr. (Ed.), Florida Aquatic Habitat and Fishery Resources.
                 Florida Chapter, Afferican Fisheries Society, Kissimmee, Florida. 543 pp.

               Macintosh, D.J. 1982. Ecological comparisons of mangrove swamp and
                 saltmarsh fiddler crabs. Wetland: Ecology and Management, Proceedings of
                 the International Wetlands Conference. New Delhi, India.             10-17
                 September 1980. National Insitute of Ecology and International Science
                 Publications. Jaipur. 1982. Editors: Gopal, B., R.E. Turner, R.G.
                 Wetzel and D.F. Whigham. pgs. 243-257.

               Raney, E.C., R.H. Backus, R.W. Crawford and C.R. Robins.               1953.
                 Reproductive behavior in CvPX:inodon variegatus Lacepede, in Florida.
                 Zoologica, Vol. 3, Part 2.

               Rey, J.R., and T. Kain. 1989. A guide to the salt marsh impoundments of
                 Florida. Copyright 1989 by the Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory.
                 200 9th St. S.E., Vero Beach, Florida 32962

               Rozas, L.P., M.W. LaSalle. 1990. Comparison of the diets of Gulf
                 Killifish, Fundulus grandis Baird and Girard, entering and leaving a
                 Mississippi brackish marsh. Estuaries Vol. 13, No. 3, p. 332-336.

               Teal,J.M. 1958 Distribution of fiddler crabs in Georgia salt marshes.
                 Ecology. 39: 185-193

               Teal, J.M. 1962. Energy flow in the salt marsh ecosystem of Georgia.
                 Ecology. 43: 614-624

               Wolf, P.L., S.F. Shanholtzer, and R.J. Reimold. 1975. Population estimates
                 for Uca rugn   (Smith,1890) on the Duplin Estuary marsh, Georgia. USA.
                 Crustaceana 29: 79-92













                                                                                          19



                                             LIST OF TABLES

              TABLE 1. Inpoundment 12 Cypr        observations. Local = study site, tran =
              transect, quad = quadrat, su  = section 1-9 within each quadrat, depth =
              water depth in the section in inches, cyp = Cyprinodon behavior observations
              which include; cr = cruising, de = defending, mate = mating, no = number
              estimate for minimum density in each section, ter = number of observed
              territories established. Gam. and Poe = Gambusia and Poecili behaviors.

              TABLE 2. Blue Hole Point 'Cyprinodon observations. Local = study site, tran =
              transect, quad = quadrat, su = section 1-9 within each quadrat, depth =
              water depth in the section in inches, cyp = Cyprinodon behavior observations
              which include; cr = cruising, de = defending, mate = mating, no = number
              estimate for minimum density in each section, ter = number of observed
              territories established. Gam and Poe = Gambusia and Poecilia behaviors.

              TABLE 3. Grand Harbor Cyprinod      observations. Local = study site, tran =
              transect, quad = quadrat, su = section 1-9 within each quadrat, depth =
              water depth in the section in inches, cyp = Cyprinodon behavior observations
              which include; cr = cruising, de = defending, mate = mating, no = number
              estimate for minimum density in each section, ter = number of observed
              territories established. Gam and Poe = Gambusia and Poecilia behaviors.

              TABLE 4. Irrpoundment 12 Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for each
              sarrpling date. Local = study site, Trans = transect, Quad = quadrat, Man =
              mean of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave I-lean = man for all quadrats
              and all counts in the transect, Std Dev = standard deviation for all
              quadrats and all counts in the transect.

              TABLE 5. North Marsh Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for each
              sampling date. Local = study site, Trans = transect, Quad = quadrat, Man =
              man of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave Mean = mean for all quadrats
              and all counts in the transect, Std Dev = standard deviation for all
              quadrats and all counts in the transect.

              TABLE 6. Tidal Creek Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for each
              sarrpling date. Local = study site, Trans = transect,. Quad = quadrat, Man =
              mean of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave Man = mean for all quadrats
              and all counts in the transect, Std Dev = standard deviation for all
              quadrats and all counts in the transect.

              TABLE 7. Blue Hole Point Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for
              each sampling date. Local = study site, Trans = transect, Quad = quadrat,
              Maan = mean of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave Mean = mean for all
              quadrats and all counts in the transect, Std Dev = standard deviation for
              all quadrats and all counts in the transect.

              TABLE 8. Grand Harbor Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for each
              swpling date. Local = study site, Trans = transect, Quad = quadrat, Man =
              mean of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave bban = man for all quadrats
              and all counts in the transect, Std Dev = standard deviation for all
              quadrats and all counts in the transect.












                                                                                          20



                                             LIST OF FIGURES

               FIGURE 1. Impoundment 12 site map. A = lower Cyprinodon observation
               transect, B = upper Cypr       observation transect, C = lower Uca transect,
               D = upper Uca transect. From Rey and Kain, A Guide to the alt Marsh
               Im:)oundments of Florida.

               FIGURE 2. North Marsh site map. A = lower Uca transect, B = upper Uca
               transect. From Rey and Kain, A Guide to the Salt Marsh Impoundments of
               Florida.

               FIGURE 3. Grand Harbor site map. A = lower Cyprinodon observation
               transect, B = upper Cyprinodon observation transect, C = created Uca
               transect, D = natural Uca transect. From Rey and Kain, A Guide to the Salt
               Marsh Imoundments of Florida.

               FIGURE 4. Blue Hole Point site map. A = Cyprin       observation transect, B
               = lower Uca transect, C = upper Uca transect. From Rey and Kain, A Guide to
               the Salt Marsh Imoundments of FlQrida.

               FIGURE 5. Tidal Creek site map. A = Cyprinodon observation transect, B
               lower Uca transect, C = upper Uca transect. From Rey and Kain, A Guide to
               the Salt Marsh Imoundments of FlQrida.

               FIGURE 6. Sample field data sheet for fish behavioral observations.

               FIGURE 7. Total number of individual Cyprinodon cruising events in the
               lower and upper transects of Impoundment 12.

               FIGURE 8. Total number of Cypri       flashing events in the lower and upper
               transects of Impoundment 12.

               FIGURE 9. Total number of Cyprinodon defending events in the lower and
               upper transects of Impoundment 12.

               FIGURE 10. Observed Cyprin      territories in the lower and upper transects
               of Impoundment 12 with to the mean daily water level measured in cm above
               NGVD.

               FIGURE 11. Minimal estimate of Cyprinodon densities, in the lower and upper
               transects of Impoundment 12, based on largest group within the station for
               each observational period.

               FIGURE 12. Total number of individual Cyprinodon cruising events in the
               lower and upper transects of Blue Hole Point.

               FIGURE 13. Total number of individual Cyprinodon feeding activities in the
               lower and upper transects of Blue Hole Point.

               FIGURE 14. Total number of C rinodon flashing events in the lower and
               upper transects of Blue Hole Point.













                                                                                         21

             FIGURE 15. Total number of Cyprin        in the lower and upper transects of
             Blue Hole Point.

             FIGURE 16. Total number of observed Cyprin         territories and defending
             events in the lower transect of Blue Hole Point.
             FIGURE 17. Average number of Uca burrows per rr@ for each quadrat 'by date at
             Impoundment 12 with mean daily water level.
             FIGURE 18. Average nurber of Uca burrows per m@ for each quadrat by date at
             North Marsh with mean daily water level.
             FIGURE 19. Average number of Uca burrows per m@ for each quadrat by date at
             Tidal Creek with mean daily water level.
             FIGURE 20. Average number of Uca burrows per m  2 for each quadrat by date at
             Blue Hole Point with man daily water level.
             FIGURE 21. Average number of Uca burrows per rr@ for each quadrat by date at
             Grand Harbor with mean daily water level.


~0




                 TABLE 1. Impoundment 12 Cy~prinodo~ observations. Local = study site, tran = transect, quad
                 quadrat, su = section 1-9 within each quadrat, depth = water depth in the section in inches, cyp
                 C~qy~qp~rin~6qN~qQ behavior observations which Include; cr =cruising, de =defending, mate= mating,
                 no = number estimate for minimum density in each section, ter = number of observed territories
                 established. Gam and Poe = ~4qQ~qa~4qm~qb~4qm~qi~q& and Poe~cil~qi                behaviors.
                 local      data       time   ~tran qua      su  depth      or    do  mate ~0q9~2q'd         III   no           c~2qor m fd            fd         comments
                 Imp 12     07/2~q6~8qM     10~,~q20  lower     1   2   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        ~q0 0       poor v~qi~s
                 Imp 12     07/2~q6~2qW     10:51  low       2   2   NA           0     0    0     0       19    NA 0            3     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07/2~q6~2qM     10~:37 lower      3   4   NA           0     0    0     0       6     NA 0            2     0        0 0       poor v~qis
                 Imp 12     07/2~q6~8qM     10.44  lower     4   5   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            4     0        0 0       poor vi~s
                 Imp 12     07~q/~q2~q6~2qM     10~-~q5~q9  lower     5   ~q6   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     0~q7~q1~q2~q6~4qW     ~q11:1~q5  up~qp~e      1   7   NA           1     0    0     0       0     ~q1  0            0     0        0 ~q0       shallow/clear
                 Imp 12     07/2~q6~8q%     11~2q0~q6 upp~e        2   1   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07~q/~q2~q6~8qW     ~q1~q1:43 upp~e       3   4   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07/26/90   11~1~8q4   up~qp~e      4   5   NA           3     0    0     0       1~q6    NA 0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07~q/~q2~q6~qt9~qO   1~q1~,22  up~qp~e      5   8   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 ~I~p 12     07/31~q/~q90   11~2q12   lower     1   3   NA           3     0    ~q0     0       0     NA 0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07/31/90   11:08  lower     2   5   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            ~q1     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07/~q31/90   11:17 lower      3   8   NA           ~q0     0    0     0       ~q1     ~q1  ~q0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp ~q12     07/31/90   11~:24 lower      4   5   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07~q131~q/~q90   ~q1~q1:~q0~q0  lower     5   7   NA           8     0    0     0       0     NA 0            0     0        7 0
                 Imp 12     07/31/~q90   11~-4~q3  up~qp~e      I   I   NA         ~q35      0    0     0       2~q6    30 0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07/31/90   12:07 upp~e       2   ~q6   NA         37      0    0     0       16    25 0            0     0        ~q0 0
                 Imp 12     07/31/~q90   11~-~q51  upp~e      3   7   NA         17      0    0     0       33    10 0            0     0        ~q1 0
                 Imp 12     07/31/~q90   12~:1~q6 uppe       4   1   NA         ~q50      0    0     0       1     30 0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     07/31~q/~q90   11:~q59  upp~e      5   9   NA           0     0    0     ~q0       0     0  0            0     ~q0        0 a       ~qfbamy
                 ~I~p 12     08~q/01~q/90   15.01  lower     1   5   NA           4     0    ~.0    0       2     NA 0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     ~qO~qS~8qM1~q/~q90    14~-44  lower     2   2   NA         I 1     0    ~.0    0       4     NA 0            0     ~q0        0 0
                 Imp 12     08/01/90   15~.09 ~qbw~er       3   9   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     0~q8/01/~q90   14~:~q62 lower      4   1   NA         12      0    0     0       4     ~qNA 0            2     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     08~q/01/90   15:17 lower      5   ~q6   NA           ~q1     0    0     0       0     ~q1  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     ~q0~q8~q/~q0~q1~q/~q9~q0   ~q1~q5:~q5~q5  ~Upp~e      I   I   NA           0     0    0     0       3     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     ~4qW01~q/90     16:02 uppe       2   2   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     08~q101~q/90   15~:30  uppe      3   8   NA           0     0    0     0       4     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 ~I~p 12     08~q/01/~q90   15:47 upp~e       4   4   ~qNA           8     0    0     0       17    NA 0            ~q0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     08/01~q/90   15~-38  upp~e      5   8   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 ~q0
                 Imp 12     08/08/90   15.48 ~6qbw~er       1   8   NA           7     0    0     0       7~q6    NA 0          17   14          ~q0 0       poorv~qis
                 I~p 12     08~q108/90   15:40  lower     2   6   NA           0     0    0     0       0     ~q0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     08~q1~q0~qa~2qW     15~:33  lower     3   4   NA           0     0    0     0       8     0  0            ~q1     ~q1        0 0
                 Imp 12     08~q108/90   1~q6~-0~q3  lower     4   ~q9   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            0     ~q0        0 0       dense v~eg~qita~qdon
                 I~p 12     ~q0~q8~q/~q0~4qM~qO     15:56  lower     5   5   NA           1     0    0     0       2     1  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     08~q10~qa~'~q90   14~:34  uppe      1   8   ~qNA         261     0    0     0       ~q97    ~q60 0            0     ~q0        0 0
                 Imp 12     MOM        15:12 up~qp~e       2   9   NA           8     0    0     0       ~q6~q3    NA 0            0     0        0 0
                 ~I~p 12     ~q0~q8~q/0a~'90   14:42 upp~e       3   7   NA           8     0    0     0       22    NA 0            0     0        ~q0 0
                 Imp 12     08~q/~q0~q8~2qW     14A9   upp~e      4   5   NA         107     0    0     0       63    1000            0     0        0 0       rain/only 2.5 min observation
                 Imp 12     ~qO~8qW~8qM        15:1~q9  uppe      5   ~q9   NA           0~,    0    0     0       0     0  0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     08~q/09~q/90   14.43  lower     1   7   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  ~q0            0     0        0 0       poor vis~q/~qfoam
                 Imp 12     08/09~q/90   14:11  lower     2   4   NA           2     0    0     0       3     1  0            ~q0     0        0 0
                 ~I~mp 12     08/09~q/90   14~8q2~q5   lower     3   7   NA           8     0    0     0       24    NA ~'~q0           1     ~q0        2 0
                 Imp 12     ~qO~8qM~2qM        14:19  low       4   6   NA         63      0    0     0       36    30 0            0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     ~qO~2qM~2qW        14~:27  lower     ~q6   4   NA         197     0    0     0       117   30 0            2     0        0 ~q0       territories established outside ~tran
                 Imp 12     08~q109~q/90   1~q5~:1~q8  ~Upp~e      ~q1   9   NA         220     0    0     0       93    1000          ~q60   100         0 0
                 Imp 12     0~q8/09/90   15:2~q5 upp~e       2   9   NA         ~q5~q6      0    0     0       113   20 0            0     0        0 ~q0       poor v~qis
                 Imp 12     08/09~2qM     15:33  upp~e      3   6   NA         10~q8     0    0     0       68    ~q60 0            0     0        0 0       poor vis
                 Imp 12     08/09~8qM     15~,09 uppe       4   7   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  ~q0            ~q0     0        0 0
                 Imp 12     08/09/90   1~q5~,02  upp~e      5   4   NA           0     0    0     0       0     0  0            ~q0     0        0 0
 

~0










                TABLE I Continued


                                                                                                ~C~Y~P
                local        date       time    ~tran qua      su  depth       cr    do   mate  ~8qT~qd--~8qT ~n~o ter                    ~2qA~c~r~4qM~0qe            ~q1~C~4qW~r~4q9          comments
                Imp 12       08/1~q5~8qM     12.08   low       1   ~q6   NA          ~q64    12        0     0   11    20      2           ~q6    0          0 0        poor v~qis~q/foam
                Imp 12       08~q11~qS~8qW     11~-~q50   lower     2   4   NA          137   27        0     0 107     40      ~q6           ~q3    0          0 ~q0        many ~qt~4qWs~qlf~ew defended
                Imp 12       08~qt1~qS~8qW     12:17   low       3   8   NA          12      7       0     0 107        ~q6    1         2~q5     0          ~q0 0
                Imp 12       08~q11~qS~4qW     11:41   low       4   ~q9   NA             1    0       0     0     0      ~q1    0           ~q0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       0~q811~q5~8qW     1~q1:~q59   lower     5   3   NA          25      0       0     0   ~q6~q6    10      0           ~q1    0          0 0
                                        10:~q58   upp~e      1   8   NA          278     0       0     0 227     ~q50      0           0    0          ~q0 0
                Imp 12       08~q11~qS~4qW     11:17   uppe      2   7   NA          80      0       0     0   78    20      0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       08/1~q5/90   10:49   upp~e      3   4   NA          97      0       0     0 2D2     20      0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       08~q/11~qS~4qW    11~*~q08   uppe      4   9   NA          12~q6     1       0     0 117     40      1           ~q1    0          0 0
                Imp ~q1~q2       0~q8~q11~q5~4qM     11~*26   up~qpe      5   4   NA          233     0       0     0 112     50      0           0    0          0 0
                                        ~q11:21   k~qm~qw       1   1   NA          29    210       0     0   87       5  40          18     0          0 0
                Imp 12       0~q8~qM~8qM       11~-02   lower     2   7   NA          160   70        0     0 160     ~q30      8         31     0          ~q3 ~q0        too me
                                                                                                                                                                    ~.~6qm to record
                Imp 12       08~q11~q6~2qM     11~*30   low       3   6   NA             4    2       0     0 143     20      0         33     0          ~q1 0        poor ~v~i~s
                Imp 12       08/16~q/90   11:12   lower     4   4   NA             8    0       0     0   43    NA      0         ~q38     0          0 0        poor vis
                Imp 12       0~q8~q(~q1~8q&~4qW     10~.52   low       5   8   NA             3    0       0     0     1   NA      0           4    0          0 0
                Imp 12       ~8qM~8qW9~q0       12:17 up~qp~e        I   I   NA          400     0       0     0 177     ~q60      0         22     0          0 0
                Imp 12       08~q116~(90   12:09   upp~e      2   4   NA          65      0       0     0     ~q9   NA      0           0    0          2 0
                Imp 12       08116~q/90   11A7    upp~e      3   6   NA          79      0       0     0   ~q5~q5    30      0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       ~q0~q8/1~q6~q/90   12:25   uppe      4   1   NA          188     0       0     0 170     30      0           0    0          ~q0 0
                ~Imp 12       0~q8~q1~q1~q6~8qW     I 1 ~:5~q9 up~qpe      5   1   NA          ~q50      ~q0       ~q0     ~q0   14    NA      ~q0           ~q0    ~q0          0 0
                Imp 12       ~8qW21~q/90     11~,~q32 low         1   6   NA          179   41        0     0 179     40      0           0    0          ~q1 0
                Imp 12       08~q121/90   11:~q5~q6   lower     2   6   NA          49    31     .~'~q0      0   84    10      0           ~q3    0          0 0        poor ~q@s
                Imp 12       08~qt~q2~ql/90   11~,41   lower     3   8   NA             0    0       0     0   44       0    0           2    0          3 0        poor ~v~i~s
                Imp 12       08~q121/90   11:23   lower     4   4   NA             2    0       0     0   13       0    0           4    1          ~q1 0        poor vi~s
                Imp 12       08/21~q/90   ~qI~qIA~q9    lower     ~q6   5   NA             1    0       ~q0     ~q0   is       ~q0    0           ~q0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       08~qt2l/90   10~q33    uppe      1   ~q9   NA          43      0       0     0     0   30      0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       08/21~q/90   10:~q58   uppe      2   1   NA          270     0       0     0 203     60      0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       MOW        10:~q50   uppe      3   ~q9   NA          32    11        0     0   99    10      1           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       08~q121/90   10:41   uppe      4   3   NA          26      0       0     0   ~q5~q6       0    0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       08~q/21/~q90   11~*08   upp~e      ~q6   6   NA          248     0       0     0 269     60      0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       08/2~q3~8qW     13:17   lower     1   3   NA          168   42        0     0 129     20      3           0    ~q0          ~q0 0        poor vis
                Imp 12       ~8qW23~q190     13:34   lower     2   9   NA          21      3       1     0   ~q54    10      0           2    0          0 ~q0        possible mating
                Imp 12       08~q123~q190   113:411 lower     3   ~q9   NA          ~q29      0       0     0   62    10      0           4    0          ~q1 ~q0
                Imp 12       08~q123~q/90   13:26   lower     4   9   NA             ~q1    0       0     0     ~q1      0    0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       ~qo~qa~(23~q(~q90   13:08   low       5   7   NA          458   14        0     0 292     ~q80      0           ~q1    0          ~q1 ~q0        too many for accumt~e count
                Imp 12       08~qt23~8qW     12:20   upp~e      1   ~q9   NA          32      0       0     0     8   20      0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       0~q8/23~8qW     12.~q36   uppe      2   3   NA          112   39        0     0   7~q6    30      4           0    0          0 0        unclear boundri~es for territories
                Imp 12       0~q812~4qT9~q0    12:28   up~qp~e      ~q3   6   NA          241     0       0     0   49    60      0           0    0          0 ~q0
                Imp 12       08~q123~2qW     12~,44   uppe      4   4   NA          217     0       0     0 10~q8     60      0           ~q1    0          0 0
                Imp 12       08~q(~q2~q3/90   12:54   upp~e      5   1   NA          94    41        0     0   79    20      0           0    ~q0          0 0        no visible t~er~2qf~2qtries
                Imp 12       ~8qW24~q/90     10:46   low       1   ~q6   NA          4~q25~'    0       0     0 253     100     ~q0         is     0          0 0
                Imp 12       08~q124~q/90   10.37   lower     2   1   NA          131   114       0     0 190     20      8           0    0          0 ~q0
                ~Impi2        08~qt24~q/90   10:11   lower     3   1   NA          392     0       0     0 299     60      0           ~q0    ~q0          0 0        poor vis
                Imp 12       08/24~q/90   10:1~q9   lower     4   1   NA          153   11        0     0   8~q6    30      0           ~q1    ~q0          ~q6 0
                Imp 12       ~8qW24~q/90     10:28   lower     5   6   NA          299     ~q0       0     0 198     40      0           0    0          0 0
                Imp 12       0~q8~q/24~8qW     11~*34   uppe      1   2   NA          311     0       0     0 193     40      0           ~q5    0          0 0
                Imp 12       ~2qW24/90     11~-01   uppe      2   9   NA          68      0       0     0   17    ~q30      0           2    0          2 0
                ~I~M~q1512       0~q8/24/90   ~11:26  upp~e      3   3   NA          86    13        0     0 223     30      3           3    0          2 0
                Imp 12       08~q124~q/90   11:18   upp~e      4   9   NA          13      0       0     0     6   NA      0           2    0          ~q0 0
                   ~qp 12      08/24/90   11:10   uppe      5   9   NA             4    0       0     0   23    ~qNA      0           ~q1    0          3 ~q0        poor ~v~qfs~2q&~am
                                                                 I
 

~0









                  TABLE I Continued

                  local        c~ql~a~0qb        time   Iran qua su      depth        or     d~e    mate                   no              ~c~qgr~am ~qf~qd        ~4q1~8~2qT              comments
                  Imp 12       08/27/90    10:51  lower     I   ~qi     NA         27    113     0      0    248      0      a        78    0            2 0
                  Imp 12       08~q127/90    11 :~q23 low       2   3     NA         42       0    0      0     22      10     ~q0           ~q1  0            ~q1 0        poor ~V~qis
                  Imp 12       08/27/90    10.59  lower     3   9     NA         48       0    0      0    259      20     0        go    0            0 ~q0
                  ~I~~qp 12       ~qO~4qW27~q/90     11:15  low       4   3     NA         91    138     0      0    316      20     0        28    0            0 0
                  Imp 12       08/27~q/90    ~q111:08 low       5   6     NA         8~q3    18~q3     0      0      3      10     4           3  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       08~q/27/90    `1~q0:27 upp~e      1   6     NA        3~q88       0    0      0    351      40     0           3  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       08~q/27/90    10:01  upp~e      2   5     NA        196    63      ~q0      0    118      ~q30     1           ~q0  0            ~q0 ~q0
                  Imp 12       08/27/90    10:1~q9  upp~e      3   3     NA        128    174     0      0    103      30     15          0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       08/27/90    10:35  upp~e      4   ~q9     NA        182    138     0      0    264      30     ~q0           0  0            0 0        overlap of ~t~e~r~T~qit~Dr~qi~e~s
                  Imp 12       08/27/90    10:10  upp~e      5   6     NA        198    132     0      0    214      30     7           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/06~q/90    10:32  lower     1   7     NA         48    315     0      0    260      10     1~q5          7  0            0 0        very poor ~v~qis
                  Imp 12       09~q/06~q190    10~,0~q5  low       2   3     ~qNA        373    129     0      0    292      40     0           8  0            0 0        poor v~qis
                  Imp 12       09/06/90    10:22  low       3   7     NA        118       4    0     80    303      20     3           8  ~q0            200
                  ~Imp 12       0~q9/06/90    10:14  lower     4   8     NA        427    161     ~q0      ~q0    279      go     ~q3~q0          0  ~q0            0 0        clear
                  Imp 12       ~qO~4qW~q0~q6~q19~q0     10:41  lower     5   3     NA           3   ~q1~q8~q5     0    17~q5    395      355    0        13    0            0 0        defended and undef~or~qd~ed t~errs
                  Imp 12       09~q106~q190    11:14  up~qp~e      ~q1   5     NA        108       0    0      0    235      40     0           ~q9  ~q0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9~q/0~q6~8qW      10:56 upp~e       2   ~q1     NA        ~q303    151     0      0    370      NA     3           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       ~qO~8qW06~q190     11~:22  upp~e      3   8     NA        333    22      0      0    355      So     1        13    0            0 0
                  Imp 12       ~qO~8qW~qO~qG~2qM       11~,05  upp~e      4   4     NA        127       0    0      0    209      ~q60     0        13    0            0 0
                  Imp 12       ~qO~qR~I~qO~qS~8qM      11~.31  upp~e      5   8     NA         68    190     0      0      0      NA     2           0  0            1 0
                  Imp 12       09~q113~q190    12.~q17  low       1   4     NA        473       0    0    2~q60    155      100    0           0  ~q0            ~q0 ~q0        2 live u~c~e~q/~no schoo~qlin~qg~/~8qm~a~qIes ex~ca~qv~qa
                  Imp 12       0~q9~q/13~(90    13:02  low       2   5     NA        340       0    0    410    12~q6      ~q60     0           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/13~q190    13~*22  lower     3   8     NA        1735      0    ~.~-o    ~q0    1~q05      1~q0~q0~q0   ~q0           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/1~q3~8qW      12.50  low       4   2     NA        160    190     ~-0   ~2qM      120      NA     ~q0           ~q0  ~q0            0 0        poor v~qis
                  I~p 12       0~q9/13~q190    13:12  lower     5   4     NA        330       0    0    195    250      60     0           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/13~4qW      14:14  upp~e      1   4     NA        540    8~q0      0     79    130      150    4           0  0            0 0        very loose schools
                  Imp 12       0~q9/13~8qW      13:58  uppe      2   3     NA        215    275     0     90    105      30     14          0  0            0 0        excavation by flashing
                  Imp 12       09/13~q190    14:06  uppe      3   8     NA        155       0    0      0     48      40     12       42    0            ~q0 ~q0
                  Imp 12       0~q9~q113~8qM      13~:~q39  uppe      4   3     NA        130    215     0     27    10~q6      NA     21       22    0            0 0
                  I~p 12       0~q9~q113/90    13:48  upp~e      5   ~q9     NA        ~q2~q05    215     0      3    1~q9D      10     ~q2~qs          7  0            0 0        no territorial boundr~qi~es
                  Imp 12       0~q9~q/14/90    ~qI~qS.~-38 ~qb~qW~er      I   I     ~qNA         80    ~q3~8qW      ~q0    335     65      20     ~q6           0  0            0 0        map of te~r~r be~qf~qt on dat~ash~ee~qt
                  Imp 12       09/14~q/90    16:03  lower     2   4     NA        1000   480     0    345    ~qI~qs~qS      1~q0~q0o   ~q2~q0          ~q0  0            0 0        feeding In undefended ter~qrs
                  Imp 12       ~qC~qG~q114~q190    ~'1~q6:~q12 lower     3   8     ~q10        4~q50       0    0    120    330      100    0           0  0            0 0        too deep f~qor t~an~'s~qti 0 Inches
                  Imp 12       09/14~q190    ~q16:~q30  lower     4   4     NA        325       0    0     9~q5    320      ~q60     0           0  0            0 0        excavation by flashing
                  Imp 12       09/14~q/90    16:22  lower     5   ~q9     NA         79    20      0      0      0      NA     0           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       09/14~190    15:20  upp~e      1   2       5       1000      0         1000   ~q1000     1000   0        100   ~q0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/14~q/90    15:49  upp~e      2   3     NA        910    100     0    415    260      500    2           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       09/14/90    15A~qO   upp~e      3   7     ~qNA        405    200     ~q0     60      ~q0      20     3           ~q0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       09/14/90    15.31  upp~e      4   ~q9     NA        31~q6    225     0    150      0      NA     0           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9~q/14~2qM      ~q15:09  uppe      5   ~q6     NA        225    215     0    160      0      20     6           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/~q17/90    ~q14;30  ~qb~2qw        1   7     NA        1~q50~,235        0    32D    1~q3~q5      30     2~q5          ~q9  0            0 0        females feeding in defended ~t~errs
                  Imp 12       09/17/90    14:11  low       2   9     ~qNA        275    ~q3~8qW      0    1~q55    190      60     20          0  0            0 0        poor v~qis
                  Imp 12       09/17/90    14~-38  lower     3   5     12        132       0    0     13    27~q6      10     0        40    0            0 0        poor v~qi~s and d~eep~qtl 2 Inches
                  Imp 12       0~q9/17~q/90    13~:57  low       4   2     NA         85    8~q8      0     25    32D      30     ~-0       30    0            2 0        poor v~qis
                  Imp 12       0~q9/17~q190    1420   lower     5   4     NA        165    ~q3~2qW      0    ~q1~q5~q5    190      10     4           0  0            0 0        excavation by flashing
                  Imp 12       09~q/17/90    15~,49  uppe      1   4     NA        1000      0    0    545    110      10D~qO   0           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/17/90    15:41  uppe      2   6     NA        305       2    0    275    12~qD      ~q60     0           ~q1  0            0 ~q0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/17/~q90    15~.57 uppe       3   5     ~qNA        360    17      0    245     8~q0      30     0           0  0            0 0
                  Imp 12       O~qG~qM 7~q/90    15.33 upp~e       4   6     NA        315    1~q55     0    410     89      60     0           0  0            ~q0 0
                  Imp 12       0~q9/~q17/90    15-26 upp~e       5   1     NA        196    ~q395     0    185     18      30     0        12    0            0 0
 

~0










              TABLE I Continued

               local       date      time  tran qua    ~su  depth     ~cr     do  mate ~6qT        fl     no             ~2q=~O~r~ql~c~6qr        ~6q1~q2~r~qo~0qf~0qf         comments
               Imp ~q1~q2      09/~q19~4qM    12:24 lower     1  ~q9   NA           12  0      0     0   1~q5~q9    5     0        21    4          00
               Imp ~q1~q2      09~q/1~8qW~8qW    112~q33 lower     2  4   NA           3   o      0     0   68     NA    12       23    3          ~q10
               Imp 12      09~q11~qS~8qW    12:08 lower     3  ~q9   NA           1   0      0     0   67     NA    0           0  0          00
               Imp 12      09/1~q9~4qM    12:16 lower     4  6   NA           0   0      0     0   28     0     0        29    3          00
               Imp ~q1~q2      o~q9~qjj~q%~8qW    12~.~,~q00 lower    5  9   NA           2   0      0     0     0    NA    0        68  14           ~q10       1 five u~c~a climbing mangrove
               Imp 12      ~qO~qG~qI~qI~8qW~8qW    12:48 upp~e      1  2   NA       210     0      0     0   188    ~q50    0           8  0          00
               Imp ~q1~q2      09/1~q9~8qM    113:07 uppe     2  8   NA           ~q99  3      0     0   313    5     1           ~q1  0          00
               Imp 12      09~q/19~q/90  13:16 uppe      3  4   NA           63  21     0     0   2~q80    NA    2           0  0          00
               Imp ~q1~q2      09/19~q/90  13:25 uppe      4  6   NA           83  11     0     4   240    10    1           0  0          00
               Imp ~q1~q2      0~q9/~q19V~4qW   12~:~q58 up~qpe      5  2   NA       206     6      0     0   185    ~q30    1           2  0          00
               Imp ~q1~q2      09/2~q5~4qM    14:40 lower     1  3       3    1000    0      0   70    130    1000  0        85  20           00
               Imp 12      09~q/25~8qM    15:08 lower     2  8       4    447     90     1     0   58     70    ~q6        17    0          00       several defenders for same t~err~q/~t~empo
               Imp 12      0~q9/2~q5~4qM    14:31 lower     3  4       5    128     0      0     0   1~q80    50    0        12    4          00
               Imp 12      0~q9/2~q5~4qM    15~-~.00 lower    4  6       2        4   0      0     3     1    NA    0        49  12           00
               Imp 12      09/2~q5~8qW    14:52 lower     5  5       3        43  0      0     0   143    20    0           3  ~q0          0~q0       feeding on t~arr remains
               Imp 12      09/2~q5~8qM    15:46 uppe      1  7       3        0   0      0     0     0    0     0           0  ~q0          ~q00
               Imp 12      09/25~q/90  15:~q38 upp~e      2  9       3        2   0      0     0     0    NA    0           0  0          0~q0       floating clefts and foam
               Imp 12      09/25/90  15:53 uppe      3  1       3        27  0      0     0     0    NA    0           ~q6  0          00
               Imp 12      09/2~q5~8qW    15~:30 up~qp~e      4  8       2        13  0      0     0     0    NA    0           3  0          0~q0
               Imp 12      0~q9~q12~q5~8qM    1522  up~qpe      5  4       2    107     0      0     7     0    NA    0        110 12           00
               Imp 12      ~4qW26~q/90    13:25 lower     1  1       ~q1    247     0      0     2     0    20    0           ~q0  0          0~q0
               Imp 12      09/26~4qM    1~q3:17 lower     2  9       ~q1    188     0     ~.0   14      0    20    0           ~q1  0          00
               Imp 12      09/2~q6~4qW    13~:09 lower     3  8       ~q1    278     0      0     0     0    60    0           0  0          00       undefended taws
               Imp 12      09/26/90  13:01 lower     4  4       2    2500    0      0     0     0    1000  0           9  ~q0          00
               Imp 12      09/2~q6~8qW    13:07 lower     5  6       0                                    ~-1                                       dry
               Imp 12      09/26/90  13:41 uppe      1  7       0                                    ~-1                                       dry
               Imp 12      09/2~q6~0qW    13:42 upp~e      2  4       0                                    ~-~q1                                       dry
               Imp 12      09~q/2~q6~4qW    13:43 uppe      3  7       0                                    ~.~q1                                       dry
               Imp 12      09/26/90  13:45 upp~e      4  6   0~.5          20  0      0     0     0    0     0           0  0          00       fish In puddles
               Imp 12      09/26/~q90  13:44 uppe      5  9       0                                    ~.1                                       dry  map of beft since colverts opened
               Imp 12      1~q0~(0~q2~4qM    11:50 lower     1  7       4    4~q25     0      0  380    305    100   0        40    0          00       new
               Imp 12      1~q0~(0~q2~q190  ~q11:59 lower     2  8       4    432     0      0  460    270    50    0        1~q5    7          00       no defending
               Imp 12      10/02~q/90  12.28 lower     3  2       ~q6    217     0      0     0   281    40    0           0  0          00       no defending
               Imp 12      10/0~q2~4qM    12:08 lower     4  7       ~q5    495     0      0  430    255    90    0        13    0          620      poor v~qis~
               Imp 12      10/02~q190  12:17 lower     5  8       2        40  0      0     0     0    20    0        130   0          00
               Imp 12      10/02~q(90  13~-07 uppe      1  8       3        0   0      0     0     0    0     0           0  0          00
               Imp 12      10/0~q2~8qM    12:53 up~qp~e      2  6       3        0   0      0     0     0    0     0           2  0          00
               Imp 12      10/02~q190  13~'00 Uppe      3  3       3        4   0      0     0     1    NA    0           0  0          00
               Imp 12      10~q102~8qM    13:14 up~qpe      4  5       4    4~q64    185     0  345    72     60    0           0  0          00
               Imp 12      MOM       12.44 uppe      5  7       3        ~q1~q1  0      0     0     0    ~q6     0        ~q1~q1    0          00
               Imp 12      10/15~q/90  13.02 lower     1  5       ~q5    380~,    0      0   37    250    ~q60    0           2  0          ~q10       caseop~qi~a jellyfish 8 Inches in diameter
               Imp 12      10~115~q/90  13:11 low       2  3       3    120     0      0     0   322    20    ~q0           7  0          00
               Imp 12      10~q/~q1~q5~4qW    1327  lower     3  7       4        8   0      0     0   65     NA    ~-0          6  0          ~q10       poor v~qis
               Imp 12      10~q/15~q/90  13:19 lower     4  7   3.5      150     0      0     0   ~q6~q5     30    0           7  0          00
               Imp 12      10/1~q5~8qM    13~:34 lower     5  4       4    261     0      0     0   298    ~q50    0        22    0          0~q0
               Imp 12      1~q0~q(1~q5~2qW    12:44 upp~e      1  4       4        6~q5  0      0     3   260    20    0        188   0          00
               Imp 12      10~q1~q1~qS~8qW    1221  uppe      2  1       ~q3        62  0      0   43    249    NA    0           0  0          00
               Imp 12      10/15/90  12~q27  uppe      3  8       4    106     0      0   23    220    10    0           0  0          00
               ~Imp 12      10/1~q5~8qM    1229  uppe      4  5       4    270     0      0  450    298    60    0           0  0          00       algal feeding area
               Imp 12      10/1~q5~8qW    12:13 uppe      5  7       3    170     0      0   ~q50    231    20    0        ~q1~q1    0          00
 

~0










                 TABLE I Continued


                  local         dat~g       time    ~qb~qw qua        su  depth      or      de   ~r~nale                                  ~q'~c~r~q" ~qf d-          ~c~r fd          comments
                  Imp 12        10/23~q/90   13:52   lower     1   2    NA        ~q5~2q%        o     0      0    ~q62      so     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10~q/23~8qM     13.~q32   low       2   1    NA        167       0     0      0     0      40     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10~q/2~q3~2qM     13:44   lower     3   1    ~qR~qA        11~q2~q8      0     0      0   448      100    0            0    ~q0         0  0
                  Imp 12        ~q1 ~q0123~8qM    13:22   lower     4   ~q9       ~q0                                          ~.~q1                                             d~ry
                  Imp ~q1~q2        10~q/23~q(90   13:23   lower     5   6    NA        ~q617       0     0      3    48      80     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10~q/2~q3~8qW     14:14   uppe      1   2    NA        396       0     ~q0   2~q60    330      60     0            0    0         0  ~q0
                  Imp 12        10/23/90   14:23   uppe      2   1    NA        140       0     0      0     3      NA     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10~q/23~(90   14.30   upp~e      3   2       0                                          ~.~q1                                             dry
                  Imp 12        10~q/23~q(90   14:31   uppe      4   7    NA        280       0     0      0     0      NA     0            0    0         ~q0  0
                  Imp 12        10~q/2~q&~4qW     14.37   upp~e      5   3       0                                          ~.~q1                                             dry
                  Imp ~q1~q2        10/2~q5~4qW     16.08   lower     1   8       2       11       0     0      2     0      NA     0            0    ~q0         0  0        poor v~qis
                  Imp 12        10/2~q5~8qW     16.01   lower     2   6       2       67       0     0      0     0      NA     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10/2~q5~2qM     16:15   lower     3   5       4      468       0     0    ~q8~q5    570      200    0            ~q1    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10/2~q5~2qM     16:23   lower     4   8       2       36       0     0      0     0      NA     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10/2~q5~2qW     16:29   lower     5   9       0                                          ~.1                                             dry
                  Imp 12        10/2~q5~8qW     15:42   upp~e      1   ~q6       ~q1         0      0     0      0     0      0      0            0    0         0  0        poor v~qis
                  Imp 12        10/2~q5~8qW     15:49   uppe      2   3       ~q1       64       0     0      8     6      NA     0            0    0         ~q0  0
                  Imp 12        1~q0~(2~q5~2qM     15:34   uppe      3   2       ~q1      17~q5       0     0    1~q9     16      NA     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10/25/90   1~q5~,25   up~qp~e      4   3       ~q1      ~q591       0     0      4   241      100    0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        ~q1~q0~q(2~q5~4qW     1~q6~:31   upp~e      ~q6   8       ~q0                                          ~-~q1                                             dry
                  Imp 12        10~q/~q31~8qM     10.~q36   lower     1   6       ~q6      173       2     0    40      0      30     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10~q/31~q/90   10.43   lower     2   7       7      229     108     ~.0     0   1~q82      ~q30     12           ~q1    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10/31/90   1~q1:~q00   lower     3   8       6       17       0    ~~*~q0     0    17      NA     0            ~q0    0         0  0        poor v~qis
                  Imp ~q1~q2        10/31~q/90   10:~q52   lower     4   4       4      171       0     0      7   130      10     0            0    0         0  ~q0
                  Imp 12        ~q10/~q31/90   10:26   lower     5   3       6      358     25      0    80    280      90     0            0    0         0  0        excavation by flashing
                  Imp 12        10~q131/~q90   11.31   uppe      1   1       ~q6      208       0     0      0    7~q5      50     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10/31/~q90   ~qI~qIA7    up~qpe      2   ~q9       ~q5      2M        0     0      0   385      40     ~q0            ~q0    ~q0         ~q0  0
                  Imp 12        10~q/31/90   11:13   upp~e      3   ~q1       ~q5       17       0     0      ~q9    47      NA     0            0    0         0  0
                  imp 12        ~qj~qo~q/~q31/~q90   11~:~q39   upp~e      4   ~q1       4      22~q6       0     0    17    205      100    0            0    ~q0         0  0
                  Imp 12        10/31/~q90   11:22   upp~e      5   8       4      205       0     0      0   234      30     0            ~q1    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/07/90   16:11   lower     1   ~q5       4       60       0     0      0    28      10     0        12       0         ~q1  0        poor v~qis
                  Imp 12        11/07~q/90   16:18   lower     2   9       ~q5       so       0     0      0 ~q50         NA     0            3    ~q0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/07/90   16:39   lower     3   7       7         0      0     0      0     0      0      0            ~q1    0         0  0        very poor v~qis
                  Imp ~q12        11/07~q/90   16~:25   lower     4   8       4      180     12      0      0   37S      NA     0            8    0         ~q0  0
                  ~I~p 12        11/07/90   16~-~q32   lower     5   2       4      ~q1~q35       0     0      0   255      20     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        ~q11/07/90   15.59 uppe        1   3    NA        625     40      0      0   450      150    0        300      0         4  0
                  Imp 12        11/07/90   15:~q37 uppe        2   9    NA        295       0     0   195    295      40     0            0    ~q0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/07/90   15:29   upp~e      3   1    NA        330     135     0   395    180      ~q30     1        30       0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/07/90   15:44   upp~e      4   1    NA        248     80      0   430    160      60     1            7    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/07/90   15~.~q51   uppe      5   8    NA        275       0     0   410    270      40     0        Is       0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/1~q5~2qW     13~-.OS  lower     1   2       4         0~,     0     0      0   145      0      0            0    0         ~q0  ~q0        poor vis
                  Imp 12        1~q1/~q1~q5~8qW     12~q2~q5    lower     2   1       ~q6         0      0     0      0     0      0      ~q0            0    0         0  0        zero vis
                  I~p 12        11~q/~q1~q5~8qW     ~q12A2    lower     ~q3   6    4~.5          ~q9      0     0      0   120      NA     -0           0    ~q0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/15~qt9~qO   112:~q50  lower     4   6       2      157       0     0    75     1~q5      40     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        ~q1~q1/~q1~q5~2qW     ~q112:~q57 lower      5   9       2       73       0     0      0     3      10     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        ~q11/~q1~qS~2qW     12:00   upp~e      1   2    2.5       110       0     0      0   113      10     0            0    ~q0         0  0
                  Imp ~q1~q2        11/~q1~q6~6qW     12:23   upp~e      2   ~q9       2       ~q30       0     0    40    10~q9      6      0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/1~q5~8qW     12:16   uppe      3   1       3      18~q5       8     0    80    ~q1~q5~q0      ~q20     0            0    0         0  0        defend area of several t~e~nit~orl~es~qA~16qf~16qt
                  Imp 12        1 1/1~q5~8qW    11:52   uppe      4   5       3      167       0     0    95 ~q68          20     0            0    0         0  0
                  Imp 12        11/1~q6~8qW     12:08   upp~e      5   3       2       52       0     0      0   120      10     0            0    0         0  0        poor ~qVs
 

~0





                   TABLE 2. Blue Hole Point C~y~pri~odo observations. Local = study site, tr~~ = tra~se~t, quad
                   quadrat, su = section 1-9 within each quadrat depth = water depth in the section in inches, cyp
                   C~qy~qn~qd~q-~no~-~qd~2qo behavior observations which include, c~r - cruising, de = defending, mate = mating~,
                   no = number estimate for minimum density in each section, ter = number of observed territories
                   established. Gain and Poe = Gambusia and Poecilia behaviors.
                   local        date       time    ~qh~qm qua       su  depth       cr     d~e mate ~0qTd             ~qf~qf  no     ter         'Cam fd            c~0q'~r~qt~qd          Comments
                   ~B~qI H~qI ~qP~qt     09~q/13~q190   15:10   lower      1  5        0                                           ~-~q1                                            dry
                   1~3~q1 H~qI Pt    09~q11~q3~2q%     ~q1~q5:07   lower      2  2        0                                           ~-1                                            dry
                   ~13~q1 H~ql Pt    09~q/13~(90   ~q15:0~q1   lower      3  2    0.5           ~q0     ~q0     ~q0        ~q0    ~q0       ~q0   ~q0             ~q0 ~q0             0 0
                   ~B~qI H~qI ~qPt     09~q/1~q3~q190   ~q1~q5:0~q9   lower      4  4        0                                           ~-~q1                                            dry
                   ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     ~qO~qG~qV1~q3~q190   ~8qM08     lower      5  4        0                                           ~-1                                            dry
                   B~qI III Pt    09~q11~q&~8qW     1~q6:11   upp~e       1  6        0                                           ~-1                                            dry
                   ~B~qI H~qI ~qPt     09~q/~q13~q190   15:1~q3   uppe       2  9        0                                           ~-~q1                                            dry
                   ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     09~q113~q/9)   15:12   upp~e       3  3        0                                           ~.1                                            dry
                   ~R H~qI P~t      09~q11~q3~4qW     ~q15:15   up~qp~e       4  8        0                                           ~-~q1                                            dry
                   1~3~q1 H~qI P~t    09/13~q190   15:14   upp~e       5  7        0                                           ~.1                                            ~qb~q6rm
                   ~B~qI H~qI Pt     09/17/90   12.54   lower      1  5    NA        208       0     0        2    3       NA  0             0    0          2 0         ~q1 U~ca
                   E~qM H~qI P~t     0~q9/17~q190   12:47   lower      2  7    NA        ~q395       0     0    190      85      40  0             0    0          0 0
                   ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     09/17/90   12:39   lower      3  6    ~qNA        280       0     0    10~q6      100     30  0             ~q1    0          0 0
                   ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     09/17/90   12~.30   lower      4  1    NA        313       0     0    125      0       20  0             0    0          0 ~q0
                   ~B~qI H~qI P~qt     09/17/90   13:00   lower      ~q6  7    NA            0     0     0        0    0       0   0             0    0          0 0
                   ~1~3~q1 H~qI Pt    09~q/17~q/90   12:22   upp~e       1  1        ~q3     ~q3~q65       0     0    270      0       ~q50  0             ~q1    0          0 0
                   a H~qI Pt      09/17/90   12.01   uppe       2  6        2       is      0     0        3    0       NA  0             0    0          0 0
                   B~qI H~qI Pt     09~q/17~q/90   12:08   uppe       3  8        0                                           ~.1
                   B~qI H~qI Pt     09/17/9~q)   12:14   upp~e       4  8        0                                           ~-~q1                                            dry
                   ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     ~qO~8qW17190    12:15   upp~e       5  1        0                                           ~.~q1                                            berm
                   ~13~q1 H~qI Pt    0~q9~(~q18~0qM     11:19   lower      1  9    NA            0     0     0        0    0       0   0             0    0          0 0         ~q1 ~qI~8qW ~U~ca
                   E~qM H~qI Pt     09/18/90   11:02   lower      2  3    NA            1     0     ~.~q0       0    0       ~q1   0             0    0          0 0
                   E~qN H~qI Pt     09/18~4qM     11~.27   lower      3  2    NA            0     0     0        0    0       0   0             0    0          0 0
                   B~qI H~qI Pt     09/18~q190   11:11   lower      4  4    ~qNA            0     0     0        0    0       0   0             0    0          0 0         ~q2 live U~ca
                   B~qI H~qI Pt     09/18~q/90   ~q10:~q54   lower      5  4    NA            ~q1     0     0        0    0       ~q1   0             0    0          0 0
                   ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     09~q/1~q&~190   10~;38   uppe       1  6    NA            0     ~q0     0        0    0       0   0             0    ~q0          0 0
                   ~B~qI H~qI Pt     09/18~q190   10~:31   upp~e       2  2    NA            0     0     0        0    0       0   0             0    0          0 0
                   ~B~qI H~qI Pt     09/18~q190   10~,46   upp~e       3  5    NA            0     0     0        0    0       0   0             0    0          0 0
                   ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     09~q118~q/90   10:28   uppe       4  6        0                                           ~-~q1                                            dry
                   ~8~q1 HI Pt     0~q9/18/90   10.51   uppe       5  1        0                                           ~.1                                            berm
                   ~E~N HI Pt     0~q9~q12~q5~4qM     1~q5:05   lower      1  8        ~q6         3     0     0        0    0       3   0             2    0          2 0
                   ~B~qI HI Pt     09/2~q5~4qW     14:55   lower      2  5        4         1     0     0        0    4       1   0             2    0          0 0
                   13~q1 H~ql Pt    09~q12~q5~8qW     15:27   lower      3  3        5         ~q1     0     0        0    0       ~q1   0             2    0          0 ~q0
                   ~B~qI H~qI Pt     09/2~q5~8qW     1~q6:13   lower      4  7        4         7     0     0        0    ~q6       NA  0             ~q1    0          0 0
                   ~1~3~q1 HI Pt    0~q9~q/2~q&~8qW     15:20   lower      5  3        4         2     0     0        0    0       2   0             ~q1    0          0 0
                   ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     09/2~q5~8qW     14:40   uppe       1  4        2         0     0     0        0    4       4   0             0    0          0 0
                   a H~qI pt      0~q9/2~q5~8qW     14A~qS    Up~qp~e       2  3        2         0     0     0        0    0       0   0             0    0          0 0
                   1~3~q1 H~ql Pt    09/2~q5~8qW     14:49   uppe       3  5        0                                           ~.~q1                                            dry
                   ~1~3~q1 H~qI Pt    09/2~q5~4qM     14~q50    uppe       4  1        0                                           ~-1                                            dry
                   ~S H~qI Pt      0~q9~q12~q5~8qM     14:46   uppe       5  1        0                                           ~-1                                            berm
                   E~qM III P~t    I ~qO~q/~qO~qZ~8qW    10:20   lower      1  ~q9        5         ~q1     0     0        0    0       ~q1   0          17      9          0 0
                   ~E~qN H~qI Pt     10~q/0~q2~2q0     10.~q36   lower      2  2        5     200      92     0        0    0       NA  ~q6          22      0          0 0         6 ve~ty large males ~>60 mm
                   ~E~qN HI Pt     10/02/90   10:28   low        3  ~q9        ~q5       98      0     0      62     0       ~q20  0             2    0          ~q1 0
                   ~8~q1 HI Pt     10~q/02~qt9~qO   1~qOA6    lower      4  2        ~q5     175       0     0      38     0       NA  0          16      0          0 ~q0
                   1~3~q1 H~qI Pt    10/02/90   10:11   lower      5  6        4       19      0     0        ~q0    0       NA  0             4    0          0 0
                   E~qU H~ql Pt     ~q1~q0~q/~q0~q2~8qW     11:11   uPP~O       1  8        ~q3         4     ~q0     0        0    ~q0       ~qNA  0             ~q1    0          0 0
                   B~qI H~qI Pt     10~q/02~8qM     10~q55    uppe       2  8        2       ~q65      0     0    141      3       10  0             0    0          0 0
                   ~E~qq H~ql Pt     10/02~q190   11 :03  upp~e       3  8        ~q1       29      0     0        0    0       NA  0             0    0          0 0
                   ~e~ql H~qI P~qt     10~q/0~q3~8qW     10~.~q54   uppe       4  2        0                                           ~-~q1                                            dry
                   ~B~qI H~qI Pt     10~q102~q(90   ~q11:02   upp~e       5  ~q9        0                                           ~-~q1                                            berm
 

~0














                  TABLE 2 Continued


                                                                                                                                    ~qga~qm               DOG
                  local        data        time   Iran qua su       depth       or      do   mat~q          ~qf~ql    ~no                 or fd ~           or  ~qI~ld         oomm~ent~s
                  1~3~q1 H~qi Pt    10~q11~q5~8qW      10:40  lower     1   8        ~q6        8       0     0       0    0      NA   0           a     0          0   0        poor vis
                  E~M H~qI P~qt     10/1~q5~2qW      10:48  lower     2   ~q9        4        12      0     0       0    2      NA   0          ~q1~q1     0          0   0
                  B~qI H~ql Pt     10~q/1~q5~2q%      10:32  lower     3   4        4      116       0     0     18     0      10   0           ~q3     0          0   0
                  ~B~ql H~ql Pt     10/1~q5~8q%      10:17  lower     4   ~q6        4        0       0     0       0    0      0    0          24     0          0   0
                  ~B~ql H~qI Pt     10~q11~q5~190    10:24  lower     5   6        ~q3        0       0     0       0    0      0    0          32     0          0   0
                  B~qI H~qI P~t     10~q/1~qS~4qW      ~q10:08  upp~e      1   ~q6        ~q3        0       0     0       ~q0    0      0    0           0     0          0   0
                  ~B~qI HI P~t     10/1~q5/90    09:59  upp~e      2   7        2        6       0     0       0    0      NA   0           0     0          0   0
                  ~B~qI H~qI Pt     ~qIO~qM~qS~8qM       0~q9.52  upp~e      3   4        ~q1        0       0     ~q0       ~q0    ~q0      0    ~q0           ~q0     0          0   ~q0
                  13~q1 H~qI Pt    10/1~q5~8qW      09~:~q51  upp~e      4   7        0                                          ~.1                                             dry
                  ~0 HI ~qP~qt      10/1~q5~4qW      10:14  uppe      5   5        0                                          ~.~q1                                             b~qdrm
                  B~qI HI Pt     10/23~8qW      15:29  lower     1   ~q6        ~q3        0       ~q0     0       0    0      0    0           0     0          0   0        zero v~qis~qI11~q0~q0~0~q/~6 mangrove growth
                  ~B~qI H~qI Pt     10/2~q3~8qW      15:14  lower     2   8        2      295       0     0    235     ~q3~q5     30   0           7     0          0   ~q0
                  B~ql H~qI Pt     10~q/2~q3/90    15~,07  lower     3   1        2        43      0     0       0    0      10   0           0     ~q0          0   0
                  1~3~q1 H~ql Pt    10~q/2~q3/90    15:21  lower     4   ~q9        ~q1        9       0     0       0    0      0    0          38     0          ~q0   0
                  B~qI H~qI P~t     10~q/2~q3~8qW      15:30  lower     5   1        ~q1      1~q58       0     0       0    0      0    0           7     0          ~0  0
                  ~8~q1 H~qI ~qP~t     10/2~q3/90    14:59  up~qpe      ~q1   9    ~q0~.~q5        143       0     0     35     2      5    0           0     0          0   0
                  B~qI H~ql ~qPt     I~qQ~(2~qa~8qW      15~@05  uppe      2   1        0                                          ~.1                                             dry
                  B~ql H~qI Pt     10~q/2~q3~4qW      15.0~q5  uppe      3   8        0                                          ~.~q1                                             b~qdrm
                  ~8~q1 H~qI Pt     10~q/2~q3~8qM      15:06  upp~e      4   5        0                                          ~-~q1                                             dry
                  B~qI H~ql Pt     10~q/2~q3/~8qW     15~-0~q6  upp~e      5   1        0                                          ~.1                                             dry
                  ~8~1 H~qI Pt     10/~q31~q/90    12:50  lower     1   9        4        4       0     0       0    0      4    0          ~q1~q9     0          ~q0   ~q0
                  ~B~ql H~qI ~qP~qt     10/31~q190    12:58  lower     2   6        3        4       0     0       0    0      4    0           ~q6     0          0   0
                  ~8~q1 H~ql P~t     10/31/90    13:12  lower     3   3        4        0       0     0       0    0      0    0           7     0          0   0
                  ~8~q1 H~ql Pt     10/31/90    12:43  lower     4   3        4        21      0     0       0    0      NA   0           0     0          0   0
                  ~B~qI H~ql Pt     10/31~q/90    13~.05  lower     5   2        2        7       0     0       0    0      NA   0          ~q3~q8     0          0   0
                  B~qI HI Pt     10/31/90    12:21  upp~e      1   4        3        14      0     0       1    0      NA   0           0     0          0   0
                  B~qI H~qI Pt     10/~q31/90    12:14  uppe      2   6        3        2       0     0       0    0      2    0           0     0          0   0
                  ~B~qI H~qI Pt     10/31~q/90    12:28  uppe      3   1        ~q1        ~q3~q6      0     0       0    0      ~q30   0           0     0          0   0
                  B~qI H~ql Pt     10/31/90    12:13  uppe      4   8        0                                          ~.1                                             dry
                  1~3~q1 HI ~qPt    10/31/90    12:20  upp~e      5   2        0                                          ~.~q1                                             ~qb~q6~rm
                  ~B~qI H~qI Pt     11/13~q190    09~.40  lower     1   9    NA           2       0     0       0    0      2    0           6     0          0   0
                  B~qI H~ql Pt     11/1~q3~8qM      09:57  lower     2   6    NA           2       0     0       0    0      2    0           0     0          0   0
                  ~8~q1 H~ql Pt     11/1~q3/90    10:13  lower     3   3    NA           0       0     0       0    0      0    0           0     0          0   0
                  ~8~q1 H~qI P~t     11/1~q3~8qW      09~,48  lower     4   5    NA           ~q0       ~q0     0       ~q0    ~q0      ~q0    ~q0           ~q0     0          ~q0   0
                  B~qI H~ql Pt     11/1~q3~8qW      10:05  lower     5   3    NA           0       0     0       0    0      0    0           0     0          0   0
                  ~B~qI H~qI Pt     11/13/90    10:22  upp~e      1   8        ~q1        0       0     0       0    0      0    0           0     0          0   0        bobcat sighted on marsh up~qland/lar~8qge
                  ~B~qI H~qI Pt     11/11~8qT9~q0    10:29  uppe      2   4        ~q1        ~q6       0     0       0    0      0    0           0     ~q0          0   0
                  B~qI H~qI Pt     11/1~q3~8qM      10~,36  uppe      3   9        0                                          ~.1                                             dry
                  13~q1 H~ql Pt    11/1~q3~4qW      10:20  uppe      4   7        0                                          ~.1                                             dry
                  B~qI H~qI Pt     11/1~q3~8qW      10:~q35  upp~e      5   3        0                                          ~.~q1                                             berm
 

~0


                                                                                                                  ~q0


                 TABLE 3. Grand Harbor C~y~prinodo observations. Local = study site, tran = transect, quad
                 quadrat, su = section 1-9 within each quadrat~, depth = water depth in the section in inches, cyp
                 ~qQ~qY~qP~0qA~qn~qg~q@~-~2qu behavior observations which include; c~r~ cruising, de = defending, mate = mating,
                 no = number estimate for minimum density in each section, ter = number of observed ter~qdtories
                 established, Gam and Poe = G~arnbusia and Poecilia behaviors.


                                                                                                                   am              DO~O
                 local      date      ~qf~qirn~e tran qua    su  depth     or     ~qW   mate ~q2~2q9       1    no             ~or   ~qfd         ~C~q-~F -a       oomments
                 Grand H    I ~qa~8qN~4q=     13:47 lower     1  7      2         0    0    0      0    0      0   0       ~q30    0         0  0       ~q1 live ~U~ca
                 Grand H    1 ~qa~8qVI~8qM    13:34 lower     2  6      2         0    0    0      0    0      0   0       98    0         0  0
                 Grand H    1 ~qa~4qO~8qM     13:41 lower     3  3      3         0    0    0      0    0      0   0       ~q62    0         0  0       floating mat
                 Grand H    1 ~qO~8qU~8qM     13:54 lower     4  6      2         0    0    0      0    0      0   0       157   0         0  0       ~qf~qloa~qd~ng mat
                 Grand H    10/04/90  13:25 lower     5  1      3         0    0    0      0    0      0   0       94    0         0  ~q0       ~qf~qlo~a~qf~qing mat
                 Grand H    ~4qM~4q04~q/90    13~-08 uppe      1  3      3         0    0    0      0    0      0   0       89    0         0                  ~M~A      v~qi~ty underneath
                 Grand H    10/04/90  13:17 uppe      2  4      2         0    0    0      0    0      0   0       20~q5   0         0  0
                 Grand H    10/04/90  12:56 uppe      3  9      0                                      ~.1                                     dry
                 Grand H    10/04/90  12:58 upp~e      4  9      ~q1         0    0    0      0    0      0   0       32    0         0  0
                 Grand H    10/04~q190  12:57 uppe      5  5      0                                      ~-1                                     berm
                 Grand H    10~q/1~q&~4qW    12:~q34 lower     1  5      4         0    0    0      0    0      0   0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    10/1~q8~8qM    12:57 lower     2  7      3     200      0    0      0   150     30  0            00         ~q6~q6 0
                 Grand H    10/18~4qM    12:42 lower     3  ~q9      4     278      0    0      0   30      20  0            00         7  0
                 Grand H    10/18/90  13:15 lower     4  7    NA          86   0    0      0    0      NA  0            00         43 0
                 Grand H    10~q/l~qa~8qW    13~-08 lower     5  7      3         28   0    0      0    0      NA  0            00         13 0
                 Grand H    10~q/18~4qM    13:31 uppe      1  2      ~q3     142      0    0     22   45      30  0            20         32 0
                 Grand H    10~q/la~8qW    13:39 uppe      2  3      2         88   0    0      0    0      10  0            00         17 0
                 Grand H    10~q/~qla~8qW    13:45 upp~e      3  4      ~q1         16   0    0      0    4      NA  0            00         37 0
                 Grand H    10/18~4qM    13:22 uppe      4  5    0.5         0    0    ~.0     0    0      0   0            00         17 0
                 Grand H    10/18~q/90  13:38 upp~e      5  7      0                                      ~-~q1                                     berm
                 Grand H    11/0~q2~4qM    13:01 lower     1  1      ~q5         ~q6~q3   0    0      0    ~q6      10  0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11~q/02/90  12:~q35 lower     2  3      ~q6         9    0    0      0    0      NA  0            ~q10         0  0
                 Grand H    11~q/02/90  12:54 lower     3  8      4         8    0    0      0    0      NA  0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11/0~q2~8qM    12.43 lower     4  4      ~q5     135     25    0   120    30      20  0            00         0  0       ~agr~ess~qive cle~qfenc~qing/bitin~qg~ql~excava~8qbo
                 Grand H    11/0~q2~4qM    12:27 lower     5  5      ~q5     132      0    0      8   114     20  0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11~q102~4qM    12~*06 upp~e      1  3      4         0    0    0      0    0      0   0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11/0~q2~4qM    12:13 uppe      2  8      ~q6         6    0    0      0    0      NA  0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11/0~q2~4qM    12:20 uppe      3  7      4         ~q1    0    0      0    0      ~q1   0            00         2  0
                 Grand H    11/0~q2~4qM    11:58 uppe      4  2      3         8    0    0      0    2      NA  0            ~q10         0  0
                 Grand H    11~q/0~q2/90  12:12 upp~e      5  1      0                                      ~-1                                     berm
                 Grand H    11/19/90  13:28 lower     1  6      6         2    0    0      0    0      2   0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11/19/90  13:20 lower     2  4      4         3    0    0      0    0      3   0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    1111~0qW~4qW    13.~q36 lower     3  8      ~q5         5    0    0      0    0      4   0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11/19/90  13:12 lower     4  6      ~q5         0    0    0      0    0      0   0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    1~q1119~q1~q90  13~-.OS lower    5  6      5         8    0    0      0    0      NA  0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11/1~q9~0qM    12:48 uppe      1  4      ~q5         8    0    0      0    0      NA  0            00         0  0
                 Grand H    11/19~q/90  12:40 uppe      2  2      6         37   8    0      1    0      10  1            00         0  0       male display
                 Grand H    11/1~4q"0    12:32 uppe      3  7      ~q3         0    0    0      0    0      0   0            20         0  0
                 Grand H    11/19/90  12:56 uppe      4  8      2         0    0    0      0    0      0   0            ~q10         0  0
                 Grand H    11/19~4qM    12:31 upp~e      5  3      0                                      ~.1                                     berm
 

~0






          TABLE 4. In~2qpoundment 12 Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for each
          sa~pling date. Local = study site, Trans = transect, Quad = quadrat, Mean
          ~~ean of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave ~q1~6q4-~-an = mean for all quadrats
          and all counts in the transect, Std Dev                  standard deviation for all
          quadrats    and all counts in the transect.



          Local       Trans     Date         Quad Count       1 Count     2 Count      3 Mean         Ave ~4qM~0qa~0qn Std Dev
          I~p   12    Lower     12/29/89     0-5            6           3           5        4.67        9.25        13.29
          I~p   12    Lower     12/29/89     5~-10           ~q1           0           0        0.33
          I~np   12    Lower     12/29/89     10~-15        39           12           0      17.00
          Imp   12    Lower     12/29/89     15~q+          37            6           2      15.00
          Imp   12    Lower     01/16/90     0-5          30            8           8      15.33         9.50         9.95
          Ir~p  12    Lower     01/16/90     5~-10           3           0           ~q1        1.33
          I~p   12    Lower     01/16/90     10~-15          0          25           3        9.33
          I~~p  12    Lower     01/16/90     15~q+          20           14           2      12.00
          I~p   12    Lower     02/21/90     0-5          14            0           8        7.33        5.92         8.26
          I~p   12    Lower     02/21/90     5~-10           0           3           4        2.33
          Imp   12    Lower     02/21/90     10~-15          0          is           0        5.00
          Imp   12    Lower     02/21/90     15~q+          27            0           0        9.00
          I~np   12    Lower     03/28/90     0-5            8           0           2        3.33        3.42         4.50
          I~~p  12    Lower     03/28/90     5~-10           0           0           0        0.00
          Imp   12    Lower     03/28/90     10~-15          5           4           7        5.33
          Imp   12    Lower     03/28/90     15~q+          15            0           0        5.00
          I~~qp   12    Lower     04/26/90     0-5            5           8           6        6.33        5.75         6.35
          I~p   12    Lower     04/26/90     5~-10           0           4           0        1.33
          I~~p  12    Lower     04/26/90     10~-15          ~q1          19           2        7.33
          I~p   12    Lower     04/26/90     15~q+          19            3           2        8.00
          I~~qp   12    Lower     05/21/90     0-5          18            3           2        7.67        6.50         5.14
          I~np   12    Lower     05/21/90     5~-10           ~q1           4           7        4.00
          Imp   12    Lower     05/21/90     10~-15          5           3           ~q1        3.00
          I~n~p  12    Lower     05/21/90     15~q+          12           ~q1~q1           ~q1~q1     11.33
          ~qD~qp    12    Lower     06/22/90     0-5            0           0           0        0.00        0.00         0.00
          I~~qp   12    Lower     06/22/90     5-10           0           0           0        0.00
          Imp   12    Lower     06/22/90     10~-15          0           0           0        0.00
          I~~qp   12    Lower     06/22/90     15~q+            0           0           0        0.00
          I~~qp   12    Lower     07/24/90     0-5            0           0           0        0.00        0.00         0.00
          I~~qp   12    Lower     07/24/90     5~-10           0           0           0        0.00
          I~~qp   12    Lower     07/24/90     10~-15          0           ~.0          0        0.00
          I~p   12    Lower     07/24/90     15~+            ~q0           0           0        0.00
          Imp   12    Lower     08/17/90     0-5            0           0           0        0.00        0.00         0.00
          I~p   12    Lower     08/17/90     5~-10           0           0           0        0.00
          I~p   12    Lower     08/17/90     10~-15          0           0           0        0.00
          IV    12    Lower     08/17/90     15~q+            ~q0           ~q0           ~q0        0.00
          ~qD~qp    12    Lower     09/20/90     0-5            0           0           0        0.00        0.00         0.00
          I~~qp   12    Lower     09/20/90     5~-10           0           0           0        0.00
          Imp   12    Lower     09/20/90     10~q-15          0           0           0        0.00
          I~nP   12    lower     09/20/90     15~4q+            0           0           0        0.00
          Imp   12    Lower     10/18/90     0-5            0           0           0        0.00        0.00         0.00
          ~6qD~2qp    12    Lower     10/18/90     5~q-10           0           0           0        0.00
          I~n~2qp   12    Lower     10/18/90     10~q-15          0           0           0        0.00
          I~n~2qp   12    Lower     10/18/90     15~0q+            0           0           0        0.00
          I~np   12    Lower     11/19/90     0-5            0           0           0        0.00        0.00         0.00
          Imp   12    Lower     11/19/90     5~q-10           0           0           0        0.00
          Imp   12    Lower     11/19/90     10~q-15          0           0           0        0.00
          ~0qLT~8qP   12    Lower     11/19/90     15~0q+            0           0           0        0.00
 

~0





    ~q0

       TABI~qE 4. Continued



       Local    Trans   Date     Quad    Count 1 Count  2 Count  3 Mean      Ave ~q1~q4~--an Std Dev
       ~I~~qp 12   Upper   12/29/89 0-5          0        0         ~q1    0.33     10.50     11.34
       I~p 12   Upper   12/29/89 5~-10         2        2         5    3.00
       I~~p 12  Upper   12/29/89 10~-15      38       26        12    25.33
       ~I~~T~qp 12  Upper   12/29/89 15~8q+        12       18        10    13.33
       Imp 12   Upper   01/16/90 0-5          0        ~q1         0    0.33      8.75     7.43
       ~I~qW  12   Upper   01/16/90 5~-10         2        3         5    3.33
       ~T~~p 12  Upper   01/16/90 10~-15      15       1~q6        20    17.00
       I~~qp 12   Upper   01/16/90 15~q+          9      18        1~q6    14.33
       Imp 12   Upper   02/21/90 0-5          0        0         4    1.33      9.33     7.21
       ~I~qW  12   Upper   02/21/90 5~-10         2        5         3    3.33
       Imp 12   Upper   02/21/90 10~-15      15       19        15    16.33
       T~qR~qP 12   Upper   02/21/90 15~q+        18       15        1~q6    16.33
       Imp 12   Upper   03/28/90 0-5          0        3         3    2.00      9.00     5.96
       IMP 12   Upper   03/28/90 5-10         4        9         5    ~q6.00
       I~np 12   Upper   03/28/90 10~-15      1~q6       17        18    17.00
       IMP 12   Upper   03/28/90 15~q+        12       14          7   11.00
       I~~p 12  Upper   04/26/90 0-5          3        0         ~q1    1.33      7.42     5.60
       I~~qp 12   Upper   04/26/90 5~-10         4        5         2    3.67
       I~~qp 12   Upper   04/26/90 10~-15      12         7       10     9.67
       ~I~qW  12   Upper   04/26/90 15~q+        12       16        17    15.00
    ~q*~~q@~   12   Upper   05/21/90 0-5          0        2         5    2.33      8.83     5.96
       I~qW  12   Upper   05/21/90 5~-10         5        4         4    4.33
       ~I~~qp 12   Upper   05/21/90 10~-15      10       13        15    12.67
       In~qp 12   Upper   05/21/90 15~q+        13       17        18    1~q6.00
       ~I~~qp 12   Upper   06/22/90 0-5          0        8         0    2.67      8.50     6.60
       ImP 12   Upper   06/22/90 5~-10         4        5         ~q1    3.33
       ~I~~qP 12   Upper   06/22/90 10~-15        8      ~q1~q1        21    13.33
       I~p 12   Upper   06/22/90 15~q+        17       15        12    14.67
       I~qW  12   Upper   07/24/90 0-5          0        0         0    0.00      6.25     8.22
       ~I~r~~qP 12  Upper   07/24/90 5~-10         0        0         0    0.00
       I~~qP 12   Upper   07/24/90 10~-15        0        5       22     9.00
       ~I~~T~qP 12  Upper   07/24/90 15~q+        1~q6       17        15    16.00
       I~f~fp 12  Upper   08/17/90 0-5          0        0         0    0.00      6.58     10.77
       ~I~~qp 12   Upper   08/17/90 5~-10         0        0         0    0.00
       I~~P 12  Upper   08/17/90 10~-15        0        0         ~q6    2.00
       I~~p 12  Upper   08/17/90 15~+        18       32        23    24.33
       I~P 12   Upper   09/20/90 0-5          0        0         0    0.00      2.83     6.20
       I~~qP 12   Upper   09/20/90 5~-10         0        0         0    0.00
       ~qIn~8qp 12   Upper   09/20/90 10~q-15        0        0         0    0.00
       Imp 12   Upper   09/20/90 15~0q+          7      22          5   11.33
       IMP 12   Upper   10/18/90 0-5          0        0         0    0.00      0.67     1.43
       I~R~2qP 12   Upper   10/18/90 5~q-10         0        0         0    0.00
       In~2qp 12   Upper   10/18/90 10~q-15        0        0         0    0.00
       I~n~8qp 12   Upper   10/18/90 15~0q+          ~8q1        2         5    2.67
       I~n~2qP 12   Upper   11/19/90 0-5          0        0         0    0.00      4.17     5.10
       ImP 12   Upper   11/19/90 5~q-10         0        0         0    0.00
    *
       Imp 12   Upper   11/19/90 10~q-15        3        6         5    4.67
       a   12   Upper   11/19/90 15~q+          9      12        15    12.00
 






      TABLE 5. North Marsh Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for each
      saupling date. Local = study site, Trans := transect, Quad = quadrat, Mean
      mean of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave 14--an = mean for all quadrats
      and all counts in the transect, Std Dev     standard deviation for all
      quadrats  and all counts in the transect.



      Local     Trans  Date      Quad Count   1 Count  2 Count   3 Mean     Ave Mean Std Dev
      North M   Lower  12/29/89  0-5       52        14       58    41.33     80.50     29.00
      North m   Lower  12/29/89  5-10      120       80       108   102.67
      North M   Lower  12/29/89  10-15     ill       81       97    96.33
      North m   Lower  12/29/89  15+       72       105       68    81.67
      North m   Lower  01/26/90  0-5       20        52       60    44.00     48.25     14.89
      North m   Lower  01/26/90  5-10      30        63       71    54.67
      North m   Lower  01/26/90  10-15     62        56       49    55.67
      North M   Lower  01/26/90  15+       47        37       32    38.67
      North M   Lower  02/21/90  0-5       28        17       40    28.33     33.83     7.32
      North M   Lower  02/21/90  5-10      33        44       32    36.33
      North m   Lower  02/21/90  10-15     40        44       35    39.67
      North m   Lower  02/21/90  15+       29        34       30    31.00
      North m   Lower  03/28/90  0-5       35        18       32    28.33     31.17     5.62
      North M   Lower  03/28/90  5-10      36        38       32    35.33
      North m   Lower  03/28/90  10-15     37        34       32    34.33
      North M   Lower  03/28/90  15+       30        25       25    26.67
      North M   Lower  04/25/90  0-5       30        37       13    26.67     29.50     6.54
      North M   Lower  04/25/90  5-10      30        24       26    26.67
      North M   Lower  04/25/90  10-15     33        38       31    34.00
      North M   Lower  04/25/90  15+       36        26       30    30.67
      North m   Lower  05/21/90  0-5       24         5       16    15.00     22.42     7.27
      North M   Lower  05/21/90  5-10      36        27       28    30.33
      North M   Lower  05/21/90  10-15     24        20       18    20.67
      North M   Lower  05/21/90  15+       21        27       23    23.67
      North M   Lower  06/22/90  0-5       39        10       34    27.67     33.50     8.34
      North m   Lower  06/22/90  5-10      42        44       38    41.33
      North M   Lower  06/22/90  10-15     32        32       30    31.33
      North M   Lower  06/22/90  15+       33        30       38    33.67
      North M   Lower  07/24/90  0-5       12        :28      34    24.67     28.50     7.59
      North m   Lower  07/24/90  5-10      20        32       36    29.33
      North M   Lower  07/24/90  10-15     24        24.      30    26.00
      North M   Lower  07/24/90  15+       41        35       26    34.00
      North M   Lower  08/17/90  0-5       31        42       59    44.00     54.00     11.17
      North M   Lower  08/17/90  5-10      64        62       60    62.00
      North M   Lower  08/17/90  10-15     42        55       64    53.67
      North M   Lower  08/17/90  15+       43        69       57    56.33
      North M   Lower  09/21/90  0-5        0         0        0     0.00       0.00    0.00
      North M   Lower  09/21/90  5-10       0         0        0     0.00
      North M   Lower  09/21/90  10-15      0         0        0     0.00
      North M   Lower  09/21/90  15+        0         0        0     0.00
      North M   Lower  10/19/90  0-5        0         0        0     0.00       2.08    1.71
      North m   Lower  10/19/90  5-10       3         2        2     2.33
      North M   Lower  10/19/90  10-15      2         1        4     2.33
      North M   Lower  10/19/90  15+        3         2        6     3.67
      North M   Lower  11/20/90  0-5        0         0        0     0.00       0.00    0.00
      North M   Lower  11/20/90  5-10       0         0        0     0.00
      North M   Lower  11/20/90  10-15      0         0        0     0.00
      North M   Lower  11/20/90  15+        0         0        0     0.00















      TABLE 5. Continued



      Local     Trans  Date      Quad    Count 1 Count  2 Count  3   Mean    Ave Nban Std. Dev
      North M   Upper  12/29/89  0-5       34        40       41     38.33    45.00     26.83
      North M   Upper  12/29/89  5-10      50        50       66     55.33
      North M   Upper  12/29/89  10-15     71        89       77     79.00
      North M   Upper  12/29/89  15+       15         5        2      7.33
      North M   Upper  01/26/90  0-5       30        54       44     42.67    35.42      13.30
      North M   Upper  01/26/90  5-10      26        40       40     35.33
      North M   Upper  01/26/90  10-15     47        49       44     46.67
      North M   Upper  01/26/90  15+       24         8       19     17.00
      North M   Upper  02/21/90  0-5       29        28       32     29.67    24.33      9.52
      North M   Upper  02/21/90  5-10      31        28       29     29.33
      North M   Upper  02/21/90  10-15     29        28       30     29.00
      North M   Upper  02/21/90  15+       20         5        3      9.33
      North M   Upper  03/28/90  0-5       18        16       14     16.00    15.25      7.52
      North M   Upper  03/28/90  5-10      14        18       18     16.67
      North M   Upper  03/28/90  10-15     26        25       20     23.67
      North M   Upper  03/28/90  15+       12         2        0      4.67
      North M   Upper  04/25/90  0-5       21        22       18     20.33    16.50      9.57
      North M   Upper  04/25/90  5-10       8        26       30     21.33
      North M   Upper  04/25/90  10-15     28        18       15     20.33
      North M   Upper  04/25/90  15+       12         0        0      4.00
   0--lorth M   Upper  05/21/90  0-5        6         9       10      8.33     9.25      5.25
      North M   Upper  05/21/90  5-10      10        13       14     12.33
      North M   Upper  05/21/90  10-15     23         5        4     10.67
      North M   Upper  05/21/90  15+        8         5        4      5.67
      North M   Upper  06/22/90  0-5       17        14       18     16.33    13.83      5.03
      North M   Upper  06/22/90  5-10      13        17        7     12.33
      North M   Upper  06/22/90  10-15     17        18       21     18.67
      North M   Upper  06/22/90  15+       10         3       11      8.00
      North M   Upper  07/24/90  0-5       14        :12      17     14.33    11.58      4.27
      North M   Upper  07/24/90  5-10      18        14       10     14.00
      North M   Upper  07/24/90  10-15     11        12       15     12.67
      North M   Upper  07/24/90  15+        5         4        7      5.33
      North M   Upper  08/17/90  0-5       13        15        8     12.00     8.58      5.85
      North M   Upper  08/17/90  5-10       4         9        6      6.33
      North M   Upper  08/17/90  10-15     23         0        3      8.67
      North M   Upper  08/17/90  15+        6         7        9      7.33
      North M   Upper  09/21/90  0-5        0         0        0      0.00     1.08      2.10
      North M   Upper  09/21/90  5-10       0         0        0      0.00
      North M   Upper  09/21/90  10-15      0         0        0      0.00
      North M   Upper  09/21/90  15+        7         3        3      4.33
      North M   Upper  10/19/90  0-5        3         7        8      6.00     7.75      5.49
      North M   Upper  10/19/90  5-10       0         4        5      3.00
      North M   Upper  10/19/90  10-15     15         3       10      9.33
      North M   Upper  10/19/90  15+        9         8       21     12.67
      North M   Upper  11/20/90  0-5       13         5        0      6.00     8.33      9.26
      North M   Upper  11/20/90  5-10       0         5       10      5.00
   AlkNorth M   Upper  11/20/90  10-15     20         4        3      9.00
   Mkorth M     Upper  11/20/90  15+       33         5        2     13.33









                  I

        TABLE 6. Tidal Creek Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for each
        sanpling date. Local = Study site, Trans = transect, Quad = quadrat, Man
        mean of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave Man = mean for all quadrats
        and all counts in the transect, Std Dev          standard deviation for all
        quadrats  and all counts in the transect.



        local     Trans    Date       Quad    Count  1 Count   2 Count    3 Dle-an     Ave Man Std Dev
        Tidal  C  Lower    12/26/89   0-5        112        114       115    113.67     60.50      32.48
        Tidal  C  Lower    12/26/89   5-10       64         52         52     56.00
        Tidal C   Lower    12/26/89   10-15      25         32         44     33.67
        Tidal C   Lower    12/26/89   15+        28         50         38     38.67
        Tidal C   Lower    01/26/90   0-5        70         75         56     67.00     54.33      14.99
        Tidal  C  Lower    01/26/90   5-10       65         64         72     67.00
        Tidal  C  lower    01/26/90   10-15      32         34         36     34.00
        Tidal C   Lower    01/26/90   15+        60         42         46     49.33
        Tidal. C  Lower    02/21/90   0-5        38         61         63     54.00     33.92      14.37
        Tidal C   Lower    02/21/90   5-10       20         16         28     21.33
        Tidal  C  Lower    02/21/90   10-15      25         27         30     27.33
        Tidal  C  Lower    02/21/90   15+        26         29         44     33.00
        Tidal C   Lower    03/30/90   0-5        70         50         37     52.33     34.08      12.93
        Tidal C   Lower    03/30/90   5-10       36         28         32     32.00
        Tidal  C  Lower    03/30/90   10-15      27         27         23     25.67
        Tidal  C  Lower    03/30/90   15+        26         28         25     26.33
        Tidal  C  lower    04/26/90   0-5        58         62         56     58.67     44.33      16.71
        Tidal C   LaRex    04/26/90   5-10       68         70         42     60.00
        Tidal C   lowler   04/26/90   10-15      30         32         20     27.33
        Tidal C   Lower    04/26/90   15+        28         30         36     31.33
        Tidal C   Lower    05/21/90   0-5        39         38         35     37.33     22.83       9.45
        Tidal C   Lower    05/21/90   5-10       30         20         18     22.67
        Tidal  C  Lower    05/21/90   10-15      15         14         12     13.67
        Tidal  C  Lower    05/21/90   15+        15         18         20     17.67
        Tidal C   Lower    06/22/90   0-5        52         67         56     58.33     35.25      14.70
        Tidal C   Lower    06/22/90   5-10       32         41         32     35.00
        Tidal C   lower    06/22/90   10-15      26         25         26     25.67
        Tidal  C  Lower    06/22/90   15+        19         25         22     22.00
        Tidal C   Lower    07/24/90   0-5        81         84         62     75.67     44.08      19.70
        Tidal  C  Lower    07/24/90   5-10       44         39         31     38.00
        Tidal  C  Lower    07/24/90   10-15      37         37         29     34.33
        Tidal C   Lower    07/24/90   15+        36         28''       21     28.33
        Tidal  C  Lower    08/17/90   0-5        37         78         69     61.33     53.25      12.14
        Tidal  C  Lower    08/17/90   5-10       54         58         63     58.33
        Tidal  C  Lower    08/17/90   10-15      54         57         46     52.33
        Tidal  C  Lower    08/17/90   15+        43         41         39     41.00
        Tidal  C  Lower    09/24/90   0-5          0         0          0      0.00        4.83     4.20
        Tidal  C  lower    09/24/90   5-10         6        13         12     10.33
        Tidal  C  Lower    09/24/90   10-15        4         3          2      3.00
        Tidal  C  Lower    09/24/90   15+          5         5          8      6.00
        Tidal  C  Lower    10/19/90   0-5          0        10         12      7.33        8.08     4.27
        Tidal C   Lower    10/19/90   5-10         5         5          6      5.33
        Tidal  C  Lower    10/19/90   10-15        9         6          5      6.67
        Tidal C   Lower    10/19/90   15+          9        15         15     13.00
        Tidal C   Lower    11/20/90   0-5        11          6         11      9.33        8.58     2.87
        Tidal  C  Lower    11/20/90   5-10       13         10          7     10.00
        Tidal  C  Lower    11/20/90   10-15        8        13          5      8.67
        Tidal C   Lower    11/20/90   15+          4         7          8      6.33













      TABLE 6. Continued



      Iocal     Trans  Date     Quad    Count 1 Count  2 Count   3  Mean    Ave Mean Std. Dev
      Tidal C   Upper  12/26/89 0-5        52       61        65    59.33    44.25      11.80
      Tidal C   Upper  12/26/89 5-10       30       35        41    35.33
      Tidal C   Upper  12/26/89 10-15      34       40        36    36.67
      Tidal C   Upper  12/26/89 15+        36       39        62    45.67
      Tidal C   Upper  01/26/90 0-5        32       30        30    30.67    31.17      4.62
      Tidal C   Upper  01/26/90 5-10       38       25        28    30.33
      Tidal C   Upper  01/26/90 10-15      29       31        24    28.00
      Tidal C   Upper  01/26/90 15+        36       40        31    35.67
      Tidal C   Upper  02/21/90 0-5        29       23        24    25.33    23.92      5.20
      Tidal C   Upper  02/21/90 5-10       24       18        13    18.33
      Tidal C   Upper  02/21/90 10-15      28       26        34    29.33
      Tidal C   Upper  02/21/90 15+        21       21        26    22.67
      Tidal C   Upper  03/30/90 0-5        25       26        20    23.67    29.42      6.08
      Tidal C   Upper  03/30/90 5-10       26       40        26    30.67
      Tidal C   Upper  03/30/90 10-15      39       37        32    36.00
      Tidal C   Upper  03/30/90 15+        30       28        24    27.33
      Tidal C   Upper  04/26/90 0-5        22       29        29    26.67    25.58      3.95
      Tidal C   Upper  04/26/90 5-10       20       25        20    21.67
      Tidal C   Upper  04/26/90 10-15      22       26        26    24.67
      Tidal C   Upper  04/26/90 15+        33       25        30    2M3
    w
       idal. C  Upper  05/21/90 0-5        10       12        16    12.67    11.75      2.17
       idal C   Upper  05/21/90 5-10        9        8        12     9.67
      Tidal C   Upper  05/21/90 10-15      11       11        11    11.00
      Tidal C   Upper  05/21/90 15+        14       13        14    13.67
      Tidal C   Upper  06/22/90 0-5        27       25        24    25.33    22.17      3.62
      Tidal C   Upper  06/22/90 5-10       15       20        23    19.33
      Tidal C   Upper  06/22/90 10-15      18       21        20    19.67
      Tidal C   Upper  06/22/90 15+        20       26        27    24.33
      Tidal C   Upper  07/24/90 0-5        25       22        29    25.33    28.42      9.09
      Tidal C   Upper  07/24/90 5-10       17       21        23    20.33
      Tidal C   Upper  07/24/90 10-15      19       51        34    34.67
      Tidal C   Upper  07/24/90 15+        31       37        32    33.33
      Tidal C   Upper  08/17/90 0-5        29       37        46    37.33    42.58      6.40
      Tidal C   Upper  08/17/90 5-10       43       39        44    42.00
      Tidal C   Upper  08/17/90 10-15      39       38        47    41.33
      Tidal C   Upper  08/17/90 15+        46       55        48    49.67
      Tidal C   Upper  09/24/90 0-5         0        2         0     0.67      3.00     2.65
      Tidal C   Upper  09/24/90 5-10        2        6         0     2.67
      Tidal C   Upper  09/24/90 10-15       3        2         2     2.33
      Tidal C   Upper  09/24/90 15+         5        5         9     6.33
      Tidal C   Upper  10/19/90 0-5         9       14        12    11.67    21.42      14.57
      Tidal C   Upper  10/19/90 5-10       12       18        16    15.33
      Tidal C   Upper  10/19/90 10-15      13       13        14    13.33
      Tidal C   Upper  10/19/90 15+        41       38        57    45.33
      Tidal C   Upper  11/20/90 0-5         8       12        12    10.67    16.50      7.40
      Tidal C   Upper  11/20/90 5-10       11       15        15    13.67
      Tidal C   Upper  11/20/90 10-15      12       20        12    14.67
       idal C   Upper  11/20/90 15+        18       30        33    27.00






     TABLE 7. Blue Hole Point Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for
     each sampling date. Local = study site, Trans = transect, Quad = quadrat,
     N1ean = man of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave Mean = mean for all
     quadrats and all counts in the transect, Std Dev      standard deviation for
     all quadrats and all counts in the transect.




     Local     Trans  Date      Quad Count   1 Count 2 Count    3   Yean    Ave Mean Std Dev
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  12/26/89  0-5         0       30        50    26.67    34.75     19.67
     B1 H1  Pt Lower  12/26/89  5-10      25        30        31    28.67
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  12/26/89  10-15     13        16        51    26.67
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  12/26/89  15+       40        70        61    57.00
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  01/26/90  0-5       12        25        26    21.00    35.58     16.36
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  01/26/90  5-10      32        46        32    36.67
     B1 Hl  Pt Lower  01/26/90  10-15     24        28        29    27.00
     Bl HI Pt  Lower  01/26/90  15+       72        63        38    57.67
     B1 Hl Pt Lower   02/21/90  0-5         8       12        19    13.00    25.00     11.61
     B1 Hl  Pt Lower  02/21/90  5-10      28         5        18    17.00
     B1 Hl Pt  Lower  02/21/90  10-15     30        39        33    34.00
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  02/21/90  15+       36        39        33    36.00
     B1 Hl Pt  Lower  03/30/90  0-5         0       17        12     9.67    31.33     27.05
     B1 H1  Pt Lower  03/30/90  5-10      18        20        28    22.00
     B1 HI  Pt Lower  03/30/90  10-15       8       12        35    18.33
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  03/30/90  15+       74        85        67    75.33
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  04/26/90  0-5       25        24        18    22.33    20.50      9.55
     BI Hl  Pt Lower  04/26/90  5-10      36        40        20    32.00
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  04/26/90  10-15     20        12        18    16.67
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  04/26/90  15+       10         5        18    11.00
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  05/21/90  0-5       27        19        25    23.67    22.25     11.82
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  05/21/90  5-10      37        36        29    34.00
     B1 H1 Pt  Lower  05/21/90  10-15     36        20        25    27.00
     B1 Hl  Pt Lower  05/21/90  15+         1        7         5     4.33
     Bl HI  Pt Lower  06/22/90  0-5       47        30        29    35.33    24.75''   12.22
     Bl HI  Pt Lower  06/22/90  5-10      14        38        38    30.00
     Bl HI  Pt Lower  06/22/90  10-15     16        32        14    20.67
     Bl Hl  Pt Lower  06/22/90  15+         7       10        22    13.00
     Bl Hl  Pt Lower  07/24/90  0-5       28        27        31    28.67    11.58     10.89
     B1 HI  Pt Lower  07/24/90  5-10        6       io         3     6.33
     B1 Hl  Pt Lower  07/24/90  10-15       3        8        18     9.67
     B1 H1- Pt Lower  07/24/90  15+         0        1-        4     1.67
     B1 Hl  Pt Lower  08/17/90  0-5       37        78        69    61.33    53.25     12.14
     B1 H1  Pt Lower  08/17/90  5-10      54        58        63    58.33
     B1 H1  Pt Lower  08/17/90  10-15     54        57        46    52.33
     Bl HI  Pt Lower  08/17/90  15+       43        41        39    41.00
     Bl Hl  Pt lower  09/21/90  0-5       28         9        23    20.00       9.58    8.65
     Bl Hl  Pt Lower  09/21/90  5-10      17        12         0     9.67
     B1 Hl  Pt Lower  09/21/90  10-15       7        8         7     7.33
     Bl Hl  Pt Lower  09/21/90  15+         1        0         3     1.33
     B1 H1  Pt Lower  10/19/90  0-5         0        6         0     0.00      3.00     3.29
     Bl Hl  Pt Lower  10/19/90  5-10        1        0         1     0.67
     Bl Hl  Pt Lower  10/19/90  10-15       2        5         5     4.00
     Bl Hl  Pt Lower  10/19/90  15+       11         6         5     7.33
     Bl HI  Pt Lower  11/20/90  0-5         0        0         0     0.00      0.00     0.00
     Bl Hl  Pt Lower  11/20/90  5-10        0        0         0     0.00
     B1 H-1 Pt Lower  11/20/90  10-15       0        0         0     0.00
     B1 Hl  Pt Lower  11/20/90  15+         0        0         0     0.00







    0
      TABLE 7. Continued



      Local     Trans  Date      Quad    Count 1 Count  2 Count   3 Mean      Ave 14--an Std Dev
      B1 Hl Pt Upper   12/26/89  0-5         0       40        60    33.33     31.50     28.60
      Bl H1 Pt Upper   12/26/89  5-10       25       22        20    22.33
      B1 Hl Pt  Upper  12/26/89  10-15      60       73        78    70.33
      Bl H1 Pt Upper   12/26/89  15+         0        0         0     0.00
      Bl Hl Pt  Upper  01/26/90  0-5         9       12         7     9.33     19.17     16.24
      Bl Hl Pt  Upper  01/26/90  5-10       29       48        25    34.00
      B1 H1 Pt  Upper  01/26/90  10-15      22       38        40    33.33
      Bl Hl Pt Upper   01/26/90  15+         0        0         0     0.00
      Bl Hl Pt  Upper  02/21/90  0-5         3        3        25    10.33     14.67     12.08
      Bl H1 Pt@Qpper   02/21/90  5-10       22       22        29    24.33
      B1 Hl Pt  Upper  02/21/90  10-15      34       18        20    24.00
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  02/21/90  15+         0        0         0     0.00
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  03/30/90  0-5         0        0        27     9.00     15.50     21.92
      Bl Hl Pt Upper   03/30/90  5-10        0        7         4     3.67
      Bl Hl Pt  Upper  03/30/90  10-15      67       34        47    49.33
      Bl HI Pt  Upper  03/30/90  15+         0        0         0     0.00
      Bl Hl Pt  Upper  04/26/90  0-5        18       15        28    20.33     19.00      4.81
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  04/26/90  5-10       14       18        17    16.33
      Bl H1 Pt Upper   04/26/90  10-15      27       26        18    23.67
      Bl Hl Pt  Upper  04/26/90  15+        17       15        15    15.67
         H1 Pt  Upper  05/21/90  0-5        20       23        18    20.33     18.83      4.16
         Hl Pt Upper   05/21/90  5-10       16       17        14    15.67
      Bl HI Pt Upper   05/21/90  10-15      22       28        13    21.00
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  05/21/90  15+        18       15        22    18.33
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  06/22/90  0-5        22       28        36    28.67     19.67      6.74
      B1 Hl Pt Upper   06/22/90  5-10       18       13        19    16.67
      Bl Hl Pt  Upper  06/22/90  10-15      22       17        17    18.67
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  06/22/90  15+        15        9        20    14.67
      BI Hl  Pt Upper  07/24/90  0-5        25       22        19    22.00     18.92      5.79
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  07/24/90  5-10       23       26        18    22.33
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  07/24/90  10-15      16       26        21    21.00
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  07/24/90  15+        10       1@'        9    10.33
      Bl Hl Pt Upper   08/17/90  0-5        18       27        26    23.67     39.17     10.19
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  08/17/90  5-10       43       39        44    42.00
      Bl Hl Pt  Upper  08/17/90  10-15      39       38        47    41.33
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  08/17/90  15+        46       55        48    49.67
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  09/21/90  0-5         1        0         2     1.00     14.33     13.62
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  09/21/90  5-10        2        5         4     3.67
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  09/21/90  10-15       8       26        33    22.33
      Bl HI  Pt Upper  09/21/90  15+        29       26        36    30.33
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  10/19/90  0-5        38       27        24    29.67     20.50     11.38
      Bl HI  Pt Upper  10/19/90  5-10       29       42        23    31.33
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  10/19/90  10-15       8       13        16    12.33
      Bl Hl  Pt Upper  10/19/90  15+         8        9         9     8.67
      Bl H-1 Pt Upper  11/20/90  0-5        22       44        36    34.00     26.33      9.14
      Bl H-1 Pt Upper  11/20/90  5-10       40       31        27    32.67
      Bl H1  Pt Upper  11/20/90  10-15      21       25        19    21.67
    *I   H1  Pt Upper  11/20/90  15+        21       15        is    17.00







      TABLE 8. Grand Harbor Uca data separated by transect and quadrat for each
      sanpling date. Local = study site, Trans = transect, Quad = quadrat, Mean
      mean of the three counts for each quadrat, Ave Nban = mean for all quadrats
      and all counts in the transect, Std Dev      standard deviation for all
      quadrats  and all counts in the transect.



      Local     Trans   Date     Quad     Count 1 Count 2 Count   3  Man      Ave Mean Std Dev
      Grand H   Lower   12/26/89 0-5         3         6        7      5.33     6.75      3.65
      Grand H   Lower   12/26/89 5-10        6        12        9      9.00
      Grand H   Iower   12/26/89 10-15       7        13        9      9.67
      Grand H   Lcwer   12/26/89 15+         2         0        7      3.00
      Grand H   Lower   01/27/90 0-5         1         6        4      3.67     5.50      2.93
      Grand H   Lower   01/27/90 5-10       10        10        5      8.33
      Grand H   Lower   01/27/90 10-15       9         6        5      6.67
      Grand H   Lower   01/27/90 15+         6         3        1      3.33
      Grand H   Lower   02/23/90 0-5         0         0        0      0.00     1.25      1.23
      Grand H   Lowear  02/23/90 5-10        3         3        2      2.67
      Grand H   Iamex   02/23/90 10-15       2         0        1      1.00
      Grand H   Lower   02/23/90 15+         3         0        1      1.33
      Grand H   Lower   03/26/90 0-5         7         4        4      5.00     5.58      1.85
      Grand H   Lower   03/26/90 5-10        8         6        8      7.33
      Grand H   Lower   03/26/90 10-15       6         4        5      5.00
      Grand H   Lower   03/26/90 15+         8         5        2      5.00
      Grand H   Lower   04/25/90 0-5         6         2        7      5.00     2.67      2.53
      Grand H   Lower   04/25/90 5-10        3         7        1      3.67
      Grand H   Lower   04/25/90 10-15       0         3        2      1.67
      Grand H   Lower   04/25/90 15+         1         0        0      0.33
      Grand H   Lower   05/22/90 0-5        17        11       14    14.00      7.08      5.92
      Grand H   Lower   05/22/90 5-10        6        16        1      7.67
      Grand H   Lower   05/22/90 10-15       7         7        5      6.33
      Grand H   Lower   05/22/90 15+         1         0        0      0.33
      Grand H   Lower   06/23/90 0-5         3         2        0      1.67     5.58      5.30
      Grand H   Lower   06/23/90 5-10       13        10       17    13.33
      Grand H   Lower   06/23/90 10-15       8         6        6      6.67
      Grand H   Lower   06/23/90 15+         2         0        0      0.67
      Grand H   Lower   07/24/90 0-5        34        .12      27    24.33      13.25     9.93
      Grand H   Lower   07/24/90 5-10       14        16       15    15.00
      Grand H   Lower   07/24/90 10-15       6        12       20    12.67
      Grand H   Lower   07/24/90 15+         2         0'       1      1.00
      Grand H   Lower   08/17/90 0-5         8        14       12    11.33      27.42     20.77
      Grand H   Lower   08/17/90 5-10       36        32       49    39.00
      Grand H   Lower   08/17/90 10-15      31        69       56    52.00
      Grand H   Ixn-jer 08/17/90 15+        12         8        2      7.33
      Grand H   Lower   09/20/90 0-5         0         0        0      0.00     0.00      0.00
      Grand H   14mer   09/20/90 5-10        0         0        0      0.00
      Grand H   Lower   09/20/90 10-15       0         0        0      0.00
      Grand H   Lower   09/20/90 15+         0         0        0      0.00
      Grand H   Lower   10/18/90 0-5         0         0        0      0.00     0.08      0.28
      Grand H   Lower   10/18/90 5-10        0         0        0      0.00
      Grand H   Lower   10/18/90 10-15       0         0        0      0.00
      Grand H   Lower   10/18/90 15+         1         0        0      0.33
      Grand H   Lower   11/19/90 0-5         0         0        0      0.00     0.00      0.00
      Grand H   Lower   11/19/90 5-10        0         0        0      0.00
      Grand H   Lower   11/19/90 10-15       0         0        0      0.00
      Grand H   Lower   11/19/90 15+         0         0        0      0.00














      TABLE 8. Continued



      Local    Trans   Date      Quad Count   1 Count   2 Count  3   mean    Ave Ilean Std Dev
      Grand H  Upper   12/26/89  0-5       25        18        13    18.67     33.50     10.31
      Grand H  Upper   12/26/89  5-10      39        43        27    36.33
      Grand H  Upper   12/26/89  10-15     43        36        30    36.33
      Grand H  Upper   12/26/89  15+       40        46        42    42.67
      Grand H  Upper   01/27/90  0-5       25        28        22    25.00     33.08      7.38
      Grand H  Upper   01/27/90  5-10      34        40        44    39.33
      Grand H  Upper   01/27/90  10-15     43        38        34    38.33
      Grand H  Upper   01/27/90  15+       30        37        22    29.67
      Grand H  Upper   02/23/90  0-5       30        46        38    38.00     33.33      9.59
      Grand H  Upper   02/23/90  5-10      20        35        25    26.67
      Grand H  Upper   02/23/90  10-15     18        35        25    26.00
      Grand H  Upper   02/23/90  15+       45        35        48    42.67
      Grand H  Upper   03/26/90  0-5       16        24        23    21.00     21.25      4.21
      Grand H  Upper   03/26/90  5-10      20        27        19    22.00
      Grand H  Upper   03/26/90  10-15     20        24        30    24.67
      Grand H  Upper   03/26/90  15+       18        16        18    17.33
      Grand H  Upper   04/25/90  0-5       15        27        13    18.33     28.17      7.37
      Grand H  Upper   04/25/90  5-10      33        27        32    30.67
      Grand H  Upper   04/25/90  10-15     39        32        36    35.67
      Grand H  Upper   04/25/90  15+       25        29        30    28.00
             H Upper   05/22/90  0-5       26        22        18    22.00     19.00      4.65
             H Upper   05/22/90  5-10      26        20        21    22.33
      Grand H  Upper   05/22/90  10-15     12        14        12    12.67
      Grand H  Upper   05/22/90  15+       17        23        17    19.00
      Grand H  Upper   06/23/90  0-5       28        34        31    31.00     27.33      5.28
      Grand H  Upper   06/23/90  5-10      18        26        20    21.33
      Grand H  Upper   06/23/90  10-15     34        23        28    28.33
      Grand H  Upper   06/23/90  15+       24        27        35    28.67
      Grand H  Upper   07/24/90  0-5       18        18        21    19.00     22.67      4.35
      Grand H  Upper   07/24/90  5-10      24        27        20    23.67
      Grand H  Upper   07/24/90  10-15     22        24..      17    21.00
      Grand H  Upper   07/24/90  15+       32        21        28    27.00
      Grand H  Upper   08/17/90  0-5       35        53        43    43.67     42.00      7.51
      Grand H  Upper   08/17/90  5-10      41        42        47    43.33
      Grand H  Upper   08/17/90  10-15     40        27        53    40.00
      Grand H  Upper   08/17/90  15+       32        44        47    41.00
      Grand H  Upper   09/20/90  0-5         0         0         0     0.00      0.00     0.00
      Grand H  Upper   09/20/90  5-10        0         0         0     0.00
      Grand H  Upper   09/20/90  10-15       0         0         0     0.00
      Grand H  Upper   09/20/90  15+         0         0         0     0.00
      Grand H  Upper   10/18/90  0-5       16        92          0   36.00-    12.50      24.31
      Grand H  Upper   10/18/90  5-10        1         6         4     3.67
      Grand H  Upper   10/18/90  10-15       7         4         1     4.00
      Grand H  Upper   10/18/90  15+         6         5         8     6.33
      Grand H  Upper   11/19/90  0-5         9         0         0     3.00      0.75     2.49
      Grand H  Upper   11/19/90  5-10        0         0         0     0.00
             H Upper   11/19/90  10-15       0         0         0     0.00
          d H  UFper   11/19/90  15+         0         0         0     0.00


























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           FIGURE 2. North Marsh site map. A             lower Uca transect, B       upper Uca
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             FIGURE 4. Blue Hole Point site map. A                      Cyprinodon observation transect, B
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          FIGURE 5. Tidal Creek site map. A    Cyprinodon observation transect, B
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          the Salt Marsh Imo-undments of Florida.





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            QUAD       ME
            SPECIES     CR    DEFEND HATE        FEED     FLASH    OTHER POS       NUM


            CYP VAR




            POE I-AT
            GAM HOL
            FUN

            ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
            QUAD       TD-E
            SPECIES     CR    DEFEND    HATE     FEED     FLASH    Q=       POS    NUM


            CYP VAR




            POE 1AT
            GAM HOL
            FTJN

            ------------------------------------------------------------------------
            QUAD       TINE
            SPECIES     CR    DEFEND    M%TE     FEM      FLASH    OTHER   POS     NUM

            CYP VAR.,



            POE IAT
            GAM HOL
            FUN

            ...........................................................................
            QUAD       TIT-E
            SPECIES     CR    DEFE@Z    MATE     FEED     FLASH    OTHER   POS    NUM


            C"P VAR




            P-J.*--' I-AT
            GM HUM@






              FIGURE 6. Sample field data sheet for fish behavioral observations.





                                                          50 Water Level (cm above NGVD)



                                                          40 -------------------------------               . . ......     ......................




                                                          30                                                                 .............




                                                          20                                                                    ......




                                                          10




                                                          0



                                                          Number of Cruising Events
                                                   3500
                                                                                                                               Imp 12 upper


                                                   3000   - --------------------------------------   -  -------     ------  ---------------



                                                   2500   - ----------------------------------------        ..................................



                                                   2000   - ----------------------------------------            .......I .......................



                                                   1500   - ------*---------------------------  I .....         .........................



                                                   1000   - ------------------------------                      .................  .......



                                                   600    - ---------------                                       .........



                                                       0



                                                          Number of Cruising Events
                                                   3500
                                                                                                                               Imp 12. lower

                                                   3000   -------------------------------------                          ----------------------
                                                                                                        -------------



                                                   2500   -------------------------------------     - ----------              ---------   -------


                                                   2000   - ------------------------------------    - -------------     -------      ------------


                                                   1500   -------------------------------------            ......
                                                                                                                            ---- ------------



                                                   1000   ----------------------------                                      . . ............


                                                   500    -------------------------




                                                          26 3101080915 16 212324270613 14 17 10 25260215 23253                           10715
                                                                                       ...............      .....




                                                                                       ...............
                                                                                                 ME




                                                                                                                                        IM




                                                                                                                                        FM




























                                                                                       ...............          .....       .............




                                                                                                                ------     ......    ......


























                                                                                                                                    ------------












                                                          July   August                         September               October        November
                                                                 Quad 1          Quad 2 03 Quad 3                  Quad A M Quad 5



                      FIGURE 7. Total munber of individual Qmrinodon cruising events in the
                      lower and upper transects of inpoundment 12.








                                                               Water Level (cm above NGVD)
                                                            50




                                                            40 ---------------                                   . . .............................




                                                            30                                                                      .........




                                                            20                                                                         ......




                                                            10







                                                               Flashing Events
                                                     1600
                                                                                                                                       Imp 12 upper

                                                     1400      - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                                     1200      . ........................................               .........      .........


                                                     1000      . ...............................          .. .. . .........            .........


                                                      800      . ...............................          .. .. .........              ......


                                                      600      . ...............    I.. .....                           .........      ......


                                                      400      . ...............                                        .........


                                                      200                                                               .... ....


                                                            0



                                                               Flashing Events
                                                      1600
                                                                                                                                       Imp 12'lower
                                                      1400     ..................................     X   .........................................
                                                                                                      x
                                                      1200     ----------------------------------     X   -----------------------------------------


                                                      1000     ----------------------------               -------    ---------         ----------------
                                                                                                 x ---                              X
                                                                                                 x
                                                        800    -----------------------------                         .........   Ix    ..........
                                                                                                                                    x N
                                                        600    ---------------------------- -

                                                        400                     .... ....


                                                        200
                                                               1CP
                                                            0                                                                                r
                                                                                        ISM
                                                                             MM
                                                                             MM
                                                                             M M        Wa

                                                                                        INA
                                                                             MIM        M
                                                                                        WA


































                                                               ............



                                                               ...............






















                                                               @6 @1 @1 @80915 16 212324270613 14 17 19 25260215 23 25 310715
                                                               July   August                          Septembef                October       November
                                                                1M Quad 1 C@D Quad 2 =1 Quad 3 CS:1 Quad 4 M Quad 6


                         FIGURE 8. Total number of Cyprinodon flashing events in the lower and upper
                         transects of Impoundment 12.






                                                              Water Level (cm above NGVD)
                                                             60




                                                             40 ----------------------------------               . . ....................          .......




                                                             30                                                  . . .              .............      ...




                                                             20                                                                         ......




                                                             10




                                                             0



                                                             Number of Defending Events
                                                      1000
                                                                                                                                      Imp 12 upper


                                                      800    . .................................................       .............     ...............



                                                      600    - -------------------------------------             ................................       -




                                                      400    - -------------------------------                        ...............................




                                                      200    - --------------- ----------------                       ........  ................


                                                                                                  7,
                                                         0 # a I I I -



                                                             Number of Defending Events
                                                      1000
                                                                                                                                      Imp 12 lower


                                                      800    ----------------------------------          ....    . ............................



                                                      coo    ----------------------------------          ....    . ...............................



                                                      400    -------------------------------
                                                                                                                      ---------------  * ---------------




                                                      200    ------------------        ----------        .... .       --------   ----------------------



                                                             0
                                                             26 3101080915 16 212324270613 14 17 19 25260215 2325 310715
                                                             July August                              September                October         November
                                                               1M Quad I (Z] Quad 2 ED Quad 3 M Quad A CKI Quad 6



                         FIGURE 9. Total number of Cyprinodon defending events in the lower and
                         upper transects of Impoundment 12.







                                                                 Water Level (cm above NGVD)
                                                             50





                                                             40  ----------------      ... .......                             ...................    ------





                                                             30                                                                       ...........




                                                             20                                                                      . .......




                                                             10




                                                                 0


                                                                 Territories Established
                                                           so-
                                                                                                                                         Imp 12 upper




                                                           60    - --------------------------------------       .......................................






                                                           40    - --------------------------------------      .............. ........................






                                                           20    . ........................ .......      .. .............. ........................





                                                                                                                                                    Ej9
                                                             0




                                                                 Territories Establi6hed
                                                             80
                                                                                                                                          Imp 12 lower



                                                             60  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                                             40  -------------------        -------------   -------      --------------------------------




                                                             20  -------------------        -------------   ----   - -------------------------




                                                                 0
                                                                 26 310108 09 15 16 2123 24 27 06 13 14 17 19 25 26 02 15 23 25 31 @7                    is
                                                                 July    August                          Septamb*r                October        Novemb,or
                                                                     IM Ouad I             Cluad 2         Guad 3           Ouad 4           Clued 6
                                                                       ---------------














                      FIGURE 10. Observed Cyprinodon territories in the lower and upper transects
                      Of IrrPoundment 12 with to the mean daily water level measured in an above
                      NGVD.







                                                             Water Level (cm above NGVD)
                                                            50





                                                            40 ---------------     ... ..........                  . ............   I ---------




                                                            30                                                                   .........




                                                            20                                                                       ......




                                                            10




                                                            0



                                                            Conservative Number Estimated
                                                     1600
                                                     1400   - ----------------------------------------                              Imp 12 upper
                                                                                                           X    ----------------------------------


                                                     1200   - ----------------------------------------          ----------------------------------


                                                     1000   - ----------------------------------------             ......   ........................


                                                     800    - ----------------------------------------             ...............................


                                                     600    - ----------------------------------------             ...............................


                                                     400    . ........................................             ...............................


                                                     200    - -------------------------    ..... .....             ......................


                                                            0
                                                            1 1




                                                            Conservative Number Estimated
                                                     1600
                                                                                                                                    Imp 12. lower
                                                     1400   ..............................................................................


                                                     1200   ---------------------     .................            -------------


                                                     1000   --------------------------------------            -------         ----------------------


                                                     Boo    --------------------------------------            -------         ----------------------


                                                     coo    ---------------------------------- ---                                  -----------


                                                     400    -----------------------------------            V  -------              ------------


                                                     200    -------------- --    ----------                                                    ......
                                                                                  --2               = -2 / ff@
                                                            0                                   - r    q- - @- L@                    . pi@q-r?
                                                            26310108091516212324270613141719252602152325310715
                                                            July   August                          September                 October       November
                                                                   Quad 1           Ou  ad 2 CII Quad 3 CK] Quad 4 CK) Quad 6
                                                                                                                   - -------- -------
                                                                                                            FM



                                                                                                                                             RM
                                                                                                                                             M





































                      FIGURP- 11. Minimal estimate of Cyprinodon densities, in the lower and upper
                      transects of Inpoundment 12, based on largest group within the station for
                       each cbservational period.






                               1400   Number of Cruising Events
                                                                                                        Blue Hole upper

                               1200   ..............................................................................



                               1000   ------------------------    ------   ...............................................



                                800   ------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                600   ------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                400   ------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                200   ---------          ..............................................................
                                     0                        1         1      lX/j - @-- M -                            I     I

                                                            Quad 1             Quad 2        EU Quad 3

                                      Number of Cruising Events
                               1400
                                                                                                         Blue Hole lower

                               1200   ---------          ..............................................................


                               1000   .........          ..............................................................


                                800   ---------          ...............................................................


                                600   ---------          ..............................................................

                                                                                                   '7';7"

                                               ...       ------------------
                                400   ------                                          -----------           ------------------



                                      .........          --------------------         -------
                                200                                                          -----          ------------------
                                     0                                              A LLU                    r-TT" -- 1
                                       09/13 09/17 09/18 09/25                 10/02 10/15 10/23 10/31 11/13


                                              Quad I     1ZD Quad 2             Quad 3           Quad 4           Quad 5






                   FIGURE 12. Total nuTber of individual cypr                                 cruising events in the
                   lower and upper transects of Blue Hole Point.









                                       Number of Feeding Activities
                                 Soo
                                                                                                           Blue Hole upper


                                 400   -----------------------------------------------------------------------          * ---------




                                 300   ---------------------------------------------------------------------          I -----------




                                 200   ----------         .................................................................




                                 100   ..........         ---------------------           .....................................




                                     0


                                                             Quad 1              Quad 2               Quad 3

                                       Number of Feeding Activities
                                 Soo
                                                                                                           Blue Hole lower


                                 400   ----------         ----------------------------------------------------------------



                                 300   ----------         -------------------------------------------------------          --------



                                 200   ----------         ......................................              -------------------




                                                          -------------   ......         ............         -------------------
                                 100   ----------                              ..\
                                                                                  -H I
                                     0                                           -i-il I FT T,-n
                                        09/13 09/17 09/18 09/25                  10/02 10/15 10/23 10/31 11/13


                                               Quad I           Quad 2 111 Quad 3 IS] Quad 4                        Quad 6






                    FIGURE 13. Total number of individual Cypr                                   feeding activities in the
                    lower and upper transects of Blue Hole Point.








                                  Number of Flashing Events
                            200
                                                                                              Blue Hole upper



                            150   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------





                            100   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------





                              50  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------





                               0


                                                     Quad 1      1-7-2 Quad 2            Quad 3


                                  Number of Flashing Events
                             200
                                                                                               Blue Hole lower



                             150  ----------      ----------------------------------------------------------------




                             100  -----------     ----------------------------------------------------------------





                               50 ----------      ---------- -  ---------------------------------------------------





                                  0
                                  09/13 09/17 09/18 09/25 10/02 10/15 10/23                       10/31 11/13


                                    Ml Quad I 1ZD Quad 2 ED Quad 3 =1 Quad 4                      M Quad 5







                 FIGURE 14. Total number of Cyprinodon flashing events in the lower and
                 upper transects of Blue Hole Point.











                                   Total Number observed
                              100                                                               Blue Hole upper

                               80  ----------------------------------  I---------------------------------------------




                               60  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------




                               40  ---------         ...............................................................




                               20  ---------         ----------------------------------------------- . . ............
                                 0                       1               0                 EM                    I    I

                                           Quad I [Z] Quad 2 M Quad 3               M Quad 4 M Quad 5

                                   Total Number Observed
                              100
                                                                                                 Blue Hole lower


                              80   ---------         ----------------------------------------------------------------



                              60   ----------        ------------------------------------------------------------------



                              40   ----------        ......................................        -------------------



                              20   ----------        ..................... - ------------          -------------------

                                0-                                                4,14
                                   09/13 09/17 09/18 09/25 10/02 10/15 10/23 10/31 11/13


                                     M Quad I        1Z:3 Quad 2    111 Quad 3      M Quad 4 M Quad 5







                 FIGURE 15. Total number of Cyprinodon in the lower and upper transects of
                 Blue Hole Point.








                                  Number of Defending Events
                             100                                                                          Blue Hole lower


                              80  -----------------------------                      ---------------------------------------




                              60  ------- * -------------------------                .......................................




                              40  --------------------------------------             ---------------------------------------




                              20  ----------------------      ---------------        ......................................




                               0



                                           Quad I           Quad 2            Quad 3            Quad 4            Quad 5


                                  Number of Territoriea Established
                               7
                                                                                                          Blue Hole lower

                               6  --------------------------------                   --------------------------------------



                                  ----------------------------------                 ......................................



                               4  --------------------------------------             .......................................


                               3  --------------------------------------             ......................................


                               2  --------------------------------------             ...................................



                                                 .............
                               01-1    --------- I          I    ------I------              --------- I ---------I---------  1--
                                   09/13 09/17 09/18 09/25 10/02 10/16 10/23 10/31                                      11/13


                                            Quad 1           Quad 2 M Quad 3                    Quad 4           Quad 5
                                                                              I/x












                  FIGURE 16. Total nunber of cbserved.Cyprinodon te=itories and defending
                   events in the lower transect of Blue Hole Point.








                                                                     Water Level(cm above NGVD)
                                                                  60

                                                                  46 ---------------------------------------------------        ............

                                                                  40 -----------------------     ...........................    ............

                                                                  35 .......................................                    ............

                                                                  30 ----------------------------------                         .......

                                                                  26 ..................................

                                                                  20 ..................................

                                                                  Is .................       .......... .

                                                                  10 .................      .............
                                                                     ...........  M -       . IMI
                                                                                             IMM -
                                                                                  IM


                                                                       0     J     F     M       A   M     4     J      A     a    0      N



                                                                     Average Number of Surrowa per M2 by Ouad


                                                                                            Imp 12 upper
                                                                             0-6m ...  1Z,6-10M* ... M to-16M,           16#M  ..........
                                                  120


                                                  100   -
                                                                     ....................................................................


                                                   80-,
                                                                     ....................................................................


                                                   60-,
                                                                     ............................................             ........ ......


                                                   40


                                                   20 -



                                                           D     J     F M A M j                     J A S 0 N



                                                                     Average Number of BurrOwa per m2 by Ouad


                                                                                            .!mp 12 lower


                                                  120
                                                            .. . ...............................................         ....................


                                                  100
                                                            .. . ....................................................................


                                                   80-,
                                                                        .....................    ....................... ....................


                                                   60-,
                                                            .. . .......       ............................................................


                                                   40-


                                                   20-,


                                                     0
                                                           0     J    F M A M                    i   J A S 0 N

                       FIGURE 17. Average nuiber of Uca burrows per                                       M2   for each quadrat by date at
                       Inpoundment 12 with nlean daily water level.









                                                                   Water Level(cm above NGVD)
                                                                60

                                                                45 ------------------------------------------------------     * ------

                                                                40 -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                36 ------------------------------------------------------------       *-*'*"

                                                                so --------         ---------------------  I------------   ------------

                                                                26 --------------------------------------------------------

                                                                20 ---------------------------------------------------

                                                                16 .................      .............       .......

                                                                10 -----------------      .............       .......

                                                                  6       *"*'




                                                                     0     J     F     M     A     M            J            8    0     N



                                                                   Average Number of Burrows per m2 by Quad


                                                                                       North Ma(ah upper
                                                                   .. .............    I  ................................................
                                                                          0-6m M 6-10M ED 10-16M                        16+m
                                               120


                                               100-
                                                                     ...................................................................


                                                 so-
                                                                    ......................................          ........................


                                                 60 -
                                                                         .................................          ........................


                                                 40 -


                                                 20 -


                                                  0
                                                        D      J    F     M      A     M     J     J      A     S     0      IN




                                                                   Average Number of Burrows per m2 by Quad


                                                                                      !!!o rth Marsh  lower
                                                                           -6m           -10m"        **-,-16m M16-M
                                                                     iii'o*             6         CD to
                                               120-


                                               100 -
                                                                . .................................................................



                                                                                  ........................                       ------------


                                                 60-,
                                                                                                                          ..................


                                                 40-'

                                                                                                               00
                                                 20'


                                                                                          10
                                                                                                                     4-
                                                   0-                                      ............              d
                                                        D      J    F                  M                  A S 0 N
                     FIGURE 18. Average nunber of Uca burrows per M                                        2   for each quadrat by date at
                     North Marsh with mean daily water level.









                                                                          Water Le"I(cm above NGVD)
                                                                      60

                                                                      46  -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                      40  -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                      36  -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                      30  ..............................................................

                                                                      26  ........................................................

                                                                      20  ...................................................

                                                                      16  .................        .............      .......

                                                                      10  .................        .............      -------
                                                                        6 ...........              -M    .......      .......
                                                                       0-                           ME

                                                                           0      j     F      M     A     M       J    J     A      8     0      N



                                                                          Average Number of Burrows per m2 by Quad


                                                                                               Tidal Cmek uppor
                                                                                    M- ----  t2j      ---- di 10",--1"6-M"
                                                     120
                                                                          ....................................................................


                                                    100-.
                                                                          ....................................................................


                                                      80-
                                                                            .........................................            ......        .......


                                                      60-


                                                      40-


                                                      20-                                                                   00


                                                       0-
                                                            0      J      F M          A M J              J A S               0 H



                                                                       Average Number of Burrows per m2 by Quad


                                                                                               Tidil Creek Imer
                                                                                                    ............................      ...............
                                                                               0-6rn           6-10M M110-16M M16+M
                                                   120            . ....................................................

                                                    100-          . ....................................................................


                                                    80-'


                                                     60-
                                                                                                                                 ...................

                                                                                                                       lo
                                                     40-                                                               lo
                                                                              r

                                                     20-
                                                                                                                             IHI


































































                                                       0-   1      1      1     1      4       4    1
                                                            D     J       F M         A M J               J     A S 0 N

                         FIGURE 19. Average                     number      Of Uca burrows per M                   2   for each quadrat by date at
                         Tidal Creek with Mean daily water level.







                                                               60   Water Level(cm above NGVD)

                                                               46   --------------------------------------   ............................

                                                               40   -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                               35   ...................................................................

                                                               so   ..............................................................

                                                               26   ........................................................

                                                               20   ...................................................

                                                               Is   .................      ............      .......

                                                               10   .................     .............      .......

                                                                                                .......      . .....





                                                                     0     J     F     M     A     M      J    J     A     8     0     N



                                                                    Average Number of Burrows per M2 by Ouad


                                                                                        1@1u* Hate upper
                                                                                        -10cn          10-16m    ED 164m
                                                                          0-6M
                                                120
                                                                    . ................... .......  .......................................


                                                100 -
                                                          .. . ....................................................................


                                                80-
                                                                    . .......................................I...........  ................


                                                80-
                                                                    . ............................................               ...........

                                                40-'


                                                20-


                                                   0 -
                                                        D      J    F     M A M J                  J      A    S     0 N


                                                                    Average Number of Surrows per M2 by Quad


                                                                                       Blue, Hole lower
                                                                                                               -----------------
                                                                          o.-6M Ma-lom di'10,116M M16+M
                                               120
                                                         .. . ....................................................................

                                              100-'
                                                         .. . ......................................................         .............


                                                80-'
                                                         .. . ...................      ......   ...................  ............   ........


                                                60 -
                                                         .. . .........................................                 ...................


                                                40 -


                                                20


                                                  0
                                                       D       i    F     M     A    M                                     IN

                      FIGJRE 20- Average nuTber                        Of Uca burrOWS per M                  2 for eadi quadrat by date at
                      Blue Hole Point with nean daily water level.











                                                                       Water Level(cm above NGVD)
                                                                  60

                                                                  46   -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                  40   -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                  35   -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                  30   --------------------------------------- I------------ *-**-,-*,

                                                                  26   --------------------------------------------------------

                                                                  20   ---------------------------------------------------

                                                                  is   ........... .....   .............     .......

                                                                  10   ................    .............     -------

                                                                       ..........                            .......





                                                                       0     J     F    M     A      M                            0     N



                                                                       Average Number of Burrows per m2 by Quad


                                                                                       Grand harbor natural
                                                                       .................                                ......
                                                                           0-5m t2i 540M... 10'-15M                    15#M
                                                 120


                                                 100   -
                                                                       .................................................................


                                                   so-
                                                                         .....       .................                 ........  ...........


                                                   60-,
                                                                                                 ......           . .......      ...........


                                                   40-


                                                   20-


                                                     0
                                                         D       J     F M A M J                     J    A S         0 N



                                                                       Average Number of Burrows per m2 by Ouad


                                                                                       Grand Harbor created
                                                                       .. .................................................................
                                                                       MO-6m M6-10m CD10-16m C'016-m
                                                 120


                                                 100   -


                                                   80-,
                                                                            ..............................               ...................


                                                   60-


                                                   40-'


                                                   20-,


                                                     0
                                                          D      J     F M A M                J      j    A     S     0 N


                      FIGURE 21. Average number of Uca burrows per M                                      2  for each quadrat by date at
                      Grand Harbor with mean daily water level.










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