[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]







                    Maryland Guidebook
            For Marina Owners and Operators
                              on
              Hurricane and Severe Weather
                        Preparedness
















           MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

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                    Maryland Guidebook
            For Marina Owners and Operators
                              on
              Hurricane and Severe Weather
                        Preparedness
















           MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES


                              OV M


      C'n
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                                                DISCLUMER




                 The statements, recommendations and procedures contained in this manual are
              those of Coastal Technology, Incorporated, and do not necessarily reflect the views
              of the State of Maryland or the U.S. Government. Coastal Technology, Incorporated
              warrants that their services were performed with the usual thoroughness and
              competence of the technical consulting profession, and no other warranty, either
              expressed or implied, is included or intended.

                 This manual was developed to provide guidance for Maryland marinas. The
              users must assume responsibility for adapting, activating and/or supplementing the
              information contained herein to meet the particular requirements of their marina.
              It is intended that this manual complement state and local codes and ordinances,
              whose provisions should prevail in the event of conflict.






                                                Maryland Guidebook
                                For Marina Owners and Operators
                                                                    on
                                     Hurricane and Severe Weather
                                                         Preparedness



                                                       Prepared For The

                          Maryland Department of Natural Resources

                                                  Boating Administration
                                          Water Resources Administration
                                               Tidewater Administration


                                            Through a Grant Provided by the
                                        Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

                                                      Administered by the
                                               U.S. Department of Commerce
                               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                        Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources




                                                             Prepared By

                                           COASTAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
                                           228 N. Lynnhaven Road, Suite 124
                                              Virginia Beach, Virzinia 23452
                                                           (804) 340-8507

                                                            January 1992



                       The facilities and services of the Department of Natural Resources an available to all without
                       regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, physical or mental disability.







                                               TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                       Pa
                                                                                                         ze

                     Introduction                                                                        iii

                     Glossary of Severe Weather Terms                                                     v

                     Chapter One            Knowing What to Expect                                        1

                     Chapter Two            Why a Severe Weather Plan                                     5

                                                 Having a Plan                                            5
                                                 Making it Work                                           6
                                                 Clean Up                                                 6
                                                 Economic Incentives                                      7
                                                 Marina Insurance Considerations                          7

                     Chapter Three          Hazards of Severe Weather                                    11

                                                 Thunderstorms, Northeasters, Tornados,
                                                  and Hurricanes                                         11
                                                 Types of Hazards from Severe Storms                     13
                                                 Hazards from Hurricanes                                 17
                                                 Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scale                        19

                     Chapter Four           Lessons from Hurricane Hugo                                  21

                                                 South Carolina Marina Facilities                        21
                                                 Marina Damages                                          22

                     Chapter Five           Marina Design Considerations                                 25

                                                 Relevant Terminology                                    25
                                                 Issues of Concern                                       27
                                                 Basic Planning Considerations                           28
                                                 Factors to be Addressed                                 29
                                                 Specific Examples                                       34
                                                 Summary                                                 35

                     Chapter Six            Evacuation, Routes, and Shelters                             41

                                                 Planning                                                41
                                                 Evacuation                                              42
                                                 Shelters                                                43
                                                 Evacuation Travel Patterns                              43
                                                 Special Considerations                                  44
                                                 Additional Information                                  44



                                                                i








                                     Table of Contents (continued)


              Chapter Seven        Your Severe Weather Preparedness Plan                    45

                                       Formulating Your Plan.                               45
                                       Responsibilities                                     45
                                       Developing Your Plan                                 46
                                       Annual Preparations                                  47
                                       Implementing Your Plan                               48
                                       Summary                                              48

              Bibliography                                                                  51

              Introduction to Tabs                                                          55

              Tab A                    Severe Weather Preparedness Plan
              Tab B                    Marina Tenants Severe Weather Questionnaire
              Tab C                    Hurricane / Severe Weather Information
                                         (Emergency Listing)
              Tab D                    County Emergency Management Civil Defense
                                         Organization Contacts
              Tab E                    Communications
              Tab F                    Hurricane Response Checklist







                                                   INTRODUCTION


                        This guidebook is part of an ongoing effort by the State of Maryland to assist
                    the marine community in preparing for severe weather, especially hurricanes. It was
                    developed specifically for marina owners/operators like yourself, and includes:

                        ï¿½ Typical weather patterns, storm events and storm dangers which can be
                          expected at marinas in Maryland...

                        ï¿½ Actions you can take for your clients and your marina to reduce loss from
                          severe weather...

                        ï¿½ How improved design and preparedness will result in tangible dollar savings...

                        The purpose of this guidebook is to provide you with general information for
                    mitigating flood and wind storm damage. It is not to be used as a design manual or
                    a substitute for the preparation of a severe weather preparedness plan for your
                    marina. However, it will provide you with the guidelines you will need to prepare
                    your SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN.

                        This guidebook may be revised to keep current with experience and advances
                    in available technology.






                                                     GLOSSARY OF
                                           SEVERE WEATHERTERMS


                     ADVISO      - A message released by a hurricane center, usually at 6 hour intervals,
                     updating information on the storm or hurricane, including watches and warnings
                     whenever they are in effect. A "special advisory" is a warning given any time there
                     is a significant change in weather conditions or change in warnings previously
                     released. An "immediate advisory" updates information in advisories at 2 to 3 hour
                     intervals, whenever a watch or warning is in effect.

                     ETA - Estimated Time of Arrival.

                     FLASH FLOOD WATCH - Flash flooding is possible within a designated area.

                     FLASH FLOOD WARNING - Flash flooding is imminent; take immediate action.

                     FLOODPLAIN - Any land area susceptible to being inundated by water from any
                     source.


                     GALE WARNING - A warning of sustained winds within the range of 39 to 54
                     miles per hour (34 to 47 knots).

                     HATTERAS LOWS - Low pressure storms that develop along the Carolina coasts.

                     HURRICANE - A tropical cyclone (a storm that rotates counterclockwise) with
                     sustained winds of 74 miles per hour (64 knots) or greater.

                     HURRICANE ADVISORIES - Messages issued by the National Hurricane Center
                     summarizing all coastal warnings in effect, including hurricane watches, a description
                     of the storm, its position, anticipated movement and prospective threat to land.

                     HURRICANE WATCH - The first alert when a hurricane poses a possible, but as
                     yet uncertain, threat to a certain coastal area. Small craft advisories are issued as
                     part of a hurricane watch for a coastal area when there is a threat of hurricane
                     conditions within 24 to 36 hours.

                     HURRICANE WARNING - Issued when hurricane conditions are expected in a
                     specified coastal area in 24 hours or less. Hurricane conditions include winds of 74
                     miles an hour (64 knots) or greater and/or dangerously high tides and waves.
                     Actions for protection of life and property should begin immediately when the
                     warning is issued.

                     NORTHEASTERS - Low pressure storms that develop along the Atlantic
                     characterized by strong northeast winds.




                                                               v







               SEICHE - A mound of water developed by storm wind or changes in pressure and
               released during the approach of the storm center due to changes in the bottom
               topography or coastal configuration.

               STORM WARNING - When associated with a hurricane or tropicai storm, a
               warning of sustained winds in the range of 55 to 73 miles per hour (48 to 63 knots).
               If a hurricane is expected to strike a coastal area, gale or storm wamings will not
               usually precede the hurricane warnings.

               STORM SURGE - A rise in water level caused by a storm as it moves over or near
               the coastline. It can be much higher than mean sea level with high, breaking waves,
               and higher than the normal tidal rise.

               SMALL CRAF]r ADVISORIES - When a hurricane or tropical storm threatens a
               coastal area, small craft are advised to remain in port or not to venture into the
               open sea.

               TROPICAL DISTURBANCE - A moving area of thunderstorms of tropical origin
               that maintains its identity for 24 hours or more.

               TROPICAL DEPRESSION - A rotary circulation at the surface of the water with
               a sustained wind speed of 38 miles per hour (33 knots) or less.

               TROPICAL STORM - Distinct rotary circulation with sustained wind speeds of 39
               to 73 miles per hour (34 to 63 knots).

               TORNADO WATCH - Tornadoes and severe thunderstorms are possible in your
               area.


               TORNADO WARNING - A tornado has been detected in your area. Take shelter.





















                                                        vi






                                                   CHAPTER ONE
                                               Knowing What
                                                    To Expect


                           Severe weather causes more than one billion dollars in property damage in
                    the United States every year. That is not surprising when you consider that a single
                    hurricane can generate energy equivalent to 1,000 times the electrical power
                    generated in the United States every day.

                           Maryland's marinas are highly vulnerable to the destructive forces of severe
                    weather; they have felt the affects of over 60 hurricanes and violent storms in the
                    past 50 years. The potential for devastation to your marina from storm related tidal
                    surges, winds, waves, and rain is quite real.

                           Severe weather can come in the form of a lightning or hail storm, a
                    northeaster, a tornado, or a hurricane. Because hurricanes are the most severe and
                    damaging storms, they will be addressed in detail. However, the concepts required
                    in preparing for hurricanes also apply to all local storms.

                           Any tropical disturbances along the Atlantic Coast can be considered a threat
                    to the Chesapeake Bay region and the State of Maryland. T11e conventional path
                    for these storms is northerly, however, these paths are not always the pattern.
                    Unexpected cold fronts can stall the forward movement of a storm and allow it to
                    strengthen over warm waters. Other weather patterns can cause storms to meander,
                    such as the 1984 hurricane DIANA east of Wilmington, North Carolina. This storm
                    wandered in the Atlantic for several days before taking the normal northerly course.

                           Ile passage of a hurricane strongly affects an area exceeding fifty miles
                    across. Winds build rapidly, up to speeds approaching 150 mph. Tomadoes can be
                    associated with these hurricanes, bringing their own wind threat. Other weather
                    hazards usually accompany hurricanes. Ten to twenty foot storm surges are not
                    uncommon. Rainfall of up to 24 inches a day can add even more water to the
                    already rising waterways. 'nese combinations of high winds and rising water can be
                    devastating.

                           Hurricane BOB passed the Maryland coast in 1991 before coming ashore on
                    the New England Coast. 'Mis storm made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane and
                    caused considerable damage in New England. Landfall in New England of a
                    hurricane like BOB only emphasizes the possibility that a hurricane of this severity
                    is certainly a threat to Maryland.

                           Hurricane HUGO, a Category 4 storm, struck the Charleston, South Carolina
                    area on September 22, 1989, and demonstrated just how destructive these forces can
                    be along the Atlantic Coast. Hundreds of homes were destroyed or moved from
                    their foundations. Thousands of boats were destroyed and/or left high and dry on

                                                              1








               land many miles from their moorings, and most marinas in the area incurred some
               degree of damage. The impact HUGO had on marinas in the Charleston area is
               illustrated by the following examples.

                       ï¿½ Timber piers failed in many cases; decking was tom away from nailers with
                         nails intact.

                       ï¿½ Gangways for floating docks were either pulled from their mooring or
                         twisted away from their hinges.

                       ï¿½ Floating docks, in some cases, floated over top of their piles with the dock
                         pile guide still intact on the dock. Others were lost from pile guide
                         failures, broken piles, or knockdown.

                       ï¿½ Drystack facilities collapsed with substantial damage to boats and to the
                         rack facilities.

                       ï¿½ Ocean front retaining walls were severely damaged from the tidal surge,
                         wave action and wind. Concrete walls were tom from their anchor rods.
                         Wooden walls were completely twisted away after the surge washed the
                         back-fill from behind them.

                       ï¿½ Landside facilities such as phone booths, signs, trailers, light poles, ice
                         machines, vending machines and antennas suffered substantial damage
                         from wind. Tidal surge ruined a number of lockers, transformers and fuel
                         pumps. Many structures sustained damage; some lost their roofs entirely.

                       ï¿½ Failure of utility lines followed failure of gangways or retaining walls. This
                         can be extremely hazardous due to the potential fire, gas and oil leakage,
                         sewage contamination, hazardous chemical spillage, etc.

                       'Me location of your property relative to the path of the storm will determine
               the degree of force and damage you can expect to experience. You can plot the
               storm's path from National Weather Service reports. T11e winds in a hurricane are
               counter-clockwise, and the greatest wind speed, tidal surge, and the most intense
               rainfall will be to the right of the storm's eye when looking in the direction of its
               path. Depending upon the storm's intensity, the maximum tidal surge will also be
               15 to 20 miles to the right of the center of the hurricane's "eye" (figure 1).

                       The left semi-circle of the storm as you look in the direction of its path has
               less force than the right side, but is still dangerous. Should the storm pass directly
               over you, you will experience the winds reducing to minor gusts within the "eye" until
               the "back side" of the hurricane arrives. When this happens the winds will reverse
               direction and will be at or near the intensity experienced on the front side of the
               storm. It may take as long as 30 minutes for the "eye" of the storm to pass over you.
               However, when the southeast quadrant or "backside" of the storm does arrive, the
               hurricane winds will reverse and change direction of wave action. This will change
               the direction of wave action against moorings and reduce water depth (figure 2).



                                                           2











                                                                                                                                           Fr-uRE I






                                                                        A      DIRECTION
                                                                               OF WINDS



                                                                                                                             OF MAXIMUM WINDS

                                                                                                                          TO DIRECTION OF PATH

                                                                                                                             HURRICANE
                                                                                          EYE

                                                                                        AREA OF
                                                                                        NWO wo






                                                                                          . .. .... .... .
                                                                                             ... ....                    900
                                                                                            DIRECTION
                                                                                            OF WINDS

                                                                     UENERALLY, THE HIGHEST TIDAL SURGES AND MOST INTENSE RAINFALL FROM
                                                                A HUR
                         Path of                                      RICANE OCCUR IN THE REGION OF THE RADIUS OF MAXIMUM WINDS AND TO
                                                                THE RIGHT OF THE HURRICANE S FORWARD TRACK. THIS RADIUS IS MEASURED FROM
                                                                THE CENTER OF THE HURRICANE EYE TO THE LOCATION OF THE HIGHEST WIND
                                                                SPEEDS WITHIN THE STORM.                                              VARY FROM
                                                                                              THE RADIUS OF MAXIMUM WINDS CAN
                                                                As LITTLE As 4 MILES TO AS MUCH AS SO MILES.

                                                                                                                                          . . . . . . . . . .. .



                                                                                                                                               RE 2
                       WINDS APPROAC14ING ANNAPOLIS
                       ARE BLOWING WESTE                                           N
                                               A&                                     ....                                 ... ...

                                                                                                                                N
                                                                                                                               WIND


                                                                                                                             . .. .... .......
                                                                                                                              .... .... ...

                                City OJFI-@k
                             Aj,inapdlis                                                                                             DIRECTION
                                                      NNE
                                             4.5
                                                                                                                                     OF WINDS

                            DIRECTION
                            OF WINDS




                                     No
                                    WIND



                                                    *ssl             POSITION OF EYE OVER                       WINDS STRIKING ANNAPous
                                                                     ANNAPOLIS CREATING AN                       NOW REVERSED AND SLOWING
                                                                     OF No WIND.                                 EASTERLY.

                                                         . ........... ............................
                                                       ..... . . . . . . . . .







                                                     CHAFFERTwo
                                                  Why A Severe
                                                  Weather Plan


                                                      HAVING A PLAN


                             The best way to minimize the destructive forces of hurricanes and other
                     violent storms ... to reduce severe weather losses ... is to have prepared in advance
                     and use a SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN.

                             A marina severe weather preparedness plan should be based upon a wide
                     variety of factors including: the location of the marina and its vulnerability to wind,
                     storm surge, current, wave and debris damage; the type and condition of structures
                     present (breakwaters, fixed docks, floating docks, dry storage racks, etc.); and the
                     availability of nearby locations that may provide more sheltered anchorage.

                             In formulating and using a plan, there are five key elements a marina
                     operator should keep in mind:

                             ï¿½ Identifying and assigning responsibilities to individuals for carrying out the
                                plan.

                             ï¿½  Making sure that everyone associated with carrying out the plan has been
                                trained to implement it, especially the marina employees.

                             ï¿½  Educating the boat owners about the plan, severe weather hazards and the
                                correct methods for securing and/or relocating their boats, depending upon
                                the particular situation.

                             ï¿½  Implementing the plan as early as possible. Do not wait until weather
                                conditions deteriorate and it is no longer possible to carry out the plan.

                             ï¿½  Quickly and efficiently cleaning up after the storm. This means boat
                                owners must be ready to act quickly as well.

                             In some cases, local boat relocation plans have been developed and areas of
                     storm refuges have been identified. Storm refuges are also identified in waterway
                     guides, sailing directives and other local publications. Marina operators and boaters
                     should be familiar with these plans. Where they exist, a marina's severe weather
                     preparedness plan should be coordinated with them.

                             In areas where no such boat relocation plans exist or where areas of storm
                     refuges have not been identified, calling for the relocation of boats from a marina
                     presents a more difficult situation. Many boat owners may not move their boats at

                                                                 5








               all, if they don't know where to move them. Boats from other marinas may try to
               tie up in the slip just vacated. Transient boaters in the area who want to ride out
               the storm at a marina will need information on evacuation routes and the location
               of emergency shelters.

                      A marina owner should anticipate these problems and discuss them with
               his/her attorney and insurance agent. Marina slips operated as condominiums will
               also have to be addressed. Any steps the marina will (or will not) take to secure or
               move boats should be spelled out clearly in the slip rental agreement.

                      If boats are allowed to remain in the marina during a severe storm, they are
               to be secured properly, by either the boat owners, owners' representatives or marina
               employees. One loose vessel can be a destructive force to other boats and to the
               marina itself.



                                             MAKING IT WORK

                      A plan must be activated early so that it can be fully implemented. All
               marina preparations should be completed prior to the expected arrival of sustained
               gale-force (39 mph) winds. Weather conditions may deteriorate, and work may
               become dangerous or impossible many hours in advance of storm landfall. Boaters
               evacuating a marina should realize that in most areas draw bridges will not open
               once winds reach gale force (39 mph) and/or once a land evacuation has been
               ordered. 'Dose that wait to relocate their boats may find their prearranged spot
               taken by someone else or may find chaotic conditions along the route they must
               travel. The plan should take into consideration that the marina employees have to
               prepare their homes as well. Have them develop their own plan for their homes and
               families. and allot them time to do this within the severe weather puparedness plan.


                                                   CLEAN UP

                      Upon returning to the marina following a storm, the marina manager may
               discover many boat owners, insurance adjusters, surveyors, contractors, media
               personnel and sightseers there. A plan should anticipate this and deal with it. The
               marina manager may want to work with boat owners beforehand to develop a list
               of adjusters, surveyors and contractors that will be allowed on site after the storm.
               Each of these should know the plan ahead of time so they understand how it will
               affect their work.

                      Emotions can be expected to run high during the aftermath of a storm. So
               plan to reduce confrontation and to ease the recovery process.







                                                        6









                                                  ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

                              Improved preparedness and design do not come easy. Improving your
                      marina's ability to withstand severe weather may require a significant investment of
                      time, effort, and money.

                              You can, however, expect a significant return on you investment, in the form
                      of:

                              ï¿½ Reduced insurance premiums.

                              ï¿½ Reduced damage to marina facilities.

                              ï¿½ Reduced business interruption.

                              On the other hand, you may not be able to afford the cost of "doing nothing"
                      when it comes to severe weather preparedness. You will be faced with:

                              ï¿½ Increased risk of liability litigation for client losses as a result of
                                inadequate preparedness.

                              ï¿½ Increased storm damage to your marina as a result of inadequate
                                preparedness.

                              ï¿½ Potential fines and civil penalties, plus clean-up cost, for oil, sewage or
                                chemical contamination as a result of inadequate preparedness.

                              Information on improving marina design to decrease the possibility of storm
                      damage is included in Chapter 5.


                                         MARINA INSURANCE CONSIDERATIONS

                              Your marina's insurance is normally underwritten with consideration to fire,
                      casualty, liability and the associated hazards. A secondary provision, storm/flood
                      damage, is considered but is not as well quantified and, in general, depends upon
                      your location and local topography. The normal insurance coverage for fire,
                      casualty, etc. is available from many underwriters who also may or may not provide
                      flood insurance. Insurance coverage for damage associated with high winds and
                      flooding is partially incorporated within flood insurance, but it is not as simple as it
                      sounds. Each marina owner/operator should consult his or her insurance agent to
                      ascertain that coverage is adequate. Business interruption insurance should be
                      considered when developing the above coverage.

                      Flood Insurance Considerations

                              The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is a federal program enabling
                      property owners to purchase insurance protection against losses from flooding.
                      Congress established the NFIP with the passage of the National Flood Insurance Act


                                                                 7









               of 1968 and the Act was modified and further broadened with the Flood Disaster
               Protection Act of 1973.         NFIP is administered by the Federal Insurance
               Administration (FIA), a component of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
               (FEMA).

                      Cooperating communities throughout the State of Maryland are participating
               in the NFIP and have had studies completed which identify flood plain areas for
               insurance purposes. The marina owner should consult with his/her insurance agent
               to ascertain if flood insurance is required for the area.

               Tenant/Boat Owner Insurance
               Policies and Agmments

                      Some boat owners may not carry insurance. It is important for a tenant to
               have a comprehensive yacht insurance policy. This will allow timely salvage
               operations to be conducted by the boat owner or his insurance representative,
               provide resources for payment of salvage contractors and minimize potential for
               claims against the marina for damage to the boat.

                      In addition to assuring that all boaters carry hull and liability insurance, the
               marina owner/operator should attempt to reach a special emergency operations
               "hold harmless" agreement with each boat owner. This agreement holds the marina
               harmless for accidental damage caused when the marina takes emergency steps
               before or during the storm. It also holds the marina harmless for work done by
               marina or salvage contractors. The agreement does not cover intentional sinking,
               setting a boat adrift or other acts by the marina that clearly increase the potential
               for damage. Normal marina operations can resume sooner if all tenants carry a
               twelve month marine insurance policy and if an endorsement, like the one below,
               is added prior to the storm.           Immediately after the storm, the marina
               owner/operator should be available to assist boat owners' insurance representatives.
               Most carriers are prepared to expedite salvage efforts. Normally, salvage operations
               should not be undertaken independently by the marina.

                      Notwithstanding any other provision of this policy, the company agrees
                      to hold harmless the                     (marina), its officers, members
                      and employees, for any accidental damages occurring during, or
                      resulting from, actions taken while conducting emergency storm
                      preparation and salvage operations. Emergency storm preparation and
                      salvage operations include any activity which the
                      (marina), harbor master or the                         (marina) officers
                      deem necessary to protect persons from injury or property from
                      damage other than intentional acts that clearly increase the potential
                      for damage to the insured boat such as sinking or setting adrift.

                      The marina owner/operator should also establish a prerequisite requirement
               for each boat owner using his/her marina to provide details of the owner's
               responsibility in the event of an impending storm. The following requirements
               should be included:




                                                          8








                            ï¿½ Familiarity with and commitment to marina's severe weather preparedness
                              plan.

                            ï¿½ Knowledge of who is notified and how.

                            ï¿½ Ile owner's responsibility for securing the boat, storm mooring, hauling,
                              etc.


                            ï¿½ Initial steps to be taken if the owner cannot be reached.

                            ï¿½ Removal of gear from boat and dock box.

                            No advance preparation can be 100% effective. However the marina that
                    can survive a severe storm will also survive other hazards. As alluded to by many
                    insurance underwriters and agents, when visiting or inspecting a marina one can
                    normally tell if it is a well run operation by the attitude, cxpsDjn4zg, and
                    maintenance and upkM. An uncaring attitude will increase damage potential. The
                    experienced owner/operator has a high regard for the hazards of poorly secured
                    boats and high winds. A well maintained and well kept marina provides the resident
                    boat owner with a sense of security and trust for his property.






























                                                             9







                                                  CHAPTERTHREE

                                   Hazards Of Severe Weather


                        THUNDERSTORMS, NORTHEASTERS. TORNADOS, & HURRICANES

                            The majority of marinas in the State of Maryland are located on the waters
                     of the Chesapeake Bay, its estuaries and rivers, and the sounds and bays along the
                     Atlantic Ocean. Because of their proximity to these large expanses of water, they
                     are more susceptible to the severe weather experienced on these waters, especially
                     hurricanes.

                            Severe weather conditions which effect Maryland marinas include
                     thunderstorms, northeasters, tornados and hurricanes.

                            Thunderstorms are created when warm, moist air rises, cools and condenses.
                     It swells into mounds of thick, billowy cumulus clouds that quickly darken into the
                     towering, ominous-looking, anvil-shaped, cumulonimbus clouds characteristic of
                     thunderstorms. The transition from a small cloud to a turbulent, electrified storm
                     front can occur in as little as 30 minutes. Strong, gusty winds and heavy rains with
                     thunder and lightning will soon follow. Fortunately, few thunderstorms last more
                     than an hour.

                            The sharper, darker and lower the front edge of the cloud, the more severe
                     the storm. The anvil-shaped top of the storm cloud points in the direction the storm
                     is traveling.

                            Thunderstorms usually follow hot, humid weather. In summer, afternoon
                     thunderstorms are likely to occur over water when the humidity and temperature
                     ashore are high. Hot air radiates upward from land surfaces heated by the sun.
                     Moisture from a nearby body of water is absorbed by the warm air, which rises to
                     begin the formation of thunderheads. They usually appear as swift-moving black
                     clouds, often approaching from the southwest, south or west at speeds of 25-35 knots.

                            Thunderstorms, on the average, occur 30 days per year at any location in the
                     eastern part of Maryland and 40 days per year at locations in the west. Hail
                     associated with these thunderstorms occurs on an average of 1 day per year at
                     locations in the east and 2 days per year in the west. Severe, devastating hail-storms
                     average one every five years. On April 29, 1939 a thunderstorm began dropping golf
                     ball to hen egg size hail stones along a path 20 to 25 miles wide. The storm went
                     110 to 115 miles and traveled from the District of Columbia to Sussex County,
                     Delaware. This storm caused an estimated damage of $100,000 (1938 dollars).
                     Thunderstorms, when accompanied by lightning, pose another element of danger,
                     known as an electrical storm, to the marina and the boats docked there. An
                     electrical storm is characterized by the flashes of lightning and the corresponding
                     clap of thunder, and lightning will normally strike the highest point under the cloud.


                                                               11








               Lightning can lash out for miles in front of a storm, and it can strike after a storm
               seems to have passed.

                      Lightning statistics kept since 1959 rank Maryland 6th in the Nation for
               lightning deaths! Of the 111 recorded lightning deaths during the 30 years from
               1959 to 1989, eighty-one were attributed to a jetliner crash near Elkton, Maryland
               on December 8, 1963. The aircraft exploded in air and was believed to have been
               struck by lightning. Maryland ranked 24th in the Nation for lightning injuries
               reporting 114 injured in the 30 year period.' Below is a breakdown of the state's
               lightning statistics:



                 By Month       Deaths       Injuries     By Location        Deaths     Injuries

                     May          4            35       OnINear Water          13          15
                    June          5            17         Open Spaces          9           45
                     July         8            34         Under Trees          5           16
                                                          Near Heavy
                   Aueust          11          20          Eauipment           0            4
                 September        1              6        Golf Course          0            3
                   October        1              2         On Phone            0             1
                 Nove ber         0              0    1      Other             84          30



                           (No deaths or injuries occurred   in January through April)


                     Northeasters occur when a low pressure area builds along the Atlantic coast
               and moves on its natural northerly course. The wind force from these storms can
               build to hurricane strength. At Ocean City, the most destructive storm of record was
               a northeaster which struck in March of 1962. Tlese storms build slowly and
               sometimes last for days, causing heavy flooding, erosion of the beaches and severe
               wind damage.

                     Severe thunderstorms, tropical storms, and hurricanes may spawn tornados
               or water spouts within the squall line of the storm. Considerable destruction
               attributed to hurricane force winds actually is caused by tornados. This is believed
               to be the case with storm damage in the wake of Hurricane HUGO in the area of
               Lake Norman near Charlotte, North Carolina.

                     Ninety-seven tornados have been reported within the State of Maryland from
               1950 to 1989 with 2 deaths recorded and 42 people injured. The most recent death
               occurred on May 8, 1984 when at least 3 tornados occurred in Maryland on the same
               day. Eighteen people were injured in Maryland on this day and 15 people were



                                                         12








                    injured in a town in Virginia. Records dating back to 1916 show that there have
                    been 31 deaths attributed to tornados in Maryland.

                           Since 1871, 107 hurricanes and tropical storms have affected Maryland. Yet
                    no hurricane has made initial landfall into Maryland during this time period. Two
                    tropical storms, however, have made the coastline of Maryland, one in November
                    of 1893 and one in September of 1943. Despite the lack of hurricanes making iflilw
                    landfall, damage from hurricanes over the years has been extensive.

                           In August 1933, a hurricane made landfall on the northern coast of North
                    Carolina and passed over Norfolk, Virginia and proceeded toward Washington, DC.
                    The brunt of its force came up the Chesapeake Bay, and caused 18 deaths and $17
                    million in damages in Maryland (1969 dollars). HAZEL followed in 1954 and
                    produced wind gusts near 100 mph as it crossed the state, and CONNIE in August
                    1955 came right up the Chesapeake Bay producing record rains. DORIA narrowly
                    missed making landfall in 1967, and AGNES in June of 1972 crossed the state
                    causing 21 deaths and heavy damage. ELOISE in September of 1975 produced 6
                    to 14 inches of rain over Delaware, and DAVID spawned 7 tornados over Maryland
                    and Delaware in September of 1979.

                                       The occurrence of hurricanes by months are:

                    January          0             May             0           September              43
                    February         I             June            8           October                21
                    March            0             July            5           November                1
                    April            0             August         27           December                1

                           During the last two decades the coastal population in the United States has
                    been increasing while the number of hurricanes striking the coast has declined. This
                    has had a two fold effect. One, the number of structures exposed to dangers of
                    hurricanes has increased which increases the potential destruction from any one
                    storm coming ashore. Second, it exposes a greater number of people to the dangers
                    of the storm. The combination of these factors is illustrated in Figure I which shows
                    that property damage spiraled upward in tandem with the coastal population until
                    the last two decades when it leveled off. In fact, if it bad not been for the more
                    than $7 billion loss caused by Hurricane HUGO in 1989, a significant decrease in
                    losses would have been noted.

                           Figure 2 shows the loss of life during this period. 11is figure clearly
                    demonstrates the improvement in the effectiveness of hurricane forecast, warning,
                    and response programs since the turn of the century.


                                  TYPES OF HAZARDS FROM SEVERE STORMS

                           Severe storms including thunderstorms, northeasters, and hurricanes can
                    develop several hazardous phenomena to persons and property. These hazards
                    include but are not limited to the following:



                                                             13





                                           HURRICANE LOSSES BY DECADE
                                                       DAMAGE IN USA FROM 1900 TO 1989



                                           18-   '

                                           16    . . .................................................................... .........................................


                                                                                        ..............                     ...............................


                                     z                                                                            . ...............................
                                     0     12-            .......               ............  *"**
                                     1     1 (y  . ..................... ....................................     . ...............................

                                             8   . . .........*........... ....................................           ..............I ................


                                     0
                                             6        ...........*...... ....... .............                            ...............................

                                             4   . . ......................................                       . ...............................

                                             2-"'***  ........................                                    . ...............................

                                             0                 .0a -  '                                                         f, -
                                                        190010 20              30 40 50              60 70 80 90 2000
                                                                                          YEARS

                                                                                            Figure 1



                                           HURRICANE LOSSES BY DECADE
                                                        DEATHS IN USA FROM 1900 TO 1989





                                                                                                     ..............*...........   .......... ** .......


                                           7000-      .........   .............................  ...... ..................................................................


                                                          ... .......   *...............................                       .............--------

                                     z     50w_       .........   ----------*......... *- ................... -------- -----------
                                     I
                                     :3    4000-1     .........   .......................................................................................................
                                     0
                                           ww     . . .........   .......................................................................................................


                                                                                                      .............


                                           low-,      .. ......                        .................................. .....................................

                                                 0                                            1     1      1      1     1      1
                                                            190010        20 30         40 50 60 70 80 90 2000
                                                                                           YEARS

                                                                                              Figure 2



                                                                                                 15








                     FIQQfing - This poses the most significant threat to life and property. The storm
                     types indicated above may bring heavy rainfall, usually in a very short period of time.

                     Storm SuMe- - The storm surge is a great dome of water that comes sweeping across
                     the coastline near the area where the eye of the hurricane makes landfall. The
                     stronger the hurricane, the higher the storm surge will be. This surge is in addition
                     to a high tide and wind generated waves which also develop. This surge may be
                     from 50 to 75 miles in diameter around the center of the storm and will cause severe
                     flooding, beach erosion and structural damage as the storm moves along or crosses
                     a coastline. Storm surge flooding occurs slowly at a rate determined by the speed
                     of the storm. A storm surge can be associated with northeasters as well as
                     hurricanes and tropical storms.

                     Seich - Seiche occurs when the mound of water, developed by the storm winds or
                     changes in the pressure, is released during the approach of the storm center due to
                     changes in the bottom topography or coastal configuration. Water cascades along
                     low lying coastal areas in a series of giant waves, flooding these areas in a matter
                     of minutes. One of the most damaging seiche occurred on June 26, 1954, when a
                     10 foot high seiche struck 25 miles of the Lake Michigan shoreline. Eight people
                     were drowned by the wave, which apparently was caused by a sudden rise in air
                     pressure.

                     Wind - High winds may develop pressure against structures that can cause structure
                     failure, and may generate waves and high water which lead to flooding. This
                     flooding can often cut off escape routes out of the area. Storm winds cause death
                     and property damage.


                                             HAZARDS FROM H                CANES'

                            Along our Atlantic and Gulf coast, the typical hurricane season lasts from
                     June through November. Early in this season, the western Caribbean and Gulf of
                     Mexico are principal areas of origin. In July and August, this center begins an
                     eastward shift; by early September a few storms are being born as far east as the
                     Cape Verde Islands off Africa's west coast. Again after mid-September, most storms
                     begin in the western Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.

                            In an average year, more than one hundred disturbances with hurricane
                     potential are observed in the Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbean; but on an average only
                     10 of these reach the tropical storm stage, and only about six mature into hurricanes.
                     On average, two of these hurricanes strike the United States, where they kill from
                     about 50 to 100 people somewhere between Texas and Maine, and cause hundreds
                     of millions of dollars in property damage. In a worse-than-average year, the same
                     storms cause several hundred deaths, and property damage totaling billions of
                     dollars.




                      1NOAA/National Weather Service, Hurricane! A Familiarization Booklet.

                                                               17









               Destruction in a Hurricane

                      Hurricanes are the unstable, unreliable creatures of a moment in our planet's
               natural history. But their brief life ashore can leave scars that never quite heal.
               In the mid-1970's, the hand of 1969's CAMILLE could still be seen along the
               Mississippi Gulf Coast. Most of a hurricane's destructive work is done by the
               general rise in the height of the sea, called storm surge.

               Winds - Hurricane winds can be the least destructive force, although there are
               important exceptions like 1971's CELIA., whose high winds did most of the storm's
               destructive work.    These winds are a force to be reckoned with by coastal
               communities deciding how strong their structures should be. As winds increase,
               pressure against objects is added at a disproportionate rate. Pressure mounts with
               the square of wind velocity, so that a tenfold increase in wind speed increases
               pressure one-hundred-fold. The pressure increase from a category 1 (74 mph)
               hurricane to a category IV (155 mph) hurricane is from 18 pounds per square foot
               to over 80 pounds per square foot. For some structures, this added force is enough
               to cause failure. Tall structures like radio towers can be worked to destruction by
               gusty hurricane-force winds. Winds also carry a barrage of debris that can be quite
               dangerous.

                     All the wind damage does not necessarily come from the hurricane. As the
               storm moves shoreward, interactions with other weather systems can produce
               tornados, which work around the fringes of the hurricane. Although hurricane-
               spawned tornados are not the most violent form of these whirlwinds, they have
               added to the toll we pay the hurricane.

               Rainfall - Floods from hurricane rainfall are quite destructive. A typical hurricane
               brings 6 to 12 inches of rainfall to the area it crosses, and some have brought much
               more. The resulting floods have caused great damage and loss of life, especially in
               mountainous areas, where heavy rains mean flash floods. The most widespread
               flooding in United States history (through 1976) was caused by the remnants of
               hurricane AGNES in 1972. Rains from the dying hurricane brought disastrous floods
               to the entire Atlantic tier of states causing 188 deaths and some $2.1 billion in
               property damages.

               Storm Sm= - The hurricanes' worst killer comes from the sea, in the form of storm
               surge. (As the hurricane approaches land, it pushes a waH of water ahead of it,
               called the Storm Surge.) This surge is responsible for nine out of every ten victims
               claimed by a hurricane and most of the structural damages.

                     Hurricane surge tide heights are governed by the central pressure deficit, the
               radius of maximum winds, the storm direction of motion and forward speed, and the
               ocean depths under the eye of the storm.

                     As the storm crosses the continental shelf and moves close to the coast, mean
               water level may increase 15 feet or more. The advancing storm surge combines with
               the normal astronomical tide to create the hurricane storm tide. In addition, wind
               waves. 5 to 10 feet high are superimposed on the storm tide. This buildup of water


                                                        18








                     level can cause severe flooding in coastal areas, particularly when the storm surge
                     coincides with normal high tides. Because much of the United States' densely
                     populated coastline along the Atlantic and Gulf coast lies less than 10 feet above
                     mean sea level, the danger from storm surge is great.

                            Wave and current action associated with the surge also causes extensive
                     damage. Water weighs some 1,700 pounds per cubic yard; extended pounding by
                     frequent waves can demolish any structures not specifically designed to withstand
                     such forces.

                            Currents, set up along the coast by the gradient in storm surge heights and
                     wind, combine with waves to severely erode beaches and coastal highways. Many
                     buildings withstand hurricane winds until their foundations, undermined by erosion,
                     are weakened and fail. Storm tides, waves, and currents in confined harbors severely
                     damage ships, marinas, and pleasure boats. In estuarine and bayou areas, intrusions
                     of salt water endanger the public health.


                                       SAFFIR I SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE

                     catm[y I

                            Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees,
                            foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No real wind damage to other
                            structures. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Storm surge possibly
                            4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier
                            damage, some small craft in exposed anchorages torn from moorings.

                     catnQ1Y 2

                            Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery and
                            tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile
                            homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to
                            roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major
                            wind damage to buildings. Storm surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above normal.
                            Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4
                            hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers.
                            Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from moorings.
                            Evacuation of some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas required.

                     Cat=[y 3

                            Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees
                            blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some
                            damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage.
                            Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. Storm
                            surge possibly 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many
                            smaller structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged



                                                              19








                     by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by
                     rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives.

              Category 4

                     Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs
                     down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows, and doors. Complete
                     failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile
                     homes. Storm surge possibly 13 to 18 feet above normal. Major damage to
                     lower floors of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves
                     and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to
                     5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches.

              CategQ![y 5

                     Winds greater than 156 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down;
                     considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and
                     extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many
                     residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures. Small
                     buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes
                     and to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level. Low-
                     lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane
                     center arrives.



































                                                       20







                                                 CHAFTERFoUR

                             Lessons From Hurricane HUgo2

                          Hurricane HUGO was one of the worst storms of the century to strike the
                  east coast. The storm tracked a northwesterly course through the Atlantic and made
                  landfall along the coast of South Carolina at approximately 12 am on 22 September
                  1989, two hours before high tide. This was a Category 4 storm with sustained winds
                  of 135 mph and gusts reported as high as 175 mph.

                          The National Hurricane Center forecasters underestimated its strength as it
                  approached the coast. During the 24-hour period before landfall, HUGO's highest
                  sustained winds rose from 105 mph to 135 mph. During this period the wind
                  forecast in all of the public advisories was: "little significant change in strength is
                  likely". Just twelve hours before the storm made landfall, the storm's winds were
                  reported by the Weather Service at 110 mph.

                          As HUGO moved inland, it maintained hurricane force winds until it passed
                  Columbia and Shaw Air Force Base outside of Sumter, South Carolina, while
                  Charlotte, North Carolina was subject to 69 mph sustained winds with gusts up to
                  90 mph.


                                     SOUTH CAROLINA MARINA FACILITIES

                          In 1989 the Statistical Research Department of the National Marine
                  Management Association (NMMA) ranked South Carolina 11th in boating
                  registration in the United States. The majority of this boating population is located
                  at marinas along the coast and in the fresh water lakes. However, there is a distinct
                  difference between the construction of saltwater and freshwater marinas. Ile
                  freshwater marina docks are usually light wood construction, utilizing ten-inch wood
                  piles for anchoring, while the coastal marinas are constructed of floating docks,
                  usually of heavy timber, concrete or aluminum construction. Piles in the coastal
                  zone are usually either timber (12-14 inch) or pre-stressed concrete (12-14 inch).
                  Very few steel piles are used in construction of marinas in South Carolina. Most of
                  the marinas facilities utilize floating docks as the daily tidal range varies from eight
                  feet at Hilton Head to five feet at Charleston and Myrtle Beach. Ile coast of South
                  Carolina is flat and the water is often bounded by wide expanses of marsh
                  vegetation. There are few natural marina sites with protection from hurricanes.

                          Most coastal marina facilities have been constructed in the last ten years with
                  only one, Lockwood Marina in Charleston, being over twenty years old. Lockwood
                  Marina and Georgetown Landing were the only marinas that utilized breakwaters.



                      2j  G. Taylor, P.E., Lessons from Hurricane HUGO.

                                                             21








                                                                                                  .3


              There are many small inland marina facilities that have been in operation for over
              20 years.

                     South Carolina does not have specific marina'construction codes or design
              guidelines, and there are no requirements for a professional design engineer,
              registered in the state, be involved in the marina design (drydocks do require an
              engineer's or architect's seal).


                                            MARINA DAMAGES

              Drystack Facilities

                     In a storm with HUGO's windspeed, the metal skin on the drystack buildings
              does not hold up well. This was also true of other prefabricated buildings with
              metal skin. Once the metal skin gave away, there appeared to be substantial loads
              on the roof. The metal skin on all the buildings sustained some degree of damage.
              Where the skin damage was extensive, the buildings collapsed, causing substantial
              damage to the boats stored in them and to the rack facility.

              Fixed Pier Facilities

                     The decking on the majority of the piers was torn from the nailers with nails
              intact or pulled away from the nails. There were many failures in the handrails, and
              in some cases the vertical members were ripped away from the bolted connections
              with those connections remaining in the joist. Joist and nailers adequately tied to
              pile caps and adequately braced at joints remained oblivious to the uplift forces,
              however it was observed that the horizontal forces of the tidal surge caused
              considerable bending failures in the joists. Pile caps which were bolted, versus
              spiking them to the sides of the piles, survived the uplifting forces very well. One
              prominent failure in joists was the butt and lap joints. Where the joints butted and
              did not have a metal connector or adequate lap, the joists were dislodged from the
              joints. This was exacerbated by the practice of locating all joints in a line
              conveniently over a pile cap. When the uplift force was applied this caused a high
              failure on the alignment of the joints. Staggered joints fared much better.

              GanMayl

                     There were many gangway failures in the marinas as the rising tidal surge
              pushed the floating docks above their normal design levels. Most fixed pier
              elevations were set at between 8 and 9 feet mean sea level (MSL). When the tidal
              surge got above 6.5 feet MSL then the gangways were almost horizontal (6.0 + 1.5
              + gangway structure = approx 8 feet MSL). Above that point they were inoperable
              and began to experience torque and racking that either pulled them from their
              moorings or twisted them from the hinge mechanisms. There were also problems
              with high wind loads on the gangways. High wind caused. the gangways to fly
              horizontal and flap in the breeze. This racking of the gangway applied torque-like
              forces on the hinge connections and caused them to fail.



                                                       22








                     Retaining Walls

                            Retaining walls in marinas survived the hurricane very well. 'nose retaining
                     walls that were on the ocean front sustained severe damage from the combined tidal
                     surge, wave action and wind. Many of the observed retaining wall failures were
                     concrete and were torn from their anchor rods at the cap and fell forward. Most did
                     not have weep holes and many did not have caps. Some wood walls failed, but they
                     seemed to have been completely twisted away after the surge washed the back fill
                     from behind them. Many did not use galvanized anchor rods or cables and had
                     rusted severely. Most of the deadman or tiebacks stayed in place.

                     Utilities and Fuels

                            The utility lines usually followed the failure of either the gangway or the
                     retaining walls. Transformers and utilities on the floating docks were destroyed
                     when the docks were damaged or lost. Docks that were damaged also had power
                     pedestal damage. Floating fueling facilities fared likewise. There was one observed
                     oil spill that was caused when the tank floated to the top and rotated in place. This
                     resulted in an EPA supervised clean-up that costs the marina operator approximately
                     $5,500. Note: He had no choice in who did the clean up work or how much it cost
                     him.


                     Landside Facilities

                            The wind caused substantial damage to landside facilities such as phone
                     booths, signs, light poles, ice machines, soft drink machines, antennas, trailers and
                     prefabricated buildings. The tidal surge ruined a number of freezers, lockers,
                     transformers and landside fuel pumping facilities. Structures, especially those with
                     canopies, sustained damage. Many roofs had shingles blown off, were hit by falling
                     trees, or lost their roofs entirely.

                     Floating Docks

                            The failures to floating docks ranged from failures of pile guides to complete
                     failure of dock systems with the boats intact. Ile commercial dock systems fared
                     better than the local contractor manufactured dock systems. Some of the dock
                     systems failed from wind loads transferred to them from the boats that were moored
                     at the dock. There were instances where the owners of very large boats would not
                     move their boats and these larger boats caused the floating docks to fail. These
                     boats broke away and caused substantial damage to other docks. In one instance
                     a floating tire breakwater came loose from its anchors and crashed into a marina,
                     setting up a domino failure of the other docks. The most prominent failure within
                     the dock structures was the connection of the finger to the main walkway. Many
                     docks came loose in modules and floated up on the marshes. Many were retrieved
                     and reused in the rebuilding process. nose with exposed foam flotation did not
                     recover well as the foam, in many cases, was torn from the structure. Encased foam
                     docks were much easier to recover and reuse. There were three prominent failures
                     in the floating dock systems, all related to the anchor piles in the system.



                                                              23








               Piling Systems

                      Many piles were pushed over (leaning) or in the case of concrete piles some
               were lying on the bottom, indicating that piles did not have sufficient penetration.
               A similar number of piles were broken. Most of these failures occuffed below the
               mud line. This indicates that the piles had adequate penetration but were not
               adequately sized. Special Note: For the most part, these two pile failure modes
               were consistent on the site, e.g. all failures were broken or all were leaning. The
               piles were still intact but the docks were no longer around. Indications were that
               either the pile guides failed or the docks floated over the top of the piles. From the
               observation of the docks, there were a number of pile guide failures. However, by
               far the majority of the docks had floated over the top while the dock pile guide
               remained intact on the docks.















































                                                        24






                                                   CHAPTERFwE
                               Marina Design Considerations'


                                              RELEVANT TERMINOLOG

                    Bulkhead: A wall subjected to varying hydrostatic water pressure plus waves on one
                    side and hydrostatic and soil pressure on the other. Bulkheads can have several
                    failure modes and should be designed by a licensed structural engineer (Sketch 2).

                    DesigLi Loads: Forces which must be carried by the structure being designed.
                    Vertical loads include the Dead Load (the weight of the structure) and the Live
                    Load ( the "extra" load imposed on the structure by people, baggage, etc.). The live
                    load may move about. On floating structures, freeboard is specified under both
                    dead load and live load conditions. Tle buoyancy of walkways and wooden support
                    beams will apply an upward vertical loading to fixed, pile supported structures when
                    they are submerged. These forces must be addressed for severe storm conditions.
                    Horizontal loadings caused by wind, current and boat or debris impact must be
                    included, and the forces must be applied at the correct location. Under maximum
                    design conditions, such as imposed by a hurricane, the forces would be applied near
                    the top of the pile. The vibratory nature of these forces can have a more
                    detrimental effect than a load applied smoothly in one direction.

                    DeslgLq Period: The projected recurrence period for a storm of a given strength.
                    The design period indicates the probability that a storm of that magnitude may occur
                    in any given year.

                           Recurrence Period (Yr)              5      10    25     50      100
                           % Chance in Any Given Year         20% 10% 4% 2%                 1%

                    Fairway: The clear distance between two rows of docked boats which is traversed
                    when leaving or entering a slip. When no strong currents or wind forces exist, the
                    fairway should be 1.5 to 1.75 times the length of the longest docked vessel.

                    Fetch: The length of water over which wind waves are generated. Longer fetches
                    allow higher waves.

                    Freeboard: The height of the structure above design water level.

                    Pile Cap: The device which provides a connection between the pile and the
                    structure being supported by the pile. This is a critical link in the design of pile
                    supported structures because it must transmit all the horizontal and vertical forces
                    to the pile without becoming detached (Sketch 1).



                        3Jeff Bliemel, Marina Desien Considerations.

                                                             25








                                                                                                   .-   -4



               Riprap: A protective layer of,quarry stone, usually well graded, with a wide size
               limit and randomly placed to prevent erosion and scour. The size of the stone is
               dictated by the expected wave energy. In severe wave climates, a larger, more
               uniform layer of stone called the armor layer may be placed on top of the riprap.

               Scou : The removal of underwater material by waves and currents, especially at the
               base or toe of a shore based structure such as a bulkhead. Scour is increased during
               severe storm events because the storm surge provides deeper water thus allowing
               larger waves to reach the bulkhead.

               Significant Wave Height: The average height of the highest one-third of the waves
               of a given wave group.

               Storm S=: A rise in water level above normal levels due to wind stress or, in the
               case of a hurricane, wind stress plus very low atmospheric pressure. Storm surge can
               raise water levels 17 to 20 feet causing extreme flooding. The impact worsens
               because the deeper water levels caused by storm surge allow larger waves to
               approach and break on otherwise protected structures (Sketch 3).

               Tidal Ran : The difference in height between consecutive high and low waters.
               The tidal range for Spring Tides (which occur at or near the time of the new or full
               moon) is larger than the tidal range for Neap Tides (which occur near the time of
               quadrature of the moon, ie. half moon points).

               Mde: The rise and fall of the water level caused by the gravitational attraction of
               the sun and moon. Astronomical tides do not take into account the potentially large
               changes caused by weather. There are several tide water levels that are used as
               references in marine design and they include:

                     - MHW - Mean High Water is the average high water elevation over a 19
                       year astronomical cycle.

                     - MHHW - Mean Higher High Water is the 19 year average height of the
                       higher high waters of a semi-diumal tide which exists when an area has
                       two high tides each day rather than a diurnal cycle with only one high water
                       per day.

                     - MLW - Mean Low Water is the average low water elevation over a 19 year
                       astronomical cycle.

                     - MLLW - Mean Lower Low Water is the average height of the lower of
                       the two low waters of a semi-diumal tide cycle.

               Waves: Periodic undulation of the water surface normally generated by wind or boat
               wakes. The three important parameters of waves are wave height, wave period (the
               time between 2 subsequent wave crests), and direction. Although it seems obvious
               that higher waves have more energy, it may not be as apparent that long period
               waves (10 to 15 seconds) have more energy than short period (2 to 4 seconds) waves.
               Wave data is most often hindcast; that is, computed using known wind velocities over


                                                       26








                      measured fetches to predict wave heights and period. If available, data taken from
                      wave gages that measure actual wave height, period and direction is much preferred
                      over hindcast techniques. In shallow water, under most conditions, the wave can
                      be no higher than 80% of the water depth.


                                                    ISSUES OF CONCE

                             In marina design, perhaps the greatest concern lies in the almost total lack
                      of established design standards and building codes nationwide.              Design and
                      construction of even the smallest marina is complex, multi-disciplinary and requires
                      a number of considerations combined with a vast array of data requirements. Each
                      facility is site specific, market specific, environment specific and use specific. Proper
                      engineering and design of a marina requires the involvement of licensed design
                      professionals who are experienced in marina planning, design and construction. The
                      lack of established design standards and building codes increases the need for
                      professional involvement.

                             It is difficult to establish the exact failure mode of structures during a
                      hurricane. The combination of forces is varied and difficult to predict and does not
                      necessarily follow a set of formulas or a laboratory experiment. Only by looking at
                      a number of installations with various types of construction can we begin to identify
                      patterns of failures that are conclusive and translatable into design standards and/or
                      codes. Some design solutions should be obvious and historical in their application,
                      but with new materials, new inexperienced marine design personnel, outdated design
                      guidelines, inexperienced marine contractors, and developers that are attempting to
                      construct marina projects as economically-as possible, the need for guidance in
                      marina design has never been greater. The above factors combined with a growing
                      interest in boating and the need to protect boaters, marina investors, marina
                      insurers, adjacent property, and the public at large, make the development of
                      modem marina design standards a top priority.

                             Assuming that very good design standards and criteria are available and
                      usable by competent marina designers, there are many marina projects that still
                      never have any involvement by registered design professionals. Many of these
                      projects utilize designs developed by contractors or dock builder/manufacturers.
                      Often, building permits and inspections by building officials are not required on
                      marina projects. If inspection is required, the inspectors often do not know what to
                      inspect. They have no code requirements to enforce. Insurance companies are
                      insuring marinas without knowing the standards of the design used. Lending
                      institutions, likewise, know little of the design or the performance potential of
                      marinas.

                             Environmental and resource agencies are reviewing marina permit
                      applications with little concern for navigation, boater safety, economic feasibility or
                      public access to the water. The location, design, construction and operation of
                      marina facilities is now being determined by agencies that have little knowledge
                      about, or positive concern for, marinas.



                                                                 27








                                                                                                       I     I


                       ne remainder of this Chapter is intended as a preliminary introduction to
               marina planning and design concepts related to significant storm events. This
               information shall be useful for inexperienced design professionals, marine product
               manufactures, new or prospective marina owners and others who wish to become
               familiar with marina planning and design concepts. It is not a definitive design
               document, and the writers assume no responsibi-lity for its use.

                                    BASIC PUNNINQ CONSIDERATIONS

               First:         Hire a licensed design professional and require her/him to at least
                              review and seal all drawings and specifications provided to you. If
                              possible, let design professionals be involved in the permitting process.

               Second:        Develop and conunit in writing to a specific severe weather operation
                              policy. The design professional should be requested to provide
                              cost/benefit trade-offs during the decision process.

               Third:         After receiving a written severe weather operations plan the marina
                              design professional should use the best reasonably available technology
                              and judgement to predict design loads that will actually be applied
                              throughout the marina. The design return period on hurricanes should
                              be balanced against the expected life of the marina, and compliance
                              with local codes and ordinances. Keep in mind that codes are
                              minimum design criteria and increased strength and reliability may be
                              more economical in the long run.

                              The recommended design period for hurricanes (wind and tidal surge)
                              is normally 50 years (2% probability, in any given year) and 25 years
                              (4% probability in any given year) should be considered the absolute
                              minimum design period. This is true even if the expected life of the
                              offshore facilities is less than 25 years. Operations plans that assume
                              boats will leave the marina are detrimental and unrealistic. Even if
                              boat owners were willing to remove their boats, they may be unable
                              to get to their boats or they may be prevented from moving their boats
                              due to severe weather or channel obstructions. If they do move their
                              boats, passing transients may dock in the empty slips.

               Fourth:        In order to protect the public, government agencies have a
                              responsibility to set minimum hurricane planning and design criteria
                              and to require the involvement of licensed professionals in marina
                              design. ne marina design professional should exhaust this source in
                              his quest for applicable design data.

               Fifth:         Dock manufacturers' literature is developed to assist in marketing
                              docks. Claims about performance during past hurricanes can be
                              misleading.   Marinas are extremely site specific.        Do not rely
                              completely on dock manufacturers literature, especially those that
                              promote standard designs for specific wave heights, wind loads, etc.
                              Dock manufacturers and suppliers should be required to submit design


                                                         28








                                     calculations and documents showing that they comply with site specific
                                     marina design requirements. The number of years in the dock
                                     manufacturing business, a history of performances in hurricanes and
                                     the service provided after the storm are important criteria to consider
                                     when selecting and specifying dock manufacturers.


                                               FACTORS TO BE ADDRESSED

                     Marina SegLng: Select sites that offer protection from hurricanes.

                             Wind: Velocity, direction and duration are critically important in the design
                             of dry stack facilities, and winds also apply forces to docked boats which
                             translates into forces on docks and pilings and other anchor systems.
                             Potential wind blown missiles include dock boxes, signs, dinghies, sheet metal
                             panels from buildings, and all other unsecured loose objects. Navigation of
                             vessels into or out of the marina or the use of marina equipment such as fork
                             lifts may be severely restricted.

                             Waves: Height and period are important because they determine the force
                             on the dock system as well as on the land/water interface (either bulkheaded
                             or ripraped shoreline). Waves affect not only boats moving into, out of or
                             within the marina but may restrict movement of personnel on docked vessels
                             and prevent access to or from vessels on either fixed or floating docks or
                             swing moorings.

                             Tides and Storm S=: The combination of these provide the base elevation
                             to which waves and required freeboard must be added. Begin with the level
                             of high water (Mean Higher High Water, MHHW, is a good choice), and add
                             the increased water level due to storm surge to get the basic starting water
                             level. For example a mean spring tide at Ocean City is +4.2 ft above Mean
                             Low Water plus a 17 ft storm surge similar to that seen in Charleston during
                             Hugo (1989) equates to +21.2 ft. For this extreme example a fixed, pile
                             supported walkway or dock at an elevation of 21.2 ft would be level with the
                             still water level and even 3.0 ft waves would create serious problems for
                             individuals using the facility. In the case of a floating dock, the freeboard of
                             the dock must be added to pile lengths just to keep the dock from floating
                             away! The implications of the combined effects of tide and storm surge on
                             landside facilities at the marina are obvious.


                             Currents: Currents have the same effect on boats and docks as the wind
                             except that the force is applied to the portion of the boat below the waterline.
                             Currents may vary in both velocity and magnitude due to changing tides.
                             During severe storm events, currents may carry a significant amount of large
                             debris which adds additional impact forces to boats and docks when they are
                             struck.

                             &flla: Soils must be tested by a licensed soils engineer or geologist to
                             determine horizontal bearing capacity relative to the forces applied by wind


                                                                  29








                      forces on the boats and through the docks. One boring per 10,000 square feet
                      of area may be sufficient but these must be taken in the vicinity of the piles
                      offshore, not at an on-shore location chosen simply for convenience. For
                      fixed pile supported walkways and docks, vertical bearing capacity is required
                      along with the ability of the pile to withstand the buoyant forces of a totally
                      submerged dock system. Soil borings must be deep enough to define the total
                      strata which the piles penetrate, plus at least 5 feet.

                      Access: Access is of concern during storms for those desiring to leave the
                      marina or seeking shelter within it. Access will be hindered by high, gusty
                      winds, large irregular waves and possibly strong currents carrying much debris.
                      Harbor entrance channel widths should be at least 100 ft and even using
                      these criteria movement into or out of the marina may be prevented by other
                      boats sinking in the channel. Bridges may remain stuck closed down and may
                      be inoperable after the storm.

               Basin Planning

                      Geomet1y: Because much of the wave energy striking a vertical bulkhead will
                      be reflected, long parallel opposing bulkheads should be avoided. Round
                      comers should be included along bulkheads and sloping banks protected with
                      riprap or paving blocks should be used where possible to dissipate the wave
                      energy.

                      Dredging Depth: Dredged depths should not be excessive. 'ne excess
                      dredged depth is expensive to dredge, disposal of the material is costly and
                      the increased depth will raise the cost of anchoring the docks because piles
                      will need to be longer (to support the docks) and larger in diameter (to
                      withstand the additional bending moments).

               Land Plannin

                      Parkin : Anticipate that all boat owners will be spending two or three hours
                      on their boat 24 to 48 hours prior to the storm. One parking spot for each
                      two wet slips for recreational boaters plus two parking spots for each
                      commercial fishing vessel should be adequate unless local building codes
                      dictate otherwise.

                      Pedestrian Acces5: Sidewalks, walkways, and gangways should be lit, above
                      water and well marked should they become submerged due to storm surges.
                      Walkways that are expected to become submerged should be well maintained
                      and designed without steps or other obstacles that could pose a tripping
                      hazard when hidden under water. Provide sturdy post on railings to mark the
                      edge of the walkway and to provide handholds.

                      Ancillaa Buildings: An ancillary building should comply with local building
                      codes but should also be protected from impact damage due to flying and
                      floating debris. "Floating debris" could include a 50 ft boat that has broken
                      away from its moorings, a broken pile or a piece of floating dock.


                                                         30








                            Documents, equipment and supplies needed immediately after the storm to
                            provide security, minimize additional damage and begin recovery should be
                            secured in a safe, dry location. A well designed storm drain system, especially
                            behind bulkheads and seawalls will minimize erosion or possible collapse
                            when the storm withdraws. Buildings should be designed without canopies
                            or wings, and tall trees should be located away from structures.
                            Miscellaneous equipment such as ice machines, drink machines, etc. should
                            be located in structures or in areas that will minimize their potential for wind
                            and water damage. Facilities should be located at elevations higher than the
                            expected tidal surge. Trailers should be secured with hurricane anchors.

                            Emergengy Access: Emergency access lanes should be addressed when laying
                            out the facility. These should be marked in accordance with local fire code
                            requirements.

                     Channel Entrance & Wave Attenuation (Harbor Protection)

                            Jetties and Breakwaters: These aids to navigation may provide sheltered
                            water while entering or leaving the area of the marina but the level of
                            protection they afford and even the survivability of the structure itself may be
                            in question, depending on the severity of the storm. To be of value during
                            a severe hurricane the riprap or armor stone must be of sufficient size to
                            protect the structure from the increased design wave height incurred during
                            the storm and the height of the structure must be sufficient to provide the
                            desired wave attenuation. Consider possible overtopping during the storm
   40                       surge in defining the height of the structure (Sketch 4).

                            Wave Attenuation: Additional wave attenuation may be required within the
                            marina to maintain an acceptable climate for boaters to move about on their
                            boats in preparation for the storm, especially if long period waves can
                            approach the marina from the open sea by passing straight through the
                            entrance channel (Sketch 4).

                     Inner Harbor Structures

                            Basin Perimeter: All basin perimeters must be designed for the selected
                            storm recurrence interval. Bulkheads designed by a licensed structural
                            engineer should withstand the oncoming storm as well as remain intact during
                            the receding tide without excessive scour of the backfill behind the bulkhead,
                            which could cause failure of tie-backs and subsequent failure of the entire
                            structure. The inclusion of bulkhead returns and good drainage through filter
                            cloth and weepholes will reduce scour. As previously mentioned, a sloping
                            armored perimeter has several advantages, including reduced reflection of
                            wave energy, but it also requires additional space within the marina and rough
                            surfaces may pose a hazard to boats.

                            Fixed Docks: The fixed docks must be designed for vertical and horizontal
                            forces. All fixed structures must be designed to withstand upward vertical
                            forces caused by total submersion of the structure and any connected


                                                               31








                      appurtenances. Fixed docks and pile supported walkways should use split pile
                      caps bolted with double dip galvanized hardware. Pile caps spiked onto piles
                      will disconnect from the piles when submerged due to uplift forces caused by
                      the buoyancy of the decking, stringers, etc.        Dock boxes shaped like
                      polystyrene tubs and securely attached to the fixed walkways will provide
                      additional buoyancy and apply an upward force to either separate the walkway
                      from the pile or pull the pile out of the ground. On fixed, pile supported
                      structures, either a metal connector or adequate lap must be provided in butt
                      and lap joints to prevent the joists from becoming dislodged from the joints.
                      The beam joints should be staggered rather than locating all the joints in a
                      line over the pile cap, which would then act like a hinge rather than a
                      continuous beam. Connection hardware, such as cleats, must be adequately
                      sized for the moored vessel and must be bolted completely through the dock
                      using appropriately sized galvanized or stainless steel hardware.

                      Floating Docks: When floating decks are in the plans, they should be
                      designed for full slip loading unless there are absolute assurances that the
                      boats will be removed. The design must account for hurricane wind load and
                      storm surge simultaneously with a Spring high tide. If the marina is adjacent
                      to critical shipping lanes or vital installations that might be affected if the
                      floating docks are damaged or dislodged and boats sunk, serious consideration
                      should be given to increasing the design storm recurrence interval.
                      Commercial dock systems may perform better than locally built, contractor
                      constructed docks.     In addition, the owner should be aware that the
                      manufactured systems may also lend themselves to easier repair and
                      reinstallation. Ancillary equipment (utilities, dock boxes, etc.) should be
                      integrated into dock systems that will make hurricane preparation and
                      recovery easier (e.g. removable power pedestals, dock boxes, gangways, etc.).
                      Since most failures occur due to pile failures, a licensed professional should
                      assure that the piles are of adequate diameter, have adequate penetration and
                      are of adequate height to account for the high tide, storm surge, wave heights,
                      and adequate freeboard for the dock. Connection hardware sized adequately
                      for the moored vessel and bolted completely through the dock with galvanized
                      or stainless steel hardware is essential.

                      Moorings: If open moorings are used, both bow and stem moorings should
                      be installed to keep boats properly oriented, reduce swing and provide an
                      additional factor of safety. Proper inspection and preventive maintenance of
                      swing moorings may be more difficult than for fixed or floating docks, but is
                      absolutely essential.

                      GanMays: High wind loads can make gangways fly horizontal and flap in the
                      wind. 'ne hinge connection on the gangway undergoes torsion and the
                      gangway is subjected to racking forces. Unless gangways are disconnected,
                      the waterside end may be forced above the floating docks and utilities trapped
                      between the dock and the gangway. Utilities should be nested securely under
                      the gangway with a loose loop connection at the bottom to allow movement
                      where the gangway meets the floating dock. The floating dock may be
                      crushed as well but increasing the dock offset may alleviate dock damage.


                                                        32








                              The gangway hinge should allow for torque from twisting and racking by the
                              gangway during the storm. A better solution might be to put quick disconnect
                              couplings on the utilities and the gangway and remove the gangways just
                              before the storm arrives (Sketch 5).

                              DIy Stack Facilities: The dry stack facilities must withstand the extreme wind
                              forces exerted on the large but lightweight structure. Tremendous uplift
                              forces are applied to the foundation. Failures begin as the metal skin on the
                              sides and roof peel away leaving the re.nainder of the structure and the racks
                              to independently withstand the wind loads. Special attention should be paid
                              to uplift forces on the roof structure. Rack supported roof structures may
                              require additional design analysis.

                              Launch Facilities: Launch facilities may become overburdened with boaters
                              attempting to remove their boats during the inclement weather preceding the
                              hurricane. The inclement weather may require extra time for tie downs and
                              boaters may be shorthanded due to limited time available to get help before
                              the impending storm. Therefore, extra staging areas may be required due to
                              additional loading time. Marine travel lifts may also keep the launch ramp
                              busy, and the inclement weather will hinder travel lift and fork lift operations.
                              Assume that all operations will be at about one-half normal speed during the
                              period of inclement weather before the storm.

                      Marina Systems

                              Fuelin : Fuel pumps should be installed above the high tide plus storm surge
                              elevation for the selected design storm and fuel tanks must be counter
                              weighted sufficiently so that they will not rise if they become both empty and
                              completely submerged in saturated soil.

                              Sanitary System: Landside sanitary holding tanks must be designed and
                              counter weighted so they will not float when empty and completely
                              submerged. The cover should be bolted down during the storm to prevent
                              escape of the sewage.

                              Electric and CoMMunications: Transformers and utilities on floating docks
                              will be destroyed when the docks are lost and associated items such as power
                              pedestals, gas pumps, lights, pump-outs, dock boxes, etc. will also be damaged
                              and lost. Transformers should be located on land whenever possible, and the
                              other items should be removed and stowed. Radio antennas should be
                              designed to withstand the maximum wind velocities expected.

                              Hazardous Waste: Waste oil, antifreeze, and other hazardous waste areas
                              should be designed to meet the local, state and federal requirements. The
                              storage area should be designed to be above the floodplain.

                              Other Systrms: Trash and Debris containers such as dumpsters should be
                              well anchored and secured to prevent them from floating away and becoming
                              hazards. They will be needed immediately after the storm.


                                                                 33










                                              'SPECIFIC EXAMPLES

                       The following comments were extracted from a variety of sources and
               personal observations over several years. They are but some of the numerous factors
               that are considered in marina design.

                       ï¿½ Dock assemblies are usually connected with bolted semi-rigid joints to act
                        as a continuous beam or are hinged to allow flexibility. Hinges between
                        docks experience damage because motions or forces are applied for which
                        they were not designed.

                       ï¿½ Be alert for new materials that offer improved resistance to hurricanes or
                        can be easily repaired.

                       ï¿½ All hardware in the marina environment should be hot dip galvanized or
                        stainless steel.

                       ï¿½ All piles must be chemically treated or naturally resistant to decay and
                        marine borers, such as Demerara Greenheart (Nectandra Rodioei). Piles
                        should be inspected at six month intervals for decay or rot, cracking or
                        splitting, or wasting away by infestation by marine borers and\or ice
                        abrasion.

                       ï¿½ Docking systems should be designed with a balanced approach. This does
                        not preclude designing selected parts to a lower level of strength, allowing
                        certain 'portions to be sacrificed to prevent total loss.of the system.

                       ï¿½ When designing fixed, pile supported walkways, the decking should be
                        designed to fail before the handrail fails. The deck structure and piles
                        should be designed to fully withstand the wind, external impact and uplift
                        forces of the storm.

                       ï¿½ A failed pile can cause an entire system to collapse. Design piles for the
                        most extreme event.

                       ï¿½ When rebuilding, after a hurricane, do not merely replace failed parts and
                        pieces but upgrade piles and other selected structures so that similar failures
                        are prevented or minimized during the next storm.

                       -If the entire marina cannot be designed to hold the boats during a
                        hurricane, design a portion of the marina to withstand the storm.

                       - Hurricane protection is a combination of design and operation. What is
                        not covered by design should be covered by the marina operation,
                        evacuation and recovery plans.

                       *Whatever is not covered by design must be covered by insurance or it is at
                        risk.




                                                          34








                            -Keep copies of marina permits, design drawings and shop drawings in a
                             secure location.

                            ï¿½ Floating breakwaters and wave attenuators are ineffective for wave periods
                             longer than approximately 4.0 seconds.

                            ï¿½ Repairability of docks should be a design consideration.

                            ï¿½ Small cracks in bulkheads that allow backfill material to escape when
                             overwashed should be repaired using engineering fabric or other techniques,
                             and kept in good condition.


                                                        SUMMARY

                            Some marina failures are inevitable due to the exposure and the dynamic
                     nature of the marina environment. Most observed failures, however, result from
                     inattention to design details, poor layout or marina planning, lack of maintenance,
                     shoddy product manufacture, lack of understanding of what a marina is and who it
                     serves or underestimation of storm effects. A true cost-benefit analysis (Sketch 6)
                     should be made of all marina components and attractive, low first cost products
                     scrutinized as to their suitability for the intended use and environment. (Tobiason,
                     1989). When considering marina survivability during a hurricane or similar severe
                     storm events, the aforementioned effects are magnified considerably.


                                                      RECOGNITION

                            This chapter was developed in conjunction with:


                                               Jeff Bliemel, Coastal Engineer
                                              SMITH DEMER NORMANN
                                             Six Manhattan Square, Suite 102
                                                 Hampton, Virginia 23666















                                                             35















                                            1=1 Lr-












                    INCORRECTLY MOUNTM









                                         fz@ La










           f9ua










                       PREPEPREO METHOO



                          PILE CAPS


                                              skstoh I







                               37




















              r7i@=

                                                                Efff-47
              M)r-= ,=7 Lgfk.)



                       SECTION                                                        PLAN

                                               BULKHEAD
                                                                                      sketch E







                                                Ila C72!;-R"
                                                                                                      "'FIT









               FIXED WALKWAY                                                 PLOATING DOCK


                                      STORM SURGE EFFECTS




                                                                                         sketch 3







                                                             38
























                                               0      0     0






                                               0      0     0




                                                            0





                                                                                "41fr'


                                                            HARBOR PROTECTION
                                                                                                                 sketoh 4










                                                                                                                        U77LrTWT





                                                         F= -


                                                         L--- A L---






                                     NORMAL CONOITIONS                                          8TORM CONOITIONS


                                                                        GANGWAY8





                                                                                                                   sketoh 5







                                                                                39







































                                   -Tile.







                                     LIFE CYCLE COST RISK ANALYSIS


















                                                                                                                sketoh 8







                                                                               40






                                                      CHAFFER SIX
                              Evacuation, Routes, and Shelters


                             Most extreme events in nature cannot be controlled, yet the human
                      consequences may be affected dramatically by actions taken prior to the event. To
                      evacuate and seek safe shelter when directed by civil defense or emergency
                      management authorities is necessary to save lives.

                             Hurricanes and severe storms can sometimes be predictable but usually are
                      very unpredictable and normally do not allow much advance forecasting. Hurricanes
                      originate in the tropical latitudes and must travel some distance to reach the latitude
                      of Maryland. At least 72 hours of advance knowledge of a potentially threatening
                      hurricane or tropical storm is publicized and usually known. Conversely, rapidly
                      forming "Northeaster" storms and "Hatteras Lows" in the late fall, winter and early
                      spring can develop and travel to Maryland waters in 24 to 48 hours allowing little
                      advance warning. Storm surge is the abnormal rise in water level caused by the
                      wind and pressure forces of a storm. Storm surge produces most of the flood
                      damage or loss of life associated with tropical storms. The rise of water from storm
                      surge in the Upper Chesapeake Bay can approach 10 feet and in the vicinity of
                      Ocean City along the Atlantic coast can be in excess of 15 feet. Heavy rain and
                      associated run off with the storms compound the flooding problem. Extensive
                      studies by a number of federal and state agencies have provided civil defense and
                      emergency management authorities with detailed guidelines on when to recommend
                      and direct evacuation of local marine areas. Each Chesapeake Bay county and the
                      coastal county of Worcester has an inundation map. These maps show which areas
                      are expected to be inundated by the potential worst case scenario torm. surge for
                      various hurricane strengths. Public shelters are also located on maps, and should be
                      part of each marina's plan. These maps are available through your local planning
                      office or your local emergency management office.


                                                           PLANNING

                             Evacuation routes from the marina to predesignated evacuation shelters must
                      be known in advance and this information made available to all employees and
                      boaters who may be at the marina. The notice to evacuate is too late to research
                      the routes and shelters and to inform boaters and employees. This information
                      should be researched in advance of each hurricane season and posted with the
                      hurricane and heavy weather check off list.








                                                                41








                         No one should be Rcrinitted to remain on a boat in the marina
                                       during a hurricane or Kyere stonn,

                      Boat owners planning to move their boat to a "safe haven" should be made
               aware that drawbridges will be locked in the down position when an evacuation
               order is issued.



                                                  EVACUATION

                      Although there may be considerable information about approaching
               hurricanes and other severe storms in broadcast and print media, there will normally
               only be about 12 hours advance warning of evacuation determinations.

                      Studies have found that the most heavily relied upon source of information
               in evacuation decision making by the general public is advice from local officials and
               authorities. Thus, evacuation information must be readily available in the marina
               severe weather preparedness plan. The marina operator and his staff must be
               informed of developing storm information and evacuation decisions and keep their
               boaters informed. Marina staff should stay tuned to broadcast media for evacuation
               information and be prepared to inform and assist their boaters. Evacuation will be
               recommended or directed by local emergency management authorities.

                                   When YouLr Local EmeMcngy Managcment
                                          Advises Evacuation - Do So!

                      There can be rapid flooding of low lying land and roads. Downed wires and
               trees may block critical evacuation routes. Heavy exit traffic may clog those
               recommended evacuation routes. Bridges will be restricted from opening when
               sustained winds reach certain velocities. The Maryland Emergency Management
               Agency has conducted extensive studies of evacuation routes, taking into
               consideration critical roadways and all potential road hazards. You should contact
               your counly emergency management office listed in Tab D for recommended
               evacuation routes from your marina,

                      Evacuation of all live-aboard lessees should be commenced no later than the
               issuance of an Evacuation Order. The marina should be prepared to assist those
               persons and transient boaters in obtaining transportation to a motel or shelter.

                      Movement of boats to "safe moorings" or "hurricane holes" should be
               commenced well in advance of any anticipated Evacuation Order. An evacuation
               order is a directive issued by local emergency management authorities within the
               jurisdiction or by State authorities. An evacuation order is generally aired over
               radio and television. Draw bridges will be closed for land based evacuation. Routes
               to these mooring locations should be well planned, as short as possible, and not via
               any drawbridges.

                      No one should return to the marina until authorized by competent authority.
               Flood waters take time to recede. Electric power and telephones will probably be


                                                         42







                     out of operation. Roads may be blocked with downed wires, trees, and other debris
                     and some may be washed out or unstable. Emergency management personnel may
                     restrict entry to an area until a damage assessment is made and to protect property
                     from looting. People should stay out of disaster areas until return is authorized.
                     Unless they are qualified to help, their presence may hamper first-aid and rescue
                     work.



                                                         SHELTERS

                            Public shelters have been designated by each county in Maryland. The
                     counties in Maryland operate their public shelters according to procedures which are
                     unique to each individual county. In some cases the shelters are operated by the
                     American Red Cross, while in other instances they may be opened and operated by
                     an appointed local official. Shelter operations and standards are similar for all
                     counties, and each county coordinates their shelter activities with the Maryland
                     Emergency Management Agency. Predesignated public shelters have been evaluated
                     for structural soundness, road access, and floodplain. They are manned by American
                     Red Cross or trained local officials and are stocked with emergency supplies and
                     communications.

                                    A list of those shelters best located for yQur boaters
                                         is available through yQur county enj=njy
                                            managgment oftials listed in Tab D.

                            There have also been many studies conducted that evaluate the use of public
                     shelters by local residents, vacationers, and transients. Late night evacuation tends
                     to maximize shelter use, primarily because it is occurring with a sense of urgency,
                     leaving no time to make alternative arrangements with friends, relatives and motels
                     or leaving too little time to travel the distance necessary to go out of town.
                     Residents of high-risk locations such as Ocean City tend to leave earlier and travel
                     greater distances, therefore relying less upon public shelters. Residents of beach
                     communities usually have higher incomes and choose not to stay at public shelters
                     and can afford motels if arrangements can't be made with relatives and friends.

                            Transient boaters will normally use motels or shelters and will probably need
                     transportation to reach the motel or shelter.


                                           EVACUATION TRAVEL PATFERNS

                            During a hurricane evacuation effort, a large number of vehicles must be
                     moved across a road network in a relatively short period of time. It has been
                     pointed out by the behavioral analysis that the number of evacuating vehicles will
                     vary depending upon the intensity of the hurricane, the number of tourists remaining
                     in the area and certain behavioral response characteristics of the evacuating
                     population.




                                                              43








                       Vehicles enter the road network at different times depending upon an
                individual evacuee's response to an evacuation advisory. Conversely, vehicles leave
                the roadway network depending upon both the planned destinations of evacuees and
                the availability of acceptable destinations such as public shelter facilities, hotel/motel
                units, and friends or relatives in non-vulnerable location& Vehicles move across the
                roadway network from trip origin to destination at speeds limited by the roadway
                capacity, which is the relationship of the traffic loadings on the various roadway
                segments to the ability of the segments to handle those loadings.


                                           SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

                       There may be short advance warning. Stay tuned to weather channels and
                emergency information broadcasts.

                       Uninformed transient boaters may seek moorage in your marina, especially
                those seeking shelter when transiting the Chesapeake Bay.

                       Assistance will be required for those without means of shore transportation.


                                          ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

                       Detailed additional information is available in the Ma&yland Hurricane
                Evacuatign--5=6, December 1990, prepared by the Maryland Emergency
                Management Agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region 111, and
                the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District.























                                                           44






                                                      CHAiYrER SEVEN
                                   Severe Weather Preparedness Plan


                                                 FORMUIATING YOLM PLAN

                              Severe weather can come in the form of a lightning or hail storm, a tornado,
                      a northeaster or a hurricane.      Whereas hurricanes are tracked from inception to
                      their demise and their positions are published by a broad spectrum of the
                      communications media, localized storms arise quickly and with very short notice, if
                      any, of their location and intensity. Because hurricanes are the most severe and
                      damaging, they will be addressed in detail in this chapter. However the preparations
                      required in readying for hurricanes are also applicable to preparing for localized
                      storm conditions.


                              The marina SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN is a
                      comprehensive action plan to be initiated by your marina according to a pre-set
                      storm criteria to prepare your marina for severe weather. The proposed plan
                      outlined in this chapter is designed to assist you in protecting the marina facilities,
                      as well as, protecting your tenants' vessels and equipment. It is also designed to
                      minimize danger to your personnel and loss of life.

                              Marina operators should consider the following information in formulating an
                      overall severe weather preparedness plan for their facility.              Since facilities,
                      circumstances and exposures vary throughout the State, adaptation of these
                      suggestions to specific situations will be necessary.


                                                        RESPONSIBILITIES

                              The development of your plan starts with assigning the responsibility for its
                      development, be it the owner/operator, the flotilla commander (if one is assigned),
                      or whomever the marina owners decide should be responsible for its development.
                      In any case, the person responsible for the development of your plan should be
                      knowledgeable in the marina operations and facilities, and the securing of vessels
                      during severe weather.

                              Depending on the size and complexity of your marina, you may want to set
                      up committees to develop and carry-out different sections of your plan.

                              This chapter along with Tab A has been developed to assist the plan
                      developer with the rudiments of developing such a plan.






                                                                  45









                                           DEVELOPING YOUR PLAN


                       A formal SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN should be
                developed and promulgated to all employees, tenants, volunteers, and other
                interested parties. Your employees should have a complete understanding of the
                organization's policies and plans for a severe storm situation. Your personnel will
                have homes, family and property of their own to consider. They must be made.
                aware of their work related duties and responsibilities so that all may plan
                accordingly. They should have a plan of their own and should discuss it with their
                families, especially if they have to evacuate the area.

                       Know your physical plant facilities, operations, services, equipment, and
                housekeeping. Review all aspects in light of the hazards of the severe weather's
                forces of wind, rain, and flood. Review your facility for possible fire haza d , and
                keep fire lanes open. Make assignments of personnel to be responsible for areas
                and operation of the facility. Designate team units to be responsible to key people.

                       Review preparedness plans and procedures with co-tenants or subcontractors
                in multiple occupancy facilities. Marinas and yacht clubs should publish their severe
                weather preparedness plan to owners of vessels in their facility.

                       Where possible, get others involved with your plan. Yacht clubs may be able
                to draw volunteers and members to help prepare for a severe weather storm.
                Marinas may get vessel owners to do the same.

                       Review you facility's "seasonal" operations or activities during the hurricane
                season and consider ordering supplies, stocks, and vessel inventory items accordingly,
                to keep from running out of emergency stock items during a severe storm.

                       Consider the number of permanent, transient, new or brokered vessels that
                may be on hand or in your care, custody and control at any period of time during
                the hurricane season. Keep in mind your own vessels or work boats and the location
                of all vessels. Can you secure all vessels at your facility or will vessels have to be
                moved to inland, protected areas? How and by whom? Where? Flotilla plan?
                These questions are best answered in the calm, long before the storm.

                       Determine your policy on owned vessels in your care, custody and control at
                your facility or elsewhere. Will you be responsible for safeguarding the vessels:

                       Totally?
                          Partially?
                              With owner's permission?
                                  Not at all?

                       Communicate your position to vessel owners, preferably in written form as a
                notice or as part of the mooring, listing or work order agreement or contract.

                       Know all the vessels and their owners, captains, or caretakers. You should
                have on record the home and business phone numbers and addresses of the vessel


                                                         46








                      or his designated representative. Consider having vessel owners file their severe
                      weather preparedness plan, in writing, with you.


                                                   ANNUAL PREPARATIONS

                              Conduct a full facility housekeeping and "field-day" or "field-week" operation
                      annually. Sometime in the spring or just prior to the hurricane season inspect and
                      clean up all open areas and structures within your facility. This should include, but
                      is not limited to, the following:

                              ï¿½ Remove all debris, trash and unnecessary items from open areas.

                              ï¿½Trim all trees and shrubs and dispose of cuttings.

                              ï¿½Secure all trash bins and dumpsters in protected service areas.

                              ï¿½Store or otherwise secure all materials and supplies. Move them inside or
                               to protected areas if possible.

                              ï¿½Dispose of or secure all salvaged or abandoned hulls, equipment and parts.

                              ï¿½Inspect and service as necessary all building walls, roofs, windows, and
                               doors.

                              -Inspect, service and/or repair as necessary all docks, piers, wharfingers or
                               slipfingers and pilings.

                              ï¿½Inspect and service as necessary all electrical and lighting installations, all
                               fuel and natural gas supply and dispensing equipment.

                              ï¿½Inspect and have serviced as necessary all fire fighting equipment, both
                               portable and fixed installations.       Consider having fire extinguishing
                               equipment serviced by a professional service just prior to the hurricane
                               season and inspected by facility personnel on a monthly basis thereafter.

                              ï¿½Inspect and service as necessary all lifesaving equipment such as life jackets,
                               work vests, life rings and lines, life rafts or rescue vessels.

                              ï¿½Check first aid supplies and replenish.

                              ï¿½Check all dry storage areas and racks for soundness and security. Note
                               protection afforded same and consider associated hazards and contents at
                               risk.

                              ï¿½Inspect and service all hauling equipment such as mobile lifts, hydro-lifts,
                               and railways.




                                                                 47







                        Order and stock, as necessary, the emergency equipment and supplies that the
                facility warrants such as extra mooring lines, lumber for fender boards, chafing gear,
                screw anchors, flashlights, batteries, portable generators, electrical and manual bilge
                pumps and hull patching or repair supplies.


                                         IMPLEMENTING YOUR PLAN

                        After your plan has been developed it should be distributed to all those
                concerned with implementing your plan. Also, you should provide a meeting for the
                vessel owners to familiarize them with the plan.

                        Your staff should be briefed on the plan and trained on how to carry out the
                plan.

                        Your plan should be posted in a conspicuous place, readily available to
                anyone  wanting to know its contents or his/her own responsibility.

                        Once your plan has been put into operation it should be reviewed annually
                prior to the hurricane season to insure its accuracy. A generic plan which can be
                expanded to meet your marina site specific needs is given in Tab A.

                        You will want to exercise your plan to give everyone involved a chance to see
                how your plan works and to determine if your plan is complete.

                        There may be many other points and precautionary measures that you can
                take prior to, during or after a severe weather storm strikes your area. The above
                may not cover all actions that should be taken. However, it is a guideline and
                checklist that can be a starting point for your severe weather preparedness plan. If
                there are specific measures or precautions unique to your operations, then fit them
                into the plan for your facility. ONLY BY BEING PREPARED IN ADVANCE
                WILL YOU BE ABLE TO REDUCE LOSS AND DAMAGE AS A RESULT
                OF A HURRICANE OR OTHER SEVERE WEATHER CONDITIONS.



                                                     SUMMARY

                        Develop a SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN and implement
                it early. The plan should be put into effect at least 72 hours in advance of the storm
                making landfall.

                        When developing the SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN
                remember to consider the following:

                        ï¿½ Define "Boater Responsibility".

                        ï¿½ Define "Closed Harbor" policy if applicable.

                        ï¿½ Set a policy for handling transient boaters.


                                                          48








                             ï¿½ Define "Chain of Command for Severe Weather Conditions" (Include
                              Absentee Marina Owners).

                             ï¿½Define "Responsibilities of Employees in Severe Weather Conditions".
                              Taking care of their families early is a first priority.

                             ï¿½Set up a communications link outside the marina environment.

                             ï¿½Keep financial records, marina plans, r -covery plans and insurance policies
                              in a safe place away from the marina site during the storm.

                             ï¿½Have a source of cash ready for recovery operations.

                             ï¿½Always consider the possibility of fire hazz ds which could be much more
                              severe during a storm.

                             When developing the RECOVERY section of your SEVERE WEATHER
                     PREPAREDNESS PLAN take in consideration the following:

                             ï¿½ Define responsibilities of employees - manage accordingly.

                             ï¿½ Develop a list of potential suppliers and contractors with phone numbers.

                             ï¿½ Develop a procedure to procure needed equipment and services.

                             - Assign damage assessment responsibility.

                             ï¿½ Formulate a marina "start-up" policy.

                             ï¿½ Develop a spill containment/clean-up plan.

                             Review and revise the plans annually - require new employees read the plans
                     and provide copies and instructions to boaters.

                             Develop an insurance program, see Chapter Two.

                             ï¿½ Uability

                             ï¿½ Storm damage

                             ï¿½ Business Interruption Insurance

                             Know the limits of your marina design. Can your marina withstand a 50 year
                     storm? Review your marina construction with your local design professional and
                     upgrade the marina to meet the 50 year storm criteria, see Chapter Five. Consider
                     the following when discussing your marina's design:

                               Tidal surge



                                                              49








                      ï¿½ Wind speed

                      ï¿½ Boat loading

                      There are no consistently reliable storm refuges along the Atlantic seacoast.
               A mooring which may have worked for one storm may not be reliable for the next
               storm due to drastically different wind and flood conditions. Boats should not be
               moored in or near bays and inlets along the ocean as they will be subjected to the
               severe surge of the incoming hurricane.

                      Plan to move valuable equipment@ files and boats which may be located in the
               floodplain or storm surge zone to higher ground.

                      Locate temporary storage of boats and other materials so that in the event
               of fire, the fire fighting equipment can reach the site and/or critical structures.

                      Use Tabs A and B to develop your                  SEVERE         WEATHER
               PREPAREDNESS PLAN. Tabs A and B provide you with generic plans which can
               be modified to meet your site specific needs. Tab B includes an information
               gathering form which details the information on each of your tenants. Tab C is an
               emergency listing form which can be filled out and posted at the marina. Tab F
               provides an action check list which can be used as a guide in developing your
               requirements.



























                                                       50






                                                    BIBLIOGRAPHY


                     Blain, W.R. and Webber, N.B., 1989B, Marinas: Design and Opgration,
                     Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, UK

                     Blain, W.R. and Webber, N.B., 1989A, Marinas: Planning and Feasibility,
                     Computational Mechanics Publication, Southampton, UK

                     Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Seawort         Newsletter,
                     Guide for Owners and Managers of Marinas.

                     Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Hurrigane Tips for
                     Boaters, News from Boat/U.S.

                     Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Weather for Marinas
                     Boaters 6 Pack Information Brochure.

                     Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Seawort-h-y Newsletter,
                     The Houston Yacht Club: After the Storm.

                     Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Seaworthy Newsletter,
                     Vol. 2, No. 2.

                     Chamberlain, CJ., 1983, Marinas. Recommendations for Design. Construction and
                     Management, National Marine Manufactures Association, New York, NY.

                     Dade County Marine Advisory Program, 1980, Boat Owners' Hurricane Protection
                     Guide,

                     Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1981, Design Guideline for Elood Dam=
                     &duglijon, FEMA-15.

                     Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1987, Evacuation: An Assessment o
                     Planning and Research.

                     Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1986, Coastal Construction Manual,
                     FEMA-55.

                     Hollin, D. and Pagans, K, 1980, Hurricane and Severe Weather Checklist for
                     Boaters.

                     Houston Yacht Club, 1984, Protecting Your Boat Against Severe Weather,

                     International Marina Institute, 1987, Marina DesigLi and Engineering Conference,
                     Technical Papers, International Marina Institute, Wickford, RI.




                                                              51








              Jones, Christopher, 1985, Hurricane Preparedness for Marinas, Florida Sea Grant
              Program

              Lee County Marine Advisory Program, 1983, Safe Harbors in the Caloosahtchee
              River Durine Hurricanes,

              National Weather Service, 1991, MaZyland's Severe Weather Histou, 1991 Severe
              Storms Awareness Conference.

              Quinn, A- Def., 1972, Design and Construction of Porta and Marine Structures,
              McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

              Scott, Karl, 1991, Hurricane Preparedness Guidelines, The Landing Harbor Delegal
              Creek Marina Manual, Savannah, Ga.

              State Organization for Boating Access, 1989, Handbook for the LA)cation. Des'_
              Constructiom and Maintenance of Boat Launching Facilities.

              Taylor, Jon Guerry, and Dodson, Paul, 1990, Lessons from Hurricane Hugo,
              International Marina Institute.

              Taylor J.G., 1990, Design Guidelines for Structures, Small States Organization for
              Boating Access (SOBA), Charleston, SC.

              Taylor, Jon Guerry, 1990, Hurricane Notes, 17th National Technical Conference,
              International Marina Institute.

              Taylor, J.G., undated, Lessons From Hurricane Hugo: RecQmmendations for Marin
              Operation and Design, Individual Paper, Mt. Pleasant, SC.

              Taylor, Jon Guerry, 1989, Recommendations for Marina Qperation and Design Jon
              GuerTy Taylor, Incorporated.

              Taylor, Jon Guerry, 1985, DesigLi Guidelines for Structures at Small Marinas,
              Florida Sea Grant Conference, April 16-18, 1985.

              Taylor, J.G., undated, Lessons from Hurricane Hugo - The Need for Codes and
              Performance Criteria in Marinas and Coastal Structures, Individual Paper, Mt.
              Pleasant, SC.

              Tobiasson, B.O., and Burn, H.L., 1989, Engineering Principles in Marina Failures,
              International Conference on Marinas, Southampton, UK-

              Treadwell, G.1, Dearstyne, C.S., Dunham, J.W., Kuammen, K-R., Lee, C.E. and
              Sembler, E.L., 1969, Report on Small Craft Harbors, ASCE-Manuals and.Reports
              on Engineering Practice - No. 50, New York, NY.

              U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1990, Majyland Hurricane Evacuation Study.



                                                      52








                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1988, Joint Permit A1212lication,

                    U.S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service, 1976. Storm Tide
                    Frequengy Analysis for the 012en Coast of Virginia. Maaland. and Delaware, Report
                    Number PB-261 969.

                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1990, Hurricane Hugo After-Action RQM.

                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1990, Hurricane Hugo Assessment.

                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1985, Information Guide and Joint Permit
                    Application.

                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981, Low Cost Shore Protectiono A Guide fo
                    Engineers and Contractors, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, MS.

                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1977, Shore Protection Manual Coastal Engineering
                    Research Center, Ft. Belvior, VA.

                    VanVleck, G.K, 1984A, LAyout and Design Guidelines for Small Craft Boat
                    Launching Facilities, California Department of Boating and Waterways, Sacramento,
                    CA.

                    VanVleck, G.K, 1984B, Wout and Design for Small Craft Berthing Facilities
                    California Department of Boating and Waterways, Sacramento, CA.

                    Whiteneck, LL and Hockeny, L.A_, 1989, Structural Materials for Harbor and
                    Coastal Construction, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

                    Wortley, C.A., 1988, Dos and Don'ts for Dock Desigm University of Wisconsin,
                    Madison, WS.





















                                                            53







                                            INTRODUCTIONTo TABS


                            The Tabs emphasize the importance of developing your site specific severe
                     weather plan. The marina owner/operator must assume full responsibility for
                     adapting, activating, and/or supplementing the information contained herein to meet
                     the particular requirements of their marina.

                            These Tabs were designed to be duplicated and used by the marina.


                                      SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN

                            Tab A is a generic SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN which
                     can be adapted/modified to the specific needs of your marina and your tenants. The
                     plan outlines the requirements and responsibilities required to prepare for severe
                     weather, and the actions required should that weather develop.


                             MARINA TENANTS SEVERE WEATHER QUESTIONNAIRE

                            Tab B is a form that you can hand out to the tenants at your marina to
                     ensure that they are ready for severe weather and have taken appropriate actions to
                     prepare for it. It is also a means to gather the information you will need on their
                     boat, the equipment they have for securing the boat, and who is authorized to
                     operate the boat in the absence of the owner.


                                  HURRI          /SEVERE WEATHER INFORMATION
                                                 (EMERGENCY LISTING)

                            Tab C is designed to be copied, filled in, and posted on your bulletin board.
                     It lists the chain of command at the marina and the area emergency management,
                     and their telephone numbers. This would be the first place someone would go for
                     information should the marina be threatened-by severe weather.


                                        COUNTY EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
                                    CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION CONTACTS

                            Tab D is a list by county and city of the addresses and phone numbers of your
                     Civil Defense contacts. These offices have information on your relocation maps,
                     evacuation routes, and local shelters.



                                                   COMMUNICATIONS

                            Tab E lists the broadcast stations which provide weather forecasts.


                                                             55








                               HURRICANE RESPONSE CHECKLIS

                   Tab F is a checklist which was written as an adjunct to the SEVERE
             WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN. The checklist follows the development of
             the storm approaching the marina, and increases the marina efforts as the storm
             becomes more imminent.

                   'Ibis section can be duplicated and posted on your bulletin board.








































                                                56







                                                         TABA

                           Severe Weather Preparedness Plan


                                  SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN


                                                            FOR


                                                                     MARINA


                                                DATE:



                            This plan will be revised by marina owners/operators to keep current with
                     advances in available technology and marina development.

                            Revised this date:


                            Revised this date:


                            Revised this date:


                            Revised this date:


                            Revised this date:




                            The plan should be reviewed and rehearsed prior to each hurricane season.
                     Employees should have a complete understanding of the marina's policies and plans
                     for a severe storm situation.

                            Reviewed/Rehearsed by                                     Date

                            Reviewed/Rehearsed by                                     Date

                            Reviewed/Rehearsed by                                     Date

                            Reviewed /Rehearsed by                                    Date

                            Reviewed/ Rehearsed by                                    Date


                                                            Tab A






                             Severe Weather Preparedness Plan
                                                        (EXAMPLE)


                      PURPOS . To establish a marina severe weather preparedness plan which will
                      minimize damages to the marina property and the tenants vessels resulting from high
                      winds and water. This plan outlines the steps to be taken to respond to severe
                      weather storms.

                      DISCUSSION. In the event of a severe storm normal operations are disrupted and
                      specific actions may be required to minimize property and personnel damage. This
                      plan requires planning, logistics and operational actions to prepare for and
                      counteract the effects of high wind and water.

                      SCOPE. This plan furnishes information and a checklist of items to be completed
                      to secure the marina against the effects of a severe storm and to safeguard its
                      personnel and property.

                      AMON. All personnel assigned to this plan shall ensure compliance with this plan.
                      Each person assigned to implementing this plan shall be familiar with the contents
                      of this plan by reading it at the beginning of each year prior to the hurricane season
                      and carrying out all tasks identified herein in the event of a severe storm. Post a
                      copy of Tab C, the Emergency Listing, Tab F, and the Hurricane Response
                      Checklist.

                      CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS. Severe weather can come in the form of lightning,
                      hail storms, tornado, or a hurricane. Because hurricanes are the most severe and
                      damaging, they will be addressed in detail, however, the concepts required in
                      preparing for them also applies to your local storm conditions.

                             HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS

                                    The hurricane season is from 1 June through 30 November. During
                             this season, the marina will maintain one of four material readiness phases.
                             Phase 4, the lowest level of preparation, will be set automatically from 1 June
                             through 30 November. Higher readiness phases will be set upon the approach
                             of a storm.

                                    Hurricane preparedness phases have been developed to ensure an
                             orderly transition of the marina from a hurricane watch to the arrival of the
                             hurricane. The marina owner or designee will direct the response and
                             preparedness for each hurricane phase.

                                    Any tropical disturbances along the Atlantic Coast can be considered
                             a threat to the Chesapeake Bay region and the State of Maryland. 'Me
                             conventional path for these storms is northerly, however, these paths are not

                                                             Tab A
                                                                3








                        always the pattern. Unexpected cold fronts can stall the forward movement
                        of a storm and allow it to strengthen over warm waters. Also, storms which
                        make landfall on the Gulf Coast can come across the Appalachians and cause
                        severe flooding and wind damage in Maryland.

                               The passage of a hurricane could strongly affect an area in excess of
                        one hundred miles. Winds build rapidly, up to speeds approaching 150 mph.
                        It can be anticipated that commercial power will be interrupted for an
                        extended period. General confusion in the community can be expected during
                        pre and post hurricane efforts. The various drawbridges in the area will
                        probably be disabled in the down position, severely hindering marine traffic.
                        Tunnels could be closed and roadways flooded hindering vehicle traffic.

                               Evacuation orders will be issued by local authorities in time to insure
                        that evacuation can be completed prior to the arrival of sustained gale-force
                        (39 mph) winds.

                                     When Your Local Emerancy Management
                                             Advises Evaguation -- Do So!

                               The passing of the "eye" of the storm in your area is to be experienced
                        with a great deal of caution. The direct passing of the "eye" presents a brief
                        lull. Following this period of little wind will be a sudden blast of high velocity
                        winds from the opposite direction. During the period of the "eye" passing, no
                        one should venture outside or attempt to do anything in the exposed areas of
                        the marina. Updates of the storms position can be obtained from your local
                        radio, TV stations, and the marina weather service broadcasts.

                               A storm with winds below hurricane strength may still pose a threat
                        to the marina. It may continue to build in strength before coming ashore as
                        a hurricane, or it may come ashore at storm strength and still be strong
                        enough to cause considerable wind, rain, and flood damage. In these
                        situations the storm will be treated as a severe weather front and action
                        appropriate to that weather system will apply.

                               Tenants at the marina are encouraged to develop hurricane plans
                        consistent with the provisions of this plan.

                        HURRICANE CATEGORIES

                               The National Weather Service (NWS) categorizes tropical storms and
                        hurricanes into five categories. The lesser beginning with the lower numbers,
                        and as the numbers get higher, the more severe the storm. The storm surges
                        in the table below are without wind and waves and are given at mean sea
                        level (MSL). Depending on the category of the storm, it is estimated that
                        waves from 5 to 20 feet may be added to the surge. If the storm makes
                        landfall at high tide you may add another 1.0 foot to 1.5 feet to the height.



                                                         Tab A
                                                            4









                             Hurricane      Winds         Storm          Central Pressure               Damage
                             Category       (MPH)         Surge        Millibars     Inches
                                                          (FT.)


                                  1        74-95           4-5         @!980         2:28.94            Minimal
                                 11        96-110          6-8         965-979       28.50-28.91      Moderate
                                 111       111-130         9-12        945-964       27.91-28.47      Extensive
                                 IV        131-155        13-18        920-944       27.17-27.88       Extreme
                                 V         155+            > 18        < 920         < 27.17       Catastrophic




                                           SAFFIRISIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE


                                      This plan has taken into consideration that each category of hurricane
                              approaching the marina will require different levels of preparedness. As an
                              example, a Category 1 hurricane with anticipated surge of 4 feet including
                              tidal range may not justify moving stores to a second deck to protect them
                              from flood water damage.

                                      The maximum probabilities given for predicting the movement of a
                              hurricane preceding the arrival of the storm are:

                                              Forecast Period               Maximum Probability

                                                 72 hours                               10%
                                                 48 hours                            13%-18%
                                                 36 hours                            20%-25%
                                                 24 hours                            35%-45%
                                                 12 hours                            60%-70%

                                      Note: The Probabilities listed are the maximum values assigned to any
                              location in advance of a predicted landfall, For example, the highest
                              probability that the National Hurricane Center would assign to the event that
                              a hurricane would strike Ocean City, Maryland within 72 hours would be 10
                              percent. Similarly, the highest probability assigned to the event that landfall
                              would occur within 18 hours would be 45 percent.

                                      Given these differences in probabilities the marina must be prepared
                              to initiate the action plan on a low probability of it passing over the marina
                              to achieve the 72 hour lead time necessary to execute the plan. All
                              preparations should be completed prior to the arrival of sustained gale-force
                              winds.




                                                                 Tab A
                                                                    5









                       HURRICANE PHASES FOR THE MARINA-

                               There are four hurricane phases which will be set by the marina. The
                       speed of advance of a hurricane dictates the hurricane phase to be set. The
                       following advance notice is considered adequate for the marina to accomplish
                       the required readiness actions under most circumstances. These phases are:

                               Phase Four: A seasonal hurricane phase automatically set by the
                       marina on 1 June of each year and extending to 30 November.

                               Phase Three: When a hurricane is approaching, a phase to indicate
                       that sustained gale-force (39 mph) winds, or greater, are expected within 72-
                       48 hours.

                               Phase Two: When a hurricane is approaching, a phase to indicate
                       that sustained gale-force (39 mph) winds, or greater, are expected within 48-
                       24 hours.

                               Phase One: When a hurricane is approaching, a phase of maximum
                       preparedness set when winds of sustained gale-force (39 mph) or greater are
                       expected within 24-12 hours.

                               Progression from Phase Four directly to Phase One can happen very
                       rapidly, and is quite possible because of the erratic behavior of hurricanes and
                       the difficulty of accurately predicting the paths of hurricanes.

               COMMUNICATIONS. A communications center will be established with the
               following responsibilities.

                               Notify all marina employees and tenants of the hurricane warning and
                       serve as a message center and update marina tenants with periodic status
                       reports.

                               The communicat;ons center will be staffed by marina volunteers. The
                       center can be reached at:

                               Telephone No.

                               The center will be established as soon as Phase Three is set. They will
                       contact the marina volunteer committee directors and notify them of the
                       warning within the first four (4) hours of the warning period. The telephone
                       volunteers will attempt to contact all marina tenants during the initial 8 hour
                       period of the warning. Two attempts will be made to contact each tenant.

                               During the hurricane approach and following the storm the message
                       center will take calls from tenants concerning the warning status, the action
                       plan and situation updates. The communication center will also relay specific
                       messages to and from the marina every hour.


                                                        Tab A
                                                           6









                                   The marina switchboard will be reserved for hurricane operations,
                           work crews, weather reports, security, service calls and emergency use.

                                   TENANTS SHOULD NOT CALL THE SWITCHBOARD
                                   DURING WARNING PERIODS.

                                   The communications center will function up to two days following the
                           storm as required.

                                   The communications center will be equipped with a radio link (VHF)
                           to the marina in the event telephone communication is lost during the storm.

                                   The communication center will operate between the hours of 4:30 P.M.
                           and 10:30 P.M. to alert tenants and relay information concerning the progress
                           and phases at the marina.

                           72 HOURS BEFORE ETA TO 24 HOURS AFTER THE STORM.


                           Communications Center Director:


                           Team A

                                   Communications Chief- (NAME) Phone No.:

                                   Operators            1.
                                                       2.

                                                       3.

                           Other Teams as needed to relieve operators.




















                                                           Tab A
                                                              7











                           RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO THE HURRICANE SEASON


                                   INSTRUCnONS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

                           Prior to the hurricane season the following administrative functions will be
                    carried out.

                                  Review severe weather plan and upe ite.

                                  Post Hurricane Response Checklist, Tab F and Emergency listing, Tab
                                  C, and distribute copies of Hurricane Plan to all concerned with
                                  carrying out the plan.

                                  Distribute copy of Marina Tenants Severe Weather Questionnaire, Tab
                                  B, to all tenants/slip renters. Follow-up on return of forms.

                                  Distribute hurricane plan and literature on evacuation zones and
                                  emergency shelters to tenants at marina.

                                  Plan and make a check list of merchandise, office records, and cash
                                  that will be evacuated. Determine what records and documents must
                                  be evacuated and identify where they are kept.

                                  Make a list of volunteers, including phone numbers, address and
                                  responsibilities.

                                  Develop a list of names and telephone numbers of an authorized,
                                  qualified and accessible alternate captain for all boats in the marina
                                  in case owner is absent during a storm.

                                  Inventory possessions for insurance purposes, prioritize what must be
                                  evacuated and what can be protected. Be sure a copy of your
                                  inventory is kept in a safe place. Video if possible.

                                  Review insurance coverage for flood and wind damage.

                                  Develop agreements for rental trailer(s) to evacuate possessions, and
                                  leasing of cranes to move boats.

                                  Develop a list of vendors for short notice delivery of portable toilet
                                  facilities and dry ice.

                                  Ensure that the following are stocked and ready for issue:

                                          0 Flashlights with batteries

                                          0 Emergency high-intensity lights


                                                           Tab A
                                                              9








                                     * Battery operated radio with weather frequency

                                     0 Nylon line sized t *0 tie down large items

                                     0 Rain gear and boots

                                     0  Plywood (CD X 1/2" X 4" X 8") and lumber (2" X 4" X 16")
                                        for boarding windows and for immediate recovery operations

                                     0  16d double head form nails

                                     0  10' X 100' rolls of 4 mill polyethylene for draping high value
                                        materials and equipment

                                     0  Emergency water containers (5 gallon)

                             Review security requirement of facilities, marina and tenants vessels
                             and update as necessary. Consider both pre and post storm security
                             requirements.

                             Ensure pre-selected storm refuge moorings for boats are adequate.
                             Consult your local waterways guides, sailing directives, and other local
                             publications.

                             Develop a check-off system for logging in personnel entering and
                             leaving the marina during the storm.


                HURRICANE RESPONSE CHECKLIST FOR ADMINISTRATIVE S



               PHASE FOUR


              AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

                          Review severe weather preparedness plan and update.

                          Address areas of responsibilities and complete.

                          Distribute and post revised severe weather plan.

                          Brief marina personnel, tenants and volunteers on severe weather
                          preparedness plan.

                          Ensure pre-selected refuge moorings for boats are adequate.

                          Coordinate plan's requirements with local authorities.



                                                       Tab A
                                                         10








                                 Check first aid supplies and restock.

                                 Check emergency supplies and restock.

                                 Make vender list for rental and leased equipment.


                      PHASE THREE


                      7248 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

                                 Initiate hurricane warning and activate communication plans.

                                 Set up communications center (if one is planned).

                      -          After phase three is set, release unnecessary marina personnel so that
                                 they can prepare their homes and gather their personal belongings.

                                 Notify tenants and volunteers of impending conditions.

                                 Work closely with harbor master and marina volunteers to update posted
                                 storm information and disseminate other information to employees, boat
                                 owners and volunteers.

                                 Process and mail all paperwork that can be completed immediately.

                                 Close marina stores to general public.

                                 Supplies must be earmarked for marina use at the first sign of a hurricane
                                 threat to avoid depletion of stock by customer demands.

                                 Begin preparation of marina grounds:

                                         ï¿½ Stock emergency food and water supplies.

                                         ï¿½ Check emergency generators, lighting, and fuel supply. Obtain
                                           additional generators if required.

                                         ï¿½ Check emergency equipment list. Arrange security staff schedule
                                           and volunteers.

                                         ï¿½ Secure outdoor furniture, large signs, flags, trash cans, carts, fire
                                           extinguisher, antennas and other loose items that can be affected
                                           by wind.

                                 Back up computers and store archive tapes with records to be removed.




                                                               Tab A
                                                                  11








                         Start plans to evacuate personnel and equipment in flood prone (low-
                         land) locations.

                         Request other companies or concerns with supplies and equipment at the
                         marina to remove them.

                         Have supplies and equipment at other marinas brought back to the marina
                         and secured.

                         Notify any suppliers to hold shipment until after the storm.

                         Have crane delivered for hoisting boats.

                         Ensure first aid supplies are on hand.

                         Arrange security staff and volunteers schedule.


              PHASE TWO


              48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                         Maintain position of hurricane in communication center.
                         Maintain contact with local weather bureau/oceanographic center.                 0
                         Ensure marina is secured from non-essential traffic.

                         Issue emergency supplies and equipment to crews as required.

                         Move files and expensive equipment to higher shelves and drape with
                         plastic.

                         Implement check-in, check-out, and duty list for personnel entering and
                         leaving the marina.


              PHASE ONE


              24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA


                         Secure marina.

                         Coordinate status reports on hurricane position and intensities to crews,
                         tenants and volunteers at marina.


                         Evacuate marina if directed.




                                                    Tab A
                                                      12









                                 RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO HURRICANE SEASON


                           INSTRUMONS FOR FACILITIES AND MAINTENANCE STAFF

                      Prior to the hurricane season carry out the following facility functions.

                             Review severe weather preparedness plan and update as needed.

                             Inspect buildings to detect, repair, or secure potential sources of danger such
                             as:

                                     ï¿½ Damaged or improperly secured doors, gaskets, windows, ventilation
                                       openings, and tie downs.

                                     ï¿½ Structural weaknesses resulting from wom or weather-beaten
                                       supports, wooden light poles, and similar objects.

                                     ï¿½ Clogged or inoperable gutter and drain pipes, storm drains, sewers,
                                       and catch basins.

                                     ï¿½ Surrounding trees, with rotten limbs or large branches. Trim excess
                                       growth from trees and dispose of cuttings.

                                     ï¿½ Roofing systems for soundness. Remove any litter and debris.

                                     . Inspect, service and repair as necessary all docks, piers, wharfingers
                                       or slipfingers and pilings, especially cleats, moorings, and utilities.

                                     ï¿½ Inspect and have serviced as necessary all fire fighting equipment,
                                       both portable and fixed installations.

                                     ï¿½ Inspect and service as necessary all lifesaving equipment such as life
                                       jackets, work vests, life rings and lines, and life rafts or rescue
                                       vessels.

                                     ï¿½ Ensure that all essential vehicles and portable generators are
                                       operational, fueled, and ready for use. Test run generators and re-
                                       stow.


                                     ï¿½ Inspect all storage shed outbuildings and portable office trailers for
                                       proper tie-down.

                                     ï¿½ Inspect and service as necessary all electrical lighting installations;
                                       and all fuel and natural gas supply and dispensing equipment.
                                       Check cut-off valves for fuel and water lines.


   0


                                                               Tab A
                                                                 13








                               ï¿½ Check all dry storage facility areas and racks for soundness and
                                 security. Note protection afforded same and consider associated
                                 hazards and contents at risk.

                               ï¿½ Inspect all emergency lighting systems and ensure they are
                                 operational.

                               ï¿½ Inspect and service all hauling equipment such as mobile lifts, hydro-
                                 lifts, and railways.

                               ï¿½ Check emergency equipment and supplies and reorder to fill
                                 requirements, especially extra mooring lines, lumber for fender
                                 boards, chafing gear, screw anchors, flashlights, batteries, portable
                                 generators, electrical and manual bilge pumps and hull patching or
                                 repair supplies.


                                 HURRICANE RESPQNSE CHECKLIST FO

                                   FACILITY AND MAINTENANCE STAFF



               PHASE FOUR


               AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

                          Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit to
                          administration.

                          Address areas of responsibility and complete.

                          Ensure that all essential vehicles and portable generators are operational
                          and ready for use.

                          Inspect buildings, piers, and wharfs.

                          Inspect all storage sheds, outbuildings, and portable office trailers for
                          proper tie-down.

                          Inspect all emergency lighting systems and ensure they are operational.


               PHASE THREE


               72-48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA


                          Schedule marina's crew for storm duties. Include "shore leave" for crew
                          to prepare homes and families at the first notice of storm.


                                                        Tab A
                                                          14









                               Secure all dumpsters with tie-downs.

                               Remove trash, scrap, and excess materials.

                               Fuel all vehicles to 100 percent.
                               Fill all gas and diesel fuel storage tanks.

                               Clear all loose gear from wharfs and piers.

                               Secure piers, docks and dry storage areas:

                               ï¿½ Remove unclaimed trailers, boats and equipment from piers, docks and
                                dry storage areas.

                               ï¿½Move drink, ice machines, etc. to higher grounds.

                               ï¿½Remove and secure trash cans from piers.

                               ï¿½Anchor portable buildings.

                               ï¿½Check cranes and sling hoist.

                               ï¿½Schedule and conunit removal of boats by crane.

                               -Begin stripping removable boats and moving to hoisting area.

                               ï¿½Coordinate securing marina facilities, equipment and boats.

                               ï¿½Monitor the need to disconnect floating and fixed pier's power cables,
                                water and fuel lines if tidal surge is expected.      Be prepared to
                                disconnect floating dock ramps and secure docks to fixed pier pilings.

                               Police marina and dock areas to stow away or secure loose equipment
                               and items that could become missile hazards in high winds.

                               Secure all flammable, explosive or other hazardous materials.

                               Remove boats and trailers in outside dry storage "racks". Secure with
                               tie-downs when moved.



                   PHASE TWO


                   48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                               Inspect all work done in phase three.



                                                          Tab A
                                                            15








                        Begin evacuation of board boats and dinghies.

                        Evacuate trailerable boats to predesignated area.

                        ï¿½ Notify owners or remove with marina personnel.

                        ï¿½ Arrange to have boats tied down after move.

                        Evacuate non trailerable boats.

                        Evacuate cruising boats.

                        Secure dry stack storage area.

                        Activate flotilla plans for removal of vessels to safer location.

                        Board up all windows and glass doors.

                        Remove or lock all dock boxes and check tie downs.

                        Secure waterside sewage pumpouts. Turn off sewage grinder pump
                        breakers at last call to evacuate marina.



              PHASE ONE


              24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                        Brief departing released personnel on recall procedures.

                        Stage personnel who are scheduled to ride out storm.
                        (When your emergency management advises evacuation -- do so!)

                        Respond to last minute items.

                        Secure fuel and oil tanks.

                        Secure main switch gear to piers and low lying areas.

                        Remove all excess gear from piers and dock area.

                        When appropriate (extra high tide or. storm surge expected) loosen
                        floating dock ramps from hinges and secure.

                        At last call, remove outside life rings and fire extinguishers from floats and
                        other outside locations.

                        Secure power to marina if evacuated.


                                                  Tab A
                                                    16









                                 RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO HURRICANE SEASON

                                    INSTRUMONS FQR ALL MARINA PERSONNE

                      Prior to the hurricane season take the following actions.

                         Each employee will have a writte plan prepared for his/her personal
                         preparation and evacuation in order to effectively reduce his/her required leave
                         time. This will also ensure that other crew members can have adequate leave
                         time. This plan should be discussed with your family so that they will be
                         prepared and know what is expected of them. When preparing your plan you
                         should consider the following:

                                 Prepare your home and yard early in Phase Three to allow for an
                                 organized early evacuation. Your efforts should be to reduce wind and
                                 flood damage by boarding windows, raising furniture, covering books and
                                 appliances, etc.

                                 Decide where to go. This will depend on the track and severity of the
                                 storm. Local emergency shelters may not be as comfortable as a stay with
                                 out of town relatives, but will allow you to return more quickly.

                                 If your family decides to go in different locations during evacuation, decide
                                 on destination, alternates and conununication options to reduce anxiety
                                 over the well being of family members. Calling a designated out of state
                                 relative is one option to reestablish contact.

                                 How will you evacuate? Plan your route and departure time to avoid
                                 low areas which may be flooded due to torrential rains and high tides.
                                 Consult the evacuation maps for your area. Scout your route ahead of
                                 time for local hazards and alternatives. Plan to leave early.

                                 Decide what to take. Important documents should be designated in
                                 advance for removal. Small valuables, heirlooms, photos, etc. can be
                                 boxed for evacuation.

                                 Build a hurricane inventory to include:

                                      ï¿½ice chest for ice and perishable food
                                      ï¿½potable water (plan 1 qt/person/day)
                                      ï¿½ food (perishable, canned, snack)
                                      ï¿½can opener and utensils
                                      ï¿½flash lights and batteries
                                      ï¿½battery operated radio with weather frequency
                                      -extra clothing


                                                              Tab A
                                                                 17








                              ï¿½ rain gear and boots
                              ï¿½ toilet and first aid kit
                              ï¿½ required medicine supplies
                              ï¿½ bedding
                              ï¿½ cash, check book and credit cards

                              NOTE: Alcoholic beverages and firearms are not permitted in
                              emergency shelters.

                         Be prepared to evacuate early and leave as soon as possible after
                         evacuation has been called for. You may want to send your family ahead
                         if other responsibilities may delay your own evacuation until Phase One.

                         Returning after an evacuation may be a time of despair or rejoicing.
                         Concentrate on the positive aspects of your survival and meet the
                         challenge with optimism and safety consciousness. The threat of storm
                         related injuries is not over. Several deaths in the Charleston area after
                         hurricane HUGO resulted from post-storm injuries from chain saws,
                         falling trees, candle fires or electrocution. The threats of spoiled food,
                         bad water, poor sanitation, and poisonous snakes should also be
                         considered.

                  Because of the uncertainty of how long crew members will be required to be
                  on duty, at first notice of a storm there will be staggered relief shifts to allow
                  each person time to go home and prepare their homes and families. This will
                  be done well in advance of the anticipated storm (as much as 2-3 days in
                  advance).

                  In order to return to preparations as soon as possible, leave time will be
                  scheduled with team leaders going first. Because the fatigue factor during and
                  after the storm can be expected to be high, staffing prior to the storm's arrival
                  should be keep at a minimum.

















                                                     Tab A
                                                        18









                                RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO HURRICANE SEASON


                                              INSTRUCTIONS FOR TENANTS


                     Prior to the hurricane season tenants will fill out Tab B and carry out the following
                     functions.

                            Review Severe Weather Preparedness Plan.

                            Wet slip boat owners are required to:

                                ï¿½ Complete the Marina Tenants Severe Weather Questionnaire. Give
                                  a copy to the marina Operations Officer and keep one for yourself.
                                  Keep current at the Marina Operations office the following information:

                                       Telephone numbers.

                                       Name and phone number of a qualified and accessible alternate
                                       captain in case owner is absent during a storm.

                                       Copy of boat insurance policy.

                                ï¿½ Keep an adequate inventory of storm gear aboard and maintain dock
                                  lines of proper size and condition.

                                ï¿½ Ensure that your boat can get underway with its own power at all times.

                                ï¿½ Ensure that your boat is adequately covered with liability insurance.
                                  The boat owner is liable for damages caused to the marina by his/her
                                  boat.

                                ï¿½ Attend anchoring and evacuation clinics when given by the marina or
                                  local authorities.

                                ï¿½ All tenants renting slips and/or dry storage space will be required to
                                  sign a slip rental agreement and have an individual severe storm action
                                  plan.

                            Dry rack boat owners are required to:

                                ï¿½ Keep canvas tops down and secured.

                                ï¿½ Keep bilge drain plugs pulled.

                                ï¿½ Maintain a boat trailer in road-worthy shape for evacuation from dry
                                  racks and notify marina of your intentions well before deadline to avoid
                                  unnecessary tie-downs.


                                                             Tab A
                                                               19








                       Ensure that your boat is adequately covered with liability insurance.
                       The boat owner is liable for damages caused by his/her boat.


                     HURRI!CANE RESPONSE CHECKLIST FOR TENANTS



            PHASE FOUR


            AUTOMATICALLY SET I JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

                     Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit to
                     administration.

                     Address areas of responsibility and complete.

                     Update Marina Tenants Severe Weather Questionnaire and return to
                     office.

                     Know your evacuation route and shelter plan.

                     Ensure that your emergency gear is serviceable and ready for use.


            PHASE THREE


            72-48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

                     Secure your boat in accordance with your pre-approved plan.


            PHASE TWO


            48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA


                     Evacuate the area.
                     (When your emergency management advises evacuation -- do so!)














                                            Tab A
                                              20









                         RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO HURRICANE SEASON

                                  INSTRUCnONS FOR VOLUNTEERS


                 Prior to the hurricane season, volunteers will carry out the following facility
                 functions.

                      Review Severe Weather Preparedness Plan.

                      Complete and keep current at the Marina Operations office the following
                      information:

                         ï¿½ Telephone numbers and address.

                         ï¿½ Team captain or group assignment.


                       HURRICANE RESPONSE CHECKLIST FOR VOLUNTEERS


                 PHASE FOUR


                 AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

                         Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit to
                         administration.

                         Address areas of responsibility and complete.

                         Participate in exercises of hurricane plan.


                 PHASE THREE


                 72-48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA


                         Man communication center.

                 -       Assist in securing marina and boats as agreed upon.


                 PHASE TWO


                 48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA


                         Continue to man communication center.





                                                Tab A
                                                  21









            PHASE ONE
            24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA                                                0
                    Evacuate marina and return to family.


















                                                                                    0











                                                                                    0

                                         Tab A
                                           22










                                     RESPONSIBILITIES DURING STORM PHASES



                     DISCUSSION

                             Numerous tasks and precautions must take place in preparation for the
                     hurricane or severe weather. The extent of the tasks and the number of personnel
                     available will determine the amount of time required for the marina to complete the
                     preparation. However, 72 hours is the minimal time allowable in most instances and
                     is the criteria for implementing the following:


                     PHASE THREE (ALERT)


                     72-48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA
                     (EARLIER IF A WEEKEND IS INVOLVED).

                             ï¿½ Notify all personnel that the facility is on a hurricane alert. All personnel
                              will commence preparations for putting the Severe Weather Preparedness
                              Plan in action.


                             ï¿½ The communications center will be manned and all volunteers and other
                              parties will be notified of the hurricane alert.

                             -At 72 hours prior to ETA, put mobile or waterborne operations personnel
                              on standby and start securing operations. Initiate plans to evacuate
                              personnel and equipment in the flood prone (low-land) locations.

                             ï¿½Begin facility protection preparations by policing all yard, marina and dock
                              areas to stow away or secure loose equipment and items. Store in covered
                              or sheltered areas.

                             ï¿½Secure all flammable, explosive or other hazardous materials, such as
                              compressed gas cylinders, in a safe, protected secure area.

                             ï¿½Boats from dry storage or other facilities on outside "racks" for small boats
                              and trailers storage will be removed and secured in designated safe areas.
                              Small boats and trailers will be provided protected storage or secured in
                              place with ground screws.

                             ï¿½ All vessel removal operations are to be well underway and completed
                              during this forty eight hour period. Commence plans for securing remaining
                              vessels.

                             ï¿½As the departing vessels are fueling, facility vessels and vehicles will also
                              he topped off, as necessary, in preparation for securing all fueling
                              operations and equipment. (Loss of electrical power during a hurricane may
                              disrupt fuel supplies after the storm.)


                                                             Tab A
                                                               23








                          ï¿½ Check and secure any loose siding or roofing on inside "rack" storage
                          buildings. Remove boats if facility is in a lowland area and is in danger of
                          flooding.

                          ï¿½If other companies or concerns have supplies or equipment in your facility,
                          request that they have their items removed.

                          ï¿½Consider removing any equipment and supplies you may have at other
                          locations.

                          ï¿½Take down large signs, antennas or other removable items subject to wind
                          damage.

                          ï¿½Commence facility protection precautions.          Storm shutters or other
                          protective equipment and windows will be taped with masking tape to
                          reduce the possibility of flying glass.

                          Process and mail all paperwork that can be completed immediately. Set
                          all new paperwork aside to be completed after the hurricane or storm.

                          Remove expensive equipment or products to inland warehouses for storage.
                          If this is not possible due to a lack of transportation equipment or limited
                          time, stack expensive equipment or inventories in protected areas. Cover
                          them with tarpaulins to protect them from water damage should the roof
                          leak or the windows get blown out.

                          ï¿½Reduce inventories as much as possible and delay ordering materials, stocks
                          or supplies until after the storm. If materials or inventories are en-route,
                          try to divert them to a temporary warehouse or area not subject to the
                          storm.

                          ï¿½Begin contacting vessel owners or their representatives in order to begin
                          removing vessels from the facility, as necessary.

                          ï¿½Begin flotilla plans, if any, for vessel removals to safer locations, as
                          necessary.

                          ï¿½Monitor storms progress.

                PHASE TWO (WATCH)

                48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA. Commence and or complete the following
                 actions.

                          ï¿½Notify all personnel that facility is on huff icane watch.

                          ï¿½ Continue to monitor storm's progress.



                                                          Tab A
                                                            24








                              ï¿½ Complete securing operations in lowland locations. All dock structures,
                                field buildings and offices will be secured.

                              ï¿½ House type trailer units are to be moved to a safe location above the
                                floodplain. If this is not possible they should be firmly anchored.

                              ï¿½ In areas subject to flooding, move vehicles and/or equipment to the highest
                                point available. If outside storage is necessary, do not park under trees,
                                towers, signs, or power lines.

                              ï¿½ All employee personal belongings will be removed from evacuated locations.

                              ï¿½ All electrical power supplies to areas that may be flooded will be secured
                                by turning off the power at the main breaker switch.

                              ï¿½ All natural gas will be turned off at the main valve if the marina is vacated.

                              ï¿½ All fuel supply tanks and lines will be secured at the shore side installation.

                              ï¿½ All electric motors, pumps and like equipment at or below ground level will
                                be disconnected and protected or placed in a safe location.

                              ï¿½ If fresh water is supplied from municipal or other water lines, turn off the
                                supply at the meter.

                              - Secure all equipment such as forklifts, trucks, travel lifts, mobile cranes, and
                                work boats in protected areas, shops or warehouses as they may not be
                                needed during the storm. Vehicles are to be parked with the emergency
                                brake on.

                              ï¿½ Complete securing all facility "shop" operations. 'Meir equipment and
                                operations are not needed and their interior, protective space will be
                                utilized for storage of other facility equipment. Tape windows, secure and
                                lock doors.

                              ï¿½ For facilities planned to be manned during the hurricane, check that all
                                emergency supplies are readily available such as first aid kits, fire protection
                                equipment, sufficient stores of provisions, including bottled fresh water, fuel
                                for emergency generators, battery-power lighting, flashlights or lanterns,
                                battery powdered radios, VHF units and the like.

                              ï¿½ Notification to manager, or local police will be made when evacuation is
                                complete and the location secured.








                                                               Tab A
                                                                  25









               PHASE ONE WARNING


               24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                       In these hours prior to the projected arrival of the hurricane, the "Hurricane
               Warning" advisory will have been issued and it is highly likely that the hurricane will
               make landfall or pass near the marina facility. The following activities will be in
               progress or nearing completion:

                       ï¿½Notify all personnel that the facility is on hurricane warning.

                       ï¿½Continue to monitor storm's progress.

                       ï¿½With all vessel protection and securing operations completed, make a final
                        check of doubled mooring lines, tied off with sufficient slack and fender
                        boards and/or other protective equipment in place.

                       ï¿½Secure as necessary any remaining operational facility buildings.

                       ï¿½Employees who are not manning facilities during the storm will be released
                        no later than twelve hours prior to the storm. Instructions for reporting
                        back to work after the storm will be given at that time.

                       ï¿½Whether manning or evacuating the facility, insure that all perimeter access
                        points in the form of fences, gates, and building doors are locked and
                        secured, except the main entrance gate.

                       ï¿½All facility preparations will be completed twelve hours prior to the
                        hurricane's arrival. Depending on the track of the       storm, the extent of
                        preparation based on information received may or may not be adequate.
                        All precauti!Qns taken as a result of the hurricane warning should bg based
                        on the belief that the storm will hit the facilijy directly and with its full
                        fQEM If the full precautionary measures have not been taken, there is
                        probably little that can be done at this point to improve preparation. This
                        is especially true if authorities issue an evacuation notice to the facility
                        location or area. In that case, evacuate the area and hope that the
                        measures taken will suffice. The protection of human life is more important
                        than property loss or damage.













                                                       Tab A
                                                         26









                                                 QURINQ- THE HJIMCANE


                     The following suggestions are issued in the interest of personal safety:

                              ï¿½ When your local emergency management advises evacuation -- do so!

                              ï¿½Stay in a protected and safe place inland if possible.

                              ï¿½For facilities remaining manned, extreme caution will be exercised in all
                               outdoor activities. In the event of injury, outside medical aid will probably
                               not be immediately available.

                              ï¿½No one will attempt to move or re-secure a loose vessel or equipment
                               during the storm period.

                              ï¿½Ufe jackets will be worn by anyone required to perform any activities on
                               or near the docks or piers during severe storm phases.

                              ï¿½No vehicles or equipment will be operated during the storm period unless
                               absolutel necessary.

                              ï¿½Stay tuned to news and weather broadcasts concerning the hurricane's
                               movement so you will know when the danger has passed. Hurricanes can
                               take between 6 and 8 hours to pass through an area.

                              ï¿½Do not assume that the calm of the "eye" of the hurricane means the storm
                               has passed. If the "eye" passes over you, there is still the other side of the
                               hurricane to contend with, Remember, when the "eye" passes over you the
                               wind will be in the opposite direction when it starts back up on the back
                               side.



                                                  AFTER THE HURRICANE


                     Ile following should be considered when returning to the area:

                              ï¿½Extensive damage may have been caused by the hurricane. While checking
                               the condition of the marina facility is of a main concern, there may be
                               limitations to access to the facility or at the facility itself. Flooded roads,
                               downed power lines, washed out areas of beach or river areas are just a few
                               of the problems. An inspection of the facility will be made as soon as
                               practicable to determine conditions, damages and security of premises.

                              ï¿½ Be alert to flash flooding that may occur due to heavy rains up stream or
                               flooded canal areas even after the storm has ended. Also, be alert for
                               tornados which are frequently associated with hurricanes or occur after the


                                                              Tab A
                                                                27








                         hurricane has passed. In crossing water, do not try to cross a stream or
                         pool of water unless you are certain that the water will not be above your
                         knees (or above the middle of y our car's wheels) all the way across.

                         Post storm security should be addressed as soon as you return. to the marina
                         to protect against vandalism.

               Personnel returning to the facility and beginning the preliminary damage assessment
               are to be aware of the following:

                       ï¿½ Beware of snakes when going into grassy areas or other locations.
                         Personnel should wear boots and be cautioned to look where they place
                         their feet and hands.

                       ï¿½ Be aware of possible downed electrical wires which should be considered
                         "Hot" and avoided until the power company or facility electrical
                         maintenance personnel service the wires.

                       ï¿½ Check natural gas installations for leaking gas by smell only, not with
                         matches or candies (for facilities with natural gas).

                       ï¿½ Check facility fueling docks and tanks for leaking gasoline or diesel fuel,
                         where applicable. (This may require filing a report with your local, state
                         or federal environmental agency.)

                       ï¿½ Electrical equipment of the facility that has been submerged in water is not
                         to be started until it has been checked and repaired as necessary.

                       ï¿½ Broken sewer or water mains are to be reported immediately to either the
                         utility company responsible for repair or to the marina facility maintenance
                         personnel if owned and maintained by the facility.

                       ï¿½ Building's, shop's and dock's electrical wiring is to be checked completely
                         prior to turning on the main power switch.

                       ï¿½ Wet electrical appliances, such as hot plates, toasters, calculators,
                         typewriters, etc. will be inspected, and repaired or replaced as necessary,
                         prior to operation.

               Plan to return to the marina as soon as possible after the storm has passed, civil
               defense clearance given, and your family is taken care oL                  Telephone
               communications may not be possible at this time, so listen to the public radio
               broadcast for information, civil defense clearance, etc. on returning to the area.

               As soon as the facility has been deemed safe for complete inspection, and where
               damage has occurred, a complete survey of the facilities, inventories, equipment and
               stocks will be made and documented with photographs or video where possible. Any



                                                      Tab A
                                                        28








                      losses or damages should be reported immediately to the insurance agent of the
                      marina.

                      A written assessment of damages will be prepared as soon as possible. Estimated
                      damages to docks and piers and other harbor facilities, cranes, mast hoist, boat
                      sheds, toilets, showers, lockers, Harbor Master's office, fuel dock and office,
                      electrical transformers, electrical service, and telephones are to be included in the
                      assessment.


                      Return and account for any emergency equipment issued.

                      After making damage assessments, plan repairs and implement a repair program as
                      soon as possible.

                      While it is understandable that immediate repairs may need to be undertaken, all
                      actions taken during the course of repairs prior to any insurance adjustment will be
                      properly documented and filed. In the case of facility property damages, appraisers
                      assigned by the insurance company will be involved in assisting with the claims.
                      Insurance companies usually establish storm claims offices to handle the numerous
                      claims after a hurricane strikes. In catastrophic situations, extra personnel are called
                      in to handle the volume of claims.

                      If there has been any theft or vandalism loss or damage to the facility, other than
                      storm related, a report will be made to local police or other law enforcement
                      authorities so that appropriate actions can be taken. The incident report number
                      and, if possible, a copy of the incident report, is to be obtained from the police to
                      substantiate any insurance claim or tax property loss reporting.

                      It is obvious that vessel owners, captains, caretakers and others with vessel interests
                      will inquire as to the status of their vessels. These inquires should be fielded as best
                      as possible, especially if there is no damage to their property. Notification of any
                      vessel damage should be made as soon as possible. Consider dedicating a phone
                      line with a pre-recorded message to cut down on answering these calls. While it is
                      understandable that vessel owners may want to return to marinas or yard facilities
                      as soon as possible, they will be advised as to the situation at the facility and as to
                      the availability of berthing facilities for their vessel as soon as practical. If damages
                      preclude the facility from providing a berthing space for the vessels, the owners will
                      be so notified and advised as to when the facility may be available to provide a
                      berth.

                      If the facility is relatively undamaged, then efforts will be made to become
                      operational and provide facility services to those who are not so fortunate.

                      Controlled access and/or security at the facility may be required in any instance.
                      Facility personnel will be put in charge of such security with considerations given to
                      the handling of:

                               Members and non-members in the case of yacht clubs.


                                                               Tab A
                                                                 29









                      ï¿½ Tenants and non-tenants in the case of marinas or other facilities.

                      ï¿½ Radio, television and press representatives.

                      ï¿½ Outside salvage contractors, repairers, estimators, surveyors, adjusters, and
                        appraisers.
















































                                                      Tab A
                                                        30







                                                          TABB

                                              Marina Tenants
                                Severe Weather Questionnaire


                     Boat Owner                                                      Phone

                     Pier #              -       Slip                         Locker #

                     Alternate Captain                                                 Phone

                     Insurance Carrier

                     Boat Type                                          Boat Name


                           PLEASE COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONNAIRE
                                                    AS APPROPRIATE:

                     Group A - Sunfish. Board Boat. Dinghy (initial)

                                           I intend to remove my boat(s) and equipment from the marina
                                           grounds.

                                           I intend to temporarily store my boat(s) and equipment in the
                                           following location:


                     Group B - Trailerable Boats (initial)

                                           I intend to remove my trailer(s), boat(s) and equipment from
                                           the marina grounds, and relocate them to



                                           I intend to temporarily store my trailer(s), boat(s) and
                                           equipment in the following location:


                                           I have inspected my boat trailer(s) to insure that it is in
                                           operable condition and agree to maintain the trailer in operable
                                           condition while it remains on marina property.



                                                             Tab B
                                                                I








             Group C - Non-Trailerable Boats UndCr 8000 Pounds (initial)

                                I intend to secure my boat in the following location:


                                I intend to haul out my boat for temporary storage in the
                                following location:

                                I agree to report to the marina during the severe weather
                                warning to prepare my boat for haul-out and to assist with haul-
                                out operations.


             Group D - Cruising Boats (initial)

                                I intend to secure my boat in the following location:


                                I intend to move my boat to another dock site or in the
                                following location:

                                I intend to anchor my boat in the following location:



                                    GROUND TACKLE ON BOARD

             Anchor(s)




             Chain(s)




             Anchor Line(s)




             Mushroom Anchor

             Bridle(s)

             Chafing Gear



                                                 Tab B
                                                   2








                                 I have reviewed the marina's severe weather preparedness plan.

                                 I have a severe weather preparedness checklist on board the boat
                                 which is in conformance with the' marina's plan.

                                 I have reviewed and rehearsed my severe weather preparedness plan
                                 with my alternate captain.


                    Dock Box

                                 I understand that the dock box belongs to                     marina
                                                 me and                    is                  is not
                                 insurable under the marina insurance policy.

                                 I intend to remove my dock box and/or belongings during a hurricane
                                 warning.




































                                                         Tab B
                                                            3






                                                 TAB C

                  Hurricane             Severe Weather Information
                                    (Emergency Listing)


                                                                  MAPJNA


                  Owner/Operator                                  Emergency Phone

                  Marina Storm Emergency Plan Director/Coordinators:


                                                                      Name/Phone Number

                        Director/Coordinator
                        Administrative Staff Director
                        Operational Staff Director
                        Dock Master
                        Other Emergency Staff Assignments


                  Marina:
                        Emergency Communications Center
                        Post Storm Information



                  Emergency Phone Numbers:
                        Reliable Weather Information

                        Nearest Coast Guard Unit
                        Local Emergency Management
                          Coordinator

                        American Red Cross

                        Local Police

                        State Police




                                                   Tab C








             Basic Boat Owner Responsibilities:
                    1.                                                                           0
                    2.

             Instructions for Transient Boat Owners/Operators:

                    1.

                    2.



             Recommended:

                    Evacuation Routes

                    Public Shelters


             Emergency Ground Transportation


             Location of.
                    Marina Severe Weather Preparedness Plan
                    Maryland (DNR) Severe Weather Guidebook


             Special Instructions:

























                                                Tab C
                                                   2







                                                    TABD
                          County Emergency Management
                       Civil Defense Organization Contacts


                                              ALLEGANY CO

                   Allegany County Civil Defense
                   and Disaster Preparedness Agency
                   Constitution Park
                   P. 0. Box 1340
                   Cumberland, Maryland 21502                                       301-777-5908


                                           ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY

                   Office of Emergency Management
                   Anne Arundel County
                   P. 0. Box 2700
                   Annapolis, Maryland 21404                                        410-222-8040


                                               BALTIMORE CITY


                   Office of Disaster Control
                   and Civil Defense
                   1201 East Cold Spring Lane
                   Baltimore, Maryland 21239                                        410-396-6175


                                             BALTIMORE CO


                   Bureau of Civil Defense
                   Baltimore County
                   401 Bosley Avenue
                   Towson, Maryland 21204                                           410-887-5996


                                               CALVERT CQ

                   Calvert County Division of
                   Emergency Management
                   Court House
  0                Prince Frederick, Maryland 20678                                 410-535-1623

                                                      Tab D
                                                         1









                                          CAROLINE CO

              Caroline County Division of
              Emergency Management
              P. 0. Box 151                                                     410479-2622
              Denton, Maryland 21629


                                           CARROLL COUNTY

              Carroll County Emergency Services
              1345 Washington Avenue
              Westminister, Maryland 21157                                      410-876-3015


                                            CECIL CO

              Cecil County Emergency Management
              and Civil Defense Agency
              Court House, Room 6
              Elkton, Maryland 21921                                            410-398-1350


                                          CHAR-LES COUNTY

              Charles County Civil Defense
              and Disaster Preparedness Agency
              Division of Emergency and Risk Management
              P. 0. Box B
              LaPlata, Maryland 20646                                           301-645-0630


                                        DORCHESTER CO

              Dorchester County Emergency Management
              and Civil Defense Agency
              P. 0. Box 231
              Cambridge, Maryland 21613                                         410-228-1818


                                         FREDERICK COUNTY

              Frederick County Civil Defense and
              Disaster Preparedness Agency
              190 Montevue Lane
              Frederick, Maryland 21701                                         301-694-1536




                                                  Tab D
                                                    2










                                               GARREIT CO

                   Garrett County Emergency
                   Management Agency
                   Oakland, Maryland 21550                                          301-334-1930


                                              HARFDRD COUNTY

                   Harford County Department of
                   Emergency Operations
                   2220 Ady Road
                   Forest Hill, Maryland 21050                                      410-838-5800


                                               HOWARD CO

                   Howard County Office of Emergency
                   Management and Civil Defense
                   10650 Hickory Ridge Road
                   Columbia, Maryland 21044                                         410-313-6000


                                                 KENT   CO

                   Kent County Emergency Management Agency
                   P. 0. Box 253 - Court House
                   Chestertown, Maryland 21620                                      410-778-3758


                                            MONTGOMERY CO

                   Montgomery County Emergency
                   Management Planning
                   100 Maryland Avenue, Room LL-01
                   Rockville, Maryland 20850                                        301-217-2470


                                         PRINCE GEORGE'S C01=

                   Prince George's County
                   Office of Emergency Preparedness
                   7911 Anchor Street
                   Landover, Maryland 20785                                         301-499-8050






                                                      Tab D
                                                         3








                                       QUEEN ANNE'S!Q0

              Queen Anne's County Emergency
              Management Agency
              308 Safety Drive
              Centreville, Maryland 21617                                     410-758-0223


                                         ST. MARYS CQ

              St. Mary's County Emergency
              Management Agency
              Emergency Operating Center
              Box 271
              Leonardtown, Maryland 20650                                     301-475-8016


                                         SOMERSET CO

              Somerset County Department of
              Emergency Services
              424 North Somerset Avenue
              Princess Anne, Maryland 21853                                   410-651-0707


                                          TALBOT CO

              Talbot County Emergency Management Agency
              Operations Center, Dispatch Room
              605 Port Street
              Easton, Maryland 21601                                          410-822-2223


                                       WASHINGTON COUNTY

              Washington County Civil Defense
              and Disaster Preparedness Agency
              33 West Washington Street
              Hagerstown, Maryland 21740                                      301-791-3152


                                         WICOMICO COUNTY

              Wicomico County Emergency Management
              and Civil Defense
              401 Naylor Mill Road
              Salisbury, Maryland 21801-9630                                  410-548-4820



                                                 Tab D
                                                   4










                                         WORCESTER COUNTY

                 Worcester County Emergency Services
                 Court House, L,14
                 Snow Hill, Maryland 21863                                   410-632-1312


                                              QCEAN CI

                 Management Coordinator
                 Ocean City Office of Emergency Management
                 P. 0. Box 158
                 15th Street & Philadelphia Avenue
                 Ocean City, Maryland 21842                                  410-289-4346






































                                                  Tab D
                                                    5







                                                          TABE

                                               Communications


                            For the mariners, few things are as important as the weather, and obtaining
                     accurate weather data can mean the difference between a safe, pleasant cruise and
                     disaster.   The National Weather Service provides mariners with continuous
                     broadcasts of weather warnings, forecasts, and radar reports over VHF-FM radio.
                     Reception range is usually up to 40 miles from the antenna site, depending on the
                     terrain and the type of receiver and antenna you're using. Tbe following list includes
                     the VHF-FM stations for the Mid Atlantic Coast.



                                                    STATIONS IN AREA

                        Logation                   Channel                 Location                Channel

                     Philadelphia, PA              WX-3                Lewes, DE                     WX-1
                     Baltimore, MD                 WX-1                Salisbury, MD                 WX-3
                     Washington, D.C.              WX-1                Norfolk, VA                   WX-1
                     Richmond, VA                  WX-3                Cape Hatteras, NC             WX-3

                       Note: WX-1 is 162.55 MHz, WX-2 is 162.40 MHz, and VVX-3 is 162.475 MHz.


                            These VHF-FM radio stations broadcast from tapes which are updated every
                     3 to 6 hours and amended as required. The broadcast contents vary, but in general
                     contain the following:

                            ï¿½ Description of the weather patterns affecting the eastern United States
                              and coastal waters.

                            ï¿½ Regional and state   forecasts for surrounding area with outlook for third
                              day.

                            ï¿½ Marine forecasts and warnings for bay and coastal waters.

                            ï¿½ Weather observations from selected National Weather. Service and Coast
                              Guard stations.

                            ï¿½ Radar summaries and reports.

                            ï¿½ Local weather observations and forecasts.





                                                             Tab E
                                                                1








                                                                                                      i    2


                       ï¿½ Special bulletins and summaries concerning sever weather, such as
                         hurricanes.

                       ï¿½ Tide reports.


                                         WEATHER OFFICES IN

                       Philadelphia, PA    ............................              *(215) 627-5575
                       Baltimore, MD     .............................               *(410) 936-1212
                       Annapolis, MD     .............................               *(410) 936-1212
                       Washington, DC      ............................              *(202) 936-1212
                       Richmond, VA      .............................               *(804) 222-7411
                       Norfolk, VA      ..............................               *(804) 666-1212

                                                   Recordings only


                       The following is a list of Public Coast Marine Operators currently licensed
               by the Federal Communications Commission. When calling one of the stations be
               sure to ask about all applicable charges before you complete your call. Be sure to
               keep a record of your calls. NEVER give your credit card numbers over the air.
               To reach the marine operator by land line, dial "0". Further questions should be
               directed to the FCC, Gettysburg, PA.


                                   PUBLIC COAST MARINE OPERATORS



                                                                                    CHANNEL
                       1&CATION                        CALL SIGN                    (VHF-FM)

                       Delaware
                          Lewes                          KVF 855                        27
                          Odessa                         KVR    460,                    28

                       Maryland
                          Bodkin Point                   KGD    518                   25,26
                          Ocean City                     KSK    223                     26
                          Cambridge                      KRS     907                    28
                          Prince Frederick               KSK    209                     27
                          Ridge                          KAQ 383                        26

                       Virginia
                          Hampton                        KIC 631                   25, 26, 27, 84
                          Norfolk                        WHU 746                        85
                          Norfolk                        WHV 240                        87




                                                        Tab E
                                                          2








                              The National Weather Service issues marine forecasts every six hours, giving
                      a general weather pattern for your area, plus a prediction of winds, seas@ weather
                      and visibility. For the marine broadcast telephone number in you area, check your
                      phone book under U.S. Government, Dept. of Commerce, National Weather Service.

                              Marine Weather Service Charts give weather radio broadcast schedules,
                      phone numbers for marine weather recordings,and more.
                      You can order the Marine Weather Service Chart for your boating area by sending
                      $1.25 postage/handling to:

                                        National Ocean Service
                                        Distribution Branch N/CG33
                                        Riverdale, MD 20737-1199
                                        (301) 436-6990


                                                 SHORT WAVE BROADCAST

                              The National Weather Service and National Bureau of Standards cooperate
                      in broadcasting high seas storm information from WWV, Fort Collins, Colorado as
                      follows:

                           Times of Broadcast                                 Broadcast Area

                      8 Minutes past the hour                         Storm information for western North
                      9 Minutes past the hour                         Atlantic, including Gulf of Mexico
                                                                      and Caribbean Sea.

                      The weather broadcast is in 45-second segments separated by a 15-second interval.
                      Broadcast frequencies - 2.5, 5, 10, 15 MHz


                                   BROADCASTS OF MMINE WEATHER FORECASTS
                            AND WARNINGS BY MARINE RADIOTELEPHONE STATIONS


                                                                        Frequency            Broadcast
                        "tion                       Station             (kHz/MHz)                Time

                      Cape May, NJ               NMK (USCG)             2670 kHz                6:03 am & pm
                                                                        157.1 MHz              6:03 am & pm

                      Chincoteague, VA              MNN-70              2670kHz                 9:03 am & prn
                                                                        157.1 MHz            6:45 am & 9 prn
                                                                                             (Coastal Waters)
                      Hampton Roads, VA            NMN-13               2670kHz           8:33 am & 9:03 prn
                                                                        157.1 MHz         6:20 am & 9:30 prn
                                                                                             (Coastal Waters)


                                                               Tab E
                                                                  3









                                      MARINE WEATHER REPORTING
                                                     MAREP



                                                                                   Broadcast
                 Location                   Station      FrequenQ@                   Time

               University of Delaware      KTD-423       VHF Channels         7:30 am & 10:30 am
                                                         16, 80A, &           2:00 pm & 5:00 pm
                                                         SSB-2096.5                    Local Time

               Barnegat, NJ                KZJ-332       VHF Channels         7:00 am & 9:00 am
                                                             1-18                      Local Time














































                                                     Tab E
                                                         4







                                  TABF
                   Hurricane Response Cheddist


                           ADMINISTRATIVE STAF



            PHASE FOUR


            AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

                     Review severe weather preparedness plan and update.

                     Address areas of responsibilities and complete.

                     Distribute and post revised severe weather preparedness
                     plan.

                     Brief marina personnel, tenants and volunteers on severe
 is                  weather preparedness plan.
                     Ensure pre-selected refuge moorings for boats are adequate.

                     Coordinate plan's requirements with local authorities.

                     Check first aid supplies and restock.

                     Check emergency supplies and restock.

                     Make vender list for rental and leased equipment.


            PHASE T`HREE


            72 - 48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

                     Initiate hurricane warning and activate communication plans.

                     Set up communications center (if one is planned).




                                    Tab F
                                     1







                         After phase three is set, release unnecessary marina
                         personnel so that they can prepare their homes and gather
                         their personal belongings.

                         Notify tenants and volunteers of impending conditions.

                         Work closely with harbor master and marina volunteers to
                         update posted storm information and disseminate other
                         information to employees, boat owners and volunteers.

                         Process and mail all paperwork that can be completed
                         .immediately.

                         Close marina stores to general public.

                         Supplies must be earmarked for marina use at the first sign
                         of a hurricane threat to avoid depletion of stock by customer
                         demands.

                         Begin preparation of marina grounds:

                                 Stock emergency food and water supplies.

                                 Check emergency generators, lighting, and fuel
                                 supply. Obtain additional generators if required.

                                 Check emergency equipment list. Arrange security
                                 staff schedule and volunteers.

                                 Secure outdoor furniture, large signs, flags, trash
                                 cans, carts, fire extinguisher, antennas and other
                                 loose items that can be affected by wind.

                         Back up computers and store archive tapes with records to
                         be removed.

                         Start plans to evacuate personnel and equipment in flood
                         prone (low-land) locations.

                         Request other companies or concerns with supplies and
                         equipment at the marina to remove them.


                                               Tab F
                                                 2







                              Have supplies and equipment at other marinas brought back
                              to the marina and secured.

                              Notify any suppliers to hold shipment until after the storm.
                              Have crane delivered for hoisting boats.
                              Ensure first aid supplies are on hand.
                              Arrange security staff and volunteers schedule.


                  PHASE TWO


                  48 - 24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                              Maintain position of hurricane in communication center.
                              Maintain contact with local weather bureau/oceanographic
                              center.

                              Ensure marina is secured from non-essential traffic.

                              Issue emergency supplies and equipment to crews as
                              required.
                              Move files and expensive equipment to higher shelves and
                              drape with plastic.
                              Implement check-in, check-out, and duty list for personnel
                              entering and leaving the marina.


                  PHASE ONE


                  24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                              Secure marina.

                              Coordinate status reports on hurricane position and
                              intensities to crewsl tenants and volunteer at marina.

                              Evacuate marina if directed.

                                       When Your Local EmerUna_
                                Management Advises Evacuation -- Do So!


                                                   Tab F
                                                      3










                      FACILITY AND MAINTENANCE STAFF



          PHASE FOUR


          AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

                   Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit
                   to administration.

                   Address areas of responsibility and complete.

                   Ensure that all essential vehicles and portable generators are
                   operational and ready for use.

                   Inspect buildings, piers, and wharfs.

                   Inspect all storage sheds, outbuildings, and portable office
                   trailers for proper tie-down.

                   Inspect all emergency lighting systems and ensure they are
                   operational.


         PHASE THREE


         72 - 48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

                   Schedule marina's crew for storm duties. Include "shore
                   leave" for crew to prepare homes and families at first notice
                   of storm.

                   Secure all dumpsters with tie-downs.

                   Remove trash, scrap, and excess materials.

                   Fuel all vehicles to 100 percent.

                   Fill all gas and diesel fuel storage tanks.

                   Clear all loose gear from wharfs and piers.

                   Secure piers, docks and dry storage areas:


                                  Tab F
                                    4








                                           ï¿½ Remove unclaimed trailers, boats and equipment from piers,
                                             docks and dry storage areas.

                                           ï¿½ Move drink, ice machines, etc. to higher grounds.

                                           ï¿½ Remove and secure trash cans from piers.

                                           ï¿½ Anchor portable buildings.

                                           ï¿½ Check cranes and sling hoist.

                                           ï¿½ Schedule and commit removal of boats by crane.

                                           ï¿½ Begin stripping removable boats and moving to hoisting area.

                                           ï¿½ Coordinate securing marina facilities, equipment and boats.

                                           ï¿½ Monitor the need to disconnect floating and fixed pier's
                                             power cables, water and fuel lines if tidal surge is expected.
                                             Be prepared to disconnect floating dock ramps and secure
                                             docks to fixed pier pilings.

                                   Police marina and dock areas to stow away or secure loose
                                   equipment and items that could become missile hazards in
                                   high winds.

                                   Secure all flammable, explosive or other hazardous materials.

                                   Remove boats and trailers in outside dry storage "racks".
                                   Secure with tie-downs when moved.



                     PHASE TWO


                     48 - 24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                                   Inspect all work done in phase three.

                                   Begin evacuation of board boats and dinghies.

                                   Evacuate trailerable boats to predesignated area:

                                           0 Notify owners or remove with marina personnel.
  0                                        0 Arrange to have boats tied down after move.

                                                            Tab F
                                                              5









                         -Evacuate non trailerable boats.

                         Evacuate cruising boats.

                         Secure dry stack storage area.

                         Activate flotilla plans for removal of vessels to safer location.

                         Board up all windows and glass doors.

                         Remove or lock all dock boxes and check tie downs.

                         Secure waterside sewage pumpouts. Turn off sewage grinder
                         pump breakers at last call to evacuate marina.


             PHASE ONE


            24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                         Brief departing released personnel on recall procedures.

                         Stage personnel who are schedule to ride out storm.

                           When Your Local EmeLrgengy Management
                                  Advis!ts Evacuation -- Do So!

                         Respond to last minute items.

                         Secure fuel and oil tanks.

                         Secure main switch gear to piers and low lying areas.

                         Remove all excess gear from piers and dock area.

                         When appropriate (extra high tide or storm surge expected)
                         loosen floating dock ramps from hinges and secure.

                         At last call, remove outside life rings and fire extinguisher
                         from floats and other outside locations.

                         Secure power to marina if evacuated.


                                              Tab F
                                                 6










                                     TENANTS



             PHASE FOUR


             AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

                      Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit
                      to administration.

                      Address areas of responsibility and complete.

                      Update marina tenants severe weather preparedness
                      questionnaire and return to office.

                      Know your evacuation route and shelter plan.

                      Ensure that your emergency gear is serviceable and ready for
                      use.




             PHASE THREE


             72 - 48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

                      Secure your boat in accordance with your pre-approved plan.


             PHASE TWO


             48 - 24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                      Evacuate the area.

                        When Your Local EmeLrgengy Management
                             Advises Evacuation -- Do So!












                                      Tab F
                                        7










                              VOLUNTEERS



         PHASE FOUR


         AUTOMATICALLY SET I JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

                  Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit
                  to administration.

                  Address areas of responsibility and complete.

                  Participate in exercises of hurricane plan.


         PHASE THREE


         72 - 48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

                  Man communication center.

                  Assist in securing marina and boats as agreed upon.


         PHASE TWO


         48 - 24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                  Continue to man communication center.



         PHASE ONE


         24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

                  Evacuate marina and return to family.

                   When Your Local Emergency Management
                        Advises Evacuation -- Do









                                 Tab F
                                  8

















                                                                                       UAT








                        In a Natural Resources Emergency or for
                        assistance, telephone (410) 267-7740,
                        (410) 974-3181, or 1-800-628-9944, twenty-
                        four hours a day.








                        The facilities and ser-rices of the Department of Natural Resources are available to all without regard to race, religion, color,
                        sex, age, national origin, physical or mental disability.




                                                                                                            I
                                                                                                                 NO" COASTAL SERVICES CT ILIB ARY    I
                                                                                                                 3 6668 14111463 9                          0










                                                                                                                                                             0
                                                                                                                "













                                                                                                                                                            0