Maryland guidebook for marina owners and operators on hurricane and severe weather preparedness

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Maryland Guidebook
For Marina Owners and Operators
on
Hurricane and Severe Weather
Preparedness

MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

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Maryland Guidebook
For Marina Owners and Operators
on
Hurricane and Severe Weather
Preparedness

MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

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DISCLUMER

The statements, recommendations and procedures contained in this manual are
those of Coastal Technology, Incorporated, and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the State of Maryland or the U.S. Government. Coastal Technology, Incorporated
warrants that their services were performed with the usual thoroughness and
competence of the technical consulting profession, and no other warranty, either
expressed or implied, is included or intended.

This manual was developed to provide guidance for Maryland marinas. The
users must assume responsibility for adapting, activating and/or supplementing the
information contained herein to meet the particular requirements of their marina.
It is intended that this manual complement state and local codes and ordinances,
whose provisions should prevail in the event of conflict.

Maryland Guidebook
For Marina Owners and Operators
on
Hurricane and Severe Weather
Preparedness

Prepared For The

Maryland Department of Natural Resources

Boating Administration
Water Resources Administration
Tidewater Administration

Through a Grant Provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

Administered by the
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources

Prepared By

COASTAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
228 N. Lynnhaven Road, Suite 124
Virginia Beach, Virzinia 23452
(804) 340-8507

January 1992

The facilities and services of the Department of Natural Resources an available to all without
regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, physical or mental disability.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pa
ze

Introduction iii

Glossary of Severe Weather Terms v

Chapter One Knowing What to Expect 1

Chapter Two Why a Severe Weather Plan 5

Having a Plan 5
Making it Work 6
Clean Up 6
Economic Incentives 7
Marina Insurance Considerations 7

Chapter Three Hazards of Severe Weather 11

Thunderstorms, Northeasters, Tornados,
and Hurricanes 11
Types of Hazards from Severe Storms 13
Hazards from Hurricanes 17
Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scale 19

Chapter Four Lessons from Hurricane Hugo 21

South Carolina Marina Facilities 21
Marina Damages 22

Chapter Five Marina Design Considerations 25

Relevant Terminology 25
Issues of Concern 27
Basic Planning Considerations 28
Factors to be Addressed 29
Specific Examples 34
Summary 35

Chapter Six Evacuation, Routes, and Shelters 41

Planning 41
Evacuation 42
Shelters 43
Evacuation Travel Patterns 43
Special Considerations 44
Additional Information 44

Table of Contents (continued)

Chapter Seven Your Severe Weather Preparedness Plan 45

Formulating Your Plan. 45
Responsibilities 45
Developing Your Plan 46
Annual Preparations 47
Implementing Your Plan 48
Summary 48

Bibliography 51

Introduction to Tabs 55

Tab A Severe Weather Preparedness Plan
Tab B Marina Tenants Severe Weather Questionnaire
Tab C Hurricane / Severe Weather Information
(Emergency Listing)
Tab D County Emergency Management Civil Defense
Organization Contacts
Tab E Communications
Tab F Hurricane Response Checklist

INTRODUCTION

This guidebook is part of an ongoing effort by the State of Maryland to assist
the marine community in preparing for severe weather, especially hurricanes. It was
developed specifically for marina owners/operators like yourself, and includes:

� Typical weather patterns, storm events and storm dangers which can be
expected at marinas in Maryland...

� Actions you can take for your clients and your marina to reduce loss from
severe weather...

� How improved design and preparedness will result in tangible dollar savings...

The purpose of this guidebook is to provide you with general information for
mitigating flood and wind storm damage. It is not to be used as a design manual or
a substitute for the preparation of a severe weather preparedness plan for your
marina. However, it will provide you with the guidelines you will need to prepare
your SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN.

This guidebook may be revised to keep current with experience and advances
in available technology.

GLOSSARY OF
SEVERE WEATHERTERMS

ADVISO - A message released by a hurricane center, usually at 6 hour intervals,
updating information on the storm or hurricane, including watches and warnings
whenever they are in effect. A "special advisory" is a warning given any time there
is a significant change in weather conditions or change in warnings previously
released. An "immediate advisory" updates information in advisories at 2 to 3 hour
intervals, whenever a watch or warning is in effect.

ETA - Estimated Time of Arrival.

FLASH FLOOD WATCH - Flash flooding is possible within a designated area.

FLASH FLOOD WARNING - Flash flooding is imminent; take immediate action.

FLOODPLAIN - Any land area susceptible to being inundated by water from any
source.

GALE WARNING - A warning of sustained winds within the range of 39 to 54
miles per hour (34 to 47 knots).

HATTERAS LOWS - Low pressure storms that develop along the Carolina coasts.

HURRICANE - A tropical cyclone (a storm that rotates counterclockwise) with
sustained winds of 74 miles per hour (64 knots) or greater.

HURRICANE ADVISORIES - Messages issued by the National Hurricane Center
summarizing all coastal warnings in effect, including hurricane watches, a description
of the storm, its position, anticipated movement and prospective threat to land.

HURRICANE WATCH - The first alert when a hurricane poses a possible, but as
yet uncertain, threat to a certain coastal area. Small craft advisories are issued as
part of a hurricane watch for a coastal area when there is a threat of hurricane
conditions within 24 to 36 hours.

HURRICANE WARNING - Issued when hurricane conditions are expected in a
specified coastal area in 24 hours or less. Hurricane conditions include winds of 74
miles an hour (64 knots) or greater and/or dangerously high tides and waves.
Actions for protection of life and property should begin immediately when the
warning is issued.

NORTHEASTERS - Low pressure storms that develop along the Atlantic
characterized by strong northeast winds.

SEICHE - A mound of water developed by storm wind or changes in pressure and
released during the approach of the storm center due to changes in the bottom
topography or coastal configuration.

STORM WARNING - When associated with a hurricane or tropicai storm, a
warning of sustained winds in the range of 55 to 73 miles per hour (48 to 63 knots).
If a hurricane is expected to strike a coastal area, gale or storm wamings will not
usually precede the hurricane warnings.

STORM SURGE - A rise in water level caused by a storm as it moves over or near
the coastline. It can be much higher than mean sea level with high, breaking waves,
and higher than the normal tidal rise.

SMALL CRAF]r ADVISORIES - When a hurricane or tropical storm threatens a
coastal area, small craft are advised to remain in port or not to venture into the
open sea.

TROPICAL DISTURBANCE - A moving area of thunderstorms of tropical origin
that maintains its identity for 24 hours or more.

TROPICAL DEPRESSION - A rotary circulation at the surface of the water with
a sustained wind speed of 38 miles per hour (33 knots) or less.

TROPICAL STORM - Distinct rotary circulation with sustained wind speeds of 39
to 73 miles per hour (34 to 63 knots).

TORNADO WATCH - Tornadoes and severe thunderstorms are possible in your
area.

TORNADO WARNING - A tornado has been detected in your area. Take shelter.

CHAPTER ONE
Knowing What
To Expect

Severe weather causes more than one billion dollars in property damage in
the United States every year. That is not surprising when you consider that a single
hurricane can generate energy equivalent to 1,000 times the electrical power
generated in the United States every day.

Maryland's marinas are highly vulnerable to the destructive forces of severe
weather; they have felt the affects of over 60 hurricanes and violent storms in the
past 50 years. The potential for devastation to your marina from storm related tidal
surges, winds, waves, and rain is quite real.

Severe weather can come in the form of a lightning or hail storm, a
northeaster, a tornado, or a hurricane. Because hurricanes are the most severe and
damaging storms, they will be addressed in detail. However, the concepts required
in preparing for hurricanes also apply to all local storms.

Any tropical disturbances along the Atlantic Coast can be considered a threat
to the Chesapeake Bay region and the State of Maryland. T11e conventional path
for these storms is northerly, however, these paths are not always the pattern.
Unexpected cold fronts can stall the forward movement of a storm and allow it to
strengthen over warm waters. Other weather patterns can cause storms to meander,
such as the 1984 hurricane DIANA east of Wilmington, North Carolina. This storm
wandered in the Atlantic for several days before taking the normal northerly course.

Ile passage of a hurricane strongly affects an area exceeding fifty miles
across. Winds build rapidly, up to speeds approaching 150 mph. Tomadoes can be
associated with these hurricanes, bringing their own wind threat. Other weather
hazards usually accompany hurricanes. Ten to twenty foot storm surges are not
uncommon. Rainfall of up to 24 inches a day can add even more water to the
already rising waterways. 'nese combinations of high winds and rising water can be
devastating.

Hurricane BOB passed the Maryland coast in 1991 before coming ashore on
the New England Coast. 'Mis storm made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane and
caused considerable damage in New England. Landfall in New England of a
hurricane like BOB only emphasizes the possibility that a hurricane of this severity
is certainly a threat to Maryland.

Hurricane HUGO, a Category 4 storm, struck the Charleston, South Carolina
area on September 22, 1989, and demonstrated just how destructive these forces can
be along the Atlantic Coast. Hundreds of homes were destroyed or moved from
their foundations. Thousands of boats were destroyed and/or left high and dry on

land many miles from their moorings, and most marinas in the area incurred some
degree of damage. The impact HUGO had on marinas in the Charleston area is
illustrated by the following examples.

� Timber piers failed in many cases; decking was tom away from nailers with
nails intact.

� Gangways for floating docks were either pulled from their mooring or
twisted away from their hinges.

� Floating docks, in some cases, floated over top of their piles with the dock
pile guide still intact on the dock. Others were lost from pile guide
failures, broken piles, or knockdown.

� Drystack facilities collapsed with substantial damage to boats and to the
rack facilities.

� Ocean front retaining walls were severely damaged from the tidal surge,
wave action and wind. Concrete walls were tom from their anchor rods.
Wooden walls were completely twisted away after the surge washed the
back-fill from behind them.

� Landside facilities such as phone booths, signs, trailers, light poles, ice
machines, vending machines and antennas suffered substantial damage
from wind. Tidal surge ruined a number of lockers, transformers and fuel
pumps. Many structures sustained damage; some lost their roofs entirely.

� Failure of utility lines followed failure of gangways or retaining walls. This
can be extremely hazardous due to the potential fire, gas and oil leakage,
sewage contamination, hazardous chemical spillage, etc.

'Me location of your property relative to the path of the storm will determine
the degree of force and damage you can expect to experience. You can plot the
storm's path from National Weather Service reports. T11e winds in a hurricane are
counter-clockwise, and the greatest wind speed, tidal surge, and the most intense
rainfall will be to the right of the storm's eye when looking in the direction of its
path. Depending upon the storm's intensity, the maximum tidal surge will also be
15 to 20 miles to the right of the center of the hurricane's "eye" (figure 1).

The left semi-circle of the storm as you look in the direction of its path has
less force than the right side, but is still dangerous. Should the storm pass directly
over you, you will experience the winds reducing to minor gusts within the "eye" until
the "back side" of the hurricane arrives. When this happens the winds will reverse
direction and will be at or near the intensity experienced on the front side of the
storm. It may take as long as 30 minutes for the "eye" of the storm to pass over you.
However, when the southeast quadrant or "backside" of the storm does arrive, the
hurricane winds will reverse and change direction of wave action. This will change
the direction of wave action against moorings and reduce water depth (figure 2).

Fr-uRE I

A DIRECTION
OF WINDS

OF MAXIMUM WINDS

TO DIRECTION OF PATH

HURRICANE
EYE

AREA OF
NWO wo

. .. .... .... .
... .... 900
DIRECTION
OF WINDS

UENERALLY, THE HIGHEST TIDAL SURGES AND MOST INTENSE RAINFALL FROM
A HUR
Path of RICANE OCCUR IN THE REGION OF THE RADIUS OF MAXIMUM WINDS AND TO
THE RIGHT OF THE HURRICANE S FORWARD TRACK. THIS RADIUS IS MEASURED FROM
THE CENTER OF THE HURRICANE EYE TO THE LOCATION OF THE HIGHEST WIND
SPEEDS WITHIN THE STORM. VARY FROM
THE RADIUS OF MAXIMUM WINDS CAN
As LITTLE As 4 MILES TO AS MUCH AS SO MILES.

. . . . . . . . . .. .

RE 2
WINDS APPROAC14ING ANNAPOLIS
ARE BLOWING WESTE N
A& .... ... ...

N
WIND

. .. .... .......
.... .... ...

City OJFI-@k
Aj,inapdlis DIRECTION
NNE
4.5
OF WINDS

DIRECTION
OF WINDS

No
WIND

*ssl POSITION OF EYE OVER WINDS STRIKING ANNAPous
ANNAPOLIS CREATING AN NOW REVERSED AND SLOWING
OF No WIND. EASTERLY.

. ........... ............................
..... . . . . . . . . .

CHAFFERTwo
Why A Severe
Weather Plan

HAVING A PLAN

The best way to minimize the destructive forces of hurricanes and other
violent storms ... to reduce severe weather losses ... is to have prepared in advance
and use a SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN.

A marina severe weather preparedness plan should be based upon a wide
variety of factors including: the location of the marina and its vulnerability to wind,
storm surge, current, wave and debris damage; the type and condition of structures
present (breakwaters, fixed docks, floating docks, dry storage racks, etc.); and the
availability of nearby locations that may provide more sheltered anchorage.

In formulating and using a plan, there are five key elements a marina
operator should keep in mind:

� Identifying and assigning responsibilities to individuals for carrying out the
plan.

� Making sure that everyone associated with carrying out the plan has been
trained to implement it, especially the marina employees.

� Educating the boat owners about the plan, severe weather hazards and the
correct methods for securing and/or relocating their boats, depending upon
the particular situation.

� Implementing the plan as early as possible. Do not wait until weather
conditions deteriorate and it is no longer possible to carry out the plan.

� Quickly and efficiently cleaning up after the storm. This means boat
owners must be ready to act quickly as well.

In some cases, local boat relocation plans have been developed and areas of
storm refuges have been identified. Storm refuges are also identified in waterway
guides, sailing directives and other local publications. Marina operators and boaters
should be familiar with these plans. Where they exist, a marina's severe weather
preparedness plan should be coordinated with them.

In areas where no such boat relocation plans exist or where areas of storm
refuges have not been identified, calling for the relocation of boats from a marina
presents a more difficult situation. Many boat owners may not move their boats at

all, if they don't know where to move them. Boats from other marinas may try to
tie up in the slip just vacated. Transient boaters in the area who want to ride out
the storm at a marina will need information on evacuation routes and the location
of emergency shelters.

A marina owner should anticipate these problems and discuss them with
his/her attorney and insurance agent. Marina slips operated as condominiums will
also have to be addressed. Any steps the marina will (or will not) take to secure or
move boats should be spelled out clearly in the slip rental agreement.

If boats are allowed to remain in the marina during a severe storm, they are
to be secured properly, by either the boat owners, owners' representatives or marina
employees. One loose vessel can be a destructive force to other boats and to the
marina itself.

MAKING IT WORK

A plan must be activated early so that it can be fully implemented. All
marina preparations should be completed prior to the expected arrival of sustained
gale-force (39 mph) winds. Weather conditions may deteriorate, and work may
become dangerous or impossible many hours in advance of storm landfall. Boaters
evacuating a marina should realize that in most areas draw bridges will not open
once winds reach gale force (39 mph) and/or once a land evacuation has been
ordered. 'Dose that wait to relocate their boats may find their prearranged spot
taken by someone else or may find chaotic conditions along the route they must
travel. The plan should take into consideration that the marina employees have to
prepare their homes as well. Have them develop their own plan for their homes and
families. and allot them time to do this within the severe weather puparedness plan.

CLEAN UP

Upon returning to the marina following a storm, the marina manager may
discover many boat owners, insurance adjusters, surveyors, contractors, media
personnel and sightseers there. A plan should anticipate this and deal with it. The
marina manager may want to work with boat owners beforehand to develop a list
of adjusters, surveyors and contractors that will be allowed on site after the storm.
Each of these should know the plan ahead of time so they understand how it will
affect their work.

Emotions can be expected to run high during the aftermath of a storm. So
plan to reduce confrontation and to ease the recovery process.

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Improved preparedness and design do not come easy. Improving your
marina's ability to withstand severe weather may require a significant investment of
time, effort, and money.

You can, however, expect a significant return on you investment, in the form
of:

� Reduced insurance premiums.

� Reduced damage to marina facilities.

� Reduced business interruption.

On the other hand, you may not be able to afford the cost of "doing nothing"
when it comes to severe weather preparedness. You will be faced with:

� Increased risk of liability litigation for client losses as a result of
inadequate preparedness.

� Increased storm damage to your marina as a result of inadequate
preparedness.

� Potential fines and civil penalties, plus clean-up cost, for oil, sewage or
chemical contamination as a result of inadequate preparedness.

Information on improving marina design to decrease the possibility of storm
damage is included in Chapter 5.

MARINA INSURANCE CONSIDERATIONS

Your marina's insurance is normally underwritten with consideration to fire,
casualty, liability and the associated hazards. A secondary provision, storm/flood
damage, is considered but is not as well quantified and, in general, depends upon
your location and local topography. The normal insurance coverage for fire,
casualty, etc. is available from many underwriters who also may or may not provide
flood insurance. Insurance coverage for damage associated with high winds and
flooding is partially incorporated within flood insurance, but it is not as simple as it
sounds. Each marina owner/operator should consult his or her insurance agent to
ascertain that coverage is adequate. Business interruption insurance should be
considered when developing the above coverage.

Flood Insurance Considerations

The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is a federal program enabling
property owners to purchase insurance protection against losses from flooding.
Congress established the NFIP with the passage of the National Flood Insurance Act

of 1968 and the Act was modified and further broadened with the Flood Disaster
Protection Act of 1973. NFIP is administered by the Federal Insurance
Administration (FIA), a component of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA).

Cooperating communities throughout the State of Maryland are participating
in the NFIP and have had studies completed which identify flood plain areas for
insurance purposes. The marina owner should consult with his/her insurance agent
to ascertain if flood insurance is required for the area.

Tenant/Boat Owner Insurance
Policies and Agmments

Some boat owners may not carry insurance. It is important for a tenant to
have a comprehensive yacht insurance policy. This will allow timely salvage
operations to be conducted by the boat owner or his insurance representative,
provide resources for payment of salvage contractors and minimize potential for
claims against the marina for damage to the boat.

In addition to assuring that all boaters carry hull and liability insurance, the
marina owner/operator should attempt to reach a special emergency operations
"hold harmless" agreement with each boat owner. This agreement holds the marina
harmless for accidental damage caused when the marina takes emergency steps
before or during the storm. It also holds the marina harmless for work done by
marina or salvage contractors. The agreement does not cover intentional sinking,
setting a boat adrift or other acts by the marina that clearly increase the potential
for damage. Normal marina operations can resume sooner if all tenants carry a
twelve month marine insurance policy and if an endorsement, like the one below,
is added prior to the storm. Immediately after the storm, the marina
owner/operator should be available to assist boat owners' insurance representatives.
Most carriers are prepared to expedite salvage efforts. Normally, salvage operations
should not be undertaken independently by the marina.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this policy, the company agrees
to hold harmless the (marina), its officers, members
and employees, for any accidental damages occurring during, or
resulting from, actions taken while conducting emergency storm
preparation and salvage operations. Emergency storm preparation and
salvage operations include any activity which the
(marina), harbor master or the (marina) officers
deem necessary to protect persons from injury or property from
damage other than intentional acts that clearly increase the potential
for damage to the insured boat such as sinking or setting adrift.

The marina owner/operator should also establish a prerequisite requirement
for each boat owner using his/her marina to provide details of the owner's
responsibility in the event of an impending storm. The following requirements
should be included:

� Familiarity with and commitment to marina's severe weather preparedness
plan.

� Knowledge of who is notified and how.

� Ile owner's responsibility for securing the boat, storm mooring, hauling,
etc.

� Initial steps to be taken if the owner cannot be reached.

� Removal of gear from boat and dock box.

No advance preparation can be 100% effective. However the marina that
can survive a severe storm will also survive other hazards. As alluded to by many
insurance underwriters and agents, when visiting or inspecting a marina one can
normally tell if it is a well run operation by the attitude, cxpsDjn4zg, and
maintenance and upkM. An uncaring attitude will increase damage potential. The
experienced owner/operator has a high regard for the hazards of poorly secured
boats and high winds. A well maintained and well kept marina provides the resident
boat owner with a sense of security and trust for his property.

CHAPTERTHREE

Hazards Of Severe Weather

THUNDERSTORMS, NORTHEASTERS. TORNADOS, & HURRICANES

The majority of marinas in the State of Maryland are located on the waters
of the Chesapeake Bay, its estuaries and rivers, and the sounds and bays along the
Atlantic Ocean. Because of their proximity to these large expanses of water, they
are more susceptible to the severe weather experienced on these waters, especially
hurricanes.

Severe weather conditions which effect Maryland marinas include
thunderstorms, northeasters, tornados and hurricanes.

Thunderstorms are created when warm, moist air rises, cools and condenses.
It swells into mounds of thick, billowy cumulus clouds that quickly darken into the
towering, ominous-looking, anvil-shaped, cumulonimbus clouds characteristic of
thunderstorms. The transition from a small cloud to a turbulent, electrified storm
front can occur in as little as 30 minutes. Strong, gusty winds and heavy rains with
thunder and lightning will soon follow. Fortunately, few thunderstorms last more
than an hour.

The sharper, darker and lower the front edge of the cloud, the more severe
the storm. The anvil-shaped top of the storm cloud points in the direction the storm
is traveling.

Thunderstorms usually follow hot, humid weather. In summer, afternoon
thunderstorms are likely to occur over water when the humidity and temperature
ashore are high. Hot air radiates upward from land surfaces heated by the sun.
Moisture from a nearby body of water is absorbed by the warm air, which rises to
begin the formation of thunderheads. They usually appear as swift-moving black
clouds, often approaching from the southwest, south or west at speeds of 25-35 knots.

Thunderstorms, on the average, occur 30 days per year at any location in the
eastern part of Maryland and 40 days per year at locations in the west. Hail
associated with these thunderstorms occurs on an average of 1 day per year at
locations in the east and 2 days per year in the west. Severe, devastating hail-storms
average one every five years. On April 29, 1939 a thunderstorm began dropping golf
ball to hen egg size hail stones along a path 20 to 25 miles wide. The storm went
110 to 115 miles and traveled from the District of Columbia to Sussex County,
Delaware. This storm caused an estimated damage of $100,000 (1938 dollars).
Thunderstorms, when accompanied by lightning, pose another element of danger,
known as an electrical storm, to the marina and the boats docked there. An
electrical storm is characterized by the flashes of lightning and the corresponding
clap of thunder, and lightning will normally strike the highest point under the cloud.

Lightning can lash out for miles in front of a storm, and it can strike after a storm
seems to have passed.

Lightning statistics kept since 1959 rank Maryland 6th in the Nation for
lightning deaths! Of the 111 recorded lightning deaths during the 30 years from
1959 to 1989, eighty-one were attributed to a jetliner crash near Elkton, Maryland
on December 8, 1963. The aircraft exploded in air and was believed to have been
struck by lightning. Maryland ranked 24th in the Nation for lightning injuries
reporting 114 injured in the 30 year period.' Below is a breakdown of the state's
lightning statistics:

By Month Deaths Injuries By Location Deaths Injuries

May 4 35 OnINear Water 13 15
June 5 17 Open Spaces 9 45
July 8 34 Under Trees 5 16
Near Heavy
Aueust 11 20 Eauipment 0 4
September 1 6 Golf Course 0 3
October 1 2 On Phone 0 1
Nove ber 0 0 1 Other 84 30

(No deaths or injuries occurred in January through April)

Northeasters occur when a low pressure area builds along the Atlantic coast
and moves on its natural northerly course. The wind force from these storms can
build to hurricane strength. At Ocean City, the most destructive storm of record was
a northeaster which struck in March of 1962. Tlese storms build slowly and
sometimes last for days, causing heavy flooding, erosion of the beaches and severe
wind damage.

Severe thunderstorms, tropical storms, and hurricanes may spawn tornados
or water spouts within the squall line of the storm. Considerable destruction
attributed to hurricane force winds actually is caused by tornados. This is believed
to be the case with storm damage in the wake of Hurricane HUGO in the area of
Lake Norman near Charlotte, North Carolina.

Ninety-seven tornados have been reported within the State of Maryland from
1950 to 1989 with 2 deaths recorded and 42 people injured. The most recent death
occurred on May 8, 1984 when at least 3 tornados occurred in Maryland on the same
day. Eighteen people were injured in Maryland on this day and 15 people were

injured in a town in Virginia. Records dating back to 1916 show that there have
been 31 deaths attributed to tornados in Maryland.

Since 1871, 107 hurricanes and tropical storms have affected Maryland. Yet
no hurricane has made initial landfall into Maryland during this time period. Two
tropical storms, however, have made the coastline of Maryland, one in November
of 1893 and one in September of 1943. Despite the lack of hurricanes making iflilw
landfall, damage from hurricanes over the years has been extensive.

In August 1933, a hurricane made landfall on the northern coast of North
Carolina and passed over Norfolk, Virginia and proceeded toward Washington, DC.
The brunt of its force came up the Chesapeake Bay, and caused 18 deaths and $17
million in damages in Maryland (1969 dollars). HAZEL followed in 1954 and
produced wind gusts near 100 mph as it crossed the state, and CONNIE in August
1955 came right up the Chesapeake Bay producing record rains. DORIA narrowly
missed making landfall in 1967, and AGNES in June of 1972 crossed the state
causing 21 deaths and heavy damage. ELOISE in September of 1975 produced 6
to 14 inches of rain over Delaware, and DAVID spawned 7 tornados over Maryland
and Delaware in September of 1979.

The occurrence of hurricanes by months are:

January 0 May 0 September 43
February I June 8 October 21
March 0 July 5 November 1
April 0 August 27 December 1

During the last two decades the coastal population in the United States has
been increasing while the number of hurricanes striking the coast has declined. This
has had a two fold effect. One, the number of structures exposed to dangers of
hurricanes has increased which increases the potential destruction from any one
storm coming ashore. Second, it exposes a greater number of people to the dangers
of the storm. The combination of these factors is illustrated in Figure I which shows
that property damage spiraled upward in tandem with the coastal population until
the last two decades when it leveled off. In fact, if it bad not been for the more
than $7 billion loss caused by Hurricane HUGO in 1989, a significant decrease in
losses would have been noted.

Figure 2 shows the loss of life during this period. 11is figure clearly
demonstrates the improvement in the effectiveness of hurricane forecast, warning,
and response programs since the turn of the century.

TYPES OF HAZARDS FROM SEVERE STORMS

Severe storms including thunderstorms, northeasters, and hurricanes can
develop several hazardous phenomena to persons and property. These hazards
include but are not limited to the following:

HURRICANE LOSSES BY DECADE
DAMAGE IN USA FROM 1900 TO 1989

18- '

16 . . .................................................................... .........................................

.............. ...............................

z . ...............................
0 12- ....... ............ *"**
1 1 (y . ..................... .................................... . ...............................

8 . . .........*........... .................................... ..............I ................

0
6 ...........*...... ....... ............. ...............................

4 . . ...................................... . ...............................

2-"'*** ........................ . ...............................

0 .0a - ' f, -
190010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000
YEARS

Figure 1

HURRICANE LOSSES BY DECADE
DEATHS IN USA FROM 1900 TO 1989

..............*........... .......... ** .......

7000- ......... ............................. ...... ..................................................................

... ....... *............................... .............--------

z 50w_ ......... ----------*......... *- ................... -------- -----------
I
:3 4000-1 ......... .......................................................................................................
0
ww . . ......... .......................................................................................................

.............

low-, .. ...... .................................. .....................................

0 1 1 1 1 1 1
190010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000
YEARS

Figure 2

FIQQfing - This poses the most significant threat to life and property. The storm
types indicated above may bring heavy rainfall, usually in a very short period of time.

Storm SuMe- - The storm surge is a great dome of water that comes sweeping across
the coastline near the area where the eye of the hurricane makes landfall. The
stronger the hurricane, the higher the storm surge will be. This surge is in addition
to a high tide and wind generated waves which also develop. This surge may be
from 50 to 75 miles in diameter around the center of the storm and will cause severe
flooding, beach erosion and structural damage as the storm moves along or crosses
a coastline. Storm surge flooding occurs slowly at a rate determined by the speed
of the storm. A storm surge can be associated with northeasters as well as
hurricanes and tropical storms.

Seich - Seiche occurs when the mound of water, developed by the storm winds or
changes in the pressure, is released during the approach of the storm center due to
changes in the bottom topography or coastal configuration. Water cascades along
low lying coastal areas in a series of giant waves, flooding these areas in a matter
of minutes. One of the most damaging seiche occurred on June 26, 1954, when a
10 foot high seiche struck 25 miles of the Lake Michigan shoreline. Eight people
were drowned by the wave, which apparently was caused by a sudden rise in air
pressure.

Wind - High winds may develop pressure against structures that can cause structure
failure, and may generate waves and high water which lead to flooding. This
flooding can often cut off escape routes out of the area. Storm winds cause death
and property damage.

HAZARDS FROM H CANES'

Along our Atlantic and Gulf coast, the typical hurricane season lasts from
June through November. Early in this season, the western Caribbean and Gulf of
Mexico are principal areas of origin. In July and August, this center begins an
eastward shift; by early September a few storms are being born as far east as the
Cape Verde Islands off Africa's west coast. Again after mid-September, most storms
begin in the western Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.

In an average year, more than one hundred disturbances with hurricane
potential are observed in the Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbean; but on an average only
10 of these reach the tropical storm stage, and only about six mature into hurricanes.
On average, two of these hurricanes strike the United States, where they kill from
about 50 to 100 people somewhere between Texas and Maine, and cause hundreds
of millions of dollars in property damage. In a worse-than-average year, the same
storms cause several hundred deaths, and property damage totaling billions of
dollars.

1NOAA/National Weather Service, Hurricane! A Familiarization Booklet.

Destruction in a Hurricane

Hurricanes are the unstable, unreliable creatures of a moment in our planet's
natural history. But their brief life ashore can leave scars that never quite heal.
In the mid-1970's, the hand of 1969's CAMILLE could still be seen along the
Mississippi Gulf Coast. Most of a hurricane's destructive work is done by the
general rise in the height of the sea, called storm surge.

Winds - Hurricane winds can be the least destructive force, although there are
important exceptions like 1971's CELIA., whose high winds did most of the storm's
destructive work. These winds are a force to be reckoned with by coastal
communities deciding how strong their structures should be. As winds increase,
pressure against objects is added at a disproportionate rate. Pressure mounts with
the square of wind velocity, so that a tenfold increase in wind speed increases
pressure one-hundred-fold. The pressure increase from a category 1 (74 mph)
hurricane to a category IV (155 mph) hurricane is from 18 pounds per square foot
to over 80 pounds per square foot. For some structures, this added force is enough
to cause failure. Tall structures like radio towers can be worked to destruction by
gusty hurricane-force winds. Winds also carry a barrage of debris that can be quite
dangerous.

All the wind damage does not necessarily come from the hurricane. As the
storm moves shoreward, interactions with other weather systems can produce
tornados, which work around the fringes of the hurricane. Although hurricane-
spawned tornados are not the most violent form of these whirlwinds, they have
added to the toll we pay the hurricane.

Rainfall - Floods from hurricane rainfall are quite destructive. A typical hurricane
brings 6 to 12 inches of rainfall to the area it crosses, and some have brought much
more. The resulting floods have caused great damage and loss of life, especially in
mountainous areas, where heavy rains mean flash floods. The most widespread
flooding in United States history (through 1976) was caused by the remnants of
hurricane AGNES in 1972. Rains from the dying hurricane brought disastrous floods
to the entire Atlantic tier of states causing 188 deaths and some $2.1 billion in
property damages.

Storm Sm= - The hurricanes' worst killer comes from the sea, in the form of storm
surge. (As the hurricane approaches land, it pushes a waH of water ahead of it,
called the Storm Surge.) This surge is responsible for nine out of every ten victims
claimed by a hurricane and most of the structural damages.

Hurricane surge tide heights are governed by the central pressure deficit, the
radius of maximum winds, the storm direction of motion and forward speed, and the
ocean depths under the eye of the storm.

As the storm crosses the continental shelf and moves close to the coast, mean
water level may increase 15 feet or more. The advancing storm surge combines with
the normal astronomical tide to create the hurricane storm tide. In addition, wind
waves. 5 to 10 feet high are superimposed on the storm tide. This buildup of water

level can cause severe flooding in coastal areas, particularly when the storm surge
coincides with normal high tides. Because much of the United States' densely
populated coastline along the Atlantic and Gulf coast lies less than 10 feet above
mean sea level, the danger from storm surge is great.

Wave and current action associated with the surge also causes extensive
damage. Water weighs some 1,700 pounds per cubic yard; extended pounding by
frequent waves can demolish any structures not specifically designed to withstand
such forces.

Currents, set up along the coast by the gradient in storm surge heights and
wind, combine with waves to severely erode beaches and coastal highways. Many
buildings withstand hurricane winds until their foundations, undermined by erosion,
are weakened and fail. Storm tides, waves, and currents in confined harbors severely
damage ships, marinas, and pleasure boats. In estuarine and bayou areas, intrusions
of salt water endanger the public health.

SAFFIR I SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE

catm[y I

Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees,
foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No real wind damage to other
structures. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Storm surge possibly
4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier
damage, some small craft in exposed anchorages torn from moorings.

catnQ1Y 2

Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery and
tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile
homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to
roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major
wind damage to buildings. Storm surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above normal.
Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4
hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers.
Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from moorings.
Evacuation of some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas required.

Cat=[y 3

Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees
blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some
damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage.
Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. Storm
surge possibly 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many
smaller structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged

by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by
rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives.

Category 4

Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs
down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows, and doors. Complete
failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile
homes. Storm surge possibly 13 to 18 feet above normal. Major damage to
lower floors of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves
and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to
5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches.

CategQ![y 5

Winds greater than 156 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down;
considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and
extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many
residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures. Small
buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes
and to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level. Low-
lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane
center arrives.

CHAFTERFoUR

Lessons From Hurricane HUgo2

Hurricane HUGO was one of the worst storms of the century to strike the
east coast. The storm tracked a northwesterly course through the Atlantic and made
landfall along the coast of South Carolina at approximately 12 am on 22 September
1989, two hours before high tide. This was a Category 4 storm with sustained winds
of 135 mph and gusts reported as high as 175 mph.

The National Hurricane Center forecasters underestimated its strength as it
approached the coast. During the 24-hour period before landfall, HUGO's highest
sustained winds rose from 105 mph to 135 mph. During this period the wind
forecast in all of the public advisories was: "little significant change in strength is
likely". Just twelve hours before the storm made landfall, the storm's winds were
reported by the Weather Service at 110 mph.

As HUGO moved inland, it maintained hurricane force winds until it passed
Columbia and Shaw Air Force Base outside of Sumter, South Carolina, while
Charlotte, North Carolina was subject to 69 mph sustained winds with gusts up to
90 mph.

SOUTH CAROLINA MARINA FACILITIES

In 1989 the Statistical Research Department of the National Marine
Management Association (NMMA) ranked South Carolina 11th in boating
registration in the United States. The majority of this boating population is located
at marinas along the coast and in the fresh water lakes. However, there is a distinct
difference between the construction of saltwater and freshwater marinas. Ile
freshwater marina docks are usually light wood construction, utilizing ten-inch wood
piles for anchoring, while the coastal marinas are constructed of floating docks,
usually of heavy timber, concrete or aluminum construction. Piles in the coastal
zone are usually either timber (12-14 inch) or pre-stressed concrete (12-14 inch).
Very few steel piles are used in construction of marinas in South Carolina. Most of
the marinas facilities utilize floating docks as the daily tidal range varies from eight
feet at Hilton Head to five feet at Charleston and Myrtle Beach. Ile coast of South
Carolina is flat and the water is often bounded by wide expanses of marsh
vegetation. There are few natural marina sites with protection from hurricanes.

Most coastal marina facilities have been constructed in the last ten years with
only one, Lockwood Marina in Charleston, being over twenty years old. Lockwood
Marina and Georgetown Landing were the only marinas that utilized breakwaters.

2j G. Taylor, P.E., Lessons from Hurricane HUGO.

There are many small inland marina facilities that have been in operation for over
20 years.

South Carolina does not have specific marina'construction codes or design
guidelines, and there are no requirements for a professional design engineer,
registered in the state, be involved in the marina design (drydocks do require an
engineer's or architect's seal).

MARINA DAMAGES

Drystack Facilities

In a storm with HUGO's windspeed, the metal skin on the drystack buildings
does not hold up well. This was also true of other prefabricated buildings with
metal skin. Once the metal skin gave away, there appeared to be substantial loads
on the roof. The metal skin on all the buildings sustained some degree of damage.
Where the skin damage was extensive, the buildings collapsed, causing substantial
damage to the boats stored in them and to the rack facility.

Fixed Pier Facilities

The decking on the majority of the piers was torn from the nailers with nails
intact or pulled away from the nails. There were many failures in the handrails, and
in some cases the vertical members were ripped away from the bolted connections
with those connections remaining in the joist. Joist and nailers adequately tied to
pile caps and adequately braced at joints remained oblivious to the uplift forces,
however it was observed that the horizontal forces of the tidal surge caused
considerable bending failures in the joists. Pile caps which were bolted, versus
spiking them to the sides of the piles, survived the uplifting forces very well. One
prominent failure in joists was the butt and lap joints. Where the joints butted and
did not have a metal connector or adequate lap, the joists were dislodged from the
joints. This was exacerbated by the practice of locating all joints in a line
conveniently over a pile cap. When the uplift force was applied this caused a high
failure on the alignment of the joints. Staggered joints fared much better.

GanMayl

There were many gangway failures in the marinas as the rising tidal surge
pushed the floating docks above their normal design levels. Most fixed pier
elevations were set at between 8 and 9 feet mean sea level (MSL). When the tidal
surge got above 6.5 feet MSL then the gangways were almost horizontal (6.0 + 1.5
+ gangway structure = approx 8 feet MSL). Above that point they were inoperable
and began to experience torque and racking that either pulled them from their
moorings or twisted them from the hinge mechanisms. There were also problems
with high wind loads on the gangways. High wind caused. the gangways to fly
horizontal and flap in the breeze. This racking of the gangway applied torque-like
forces on the hinge connections and caused them to fail.

Retaining Walls

Retaining walls in marinas survived the hurricane very well. 'nose retaining
walls that were on the ocean front sustained severe damage from the combined tidal
surge, wave action and wind. Many of the observed retaining wall failures were
concrete and were torn from their anchor rods at the cap and fell forward. Most did
not have weep holes and many did not have caps. Some wood walls failed, but they
seemed to have been completely twisted away after the surge washed the back fill
from behind them. Many did not use galvanized anchor rods or cables and had
rusted severely. Most of the deadman or tiebacks stayed in place.

Utilities and Fuels

The utility lines usually followed the failure of either the gangway or the
retaining walls. Transformers and utilities on the floating docks were destroyed
when the docks were damaged or lost. Docks that were damaged also had power
pedestal damage. Floating fueling facilities fared likewise. There was one observed
oil spill that was caused when the tank floated to the top and rotated in place. This
resulted in an EPA supervised clean-up that costs the marina operator approximately
$5,500. Note: He had no choice in who did the clean up work or how much it cost
him.

Landside Facilities

The wind caused substantial damage to landside facilities such as phone
booths, signs, light poles, ice machines, soft drink machines, antennas, trailers and
prefabricated buildings. The tidal surge ruined a number of freezers, lockers,
transformers and landside fuel pumping facilities. Structures, especially those with
canopies, sustained damage. Many roofs had shingles blown off, were hit by falling
trees, or lost their roofs entirely.

Floating Docks

The failures to floating docks ranged from failures of pile guides to complete
failure of dock systems with the boats intact. Ile commercial dock systems fared
better than the local contractor manufactured dock systems. Some of the dock
systems failed from wind loads transferred to them from the boats that were moored
at the dock. There were instances where the owners of very large boats would not
move their boats and these larger boats caused the floating docks to fail. These
boats broke away and caused substantial damage to other docks. In one instance
a floating tire breakwater came loose from its anchors and crashed into a marina,
setting up a domino failure of the other docks. The most prominent failure within
the dock structures was the connection of the finger to the main walkway. Many
docks came loose in modules and floated up on the marshes. Many were retrieved
and reused in the rebuilding process. nose with exposed foam flotation did not
recover well as the foam, in many cases, was torn from the structure. Encased foam
docks were much easier to recover and reuse. There were three prominent failures
in the floating dock systems, all related to the anchor piles in the system.

Piling Systems

Many piles were pushed over (leaning) or in the case of concrete piles some
were lying on the bottom, indicating that piles did not have sufficient penetration.
A similar number of piles were broken. Most of these failures occuffed below the
mud line. This indicates that the piles had adequate penetration but were not
adequately sized. Special Note: For the most part, these two pile failure modes
were consistent on the site, e.g. all failures were broken or all were leaning. The
piles were still intact but the docks were no longer around. Indications were that
either the pile guides failed or the docks floated over the top of the piles. From the
observation of the docks, there were a number of pile guide failures. However, by
far the majority of the docks had floated over the top while the dock pile guide
remained intact on the docks.

CHAPTERFwE
Marina Design Considerations'

RELEVANT TERMINOLOG

Bulkhead: A wall subjected to varying hydrostatic water pressure plus waves on one
side and hydrostatic and soil pressure on the other. Bulkheads can have several
failure modes and should be designed by a licensed structural engineer (Sketch 2).

DesigLi Loads: Forces which must be carried by the structure being designed.
Vertical loads include the Dead Load (the weight of the structure) and the Live
Load ( the "extra" load imposed on the structure by people, baggage, etc.). The live
load may move about. On floating structures, freeboard is specified under both
dead load and live load conditions. Tle buoyancy of walkways and wooden support
beams will apply an upward vertical loading to fixed, pile supported structures when
they are submerged. These forces must be addressed for severe storm conditions.
Horizontal loadings caused by wind, current and boat or debris impact must be
included, and the forces must be applied at the correct location. Under maximum
design conditions, such as imposed by a hurricane, the forces would be applied near
the top of the pile. The vibratory nature of these forces can have a more
detrimental effect than a load applied smoothly in one direction.

DeslgLq Period: The projected recurrence period for a storm of a given strength.
The design period indicates the probability that a storm of that magnitude may occur
in any given year.

Recurrence Period (Yr) 5 10 25 50 100
% Chance in Any Given Year 20% 10% 4% 2% 1%

Fairway: The clear distance between two rows of docked boats which is traversed
when leaving or entering a slip. When no strong currents or wind forces exist, the
fairway should be 1.5 to 1.75 times the length of the longest docked vessel.

Fetch: The length of water over which wind waves are generated. Longer fetches
allow higher waves.

Freeboard: The height of the structure above design water level.

Pile Cap: The device which provides a connection between the pile and the
structure being supported by the pile. This is a critical link in the design of pile
supported structures because it must transmit all the horizontal and vertical forces
to the pile without becoming detached (Sketch 1).

3Jeff Bliemel, Marina Desien Considerations.

.- -4

Riprap: A protective layer of,quarry stone, usually well graded, with a wide size
limit and randomly placed to prevent erosion and scour. The size of the stone is
dictated by the expected wave energy. In severe wave climates, a larger, more
uniform layer of stone called the armor layer may be placed on top of the riprap.

Scou : The removal of underwater material by waves and currents, especially at the
base or toe of a shore based structure such as a bulkhead. Scour is increased during
severe storm events because the storm surge provides deeper water thus allowing
larger waves to reach the bulkhead.

Significant Wave Height: The average height of the highest one-third of the waves
of a given wave group.

Storm S=: A rise in water level above normal levels due to wind stress or, in the
case of a hurricane, wind stress plus very low atmospheric pressure. Storm surge can
raise water levels 17 to 20 feet causing extreme flooding. The impact worsens
because the deeper water levels caused by storm surge allow larger waves to
approach and break on otherwise protected structures (Sketch 3).

Tidal Ran : The difference in height between consecutive high and low waters.
The tidal range for Spring Tides (which occur at or near the time of the new or full
moon) is larger than the tidal range for Neap Tides (which occur near the time of
quadrature of the moon, ie. half moon points).

Mde: The rise and fall of the water level caused by the gravitational attraction of
the sun and moon. Astronomical tides do not take into account the potentially large
changes caused by weather. There are several tide water levels that are used as
references in marine design and they include:

- MHW - Mean High Water is the average high water elevation over a 19
year astronomical cycle.

- MHHW - Mean Higher High Water is the 19 year average height of the
higher high waters of a semi-diumal tide which exists when an area has
two high tides each day rather than a diurnal cycle with only one high water
per day.

- MLW - Mean Low Water is the average low water elevation over a 19 year
astronomical cycle.

- MLLW - Mean Lower Low Water is the average height of the lower of
the two low waters of a semi-diumal tide cycle.

Waves: Periodic undulation of the water surface normally generated by wind or boat
wakes. The three important parameters of waves are wave height, wave period (the
time between 2 subsequent wave crests), and direction. Although it seems obvious
that higher waves have more energy, it may not be as apparent that long period
waves (10 to 15 seconds) have more energy than short period (2 to 4 seconds) waves.
Wave data is most often hindcast; that is, computed using known wind velocities over

measured fetches to predict wave heights and period. If available, data taken from
wave gages that measure actual wave height, period and direction is much preferred
over hindcast techniques. In shallow water, under most conditions, the wave can
be no higher than 80% of the water depth.

ISSUES OF CONCE

In marina design, perhaps the greatest concern lies in the almost total lack
of established design standards and building codes nationwide. Design and
construction of even the smallest marina is complex, multi-disciplinary and requires
a number of considerations combined with a vast array of data requirements. Each
facility is site specific, market specific, environment specific and use specific. Proper
engineering and design of a marina requires the involvement of licensed design
professionals who are experienced in marina planning, design and construction. The
lack of established design standards and building codes increases the need for
professional involvement.

It is difficult to establish the exact failure mode of structures during a
hurricane. The combination of forces is varied and difficult to predict and does not
necessarily follow a set of formulas or a laboratory experiment. Only by looking at
a number of installations with various types of construction can we begin to identify
patterns of failures that are conclusive and translatable into design standards and/or
codes. Some design solutions should be obvious and historical in their application,
but with new materials, new inexperienced marine design personnel, outdated design
guidelines, inexperienced marine contractors, and developers that are attempting to
construct marina projects as economically-as possible, the need for guidance in
marina design has never been greater. The above factors combined with a growing
interest in boating and the need to protect boaters, marina investors, marina
insurers, adjacent property, and the public at large, make the development of
modem marina design standards a top priority.

Assuming that very good design standards and criteria are available and
usable by competent marina designers, there are many marina projects that still
never have any involvement by registered design professionals. Many of these
projects utilize designs developed by contractors or dock builder/manufacturers.
Often, building permits and inspections by building officials are not required on
marina projects. If inspection is required, the inspectors often do not know what to
inspect. They have no code requirements to enforce. Insurance companies are
insuring marinas without knowing the standards of the design used. Lending
institutions, likewise, know little of the design or the performance potential of
marinas.

Environmental and resource agencies are reviewing marina permit
applications with little concern for navigation, boater safety, economic feasibility or
public access to the water. The location, design, construction and operation of
marina facilities is now being determined by agencies that have little knowledge
about, or positive concern for, marinas.

I I

ne remainder of this Chapter is intended as a preliminary introduction to
marina planning and design concepts related to significant storm events. This
information shall be useful for inexperienced design professionals, marine product
manufactures, new or prospective marina owners and others who wish to become
familiar with marina planning and design concepts. It is not a definitive design
document, and the writers assume no responsibi-lity for its use.

BASIC PUNNINQ CONSIDERATIONS

First: Hire a licensed design professional and require her/him to at least
review and seal all drawings and specifications provided to you. If
possible, let design professionals be involved in the permitting process.

Second: Develop and conunit in writing to a specific severe weather operation
policy. The design professional should be requested to provide
cost/benefit trade-offs during the decision process.

Third: After receiving a written severe weather operations plan the marina
design professional should use the best reasonably available technology
and judgement to predict design loads that will actually be applied
throughout the marina. The design return period on hurricanes should
be balanced against the expected life of the marina, and compliance
with local codes and ordinances. Keep in mind that codes are
minimum design criteria and increased strength and reliability may be
more economical in the long run.

The recommended design period for hurricanes (wind and tidal surge)
is normally 50 years (2% probability, in any given year) and 25 years
(4% probability in any given year) should be considered the absolute
minimum design period. This is true even if the expected life of the
offshore facilities is less than 25 years. Operations plans that assume
boats will leave the marina are detrimental and unrealistic. Even if
boat owners were willing to remove their boats, they may be unable
to get to their boats or they may be prevented from moving their boats
due to severe weather or channel obstructions. If they do move their
boats, passing transients may dock in the empty slips.

Fourth: In order to protect the public, government agencies have a
responsibility to set minimum hurricane planning and design criteria
and to require the involvement of licensed professionals in marina
design. ne marina design professional should exhaust this source in
his quest for applicable design data.

Fifth: Dock manufacturers' literature is developed to assist in marketing
docks. Claims about performance during past hurricanes can be
misleading. Marinas are extremely site specific. Do not rely
completely on dock manufacturers literature, especially those that
promote standard designs for specific wave heights, wind loads, etc.
Dock manufacturers and suppliers should be required to submit design

calculations and documents showing that they comply with site specific
marina design requirements. The number of years in the dock
manufacturing business, a history of performances in hurricanes and
the service provided after the storm are important criteria to consider
when selecting and specifying dock manufacturers.

FACTORS TO BE ADDRESSED

Marina SegLng: Select sites that offer protection from hurricanes.

Wind: Velocity, direction and duration are critically important in the design
of dry stack facilities, and winds also apply forces to docked boats which
translates into forces on docks and pilings and other anchor systems.
Potential wind blown missiles include dock boxes, signs, dinghies, sheet metal
panels from buildings, and all other unsecured loose objects. Navigation of
vessels into or out of the marina or the use of marina equipment such as fork
lifts may be severely restricted.

Waves: Height and period are important because they determine the force
on the dock system as well as on the land/water interface (either bulkheaded
or ripraped shoreline). Waves affect not only boats moving into, out of or
within the marina but may restrict movement of personnel on docked vessels
and prevent access to or from vessels on either fixed or floating docks or
swing moorings.

Tides and Storm S=: The combination of these provide the base elevation
to which waves and required freeboard must be added. Begin with the level
of high water (Mean Higher High Water, MHHW, is a good choice), and add
the increased water level due to storm surge to get the basic starting water
level. For example a mean spring tide at Ocean City is +4.2 ft above Mean
Low Water plus a 17 ft storm surge similar to that seen in Charleston during
Hugo (1989) equates to +21.2 ft. For this extreme example a fixed, pile
supported walkway or dock at an elevation of 21.2 ft would be level with the
still water level and even 3.0 ft waves would create serious problems for
individuals using the facility. In the case of a floating dock, the freeboard of
the dock must be added to pile lengths just to keep the dock from floating
away! The implications of the combined effects of tide and storm surge on
landside facilities at the marina are obvious.

Currents: Currents have the same effect on boats and docks as the wind
except that the force is applied to the portion of the boat below the waterline.
Currents may vary in both velocity and magnitude due to changing tides.
During severe storm events, currents may carry a significant amount of large
debris which adds additional impact forces to boats and docks when they are
struck.

&flla: Soils must be tested by a licensed soils engineer or geologist to
determine horizontal bearing capacity relative to the forces applied by wind

forces on the boats and through the docks. One boring per 10,000 square feet
of area may be sufficient but these must be taken in the vicinity of the piles
offshore, not at an on-shore location chosen simply for convenience. For
fixed pile supported walkways and docks, vertical bearing capacity is required
along with the ability of the pile to withstand the buoyant forces of a totally
submerged dock system. Soil borings must be deep enough to define the total
strata which the piles penetrate, plus at least 5 feet.

Access: Access is of concern during storms for those desiring to leave the
marina or seeking shelter within it. Access will be hindered by high, gusty
winds, large irregular waves and possibly strong currents carrying much debris.
Harbor entrance channel widths should be at least 100 ft and even using
these criteria movement into or out of the marina may be prevented by other
boats sinking in the channel. Bridges may remain stuck closed down and may
be inoperable after the storm.

Basin Planning

Geomet1y: Because much of the wave energy striking a vertical bulkhead will
be reflected, long parallel opposing bulkheads should be avoided. Round
comers should be included along bulkheads and sloping banks protected with
riprap or paving blocks should be used where possible to dissipate the wave
energy.

Dredging Depth: Dredged depths should not be excessive. 'ne excess
dredged depth is expensive to dredge, disposal of the material is costly and
the increased depth will raise the cost of anchoring the docks because piles
will need to be longer (to support the docks) and larger in diameter (to
withstand the additional bending moments).

Land Plannin

Parkin : Anticipate that all boat owners will be spending two or three hours
on their boat 24 to 48 hours prior to the storm. One parking spot for each
two wet slips for recreational boaters plus two parking spots for each
commercial fishing vessel should be adequate unless local building codes
dictate otherwise.

Pedestrian Acces5: Sidewalks, walkways, and gangways should be lit, above
water and well marked should they become submerged due to storm surges.
Walkways that are expected to become submerged should be well maintained
and designed without steps or other obstacles that could pose a tripping
hazard when hidden under water. Provide sturdy post on railings to mark the
edge of the walkway and to provide handholds.

Ancillaa Buildings: An ancillary building should comply with local building
codes but should also be protected from impact damage due to flying and
floating debris. "Floating debris" could include a 50 ft boat that has broken
away from its moorings, a broken pile or a piece of floating dock.

Documents, equipment and supplies needed immediately after the storm to
provide security, minimize additional damage and begin recovery should be
secured in a safe, dry location. A well designed storm drain system, especially
behind bulkheads and seawalls will minimize erosion or possible collapse
when the storm withdraws. Buildings should be designed without canopies
or wings, and tall trees should be located away from structures.
Miscellaneous equipment such as ice machines, drink machines, etc. should
be located in structures or in areas that will minimize their potential for wind
and water damage. Facilities should be located at elevations higher than the
expected tidal surge. Trailers should be secured with hurricane anchors.

Emergengy Access: Emergency access lanes should be addressed when laying
out the facility. These should be marked in accordance with local fire code
requirements.

Channel Entrance & Wave Attenuation (Harbor Protection)

Jetties and Breakwaters: These aids to navigation may provide sheltered
water while entering or leaving the area of the marina but the level of
protection they afford and even the survivability of the structure itself may be
in question, depending on the severity of the storm. To be of value during
a severe hurricane the riprap or armor stone must be of sufficient size to
protect the structure from the increased design wave height incurred during
the storm and the height of the structure must be sufficient to provide the
desired wave attenuation. Consider possible overtopping during the storm
40 surge in defining the height of the structure (Sketch 4).

Wave Attenuation: Additional wave attenuation may be required within the
marina to maintain an acceptable climate for boaters to move about on their
boats in preparation for the storm, especially if long period waves can
approach the marina from the open sea by passing straight through the
entrance channel (Sketch 4).

Inner Harbor Structures

Basin Perimeter: All basin perimeters must be designed for the selected
storm recurrence interval. Bulkheads designed by a licensed structural
engineer should withstand the oncoming storm as well as remain intact during
the receding tide without excessive scour of the backfill behind the bulkhead,
which could cause failure of tie-backs and subsequent failure of the entire
structure. The inclusion of bulkhead returns and good drainage through filter
cloth and weepholes will reduce scour. As previously mentioned, a sloping
armored perimeter has several advantages, including reduced reflection of
wave energy, but it also requires additional space within the marina and rough
surfaces may pose a hazard to boats.

Fixed Docks: The fixed docks must be designed for vertical and horizontal
forces. All fixed structures must be designed to withstand upward vertical
forces caused by total submersion of the structure and any connected

appurtenances. Fixed docks and pile supported walkways should use split pile
caps bolted with double dip galvanized hardware. Pile caps spiked onto piles
will disconnect from the piles when submerged due to uplift forces caused by
the buoyancy of the decking, stringers, etc. Dock boxes shaped like
polystyrene tubs and securely attached to the fixed walkways will provide
additional buoyancy and apply an upward force to either separate the walkway
from the pile or pull the pile out of the ground. On fixed, pile supported
structures, either a metal connector or adequate lap must be provided in butt
and lap joints to prevent the joists from becoming dislodged from the joints.
The beam joints should be staggered rather than locating all the joints in a
line over the pile cap, which would then act like a hinge rather than a
continuous beam. Connection hardware, such as cleats, must be adequately
sized for the moored vessel and must be bolted completely through the dock
using appropriately sized galvanized or stainless steel hardware.

Floating Docks: When floating decks are in the plans, they should be
designed for full slip loading unless there are absolute assurances that the
boats will be removed. The design must account for hurricane wind load and
storm surge simultaneously with a Spring high tide. If the marina is adjacent
to critical shipping lanes or vital installations that might be affected if the
floating docks are damaged or dislodged and boats sunk, serious consideration
should be given to increasing the design storm recurrence interval.
Commercial dock systems may perform better than locally built, contractor
constructed docks. In addition, the owner should be aware that the
manufactured systems may also lend themselves to easier repair and
reinstallation. Ancillary equipment (utilities, dock boxes, etc.) should be
integrated into dock systems that will make hurricane preparation and
recovery easier (e.g. removable power pedestals, dock boxes, gangways, etc.).
Since most failures occur due to pile failures, a licensed professional should
assure that the piles are of adequate diameter, have adequate penetration and
are of adequate height to account for the high tide, storm surge, wave heights,
and adequate freeboard for the dock. Connection hardware sized adequately
for the moored vessel and bolted completely through the dock with galvanized
or stainless steel hardware is essential.

Moorings: If open moorings are used, both bow and stem moorings should
be installed to keep boats properly oriented, reduce swing and provide an
additional factor of safety. Proper inspection and preventive maintenance of
swing moorings may be more difficult than for fixed or floating docks, but is
absolutely essential.

GanMays: High wind loads can make gangways fly horizontal and flap in the
wind. 'ne hinge connection on the gangway undergoes torsion and the
gangway is subjected to racking forces. Unless gangways are disconnected,
the waterside end may be forced above the floating docks and utilities trapped
between the dock and the gangway. Utilities should be nested securely under
the gangway with a loose loop connection at the bottom to allow movement
where the gangway meets the floating dock. The floating dock may be
crushed as well but increasing the dock offset may alleviate dock damage.

The gangway hinge should allow for torque from twisting and racking by the
gangway during the storm. A better solution might be to put quick disconnect
couplings on the utilities and the gangway and remove the gangways just
before the storm arrives (Sketch 5).

DIy Stack Facilities: The dry stack facilities must withstand the extreme wind
forces exerted on the large but lightweight structure. Tremendous uplift
forces are applied to the foundation. Failures begin as the metal skin on the
sides and roof peel away leaving the re.nainder of the structure and the racks
to independently withstand the wind loads. Special attention should be paid
to uplift forces on the roof structure. Rack supported roof structures may
require additional design analysis.

Launch Facilities: Launch facilities may become overburdened with boaters
attempting to remove their boats during the inclement weather preceding the
hurricane. The inclement weather may require extra time for tie downs and
boaters may be shorthanded due to limited time available to get help before
the impending storm. Therefore, extra staging areas may be required due to
additional loading time. Marine travel lifts may also keep the launch ramp
busy, and the inclement weather will hinder travel lift and fork lift operations.
Assume that all operations will be at about one-half normal speed during the
period of inclement weather before the storm.

Marina Systems

Fuelin : Fuel pumps should be installed above the high tide plus storm surge
elevation for the selected design storm and fuel tanks must be counter
weighted sufficiently so that they will not rise if they become both empty and
completely submerged in saturated soil.

Sanitary System: Landside sanitary holding tanks must be designed and
counter weighted so they will not float when empty and completely
submerged. The cover should be bolted down during the storm to prevent
escape of the sewage.

Electric and CoMMunications: Transformers and utilities on floating docks
will be destroyed when the docks are lost and associated items such as power
pedestals, gas pumps, lights, pump-outs, dock boxes, etc. will also be damaged
and lost. Transformers should be located on land whenever possible, and the
other items should be removed and stowed. Radio antennas should be
designed to withstand the maximum wind velocities expected.

Hazardous Waste: Waste oil, antifreeze, and other hazardous waste areas
should be designed to meet the local, state and federal requirements. The
storage area should be designed to be above the floodplain.

Other Systrms: Trash and Debris containers such as dumpsters should be
well anchored and secured to prevent them from floating away and becoming
hazards. They will be needed immediately after the storm.

'SPECIFIC EXAMPLES

The following comments were extracted from a variety of sources and
personal observations over several years. They are but some of the numerous factors
that are considered in marina design.

� Dock assemblies are usually connected with bolted semi-rigid joints to act
as a continuous beam or are hinged to allow flexibility. Hinges between
docks experience damage because motions or forces are applied for which
they were not designed.

� Be alert for new materials that offer improved resistance to hurricanes or
can be easily repaired.

� All hardware in the marina environment should be hot dip galvanized or
stainless steel.

� All piles must be chemically treated or naturally resistant to decay and
marine borers, such as Demerara Greenheart (Nectandra Rodioei). Piles
should be inspected at six month intervals for decay or rot, cracking or
splitting, or wasting away by infestation by marine borers and\or ice
abrasion.

� Docking systems should be designed with a balanced approach. This does
not preclude designing selected parts to a lower level of strength, allowing
certain 'portions to be sacrificed to prevent total loss.of the system.

� When designing fixed, pile supported walkways, the decking should be
designed to fail before the handrail fails. The deck structure and piles
should be designed to fully withstand the wind, external impact and uplift
forces of the storm.

� A failed pile can cause an entire system to collapse. Design piles for the
most extreme event.

� When rebuilding, after a hurricane, do not merely replace failed parts and
pieces but upgrade piles and other selected structures so that similar failures
are prevented or minimized during the next storm.

-If the entire marina cannot be designed to hold the boats during a
hurricane, design a portion of the marina to withstand the storm.

- Hurricane protection is a combination of design and operation. What is
not covered by design should be covered by the marina operation,
evacuation and recovery plans.

*Whatever is not covered by design must be covered by insurance or it is at
risk.

-Keep copies of marina permits, design drawings and shop drawings in a
secure location.

� Floating breakwaters and wave attenuators are ineffective for wave periods
longer than approximately 4.0 seconds.

� Repairability of docks should be a design consideration.

� Small cracks in bulkheads that allow backfill material to escape when
overwashed should be repaired using engineering fabric or other techniques,
and kept in good condition.

SUMMARY

Some marina failures are inevitable due to the exposure and the dynamic
nature of the marina environment. Most observed failures, however, result from
inattention to design details, poor layout or marina planning, lack of maintenance,
shoddy product manufacture, lack of understanding of what a marina is and who it
serves or underestimation of storm effects. A true cost-benefit analysis (Sketch 6)
should be made of all marina components and attractive, low first cost products
scrutinized as to their suitability for the intended use and environment. (Tobiason,
1989). When considering marina survivability during a hurricane or similar severe
storm events, the aforementioned effects are magnified considerably.

RECOGNITION

This chapter was developed in conjunction with:

Jeff Bliemel, Coastal Engineer
SMITH DEMER NORMANN
Six Manhattan Square, Suite 102
Hampton, Virginia 23666

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CHAFFER SIX
Evacuation, Routes, and Shelters

Most extreme events in nature cannot be controlled, yet the human
consequences may be affected dramatically by actions taken prior to the event. To
evacuate and seek safe shelter when directed by civil defense or emergency
management authorities is necessary to save lives.

Hurricanes and severe storms can sometimes be predictable but usually are
very unpredictable and normally do not allow much advance forecasting. Hurricanes
originate in the tropical latitudes and must travel some distance to reach the latitude
of Maryland. At least 72 hours of advance knowledge of a potentially threatening
hurricane or tropical storm is publicized and usually known. Conversely, rapidly
forming "Northeaster" storms and "Hatteras Lows" in the late fall, winter and early
spring can develop and travel to Maryland waters in 24 to 48 hours allowing little
advance warning. Storm surge is the abnormal rise in water level caused by the
wind and pressure forces of a storm. Storm surge produces most of the flood
damage or loss of life associated with tropical storms. The rise of water from storm
surge in the Upper Chesapeake Bay can approach 10 feet and in the vicinity of
Ocean City along the Atlantic coast can be in excess of 15 feet. Heavy rain and
associated run off with the storms compound the flooding problem. Extensive
studies by a number of federal and state agencies have provided civil defense and
emergency management authorities with detailed guidelines on when to recommend
and direct evacuation of local marine areas. Each Chesapeake Bay county and the
coastal county of Worcester has an inundation map. These maps show which areas
are expected to be inundated by the potential worst case scenario torm. surge for
various hurricane strengths. Public shelters are also located on maps, and should be
part of each marina's plan. These maps are available through your local planning
office or your local emergency management office.

PLANNING

Evacuation routes from the marina to predesignated evacuation shelters must
be known in advance and this information made available to all employees and
boaters who may be at the marina. The notice to evacuate is too late to research
the routes and shelters and to inform boaters and employees. This information
should be researched in advance of each hurricane season and posted with the
hurricane and heavy weather check off list.

No one should be Rcrinitted to remain on a boat in the marina
during a hurricane or Kyere stonn,

Boat owners planning to move their boat to a "safe haven" should be made
aware that drawbridges will be locked in the down position when an evacuation
order is issued.

EVACUATION

Although there may be considerable information about approaching
hurricanes and other severe storms in broadcast and print media, there will normally
only be about 12 hours advance warning of evacuation determinations.

Studies have found that the most heavily relied upon source of information
in evacuation decision making by the general public is advice from local officials and
authorities. Thus, evacuation information must be readily available in the marina
severe weather preparedness plan. The marina operator and his staff must be
informed of developing storm information and evacuation decisions and keep their
boaters informed. Marina staff should stay tuned to broadcast media for evacuation
information and be prepared to inform and assist their boaters. Evacuation will be
recommended or directed by local emergency management authorities.

When YouLr Local EmeMcngy Managcment
Advises Evacuation - Do So!

There can be rapid flooding of low lying land and roads. Downed wires and
trees may block critical evacuation routes. Heavy exit traffic may clog those
recommended evacuation routes. Bridges will be restricted from opening when
sustained winds reach certain velocities. The Maryland Emergency Management
Agency has conducted extensive studies of evacuation routes, taking into
consideration critical roadways and all potential road hazards. You should contact
your counly emergency management office listed in Tab D for recommended
evacuation routes from your marina,

Evacuation of all live-aboard lessees should be commenced no later than the
issuance of an Evacuation Order. The marina should be prepared to assist those
persons and transient boaters in obtaining transportation to a motel or shelter.

Movement of boats to "safe moorings" or "hurricane holes" should be
commenced well in advance of any anticipated Evacuation Order. An evacuation
order is a directive issued by local emergency management authorities within the
jurisdiction or by State authorities. An evacuation order is generally aired over
radio and television. Draw bridges will be closed for land based evacuation. Routes
to these mooring locations should be well planned, as short as possible, and not via
any drawbridges.

No one should return to the marina until authorized by competent authority.
Flood waters take time to recede. Electric power and telephones will probably be

out of operation. Roads may be blocked with downed wires, trees, and other debris
and some may be washed out or unstable. Emergency management personnel may
restrict entry to an area until a damage assessment is made and to protect property
from looting. People should stay out of disaster areas until return is authorized.
Unless they are qualified to help, their presence may hamper first-aid and rescue
work.

SHELTERS

Public shelters have been designated by each county in Maryland. The
counties in Maryland operate their public shelters according to procedures which are
unique to each individual county. In some cases the shelters are operated by the
American Red Cross, while in other instances they may be opened and operated by
an appointed local official. Shelter operations and standards are similar for all
counties, and each county coordinates their shelter activities with the Maryland
Emergency Management Agency. Predesignated public shelters have been evaluated
for structural soundness, road access, and floodplain. They are manned by American
Red Cross or trained local officials and are stocked with emergency supplies and
communications.

A list of those shelters best located for yQur boaters
is available through yQur county enj=njy
managgment oftials listed in Tab D.

There have also been many studies conducted that evaluate the use of public
shelters by local residents, vacationers, and transients. Late night evacuation tends
to maximize shelter use, primarily because it is occurring with a sense of urgency,
leaving no time to make alternative arrangements with friends, relatives and motels
or leaving too little time to travel the distance necessary to go out of town.
Residents of high-risk locations such as Ocean City tend to leave earlier and travel
greater distances, therefore relying less upon public shelters. Residents of beach
communities usually have higher incomes and choose not to stay at public shelters
and can afford motels if arrangements can't be made with relatives and friends.

Transient boaters will normally use motels or shelters and will probably need
transportation to reach the motel or shelter.

EVACUATION TRAVEL PATFERNS

During a hurricane evacuation effort, a large number of vehicles must be
moved across a road network in a relatively short period of time. It has been
pointed out by the behavioral analysis that the number of evacuating vehicles will
vary depending upon the intensity of the hurricane, the number of tourists remaining
in the area and certain behavioral response characteristics of the evacuating
population.

Vehicles enter the road network at different times depending upon an
individual evacuee's response to an evacuation advisory. Conversely, vehicles leave
the roadway network depending upon both the planned destinations of evacuees and
the availability of acceptable destinations such as public shelter facilities, hotel/motel
units, and friends or relatives in non-vulnerable location& Vehicles move across the
roadway network from trip origin to destination at speeds limited by the roadway
capacity, which is the relationship of the traffic loadings on the various roadway
segments to the ability of the segments to handle those loadings.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

There may be short advance warning. Stay tuned to weather channels and
emergency information broadcasts.

Uninformed transient boaters may seek moorage in your marina, especially
those seeking shelter when transiting the Chesapeake Bay.

Assistance will be required for those without means of shore transportation.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Detailed additional information is available in the Ma&yland Hurricane
Evacuatign--5=6, December 1990, prepared by the Maryland Emergency
Management Agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region 111, and
the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District.

CHAiYrER SEVEN
Severe Weather Preparedness Plan

FORMUIATING YOLM PLAN

Severe weather can come in the form of a lightning or hail storm, a tornado,
a northeaster or a hurricane. Whereas hurricanes are tracked from inception to
their demise and their positions are published by a broad spectrum of the
communications media, localized storms arise quickly and with very short notice, if
any, of their location and intensity. Because hurricanes are the most severe and
damaging, they will be addressed in detail in this chapter. However the preparations
required in readying for hurricanes are also applicable to preparing for localized
storm conditions.

The marina SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN is a
comprehensive action plan to be initiated by your marina according to a pre-set
storm criteria to prepare your marina for severe weather. The proposed plan
outlined in this chapter is designed to assist you in protecting the marina facilities,
as well as, protecting your tenants' vessels and equipment. It is also designed to
minimize danger to your personnel and loss of life.

Marina operators should consider the following information in formulating an
overall severe weather preparedness plan for their facility. Since facilities,
circumstances and exposures vary throughout the State, adaptation of these
suggestions to specific situations will be necessary.

RESPONSIBILITIES

The development of your plan starts with assigning the responsibility for its
development, be it the owner/operator, the flotilla commander (if one is assigned),
or whomever the marina owners decide should be responsible for its development.
In any case, the person responsible for the development of your plan should be
knowledgeable in the marina operations and facilities, and the securing of vessels
during severe weather.

Depending on the size and complexity of your marina, you may want to set
up committees to develop and carry-out different sections of your plan.

This chapter along with Tab A has been developed to assist the plan
developer with the rudiments of developing such a plan.

DEVELOPING YOUR PLAN

A formal SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN should be
developed and promulgated to all employees, tenants, volunteers, and other
interested parties. Your employees should have a complete understanding of the
organization's policies and plans for a severe storm situation. Your personnel will
have homes, family and property of their own to consider. They must be made.
aware of their work related duties and responsibilities so that all may plan
accordingly. They should have a plan of their own and should discuss it with their
families, especially if they have to evacuate the area.

Know your physical plant facilities, operations, services, equipment, and
housekeeping. Review all aspects in light of the hazards of the severe weather's
forces of wind, rain, and flood. Review your facility for possible fire haza d , and
keep fire lanes open. Make assignments of personnel to be responsible for areas
and operation of the facility. Designate team units to be responsible to key people.

Review preparedness plans and procedures with co-tenants or subcontractors
in multiple occupancy facilities. Marinas and yacht clubs should publish their severe
weather preparedness plan to owners of vessels in their facility.

Where possible, get others involved with your plan. Yacht clubs may be able
to draw volunteers and members to help prepare for a severe weather storm.
Marinas may get vessel owners to do the same.

Review you facility's "seasonal" operations or activities during the hurricane
season and consider ordering supplies, stocks, and vessel inventory items accordingly,
to keep from running out of emergency stock items during a severe storm.

Consider the number of permanent, transient, new or brokered vessels that
may be on hand or in your care, custody and control at any period of time during
the hurricane season. Keep in mind your own vessels or work boats and the location
of all vessels. Can you secure all vessels at your facility or will vessels have to be
moved to inland, protected areas? How and by whom? Where? Flotilla plan?
These questions are best answered in the calm, long before the storm.

Determine your policy on owned vessels in your care, custody and control at
your facility or elsewhere. Will you be responsible for safeguarding the vessels:

Totally?
Partially?
With owner's permission?
Not at all?

Communicate your position to vessel owners, preferably in written form as a
notice or as part of the mooring, listing or work order agreement or contract.

Know all the vessels and their owners, captains, or caretakers. You should
have on record the home and business phone numbers and addresses of the vessel

or his designated representative. Consider having vessel owners file their severe
weather preparedness plan, in writing, with you.

ANNUAL PREPARATIONS

Conduct a full facility housekeeping and "field-day" or "field-week" operation
annually. Sometime in the spring or just prior to the hurricane season inspect and
clean up all open areas and structures within your facility. This should include, but
is not limited to, the following:

� Remove all debris, trash and unnecessary items from open areas.

�Trim all trees and shrubs and dispose of cuttings.

�Secure all trash bins and dumpsters in protected service areas.

�Store or otherwise secure all materials and supplies. Move them inside or
to protected areas if possible.

�Dispose of or secure all salvaged or abandoned hulls, equipment and parts.

�Inspect and service as necessary all building walls, roofs, windows, and
doors.

-Inspect, service and/or repair as necessary all docks, piers, wharfingers or
slipfingers and pilings.

�Inspect and service as necessary all electrical and lighting installations, all
fuel and natural gas supply and dispensing equipment.

�Inspect and have serviced as necessary all fire fighting equipment, both
portable and fixed installations. Consider having fire extinguishing
equipment serviced by a professional service just prior to the hurricane
season and inspected by facility personnel on a monthly basis thereafter.

�Inspect and service as necessary all lifesaving equipment such as life jackets,
work vests, life rings and lines, life rafts or rescue vessels.

�Check first aid supplies and replenish.

�Check all dry storage areas and racks for soundness and security. Note
protection afforded same and consider associated hazards and contents at
risk.

�Inspect and service all hauling equipment such as mobile lifts, hydro-lifts,
and railways.

Order and stock, as necessary, the emergency equipment and supplies that the
facility warrants such as extra mooring lines, lumber for fender boards, chafing gear,
screw anchors, flashlights, batteries, portable generators, electrical and manual bilge
pumps and hull patching or repair supplies.

IMPLEMENTING YOUR PLAN

After your plan has been developed it should be distributed to all those
concerned with implementing your plan. Also, you should provide a meeting for the
vessel owners to familiarize them with the plan.

Your staff should be briefed on the plan and trained on how to carry out the
plan.

Your plan should be posted in a conspicuous place, readily available to
anyone wanting to know its contents or his/her own responsibility.

Once your plan has been put into operation it should be reviewed annually
prior to the hurricane season to insure its accuracy. A generic plan which can be
expanded to meet your marina site specific needs is given in Tab A.

You will want to exercise your plan to give everyone involved a chance to see
how your plan works and to determine if your plan is complete.

There may be many other points and precautionary measures that you can
take prior to, during or after a severe weather storm strikes your area. The above
may not cover all actions that should be taken. However, it is a guideline and
checklist that can be a starting point for your severe weather preparedness plan. If
there are specific measures or precautions unique to your operations, then fit them
into the plan for your facility. ONLY BY BEING PREPARED IN ADVANCE
WILL YOU BE ABLE TO REDUCE LOSS AND DAMAGE AS A RESULT
OF A HURRICANE OR OTHER SEVERE WEATHER CONDITIONS.

SUMMARY

Develop a SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN and implement
it early. The plan should be put into effect at least 72 hours in advance of the storm
making landfall.

When developing the SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN
remember to consider the following:

� Define "Boater Responsibility".

� Define "Closed Harbor" policy if applicable.

� Set a policy for handling transient boaters.

� Define "Chain of Command for Severe Weather Conditions" (Include
Absentee Marina Owners).

�Define "Responsibilities of Employees in Severe Weather Conditions".
Taking care of their families early is a first priority.

�Set up a communications link outside the marina environment.

�Keep financial records, marina plans, r -covery plans and insurance policies
in a safe place away from the marina site during the storm.

�Have a source of cash ready for recovery operations.

�Always consider the possibility of fire hazz ds which could be much more
severe during a storm.

When developing the RECOVERY section of your SEVERE WEATHER
PREPAREDNESS PLAN take in consideration the following:

� Define responsibilities of employees - manage accordingly.

� Develop a list of potential suppliers and contractors with phone numbers.

� Develop a procedure to procure needed equipment and services.

- Assign damage assessment responsibility.

� Formulate a marina "start-up" policy.

� Develop a spill containment/clean-up plan.

Review and revise the plans annually - require new employees read the plans
and provide copies and instructions to boaters.

Develop an insurance program, see Chapter Two.

� Uability

� Storm damage

� Business Interruption Insurance

Know the limits of your marina design. Can your marina withstand a 50 year
storm? Review your marina construction with your local design professional and
upgrade the marina to meet the 50 year storm criteria, see Chapter Five. Consider
the following when discussing your marina's design:

Tidal surge

� Wind speed

� Boat loading

There are no consistently reliable storm refuges along the Atlantic seacoast.
A mooring which may have worked for one storm may not be reliable for the next
storm due to drastically different wind and flood conditions. Boats should not be
moored in or near bays and inlets along the ocean as they will be subjected to the
severe surge of the incoming hurricane.

Plan to move valuable equipment@ files and boats which may be located in the
floodplain or storm surge zone to higher ground.

Locate temporary storage of boats and other materials so that in the event
of fire, the fire fighting equipment can reach the site and/or critical structures.

Use Tabs A and B to develop your SEVERE WEATHER
PREPAREDNESS PLAN. Tabs A and B provide you with generic plans which can
be modified to meet your site specific needs. Tab B includes an information
gathering form which details the information on each of your tenants. Tab C is an
emergency listing form which can be filled out and posted at the marina. Tab F
provides an action check list which can be used as a guide in developing your
requirements.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Blain, W.R. and Webber, N.B., 1989B, Marinas: Design and Opgration,
Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, UK

Blain, W.R. and Webber, N.B., 1989A, Marinas: Planning and Feasibility,
Computational Mechanics Publication, Southampton, UK

Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Seawort Newsletter,
Guide for Owners and Managers of Marinas.

Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Hurrigane Tips for
Boaters, News from Boat/U.S.

Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Weather for Marinas
Boaters 6 Pack Information Brochure.

Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Seawort-h-y Newsletter,
The Houston Yacht Club: After the Storm.

Boat Owners Association of the United States, Fall 1984, Seaworthy Newsletter,
Vol. 2, No. 2.

Chamberlain, CJ., 1983, Marinas. Recommendations for Design. Construction and
Management, National Marine Manufactures Association, New York, NY.

Dade County Marine Advisory Program, 1980, Boat Owners' Hurricane Protection
Guide,

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1981, Design Guideline for Elood Dam=
&duglijon, FEMA-15.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1987, Evacuation: An Assessment o
Planning and Research.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1986, Coastal Construction Manual,
FEMA-55.

Hollin, D. and Pagans, K, 1980, Hurricane and Severe Weather Checklist for
Boaters.

Houston Yacht Club, 1984, Protecting Your Boat Against Severe Weather,

International Marina Institute, 1987, Marina DesigLi and Engineering Conference,
Technical Papers, International Marina Institute, Wickford, RI.

Jones, Christopher, 1985, Hurricane Preparedness for Marinas, Florida Sea Grant
Program

Lee County Marine Advisory Program, 1983, Safe Harbors in the Caloosahtchee
River Durine Hurricanes,

National Weather Service, 1991, MaZyland's Severe Weather Histou, 1991 Severe
Storms Awareness Conference.

Quinn, A- Def., 1972, Design and Construction of Porta and Marine Structures,
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

Scott, Karl, 1991, Hurricane Preparedness Guidelines, The Landing Harbor Delegal
Creek Marina Manual, Savannah, Ga.

State Organization for Boating Access, 1989, Handbook for the LA)cation. Des'_
Constructiom and Maintenance of Boat Launching Facilities.

Taylor, Jon Guerry, and Dodson, Paul, 1990, Lessons from Hurricane Hugo,
International Marina Institute.

Taylor J.G., 1990, Design Guidelines for Structures, Small States Organization for
Boating Access (SOBA), Charleston, SC.

Taylor, Jon Guerry, 1990, Hurricane Notes, 17th National Technical Conference,
International Marina Institute.

Taylor, J.G., undated, Lessons From Hurricane Hugo: RecQmmendations for Marin
Operation and Design, Individual Paper, Mt. Pleasant, SC.

Taylor, Jon Guerry, 1989, Recommendations for Marina Qperation and Design Jon
GuerTy Taylor, Incorporated.

Taylor, Jon Guerry, 1985, DesigLi Guidelines for Structures at Small Marinas,
Florida Sea Grant Conference, April 16-18, 1985.

Taylor, J.G., undated, Lessons from Hurricane Hugo - The Need for Codes and
Performance Criteria in Marinas and Coastal Structures, Individual Paper, Mt.
Pleasant, SC.

Tobiasson, B.O., and Burn, H.L., 1989, Engineering Principles in Marina Failures,
International Conference on Marinas, Southampton, UK-

Treadwell, G.1, Dearstyne, C.S., Dunham, J.W., Kuammen, K-R., Lee, C.E. and
Sembler, E.L., 1969, Report on Small Craft Harbors, ASCE-Manuals and.Reports
on Engineering Practice - No. 50, New York, NY.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1990, Majyland Hurricane Evacuation Study.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1988, Joint Permit A1212lication,

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service, 1976. Storm Tide
Frequengy Analysis for the 012en Coast of Virginia. Maaland. and Delaware, Report
Number PB-261 969.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1990, Hurricane Hugo After-Action RQM.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1990, Hurricane Hugo Assessment.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1985, Information Guide and Joint Permit
Application.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981, Low Cost Shore Protectiono A Guide fo
Engineers and Contractors, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, MS.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1977, Shore Protection Manual Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Ft. Belvior, VA.

VanVleck, G.K, 1984A, LAyout and Design Guidelines for Small Craft Boat
Launching Facilities, California Department of Boating and Waterways, Sacramento,
CA.

VanVleck, G.K, 1984B, Wout and Design for Small Craft Berthing Facilities
California Department of Boating and Waterways, Sacramento, CA.

Whiteneck, LL and Hockeny, L.A_, 1989, Structural Materials for Harbor and
Coastal Construction, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

Wortley, C.A., 1988, Dos and Don'ts for Dock Desigm University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WS.

INTRODUCTIONTo TABS

The Tabs emphasize the importance of developing your site specific severe
weather plan. The marina owner/operator must assume full responsibility for
adapting, activating, and/or supplementing the information contained herein to meet
the particular requirements of their marina.

These Tabs were designed to be duplicated and used by the marina.

SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN

Tab A is a generic SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN which
can be adapted/modified to the specific needs of your marina and your tenants. The
plan outlines the requirements and responsibilities required to prepare for severe
weather, and the actions required should that weather develop.

MARINA TENANTS SEVERE WEATHER QUESTIONNAIRE

Tab B is a form that you can hand out to the tenants at your marina to
ensure that they are ready for severe weather and have taken appropriate actions to
prepare for it. It is also a means to gather the information you will need on their
boat, the equipment they have for securing the boat, and who is authorized to
operate the boat in the absence of the owner.

HURRI /SEVERE WEATHER INFORMATION
(EMERGENCY LISTING)

Tab C is designed to be copied, filled in, and posted on your bulletin board.
It lists the chain of command at the marina and the area emergency management,
and their telephone numbers. This would be the first place someone would go for
information should the marina be threatened-by severe weather.

COUNTY EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION CONTACTS

Tab D is a list by county and city of the addresses and phone numbers of your
Civil Defense contacts. These offices have information on your relocation maps,
evacuation routes, and local shelters.

COMMUNICATIONS

Tab E lists the broadcast stations which provide weather forecasts.

HURRICANE RESPONSE CHECKLIS

Tab F is a checklist which was written as an adjunct to the SEVERE
WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN. The checklist follows the development of
the storm approaching the marina, and increases the marina efforts as the storm
becomes more imminent.

'Ibis section can be duplicated and posted on your bulletin board.

TABA

Severe Weather Preparedness Plan

SEVERE WEATHER PREPAREDNESS PLAN

FOR

MARINA

DATE:

This plan will be revised by marina owners/operators to keep current with
advances in available technology and marina development.

Revised this date:

The plan should be reviewed and rehearsed prior to each hurricane season.
Employees should have a complete understanding of the marina's policies and plans
for a severe storm situation.

Reviewed/Rehearsed by Date

Reviewed /Rehearsed by Date

Reviewed/ Rehearsed by Date

Tab A

Severe Weather Preparedness Plan
(EXAMPLE)

PURPOS . To establish a marina severe weather preparedness plan which will
minimize damages to the marina property and the tenants vessels resulting from high
winds and water. This plan outlines the steps to be taken to respond to severe
weather storms.

DISCUSSION. In the event of a severe storm normal operations are disrupted and
specific actions may be required to minimize property and personnel damage. This
plan requires planning, logistics and operational actions to prepare for and
counteract the effects of high wind and water.

SCOPE. This plan furnishes information and a checklist of items to be completed
to secure the marina against the effects of a severe storm and to safeguard its
personnel and property.

AMON. All personnel assigned to this plan shall ensure compliance with this plan.
Each person assigned to implementing this plan shall be familiar with the contents
of this plan by reading it at the beginning of each year prior to the hurricane season
and carrying out all tasks identified herein in the event of a severe storm. Post a
copy of Tab C, the Emergency Listing, Tab F, and the Hurricane Response
Checklist.

CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS. Severe weather can come in the form of lightning,
hail storms, tornado, or a hurricane. Because hurricanes are the most severe and
damaging, they will be addressed in detail, however, the concepts required in
preparing for them also applies to your local storm conditions.

HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS

The hurricane season is from 1 June through 30 November. During
this season, the marina will maintain one of four material readiness phases.
Phase 4, the lowest level of preparation, will be set automatically from 1 June
through 30 November. Higher readiness phases will be set upon the approach
of a storm.

Hurricane preparedness phases have been developed to ensure an
orderly transition of the marina from a hurricane watch to the arrival of the
hurricane. The marina owner or designee will direct the response and
preparedness for each hurricane phase.

Any tropical disturbances along the Atlantic Coast can be considered
a threat to the Chesapeake Bay region and the State of Maryland. 'Me
conventional path for these storms is northerly, however, these paths are not

Tab A
3

always the pattern. Unexpected cold fronts can stall the forward movement
of a storm and allow it to strengthen over warm waters. Also, storms which
make landfall on the Gulf Coast can come across the Appalachians and cause
severe flooding and wind damage in Maryland.

The passage of a hurricane could strongly affect an area in excess of
one hundred miles. Winds build rapidly, up to speeds approaching 150 mph.
It can be anticipated that commercial power will be interrupted for an
extended period. General confusion in the community can be expected during
pre and post hurricane efforts. The various drawbridges in the area will
probably be disabled in the down position, severely hindering marine traffic.
Tunnels could be closed and roadways flooded hindering vehicle traffic.

Evacuation orders will be issued by local authorities in time to insure
that evacuation can be completed prior to the arrival of sustained gale-force
(39 mph) winds.

When Your Local Emerancy Management
Advises Evaguation -- Do So!

The passing of the "eye" of the storm in your area is to be experienced
with a great deal of caution. The direct passing of the "eye" presents a brief
lull. Following this period of little wind will be a sudden blast of high velocity
winds from the opposite direction. During the period of the "eye" passing, no
one should venture outside or attempt to do anything in the exposed areas of
the marina. Updates of the storms position can be obtained from your local
radio, TV stations, and the marina weather service broadcasts.

A storm with winds below hurricane strength may still pose a threat
to the marina. It may continue to build in strength before coming ashore as
a hurricane, or it may come ashore at storm strength and still be strong
enough to cause considerable wind, rain, and flood damage. In these
situations the storm will be treated as a severe weather front and action
appropriate to that weather system will apply.

Tenants at the marina are encouraged to develop hurricane plans
consistent with the provisions of this plan.

HURRICANE CATEGORIES

The National Weather Service (NWS) categorizes tropical storms and
hurricanes into five categories. The lesser beginning with the lower numbers,
and as the numbers get higher, the more severe the storm. The storm surges
in the table below are without wind and waves and are given at mean sea
level (MSL). Depending on the category of the storm, it is estimated that
waves from 5 to 20 feet may be added to the surge. If the storm makes
landfall at high tide you may add another 1.0 foot to 1.5 feet to the height.

Tab A
4

Hurricane Winds Storm Central Pressure Damage
Category (MPH) Surge Millibars Inches
(FT.)

1 74-95 4-5 @!980 2:28.94 Minimal
11 96-110 6-8 965-979 28.50-28.91 Moderate
111 111-130 9-12 945-964 27.91-28.47 Extensive
IV 131-155 13-18 920-944 27.17-27.88 Extreme
V 155+ > 18 < 920 < 27.17 Catastrophic

SAFFIRISIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE

This plan has taken into consideration that each category of hurricane
approaching the marina will require different levels of preparedness. As an
example, a Category 1 hurricane with anticipated surge of 4 feet including
tidal range may not justify moving stores to a second deck to protect them
from flood water damage.

The maximum probabilities given for predicting the movement of a
hurricane preceding the arrival of the storm are:

Forecast Period Maximum Probability

72 hours 10%
48 hours 13%-18%
36 hours 20%-25%
24 hours 35%-45%
12 hours 60%-70%

Note: The Probabilities listed are the maximum values assigned to any
location in advance of a predicted landfall, For example, the highest
probability that the National Hurricane Center would assign to the event that
a hurricane would strike Ocean City, Maryland within 72 hours would be 10
percent. Similarly, the highest probability assigned to the event that landfall
would occur within 18 hours would be 45 percent.

Given these differences in probabilities the marina must be prepared
to initiate the action plan on a low probability of it passing over the marina
to achieve the 72 hour lead time necessary to execute the plan. All
preparations should be completed prior to the arrival of sustained gale-force
winds.

Tab A
5

HURRICANE PHASES FOR THE MARINA-

There are four hurricane phases which will be set by the marina. The
speed of advance of a hurricane dictates the hurricane phase to be set. The
following advance notice is considered adequate for the marina to accomplish
the required readiness actions under most circumstances. These phases are:

Phase Four: A seasonal hurricane phase automatically set by the
marina on 1 June of each year and extending to 30 November.

Phase Three: When a hurricane is approaching, a phase to indicate
that sustained gale-force (39 mph) winds, or greater, are expected within 72-
48 hours.

Phase Two: When a hurricane is approaching, a phase to indicate
that sustained gale-force (39 mph) winds, or greater, are expected within 48-
24 hours.

Phase One: When a hurricane is approaching, a phase of maximum
preparedness set when winds of sustained gale-force (39 mph) or greater are
expected within 24-12 hours.

Progression from Phase Four directly to Phase One can happen very
rapidly, and is quite possible because of the erratic behavior of hurricanes and
the difficulty of accurately predicting the paths of hurricanes.

COMMUNICATIONS. A communications center will be established with the
following responsibilities.

Notify all marina employees and tenants of the hurricane warning and
serve as a message center and update marina tenants with periodic status
reports.

The communicat;ons center will be staffed by marina volunteers. The
center can be reached at:

Telephone No.

The center will be established as soon as Phase Three is set. They will
contact the marina volunteer committee directors and notify them of the
warning within the first four (4) hours of the warning period. The telephone
volunteers will attempt to contact all marina tenants during the initial 8 hour
period of the warning. Two attempts will be made to contact each tenant.

During the hurricane approach and following the storm the message
center will take calls from tenants concerning the warning status, the action
plan and situation updates. The communication center will also relay specific
messages to and from the marina every hour.

Tab A
6

The marina switchboard will be reserved for hurricane operations,
work crews, weather reports, security, service calls and emergency use.

TENANTS SHOULD NOT CALL THE SWITCHBOARD
DURING WARNING PERIODS.

The communications center will function up to two days following the
storm as required.

The communications center will be equipped with a radio link (VHF)
to the marina in the event telephone communication is lost during the storm.

The communication center will operate between the hours of 4:30 P.M.
and 10:30 P.M. to alert tenants and relay information concerning the progress
and phases at the marina.

72 HOURS BEFORE ETA TO 24 HOURS AFTER THE STORM.

Communications Center Director:

Team A

Communications Chief- (NAME) Phone No.:

Operators 1.
2.

Other Teams as needed to relieve operators.

Tab A
7

RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO THE HURRICANE SEASON

INSTRUCnONS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

Prior to the hurricane season the following administrative functions will be
carried out.

Review severe weather plan and upe ite.

Post Hurricane Response Checklist, Tab F and Emergency listing, Tab
C, and distribute copies of Hurricane Plan to all concerned with
carrying out the plan.

Distribute copy of Marina Tenants Severe Weather Questionnaire, Tab
B, to all tenants/slip renters. Follow-up on return of forms.

Distribute hurricane plan and literature on evacuation zones and
emergency shelters to tenants at marina.

Plan and make a check list of merchandise, office records, and cash
that will be evacuated. Determine what records and documents must
be evacuated and identify where they are kept.

Make a list of volunteers, including phone numbers, address and
responsibilities.

Develop a list of names and telephone numbers of an authorized,
qualified and accessible alternate captain for all boats in the marina
in case owner is absent during a storm.

Inventory possessions for insurance purposes, prioritize what must be
evacuated and what can be protected. Be sure a copy of your
inventory is kept in a safe place. Video if possible.

Review insurance coverage for flood and wind damage.

Develop agreements for rental trailer(s) to evacuate possessions, and
leasing of cranes to move boats.

Develop a list of vendors for short notice delivery of portable toilet
facilities and dry ice.

Ensure that the following are stocked and ready for issue:

0 Flashlights with batteries

0 Emergency high-intensity lights

Tab A
9

* Battery operated radio with weather frequency

0 Nylon line sized t *0 tie down large items

0 Rain gear and boots

0 Plywood (CD X 1/2" X 4" X 8") and lumber (2" X 4" X 16")
for boarding windows and for immediate recovery operations

0 16d double head form nails

0 10' X 100' rolls of 4 mill polyethylene for draping high value
materials and equipment

0 Emergency water containers (5 gallon)

Review security requirement of facilities, marina and tenants vessels
and update as necessary. Consider both pre and post storm security
requirements.

Ensure pre-selected storm refuge moorings for boats are adequate.
Consult your local waterways guides, sailing directives, and other local
publications.

Develop a check-off system for logging in personnel entering and
leaving the marina during the storm.

HURRICANE RESPONSE CHECKLIST FOR ADMINISTRATIVE S

PHASE FOUR

AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

Review severe weather preparedness plan and update.

Address areas of responsibilities and complete.

Distribute and post revised severe weather plan.

Brief marina personnel, tenants and volunteers on severe weather
preparedness plan.

Ensure pre-selected refuge moorings for boats are adequate.

Coordinate plan's requirements with local authorities.

Tab A
10

Check first aid supplies and restock.

Check emergency supplies and restock.

Make vender list for rental and leased equipment.

PHASE THREE

7248 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

Initiate hurricane warning and activate communication plans.

Set up communications center (if one is planned).

- After phase three is set, release unnecessary marina personnel so that
they can prepare their homes and gather their personal belongings.

Notify tenants and volunteers of impending conditions.

Work closely with harbor master and marina volunteers to update posted
storm information and disseminate other information to employees, boat
owners and volunteers.

Process and mail all paperwork that can be completed immediately.

Close marina stores to general public.

Supplies must be earmarked for marina use at the first sign of a hurricane
threat to avoid depletion of stock by customer demands.

Begin preparation of marina grounds:

� Stock emergency food and water supplies.

� Check emergency generators, lighting, and fuel supply. Obtain
additional generators if required.

� Check emergency equipment list. Arrange security staff schedule
and volunteers.

� Secure outdoor furniture, large signs, flags, trash cans, carts, fire
extinguisher, antennas and other loose items that can be affected
by wind.

Back up computers and store archive tapes with records to be removed.

Tab A
11

Start plans to evacuate personnel and equipment in flood prone (low-
land) locations.

Request other companies or concerns with supplies and equipment at the
marina to remove them.

Have supplies and equipment at other marinas brought back to the marina
and secured.

Notify any suppliers to hold shipment until after the storm.

Have crane delivered for hoisting boats.

Ensure first aid supplies are on hand.

Arrange security staff and volunteers schedule.

PHASE TWO

48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Maintain position of hurricane in communication center.
Maintain contact with local weather bureau/oceanographic center. 0
Ensure marina is secured from non-essential traffic.

Issue emergency supplies and equipment to crews as required.

Move files and expensive equipment to higher shelves and drape with
plastic.

Implement check-in, check-out, and duty list for personnel entering and
leaving the marina.

PHASE ONE

24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Secure marina.

Coordinate status reports on hurricane position and intensities to crews,
tenants and volunteers at marina.

Evacuate marina if directed.

Tab A
12

RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO HURRICANE SEASON

INSTRUMONS FOR FACILITIES AND MAINTENANCE STAFF

Prior to the hurricane season carry out the following facility functions.

Review severe weather preparedness plan and update as needed.

Inspect buildings to detect, repair, or secure potential sources of danger such
as:

� Damaged or improperly secured doors, gaskets, windows, ventilation
openings, and tie downs.

� Structural weaknesses resulting from wom or weather-beaten
supports, wooden light poles, and similar objects.

� Clogged or inoperable gutter and drain pipes, storm drains, sewers,
and catch basins.

� Surrounding trees, with rotten limbs or large branches. Trim excess
growth from trees and dispose of cuttings.

� Roofing systems for soundness. Remove any litter and debris.

. Inspect, service and repair as necessary all docks, piers, wharfingers
or slipfingers and pilings, especially cleats, moorings, and utilities.

� Inspect and have serviced as necessary all fire fighting equipment,
both portable and fixed installations.

� Inspect and service as necessary all lifesaving equipment such as life
jackets, work vests, life rings and lines, and life rafts or rescue
vessels.

� Ensure that all essential vehicles and portable generators are
operational, fueled, and ready for use. Test run generators and re-
stow.

� Inspect all storage shed outbuildings and portable office trailers for
proper tie-down.

� Inspect and service as necessary all electrical lighting installations;
and all fuel and natural gas supply and dispensing equipment.
Check cut-off valves for fuel and water lines.

Tab A
13

� Check all dry storage facility areas and racks for soundness and
security. Note protection afforded same and consider associated
hazards and contents at risk.

� Inspect all emergency lighting systems and ensure they are
operational.

� Inspect and service all hauling equipment such as mobile lifts, hydro-
lifts, and railways.

� Check emergency equipment and supplies and reorder to fill
requirements, especially extra mooring lines, lumber for fender
boards, chafing gear, screw anchors, flashlights, batteries, portable
generators, electrical and manual bilge pumps and hull patching or
repair supplies.

HURRICANE RESPQNSE CHECKLIST FO

FACILITY AND MAINTENANCE STAFF

PHASE FOUR

AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit to
administration.

Address areas of responsibility and complete.

Ensure that all essential vehicles and portable generators are operational
and ready for use.

Inspect buildings, piers, and wharfs.

Inspect all storage sheds, outbuildings, and portable office trailers for
proper tie-down.

Inspect all emergency lighting systems and ensure they are operational.

PHASE THREE

72-48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

Schedule marina's crew for storm duties. Include "shore leave" for crew
to prepare homes and families at the first notice of storm.

Tab A
14

Secure all dumpsters with tie-downs.

Remove trash, scrap, and excess materials.

Fuel all vehicles to 100 percent.
Fill all gas and diesel fuel storage tanks.

Clear all loose gear from wharfs and piers.

Secure piers, docks and dry storage areas:

� Remove unclaimed trailers, boats and equipment from piers, docks and
dry storage areas.

�Move drink, ice machines, etc. to higher grounds.

�Remove and secure trash cans from piers.

�Anchor portable buildings.

�Check cranes and sling hoist.

�Schedule and conunit removal of boats by crane.

-Begin stripping removable boats and moving to hoisting area.

�Coordinate securing marina facilities, equipment and boats.

�Monitor the need to disconnect floating and fixed pier's power cables,
water and fuel lines if tidal surge is expected. Be prepared to
disconnect floating dock ramps and secure docks to fixed pier pilings.

Police marina and dock areas to stow away or secure loose equipment
and items that could become missile hazards in high winds.

Secure all flammable, explosive or other hazardous materials.

Remove boats and trailers in outside dry storage "racks". Secure with
tie-downs when moved.

PHASE TWO

48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Inspect all work done in phase three.

Tab A
15

Begin evacuation of board boats and dinghies.

Evacuate trailerable boats to predesignated area.

� Notify owners or remove with marina personnel.

� Arrange to have boats tied down after move.

Evacuate non trailerable boats.

Evacuate cruising boats.

Secure dry stack storage area.

Activate flotilla plans for removal of vessels to safer location.

Board up all windows and glass doors.

Remove or lock all dock boxes and check tie downs.

Secure waterside sewage pumpouts. Turn off sewage grinder pump
breakers at last call to evacuate marina.

PHASE ONE

24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Brief departing released personnel on recall procedures.

Stage personnel who are scheduled to ride out storm.
(When your emergency management advises evacuation -- do so!)

Respond to last minute items.

Secure fuel and oil tanks.

Secure main switch gear to piers and low lying areas.

Remove all excess gear from piers and dock area.

When appropriate (extra high tide or. storm surge expected) loosen
floating dock ramps from hinges and secure.

At last call, remove outside life rings and fire extinguishers from floats and
other outside locations.

Secure power to marina if evacuated.

Tab A
16

RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO HURRICANE SEASON

INSTRUMONS FQR ALL MARINA PERSONNE

Prior to the hurricane season take the following actions.

Each employee will have a writte plan prepared for his/her personal
preparation and evacuation in order to effectively reduce his/her required leave
time. This will also ensure that other crew members can have adequate leave
time. This plan should be discussed with your family so that they will be
prepared and know what is expected of them. When preparing your plan you
should consider the following:

Prepare your home and yard early in Phase Three to allow for an
organized early evacuation. Your efforts should be to reduce wind and
flood damage by boarding windows, raising furniture, covering books and
appliances, etc.

Decide where to go. This will depend on the track and severity of the
storm. Local emergency shelters may not be as comfortable as a stay with
out of town relatives, but will allow you to return more quickly.

If your family decides to go in different locations during evacuation, decide
on destination, alternates and conununication options to reduce anxiety
over the well being of family members. Calling a designated out of state
relative is one option to reestablish contact.

How will you evacuate? Plan your route and departure time to avoid
low areas which may be flooded due to torrential rains and high tides.
Consult the evacuation maps for your area. Scout your route ahead of
time for local hazards and alternatives. Plan to leave early.

Decide what to take. Important documents should be designated in
advance for removal. Small valuables, heirlooms, photos, etc. can be
boxed for evacuation.

Build a hurricane inventory to include:

�ice chest for ice and perishable food
�potable water (plan 1 qt/person/day)
� food (perishable, canned, snack)
�can opener and utensils
�flash lights and batteries
�battery operated radio with weather frequency
-extra clothing

Tab A
17

� rain gear and boots
� toilet and first aid kit
� required medicine supplies
� bedding
� cash, check book and credit cards

NOTE: Alcoholic beverages and firearms are not permitted in
emergency shelters.

Be prepared to evacuate early and leave as soon as possible after
evacuation has been called for. You may want to send your family ahead
if other responsibilities may delay your own evacuation until Phase One.

Returning after an evacuation may be a time of despair or rejoicing.
Concentrate on the positive aspects of your survival and meet the
challenge with optimism and safety consciousness. The threat of storm
related injuries is not over. Several deaths in the Charleston area after
hurricane HUGO resulted from post-storm injuries from chain saws,
falling trees, candle fires or electrocution. The threats of spoiled food,
bad water, poor sanitation, and poisonous snakes should also be
considered.

Because of the uncertainty of how long crew members will be required to be
on duty, at first notice of a storm there will be staggered relief shifts to allow
each person time to go home and prepare their homes and families. This will
be done well in advance of the anticipated storm (as much as 2-3 days in
advance).

In order to return to preparations as soon as possible, leave time will be
scheduled with team leaders going first. Because the fatigue factor during and
after the storm can be expected to be high, staffing prior to the storm's arrival
should be keep at a minimum.

Tab A
18

RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO HURRICANE SEASON

INSTRUCTIONS FOR TENANTS

Prior to the hurricane season tenants will fill out Tab B and carry out the following
functions.

Review Severe Weather Preparedness Plan.

Wet slip boat owners are required to:

� Complete the Marina Tenants Severe Weather Questionnaire. Give
a copy to the marina Operations Officer and keep one for yourself.
Keep current at the Marina Operations office the following information:

Telephone numbers.

Name and phone number of a qualified and accessible alternate
captain in case owner is absent during a storm.

Copy of boat insurance policy.

� Keep an adequate inventory of storm gear aboard and maintain dock
lines of proper size and condition.

� Ensure that your boat can get underway with its own power at all times.

� Ensure that your boat is adequately covered with liability insurance.
The boat owner is liable for damages caused to the marina by his/her
boat.

� Attend anchoring and evacuation clinics when given by the marina or
local authorities.

� All tenants renting slips and/or dry storage space will be required to
sign a slip rental agreement and have an individual severe storm action
plan.

Dry rack boat owners are required to:

� Keep canvas tops down and secured.

� Keep bilge drain plugs pulled.

� Maintain a boat trailer in road-worthy shape for evacuation from dry
racks and notify marina of your intentions well before deadline to avoid
unnecessary tie-downs.

Tab A
19

Ensure that your boat is adequately covered with liability insurance.
The boat owner is liable for damages caused by his/her boat.

HURRI!CANE RESPONSE CHECKLIST FOR TENANTS

PHASE FOUR

AUTOMATICALLY SET I JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit to
administration.

Address areas of responsibility and complete.

Update Marina Tenants Severe Weather Questionnaire and return to
office.

Know your evacuation route and shelter plan.

Ensure that your emergency gear is serviceable and ready for use.

PHASE THREE

72-48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

Secure your boat in accordance with your pre-approved plan.

PHASE TWO

48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Evacuate the area.
(When your emergency management advises evacuation -- do so!)

Tab A
20

RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO HURRICANE SEASON

INSTRUCnONS FOR VOLUNTEERS

Prior to the hurricane season, volunteers will carry out the following facility
functions.

Review Severe Weather Preparedness Plan.

Complete and keep current at the Marina Operations office the following
information:

� Telephone numbers and address.

� Team captain or group assignment.

HURRICANE RESPONSE CHECKLIST FOR VOLUNTEERS

PHASE FOUR

AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit to
administration.

Address areas of responsibility and complete.

Participate in exercises of hurricane plan.

PHASE THREE

72-48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

Man communication center.

- Assist in securing marina and boats as agreed upon.

PHASE TWO

48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Continue to man communication center.

Tab A
21

PHASE ONE
24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA 0
Evacuate marina and return to family.

Tab A
22

RESPONSIBILITIES DURING STORM PHASES

DISCUSSION

Numerous tasks and precautions must take place in preparation for the
hurricane or severe weather. The extent of the tasks and the number of personnel
available will determine the amount of time required for the marina to complete the
preparation. However, 72 hours is the minimal time allowable in most instances and
is the criteria for implementing the following:

PHASE THREE (ALERT)

72-48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA
(EARLIER IF A WEEKEND IS INVOLVED).

� Notify all personnel that the facility is on a hurricane alert. All personnel
will commence preparations for putting the Severe Weather Preparedness
Plan in action.

� The communications center will be manned and all volunteers and other
parties will be notified of the hurricane alert.

-At 72 hours prior to ETA, put mobile or waterborne operations personnel
on standby and start securing operations. Initiate plans to evacuate
personnel and equipment in the flood prone (low-land) locations.

�Begin facility protection preparations by policing all yard, marina and dock
areas to stow away or secure loose equipment and items. Store in covered
or sheltered areas.

�Secure all flammable, explosive or other hazardous materials, such as
compressed gas cylinders, in a safe, protected secure area.

�Boats from dry storage or other facilities on outside "racks" for small boats
and trailers storage will be removed and secured in designated safe areas.
Small boats and trailers will be provided protected storage or secured in
place with ground screws.

� All vessel removal operations are to be well underway and completed
during this forty eight hour period. Commence plans for securing remaining
vessels.

�As the departing vessels are fueling, facility vessels and vehicles will also
he topped off, as necessary, in preparation for securing all fueling
operations and equipment. (Loss of electrical power during a hurricane may
disrupt fuel supplies after the storm.)

Tab A
23

� Check and secure any loose siding or roofing on inside "rack" storage
buildings. Remove boats if facility is in a lowland area and is in danger of
flooding.

�If other companies or concerns have supplies or equipment in your facility,
request that they have their items removed.

�Consider removing any equipment and supplies you may have at other
locations.

�Take down large signs, antennas or other removable items subject to wind
damage.

�Commence facility protection precautions. Storm shutters or other
protective equipment and windows will be taped with masking tape to
reduce the possibility of flying glass.

Process and mail all paperwork that can be completed immediately. Set
all new paperwork aside to be completed after the hurricane or storm.

Remove expensive equipment or products to inland warehouses for storage.
If this is not possible due to a lack of transportation equipment or limited
time, stack expensive equipment or inventories in protected areas. Cover
them with tarpaulins to protect them from water damage should the roof
leak or the windows get blown out.

�Reduce inventories as much as possible and delay ordering materials, stocks
or supplies until after the storm. If materials or inventories are en-route,
try to divert them to a temporary warehouse or area not subject to the
storm.

�Begin contacting vessel owners or their representatives in order to begin
removing vessels from the facility, as necessary.

�Begin flotilla plans, if any, for vessel removals to safer locations, as
necessary.

�Monitor storms progress.

PHASE TWO (WATCH)

48-24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA. Commence and or complete the following
actions.

�Notify all personnel that facility is on huff icane watch.

� Continue to monitor storm's progress.

Tab A
24

� Complete securing operations in lowland locations. All dock structures,
field buildings and offices will be secured.

� House type trailer units are to be moved to a safe location above the
floodplain. If this is not possible they should be firmly anchored.

� In areas subject to flooding, move vehicles and/or equipment to the highest
point available. If outside storage is necessary, do not park under trees,
towers, signs, or power lines.

� All employee personal belongings will be removed from evacuated locations.

� All electrical power supplies to areas that may be flooded will be secured
by turning off the power at the main breaker switch.

� All natural gas will be turned off at the main valve if the marina is vacated.

� All fuel supply tanks and lines will be secured at the shore side installation.

� All electric motors, pumps and like equipment at or below ground level will
be disconnected and protected or placed in a safe location.

� If fresh water is supplied from municipal or other water lines, turn off the
supply at the meter.

- Secure all equipment such as forklifts, trucks, travel lifts, mobile cranes, and
work boats in protected areas, shops or warehouses as they may not be
needed during the storm. Vehicles are to be parked with the emergency
brake on.

� Complete securing all facility "shop" operations. 'Meir equipment and
operations are not needed and their interior, protective space will be
utilized for storage of other facility equipment. Tape windows, secure and
lock doors.

� For facilities planned to be manned during the hurricane, check that all
emergency supplies are readily available such as first aid kits, fire protection
equipment, sufficient stores of provisions, including bottled fresh water, fuel
for emergency generators, battery-power lighting, flashlights or lanterns,
battery powdered radios, VHF units and the like.

� Notification to manager, or local police will be made when evacuation is
complete and the location secured.

Tab A
25

PHASE ONE WARNING

24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

In these hours prior to the projected arrival of the hurricane, the "Hurricane
Warning" advisory will have been issued and it is highly likely that the hurricane will
make landfall or pass near the marina facility. The following activities will be in
progress or nearing completion:

�Notify all personnel that the facility is on hurricane warning.

�Continue to monitor storm's progress.

�With all vessel protection and securing operations completed, make a final
check of doubled mooring lines, tied off with sufficient slack and fender
boards and/or other protective equipment in place.

�Secure as necessary any remaining operational facility buildings.

�Employees who are not manning facilities during the storm will be released
no later than twelve hours prior to the storm. Instructions for reporting
back to work after the storm will be given at that time.

�Whether manning or evacuating the facility, insure that all perimeter access
points in the form of fences, gates, and building doors are locked and
secured, except the main entrance gate.

�All facility preparations will be completed twelve hours prior to the
hurricane's arrival. Depending on the track of the storm, the extent of
preparation based on information received may or may not be adequate.
All precauti!Qns taken as a result of the hurricane warning should bg based
on the belief that the storm will hit the facilijy directly and with its full
fQEM If the full precautionary measures have not been taken, there is
probably little that can be done at this point to improve preparation. This
is especially true if authorities issue an evacuation notice to the facility
location or area. In that case, evacuate the area and hope that the
measures taken will suffice. The protection of human life is more important
than property loss or damage.

Tab A
26

QURINQ- THE HJIMCANE

The following suggestions are issued in the interest of personal safety:

� When your local emergency management advises evacuation -- do so!

�Stay in a protected and safe place inland if possible.

�For facilities remaining manned, extreme caution will be exercised in all
outdoor activities. In the event of injury, outside medical aid will probably
not be immediately available.

�No one will attempt to move or re-secure a loose vessel or equipment
during the storm period.

�Ufe jackets will be worn by anyone required to perform any activities on
or near the docks or piers during severe storm phases.

�No vehicles or equipment will be operated during the storm period unless
absolutel necessary.

�Stay tuned to news and weather broadcasts concerning the hurricane's
movement so you will know when the danger has passed. Hurricanes can
take between 6 and 8 hours to pass through an area.

�Do not assume that the calm of the "eye" of the hurricane means the storm
has passed. If the "eye" passes over you, there is still the other side of the
hurricane to contend with, Remember, when the "eye" passes over you the
wind will be in the opposite direction when it starts back up on the back
side.

AFTER THE HURRICANE

Ile following should be considered when returning to the area:

�Extensive damage may have been caused by the hurricane. While checking
the condition of the marina facility is of a main concern, there may be
limitations to access to the facility or at the facility itself. Flooded roads,
downed power lines, washed out areas of beach or river areas are just a few
of the problems. An inspection of the facility will be made as soon as
practicable to determine conditions, damages and security of premises.

� Be alert to flash flooding that may occur due to heavy rains up stream or
flooded canal areas even after the storm has ended. Also, be alert for
tornados which are frequently associated with hurricanes or occur after the

Tab A
27

hurricane has passed. In crossing water, do not try to cross a stream or
pool of water unless you are certain that the water will not be above your
knees (or above the middle of y our car's wheels) all the way across.

Post storm security should be addressed as soon as you return. to the marina
to protect against vandalism.

Personnel returning to the facility and beginning the preliminary damage assessment
are to be aware of the following:

� Beware of snakes when going into grassy areas or other locations.
Personnel should wear boots and be cautioned to look where they place
their feet and hands.

� Be aware of possible downed electrical wires which should be considered
"Hot" and avoided until the power company or facility electrical
maintenance personnel service the wires.

� Check natural gas installations for leaking gas by smell only, not with
matches or candies (for facilities with natural gas).

� Check facility fueling docks and tanks for leaking gasoline or diesel fuel,
where applicable. (This may require filing a report with your local, state
or federal environmental agency.)

� Electrical equipment of the facility that has been submerged in water is not
to be started until it has been checked and repaired as necessary.

� Broken sewer or water mains are to be reported immediately to either the
utility company responsible for repair or to the marina facility maintenance
personnel if owned and maintained by the facility.

� Building's, shop's and dock's electrical wiring is to be checked completely
prior to turning on the main power switch.

� Wet electrical appliances, such as hot plates, toasters, calculators,
typewriters, etc. will be inspected, and repaired or replaced as necessary,
prior to operation.

Plan to return to the marina as soon as possible after the storm has passed, civil
defense clearance given, and your family is taken care oL Telephone
communications may not be possible at this time, so listen to the public radio
broadcast for information, civil defense clearance, etc. on returning to the area.

As soon as the facility has been deemed safe for complete inspection, and where
damage has occurred, a complete survey of the facilities, inventories, equipment and
stocks will be made and documented with photographs or video where possible. Any

Tab A
28

losses or damages should be reported immediately to the insurance agent of the
marina.

A written assessment of damages will be prepared as soon as possible. Estimated
damages to docks and piers and other harbor facilities, cranes, mast hoist, boat
sheds, toilets, showers, lockers, Harbor Master's office, fuel dock and office,
electrical transformers, electrical service, and telephones are to be included in the
assessment.

Return and account for any emergency equipment issued.

After making damage assessments, plan repairs and implement a repair program as
soon as possible.

While it is understandable that immediate repairs may need to be undertaken, all
actions taken during the course of repairs prior to any insurance adjustment will be
properly documented and filed. In the case of facility property damages, appraisers
assigned by the insurance company will be involved in assisting with the claims.
Insurance companies usually establish storm claims offices to handle the numerous
claims after a hurricane strikes. In catastrophic situations, extra personnel are called
in to handle the volume of claims.

If there has been any theft or vandalism loss or damage to the facility, other than
storm related, a report will be made to local police or other law enforcement
authorities so that appropriate actions can be taken. The incident report number
and, if possible, a copy of the incident report, is to be obtained from the police to
substantiate any insurance claim or tax property loss reporting.

It is obvious that vessel owners, captains, caretakers and others with vessel interests
will inquire as to the status of their vessels. These inquires should be fielded as best
as possible, especially if there is no damage to their property. Notification of any
vessel damage should be made as soon as possible. Consider dedicating a phone
line with a pre-recorded message to cut down on answering these calls. While it is
understandable that vessel owners may want to return to marinas or yard facilities
as soon as possible, they will be advised as to the situation at the facility and as to
the availability of berthing facilities for their vessel as soon as practical. If damages
preclude the facility from providing a berthing space for the vessels, the owners will
be so notified and advised as to when the facility may be available to provide a
berth.

If the facility is relatively undamaged, then efforts will be made to become
operational and provide facility services to those who are not so fortunate.

Controlled access and/or security at the facility may be required in any instance.
Facility personnel will be put in charge of such security with considerations given to
the handling of:

Members and non-members in the case of yacht clubs.

Tab A
29

� Tenants and non-tenants in the case of marinas or other facilities.

� Radio, television and press representatives.

� Outside salvage contractors, repairers, estimators, surveyors, adjusters, and
appraisers.

Tab A
30

TABB

Marina Tenants
Severe Weather Questionnaire

Boat Owner Phone

Pier # - Slip Locker #

Alternate Captain Phone

Insurance Carrier

Boat Type Boat Name

PLEASE COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONNAIRE
AS APPROPRIATE:

Group A - Sunfish. Board Boat. Dinghy (initial)

I intend to remove my boat(s) and equipment from the marina
grounds.

I intend to temporarily store my boat(s) and equipment in the
following location:

Group B - Trailerable Boats (initial)

I intend to remove my trailer(s), boat(s) and equipment from
the marina grounds, and relocate them to

I intend to temporarily store my trailer(s), boat(s) and
equipment in the following location:

I have inspected my boat trailer(s) to insure that it is in
operable condition and agree to maintain the trailer in operable
condition while it remains on marina property.

Tab B
I

Group C - Non-Trailerable Boats UndCr 8000 Pounds (initial)

I intend to secure my boat in the following location:

I intend to haul out my boat for temporary storage in the
following location:

I agree to report to the marina during the severe weather
warning to prepare my boat for haul-out and to assist with haul-
out operations.

Group D - Cruising Boats (initial)

I intend to secure my boat in the following location:

I intend to move my boat to another dock site or in the
following location:

I intend to anchor my boat in the following location:

GROUND TACKLE ON BOARD

Anchor(s)

Chain(s)

Anchor Line(s)

Mushroom Anchor

Bridle(s)

Chafing Gear

Tab B
2

I have reviewed the marina's severe weather preparedness plan.

I have a severe weather preparedness checklist on board the boat
which is in conformance with the' marina's plan.

I have reviewed and rehearsed my severe weather preparedness plan
with my alternate captain.

Dock Box

I understand that the dock box belongs to marina
me and is is not
insurable under the marina insurance policy.

I intend to remove my dock box and/or belongings during a hurricane
warning.

Tab B
3

TAB C

Hurricane Severe Weather Information
(Emergency Listing)

MAPJNA

Owner/Operator Emergency Phone

Marina Storm Emergency Plan Director/Coordinators:

Name/Phone Number

Director/Coordinator
Administrative Staff Director
Operational Staff Director
Dock Master
Other Emergency Staff Assignments

Marina:
Emergency Communications Center
Post Storm Information

Emergency Phone Numbers:
Reliable Weather Information

Nearest Coast Guard Unit
Local Emergency Management
Coordinator

American Red Cross

Local Police

State Police

Tab C

Basic Boat Owner Responsibilities:
1. 0
2.

Instructions for Transient Boat Owners/Operators:

Recommended:

Evacuation Routes

Public Shelters

Emergency Ground Transportation

Location of.
Marina Severe Weather Preparedness Plan
Maryland (DNR) Severe Weather Guidebook

Special Instructions:

Tab C
2

TABD
County Emergency Management
Civil Defense Organization Contacts

ALLEGANY CO

Allegany County Civil Defense
and Disaster Preparedness Agency
Constitution Park
P. 0. Box 1340
Cumberland, Maryland 21502 301-777-5908

ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY

Office of Emergency Management
Anne Arundel County
P. 0. Box 2700
Annapolis, Maryland 21404 410-222-8040

BALTIMORE CITY

Office of Disaster Control
and Civil Defense
1201 East Cold Spring Lane
Baltimore, Maryland 21239 410-396-6175

BALTIMORE CO

Bureau of Civil Defense
Baltimore County
401 Bosley Avenue
Towson, Maryland 21204 410-887-5996

CALVERT CQ

Calvert County Division of
Emergency Management
Court House
0 Prince Frederick, Maryland 20678 410-535-1623

Tab D
1

CAROLINE CO

Caroline County Division of
Emergency Management
P. 0. Box 151 410479-2622
Denton, Maryland 21629

CARROLL COUNTY

Carroll County Emergency Services
1345 Washington Avenue
Westminister, Maryland 21157 410-876-3015

CECIL CO

Cecil County Emergency Management
and Civil Defense Agency
Court House, Room 6
Elkton, Maryland 21921 410-398-1350

CHAR-LES COUNTY

Charles County Civil Defense
and Disaster Preparedness Agency
Division of Emergency and Risk Management
P. 0. Box B
LaPlata, Maryland 20646 301-645-0630

DORCHESTER CO

Dorchester County Emergency Management
and Civil Defense Agency
P. 0. Box 231
Cambridge, Maryland 21613 410-228-1818

FREDERICK COUNTY

Frederick County Civil Defense and
Disaster Preparedness Agency
190 Montevue Lane
Frederick, Maryland 21701 301-694-1536

Tab D
2

GARREIT CO

Garrett County Emergency
Management Agency
Oakland, Maryland 21550 301-334-1930

HARFDRD COUNTY

Harford County Department of
Emergency Operations
2220 Ady Road
Forest Hill, Maryland 21050 410-838-5800

HOWARD CO

Howard County Office of Emergency
Management and Civil Defense
10650 Hickory Ridge Road
Columbia, Maryland 21044 410-313-6000

KENT CO

Kent County Emergency Management Agency
P. 0. Box 253 - Court House
Chestertown, Maryland 21620 410-778-3758

MONTGOMERY CO

Montgomery County Emergency
Management Planning
100 Maryland Avenue, Room LL-01
Rockville, Maryland 20850 301-217-2470

PRINCE GEORGE'S C01=

Prince George's County
Office of Emergency Preparedness
7911 Anchor Street
Landover, Maryland 20785 301-499-8050

Tab D
3

QUEEN ANNE'S!Q0

Queen Anne's County Emergency
Management Agency
308 Safety Drive
Centreville, Maryland 21617 410-758-0223

ST. MARYS CQ

St. Mary's County Emergency
Management Agency
Emergency Operating Center
Box 271
Leonardtown, Maryland 20650 301-475-8016

SOMERSET CO

Somerset County Department of
Emergency Services
424 North Somerset Avenue
Princess Anne, Maryland 21853 410-651-0707

TALBOT CO

Talbot County Emergency Management Agency
Operations Center, Dispatch Room
605 Port Street
Easton, Maryland 21601 410-822-2223

WASHINGTON COUNTY

Washington County Civil Defense
and Disaster Preparedness Agency
33 West Washington Street
Hagerstown, Maryland 21740 301-791-3152

WICOMICO COUNTY

Wicomico County Emergency Management
and Civil Defense
401 Naylor Mill Road
Salisbury, Maryland 21801-9630 410-548-4820

Tab D
4

WORCESTER COUNTY

Worcester County Emergency Services
Court House, L,14
Snow Hill, Maryland 21863 410-632-1312

QCEAN CI

Management Coordinator
Ocean City Office of Emergency Management
P. 0. Box 158
15th Street & Philadelphia Avenue
Ocean City, Maryland 21842 410-289-4346

Tab D
5

TABE

Communications

For the mariners, few things are as important as the weather, and obtaining
accurate weather data can mean the difference between a safe, pleasant cruise and
disaster. The National Weather Service provides mariners with continuous
broadcasts of weather warnings, forecasts, and radar reports over VHF-FM radio.
Reception range is usually up to 40 miles from the antenna site, depending on the
terrain and the type of receiver and antenna you're using. Tbe following list includes
the VHF-FM stations for the Mid Atlantic Coast.

STATIONS IN AREA

Logation Channel Location Channel

Philadelphia, PA WX-3 Lewes, DE WX-1
Baltimore, MD WX-1 Salisbury, MD WX-3
Washington, D.C. WX-1 Norfolk, VA WX-1
Richmond, VA WX-3 Cape Hatteras, NC WX-3

Note: WX-1 is 162.55 MHz, WX-2 is 162.40 MHz, and VVX-3 is 162.475 MHz.

These VHF-FM radio stations broadcast from tapes which are updated every
3 to 6 hours and amended as required. The broadcast contents vary, but in general
contain the following:

� Description of the weather patterns affecting the eastern United States
and coastal waters.

� Regional and state forecasts for surrounding area with outlook for third
day.

� Marine forecasts and warnings for bay and coastal waters.

� Weather observations from selected National Weather. Service and Coast
Guard stations.

� Radar summaries and reports.

� Local weather observations and forecasts.

Tab E
1

i 2

� Special bulletins and summaries concerning sever weather, such as
hurricanes.

� Tide reports.

WEATHER OFFICES IN

Philadelphia, PA ............................ *(215) 627-5575
Baltimore, MD ............................. *(410) 936-1212
Annapolis, MD ............................. *(410) 936-1212
Washington, DC ............................ *(202) 936-1212
Richmond, VA ............................. *(804) 222-7411
Norfolk, VA .............................. *(804) 666-1212

Recordings only

The following is a list of Public Coast Marine Operators currently licensed
by the Federal Communications Commission. When calling one of the stations be
sure to ask about all applicable charges before you complete your call. Be sure to
keep a record of your calls. NEVER give your credit card numbers over the air.
To reach the marine operator by land line, dial "0". Further questions should be
directed to the FCC, Gettysburg, PA.

PUBLIC COAST MARINE OPERATORS

CHANNEL
1&CATION CALL SIGN (VHF-FM)

Delaware
Lewes KVF 855 27
Odessa KVR 460, 28

Maryland
Bodkin Point KGD 518 25,26
Ocean City KSK 223 26
Cambridge KRS 907 28
Prince Frederick KSK 209 27
Ridge KAQ 383 26

Virginia
Hampton KIC 631 25, 26, 27, 84
Norfolk WHU 746 85
Norfolk WHV 240 87

Tab E
2

The National Weather Service issues marine forecasts every six hours, giving
a general weather pattern for your area, plus a prediction of winds, seas@ weather
and visibility. For the marine broadcast telephone number in you area, check your
phone book under U.S. Government, Dept. of Commerce, National Weather Service.

Marine Weather Service Charts give weather radio broadcast schedules,
phone numbers for marine weather recordings,and more.
You can order the Marine Weather Service Chart for your boating area by sending
$1.25 postage/handling to:

National Ocean Service
Distribution Branch N/CG33
Riverdale, MD 20737-1199
(301) 436-6990

SHORT WAVE BROADCAST

The National Weather Service and National Bureau of Standards cooperate
in broadcasting high seas storm information from WWV, Fort Collins, Colorado as
follows:

Times of Broadcast Broadcast Area

8 Minutes past the hour Storm information for western North
9 Minutes past the hour Atlantic, including Gulf of Mexico
and Caribbean Sea.

The weather broadcast is in 45-second segments separated by a 15-second interval.
Broadcast frequencies - 2.5, 5, 10, 15 MHz

BROADCASTS OF MMINE WEATHER FORECASTS
AND WARNINGS BY MARINE RADIOTELEPHONE STATIONS

Frequency Broadcast
"tion Station (kHz/MHz) Time

Cape May, NJ NMK (USCG) 2670 kHz 6:03 am & pm
157.1 MHz 6:03 am & pm

Chincoteague, VA MNN-70 2670kHz 9:03 am & prn
157.1 MHz 6:45 am & 9 prn
(Coastal Waters)
Hampton Roads, VA NMN-13 2670kHz 8:33 am & 9:03 prn
157.1 MHz 6:20 am & 9:30 prn
(Coastal Waters)

Tab E
3

MARINE WEATHER REPORTING
MAREP

Broadcast
Location Station FrequenQ@ Time

University of Delaware KTD-423 VHF Channels 7:30 am & 10:30 am
16, 80A, & 2:00 pm & 5:00 pm
SSB-2096.5 Local Time

Barnegat, NJ KZJ-332 VHF Channels 7:00 am & 9:00 am
1-18 Local Time

Tab E
4

TABF
Hurricane Response Cheddist

ADMINISTRATIVE STAF

PHASE FOUR

AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

Review severe weather preparedness plan and update.

Address areas of responsibilities and complete.

Distribute and post revised severe weather preparedness
plan.

Brief marina personnel, tenants and volunteers on severe
is weather preparedness plan.
Ensure pre-selected refuge moorings for boats are adequate.

Coordinate plan's requirements with local authorities.

Check first aid supplies and restock.

Check emergency supplies and restock.

Make vender list for rental and leased equipment.

PHASE T`HREE

72 - 48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

Initiate hurricane warning and activate communication plans.

Set up communications center (if one is planned).

Tab F
1

After phase three is set, release unnecessary marina
personnel so that they can prepare their homes and gather
their personal belongings.

Notify tenants and volunteers of impending conditions.

Work closely with harbor master and marina volunteers to
update posted storm information and disseminate other
information to employees, boat owners and volunteers.

Process and mail all paperwork that can be completed
.immediately.

Close marina stores to general public.

Supplies must be earmarked for marina use at the first sign
of a hurricane threat to avoid depletion of stock by customer
demands.

Begin preparation of marina grounds:

Stock emergency food and water supplies.

Check emergency generators, lighting, and fuel
supply. Obtain additional generators if required.

Check emergency equipment list. Arrange security
staff schedule and volunteers.

Secure outdoor furniture, large signs, flags, trash
cans, carts, fire extinguisher, antennas and other
loose items that can be affected by wind.

Back up computers and store archive tapes with records to
be removed.

Start plans to evacuate personnel and equipment in flood
prone (low-land) locations.

Request other companies or concerns with supplies and
equipment at the marina to remove them.

Tab F
2

Have supplies and equipment at other marinas brought back
to the marina and secured.

Notify any suppliers to hold shipment until after the storm.
Have crane delivered for hoisting boats.
Ensure first aid supplies are on hand.
Arrange security staff and volunteers schedule.

PHASE TWO

48 - 24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Maintain position of hurricane in communication center.
Maintain contact with local weather bureau/oceanographic
center.

Ensure marina is secured from non-essential traffic.

Issue emergency supplies and equipment to crews as
required.
Move files and expensive equipment to higher shelves and
drape with plastic.
Implement check-in, check-out, and duty list for personnel
entering and leaving the marina.

PHASE ONE

24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Secure marina.

Coordinate status reports on hurricane position and
intensities to crewsl tenants and volunteer at marina.

Evacuate marina if directed.

When Your Local EmerUna_
Management Advises Evacuation -- Do So!

Tab F
3

FACILITY AND MAINTENANCE STAFF

PHASE FOUR

AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit
to administration.

Address areas of responsibility and complete.

Ensure that all essential vehicles and portable generators are
operational and ready for use.

Inspect buildings, piers, and wharfs.

Inspect all storage sheds, outbuildings, and portable office
trailers for proper tie-down.

Inspect all emergency lighting systems and ensure they are
operational.

PHASE THREE

72 - 48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

Schedule marina's crew for storm duties. Include "shore
leave" for crew to prepare homes and families at first notice
of storm.

Secure all dumpsters with tie-downs.

Remove trash, scrap, and excess materials.

Fuel all vehicles to 100 percent.

Fill all gas and diesel fuel storage tanks.

Clear all loose gear from wharfs and piers.

Secure piers, docks and dry storage areas:

Tab F
4

� Remove unclaimed trailers, boats and equipment from piers,
docks and dry storage areas.

� Move drink, ice machines, etc. to higher grounds.

� Remove and secure trash cans from piers.

� Anchor portable buildings.

� Check cranes and sling hoist.

� Schedule and commit removal of boats by crane.

� Begin stripping removable boats and moving to hoisting area.

� Coordinate securing marina facilities, equipment and boats.

� Monitor the need to disconnect floating and fixed pier's
power cables, water and fuel lines if tidal surge is expected.
Be prepared to disconnect floating dock ramps and secure
docks to fixed pier pilings.

Police marina and dock areas to stow away or secure loose
equipment and items that could become missile hazards in
high winds.

Secure all flammable, explosive or other hazardous materials.

Remove boats and trailers in outside dry storage "racks".
Secure with tie-downs when moved.

PHASE TWO

48 - 24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Inspect all work done in phase three.

Begin evacuation of board boats and dinghies.

Evacuate trailerable boats to predesignated area:

0 Notify owners or remove with marina personnel.
0 0 Arrange to have boats tied down after move.

Tab F
5

-Evacuate non trailerable boats.

Evacuate cruising boats.

Secure dry stack storage area.

Activate flotilla plans for removal of vessels to safer location.

Board up all windows and glass doors.

Remove or lock all dock boxes and check tie downs.

Secure waterside sewage pumpouts. Turn off sewage grinder
pump breakers at last call to evacuate marina.

PHASE ONE

24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Brief departing released personnel on recall procedures.

Stage personnel who are schedule to ride out storm.

When Your Local EmeLrgengy Management
Advis!ts Evacuation -- Do So!

Respond to last minute items.

Secure fuel and oil tanks.

Secure main switch gear to piers and low lying areas.

Remove all excess gear from piers and dock area.

When appropriate (extra high tide or storm surge expected)
loosen floating dock ramps from hinges and secure.

At last call, remove outside life rings and fire extinguisher
from floats and other outside locations.

Secure power to marina if evacuated.

Tab F
6

TENANTS

PHASE FOUR

AUTOMATICALLY SET 1 JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit
to administration.

Address areas of responsibility and complete.

Update marina tenants severe weather preparedness
questionnaire and return to office.

Know your evacuation route and shelter plan.

Ensure that your emergency gear is serviceable and ready for
use.

PHASE THREE

72 - 48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

Secure your boat in accordance with your pre-approved plan.

PHASE TWO

48 - 24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Evacuate the area.

When Your Local EmeLrgengy Management
Advises Evacuation -- Do So!

Tab F
7

VOLUNTEERS

PHASE FOUR

AUTOMATICALLY SET I JUNE THROUGH 30 NOVEMBER

Review severe weather preparedness plan, update and submit
to administration.

Address areas of responsibility and complete.

Participate in exercises of hurricane plan.

PHASE THREE

72 - 48 HOUR PRIOR TO HURRICANE'S ETA

Man communication center.

Assist in securing marina and boats as agreed upon.

PHASE TWO

48 - 24 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Continue to man communication center.

PHASE ONE

24 - 0 HOURS PRIOR TO ETA

Evacuate marina and return to family.

When Your Local Emergency Management
Advises Evacuation -- Do

Tab F
8

UAT

In a Natural Resources Emergency or for
assistance, telephone (410) 267-7740,
(410) 974-3181, or 1-800-628-9944, twenty-
four hours a day.

The facilities and ser-rices of the Department of Natural Resources are available to all without regard to race, religion, color,
sex, age, national origin, physical or mental disability.

I
NO" COASTAL SERVICES CT ILIB ARY I
3 6668 14111463 9 0

0
"