    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                    FECAL COLIFORM LOADING TO LAKE ERIE
                                        FROM FOUR TRIBUTARY STREAMS
                                                PREPARED BY
                                     ERIE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
                                               DECEMBER1994

                         FECAL COLIFORM LOADING TO LAKE ERIE

                                FROM FOUR TRIBUTARY STREAMS

                                                       Prepared by

                                           Erie County Department of Health

                                                     December 1994

                                                            Of

                                                                L- Ga@r, Lw
                                                   -Zon

                The preparation of this report was financed in part through the Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management
                Program under provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, administered by the Division of
                Coastal Zone Management, Bureau of Water Resources Management, Pennsylvania Department of
                Environmental Resources.

                DER File No. CZ1:93.09 PS

                ME No. 93430

                PENNSYLVANIA

                                                                                                      COOP

                                                                     Table of Contents

                                                                                                                             Page

                     Abstract

                     Purpose    ........................................................................................................................I

                     Background      ................  ............................................................................................2

                     Introduction     .................................................................................................................3

                     Pre-Rain Event Sampling         ..............................................................................................5

                     Post-Rain Event Sampling          ............................................................................................6

                     Procedures     ...................................................................................................................7

                     Pollutant Loading By Streams           ...................................................................................... 13

                     Correlation of Fecal Coliform Loading to Lake Erie and Presque Isle Bathing Beach
                     Closures    ....................................................................................................................... 37

                     Findings and Discussion         ............................................................................................... 38

                     Conclusions    .................................................................................................................. 40,

                     Appendix A - Local Climatological Data - Monthly Summary for June, July and August; National
                     Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North
                     Carolina

                     Appendix B - Presque Isle State Park Beach Closing Record Due to Bacteria

     40           Abstract

                         A three-month study of fecal coliform loading to Lake Erie from four tributary streams

                  just west from Pennsylvania's Presque Isle State Park was conducted during the late spring and

                  summer of 1994. The study examined potential sources of contamination of Lake Erie and

                  possible effects on Presque Isle State Park's bathing beaches.

                         Baseline ambient dry weather concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria, stream water

                  volume, selected chemicals associated with sewage, temperature and turbidity were measured and

                  compared with post-rain concentrations of the same parameters in each stream. Eight

                  precipitation events that occurred during the study period were evaluated. These precipitation

                  events ranged from light rain to severe thunderstorms.

                         Lake Erie water adjacent to the mouth of three of the streams was sampled throughout the

                  summer for fecal coliform bacteria, turbidity and temperature.

                         The results of this study revealed there is an increased fecal coliform bacteria loading to

                  Lake Erie from the four tributary streams during rain events. The concentrations of fecal coliform

                  are related to the amount of precipitation and stream volume. This study found no conclusive

                  evidence that increased fecal coliform loading is the result of domestic sewage discharges. There

                  is also no direct evidence from the results of available data that fecal coliform loading fi7om these

                  streams is the sole cause of bathing beach closings at Presque Isle State Park. However, fecal

                  coliform loading fi7om these four streams could be a contributing factor to bathing closures at

                  Presque Isle State Park. Other possible causes of bathing beach closings were not evaluated

                  during the course of this study.

                 Acknowledgments

                        This report was prepared by the Erie County Department of Health (ECHD) of Erie,

                 Pennsylvania, in conjunction with Gannon University Science Department. Principal authors are

                 Joseph Vogel, Suzanne Zurad and Robert Wellington of the ECHD and David Gustafson of

                 Gannon University.

                         The following agencies provided assistance with this study:

                                Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Laboratories,
                                Erie Laboratory, for funding the analysis of duplicate samples and technical
                                assistance.

                                Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Coastal Zone
                                Management, for partial funding for the project.

                                Gannon University Science Department for field collection and laboratory analysis
                                of samples and data preparation.

                         A special thanks to Christine Sanfratello for typing this report.

                  Purgose

                         Periodically following storm events, certain public beaches at Presque Isle State Park are

                  closed because of high levels of fecal coliform bacteria. Beach #1, nearest to the four streams to

                  the west, seemed to be particularly affected by storm events.

                         The purpose of this study was to examine streams as possible sources of water

                  contamination which may affect the quality of the water in Lake Erie adjacent to Presque Isle

                  beaches. Because the Lake Erie current and predominant wind direction are from the west, four

                  small Lake Erie tributary streams immediately west of Presque Isle were sampled to determine

                  fecal coliform and selected chemical loading to Lake Erie and the possible effects on Presque Isle

                  beaches.

                  BacKground

                          Presque Isle State Park is a sandy peninsula jutting seven miles into Lake Erie off Erie,

                  Pennsylvania that attracts close to four million visitors every year. There are 12 bathing beaches

                  on the lake side of Presque Isle State Park that are permitted by the Pennsylvania Department of

                  Environmental Resources. The near shore bacteriological quality in this area of Lake Erie

                  normally is well within permissible concentrations, however, Presque Isle has experienced

                  occasional beach closings due to excessive fecal coliform. bacteria concentrations. A recently-
                  conducted, three-year Coastal Zone Management-funded studyl of fecal coliform contamination

                  of the bathing beaches concluded that most incidents were the result of complex interactions of

                  natural biological factors that may be exacerbated by bacteria and nutrients introduced by

                  non-point source pollution. Limited stream sampling conducted over the past few years by the

                  Erie County Department of Health indicated that storm water discharges in the four target

                  streams sometimes contained high levels of fecal coliform bacteria. This study was conducted in

                  an attempt to better understand what concentrations of contaminants were present in stream

                  water during both dry weather and rainy periods and the resulting contaminant loading to Lake

                  Erie.

                          1. Presque Isle State Park Bathing Beach Contamination Study, years 1989, 1990, 1991,
                  funded through the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Bureau of Water
                  Resources Management, Division of Coastal Zone Management and prepared by the Erie County
                  Department of Health.

                                                                    2

                  Introduction

                         Four Lake Erie tributary streams located in Nfillcreek Township immediately west of

                  Presque Isle State Park (see figure 1) were sampled during June, July and August 1994 to

                  determine contaminant loading to Lake Erie. The streams were sampled prior to wet weather

                  events and again after the start of measurable precipitation during the "first flush" of storm water

                  into the lake. Each stream was sampled at the mouth and, in several cases, upstream to determine

                  possible sources of contaminant loading. Lake Erie sampling was conducted approximately

                  100 ft. east and west of the mouths of three streams throughout the summer.

                         Fecal coliform samples were taken during every sampling event. All sampling events at
                  stream mouths also included pre-rainfall chemical parameters, as well as flow in ft.3/sec. and

                  instream temperatures. Upstream sampling events included pre-rain and post-rain measurements

                  for flow and temperature. Lake Erie sampling events included pre-rain and post-rain

                  measurements of turbidity and in-lake temperatures.

                         The Erie County Department of Health hired Gannon University (Contractor) to conduct

                  the field sampling and laboratory analysis phase of the project. Gannon University assigned a

                  biology professor to oversee the student field workers and laboratory work. Erie County

                  Department of Health staff and Gannon University personnel conducted a preliminary on-site

                  investigation of the four streams to determine suitable sampling locations that would be accessible

                  throughout the study.

                         The four target streams were characterized by their contributory land use and particular

                  sampling suitability.

                                                                 3

                                                                                               FIG* 1

                                     SWANVILLE         .:.QUAD    RANGLE.
                                       '004                       R
                                                                                                                                     19
                                s7 5   MIkjtes* E RIES Q              OR

                                                                                                                       24                   WIALRAMr&ER
                                                                                                                                             /13
                                                                                                                                               CRE EK

                                                                                                                            13
                                                                                                                                      Waidameer
                                                        VL                                                               .. MARS            P A

                                                                                                                         9

                                                                                                           SHOREHAVEN          3
                                                                                                                GREEK

                      APPROXIMATE MEAN LAKE ELEVATION 571

          20

                     WILKINS
                         RUN

                                                                     faojk
                                                                                                  E    INTERNAT109@A@L,
                                                                           LE
                                                                    IE!qo

                                                                                                                                                      .00

                                                                                                                                               %

           r\p

                  Pre-Rain Event Samp "n

                          Fecal coliform samples were taken at the mouth of each stream, except Wilkins Run,

                  during normal dry weather flows to determine ambient pollutant loading to the lake. All samples

                  taken at the mouth of each stream throughout the study were upstream from any influence of lake
                  water. Stream flow in ft.3/sec. and instream temperatures were recorded. Chemical samples for

                  alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrates, pH, total phosphates and turbidity were also

                  collected. This information provided a normal flow baseline for comparison with elevated flow

                  conditions.

                          Throughout the entire study Wilkins Run was sampled approximately four-tenths (4) mile

                  upstream of the mouth.

                          A total of 54 fecal coliform samples, 27 turbidity and 25 temperature measurements were

                  made in Lake Erie immediately adjacent to the mouth of each stream, except Wilkins Run,

                  throughout the summer. These samples were taken during normal stream flow conditions to

                  provide baseline data for lake loading under dry weather conditions. One-half of these samples

                  were taken 100 ft. east of the stream mouth, and one-half of the samples were taken west of the

                  stream mouth. All samples were taken approximately 12 in. below the surface in 3 ft. deep water.
                          Historical data and previous studiesl have established that fecal coliform bacteria is

                  naturally present in Lake Erie and that there are contributing sources other than the tributary

                  streams. This study did not factor in ambient coliform levels that exist and naturally occurring

                  variations generated during high wave activity.

                          Pre-rain, normal flow samples were taken upstream of the mouth on Marshall Run to

                  evaluate pollutant loading from main tributaries. Upstream samples were also collected on

                  Shorehaven Run to evaluate possible sewage lift station overflows. These samples were

                          1. Presque Isle State Park Bathing Beach Contamination Study, years 1989, 1990, 1991,
                  funded through the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Bureau of Water
                  Resources Management, Division of Coastal Zone Management and prepared by the Erie County
                  Department of Health.

                                                                    5

                  evaluated for fecal coliform bacteria, flow in ft.3/sec. and stream temperature. This information

                  provided a normal flow comparison with downstream sample results and a baseline for

                  comparison with elevated flow conditions. Upstream results were compared with downstream

                  results from the same sampling dates.

                  Post-Rain Event Samgfing

                         Eight post-rain, Lake Erie pollutant loading evaluations were conducted during June, July

                  and August. Fecal coliform samples were taken at the mouths of Waldameer, Shorehaven and

                  Marshall Runs (as noted in the pre-rain section). Wilkins Run continued to be sampled
                  four-tenths of a mile upstream of the mouth. Stream flow in ft.3/sec and instrearn temperatures

                  were recorded for comparison with baselined data obtained during normal flow conditions.

                         Chemical samples for alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrates, pH, total phosphate

                  and turbidity were collected. Elevated levels of any of these parameters might indicate if there

                  was domestic sewage was entering the stream.

                         Lake Erie was also sampled during the eight post-rain events to determine post-rain

                  pollutant loading effects immediately adjacent to Waldameer, Shorehaven and Marshall Run

                  stream mouths. Fecal coliform samples, turbidity and temperature measurements were obtained

                  approximately 100 ft. east and west of the streams in approximately 3 ft. of water. This data
                  indicated the direction that stream 'water might take when it reached the lake during a given

                  sampling event.

                         Upstream locations on Marshall Run and Shorehaven Run were sampled for fecal coliform
                  bacteria, stream flow in ft.3/sec. and instream temperature, as during pre-rain sampling. This data

                  could be useful in the future to determine possible sources of instream pollutants. This data was

                  compared with downstream data in an attempt to identify any obvious source of wet-weather

                  pollutant loading.

                                                                 6

                  Procedures

                         All field work and laboratory analysis for this study were conducted by Gannon University

                  through a contract with the Erie County Department of Health. Gannon University, as

                  contractor, agreed to collect, store, prepare and analyze all samples using procedures specified in

                  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater or an approved EPA method or

                  the equivalent.

                         Samples were collected prior to the start of predicted rain events, with follow-up samples

                  collected during or after rain events.

                         Chemical and bacteriological samples were collected at the specified stream sites. Sterile

                  bottles were used for the bacteriological samples. Temperature readings of the stream water were

                  recorded, and stream flow at the sampling point calculated. Stream flow was calculated from

                  measurements of stream depth and width at the sampling point, together with the rate of flow.

                         Lake samples were collected approximately 100 feet east and west of the mouths of

                  Waldameer Run, Shorehaven Run and Marshall Run. Bacteriological and turbidity samples were

                  collected at waist depth during lake sampling events. Temperature readings were recorded and

                  wind directions and wave heights were estimated and recorded during lake sampling events.

                         Dissolved oxygen analyses were conducted in the field. Samples were returned to the

                  Gannon laboratory for analysis of all other parameters.

                         Bacteriological samples were analyzed for fecal coliform using the membrane filtration

                  method. Other parameters were analyzed with a Hach DR2000 unit.

                         Split samples were collected on August 15, 1994 for fecal coliform analyses. The second

                  set of samples was analyzed by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources

                  Laboratory in Erie. Results (Table 1) indicate close correlation between the two laboratories.

                                                                 7

                                                        TABLE 1

                                                 Fecal Coliforms/100 ml

                                                        Gannon Lab                    DER Lab

                 Waldameer Run                              1,100                       1,000

                 Marshall Run                               3,800                       4,000

                 Marshall Run - East Branch                 2,000                       2,000

                 Marshall Run - West Branch                 2,750                       3,000

                 Shorehaven Run                             6,400                       7,000

                 Shorehaven Run - Upstream                  1,100                       1,000

                 Wilkins Run                                3,900                       4,000

                                                         TABLE 2

                                             Pre-Rain Fecal Coliform Levels

                                                     (colonies/100 ml)

                                   Waldameer Run Shorehaven Run           Marshall Run      Wilkins Run

                 Range               108-2,600           50-1,080          160-1,650         78-600

                 Arithmetic Mean        1,214               329               439               318

                 Median                 1,000               220               350               270

                 Geometric Mean          839                219               342               259

                  WaIdameer Run

                          The mouth of Waldameer Run is approximately 0.25 miles southwest from Beach I West

                  Extension, which is the western-most public bathing beach at Presque Isle State Park (see

                  Figure 1). Waldameer Run is a small stream that has a rather limited watershed in a suburban

                  area. Part of the headwaters are tubed and flow through or along populated areas, and there are

                  springs and seeps on and along the steep lake bank that feed into this stream. Within the

                  watershed an amusement park exists on a lake bluff, and at the bottom of the lake bluff there is a

                  lakeside campground through which the stream flows. Previous inspections of the watershed

                  have not located sanitary sewer pipes or lift stations that would influence the bacteriological

                  quality of the stream.

                          The contractor collected 12 pre and 15 post-rain bacteriological samples at the stream

                  mouth, as well as 9 pre and 8 post rain chemical samples. The contractor also made 14 pre-rain

                  and post-rain measurements for stream flow and temperature.

                          In addition, the contractor collected 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples

                  in Lake Erie approximately 100 ft. east and west of the mouth of Waldameer Run. The

                  contractor also made 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain measurements for temperature and turbidity.

                  Marshall Run

                          The mouth of Marshall Run is located approximately one shoreline mile southwest from

                  Presque Isle State Parles Beach #1 West Extension (see Figure 1). The Marshall Run watershed

                  is located within a rather densely populated suburban area, and much of its upper headwaters now

                  flow through storm drains which are no longer readily discernible as tributary streams. In many

                  areas there are no indications of the former stream bed. Storm water catch basins along some

                  roadways lead to the "buried" branches of the'stream.

                          North of Route 20 there are some areas where the creek flows through open channels-.

                  The east branch flows along a railroad track and through a Superfund dump site. This branch

                  presently receives a temporary increase in its volume from a ground water cleanup operation. The

                                                                    9

                  cleanup consists of pumping ground water, treating the water and discharging treated ground

                  water to the stream. The stream north of West 12th Street flows through residential areas and

                  then under Calvary Cemetery.

                          The west branch starts near the south side of the Erie International Airport and is joined in

                  underground pipes by another small tributary near 14th Street and Linden Avenue. This water

                  flows underground and emerges at a point just east from Marshall Drive at I Oth Street, where it

                  joins the east branch of Marshall Run below Calvary Cemetery. From here the stream flows in a

                  rather steeply eroded valley to its confluence with Lake Erie.

                          There are no known sewage discharges from lift stations located on Marshall Run.

                  Rainbow trout have been seen in recent years in this stream near its mouth, and generally the

                  stream near the mouth looks very clean during low flow conditions. There are cottages near the

                  mouth of the stream along Lake Erie.

                          The contractor collected 12 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples at the stream

                  mouth, as well as 8 pre-rain and 8 post-rain chemical samples and 13 pre-rain and 15 post-rain

                  measurements for flow and temperature.

                          In addition, the contractor collected 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples

                  in Lake Erie in waist-deep water approximately 100 ft. east and west of the mouth of Marshall

                  Run. The contractor also made 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain measurements for temperature and

                  turbidity.

                          Samples were taken at two points upstream for bacteriological analysis as well as flow and

                  temperature measurements. One set of samples was taken on each of the two main stream

                  branches before they merge. This information may be of use in the future to determine the source

                  of storm water pollutant loading to the stream.

                                                                    10

                  Shorehaven Run

                          The mouth of Shorehaven Run is located about 1-1/2 miles southwest from Presque Isle

                  State Park's Beach I West Extension (see Figure 1). Shorehaven Run consists of a rather small

                  watershed, essentially located north of Route 5, where its headwaters are reported to start in an

                  old spring house just west of Shorehaven Drive. The water flows through a series of "duck

                  ponds" in peoples' yards, after which the stream's gradient increases dramatically and the stream

                  quickly drops through a steep valley to Lake Erie.

                          Potential sources of fecal coliform bacteria on this watershed include ducks (both wild and

                  domestic), as well as a Millcreek Township Sewer Authority lift station that has an emergency

                  overflow pipe. During this project, Millcreek Township did not report any discharges from this

                  lift station, however, in past years Millcreek Township did bypass raw sewage during times of

                  very heavy precipitation.

                          The contractor collected 12 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples at the stream

                  mouth, as well as 9 pre-rain and 8 post-rain chemical samples and 13 pre-rain and 15 post-rain

                  measurements for flow and temperature.

                          In addition, the contractor collected 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples

                  in Lake Erie 100 ft. east and west of the mouth of the stream and 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain

                  event measurements for temperature and turbidity.

                          The contractor also collected 13 pre-rain and 15 post-rain samples upstream of the

                  Nfillcreek Township Sewer Authority sewage lift station. The contractor simultaneously made

                  14 pre-rain and 16 post-rain measurements for flow and temperature. This data may be useful in

                  future determinations of pollutant loading to the stream.

                  Wilkins Run

                          The mouth of Wilkins Run is approximately 3.1 shoreline miles southwest of Beach I at.

                  Presque Isle State Park (see Figure 1).

                         Wilkins Run is a medium-sized stream, about the size of Marshall Run, which flows

                  through the least residentially developed area of any of the four streams evaluated during this

                  study. Its main branch starts southeast of the Erie International Airport and runs under the main

                  airport taxiways, where it joins another branch that flows more or less parallel to Asbury Road.

                  The two branches are tubed and merge under Pa. Route 5. There are two other small tributaries

                  that feed into the stream along with natural springs and seeps.

                         Prior sampling by our Department indicates that this stream is somewhat degraded north

                  of Route 5. The stream receives a considerable amount of what we believe is naturally occurring

                  iron from a storm water drain located beneath Route 5. It has also received runoff from the Erie

                  International Airport and surrounding area.

                         There are two sewage lift stations north of Route 5 that are owned and maintained by the

                  Millcreek Township Sewer Authority. There is the potential for one or both of these stations to

                  bypass raw sewage, however, these are relatively new stations and the Erie County Department of

                  Health has recorded any recent sewage bypassing to Wilkins Run. There are no known chronic

                  point sources of fecal coliform discharge on this stream. Most of Wilkins Run south of Route 5 is

                  tubed.

                         Rainbow trout and coho salmon' have migrated up this steam in past years when stream

                  flows were high.

                         The mouth of Wilkins Run could not be used as a sampling point because it is located on

                  geographically inaccessible and privately held property. The closest accessible stream sampling

                  point is located four-tenths of a mile south of the mouth of the stream. There are no known

                  discha@ges or tributaries between this point and the lake, so its water quality is considered

                  essentially identical to the mouth of the stream.

                         The contractor collected 13 pre-rain samples and 15 post-rain samples during the study, as

                  well as 14 pre-rain and 16 post-rain measurements for stream flow and temperature.

                                                                 12

                  Pollutant Loading By Streams

                         Fecal coliform bacteria sample results, chemical parameters and stream flows were

                  chartered for each stream and the data analyzed for normal flow and high flow coliform loading

                  (see Table 2).

                         Fecal coliform bacteria sampling results are expressed in colonies per 100 milliliter
                  (/100 ml) and stream flows are expressed in cubic feet per second (ft.3/sec.).

                         Since the focus of this project is fecal coliform loading to Lake Erie from four tributary

                  streams, the data obtained from stream mouth samples warrants closest attention. Upstream

                  sample data and lake water sample results were examined when needed to provide collaborative

                  or explanatory information.

                         Throughout the study, pre-rain flow measurements were considered to represent normal

                  flow volumes.

                  WaIdameer Run
                         Waldameer Run had the smallest average (1.25 ft.3/sec.) normal flow of the four streams
                  sampled during this project. Pre-rain stream volumes ranged from 0.93 ft.3/sec to 1.25 ft.3/sec

                  (see Table 3 and Figure 2).

                         This stream also had the highest average pre-rain fecal coliform levels of

                  1,028 colonies/100 ml. The lowest recorded pre-rain measurement was 108/100 ml and the

                  highest was 2,600 colonies/100 ml (see Table 2). Six pre-rain bacteriological samples were below

                  the average and five were above the average. The sampling data indicates the pre-rain fecal

                  coliform levels tended to increase through the sampling period. The highest pre-rain coliform

                  levels occurred in July and early August.

                         Post-rain fecal coliform concentrations were higher than pre-rain levels early in the season.
                  During July and early August post-rain fecal coliform concentrations actually decreased from

                  pre-rain levels.

                                                                 13

                                                                                                                           Flf@,ure 2

                                                                   WALDAMEER RUN

                         to

                          9

            Volume        8
            of Flow
            (ft.%ec.)
                          7

             AL Before    6
                Rain

             0 After      5
                Rain

                          4

                          3

                          2                                                                                                     Fj
                             A-                                                 Arl
            Average Flow
                                                                                             D        Ea  A,           Ad

                          0
                                         c7N  O\  CN  C@   ON  C7\          a\  C\  ON   -j  -4  -.3  -4  -j  -j                        00  00  00
                                 ON                                             iz;      -   i:@ --   i@      -    W   m                --
                                 i@@
                                                      uj                        00               Uh       00                        t,.,W   u   Lh

                                 >

                                                                                                      TABLE 3

                                                                                  Waldameer Run - Mouth of Stream

                Date          Time             Fecal           Rate of Flow         Stream         Alkalinity     Diss. 02        NH3-N        N03-N          pH          Total P        Turbidity
                                         Coliform/100 ml         (ft.3/sec.)      Temp. (OC)         (mg/1)        (mg/1)         (mg/1)       (mg/1)                       (mg/1)         (FTU)

               6/6/94         09:43                                 1.49               18
               6/6/94         14:04                                 1.44               18
               6/9/94         11:35              240                1.44               13
               6/10/94        10:15              108                1.42               13
               6/11/94        11:00            3,000                1.53               13
               6/12/94        11:00              290                1.51               19
               6/13/94        10:40            5,900                1.34               19
               6/13/94        16:50           >6,000                5.60               17
               6/14/94        09:47            23,000               4.00               17
               6/21/94        11:35            1,000             -1.22                 19             185            8.0          0.38          0.30          7.7           0*.09            18.0
               6/23/94        11:50              700                2.48               18             188            11.0         1.00          0.80          7.7           0.14             11.0         Ln
               6/24/94        11:40            2,000                2.26               18             150            8.0          0.56                        7.6           0.27             39.0
               6/28/94        14:25            3,900                1.43               19             195            9.0          0.40          0.39          7.7           0.27             11.0
               6/29/94        11:45            6,700             -1.97                 18             190            9.0          0.47          0.30          7.8           0.17               8.0
               7/14/94        11:00            2,600                1.11               16             175            9.0          0.26          0.30          7.6           0.51             11.0
               7/22/94        11:05            2,500                1.01               19             290            10.0         0.29          0.90          7.6           0.29             14.0
               7/25/94        11:45            2,100                1.23               19             180            8.0          0.23          0.90          7.7           0.44             10.0
               7/26/94        13:30            2,200                0.81               17             195            8.0          0.22          0.40          7.7           1.02             16.0
               7/28/94        12:00            1,300                0.98               17             190            9.0          0.19          0.70          7.7           0.14             12.0
               7/30/94        10:20            1,200                0.89               18             190            9.0          0.21          0.60          7.6           0.22             10.0
               8/2/94         11:00            2,100                0.99               20             225            9.0          0.25          1.00          7.7           0.21               8.0
               8/4/94         11:55            2,000             -0.93                 18             190            9.0          0.15          0.50          7.6           0.17             13.0
               8/4/94         19:10            4,000                2.18               17             105            9.0          2.75                        7.8           1.58            461.0
               8/5/94         10:35            2,600                1.75               18             150            10.0         0.12          0.40          7.7           0.22             14.0
               8/12/94        10:55              920                1.41               17             210            9.0          0.25          0.10          7.8           0.11             16.0
               8/13/94        10:15           >2,000                7.19               19               85           9.0          1.41                        7.5           0.80            191.0
               8/14/94        10:30            2,300                2.59               18                                    1
               8/15/94    1   10:00            1,100                0.97               15
                  not detectable

                                                                               TABLE 4

                                                              LAKE ERIE NEAR WALDAMEER RUN

                                                                  East of Stream                                          West of Stream
                 Date             Time        Lalce Temp. (oC)    Turbidity (FTU)        Fecal         Lake Temp. (OC)     Turbidity (FTLI)       Fecal
                                                                                    Coliform/1 00 mi                                         Coliform/100 ml

               6/21/94            11:40               2C                  5.0             200                 21                 6.0                400

               6/23/94            11:50               2@3                10.0             220                 23                 6.0                120

               6/24/94            11:50               119                14.0            2,000                19                13.0              1,000

               6/28/94            14:35               20                  9.0             160                 20                17.0                200

               6/29/94            12:00               19                 11.0             600                 19                 8.0                140

               7/14/94            11:05               23                  7.0             220                 23                14.0                220

               7/22/94            11:10               25                  4.0             160                 25                 6.0                200

               7/25/94            11:50               25                 20.0             380                 25                22.0                480

               7/26/94            13:35               26                 37.0             110                 26                37.0                  90

               7/28/94            12:10               25                  3.0             330                 25                 4.0                460

               7/30/94            10:20               25                 16.0             200                 25                12.0                300

                8/2/94            11:00               24                 12.0             420                 24                10.0                210

                8/4/94            11:55               24                 11.0             320                 24                11.0                310

                8/4/94            19:10               25                 91.0            1,600                25                47.0              2,300
                8/5/94            10:35               24                 35.0             480                 24                35.0                860

               8/12/94            10:55               24                  3.0               40                24                 2.0                 40
               8/13/94            10:15                                                  2,400                                                    2,400

                                                                      TABLE 5

                                                    Waldameer Run Post-Rain Samples

                      Date       Fegal Coliform/100 ml         Precipitation Stream Volume (ft.3/sec.)              Turbidity (FTU)*

                     6/11/94             3,000                      trace                     1.53

                     6/13/94             5,900                      2.68"                     1.34

                     6/13/94            >6,000                      2.68"                     5.60

                     6/14/94            23,000                      0.03"                     4.00

                     6/24/94             2,000                      0.88"                     2.26                         39.0

                     6/29/94             6,700                      1.47"                     1.97                            8.0

                     7/22/94             2,500                      0.001,                    1.01                         14.0

                     7/26/94             2,200                      0.03"                     0.81                         16.0

                     7/27/94             1,900                      0.111,

                     7/30/94             1,200                      0.03"                     0.89                         10.0

                     814/94              4,000                      1.68"                     2.18                         461.0

                     8/5/94              2,600                      0.101,                    1.75                         14.0

                     8113/94            >2,000                      3.12"                     7.19                         191.0

                     8/14/94             2,300                      0.79"                     2.59

                     8/15/94             1,100                      0.001,                    0.97

                     8/15/94             1,000                      0.001,

                     *Contractor reported all turbidity measurements in Formazin Turbidity Units (FTUs). One FTU
                     is equivalent to one NTU.

                                                                              17

                         Further studies and investigations of the drainage area will be needed to determine the

                  reason for consistently high fecal coliform loading to the lake during normal flow periods.

                         Fecal coliform levels in Lake Erie east and west of Waldameer Run were above

                  1,000 col.onies/100 ml on three occasions (see Table 4). All three high samples occurred during

                  high flows caused by area thunderstorms. The June 24th samples showed the lake water east to

                  the stream to have twice the fecal coliform concentration (2,000 colonies/100 ml) than the lake

                  water west of the stream (1,000 per 100 ml), indicating a westerly flow of contaminants. NOAA

                  weather data records a north-easterly wind prevailed prior to the sampling, which would tend to

                  move the coliform laden stream water entering Lake Erie towards the west, resulting in higher

                  coliform counts west of the stream.

                         On August 4 a storm raised the stream flow and coliform loading to Lake Erie (see

                  Tables 4 and 5). The lake water east of the stream mouth was 1,600 colonies/100 ml, and the

                  lake water west of the stream was 2,300 colonies/100 ml, indicating a westerly flow of

                  contaminant migration.

                         A similar storm on August 13 resulted in coliform bacteria counts to Lake Erie water

                  which were identical (2,400 colonies/100 ml), both east and west of the stream mouth.

                         The elevated fecal coliform levels in the lake cannot be solely attributed to stream loading.

                  Fecal coliform bacteria is indigenous to lake waters, and very high fecal coliform levels occur

                  during periods of high waves.

                  Shorehaven Run
                         Shorehaven Run had a normal average flow of 1.44 ft.3/sec. during the sampling period.
                  These pre-rain stream volumes ranged from a low of 0.26 ft.3/sec. to a high of 1.52 ft.3/sec. (see

                  Figure 4).

                         This stream had the lowest average, normal flow fecal coliform concentration of

                  291 colonies/ 100 ml. The lowest pre-rain concentration was 74 colonies/ 100 MI, and the highest

                  was 1,080 colonies/100 ml (Table 2). The count of 1,080 colonies/100 ml that occurred on

                                                                  18

                  June 21 could not be explained because only 0. 0 1 inch of rain occurred 13 hours prior to the

                  sample. The sample was considered a pre-rain sample, however, and was included in the normal

                  flow fecal coliform calculations. The stream flow volume on June 21 was characteristic of normal

                  flows.

                         Eight of the pre-rain fecal coliform concentrations were below the average of

                  291 colonies/100 ml and two were above the average. The June 21 count of 1,080 colonies

                  skewed the average which would have been 219 colonies/100 ml without the June 21 count.

                         Post-rain fecal coliform levels tended to increase in proportion to the amount of rain and

                  corresponding increase in stream volume (see Tables 6 and 9). A heavy rain of June 13 resulted

                  in an increase of fecal colifonn concentrations from 80 colonies/100 ml to greater than

                  6,000 colonies/100 ml. An additional sample taken seven hours later showed a drop to

                  600 colonies/100 ml but an overnight rain raised the concentration to 21,000 colonies/100 ml on

                  June 14.

                         A similar storm on June 23 resulted in fecal coliform concentrations of

                  2,000 colonies/100 ml. The storm of August 4 resulted in a fecal coliform concentration increase

                  from 200 colonies/100 ml to 2,000 colonies/100 nil. Another series of storm fronts that passed
                  through the area on August 14 resulted in fecal coliform concentrations of 6,400 colonies/ 100 ml.

                         Fecal coliform samples collected upstream of the mouth during pre-rain normal flows and

                  post-rain high flows exhibited similar concentrations with several exceptions (see Table 7). The

                  post-rain upstream samples taken June 13 and June 29 were substantially higher than the stream

                  mouth samples and, conversely, the post-rain upstream samples taken June 29, August 4 and

                  August 15 were substantially lower than the stream mouth samples.

                         Fecal coliform levels in Lake Erie were less than 1,000/100 ml during all pre-rain samples

                  and all but one post rain sample (see Table 8). The July 14 Lake Erie sample east of the mouth

                  was 2,200 colonies/100 ml, and the sample west of the stream mouth was 2,400 colonies/100 ml.

                                                                 19

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Fi,-urc 4

                                                                                                                                                       SHOREHAVEN RUN

                                                      2.6

                       Volume                         2.4
                       of Flow
                       (ft.3/SCC.)                    2.2

                                                      2.01

                                Before                1.8
                                Rain                         I
                                                      1.61
                          El After
                                Rain                  1.4

                                                      1.2

                                                      1.0              ti

                                                        .8                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                U,
                       Average Flow                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 L

                                                        .4

                                                        .2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 A

                                                      0                                                                                                ......
                                                             C@        C\        CN                                                                                                                                                                                00        00       00        00
                                                                                                                                   W                                                00                                     LA        C@        00        0                                      Ch        t-j       "i
                                                                       >                                                                                                                                                                                                                        >
                                                                                                                                   >         >                            >                                      >                   >                   >                             >                            >        >         >

                                                                                                TABLE 6

                                                                              Shorehaven Run - Mouth of Stream

               Date         Time             Fecal          Rate of Flow        Stream        Alkalinity    Diss. 02       NHYN         N03-N          pH         Total P       Turbidity
                                      Coliform/1 00 ml        (ft.3/sec.)     Temp. (OC)        (mg/1)        (mg/1)       (mg/1)       (mg/1)                      (mg/1)         (FTU)

               6/6/94       8:50                                 1.24              16
               6/6/94   1   13:30                                0.96              16
               6/9/94       10:30                                1.52              13
               6/10/94      9:00                 74              1.41              13
               6/11/94      9:42             4,000               2.29              15
               6/12/94      9:55                 80              1.12              16
               6/13/94      9:57            >6,000               0.74              18
               6/13/94      16:15              600               0.69              18
               6/14/94      8:53            21,000               1.66              17
               6/21/94      10:41            1,080               0.69              20            180           10.0         0.14         0.90          .7.7         0.36             7.5
                                                                                                                                                                                                 1-4
               6/23/94      10:50              640               0.40              18            175           10.0         0.04         0.80          7.6          0.16             7.0         C4
               6/24/94      10:40            2,000               0.59              18            125           10.0         0.48                       7.7          0.32            77.0
               6/28/94      13:40              200               0.63              18            135            9.0         0.08                       7.7          0.27            22.0
               6/29/94      11:00              260               0.62              18            127           10.0         0.73                       7.8          0.44            125.0
               7/14/94      10:25              290               0.48              19            145           10.0         0.07         1.00          7.7          0.49             8.0
               7/22/94      10:00              500               0.70              20            150            9.0         0.30         0.40          7.7          0.11            10.0
               7/25/94      11:00              440               0.59              19            130            9.0         0.02         0.80          7.6          0.49             9.0
               7/26/94      12:30              250               0.39              19            140            9.0         0.34         0.34          7.6          0.21            23.0
               7/28/94      11:15                50              0.38              17            180           10.0         0.13         0.70          7.8          0.17             7.0
               7/30/94      9:45               200               0.61              20            195            9.0         0.04         0.80          7.7          0.21             6.0
               8/2/94       10:15              210               0.56              21            150            8.0         0.06         0.60          7.8          0.35             6.0
               8/4/94       11:10              200               0.40              18            150           10.0         0.03         0.80          7.8          0.20             6.0
               8/4/94       18:30            2,000               1.09              16            100            9.0         1.00         0.84          7.8          0.78            112.0
               8/5/94       9:45             1,000               1.29              19            110           10.0         0.49                       7.8          0.36            62.0
               8/12/94      10:20              230               0.26              18            160            9.0                      0.90          7.7          0.21             4.0
               8/13/94      9:40               520               1.68              19            145            9.0         1.30                       7.8          1.04           230.0
               8/14/94      10:30              800               2.54              18       1             1
               8/15/94 1    9:20             6,400               0.80              16
                not detectable

                                                                       TABLE 7

                                          Shorehaven Run - Upstream of Sewage Lift Station

                          Date               Time           Fecal Coliform/100 ml          Rate of Flow        Stream Temp. (C)
                                                                                             (ft.3/sec.)

                         6/6/94              8:50                                               2451                    18

                         6/6/94              13:10                                              1.87                    18

                         6/9/94              10:10                      82                      3.03                    14

                         6/10/94             8:30                       88                      2.83                    14,

                         6/11/94             10:14                     600                      2.85                    15

                         6/12/94             9:30                       60                      2.11                    18

                         6/13/94             9:44                   >6,000                      2.21                    18

                         6/13/94             16:05                  >6,000                      1.91                    19

                         6/14/94             9:08                   4,700                       5.17                    16

                         6/21/94             10:40                     660                      2.72                    20

                         6/23/94             10:15                     440                      1.34                    18

                         6/24/94             10:30                  1,300                       4.71                    18

                         6/28/94             13:25                     400                      4.15                    20

                         6/29/94             10:45                  1,200                       5.66                    18

                         7/14/94             10:15                     110                      2.93                    20

                         7/22/94             9:50                      720                      1.56                    21

                         7/25/94             10:45                     520                      0.93                    20

                         7/26/94             12:15                     640                      2.55                    18

                         7/28/94             11:00                      44                      2.29                    17

                         7/30/94             9:30                      200                      2.45                    20

                         8/2/94              10:10                     280                      2.87                    21

                         8/4/94              11:05                     240                      2.14                    18

                         8/4/94              18:20                     460                      3.48                    18

                         8/5/94              9:30                      400                      .2.26                   18

                         8/11/94             9:00                      920                      1.04                    18

                         8/11/94             15:00                     360                      1.63                    17

                         8/12/94             10:10                     220                      1.62                    18

                         8/13/94             9:15                      400                      5.29                    19

                         8/14/94             10:15                     810                      5.42                    18
                         8/15/94             9:15                   1,100                       2.91          1         17

                                                                               22

                                                                                TABLE8

                                                             LAKE ERIE NEAR SHOREHAVEN RUN

                                                                 East of Stream                                           West of Stream
                Date              Time        Lake Temp. (oC)     Turbidity (FTU)        Fecal         Lake Temp. (oC)     Turbidity (FTU)        Fecal
                                                                                    Coliform/1 00 ml                                         Coliform/1 00 ml

               6/21/94            10:42              20                  4.2             11000                20                 3.2              2,000
               6/23/94            11:05              24                  4.0              200                 24                 5.0              <100
               6/24/94            10:50              20                 13.0              400                 24                25.0              2,000
               6/28/94            13:50              20                 11.0             <100                 20                 6.0              <100
               6/29/94            11:10              19                 15.0              280                 19                15.0              2,100
               7/14/94            10:30              23                 20.0             2,200                23                15.0              2,400
               7/22/94            10:05              25                 18.0              400                 25                 4.0                210

               7/25/94            11:05              25                 19.0             <100                 25                19.0              <100
               7/26/94            12:35              27                 26.0              100                 26                31.0                100

               7/28/94            11:20              29                  5.0             <100                 27                 5@O              <100

               7/30/94            9:45               24                 17.0              230                 24                23.0                260

               8/2/94             10:15              24                 11.0              210                 24                11.0                300
               8/4/94             11:20              24                 11.0              220                 24                10.0                460
               8/4/94             18:30              25                 67.0              400                 25                74.0                800

               8/5/94             9:45               25                 59.0              400                 25                60.0                360
               8/12/94            10:20              25                  6.0                30                25                 3.0                300

               8/13/94            9:40                                                    168                                                       620

                                                                       TABLE 9

                                                    Shorehaven Run Post-Rain Samples

                      Date       Fecal Coliform/lffl ml         Precipitation Stream Volume (ft.3/sec.@ Turbidity CEIW

                     6/11/94             4,000                      trace                      2.29

                     6/13/94            >6,000                      2.68"                      0.74

                     6/13/94               600                      2.68"                      0.69

                     6/14/94            21,000                      0.03"                      1.66

                     6/24/94             2,000                      0.881,                     0.59                       77.0

                     6/29/94               260                      1.47"                      0.62                       125.0

                     7/22/94               500                      0.001,                     0.70                       10.0.

                     7/26/94               250                      0.03"                      0.39                       23.0

                     7/27/94               210                      0.1111

                     7/30/94               200                      0.03"                      0.61                          6.0

                       8/4/94            2,000                      1.68"                      1.09                       112.0

                       8/5/94            1,000                      0.101,                     1.29                       62.0

                     8/13/94               520                      3.1201                     1.68                       230.0

                     8/14/94               800                      0.79"                      2.54

                     8/15/94             6,400                      0.001,                     0.80

                     8/15/94             7,000                      0.001,

                                                                               24

                  There was no measurable rain for three days prior to sampling on July 14, nor were there

                  unusually high winds recorded by NOAA prior to sampling. The stream samples were

                  290 colonies/ 100 ml at the mouth and I 10 colonies/ 100 ml upstream.

                  Marshall Run
                         Marshall Run had the highest average (7.02 ft. 3/sec.) normal flow of the four streams
                  sampled during this project. Pre-rain stream volumes ranged from 3.78 ft.3/n-@in. to 14.56 ft.3/sec.

                  (see Figure 3).

                         The normal flow fecal coliform average was 289 colonies/100 ml, with the highest pre-rain

                  concentration of 480 colonies per 100 and the lowest at 144 colonies/100 n-A (see Table 2). The

                  June 9, 1994 concentration of 1,650 colonies/100 n-d was not included in the calculation. There

                  was no rain prior to the June 9 sample; it was the first one taken as part of this study with no prior

                  sampling correlation and its level was inconsistent with known ambient levels.

                         Four pre-rain fecal coliform concentrations were below the average of

                  28 9 colonies/ 100 ml and six were above the average. The sampling data indicated the normal

                  flow fecal coliform concentrations were consistently below 500 colonies/100 ml throughout the

                  summer.

                         Post-rain fecal coliform levels tended to increase in proportion to the amount of rain and

                  corresponding increase in stream volume (see Tables 10 and 14). Marshall Run receives storm

                  water from its urbanized drainage basin and flows tend to rise and fall rapidly. A heavy,

                  prolonged rain on June 13 raised fecal coliform concentrations to 20,000 colonies/100 ml. Less

                  severe storms on June 24 and June 29 resulted in fecal coliform concentrations of 200

                  colonies/100 ml and 4,600 colonies/100 ml, respectively. A particularly heavy rainfall on August

                  4 resulted in fecal concentrations of 34,000/100 ml. Rain on August 13 resulted in a stream fecal

                  coliform level of 5,200 colonies/100 ml. I-Egh instrearn concentrations were recorded on

                  August 14 (2,000 colonies/100 ml) and August 15 (4,000 colonies/100 n-fl).

                                                                 25

                                                                                                                                                             MARSHALL RUN

                                                    200

                                                    180

                         Volume                     160
                         of Flow
                         (ft. 3/SeC.)               140

                                   Before           120
                                   Rain

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      C-4
                              13   After            100
                                   Rain               80

                                                      60

                                                      40

                                                      20
                         Average Flow                                                                                                                                                                    A         Q
                                                                                                                                                                 44                                                                                                                                                     ------
                                                        0
                                                                                                      C@        ON        Os        CN        C7%       C7,      C\        C@        cl@       a,       -1                                                                                                         Oc        00       coo
                                                               a%        C@        aN                                                                                                                                                                              00        00        00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            I-j       tIj
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  IJ
                                                                                                                                                                           4-        Oo        ',0      4@                  Us        O\        010                                                                                   -J,
                                                                                                      >                             >         >                            >                                                W         >         W        >                             >        >                  >         >        >
                                                                         >

                                                                                                      TABLE 10

                                                                                     Marshall Run - Mouth of Stream

                 Date          Time           Fecal          Rate of Flow        Stream          Air Temp.      Alkalinity Diss. 02           NH3-N        N03-N         pH        Total P Turbidity
                                        Col iforrn/l 00 ml     (ft.3/sec.)     Temp. (OC)             (OC)         (mg/1)        (mg/1)       (mg/1)        (mg/1)                   (mg/1)      (FTU)

                 6/6/94        9:30                               7.73               16
                 6/6/94   1    13:53                              10.48              16                                     1
                 6/9/94        9:06           1,650               4.41               11               23
                 6/10/94       9:30              144              4.41               11               18
                 6/11/94       8:50           6,500               5.33               14
                 6/12/94       10:30             310              3.78               15
                 6/13/94       9:00              600              3.89               17
                 6/13/94       15:25          >6000               4.18               18
                 6/14/94       8:01           20,000              66.14              18
                 6/21/94       9:15              440              14.56              18                              185         16.0         0.06          1.10         8.3         0.25          5.5
                                                                                                                                                                         7.9         0.34          5.0
                 6123194       9:45              160              7.66               17               25             190         11.0         0.02          1.00
                 6/24/94       9:30           2,000               64.56              17               20             125          8.0         1.19                       7.7         0.57        120.0
                 6/28/94       12:35          2,000              20.03               17               19             187         11.0         0.28                       7.9         0.57          6.0
                 6/29/94       9:55           4,600               64.21              18               25             118         10.0         0.50                       7.8         0.25          57.0
                 7/14/94       9:35              480              12.40              17               20             215         10.0         0.05          1.00         7.8         0.12          4.0
                 7/22/94       10:00             800              14.74              18               23             215          9.0         0.08          0.90         7.7         0.10          5.0
                 7/25/94       9:55              440              7.52               18               23             180         10.0         0.04          1.90         7.8         0.18          10.0
                 7/26/94       11:25             650              13.92              17
                 7/28/94       10:05             420              7.95               17               22           -190          10.0         0.01          0.70         7.8         0.14          6.0
                 7/30/94       9:00              500              12.71              18               23             160          9.0         0.04          0.90         7.8         0.08          9.0
                 8/2/94        9:30              350              7.93               18               25             145         10.0         0.01          0.80         7.8         0.11          4.0
                 814/94        10:25             200              8.04               16                              180         10.0         0.01          0.80         7.8         0.36          3.0
                 8/4/94        17:45          34,000              151.69             18                                75         9.0         1.64                       7.4         0.95        215.0
                 8/5/94        8:50           3,000               26.11              20                                80         9.0         0.25                       7.7         0.34          28.0
                 8/12/94       9:40              230              4.81               16                              165         10.0         0.01          0.80         7.7         0.39          6.0
                 8/13/94       9:05           5,200               5.24               18                              175         10.0         1.00                       7.7         0.01        159.0
                 8/14/94       9:00           2,000               166.48             19
                 8/15/94 1     8:45           4,000               31.32              16
                   not detectable

                                                                  TABLE 11

                                                       Marshall Run - East Branch

                        Date              Time          Fecal Coliform/100 ml         Rate of Flow      Stream Temp. (C)
                                                                                       (ft.3/sec.)
                        6/6/94            1:30                                            1.96                   14

                        6/6/94            9:22                                            2.52                   14

                        6/9/94            9:30                  1,800                     1.83                   10

                        6/10/94           7:30                  4,600                     1.99                   10

                        6/11/94           9:15                  5,500                     1.95                   15

                        6/12/94           8:00                    400                     1.62                   15

                        6/13/94           9:17                 >6,000                     2.52                   18

                        6/13/94           15:40                >6,000                     3.07                   17

                        6/14/94           8:05                 38,000                     10.85                  17

                        6/21/94           10:04                 1,320                     5.72                   17

                        6/23/94           10:15                 1,200                     3.46                   15

                        6/24/94           10:00                 2,000                     10.55                  1
       0                6/28/94           13:05                 5,800                     5.81                   17
                        6/29/94           10:20                 7,800                     10.34                  17

                        7/14/94           9:55                    700                     2.17                   15

                        7/22/94           9:25                  4,500                     2.71                   17

                        7/25/94           10:20                   480                     2.88                   18

                        7/26/94           10:30                   580                     3.08                   15

                        7/28/94           10:30                   200                     2.88                   17

                        7/30/94           9:20                  2,700                     3.65                   17

                        8/2/94            9:55                  2,000                     3.53                   18

                        8/4/94            10:45                   440                     2.75                   17

                        8/4/94            18:00                40,000                     33-84                  16

                        8/5/94            9:10                 10,000                     4.57                   18

                        8/11/94           8:30                    800                     3.80                   17

                        8/11/94           14:45                 1,200                     4.04                   16

                        8/12/94           9:55                    920                     3.63                   1

                        8/13/94           9:25                  2,000                     11.92                  20

                        8/14/94           9:14                  6,000                     70.69                  19

                        8/15/94           8:55                  2,000                     8.90                   16

                                                                         28

                                                                   TABLE 12

                                                       Marshall Run - West Branch

                        Date               Time          Fecal Coliform/100 ml         Rate of Flow      Stream Temp. (C)
                                                                                        (ft.3/sec.)

                        6/6/94             7:30                                            1.58                   15

                        6/6/94             12:10                                           4.06                   15

                        6/9/94             9:56                  4,100                     2.39                   11

                        6/10/94            7:50                    220                     2.17                   11

                        6/11/94            9:24                  3,100                     2.70                   11

                        6/12/94            8:15                    120                     1.77                   12

                        6/13/94            9:27                >6,000                      2.53                   16

                        6/13/94            15:50               >6,000                      7.11                   18

                        6/14/94            8:36                20,000                      10.09                  18

                        6/21/94            10:10                 1,600                     5.08                   17

                        6/23/94            10:30                 1,000                     3.65                   15

                        6/24/94            10:10               >2,000                      17.26                  17

                        6/28/94            13:10                 3,400                     6.88                   18

                        6/29/94            10:35               >6,000                      11.00                  18

                        7/14/94            10:05                   630                     3.78                   16

                        7/22/94            9:30                    400                     3.43                   17

                        7/25/94            10:30                   420                     2.56                   18

                        7/26/94            12:05                 2,200                     2.42                   15

                        7/28/94            10:40                   550                     2.36                   17

                        7/30/94            9:25                  4,300                     3.29                   17

                        8/2/94             10:05                   260                     2.88                   17

                        8/4/94             10:45                   220                     2.00                   16

                        8/4/94             6:15                38,000                      24.72                  16

                        8/5/94             9:10                  6,000                     6.82                   19

                        8/11/94            8:30                  1,000                     1.94                   1

                        8/11/94            14:50                   400                     5.81                   16

                        8/12/94            9:55                    800                     1.95                   16

                        8/13/94            9:10                  2,000                     4.95                   18

                        8/14/94            9:38                  6,000                     68-14                  19

                        8/15/94            9:00                  3,000                     5.49                   16

                                                                          29

                                                                               TABLE 13

                                                                LAKE ERIE NEAR MARSHALL RUN

                                                                   East of Stream                                          West of Stream
                 Date              Time        Lake Temp. (oC)     Turbidity (FTU)          Fecal       Lake Temp. (OC)     Turbidity (FTU)         Fecal
                                                                                     Coliform/1 00 ml                                         Coliform/1 00 ml

                6/21/94            9:20               20                   5.3              400                20                 12.0               400

                6/23/94            9:45               22                   3.0              <100               22                  2.0               <100

                6/24/94            9:35               20                 13.0               800                19                 40.0             >2,000

                6/28/94            13:00              18                 14.0               400                18                 14.0               230

                6/29/94            10:30              19                 21.0            >2,000                19                 18.0             >2,000

                7/14/94            9:45               23                 14.0               280                23                 12.0               300
                                                                                                                                                                 C)
                7/22/94            9:10               25                 17.0               700                25                 10.0               450         Cn

                7/25/94            10:00              25                 18.0               100                25                 16.0                 80

                7/26/94            11:30              27                 33.0                 80               27                 32.0               300

                7/28/94            10:10              24                   3.0                20               24                  3.0                 10

                7/30/94            9:00               24                 19.0               450                24                 19.0               600

                8/2/94             9:35               24                 19.0               200                24                 16.0               400

                8/4/94             10:30              24                   8.0              170                24                  7.0               <100
                8/4/94             17:45              25                 166.0           21,000                25                 83.0             20,000
                8/5/94             8:50               26                 60.0             2,000                26                 59.0              6,000
                8/12/94            9:40               23                   2.0              <100               23                  2.0               <100

                8/13/94                                                                     800                                                      810

                                                                      TABLE 14

                                                       Marshall Run Post-Rain Samples

                       Date       Fecal Coliform/100 ml         Precipitation Stream Volume Cft.3/sec.@ Turbidity

                     6/11/94             6,500                      trace                     5.33

                     6/13/94               600                      2.68"                     3.89

                     6/13/94            >6,000                      2.68"                     4.18

                     6/14/94            20,000                      0.03"                    66.14

                     6/24/94             2,000                      0.88"                    64-56                       120.0

                     6/29/94             4,600                      1.47"                    64.21                         57.0

                     7/22/94               800                      0.001,                   14.74                          5.0

                     7/26/94               650                      0.03"                    13.92

                     7/27/94               480                      0.111,

                     7/30/94               500                      0.03"                    12.71                          9.0

                      8/4/94            34,000                      1.68"                    151.69                      215.0

                      8/5/94             3,000                      0.101,                   26.11                         28.0

                     8/13/94             5,200                      3.12"                     5.24                       159.0

                     8/14194             2,000                      0.79"                   166.48

                     8/15/94             3,800                      0.001,                   31.32

                     8/15/94             4,000                      0.001,

                                                                              31

                          Fecal coliform samples collected upstream of the mouth were generally higher than stream

                  mouth sample results (see Tables I I and 12). It appears one branch may be contributing a

                  disproportionately large amount of fecal coliform bacteria, and further studies are needed to

                  determine the reason for this.

                          Fecal coliform levels in Lake Erie during normal stream flows were consistently below

                  ambient stream concentrations. All fecal coliform concentrations in Lake Erie during normal

                  stream flow conditions were 400 colonies/100 ml or less throughout the summer (see Table 13).

                          As expected, fecal coliform levels in Lake Erie east and west of the stream mouth were

                  significantly higher during and immediately after rain events. The rain events of June 24 and 29

                  directly corresponded to the two highest fecal coliform levels in the lake east and west of the

                  stream mouth for that month. The severe storm of August 4 corresponded to the highest fecal

                  coliform count in the lake east and west of the stream mouth for the summer. These elevated

                  counts may also be caused by the fecal coliform bacteria that already exist in Lake Erie water.

                  Wilkins Run
                          Wilkins Run had the second highest average (6.66 ft.3/sec.) flow of the four streams
                  sampled during this project. Pre-rain stream volumes ranged from 5.56 ft.3/sec. to 9.44 ft.3/sec.,

                  indicating the normal flow to be the most uniform of the four streams (see Figure 5).

                          The normal flow fecal coliform average was 3 3 8 colonies/ 100 ml, with the highest pre-rain

                  concentration of 600 colonies per 100 n-d and the lowest of 75 colonies/100 nil. Six pre-rain fecal

                  coliform samples exceeded the average and six coliform samples were less than the average.

                  These pre-rain samples were also the most uniform and consistent of the four streams sampled

                  (see Table 2).

                          Post-rain fecal coliform concentrations increased in proportion to the amount of rain and

                  corresponding increase in stream flow from rain throughout the sampling period. The heavy rain of

                  June 13 raised the level from 75 colonies/100 n-d to greater than 6,000 colonies/100 ml. The level

                  rose to 26,000 colonies/100 n-d on June 14 (see Tables 15 and 16).

                                                                   32

                         A storm on June 24 raised the levels from 280 colonies/100 ml to 1,300 colonies/100 ml

                 and, again, a storm on June 29 raised the concentrations from 590 colonies/100 n-d to

                 2,000 colonies/100 ml. A severe series of storms on August 13 and 14 raised the fecal coliform

                 levels from 400 colonies/100 ml to 2,000 colonies/100 ml on August 13 and 14 and to

                 3,900 colonies/100 ml on August 15.

                                                                33

                                                                                                                 WILKINS RUN                                                                                       5

                Yolume               120
                 of Flow
                 (ft.3/SCC.)         Ito

                                     100

                   A Before           90
                        Rain
                                      80
                    E3 Aflcr
                        Rain          70

                                      60

                                      50

                                      40

                                      30

                                      20
                                      10.                                                                                 A-

                                                                           01%                              01%          a,                                                                                          @,c    or    SOD
                                                a,                                                          -                                                                                    COD
                                                                                        0.-                                                                                   00    00     00
                                                                                                                                                   U.            00
                                                                                                            W            00                                                                      I-A
                                                                                                                                                                                                 >
                                                                    >
                                                                                              Z:

                           0

                                                                   TABLE 15

                                                                 Wilkins Run

                        Date               Time          Fecal Coliform/100 ml         Rate of Flow      Stream Temp. (C)
                                                                                        (ft.3/sec.)

                        6/6/94             8:20                                            5.56                   15

                        6/6/94             12:30                                           6.99                   15

                        6/9/94             11:10                     78                    6.22                   11

                        6/10/94            8:00                    132                     6.38                   11

                        6/11/94            10:34                     72                    6.82                   13

                        6/12/94            9:00                      75                    6.92                   16

                        6/13/94            10:15                 1,000                     8.03                   15

                        6/13/94            15:45                >6,000                     10.28                  16

                        6/14/94            9:28                 26,000                     75.55                  18

                        6/21/94            11:15                   400                     7.84                   17

                        6/23/94            11:20                   280                     9.44                   15

                        6/24/94            11:15                 1,300                     13.48                  17

                        6/28/94            14:10                   590                     11-86                  17

                        6/29/94            11:00                 2,000                     13.64                  17

                        7/14/94            10:45                   520                     9.05                   15

                        7/22/94            10:25                   350                     7.17                   17

                        7/25/94            11:20                   220                     6.39                   15

                        7/26/94            13:00                   260                     7.81                   16

                        7/28/94            11:40                   600                     7.94                   16

                        7/30/94            11:00                   800                     7.35                   15

                        8/2/94             10:35                   260                     5.74                   18

                        8/4/94             11:35                   250                     6.77                   15

                        8/4/94             18:55                 2,200                     36.42                  16

                        8/5/94             10:05                 3,000                     16.74                  16

                        8/11/94            9:10                    600                     7.56                   16

                        8/11/94            15:15                 1,100                     9.12                   17

                        8/12/94            10:40                   400                     7.37                   15

                        8/13/94            10:00                 2,000                     30.75                  17

                        8/14/94            9:52                  2,000                     113.29                 19
                        8/15/94            9:45                  3,900            1        20.96                  16

                                                                          35

                                                                     TABLE 16

                                                       Wilkins Run Post-Rain Samples

                         Date             Fecal Coliform/100 ml              Precipitation         Stream Volume (ft.3/secj

                       6/11/94                         72                        trace                          6.82

                       6/13/94                    1,000                          2.68"                          8.03

                       6/13/94                    >6,000                         2.68"                         10.28

                       6/14/94                    26,000                         0.03"                         75.55

                       6/24/94                    1,300                          0.88"                         13.48

                       6/29/94                    2,000                          1.47"                         13.64

                       7/22/94                       350                         0.001,                         7.17

                       7/26/94                       210                         0.03"                          7.81

                       7/26/94.                      260                         0.03"

                       7/30/94                       800                         0.03"                          7.35

                        8/4/94                    2,200                          1.68"                         36.42

                        8/5/94                    3,000                          0.101,                        16.74

                       8/11/94                    1,100                          0.091,                         9.12

                       8/13/94                    2,000                          3.12"                         30.75

                       8/14/94                    2,000                          0.79"                         113.29

                       8/15/94                    3,900                          0.001,                        20.96

                       8/15/94                    4,000                          0.001,

                                                                              36

                 Correlation of Fecal Coliform Loading to-Lake Erie and Presgue Isle Bathing Beach
                 Closures

                         There were 16 beach closures on Presque Isle State Park during the 1994 bathing season,

                 nine of which occurred in the vicinity of Beach I

                         Beach 2 was closed on June 21 for three hours, however, there had only been 0. 0 1 in. of

                 rain for the preceding seven days. There had been westerly winds with peak gusts to 23 mph.

                 Immediately preceding the closure on June 21. Other Presque Isle beaches had elevated bacteria

                 counts on that date.

                         All nine closures in the Beach I area occurred on August 15 (four closures), August 16

                 (three closures) and August 17 (two closures). A severe wind and rain storm hit the Erie area on

                 August 13 and 14, when 3.91 inches of rain fell and westerly winds gusted to 49 mph. This

                 corresponded with the last series of stream samples conducted as part of this project. The highest

                 flows were recorded in all four streams on August 14. This increased volume, as well as

                 significantly elevated instream. fecal coliform concentrations, resulted in a significant bacte rial

                 loading to Lake Eric.

                         This high lake loading, coupled with the high westerly wind, corresponded with the high

                 fecal coliform levels that closed Beach 1, Beach I East, Beach I West and Beach I West

                 Extension on August 15. Beach 1, Beach I West and Beach I West Extension remained closed

                 on August 16. Beach I and Beach I West remained closed until 1: 15 p.m. on August 17. No

                 other, beaches, except Beach 11, were closed because of high bacteria counts during this period.

                         It is entirely possible the high fecal coliform loading to Lake Erie coupled with a strong

                 westerly wind caused or contributed to the Beach I area closings on August 15, 16 and 17, 1994.

                                                                37

                  Findings and Discussion

                         Fecal coliform. organisms in the streams and in Lake Erie increased following rain events.

                  Changes in bacteriological quality in near-shore Lake Erie water in the vicinity of the stream's

                  mouth were significant.

                         Of interest is Marshall Run, not only because of its high fecal coliform levels during rain

                  events, but particularly because of its recorded high flows. For example, on August 4, 1994 the

                  stream flow went from 8.04 CFS before a rain to 151.69 CFS after the rain. It is calculated that at

                  1745 hours (5:45 p.m.) the flow was in excess of 98,000,000 GPD. We do not know precisely how

                  long the high flow lasted, but on the morning of August 5, 1994 at 8:30 a.m. the flow was still

                  26.11 CFS, or about 16.8 millions gallons per day. If the flow was at its peak at 5:45 p.m. and

                  gradually dropped to 16.8 MGD by 8:30 a.m., a total of 14.75 hours,  approximately 35,000,000

                  gallons of water were discharged to Lake Erie during the period from this one stream. The fecal

                  coliform count in the steam during this event was 34,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml. Fortunately the

                  wind during the event carried the plume to the west, away from Presque Isle State Park. Had the

                  wind pushed the plum towards the park, the beaches at the Beach 91 area would have been

                  adversely affected.

                         Not surprisingly the turbidity in Marshall Run closely, but not necessarily linearly, parallels

                  the fecal coliform loadings. We note that every time the turbidity was in excess of 100 FTU, the

                  fecal coliform counts were over 1,000 fecal coliforms/100 MI.

                         When the turbidities were high in Waldameer Creek, the fecal coliform counts were

                  relatively high, but not as high as in Marshall Run. While this trend was also indicated in

                  Shorehaven Creek at times, there were also times when the high turbidities did not predict the

                  relatively low fecal coliform counts that were observed. There is no definitive reason why the

                  high turbidity of 230 FTU in Shorehaven Run on August 14, 1994 occurred with a corresponding

                  fecal coliform of 520 fecal coliforms/100 ml. It is speculated that because this is such a small

                  watershed, fecal coliform bacteria in the watershed were quickly flushed out before the fecal

                  coliform sampling took place. The high turbidity remaining may have reflected naturally

                                                                 38

                  occurring clays and silts that were scoured free from the stream bed. One other possibility is that

                  there is more than storm water getting into Marshall Run. Based on experience in other areas, it

                  is not inconceivable that a sanitary sewer line(s) somehow periodically overflows to the storm

                  drain. Chemical data collected in Marshall Run on August 4, 1994 does show a significant

                  increase over ambient concentrations in NH3-N, ammonia-nitrogen, which is an indication of fresh

                  decaying matter, e.g., possibly sewage, as well as an increase in total phosphorus which can also

                  be associated with sewage.

                          This study confirms our hypothesis that during heavy rains, fecal coliform levels in stream

                  water can and do exceed 1,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml. Given the prevailing current directions

                  (west to east) and sufficient flows (e.g., 98,000,000 GPD peak flow), there can be little doubt that

                  nearby Presque Isle Park beaches could be affected.

                          On two of the tributary streams we are aware of potential sources for fecal coliform

                  bacteria, such as overloaded pump stations, etc. However, no known sewer overflows occurred

                  in the study area in 1994. The fecal coliform present in two of these streams during this study is

                  likely from non-point sources, eg., dogs, cats, wild birds and animals, and due to regrowth and/or

                  fragmentation of normally occurring colonies during storm events.

                          More attention is needed to define the exact nature of the sources of fecal coliform input

                  to the streams, especially Waldameer Run, and to particularly look for any possible unpermitted

                  sewage discharges.

                                                                   39

                  conclusions

                         During normal stream flows the fecal coliform loading from Marshall Run, Shorehaven

                  Run and Wilkins Run to Lake Erie appears to be within commonly found, naturally occurring

                  concentrations, and there are no discernible, negative effects on Lake Erie. Waldameer Run,

                  however, has unexplainable high concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria during normal stream

                  flows that caused higher than average fecal coliform levels detected in the lake near the mouth of

                  the stream.

                         During rain events that were of sufficient intensity to increase stream flows, fecal coliform

                  levels generally rose in proportion to the increased volume. During prolonged heavy rains, the

                  rise in volume was dramatic. Wilkins Run flow can exceed 73 mgd and the flow of Marshall Run

                  can exceed 107 mgd. Based on this study we now know that high instream fecal coliform

                  concentrations, coupled with high stream flows, are capable of discharging very high levels of

                  fecal coliform bacteria to Lake Erie.

                         Further study would be needed to determine the origins of the bacteria found during high

                  stream flows.

                         Based on this study and previous research and data, we feel that there is a definite

                  correlation between high bacteria loading to Lake Erie during severe rain storms with strong

                  westerly winds and Beach I area closures at Presque Isle State Park.

                                                                 40

                                      Appendix A

              Local Climatological Data - Monthly Summary for June, July and
                August; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
                  National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina

                                  JUN 1994                                                                                                                                                                       ISSN # 0298-4500
                                  ERIE, PA.
                                  NAT'L WEA SER OFC NOAA                                                                                                                                                         A""'Al or cowr
                                  ERIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT                                                         LOCAL                                                                                           v
                                  INQUIRIES/COMMENTS CALL
                                  (704) 271-4800 VOICE CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
                                  271-4010 TDD/271-4876 FAX                                                MONTHLY SUMMARY                                                                                       %JAr S a
                                  TERMINAL BLDG.

                                  LATITUDE 42' 05'N LONGITUDE 80' ll'W                                               ELEVATION (GROUND)                     731 FEET                        TIME ZONE EASTERN                                        14860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     S
                                               TEMPERATURE             *F                 DSGR9Z DAYS      WEATHER TYPES SNOW/ PRECIPITATIO14             AvZRAr.E                 WIND                                   SUNSHINE                   CONER
                                                                                          BASS 65 *F       I FOI                        ICE (INCHES)      STATION                  (M.P. H.                                                          TENTHS
                                                                                                           2REAVY FOG                   ON E-             cn PRESSURZ        x              PEAK                 FASTEST
                                                                                                           3 THUNDERSTORMS              ,z                E-                                                                                         c-
                                                                                                           4 IC PELLETS                 RDwr4             (INCIIES                          GUST                 1-MIN               ca
                                                            ca           ra               0 a              5 MAIL                       AT                Hq)                                                                        .3
                                                                       0                    z                                           C4                Or                                                              ca
                                                                                                                                        >                 D4                                                              E.
                                                                                                           DOSTE                        0700Z             il. ELEV.                                                               @,n
                                                                                                           7STORK                                                            w
                                                                                                                     SE                                   'a 737             r4 (n
                                                                                                           SLOW, "'                     0-
                                                                ra          a               8              : , OR %(                                                                        a                    Tlr4k':g
                                                                            Q               u                                                             (FT.HSL)           a:    1                             4                                   z
                                                                                                                                                                                            to        a
                                  4
                                  1  2         3            4          5    6             7A 7B            8                            910   11          12                 13, 14 wl so   T1617                181      20        21               22 23
                                  3                                                                                                                                          @ a

                                  01 64        44           54         -8   45            11               0                            00.00 0.0         29.140             27 8.510.3     22        W          14 30                               5
                                  02 60        44           52*  -11        42            13               0                            00.00 0.0         29.300             28 9.311.1     21        W          15-27                               43
                                  03 66        45           56         -7   46            9                0                            00.00 0.0         29.380             27 2.3 6.2     13        NW         931                                 32
                                  04 70        46           58         -5   44            7                0                            00.00 0.0         29.300             30 1.6 5.1     12        NW         933                                 42
                                  05 80        50           65         1    45            0                0                            00.00 0.0         29.210             07 1.3 5.4     16        SE         10 16                               54

                                  06 84        62           73         9    58            0                81 3      8                  00.11 0.0         28.980             22 9.512.0     30        SW         18 24                               a9
                                  07 71        56           64         0    S6            1                01        8                  00.00 0.0         29.050             32 3.8 7.0     31        NE         17 05                               67
                                  08 65        47           56         -9   45            9                0                            0T    0.0         29.230             04 11.3 13.2   29        NE         20 04                               55
                                  09 70        44*          57         -8   42            8                0                            00.00 0.0         29.290             27 2.9 6.1     15        NW         12 30                               32
                                  10 78        48           63         -2   47            2                0                            00.00 0.0         29.260             05 5.2 7.3     24        NE         15 04                               65
                     04           11 81        64           73         7    57            0                83        8                  0T    0.0         29.145             15 11.312.1    29        SE         16 16                               9a
                                  12 81        62           72         6    58            0                7                            00.00 0.0         29.150             21 8.010.5     23        S          17 22                               44
                                  13 83        64           74         8    63            0                913       8                  02.68 0.0         29.160             18 9.810.5     35        S          24 19                               98
                                  14 81        67           74         8    66            0                913       8                  00.03 0.0         29.230             23 4.4 8.6     25        S          16 17                               8a
                                  15 89        74           82         16   71            0                173       8                  00.00 0.0         29.360             22 3.3 7.6     15        NW         13 28                               66

                                  16 88        75           82         15   71            0                171       a                  00.00 0.0         29.390             23 3.2 6.1     15        NW         12 30                               45
                                  17 88        72           so         13   72            .0               151       8                  00.00 0.0         29.345             30 2.5 6.0     12        NW         10 31                               55
                                  18 91*       72           82*        15   72            0                171       8                  00.00 0.0         29.300             31 1.5 5.1     12        NW         933                                 11
                                  19 84        66           75         7    66            0                101       a                  00.00 0.0         29.320             04 6.1 8.2     23        NE         16 04                               23
                                  20 84        60           72         4    61            0                71                           00.01 0.0         29.240             33 1.1 5.0     20        W          835                                 66

                                  21 82        70           76         8    68            0                211       a                  00.00 0.0         29.070             25 8.110.3     23        W          16 25                               76
                                  22 76        58           67         -1   57            0                2                            00.00 0.0         29.135             29 3.1 6.4     16        N          12 32                               54
                                  23 81        61           71         3    56            0                6                            00.03 0.0         29.030             07 4.8 8.0     21        E          15 06                               88
                                  24 86        64           75         6    68            0                1013      8                  00.88 0.0         28.730             13 3.5 8.7     30        SW         18 23                               99
                                  25 72        60           66         -3   60            0                11                           00.11 0.0         28.800             20 13.013.6    32        SW         17 23                               109

                                  26 80        63           72         3    63            0                71                           00.28 0.0         29.020             20 5.4 9.1     23        SW         16 22                               99
                                  27 66        61           64         -5   62            1                01                           00.20 0.0         29.020             03 7.4 8.8     20        NE         15 04                               10 10
                                  28 77        61           69         -1   60            01               41 3                         0T    0.0         29.060             22 5.2 8.2     18        S          13 19                               67
                                  29 77        62           70         _O   63            0                5                            01.47 0. 01 28: 9001211              9: 5111 .11    321 W                20122                               8a
                                  30 69        61           65         5    61            a                0         8                  00.00 0.0 29 070 24                  8 9 9.5        24 W                 15 26                               9R
                                               I      I                  I                                 I.                           I   I                                                                                                        III
                                     sum sum                                              TOTALTOTAL       NUMBER    OF :AYS            TOTAL TOTAL                          FOR THE MONT                                 TOTAL % sum sum
                                     2124      1793   -                                   61               170                          5.80 0.0          29.155 1 231       2.21 8.-6      351                  241 19            FOR               1741
                                                      _A                                                   PRECIPITAT:ON                                                                    DAT                                                      8 41 Av.
                                               :A=VG-l VG.j DEP-            AVG.          DEP. DEP.                                     DEPO                                                                              -;-                        il
                                     -;V-G-.                           .1 A                                                                                                                           E.- 13     DATE I I  Oss    NONTHIAVG
                                     7-7 5 59.41 68. 51                2.   ._            19               73a.01 INCH                  101 1.71                                                                                                     16.115.81
                                               NUMBER OF DAYS                             SEASON TO DATESNOW, ICE                       GREATEST IN 24 HOURS AND DATES                      GREATEST DEPTH ON GROUND OF
                                                                                          TOTZ'FOTAL . 1.0 INCH                         0                                                   SNOW, ICE PELLETS OR ICE
                                     MAXIMUM TFMP.IMINIMUM TEMPo                          67861 197 THUNDERSTORMS                       7PRECIPITATIOt:J [SNOW, ITCE PELLETS                AND DATE
                                               go,    32' 1 s 32* 1 . 0'                  DEP. DEP. I      HEAVY FOG                    02.711 13-14 1           0.0                                  0
                                               1      0     1    0 1        0             5071             9A CLEAR 4                   ?.kRTLY CLOUDY 15 CLOUDY 11             1

                                  EXTREME FOR THE MONTH - LAST OCCURRENCE IF MORE THAN ONE.                                             DATA IN COLS 6 AND 12-15 ARE BASED ON 21 OR MORE OBSERVATIONS AT
                                  T TRACE AMOUNT.                                                                                       HOURLY INTERVALS. RESULTANT WIND IS THE VECTOR SUM OF WIND SPEEDS
                                  - ALSO ON EARLIER DATE(S).                                                                            AND DIRECTIONS DIVIDED BY THE NU14BER OF OBSERVATIONS.
                                  HEAVY FOG: VISIBILITY 1/4 MILE OR LESS.                                                               COLS 16 & 17 : PEM GUST - HIGHEST INSTANTANEOUS WIND SPEED.
                                  BLANK ENTRIES DENOTE MISSING OR UNREPORTED DATA.                                                      ONE OF TWO WINDS IS GIVEN UNDER COLS 18 & 19 : FASTEST MILE- HIGHEST
                                                                                                                                                          @;?FFD 71OR WHlr-9 A MILE OF WIND PASSES STATION (DIR-ECTION IN
                                                                                                                                        COMPASS POINTS). FASTEST OBSERVED ONE MINUTE WIND - HIGHEST ONE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 TalF             -

                                                                                                                                        MINUTE SPEED (DIRECTION IN TENS OF DEGREES).
                                                                                                                                        ERRORS WILL BE CORRECTED IN SUBSEQUENT PUBLICATIONS.

                                               I (T*Rl'IFY I'IIAI' I'lil; IS AN 01-1-1CIAL I'VIALICAlION OF                             NAIIONALOCFANIC AND AI'MOSPHERIC ADWNISTRAFION,
                                               AND IS CO.MPILED I-'ROM RECORDS ON' @11.1; Al' l'IL17. NAI-IONAL CI-IMAI'ICDAIA CEN-rr.R.

                                                                       N,xnoNAL                                                                                  NAIIONAI.
                                                                       )c'l;xN(C AND                                                        0,\lx         (11.111A11C DAIA
                                  noaaArmosp(timk ADMINISTRA110',                                          AND l\F0R\lA'[luN sj@'RVRT                     ASlitAIII.F. NOR111 CAROUNA                 NArI'0NAI- CLIN4AriC DAI'A CFN-I-ER

                                    JUL 1994                                                                                                                                                                                                               ISSN # 0198-4500
                                    ERIE, PA.
                                    NAT'L WEA SER OFC NOAA                                                                                                                                                                                                 'o."I of Cowk
                                    ERIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
                                                                                                                                                                 LOCAL
                                    INQUIRIESICOMMENTS CALL                                                                                                                                                                                                              r
                                    (704) 271-4800 VOICE                                         CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
                                    271-4010 TDD/271-4876 FAX                                                                MONTHLY SUMMARY                                                                                                               sr,4,.     0
                                    TERMINAL BLDG.

                                    LATITUDE 42' 05'N LONGITUDE 80'                                                          11'W                                ELEV ATION (GROUND)     731 FEET                                             TIME ZONE EASTERN                               14860
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              K
                                                TEMPERATURE                        'F            DEGREE DAYS                 WEATHER TYPES SNOW/ PRECIPITATION                      AVERAGE                           WIND                                           SUNSHINE                 cO5VER
                                                                                                 BASS 65 'r                  I POG                               ICE (INCHES)       STATION                           (M. P. H.                                                               _"_THS
                                                                                                                             2 HEAVY roe                         ON E.              th FRESSURE                                               2            FASTEST
                                                                                                                             3 THUNDERSTORMS
                                                                                                                                                                 GRDz               (INCHES                    E-                             GUST         I-MIN
                                                                                                                             PELLETS                             2:W                                                                                       -                       Da
                                                                                                                             4 ICE                               A, -a                                                53                                             ul        El
                                                                                                                                                                 C4   3:
                                                                04                                                           SH IL                                                  OF Hq)                     C1                             0
                                                                                   (ZD                                       GLAZE                                                                             w                              w
                                                                                                                             7 DIISTSTO                               'Z            7C@' ELEV.                                                                                 U 7,
                                    24                                                                                            RM                             0700>                                                                        od                     E-
                                                                                                                             8 SMOKE, KAZE                                                                     -n a,                          a. ca        r4
                                                                                                                             9                                                                                 43 cn  > @A                                                     W 0
                                                                                                            0                                                    5                  w   737                           a3
                                                                15                 0=                                        SLOWING SHOW                        C,
                                                    3:                                                      u                                                    (:N. ul            U(FT.14SLj                 O@                                                                  C.         I
                                                                                   4.
                                        2           3           4                  5             67A        7B               18                                  91                                                                           617          18 19    20             21         22        2-3-
                                    1                                                                                                                            0                  11 12          13          14     15                      I=
                                    01  82          58*         70                 0             61      0                   51                                  00.00              0029.180       2 1         6.4    8.0                     20S          13 21                              2         2
                                    02  81          66          74                 4             62      0                   9                                   800.00             0.0 29.190     22          6.410.6                        23S          18 19                              9         9
                                    03  74          63          69                 -1            59      0                   4                                   00.00              0.0 29.350     04          9.710.3                        23 NE        16 04                              5         5
                                    04  82          63          73                 3             65      0                   a                                   a00.00             0.0 29.340     06          2.0    5.6                     16S          13 17                              3         3
                                    05  86          74          80                 10            68      0                   15                                  800.00             0.0 29.260     21          7.8    9.9                     21W          14 21                              6         7

                                    06  89          75          82                 11            71      0                   173                                 800.00             0.0 29.210     22          5.8    7.8                     21 NW        14 20                              6         6
                                    07  85          70          78                 7             70      0                   1313                                800 .29            0.0 29.210     18          2.5    6.7                     18S          14 21                              10        9
                                    08  91          73          82*                11            71      0                   1713                                80T                0.0 29.200     19          8.4    9.1                     18S          15 18                              7         7
                                    09  80          72          76                 5             65      0                   11                                  80T                0.0 29.200     2 3         10.412.1                       3 3W         18 27                              7         8
                    F::@            10  72          60          66-                -5            58      0                   11                                  00. 19             0.0 29.300     28          7.310.5                        23W          15 30                              9         9
                    P4              11  73          60          67                 -4            57      0                   2                                   00.00              0.0 29.350     29          3.1    7.0                     16 NW        13 3 2                             3         4
                                    12  85          61          73                 2             62      0                   8                                   00 .00             0.0 29.230     21          8.711.2                        22S          15 19                              7         6
                                    13  80          67          74                 3             65      0                   93                                  800.00             0.0 29.260     28          0.7    7.0                     21 NE        16 06                              4         5
                                    14  77          115         71                 0             63 3    0                   61                                  00 * 011           0*0 29*250     10          3*9    1*0                     16 SE        907                                9         9
                                    15  80          67          74                 3             68      0                   91                                  800.00             0.0 29.220     25          6.6    9 .9                    24W          17 28                              9         9

                                    16  75          62          69                 -2            61      0                   4                                   00 .00             0.0 29.350     32          5.6    7.0                     15 NW        13 34                              6         6
                                    17  80          62          71                 - 1           62      0                   6                                   00 .00             0.0 29 .300    04          3.1    5.1                     14N          10 04                              8         7
                                    18  80          68          74                 2             64      0                   91                                  800.02             0.0 29.220     2 3         3.6    7.4                     15 NW        12 31                              5         5
                                    19  84          65          75                 3             61      0                   10                                  00.00              0.0 29 .285    2 4         2.5    6 .9                    14S          10 3 0                             4         3
                                    20  91*         69          so                 8             67      0                   15                                  800.00             0.0 29 .290    18          9.9    10 .3                   18S          14 19                              6         6

                                    21  90          71          81                 9             68      0                   161                                 800.05             0.0 29.160     19          10.3   10.8                    3 0S`W       16 19                              8         9
                                    22  84          71          78                 6             67      0                   13                                  a00.00             0.0 29.050     19          12.312.5                       23S          15 20                              10        9
                                    23  79          69          74                 2             65      0                   9                                   800 .00            0.0 29 .100    23          9.011.1                        2 5W         16 28                              5         5
                                    24  83          68          76                 4             65      0                   1113                                800 .16            0.0 29.100     2 2         7.8    9 . 77                  23 SW        15 25                              5         5
                                    25  80          65          7 3                1             61      0                   813                                 00.12              0.0 29 .050    23          5.9    8 .7                    3 0NW        14 28                              4         5

                                    26  76          61          69                 -3            58      0                   41                                  00 .03             0 .0 29.030    2 3         7.3    9 .9                    22 NW        16 31                              8         7
                                    27  79          60          70                 -2            58      0                   51                                  00.11              0.0 29.080     13          3.0    5.7                     15E          934                                10        9
                                    28  77          61          69                 -3            60      0                   413                                 800.00             0.0 29.140     29          0.6    5.9                     15N          10 01                              9         8
                                    29  78          61          70                 -2            57      0                   51                                  800.04             0.0 29.280     04          2.9    7.8                     17N          12 08                              3         5
                                    30  78          62          70                 -2            61      0                   51                                  00.03              0.0129.3301231             3.31   6                                    12127                              6         5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7:51                    151SW
                                    131 81 1        64 1 73                        1             63      0                   811                                 8 100.001          0.0 29.380 22              2.7                            014 NW 1 14 30                                  1 21      11
                                                                         -                       OT      TOTAL               NUMBER                              OF ZAYS TOTALITOTALI                          FOR THE MONTH                  :            --         TOTAL                   SUM $1-.4
                                                    03                                           -       0                                                       i . 121 0. 0.1                                       6                       .5 331w      T 727                   FOR        19593
                                                                AV(@'              P.            A V".)                                                          El                                                   :i! =I1
                                        AVG.        AVG.             '    Di                     G. I DEP. I DEP. 1PREcrPiTAT.@CN*                                                                                                            DATE: 9 1 DATE. 9 POSS_ O"T"1AVG1A-.-j
                                                                     31            2.01 63.3             __1                 0;71- -01                           -2.                                                                                                                          16. 316 . 21
                                        81.01 65.61 73.                                                  0                        INCH
                                                NUMBER OF DAYS                                   SEASON TO OATTSNOW, ICE PEILETS                                 GREATEST IN 24           HOURS AND DATES                                     GREATEST DEPTH ON GROUND OF
                                                                                                 TOTALITOTAL a 1.0 INCH                                          111                                                                          SNOW, ICE PELLETS OR ICE
                                    !MAXIMUM TEMP.1MTNIMUM TEMP.                                         01 463 THUNDERSTORMS                                    7TPI ECTPITATION I SNO                        E PELLETS
                                                                                                                                                                 R                                 W, IC                                      AND DATE
                                                90*       32'                                    DEP. DEP. HEAVY FOG                                             1 0.291            07 1           11.11                                      10           1
                                                3         0                                                                  CLEAR                               5=AR7LY CLOUDY 15      CLOUDY Ii _j

                                    EXTREME FOR THE                  MONTH - LAST OCCURRENCE IF MORE THAN                                                        DATA IN COLS 6 AND 12-15 ARE BASED ON 21 OR MORE OBSERVATIONS AT
                                    T TRACE AMOUNT.                                                                                                              HCURLY INTERVALS.                 RESULTANT WIND IS THE VECTOR SUM OF WIND SPEE--s
                                    + ALSO ON EARLIER                DATE(S) .                                                                                   AND DIRECTIONS U:V:DED BY THE WMBER OF OBSERVATIONS.
                                    HEAVY FOG: VISIBILITY 1/4 MILE OR LESS.                                                                                      :OLS 16 & 17 : PEAK GUS7 - HIGHEST INSTANTANEOUS WIND SPEED.
                                    aLAN-K                                                       CrI, UNRE:-ICRTEC, ZATA.                                        '11= IT            WT11r)C -s                        "MCFq                   18 1. 19 * FASTEsT M?r-=-- HIGwES7
                                                                                                                                                                                    _@EE`D FCR                 A MI:.Z 3-1 WIND PASSES STATION @D:RECT=,:
                                                                                                                                                                                                   @ASTEST CaSERVEz- ONE                                   IiNc          =;HEST *@NE
                                                                                                                                                                 MINUTE SPEED kCIRECTION 1.; TENS @F DEGREES).
            0                                                                                                                                                    ERRORS WILL BE CORRE"TED IN SU9SEQUENT PUBLICATIONS.

                                                I CER111'N' IIIA]' HIIS IS,                                                                                      OF THI.                           VNI) \IM()SI'111RIC ADMINISIRA11O.N.
                                                AND IS COMPILI-D I`ROIA RECORDS ON 1-11-1: Al I'IIF N,\!@ONAL CLINIA11CDAIA (TNIER.

                                                                                   NA110NAL
                                    noaa                                           FA%IC NND                                 I-NX IR0%.MI`, L\1 4\11 1 1 111, Iml,v                 4 1 1%1.\Il( DAIA @ 1 "11-11                              DIRECIOR
                                                                AI'MOSPIII RIC ADMINISHU"10N                                 AND I%FoIz%IAI10\ NI-R% R I.                           \Silt.% It I F. NoRill ( AROI I\ \                        NAHONAL CLINIALIC DAIA CEN-IFIR

                             AUG 1994                                                                                                                                                                           ISSN * 0198-4500
                             ERIE, PA.
                             NAT'L WEA SER OFC NOAA                                                                                                                                                             J.'er or C041+
                             ERIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT                                                           LOCAL                                                                                         ir
                                                                                                                                                                                                                a
                             INQUIRIES/COKMENTS CALL
                                                                                 c                                                                                                                              r.
                             704) 271-4800 VOICE                                 LIMATOLOGICAL DATA
                             271-4010 TDD/271-4876 FAX                                                 MONTHLY SUMMARY                                                                                          %sr4,-, 0
                             TERMINAL BLDG.

                             LATITUDE 42' 05'N                      LONGITUDE 80* ll'W                            ELEVATION (GROUND)                     731 FEET                   TIME ZONE EASTERN                                   14860
                                             TEMPERATURE            'F           DEGREE D@YS       WEATHER TYPES SNOW/ PRECIPITATION                  AVERAGE                  WIND                                    SUNSHINE         cs"Y
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        OVER
                                                                                 BASE  65 F        I FOG              ICE           (INCHES)          STATION                  tM.P.H.                                                  TENTHS
                                                                                                   2HEAVY FOG         ON                              PRESSURE                          PEAK                    FASTEST
                                                            w                    E-4               3VHUNDERSTORNS                                                        E'             GUST                    I-MIN
                                                            9%                   z                 4 ICE PELLETS     GRZ            'w                (INCHES
                                                       43           1 W          u       0                                                                                                                             w
                                                                    o                              S HAIL              AT               :3            jOF Hg)
                                                                                                       2                                                                 El                                            Da        m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       E-4
                                                                                                   IDUSTST...        0700               Z             11, ELEV.          r:         w                           w           IJ In
                                                       Da                                                                           3;                                   t
                                                                                                   8 MOKE,HAZE                          V1                                     w                                r4               tn
                                                                                 ca                9 5                                                w737               F@ tn'
                                                       >                                           &LOWING SNOW                                                                                                 a.          W 0
                                                       4    a       2:                                                                                U(FTAHSL)          22 @l >                                Cl
                                                                    L@           a=      u                                          w                                    a:    4                                ul
                             1               23        4            5            67A     7B            a              9 ,           10                11 12              13 14 15   T1617                       18 19  20        21     22      23
                             01              84 66     7 5          3            62    0           10             a         0       0.00              0.0 29.295         22 6.2 8.2     16        NW            12 28                   2       3
                             0 2             82 69     76           4            67    0           111            8         0       0.00              0.0 29.255         25 5.4 8.2     17        NW            15 2 9                  4       6
                             0 3             81 67     74           2            65    0           91             8         0       0.00              0.0 29.270         25 2.6 6.5     13        N             10 3 4                  5       6
                             04              85 67     76           4            6 7   0           111 3          8         0       1.68              0.0 29.100         20 11.112.0    4 0       SW            25 26                   9       9
                             05              68 55     62           -9           so    3           0                        0       0.10              0.0 29.270         0 210.311.8    25        N             18 0 3                  6       7

                             06              71 52*    62*          -9           4 8   3           0                        0       0.00              0.0 29.400         04 3.5 7.5     18        N             14 01                   4       4
                             07              7 855     67           -4           53    0           2                        0       0.00              0.0 29.330         10 2.7 7.6     17        NE            14 0 3                  3       2
                             0 8             78 61     7 0          -1           59    0           5              8         0       0.00              0.0 29.290         22 4.4 8.5     16        S             14 2 8                  4       4
                             0 9             7 262     67           -4           58    0           21             8         0       0.01              0.0 29.350         29 5.3 9.2     16        NW            13 20                   10      9
                    jc:@     10              7 061     66           -5           54    0           1                        0       0.00              0 .0 29.450        01 3.4 7.1     15        N             12 3 4                  9       9
             a) P4           11              6 758     63           -8           59    2           01                       0       0.09              0.0 29.410         17 2.4 4.6     10        S             918                     10      10
                             12              84 65     75           4            66    0           101 3          8         0       0.15              0.0 29.320         15 2.0 5.9     29        SW            14 20                   10      10
                             13              7 66 7    72           1            68    0           71  3          8         0       3 .12             0.0 29.180         21 11.812.4    49        SW            17 2 5                  10      10
                             14              70 6 2    66           -5           54    0           11  3                    0       0.79              0.0 29.100         29 9.9 11.4    26        SW            23 22                   8       9
                    PQ
                             15              6 956     63           -8           50    2           0                        0       0.00              0.0 29.275         2 87.910.2     26        NW            15 3 0                  4       4

                             16              76 54     6 5          -5           53    0           0                        0       0 00              0 029 330          14 2 07 6      16        I-Fq          10 3 5                  1       2
                    P@       17              7 76 4    71           1            63    0           6              8         0       0 : 0 0           0 : 02 9 : 2 7 5   14 5 : 36 : 5  13        E             10 16                   10      9
                             18              7 664     7 0          0            6 5   0           51             8         0       0.00              0.0 29.245         30 3.4 6.0     14        NW            10 31                   6       8
                             19              8.1 62    7 2          2            64    0           71             8         0       0 .00             0.0 29.190         20 5.0 7.7     16        W             13 2 9                  4       5
                             20              86* 67    77-          8            65    0           121 3          8         0       0 .68             0.0 29.055         19 8.910.2     24        S             16 19                   10      10

                             21              7 466     7 0          1            65    0           51                       0       0.36              0.0 28.980         27 3.5 7 .7    18        NE            14 0 3                  10      10
                             2 2             7 458     66           -3           56    0           1                        0       0.00              0.0 29.210         0 48.5 10 .5   21        UE            16 0 3                  4       4
                             2 3             74 55     65           -4           57    0           0                        0       0.00              0.0 29.410         21 0.3 5.2     15        N             10 3 5                  2       1
                             24              80 59     7 0          1            56    0           5                        0       0.00              0.0 29.420         18 9.5 9 .8    18        S             14 18                   6       5
                             25              7 866     72           3            6 6   0           71 3           a         0       0.21              0 .0 29.325        23 8.4 9.8     21        SW            16 27                   7       7

                             26              8 36 3    7 3          4            66    0           81             8         0       0.00              0.0 29.300         22 6 . 38 .3   18        W             14 26                   9       7
                             27              8 069     75           6            68    0           101            8         0       0.00              0.0 29.270         2 54.9 7.2     14        NW            10 30                   6       6
                             2 8             81 6 7    7 4          5            66    0           91  3          8         0       0.49              0.0 29.060         22 9.113.3     44        SW            26 24                   10      9
                             2 9             7 256     64           -4           53    1           0                        0       0.00              0.0129.1801311     5.21 8.9       22        SW            14 25                   4       41
                             30              74 53     64           -4           54    1           0                        0       0.02              0.0 29.280 19      3.5 6.1        13        S             10 18                   7       6
                             131             731621    68   1       0 1          60    Of          31                       0       0.021             0.0 29.130 24      8.111.61       261       W             117127                  91      91
                                                                                 11A                                                                                     FOR THE MONTH                                 TOT       %      Sum SUM
                                             sum sum                             T 12@TITAL        NUMBER OF DAYS
                                                                                                                                                      Ll 2   T27-2,91 8                 421
                                             1908                                                  '47                              TOT@              T@l 9.2                                     S,,,          26 24            FOR
                                             2374                                                                                   7 72rol              60                         .6                                                  203 204
                                                                                         DEP.                                       DEP.                                                                                         ONTH   Avr AvG
                                             AVG. AVG.IAVG-   DEP_               DEP.              PRECIPITAT:ON                                                                        DATE      _3            1 "T@.2, POSS
                                                              _1.01 AVG.                           -24 L' .01 INCH          13
                                             76.6 61.51 69.11                    59.8  0                                            3.66                                                                                                6. 516.
                                             NU14BER OF 'DAYS                    SEASON TO DATE SNOW, ICE PELLETS                   GREATEST IN 24 HOURS AND DATES                      GREATEST                DEPTH ON GROUND OF
                                                                                 ToT3TFoTAL        2t 1*0 INCH              Ov                                                          SNOW, ICE PELLETS OR ICE'
                                IMAXIMUM TFMP.jMINIMUM                TEMP.1           121 610     THUNDERSTORIMS 7                 PRECIPITATION1 SNOW, 1,CE PELLETS                   AND DATE
                                             90*  32* 1 % 32* Is 0*              1 DEP. DEP.       HEAVY FOG                0       3.911 13-14 1            0.0                                  0             1
                                             0    0    1      0 1                01    01          126 CLEAR 4       PARTLY CLOUDY 14                 CLOUDY 13            1

                             EXTREME FOR THE MONTH - LAST OCCURRENCE                               IF MORE THAN ONE.                DATA IN COLS 6 AND 12-15 ARE BASED ON 21 OR MORE OBSERVATIONS AT
                             T TRACE AMOUNT.                                                                                        HOTIRLY INTERVALS. RESULTAONT WIND IS THE VECTOR SUM OF WIND SPEEn-S
                             + ALSO ON EARLIER DATE(S).                                                                             AND DIRECTIONS DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS.
                             HEAVY FOG: VIS151LITY 1/4 MILE OR LESS.                                                                COLS 16 & 17 : PEAK GUST - HIGHEST !NSTANTANEOUS WIND SPEED.
                             BLANK ENTRIES DENOTE MISSING OR UNREPORTED DATA.                                                       ONE OF TWO WINDS IS GIVEN UNDER COLS 18 S 19 : FASTEST MILE- HIG.4vz-
                                                                                                                                    RECORCED SPEED FOR WHICH A MILE OF WIND PASSES STATION (DIRECTION
                                                                                                                                    @:=nxss 2c:@:Ts; .       F'          --=T z:2s= *Z: C,','E A:N'.'TE -.-r_Nc - Hl@-4EST ONE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ES IF

                                                                                                                                                                         T: N  N
                                                                                                                                    -:NUTZ SPEEC @ =REC 3 :N :E S OF OEC; EES)
                                                                                                                                    El                   CORRECTED IN SUBSEQUENT PUBLICATIONS.
                                                                                                                                    RRORS WILL BE

                                             I CERTIn' THAT TTUS IS AIN OFFICIAL PLBLIc.,@rio,; oi, I'IfF_ NA110N."LLOCEA-NIC AND ArmosPlIERIC ADNtINISTRATION.
                                             AND IS COMPILED FROM RECORDS ON FILE Ar rilL \AFION.AL CLIM.-U IC DkT..x cE\-rER.

                                                                                 N                                NAFIONAL                                   N11"10"Al.
                                                                    EANIC AND                      _NVIRO@\41-NT\L. *;AlT[_llll:. D,\F,\.             Cl.l.%lAllC DATA CFNITR                     DIREC`rOR
                             nomak Ai'\40SP.HcENR'IxCn(A)D.@6AilLNIS,rRAII().%,                    @ \,'.D INFORNIAnO\ SER\ICI-                                          "ORI'H CAROLINA          NAFIONAL CLIMAFIC DArA CENTER

                                                                                 Appendix B

                                                              BEHCH CLOSINGS BUIE TO HPICTE-191H

                                                                            T I M, LE    i CLOSED              NO -BEACHESI IHOURS. MINUTE3,j                MOUR5. MINUTEZ
                      D-A- E                                                     EM
                                                                          C LLIS                 UNTIL            CLOSED                                                        C,
                                                       CH                                                                              CLOSED               BEACHES CLCS-D
                    6 / 2. 1 9 41 T I               TWO                     10. 40               13.S6                  t                 3.1                        3.16
                    6 / Z I 1141       T          6 U D NY                  10,413               13.S6                  1                 3.16                       3.16
                    3115 ! ".44        Ill I WEST EXTENSIOV                 1,35.50              4-:0.0 0               5                 6.50                       32-50
                                                ONE WESTI,
                                                    ONE-
                                                ONE EASi7
                                                  ELEVEN
                    8     8            T  I WEST EX; T E 145;1 QN-1         12-  - G G     1     2"-.Ilo                                  8.00           1           8.0c,
                                                ONE WEST!
                                                        E
                    8/16 11:14         T            0 N                       -                  20.00                  3                 10.130                      0. 0 CI
                                  I      I        ELEVEN       -     I                                       I
                          7.,'Gl 4     @'A.;    ONE                         10.00                13.15                  2                 3.15                       A A F.,

                    8/23/9-11          T          E L F,.' P 1              13.50          1     20.00                  1           -u. 5 0                          6.5 C,
                        2, 4;-S 147!   W          E L EY E N                  1). 0 ;'.'!1       13.01)                 1                 3.00                       31,00-
                          0''.7.q a;   T          E L EV E .1-1             10-30                I-10.0s                                                             2. 7 5

                                                                                                                                         NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY
                                                                                                                                                                            1
                                                                                                                                                                            !411@
                                                                                                                                         3 6668 14111696 4