[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]



                                                   Lprotection of Potable Water Supply
                                                                           Study and Plan

                                                                       Lancaster County, VA
                                                                                  May, 1995



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                                                                               Prepared By:
                                                      Patrick G. Frere, Environmental Planner
                                                Lancaster County Planning and Land Use Office








 CSI
                                       Ilis Comprehensive Plan was funded, in part, by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources
                                  Management Program through Cirmt #NA47OZO287-01 ofthe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office
                                  of Oemn and Coastal Resource Management, under the Coastal Zone Management Ad of 1972, as amended. The views
                                     expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of NOAA or any of its subagencies.

                                      Ibis Comprehensive Plan was finuled, in part, by a grant from the Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department,
                                                                              Commortwealth of Virginia











                                                                 Table of Contents


                 L         Surface Water


                           A.       Surface Water Quality

                                    1.       Measures of Surface Water Quality            ............................................  2
                                             a.       Condemned Shellfish Grounds            .........................................  2
                                             b.       Ambient Water Quality Monitoring            ...................................   2
                                             C.       Nonpoint Source Pollution Monitoring              ..............................  4

                                    2.       Sensitive Surface Water Features         ...............................................   4
                                             a.       Submerged Aquatic Vegetation            ........................................  4
                                             b.       Wetlands   .................................................   ****'*,**,*'**'***5
                                             C.       Shellfish Grounds. .     .......................................................  5

                                    3.       Threats to Surface Water Quality         ...............................................   5
                                             a.       Role of Soils in Pollution      ........  :,*****--***--*'"**      ---- ******"* 5
                                             b.       Sources of Surface Water Pollution          ...................................   7
                                                      i.       Nonpoint Source Pollution         .....................................  7
                                                      ii.      Point Sources/Permitted Discharges           ..........................  8
                                                      iii.     Septic Systems/Sewage Disposal           ..............................  9

                           B        Potential of Surface Waters for Future Water Supply                   ..........................  10

                 11.       Groundwater


                           A.       Groundwate%Structure          ..................................................................  12
                                    1 .      ColumbiaAquifer       ................................................................   13
                                    2.       Yorktown-EastoverAquifer          .....................................................  14
                                    3.       Chickahominy-PineyPointAquifer             ............................................. 14
                                    4.       Brightseat-UpperPotomacAquifer           .............................................   15
                                                      a.       Effects of Drawdown in the Brightseat-
                                                               UpperPotomac       ..................................................  16

                           B.       Existing and Projected Demand for Groundwater in Lancaster Co                        ..........   17

                           C.       Threats to Groundwater Supply            ......................................................   18
                                    1 .      Septic Systems/Sewage Disposal         ...............................................   18
                                    2.       UndergroundStorageTanks          .....................................................   19
                                    3.       Uncapped/AbandonedWells           ....................................................   20
                                    4.       Improper Disposal of Household Hazardous Waste                .........................  20

                111.       Assessment ofExisting Conditions             ...........................................................   21

                           A.       SurfaceWater      ..............................................   .............................  21










                        B.       Groundwater       ............................................................................. 9)


               IV.      GoalsandObjectives         .............................................................................. 23

               V.       Potable Water Supply Plan          ...................................................................... 25

                        A .      Groundwater       ............................................................................. 25
                                 f .        Water Table Aquifers    ............................................................ 25
                                 2.         AbandonedWells      ................................................................. 26
                                 3.         Household Hazardous Waste Collection Day           ................................. 26
                                 4.         GroundwaterManagementDistrict           ............................................. 26
                                 5.         Drilling TestWells   ............................................................... 26
                                 6.         Regional Water System Plan      .................................................... 27

                        B .      SurfaceWater      ............................................................................. 27
                                 1 .        Septic System Inventory    ......................................................... 27
                                 2.         Identify Possible Impoundment Areas       .........................................  27
                                 3.         Continue Present EnforcementLevels        .........................................  27



               GlossaryofTerms         ......................................................................................... 28


                                                                  Appendix
                                            I      Condemned Shellfish Ground List
                                            2.     Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Map
                                            3.     Wetlands Map
                                            4.     Shellfish Ground Map
                                            5.     List of Permitted Dischargers
                                            6.     Housing Units Using Septic Systems Map
                                            7.     Proposed Impoundment Area Maps
                                            8.     USGS Test Well Data for Lancaster County
                                            9.     USGS Water User Data for Regional Aquifers


                                                               Table of Maps
                                            1.     Surface Waters of Lancaster County
                                            2.     Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Stations
                                            3.     State Hydrologic Units
                                            4.     Groundwater Graphic
                                            5.     Generalized Groundwater Structure of Lancaster County
                                            6.     Housing Units Using Shallow/Dug Wells
                                            7.     Housing Units Using Individual Drilled Wells
                                            8.     Housing Units Using Public Supply Wells










                                           Protection of Potable Water Supply


                The ground water and surface water supplies of Lancaster County are recognized to be one
                of its most valuable natural resources. Lancaster's ground water resources provide the
                County with 100% of its potable water supply. Meanwhile, the County's surface water
                provides a source of employment for the seafood industry, a major attraction for the tourism
                industry, a source of recreation for citizens, and a potential future water supply for the
                County. The health of the people, the economy, and the hope for future growth are all
                dependent on the quality of these important water resources.

                The Lancaster County Potable Water Supply Study and Plan will assess the existing state of
                this resource, develop goals and objectives concerning the water supply, and present
                recommendations for protecting and enhancing the water supply in the future. The study
                will be divided into two sections. The first will examine the existing surface water
                conditions in Lancaster County. The second will investigate the existing groundwater
                conditions in the County. The plan will be realistic in that it recognizes that-surface and
                ground water resources are regionally shared and therefore require regional efforts to assure
                their protection. However, the plan also recognizes that much can be done within the
                county's boundaries to protect our vital water resources. Recommendations proposed in this
                plan will address the regional and local nature of these resources.




                                                 -I SUREACE WATER

                Lancaster County is bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the East and the Rappahannock
                River to the South. Many tidal water bodies meander through the County on the way to the
                Bay and River including Lancaster Creek, the Corrotoman River, including the Western and
                Eastern Branches, Carters Creek, Indian Creek, Dymer Creek, Tabbs Creek, Antipoison
                Creek, as well as many smaller creeks. Combined these water bodies give Lancaster County
                264.77 miles of tidal shoreline. (See Lancaster County Surface Water Bodies Map on Next
                Page)

                Lancaster County also has many existing privately owned millponds which would be
                categorized as surface water. These millponds are generally located in the freshwater
                sections at the headwaters of the above mentioned creeks and were created through the use
                of impoundment structures. Included in this group are Balls, Blakemore, Camps, Chinns,
                Davis, Duntons, and Norris millponds.








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                                                                                                                   2

                                                  A. Surface Water Quality

               Quality of surface waters is of vital importance to the Lancaster County community. First      many
               commercial fishermen, seafood industry owners, marina owners, and related employees dep'end
               on local waters for their livelihood. Second, citizens of the county enjoy living in a rural scenic
               setting which is -enhanced by views of, and access, to the water. Lastly, the water is a source
               of recreation for man in the Lancaster County community, as well as for many visitors to the
               area.



               L      MeasureS of Surface Water Quality

               a
                      Condemned ShellfiSh Grounds
               One indicator of surface water quality is the location of condemned and seasonally condemned
               shellfish grounds. Every two years the Commonwealth of Virginia prepares a report on the
               quality of the State's Waters and presents it to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
               the United States Congress. The document is called the 305 (b) Roort to EPA and ConU-ess
               and addresses bow well the State is meeting the Federal Clean Water Act's goals of providing
               fishable and swimmable waters. In this report state waters are evaluated as to whether they are
               "Fully Supporting", "Fully Supporting But Threatened", "Partially Supporting", or "Not
               Supporting" concerning the goal of fishable waters. Local waters which have been condemned
               for shellfishing by the Virginia Department of Health fall under the category of Partially
               Supporting in regards to fishing.

               As of 1988, Lancaster County had 1,372 acres of condemned shellfish grounds (Pg. 84,
               Lancaster Comty Shoreline Manag-ement Study Preliminw.-y Results, 1988). Typically shellfish
               condemnation areas in Lancaster County are found only in small portions of creeks, not
               throughout the entire creek. Exceptions are Carter Creek, Greenvale Creek, Paynes Creek,
               Beach Creek, Lancaster Creek, and Mulberry Creek, which are all mostly, or totally, designated
               as condemned or seasonally condemned. A complete listing of Lancaster County shellfish
               condemnations can be seen in the Appendix.

               Locations of shellfish condemnations are important water quality indicators because the waters
               have been condemned due to elevated levels of fecal coliform bacteria. High levels of fecal
               coliform bacteria can be due to animal (domestic and wild) waste, failing septic systems,
               marinas, or the flushing characteristics of the particular water body.


                    Ambient Water QuaI4 Mgnitoring

               Another measurement of water quality which is addressed in the 305 (b) R=g_r_t is ambient water
               quality monitoring results. The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality has designated
               monitoring stations at various locations in the different surface water bodies throughout the state.
               The stations are used to monitor four conventional pollutant levels including, dissolved oxygen,










                                                                                                              3

              pH, temperature, and fecal coliform bacteria. Data collected from each station is then assessed
              to see if it meets the Virginia Water Quality Standards for Dissolved Oxyg?,n . 12H. aW Maximum
              Temperature. There are seven ambient water quality stations which are located in, or very close
              to, Lancaster County's boundaries. Five of these are located in the Rappahannock River, one
              in the Corrotoman River, and one in Indian Creek. Results from these seven stations are listed
              below:


              W 22 (Station ID: 3-CRROO3.38) - This station is located in the Corrotoman River near Red
              Buoy #6 in Lancaster County. This station recorded 0 violations of the Virginia Water Quality
              Standards. During the reporting time frame, there were 25 samples taken for temperature, 24
              samples of dissolved oxygen, 26 for pH, and 14 for coliform bacteria. (p. B-7 of the Appendix,
              305 (b) Rgport to EPA and Congress)

              W 23 (Station ID: 3-RPP010.60) - This station is located in the Rappahannock River off
              Orchard Point near the Lancaster County and Middlesex County boundary in the Rappahannock
              River Basin. This station recorded 0 violations of the Virginia Water Quality Standards. During
              the reporting time fi-ame, there were 26 samples taken for temperature, 24 samples of dissolved
              oxygen, 26 for pH, and 15 for coliform bacteria. (p. B-8 of the Appendix, 305 (b) R=ort to
              EPA and Congress.)

              W 24 (Station ID: 3-RPPO 17.72) - This station is located near buoy #8 southwest of the mouth
              of Greenvale Creek near the Lancaster County and Middlesex County boundary in the
              Rappahannock River Basin. This station recorded 0 violations of the Virginia Water Quality
              Standards. During the reporting time fi-ame, there were 27 samples taken for temperature, 22
              samples of dissolved oxygen, 27 for pH, and 14 for coliform bacteria. (p. B-8 of the Appendix,
              305 (h) R=rt to EPA and CongLeu.)

              W 25 (Station ID:3-RPP025.52) - This station is located near buoy #11 off Goose Point on
              the Middlesex County side in the Rappahannock River Basin. This station recorded 0 violations
              of the Virginia Water Quality Standards. During the reporting time fi-ame, there were 23
              samples taken for temperature, 20 samples of dissolved oxygen, 23 for pH, and 0 for coliform
              bacteria. (p. B-8 of the Appendix, 305 (b) Rg&,= to EPA and Congress)

              W 26 (Station ID:3-RPP031.57 - This station is located opposite Morattico on the Middlesex
              County side in the Rappahannock River Basin. This station recorded 0 violations of the Virginia
              Water Quality Standards. During the reporting time frame, there were 23 samples taken for
              temperature, 21 samples of dissolved oxygen, 23 for pH, and 0 for coliform bacteria. (p. B-8
              of the Appendix, 305 (b) R=ort to EPA and Conaess.)

              W 9 (Station ID: 7-IND002.26) - This station is located in Indian Creek opposite Kilmarnock
              Wharf on the Northumberland County side of the creek in the Chesapeake Bay Basin. This
              station recorded 0 violations of the Virginia Water Quality Standards. During the reporting time
              frame, there were 22 samples taken for temperature, 21 samples of dissolved oxygen, 22 for Ph,
              and 21 for cofiform bacteria. However, there was one instance where the test of sediments











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             exceeded standards due to copper (metals) in the creek sediment. (p. B-14 of the Appendix, 305
             (b) Report to EPA and Congress.)

             LE 3.6 (Station ID: LE3.6) - This station is located at the mouth of the Rappahannock River
             between Windmill and Stingray Points in the Chesapeake Bay Basin and is designated as a
             Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Station. No data could be found to determine water
             quality for this area.


             C.      Nonpoint Source Pollution Monitadn-g (Will be addressed below under "Threats to
                                                                  Surface Water Quality" section.)




             2.     Sensitive Surface Water Features

             Lancaster County is fortunate to benefit from an abundance of marine resources which are
             directly related to the quality of its surface water bodies. These natural resources include
             Submerged Aquatic Vegetation, Wetlands, and Shellfish Grounds. Descriptions of these features,
             their functions in the man-made and natural environments, and the extent of their presence in
             Lancaster County are given below.


             a-     Sub trged Aguatic Vegetation

             Submerged Aquatic Vegetation(SAV), or seagrass, is a valuable nann-al marine resource which
             is found adjacent to the shoreline in many parts of Lancaster County. SAV is important because
             it provides ideal habitat for blue crabs and juvenile finfish. SAV also acts to provide protection
             for molting crabs and is a source of food for waterfowl. Lastly, as evidenced by the important
             role it plays in the marine environment, SAV is also of great value to the County's commercial
             and recreational fisheries.

             According to the 1993 Distribution of Submerged Aquatic Veg=tjon in the Cbesapcake Bay
             (Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science; The College of William and
             Mary), SAV beds in Lancaster County are found in the Corrotoman River, along the north shore
             of the Rappahannock River from the Corrotoman River to Windmill Point; as well as in Dymer
             Creek, Indian Creek, Little Bay, and Fleets Bay. Furthermore, this report notes that SAV beds
             have declined in the area of the Rappahannock River between Carters Creek and the mouth of
             the CorTotoman River. However, SAV has also slowly expanded in some areas of Lancaster
             County. One large bed near Windmill Point is cited as having grown from 28 hectares in 1992,
             to 44 hectares in 1993. (Specific distribution of SAV in the lower part of Lancaster County can
             be seen in the "Submerged Aquatic Vegetation, 1993 Irvington, Fleets Bay, Wilton, and
             Deltaville, VA Quadrangles" map in the Appendix.)











                                                                                                                  5

                b-     Wetlands

                Wetlands are defined by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as "lands transitional
                between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or
                the land is covered by shallow water" (Pg. 4, Atlaa of National Wetlands InvenLQU Maps of
                Chesapca@k Bay. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services; September, 1986.). Generally, wetlands can
                be classified as either tidal or non-tidal. Locally, Lancaster County has approximately 4,504
                acres of tidal wetlands and 1,349.26 acres of non-tidal wetlands (Figures were obtained using
                the Lancaster County Geographic Information System utilizing a digital National Wetland
                Inventory map layer). (Distribution of tidal and non-tidal wetlands in Lancaster County can be
                viewed on the "Tidal and Non-tidal Wetlands" map in the Appendix.)

                Wetlands are important natural resources which provide many positive benefits to the man-made
                and-natural environments. Wetlands provide aesthetic, recreational, and economic benefits to
                the community. Furthermore, wetlands are spawning and nursery grounds for finfish and
                shellfish, feeding and wintering sites for migratory waterfowl, nesting habitat for shore birds,
                and homes to a wide variety of wildlife. Wetlands ftu-ther serve as important areas for
                groundwater recharge, flood control, pollution absorption, and retention of sediment from
                stormwater run-off (Pg 1, Atlas of National Wetlands Inventoa Maps of Che=eake Bay. U.S.
                Fish and Wildlife Services; September, 1986.).



                      Shellfish Grounds


                Lancaster County has a wealth of suitable shellfish grounds in the water adjacent to its shores.
                Despite dramatic decreases in shellfish populations and catches-in the last decade due to the
                diseases MSX and Dermo, these grounds remain a valuable resource which should be protected.
                Although it can not be determined if, or when, shellfish populations will recover from these
                diseases, the possibility remains that the resource could thrive again. (Distribution of shellfish
                grounds in Lancaster County are depicted on the Shellfish Grounds" map in the Appendix.)



                     Threats to Surface Water Ouality



                     Rol of Soils in Pollution
                Pollutants generally affect water quality through two different methods: rim-off and leaching.
                Run-off refers to water which is not absorbed by the soil, but is instead carried off by natural
                or man-made drainage courses to a surface water body. Leaching refers to water which is
                absorbed by the soil and percolates into the soil layers underneath. The effect of this type of
                pollution is usually felt on the groundwater supply. The amount of run-off or leaching in a
                community is usually dependent on the present land cover. Generally the more heavily an area
                is developed, the more susceptible the area is to run-off due to increased amounts of impervious










                                                                                                                 6

               land cover such as parking lots, buildings, and roads. The less intensely an area is used, the
               more the area is prone to leaching because of the large amount of pervious groundwater recharge
               areas such as large tracts of farmland and forest.

               Impacts from run-off and leaching are further complicated by the types of soils present in
               different areas 6f the County. Highly erodible soils have the potential to become a source of
               pollution in times of large run-off such as heavy rain storms and melting periods after ice or
               snow storms. This combination of a high amount of run-off and the presence of highly erodible
               soils can result in a higher concentration of sediments entering the county's surface waters.
               Furthermore, individual occurrences of pollution through leaching can be worsened through the
               presence of highly permeable soils. Awareness of these soil properties as they relate to existing
               and future land uses can help in pinpointing areas currently in need of mitigation efforts, as well
               planning for the avoidance of further contamination of water resources through improper land
               use.


               Lancaster County Soils which are highly erodible and the percent each soil type comprises of the
               County's total soils:

               1.    Caroline very fine sandy loam, sloping eroded (0. 17 %)
               2.    Caroline clay loam, sloping, severely eroded (0.05%)
               3.    Caroline clay loam, strongly sloping, sev. eroded (0. 18 %)
               4.    Craven silt loam, sloping, eroded (0.02%)
               5.    Craven clay loam, strongly sloping, severely eroded (0.21 %)
               6.    Kempsville fine sandy loam, sloping, severely eroded (0.09%)
               7.    Matapeake silt loam, strongly sloping, eroded ( < 0. 0 1 %)
               8.    Sassafras fine sandy loam, sloping, severely eroded (0.46%)
               9.    Sassafras fine sandy loam, strongly sloping, eroded (0.07%)
               10.   Sassafras fine sandy loam, str. sloping, sev. eroded (0.08%)
               11.   Sloping sandy land (9.26%)
               12.   Steep sandy land (18.13%)


               Lancaster County Soils which are highly permeable and the percent each soil type comprises of
               the County's total soils:

               1 .   Coastal Beach (0.48%)
               2.    Dragston fine sandy loam (3.19%)
               3.    Lakeland loamy fine sand, gently sloping (0. 61 %)
               4.    Rumford loamy sand, gently sloping (0. 16 %)
               5.    Rumford loamy sand, sloping, eroded (0.05%)
               6.    Sloping sandy land (9.26%)
               7.    Steep sandy land (18.13%)












                                                                                                                    7

                 b.       Sources of Surface Water Pollution



                 i.       Nonpoint Source Pollution
                One measure of the effect of pollution on the water quality of Lancaster County's surface water
                is found in the Virginia Nonpoint Source Pollution Watershed Assessment Report (VA
                Department of Conservation and Recreation; March, 1993). This report divides the State of
                Virginia into 491 different watersheds or hydrologic units. A watershed is defined as "a land
                area drained by a river/stream or system of connecting rivers and streams such that all water
                within the area flows through a single outlet". There are three state hydrologic units in Lancaster
                County: EO1, E02, and C16. EOI and E02 are part of the Rappahannock River Basin and C16
                is part of the Chesapeake Bay Coastal Basin. This report compares water quality of hydrologic
                units throughout the state in order to prioritize nonpoint source pollution protection efforts.

                                         State Hydrologic Units in Lancaster County



                                                                                          LEGEND
                                                                                         E01
                                                                                         E02
                                                                                         C16
                                                                                      State
                                 E02                                                  Hydrologic
                                                                                      Units
                                                      E01
                                                                                      Lancaster County, VA





                                                                                             

                                                                                        Created by:

                                                                                        Lancaster County
                                                                                        Planning & Land Use
                                                                                        Office

                                                                                        April, 1995



                                                                                                          I

               A brief summary of watersheds in Lancaster County is given below:

                       EOI - This watershed is cited as having "significant levels of urban use impacts due to
                       urban erosion and nutrient loadings, and the amount of disturbed urban land" (Pg. 138).
                       However, this watershed is not described as having any significant water quality
                       violations for fecal coliforms or pH levels. Statewide this watershed is given a final
 









                                                                                                              8

                        nonpoint source pollution rank of "MEDIUM -", with a rank of "High+" being the
                        highest priority watersheds for state nonpoint source pollution protection, efforts

                        E02 - This watershed is not described as having any significant water quality
                        violations due to fecal coliforms or pH level. Additionally, this watershed is not
                        cited for having "significant levels of urban use impacts". Statewide this watershed
                        is given a final nonpoint source pollution rank of "MEDIUM -", with a rank of
                        "High+" being the highest priority watersheds for state nonpoint source pollution
                        protection efforts.

                               This watershed is rated as a "medium priority watershed for agricultural
                        nonpoint source pollution concerns.       Due primarily to existing development,
                        watershed C16 is rated in the top 10% statewide for urban pollution potential."
                        Additionally, the water shed is cited as having a large number of shellfish
                        condemnations because of "urban nonpoint source influences". However, the
                        watershed was not cited for having any significant violations of state water quality
                        standards. Statewide this watershed is given a final nonpoint source pollution rank
                        of "High + ", with a rank of "High + " being the highest priority watersheds for state
                        nonpoint source pollution protection efforts.



                ii.     Point Sources/Permitted Discharges
                Point  source pollution sources are often referred to as the "end of the pipe" type of
                pollution. This means that the discharge into the water body can be traced to a single,
                identifiable source. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act requires a uniform permit
                program nationwide which acts to regulate this type of pollution-           In Virgin:ia, the
                Department of Environmental Quality runs a permitting program named the Virginia
                Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VAPDES) which carries out the requirements of
                the federal act. VAPDES is a permit program which establishes, on an individual basis,
                limits on the quantity and/or concentration of pollutants allowed in the discharge.

                When a VAPDES permit is issued guidelines are established which discharged effluent is
                required to meet. Moreover, the owner of the discharging facility is required to monitor the
                quality of the effluent and report the results of testing to the state. Additionally, the
                Virginia Department of Health designates condemned shellfish areas around certain point
                source discharges to act as a buffer zone from the impact of the discharge. In Lancaster
                County there are currently 10 VAPDES, 14 Special Consent Orders (Extensions to
                VAPDES), and 1 VPA permit issued to various businesses throughout the County. The
                chief industry utilizing these types of permits in Lancaster County is the seafood industry,
                with resort hotels a distant second. (See APPENDIX for complete listing).









                                                                                                                   9

                jiL     S=tic Systems/Sewage Disposal
                Approximately 83% of all private residences in Lancaster County utilize septic systems for
                sewage disposal purposes (See Septic System Map in APPENDIX). The chart belo* giyes some
                indication of the actual numbers of septic systems in the County and if they-are located in or
                outside of the three towns.


                                              S=@c/Ces4QW for Sewage Disposal
                                                 Lancaster- Cgoly- VA - 1990

                       Towns            534          51.90% of Housing Units in Towns
                       County         4.370          89.38% of Housing Units in County
                         Total        4,904          82.87% of all Housing Units

                       Source:        1-990 United States Census Statistics.


               The potential for septic systems causing pollution of surface water bodies can stem from the
               initial improper siting of the system, or from the failing of aged or not properly maintained
               systems. Often septic systems have been placed in soils which can act to heighten the negative
               impact of the system. In soils with seasonally high water tables, the water table can rise into the
               septic systems' drainfields and intermix with the relatively untreated effluent. Furthermore, high
               water tables can cause pooling of septic effluent on the ground surface. During a rain storm,
               pooled effluent can then quickly drain into nearby surface water bodies.

               Highly permeable soils also can act to increase negative impacts of septic systems. These soils
               allow septic effluent to percolate more quickly through soils underneath the drainfield, while not
               allowing for proper filtration. If the effluent percolates before it is properly treated then it can
               become a threat to the ground or surface water which it acts to recharge. The combination of
               high water tables and highly permeable soils is particularly a problem in densely developed areas
               close to the county's shoreline. The high number of septic systems in conjunction with poor soil
               conditions can lead to elevated levels of fecal coliform bacteria in adjacent surface water bodies,
               which can then result in the condemnation of the area for shellfishing.



               B.     Potential of Surfa-ce Waters for Future Water S=ly

               Much of the surface water in Lancaster County is tidally influenced and has saline levels too high
               to be considered as a potential drinking water source. Additionally, in the upper reaches of the
               creeks where the water is fresh enough to be used for drinking water, there is not enough stream
               flow to allow for direct intakes from the water body. However, at the headwaters of these
               creeks there are a number of existing millponds.          Furthermore, with improved, higher
               impoundment structures there is the potential to create larger ponds or reservoirs. The existing
               millponds, or the potential new ponds, could be possible surface water drinking water sources.











                                                                                                               10

                In 1973, the Northern Neck Planning District Commission conducted a water and sewage
                facilities plan for the Norbiern Neck (Water Quality Management Plan - Planning@ District 17.
                Northern Neck Planning District Commission and Deward M. Martin and Associates, Inc.;
                Callao, VA: 1973). This plan recommended several possible impoundment sites for each of the
                counties of the Northern Neck. In most cases the proposed impoundment sites roughly coincided
                with existing millpond locations at the headwaters of the creeks. However, the proposed
                impoundments were usually larger than the existing millponds, with new impoundment structures
                located a little further downstream than the existing structures. Eight possible impoundment
                sites, and their proposed sizes, were identified in Lancaster County. They included:

                I .  Reservoir #: LBBI     Streams: Balls Btanch. Lancaster C
                The drainage area for this proposed reservoir site is approximately 1,287 acres or 2.01 square
                miles. The proposed reservoir would have a total maximum storage of 1,212 acres. The 1,212
                acres would be divided into 483 acres allotted for flood and sediment volume, 561 acres for
                water supply volume, and 167 acres for fish and wildlife volume. The maximum water supply
                draft from the reservoir would be 0.58 Million Gallons Daily.

                2.   Reservoir #: LCMI Streams: Camps Millp-Qnd
                The drainage area for this proposed reservoir site is approximately 3,944 acres or 6.16 square
                miles. The proposed reservoir would have a total maximum storage of 849 acres. The 849 acres
                would be divided into 164 acres allotted for flood and sediment volume, 685 acres for water
                supply volume, and 0 acres for fish and wildlife volume. The maximum water supply draft from
                the reservoir would be 1.78 Million Gallons Daily.

                3.   Reservoir #: LLBI     Streams: Little Branch. Corrotoman River
                The drainage area for this proposed reservoir site is approximately 2,694 acres or 4.21 square
                miles. The proposed reservoir would have a total maximum storage of 1,736 acres. The 1,736
                acres would be divided into 562 acres allotted for flood and sediment volume, 1, 174 acres for
                water supply volume, and 0 acres for fish and wildlife volume. The maximum water supply
                draft from the reservoir would be 1.22 Million Gallons Daily.

                4.  Reservoir #: LLB2 Streams: Little B=ch, Corrotoman River
                The drainage area for this proposed reservoir site is approximately 1, 178 acres or 1. 84 square
                miles. The proposed reservoir would have a total maximum storage of 1,350 acres. The 1,350
                acres would be divided into 442 acres allotted for flood and sediment volume, 792 acres for
                water supply volume, and 116 acres for fish and wildlife volume. The maximum water supply
                draft from the reservoir would be 0.53 Million Gallons Daily.

                5.  Reservoir #: LMSI Streams: McMahon Swa=. Corrotoman River
                The drainage area for this proposed reservoir site is approximately 3,390 acres or 5.30 square
                miles. The proposed reservoir would have a total maximum storage of 4,693 acres. The 4,693
                acres would be divided into 1,271 acres allotted for flood and sediment volume, 1 47.9 acres for
                water supply volume, and 1,943 acres for fish and wildlife volume. The maximum water supply
                draft from the reservoir would be 1.53 Million Gallons Daily.











               6.      Reservoir    LMS2 Streams: McMahon Sw=. Corrotoman River
               The drainage@aiea for this proposed reservoir site is approximately 2,657 acres or4.15 square
               miles. The proposed reservoir would have a total maximum storage of 2,365'acres. The 2,365
               acres would be divided into 996 acres allotted for flood and sediment volume, 1, 159 acres for
               water supply volume, and 210 acres for fish and wildlife volume. The maximum water supply
               draft from the reservoir would be 1.20 Million Gallons Daily.

               7.     Reservoir #: LCRI Streams: Upper West Branch Corrotoman River
               The drainage area for this proposed reservoir site is approximately 5,495 acres or 8.59 square
               miles. The proposed reservoir would have a total maximum storage of 3,719 acres. The 3,719
               acres would be divided into 1,322 acres allotted for flood and sediment volume, 2,397 acres for
               water supply volume, and 0 acres for fish and wildlife volume. The maximum water supply
               draft from the reservoir would be 2.48 Million Gallons Daily.

               8.     Reservoir     LOCI Streams: Quarter Cove
               The drainage area for this proposed reservoir site is approximately 3,944 acres or 6.16 square
               miles. The proposed reservoir would have a total maximum storage of 849. The 849 acres
               would be divided into 164 acres allotted for flood and sediment volume, 685 acres for water
               supply volume, and 0 acres for fish and wildlife volume. The maximum water supply draft from
               the reservoir would be 1.78 Million Gallons Daily.

               (Source: Martin, Clifford, & Associates, NEDCO R!4=, Volume II, Pgs. VIH-44, VIII-45.)

               Precise locations and boundaries for these reservoir locations as they were identified in the 1973
               plan can be viewed in the APPENDIX.












                                                                                                                 12

                                                   H. GROUNDWATER



                                                 A. Groundwater Structure

               As stated previously, Lancaster County residents are 100% dependent on groundwater for their
               drinking water supplies. Lancaster County's ground water resources come from an underground
               system of aquifers which reflect the geology of the Coastal Plain Region of Virginia.
               Underground, the coastal plain is made up of unconsolidated gravels, sands, silts, and clays in
               addition to variable amounts of shells. This mixture of deposits rest on an underground rock
               surface called the basement, which slopes gently eastward. The basement rocks actually come
               out of the earth's surface at the fall line of the rivers, which is the dividing line between the
               Piedmont and Coastal Plain Regions of Virginia. As a point of reference the fall line of the
               Rappahannock River is at Fredericksburg, the fall line of the James River is at Richmond, and
               the fall line of the Potomac River is at Washington, D.C.. At the fall line the thickness of the
               coastal plain sediments is zero; however, going east from the fall line the basement rock slopes
               down and the coastal plain sediments become thick. By the time the downward slope stops at
               the coast, the coastal plain sediments are over 6,MO feet thick.


                            4- Fall Line
                                                                        Ground SLrface



                                                                                              Sea Le,ei
                                                 ovt                             Eled





                                                                                               HID



                                                                                    VC
                             -4,
                                                                 ier
                                                              Car&
                             I
                            .'A
                                                                                               IOCCI
                                                                                  ._X:




                                                                                               i500
                                                    EA                         orccsier Co.
                              Kinc Georce Co.         S7                     TL            T   FEE7


              Containedin the Coastal Plain sediments are a system of underground aquifers. These aquifers
              can pe pictured as underground rivers which travel through sand. These rivers also come to the
              surface near the fall line, then they slope downward to the east. At the fall line the aquifers are
              recharge , meaning this is the point where water enters them. From this point on the aquifers,
              except for the water table aquifer, are deep below ground. Additionally, each aquifer is
              separated from those above and below by clay confining beds, from which they get the name










                                                                                                                13

               confined aquifers. -These confining beds act to trap the water in between, allowing water to
               escape up and dowfi only at very slow rates. The confining beds also act to add pressure to the
               water, therefore, when the aquifers are tapped by a well the pressure enhances the'flow of the
               water upward.

               Throughout the Coastal Plain there is also an unconfined, water table aquifer. The water table
               aquifer is found between the ground surface and the top of the first confining bed. This aquifer
               is not pressurized and is the one used by shallow wells. This aquifer is recharged at ground
               surface level by rain water and below the ground surface by water bodies such as creeks and
               rivers. Because this aquifer is unconfined and recharges from the surface, it is very susceptible
               to contamination. Anything that permeates the ground surface can quickly reach the water table
               aquifer.

               Wells in Lancaster County tap four underground aquifers. Shallow wells utilize the Columbia
               and Yorktown-Eastover Aquifers, which are the water table aquifers. Deep wells, or artesians,
               tap the Chickahominy-Piney Point Aquifer and the deeper Brightseat-Upper Potomac Aquifer.
               Detail on each of these aquifers is given below.



                      Columbia AQuifer Mater Table)

               The water table aquifer in the higher elevated parts of the western and central, and throughout
               the entire eastern section of Lancaster County is actually an aquifer named the Columbia. The
               Columbia Aquifer is moderately used as a drinking water supply by the residents and businesses
               utilizing shallow wells in Lancaster County (See Shallow Well Chart on Page 14 and "Dug/
               Shallow Well Map" on next page). This aquifer is unconfined and made up of sand and
               sediment deposits found underground from an elevation approximately at sea level, to about 100
               feet above sea level. However, clayey sediments can produce localized confined or semi-
               confined conditions (Pg. C52, USGS Professional Paper 1404-C).

               The saturated thickness of the Columbia Aquifer ranges from 15 feet at the aquifer's western
               limit to about 80 feet in the southeastern part of the Coastal Plain (Pg. F5, USGS Professional
               Paper 1404-F). The local recharge area for the Columbia Aquifer is the ground surface of
               Lancaster County. The major sources of recharge are rain, ice, and snow storms on the ground
               level and underwater surface water body flows below the ground surface. Local conditions
               including topography, drainage patterns, and land cover influence where the most important
               recharge areas in the county are located. However, because the aquifer recharges primarily from
               the surface, it is very susceptible to contamination. Septic system discharge, agricultural and
               lawn fertiaers, leaking underground storage tanks, and improper disposal of hazardous home
               waste can cause contamination of this aquifer. Contamination in this aquifer also affects lower
               aquifers, because the Columbia is also a source of recharge for the underlying confined aquifers
               (Pg. F5, USGS Professional Paper 1404-F).









                                                                                         LE GEI'-ID
                                                                                      0 - 9-9 K
                                                                                     1D - 19.9%
                                                                                     20 - 29.97.
                                                                                     30 - 29.9%.
                                                                                     40 - 49-9%
                                                                                     water
                                                                                   Percent of Housing
           WIN.
                                                                                         in Bock Group
                                                                                   Uni
                                                                                     -th Du
                                                                                                   -NY Wells.


                                                                                           TER COUPM(
                                                                                    LAJJub@-:,
                                              W
                                                                                                1995








                                                                                  Prepared By:
                                                                                  Lancas ter County
                                                                                      -1      Land Use
                                                                                  Planr ng
                                                                                  Of f I
                                                                                          199D LIS. Cerrus
                                                                                 Source.
                                                                                          Blocl-@. Group Data










                                                                                                               14

               The ground water supplies of the Columbia Aquifer usually fluctuate..according to the seasons
               of the year, with lowest supplies present during local drought conditions. Lastly, localized high
               chloride concentrations in wells utilizing the Columbia are due t6io'cal intrusion of w7ater from
               the Chesapeake Bay and its major estuaries (Pg. 11, USGS WRI Report 92-4175). This
               condition is reported to be present in shallow wells in some parts of Lancaster County which are
               very close to large surface water bodies.


               2.     Yorktown-Eastover aInconfined- Water Table and Confin@d)

               The Yorktown-Eastover Aquifer is unconfined in its western limits, but becomes confined as the
               aquifer slopes eastward (Pg. F7, USGS Professional Paper 1404-F). The western limit of the
               Yorktown-Eastover is in the western part of Lancaster County. In this part of the County, the
               Yorktown-Eastover acts as the water table aquifer. This area also serves as the recharge area
               for the confined part of the aquifer (Pg. F7, USGS Professional Paper 1404-F). The unconfined,
               water table recharge areas of the Yorktown-Eastover are important because it is where
               contaminants can quickly reach the aquifer through the ground surface. This is of ftu-ther
               concern because the Yorktown-Eastover Aquifer if a primary source of drinking water for the
               Eastern Shore of Virginia (Pg. C51, USGS Professional Paper 1404-C).

               The Yorktown-Eastover Aquifer is not used heavily in Lancaster County (See Shallow Well
               Chart Below and "Dug/Shallow Well" Map). Use in Lancaster County would be by people with
               shallow wells in the western part of the County, and with wells reaching 75-85 feet in depth in
               the eastern parts of the County. Lastly, localized high chloride concentrations in wells utilizing
               the Yorktown-Eastover, like the Columbia, are due to local intrusion of water from the
               Chesapeake Bay and its major estuaries. This condition is reported to be present in shallow wells
               in some parts of Lancaster County which are very close to large surface water bodies.


                                     Dug (Shallow) Well for Source of Water Supply
                                               Lancaster County. VA - 1990

                     Towns             27           2.62% of Housing Units in Towns
                     County         1.652          33.79% of Housing Units in County
                       Total        1,679          28.37% of all Housing Units

                                            Source: 1990 United States Census




               3.    Chickahominy-Piney Point Aquifer (Confined)
               This confined aquifer is located approximately 200-425 feet below the ground surface in
               Lancaster County and averages 50 to 100 feet in thickness throughout its reach, with a maximum
               thickness of 140 feet in Lancaster County (Pg. C46, USGS Professional Paper 1404-C). The








                          GENERALIZED GRQUNUN,--JER      STRUCTURE   OF LAI,,JQIN7.:11ER QOUflY

                                                                              Columbia



                                                                                                     Seo Level
                                                                                          stover.

                                                  CqP_ i I a




                                                          P:
                                                                                                      5CO
                                                                                          ed

                                                                               CUE (3
                                                        r@icidle i:@O t: O,M C *3 C,
                                 in.


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                                                                                                      1 C) P-0
                                         ower  Poto  _60



                                              z"v


                               N

                                                                                                       15cf)

                                                                                                       FEET
                   Stofford
                                            CLAY                                Approx.  Lergth  of
                   King GeOF T_                                                  Loncimter County
                   Counties
                                            S. APID
                                                                  Source- U-S- Geological &jr-vqv
                                                  IENT
                                                                           Professionol PcL%er 14(-'4-F











                                                                                                                   15

               Chickahominy-Piney Point starts at outcrop areas near the major stream valleys in Stafford and
               King George Counties, on down through Caroline, Hanov                                    @ east
                                                                           ,er, and Henrico Countieslj st          of
               the fall line (Pg. C46, USGS Professional' Paper 1404-C). The major recharge area for this
               aquifer is also found at the outcrop location. Water entering from the recharge area flows down
               and eastward tor reach Lancaster County. Lesser recharge of the aquifer also occurs in smaller
               amounts from vertical seepage between the confining beds of the other aquifers and along
               existing well conduits. This aquifer is not as prone to contamination as the water table aquifer
               due to its limited recharge potential in Lancaster County. Furthermore, supply in this aquifer
               is not as susceptible to decreases due to local drought conditions.

               This aquifer is moderately used as a deep/artesian well supply by many light industrial, small
               municipal, and domestic users in Lancaster County (See Individual Drilled Well Chart on Page
               17 and the "Drilled Well" Map on the Next Page). Furthermore, the aquifer is thought to be
               capable of supplying large quantities of water suitable for most uses (Pg. C47, USGS
               Professional Paper 1404-C). Water in this aquifer contains concentrations of sodium, dissolved
               solids, and fluoride, which decrease while moving west in the aquifer. Specifically, sodium
               concentrations exceed 20mg/L throughout most of the aquifer, fluoride concentrations exceed
               2mg/L in the south-central part of the aquifer, and concentrations of sulfate, chloride, and
               dissolved solids exceed the U.S. EPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level in the easter part
               of the aquifer (Pgs. 13, 14, and 15, USGS WRI Report 92-4175).


               4,     Brightseat-U1212er Potomac Aguifer (Confined)
               This aquifer is located approximately 525-725 feet below the ground surface in Lancaster
               County. The aquifer is actually two aquifers located very close together, and separated by a thin
               confining bed. The Brightseat is the smaller aquifer and is located above the Upper Potomac
               Aquifer. The Upper Potomac Aquifer is located further below the surface at depths of 750 feet
               to 820 feet. These aquifers start from "subsurface pinchouts" east of the fall line and build to
               almost 400 feet in thickness to the east (Pg. C42, USGS Professional Paper 1404-C). Recharge
               areas for these aquifers are located at the start of the "pinchouts" east of the fall line. Recharge
               also occurs in much smaller amounts from vertical seepage between aquifers and along existing
               well conduits. These aquifers are not as prone to contamination as the water table aquifer due
               to its limited recharge potential in Lancaster County. Furthermore, supply of these aquifers is
               not susceptible to decreases due to local drought conditions.

               Most deep wells in Lancaster County tap the Brightseat Aquifer, not the Upper-Potomac. Water
               in the Brightseat Aquifer is of the sodium bicarbonate type in the central part of the aquifer, and
               becomes of the sodium chloride type when moving east. Additionally, ground water in this
               aquifer becomes more mineralized the further one moves east. For Lancaster County this means
               that certain parts of the county utilizing this aquifer have higher concentrations of sodium,
               fluoride and chloride in their drinking water. Specifically, dissolved-solid concentrations exceed
               the 500 mg/L U.S. EPA SMCL in the eastern part of the aquifer, fluoride concentrations exceed
               the 4mg/L U.S. EPA MCL in the south-central part of the aquifer and the 2mg[L U.S. EPA
               SMCL in the rest of the aquifer, and chloride concentrations exceed the 250 mg/L U.S. EPA









                                                                                          LEGEND
                                                                                        'ID    19-9%
                                                                                        20     2-9-9v
                                                                                        I'D    39.9%
                                                                                        4-0    49-97


                                                                                        W(3teF

                                                                                      -cent of Houses
                                                                                    in Block Group -with
                                                                                      Ned Wells

                                                                                     LANC4STER COUM

                                                                                         Mar&i, '1995







                                                                                   PrepCIFed By,
                                                                                   Lanecster  County
                                                                                   Plani--ing & Land Use
                                                                                   Of f ice.

                                                                                   Sour-c:e, lq       CeFv
                                                                                            ._go US
                                                                                                          us
                                                                                           Block Group DcAc








                                                                                       LEGEND


                                                                                    20 - 2@9-9%
                                                                                    40 - 59.9%



                                                                                   Percent of Hoi-ses
                                                                                   in Block Group -with
                                                                                   Public Supply 'Water
                                                                                  (Pufficly Owned or
                                                                                     Pr vately Owned)

                                                                                 LANNCA-STER -COU@M(, %/A
                                                                                         May, 1995






                                                                                  Prepared By,
                                                                                  Lancm ter County
                                                                                  Planring & Land Use
                                                                                  Of ficp-

                                                                                 ource, 1990 U.S, Cerrus
                                                                                        Block Group Ddc











                                                                                                               16

             SMCL in the eastern part of the aquifer (Pg. 15, USGS WRI Report 92-4175). Locally, there
             are elevated concentrations of sodium, fluoride, and chloride in water drawn from this aquifer.
             These levels are particularly high in areas from White Stone east including Palmer, Foxwells,
             and Windmill Point. Sodium levels are approximately 230 mg/L in White Stone, 300 mg/L in
             Palmer, 400 mg/L in Foxwells, and as high as 500 mg/L at Windmill Point.


             a.     Effects of Drawdown in the Brightseat-Upper Potomac

             The Brightseat-Upper Potomac Aquifers are heavily tapped for deep/artesian well supplies in
             Lancaster County and regionally (See Individual Drilled Well Chart on Page 17 and *Drilled
             Well Map on the previous page). The aquifers are a principal source of groundwater for
             municipal, industrial, and agricultural use in the York-James, Middle, and Northern Neck
             Peninsulas of Virginia (Pg. F9, USGS Professional Paper 1404-F). Due to this heavy use there
             has been some regional drawdown in the aquifer throughout the Coastal Plain Region.
             Drawdown is caused by the withdrawal of large amounts of ground water from the confined
             aquifers. The result of drawdown is that water levels in the confined aquifers have declined and
             the underground flow of water has changed. These resulting situations could present future
             problems for Lancaster County deep well users.

             Several United States Geological Survey reports have studied the Coastal Plain ground water
             aquifers, as well as the effect of drawdown caused by heavy pumping. According to one report,
             the decline in the level of water in the aquifers has changed the direction of ground-water flow
             toward the major pumping centers. When considering the Brightseat-Upper Potomac Aquifers,
             these centers are located near the cities of Franklin, Williamsburg, Suffolk, and Alexandria and
             the towns of West Point and Smithfield. Total withdrawal from these centers is estimated to
             have been 65 MGD in 1980. Franklin alone had withdrawals over 40 MGD in 1980 (Pg. F83,
             USGS Professional Piper 1404-F).

             Furthermbre, this report states that the heavy withdrawals have increased vertical leakage through
             confining units, reduced the volume of water stored in the ground-water flow system, increased
             flow from the water-table aquifer into the confined flow system, and decreased local ground-
             water discharge to streams and regional discharge to coastal water. Basically the natural balance
             between recharge and discharge that existed prior to periods of heavy pumping had been
             disturbed. Areas of heavy pumping now capture a large part of the water previously discharged
             from the ground-water flow system to surface water, such as the Chesapeake Bay and the
             Rappahannock River (Pgs. F 10, F 11, and F 12, USGS Professional Paper 1404-F).

             For Lancaster County this means that contaminants in the water table aquifer can now more
             easily reach the confined aquifers.    Furthermore, future underground water supplies are
             decreasing at faster rates than before periods of heavy pumping. Lastly, ground water supplies
             which used to travel all the way to the coast to recharge surface water bodies with fresh water
             get detoured before they reach the surface water. Impacts of this situation on the water quality
             of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries is unknown. (Specific data on water levels in wells











                                                                                                              17

               monitored in Lancaster and surrounding counties by the United States Geological Survey, as well
               as a Est of major water use areas can be seen in the Appendix.)

               Despite all the problems surrounding regional drawdown, it is believed that ample'ground water
               supplies exist for the foreseeable future. The Brightseat-Upper Potomac Aquifer is documented
               as capable of producing large quantities of high-quality water suitable for most uses (Pg. C42,
               USGS Professional Paper 1404-C).

                                      *Public S=ly Well for Source of Water Sm=l_y
                                                Lancaster County. VA - 1990

                      Towns           951           92.00% of Housing Units in Towns
                      County         LM             25.00% of Housing Units in County
                        Total        2,151          36.00% of all Housing Units



                                     *Individual Drilled Well for Source of Water Sg=l
                                               Lancaster Couaiy. VA - 1290

                      Towns            51           5.00% of Housing Units in Towns
                      County         1.982          41.00% of Housing Units in County
                       Total         2,033          34.00% of all Housing Units



                                     Source:        1990 United States Census Statistics


                                     The large majority of the wells utilize the Brightseat-Upper     Potomac
                                     aquifers for ground water supplies. A smaller, but significant number use
                                     the Chickahominy-Piney Point Aquifer.





                               B. Existing and Projected Demand for Groundwater in
                                                 Lancaster County, VA


                     In 1990 there were 10,896 people in Lancaster County, including approximately 1,100
             people in the Town of Kilmarnock. (1,053 in Lancaster, and 56 in Northumberland) The 1, 100
             people in Kilmarnock used a total of .129 MGD (million gallons daily) of ground water in 1990.
             The 9,769 people in the remainder of Lancaster County used a total of .88 MGD of ground
             water in 1990. This comes to a County-wide total of 1.01 MGD for 1990. These figures were
             approximating a 117 gallons used per customer per day (GPCD) in the Town of Kilmarnock and











                                                                                                                 18

               90 gallons used per customer per day in the remainder of Lancaster County. These averages
               were obtained from the 1988 R=ahannock W= S=ly 1!1an prepared by the State Water
               Control Board. These figures can ftu-ther be used to predict future demand for growid water in
               Lancaster County.

                     First, recent population projections were obtained for Lancaster County from the Virginia
               Employment Commission (VA Ponulation ftjections- 2010. VEC, June 1993). The projected
               annualized growth rate for the County was then applied to the Town's 1990 population to
               calculate projections. Lastly, the previous water use average for each customer per day was
               multiplied by the appropriate population for the Town or County to calculated projected ground
               water demand. This is detailed in the chart below.



        Year      Kilmarnock       GPCD          Town        County      GPCD        County        Total         Total
                   Population                  MGD's          Pop.                   MGD's          Pop.         MGD's
        1990         1,100           117          .129       9,796         90          .88         10,896        1.01

        1995         1,141           117          .133       10,162        90          .91         11,303        1.04

        2000         1,183           117          .138       10,508        90          .95         11,691        1.09
      @@2010   .L    1,250       1   117                     11,140    1   90         1.00     1   12,390   1    1. 1

               As is evidenced in the above chart, Lancaster County's projected ground water supply needs are
               not expected to grow significantly.      This projection would be in line with the 1M
               R=ahannock Water S=I-y Plan which stated that the present ground water system should be
               adequate to meet the needs of Kilmarnock's water supply through the 50 -year planning period.
               These projections would indicate that despite the negative impacts of drawdown, the amount of
               the water supply is not the immediate problem. Instead the problems with the quality of the
               supply, as discussed under the individual aquifer sections, appear to be of more immediate
               concern.





                                          C. Threats to Groundwater Supply


                                                     @1
               L    SMIfic Systems/Sewage Di=s.

               As discussed previously in the "Surface Water Section", individual home owners sewage disposal
               means can act to negatively impact groundwater supplies. The aquifers most susceptible to
               contamination from individual sewage disposal systems are the Columbia and the unconfined,
               water table part of the Yorktown-Eastover. Localized soil conditions such as high water tables
               and highly permeable soils in conjunction with large concentrations of septic -systems can threaten











                                                                                                          19

              the quality of the water table aquifers. The charts below detail the number of housing units in
              Lancaster County utilizing septic systems for sewage disposal, as well as the number,of housing
              units lacking complete plumbing and kitchen facilities.



                                          S=tic/Ce=QW for Sewage Di=s
                                              Lancaster C     -. VA - 1990

                     Towns           534          51.90% of Housing Units in Towns
                     County        4-370          89.38% of Housing Units in County
                      Total        4,904          82.87% of all Housing Units



                                  Housing Units Lacking Co=lete Plumbing Facilities
                                             Lancaster CouM. VA - 1990

                     Towns           8            < 1 % of Housing Units in Towns
                     County        324           6.63% of Housing Units in County
                      Total        332           5.61 % of all Housing Units



                                   Housing Units Lacking -Coml2let e Kitchen Facilities
                                             Lancaster CmnJ3@. VA - 1990

                     Towns          6             < I % of Housing Units in Towns
                     County        201           4. 11 % of Housing Units in County
                     Total         207           3.50% of all Housing Units

                                     Source: 1290 Unites States Census Statistics.




            2.       Undergrgund Storage Tanks

            According to the Department of Environmental Quality's Underground Storage Tank database
            there are approximately 326 regulated underground storage tanks in Lancaster County (Local
            Inventory of Regulated Underground Storage Tanks can be viewed at the Lancaster County
            Planning and Land Use Office). Additionally, many people in the county have unregulated
            storage tanks which contain fuel for the home heating source or their personal vehicles. These
            underground storage tanks can be a possible source of contamination for groundwater in
            Lancaster County.











                                                                                                                20

             Regulated storage tanks in the county are all tanks over 110 gallons, except for residential/non-
             commercial tanks less than 1,100 gallons, farm tanks less than 1,100 gqUons, and
             residential/commercial heating fuel tanks less than 5,000 gallons. Therefore, regulated tanks are
             generally the tanks found at most gas stations, convenience stores, and automobile distributors
             in the county. Current state regulations have strict requirements for the operation of regulated
             underground storage tanks. First, these tanks must be protected from corrosion if they are to
             be placed underground. Second, owners and operators of new and existing tanks must provide
             a method, or combination of methods for release detection. Additionally, these tanks are
             required to be monitored periodically by the owners for leaks. Lwdy, the owner and operator
             must report, investigate, and clean up any spills and overfills in accordance with state
             regulations.

             Residential underground storage tanks are not regulated by the Department of Environmental
             Quality. Most leaks are discovered and taken care of by the owners of the tanks. Information
             available from local oil companies suggests that problems with leaks are only found in areas with
             low groundwater tables. In areas with high water tables, water leaks into leaking tanks instead
             of fuel leaking out. Leaks in these cases will often be detected when water levels in the tank
             cause the owner's furnace or heating source not to light. However, in areas with low water
             tables fuel will often leak out and down when a leak occurs. Leaks in these cases will be
             detected only by noticing a drop in tank levels, or an increase in the usage of the fuel. The chart
             below indicates the number of housing units in the county which utilize fuel oil, kerosene,
             propane, etc. for the home heating fuel. It is assumed that these individual heating supplies are
             stored in either above or underground storage tanks. However, the percentage of these tanks
             located underground is undetermined.


                                    Fuel Oil. Kerosene. etc, for House-Heating Fuel
                                              Lancaster CouM- VA - 1990

                    Towns            402          46.47% of Housing Units in Towns
                    County         1.491          40.31 % of Housing Units in County
                    Total          1,893          41.48 % of all Housing Units

                    Source:        .1990 United States Census Statistics,




                    Unc=ed/Abandoned Wells
             Uncapped abandoned wells are potential sources for groundwater contamination. These wells,
             particularly shallow/dug wells, act as direct conduits to the groundwater supply. Disposal of
             waste into these wells can quickly lead to contamination. Furthermore, abandoned deep wells
             provide direct access to lower confined aquifers which are usually somewhat protected from
             vertical leakages. Census figures for Lancaster County indicate that there are possibly several
             hundred of these wells in the county.










                                                                                                                  21

                @4     lm=Mr Di=sal of Household Hazardaus Waste
                Due to tightened regulations and prohibitive costs, ma y iural counties'no longer operate their
                own landfills to dispose of solid waste. In the North,-rn Neck each of the four counties have
                switched to waste wMfer VM of waste collection and disposal. In Lancaster COulftY, waste
                and recyclable material are collected at two transfer sites. Waste collected at these -sites is then
                carried by a wa@te hauler to a large regional landfill in King & Queen County. Furthermore,
                marketable recyclable materials such as cardboard, paper, aluminum, and glass collected at these
                sites are sold by the county to generate revenue to support the costs of operating the transfer
                sites.


                However, due to limitations on the type of waste accepted by the regional landfill and the high
                costs of collection and proper disposal of household hazardous waste, Lancaster County has no
                system in place for citizens to dispose of this type of waste. Household hazardous waste can
                include used motor oil, paint thinners, solvents, antifreeze, etc. Therefore, limited options can
                lead homeowners to choose improper means for disposing of this type of waste, which in turn
                becomes a threat to groundwater supplies.



                                          111. Assessmmt of Existing. Conditions

                A. Surface Water
                Lancaster County is fortunate to have large areas of surface water within its boundaries. Overall,
                the condition of these surface waters is good; however, there are some areas for concern.
                Nonpoint source pollution has caused some degradation of water quality in the EO I (Corrotoman
                River) and C 16 (Chesapeake Bay) watersheds. The EO 1 watershed was cited as having
                significant levels of urban use impacts due to urban erosion and nutrient loadings, and the
                amount of disturbed land. This type of pollution would be attributed to new home or business
                construction, particularly on the water. The C16 watershed was cited as havmg a large number
                of shellfish condemnations due to urban nonpoint source influences. This type of pollution
                would be attributed to high densities of septic systems, or a number of failing septic systems
                located close to surface water. The C16 watershed also was negatively impacted from
                agricultural nonpoint source pollution. However, despite being mentioned for these specific
                nonpoint source pollution impacts, none of the three watersheds were cited as having violations
                of state water quality standards.

                Lancaster County's surface water resources also have potential, although limited, for use as a
                future potable water supply. In the County, there are no smaller fresh water streams which have
                suitable flow to allow for raw intake for drinking water purposes. Furthermore, saline conditions
                in the larger tidal portions of the County's surface water bodies would make them unsuitable as
                a supply for drinking water. However, the County does have a large number of existing
                millponds, as well as other possible locations for impoundment of fresh surface water supplies.











                                                                                                               22

             The existing millponds already serve an important function, since they act as areas of recharge
             for water table aquifer. Furthermore, the existing millponds are generally located at the
             headwaters of streams or creeks, and many have sparsely populated areas surrounding them.
             With enlarged impoundment structures, these millponds could be potential surface water supplies
             for drinking water. Lastly, all the millponds are located upstream of permitted dischargers. This
             situation would prevent discharges from affecting millpond or reservoir waters.

             B. Groundwater
             Lancaster County's citizens get their water from four aquifers; the Columbia, the Yorktown-
             Eastover, the Chickahominy-Piney Point, and the Brightseat/Upper-Potomac.                      The
             Chickahominy-Piney Point and the Brightseat/Upper-Potomac are the deeper, confined aquifers.
             The two deeper confined aquifers also supply other regions of Virginia with water, as well as
             parts of Maryland. Quality problems exist in the Chickahominy-Piney Point and Brightseat-
             Upper Potomac aquifers, mainly due to elevated levels of chloride, sodium, and fluoride. Levels
             of sodium and fluoride are of particular concern in Lancaster County. Sodium levels are
             elevated near White Stone and get higher going towards Windmill Point. Patterns of fluoride
             levels are more random, but tend to be high throughout the County.

             Each of the four aquifers has a particular recharge area. The Columbia Aquifer recharges from
             the ground surface in Lancaster County. The County has some influence through land use
             controls on protecting these area. The Yorktown-Eastover Aquifer recharges at the outcrop of
             this aquifer in the western part of Lancaster County. Again, the County has some control over
             the protection of these areas through land use ordinances. This area is of particular importance
             because the Yorktown-Eastover Aquifer is the primary supply of drinking water for the Eastern
             Shore of Virginia. Lastly, the two deeper aquifers, the Chickahominy-Piney Point and the
             Brightseat-Upper Potomac, primarily recharge at their outcrop areas just east of the fall line.
             They also recharge to a lesser degree through vertical leakage from the water table aquifers.
             However, the outcrop recharge areas are located near Westmoreland, King George, and Stafford
             Counties, and the City of Fredericksburg. To influence how these recharge areas are protected,
             the County would have to participate in some type of Ground Water Management District. One
             does not exist at this time, although regional interest in developing such a district is growing.

             Locally, Lancaster County can act to protect the two water table aquifers. The Columbia is the
             principal water table aquifer, and the Yorktown-Eastover is the secondary aquifer. The main
             users of the water table aquifers are owners of shallow wells. The water table aquifers are the
             most susceptible to pollution, and the recharge area is the land above the aquifers in Lancaster
             County. Direct threats include septic systems, underground storage tanks, improper disposal of
             hazardous home waste (oil, gas, etc.), and abandoned, uncapped wells. Additionally, recharge
             areas can be affected by large areas of impervious cover, local drainage patterns, vegetation, and
             drought conditions. Lastly, the highest concentrations of shallow well, water table aquifer users
             are most likely found in the older developed areas of the county.

             On the surface there appears to be an adequate supply of ground water for the future. However,
             recent studies believe that regional drawdowns due to heavy pumpage of deeper, confined
             aquifers should cause concern and warrants further study.










                                                                                                                 23

                                               JDL Gog1s and Objectives for
                                       Lancaster CQMM Potable Water Supply Plan


               Goal 1:        Protect and improve quality of surface waters of Lancaster County to assure
                              their continued benefit to the economy, recreation, and health of the
                              county.

               Objective:     Continue strict enforcement of the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act and Erosion
                              and Sediment Control Act Regulations to assure protection of the water quality
                              of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.

               Objective:     Continue review of local land use ordinances to assure that ordinances allow for
                              siting of septic systems in the best location on new lots, and in the area of soils
                              most suitable for their operation.

              Objective:      Work in coordination with the local health department to inventory and map septic
                              systems in the county to develop locations where there are already high numbers
                              of septic systems in use.

              Objective:      Explore possible water impoundment areas presented in plan for Lancaster County.

              Objective:      Support strengthened county ordinances to assure protection of proposed
                              impoundment areas.




              Goal 2:         Develop methods to prevent ground water pollution in order to protect the
                              supply of ground water in Lancaster County and to assure that an adequate
                              future supply exists for the continued growth of the County.

              Objective:      Organize a hazardous home waste collection day to give residents an opportunity
                              to safely dispose of their waste.

             Objective:       Inventory and map uncapped, inactive wells in the county and identify procedures
                              to encourage property owners to cap off wells.

             Objective:       Seek state and federal funding to initiate an Inactive Well Capping Project.

             Objective:       Develop a method of collecting waste oil in the county to give residents a safe
                              disposal option.










                                                                                                             24

              Goal 3:        Develop methods to improve and protect ground water quality in Lancaster
                             County to assure the continued safe health of the local people and the
                             economy.

              Objective:     Work in coordination with existing community organizations and the health
                             department in efficiently utilizing existing local resources in improving drinking
                             water quality.

              Objective:     Inventory and map active shallow wells in the county to lay groundwork for
                             identification of concentrations of contaminated shallow wells and if feasible
                             prioritize for upgrading to small community deep well systems.

              Objective:     Identify possible funding for community well improvements.

              Objective:     Strongly support Department of Environmental Quality proposals to drill test wells
                             in the eastern half of the county to monitor water quality problems. (Track inland
                             movement of dissolved solids; chloride, sodium, and fluoride in groundwater
                             aquifers.)

              Objective:     Support future regional efforts to establish a groundwater management district for
                             the Northern Neck and Middle Peninsula areas of Virginia.

              Objective:     Support preparation of a regional water system plan for the southeastern part of
                             Lancaster County. Plan would encompass county, as well as the towns of
                             Irvington, Kilmarnock, and Wbte Stone. Plan would emphasize cost savings of
                             using a coordinated, regional approach to address future water supply.









                                                                                                                 25

                                                          V
                                                              The Plan



               A.      Groundwa

               1.      Water Table Aquifers

               In Lancaster County, the water table aquifers are those most susceptible to contamination.
               Failing septic systems, agricultural fertilizers, hazardous home wastes, etc. can act to pollute
               water table aquifer resources. Furthermore, no regular water quality testing is done on these
               shallow wells to determine present areas of contamination. Therefore, it is strongly recommended
               that a parcel specific inventory be taken of homeowners utilizing shallow wells for their drinking
               water supply. After the inventory is completed, parcels with shallow wells in high septic system
               and agricultural areas will be targeted for water sampling. Available outside resources for water
               quality testing will -be explored and pursued. When funds are obtained, water samples will be
               taken to see if these shallow wells are contaminated by fecal coliform, nitrates, or some other
               foreign matter. After the well sample results are determined, areas with large numbers ot
               contaminated wells will be targeted for local water system improvements.

               If there are existing clusters of contaminated wells it is recommended that outside funds again
               be pursued for improvements to these wells. Specifically, if there are enough affected shallow
               wells in an area, the possibility of drilling a shared artesian well should be explored. After the
               well is in place houses which were previously on shallow wells should be hooked up to the new
               deep well. Abandoned shallow wells would then be capped off to prevent them from becoming
               new sources of groundwater contamination.

               It is further recommended that as these new community systems are established, care be taken
               to keep the total number of hook-ups to each system to a maximum of 10. The reason is that
               at 15 book-ups a well becomes an official public supply well which must be monitored and
               regulated by the State Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). Public Supply wells must
               be regularly tested with samples submitted to DEQ. The result is that the well requires careful
               monitoring, and costs more money to operate due to required sampling. Keeping the number
               of hook-ups below 10 will keep the new well from becoming designated public supply system,
               while still leaving a small number of hook-ups available for future development.

               Furthermore, it is recommended that a blanket well user agreement be established for users
               wanting to switch to the new well. This agreement will be a legally binding document which
               each homeowner signs on to. The agreement will assure that each homeowner is fully
               responsible for their fair share of maintenance or repair costs for the new well system. This will
               hopefully,. obstruct any future disagreements over who is financially responsible for any well
               maintenance or repairs.










                                                                                                             26

             2.      Abandoned Wells


             As part of the effort to control threats to the county's groundwater supply, it is reeommended
             that the county undertake a parcel specific inventory of all abandoned wells in the couniy. After
             wells are identified an informative mailing will be prepared to send to each property owner with
             an abandoned well. The mailing will caution owners to protect the well area and not to use it
             for disposal of solid or liquid waste. Furthermore, it will ask the owners if they would be
             interested in participat:mg in a county-wide abandoned wen-capping project.

             The abandoned well-capping project would utilize available outside funding offered for protection
             of groundwater supplies. The county would explore sources of such funding and apply for any
             available amounts.



             3.     Household Hazardous Waste Collection Day

             To provide further protection to the County's ground water resources it is recommended that
             Lancaster County establish a semi-annual Household Hazardous Waste Collection Day. This
             event could be held at the existing solid waste refuse sites. To sponsor such an event the County
             would have to hire a certified waste disposal contractor who would have proper authorization to
             handle and dispose of this type of waste. The event would be widely marketed to the public,
             and on this particular day Lancaster County residents would be allowed to come and properly
             dispose of household hazardous waste. This type of event is offered by other localities and
             provides an alternative disposal option for residents with this type of waste.


             4.     Ground Water Management District

             As a way to gain influence over the protection of ground water resources found outside the
             County's boundaries, it is recommended that Lancaster   County support any future proposals in
             the region for the creation of a State Ground Water Management District. Ground Water
             Management Districts are found in other areas of the state such as Hampton Roads and the City
             of Richmond. However, there is presently no such District to coordinate management and
             protection of ground water resources in the Middle Peninsula and the Northern Neck.
             Participation in a Ground Water Management District would enable Lancaster County to expand
             its ability to protect the supply and quality of ground water resources.


             5.     Drilling Test Wells

             To expand existing knowledge of the ground water resources of Lancaster County and the
             Northern Neck, it is proposed that the County endorse previous recommendations made by the
             Department of Environmental Quality (then the State Water Control Board) to establish
             monitoring wells in Lancaster County and the Northern Neck. Specifically, it is recommended
             that a monitoring well be developed to track the possible inland migration of elevated sodium,










                                                                                                                 27

                chloride, and fluoride levels in the White Stone, Palmer, Foxwells, Windmill Point area.
                Understanding water quality problems in the southeastern part of the County is vital to assure
                protection of less affected supplies located nearby in the more densely populated areas in and
                around Kilmarnock.



                6.     Regional Water System Plan

                To prepare for the coordination and efficient use of the future water supply in Lancaster County,
                it is recommended that the County support the preparation of a regional water system plan. The
                ongmal proposal for such a plan was made by the State Water Control Board in the 1988
                R=ahannock Water S=1.
                                           y Plan, The goal was to develop a plan which would encompass the
                County as well as the Towns of Irvington, YdImarnock, and White Stone. The plan would
                emphasize the cost savings of using a coordinated, regional approach to address the future water
                supply needs, and water quality problems of Lancaster County. This plan could also provide the
                opportunity to explore possible water impoundment sites for future potable surface water
                supplies.




                B .   Surface W


                1.    Septic System Inventory

                As part of the effort to assure continued protection of Lancaster County's Surface and Ground
                Water Resources, it is proposed that the County inventory and map existing septic systems in the
                County. This effort would help to pinpoint high concentrations of septic systems in the County,
                which could act cumulatively to negatively impact the quality of Lancaster's surface and ground
                water supplies. Information obtained from this inventory would be valuable in developing a
                future land use map for Lancaster County. Additionally, once compiled this information would
                aid in any future efforts to identify and prioritize areas for efficient placement of a waste water
                treatment works.



                2.   Identify Possible Impoundment Areas

                This recommendation can be carTied out in conjunction with the proposal to support creation of
                a Regional Water System Plan. (See #6 in the Ground Water Recommendations)


                3.   Continue Present Enforcement Levels

                To assure continued protection of the quality of Lancaster County's surface water bodies, it is
                recommended that the County continue its present, active enforcement of the Chesapeake Bay
                Preservation Act and the Erosion and Sediment Control Acts.










                                                                                                              28

                                                GLOSSARY OF TERMS
            Terms and measurements used to ftu-ther undewandi@g of ground water quality descriptions are
            listed detailed. They have been obtained from the following United States Geologicil Survey
            Report:

            Water-Resources Investizations Roort 92-4175. "Quality of Ground Water in the Coastal Plain
            Physiographic Province of Virginia". Focazio, Michael J.; Speiran, Gary K.; and Rowan, M.
            Eileen; U.S. Geological Survey; Richmond, VA: 1993.


            Chloride - The U.S. EPA has established a SMCL for chloride of 250 mg/L. (U.S.
            Environmental Protection Agency, 1990c;) Furthermore, the State of Virginia maintains an
            antidegradation standard for chloride in groundwater in the Coastal Plain of 50 mg/L
            (Commonwealth of Virginia, 1988)

            Dissolved Solids - This refers to the measure of the concentration of all dissolved material in
            the water. The U.S. EPA SMCL for dissolved solids is 500 mg.L (U.S. EPA, 1990c). The
            State of Virginia's antidegradation standard for dissolved solids in groundwater in the Coastal
            Plain is 1,000 mg/L. (Commonwealth of Virginia, 1988)

            Fluoride - The U.S. EPA has established both an MCL of 4.0 mg/L and an SMCL of 2.0 mg/L
            for fluoride. The State of Virginia enforces a standard of 1.8 mg/L. (Commonwealth of
            Virginia, 1982)

            MCL - This refers to Maximum Contaminant Levels, which is a U.S. Environmental Protection
            Agency (1990a) designation. Reported MCL's are set for health concerns. This is the maximum
            permissible level of a contaminant in water that is delivered to any user of a public-water system.
            The levels are enforceable.


            SMCL - This refers to Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels, which is a U.S.
            Environmental Protection Agency (1990a) designation. Reported SMCL's are set for aesthetics
            (such as taste or odor) or for limits on properties that affect use of the water (such as chemical
            aggressiveness, or potential for the water to deposit solid chemicals). These levels are not
            enforceable.


            Sodium - Presently, there are no Federal drinking-water regulations concerning sodium;
            however, the State of Virginia maintains an antidegradation standard for sodium in ground water
            in the Coastal Plain of 100 mg/L. The State also advises that persons on sodium-restricted diets
            avoid drinking water with sodium concentrations greater than 20mg/L, if the restriction is severe,
            and 270 mg/L, if moderate.









                                                          Cited Sources



                Atlas of National Wetlands Invmtprv Maps of Chesape
                                                                        .ake Day. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service;
                Regional 5 Office; Newton Comer, MA; and Annapolis Field Office; Annapolis, MD:
                September, 1986.
                Groundwater dthe Northern Neck Peninsula. Virginia. (PLuming Bulletin 307) Newton, V.P.
                and Siudyla, E.A.; Commonwealth of Virginia, State Water Control Board's Bureau of Water
                Control Management; Richmond, VA: 1978.

                Lancaster County Shoreline Invent=. Northern Neck Planning District Commission; Callao,
                VA: April 1994.

                Lancaster County Shoreline Management 5tudy PreliminwZE Results. University of Virginia,
                School of Architecture, Division of Urban and Environmental Planning; Charlottesville, VA:
                Spring, 1988.

                Local Assistance Manual. Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department; Richmond, VA:
                November, 1989.

                Management Program for Control of Potential Sources-of Contamination Wellhead Protection
                Areas: Lancaster. Live-1,y. and Irvington Public Water S=ly Systems, Qoum of Lancaster.
                Virginia. Acer Engineers & Consultants, Inc.; Hagerstown, MD: October, 1994.

                1923 Distribution of Submerged Aquatic Veggt-a-don in the Cliesapgake Bay. Virginia Institute
                of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary; Williamsburg,
                VA: December, 1994.

                R=ahannock Water Supply Plan- (Planning Bulletin 338) Commonwealth of Virginia, State
                Water Control Board; Richmond, VA: March, 1988.

                Selected Statistics. United States Departnient of Agriculture, Bureau of the Census; Suitland,
                MD: 1990.


                U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990a, Maximum contaminant levels (subpart B of part
                141, National primary drinking water regulations): U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40,
                Parts 100 to 149, revised as of July 1, 1990, p. 559-563.

                U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990a, Maximum contaminant level goals (subpart F
                of part 141, National primary drinking water regulations): U.S. Code of Federal Regulations,
                Title 40, -Parts 100 to 149, revised as of July 1, 1990, p. 620-621.

                U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990a, Secondary maximum contaminant level goals
                (section 143.3 of part 143, National secondary drinking water regulations): U - S - Code of Federal
                Regulations, Title 40, Parts 100 to 149, revised as of July 1, 1990, p. 674.








            U.S. Geological 5urva Professional Paper 1404-C. (Professional Paper 1404-C)
            "Hydrogeologic Framework of the Virginia Coastal Plain". Meng, Andrew A. III, and Harsh,
            John F.; United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1988.

            U.S. Geological Surygy Professional Paper 1404-F. (Professional Paper ' 1404-F)
            "Conceptualization and Analysis of Ground-Water Flow System in the Coastal Plain of @Tirg* 'a
            and Adjacent Parts of Maryland and North Carolina". Harsh, John F., and Laczniak, Randell,
            J.; United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1990.

            Virginia NoMoint Source Pollution Watershed Assessment R=            Virginia Department of
            Conservation and Recreation; Richmond, VA: March, 1993.

            Virginia Water Quality Assessment for 1994-- 305(b) ftort to EPA and Congress (Information
            Bulletin #597). Virginia Department of Environmental Quality; Richmond: April, 1994.

            Water Quality Management Plan - Planning District 17. Northern Neck Planning District
            Commission and Deward M. Martin and Associates, Inc.; Callao, VA: 1973.

            Water Resources Data - Virginia, Water Year 1993: Volume 1. 5urface-Water Discharge and
            Surface-Water Quality Records, United States Geological Survey Water-Data Report VA-93-1;
            Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and with other
            agencies.

            Water Resources Data - Virizinia, Water Year 1993: Volume 2_ Grgund -Water -Level and
            Ground-Water Q_uality Records. United States Geological Survey Water-Data Report VA-93-2;
            Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and with other
            agencies.

            Water-p,esouLces Investigations R=rt 92-4175 (WRI 92-4175) "Quality of Ground Water in
            the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of Virginia". Focazio, Michael J.; Speiran, Gary K.;
            and Rowan, M. Eileen; U.S. Geological Survey; Richmond, VA: 1993.

            Water Quality Management Plan - Planning District 17. Northern Neck Planning District
            Commission and Deward M. Martin and Associates, Inc.; Callao, VA: 1973.




















                                                                            1
                                                           4.7   -i ,



















                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     a


                                                                                                                                                                                       APPENDICK

































                                                                                           I









                                         Virginia Department of Health
                               Shellfish Condemnation Areas in Lancaster County


           I      Dymer Creek
           2.     Carter Creek
           3.     Rappahannock River (at Windmill Point Marina)
           4.     Indian Creek
           5.     Eastern Branch, Corrotoman River
           6.     Rappahannock River/Greenvale Creek
           7.     Rappahannock River/Paynes Creek
           8.     Rappahannock River/Beach Creek
           9.     Rappahannock River/Wyatt Creek
           10.    Lancaster and Mulberry Creeks
           11.    Deep Creek
           12.    Western Branch, Corrotoman River
           13.    Tabbs Creek
           14.    Oyster Creek (Rescinded, December 1994)
           15.    Corrotoman River/Whitehouse Creek
           16.    Antipoision Creek





                                                                               Submerged Aquatic Vegetation, 1993
                                                                                          Irvington, Fleets Bay, Wilton and
                                                                                                       Deltaville VA Quadrangles



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                            Dole flown: 5-21-93









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                                                                                                  Land Use.



                                                                                     April, 199:5,















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                                                                                                                                                     -@re if
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                                                                                                                                                     Lat        ter      oi-vit
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                                                                                                                                                     (if (ice-

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                                                                                                                                                   pl-'ell-n-livory Results.,







                                                                   Permitted Dischargers to State Waters
                                                                                Lancaster County, Virgina
                                                                   (DEQ VAPDES Permits, VPA Pertnils, & Special Consent Orders)

        Permit                        Permitted
        LQ_#                          Dis-charger                              Qgntnt               T_Q I e P Ni i ia    A dc [ LeM                       city      at-aft    ZJP       Laftudle    L-ongitul
   VA0002828        Oyster World, Inc.                                W.M. Cornwell              (604) 436-5470      P.O. Box 732                   Weems            VA     22576       `3739115N   762625
   VA0003735        Abbott Brothers, Inc.                             Gerald L. Abbott           (804) 438-5274      Rt. 1, Box 242                 Weems            VA     22576       373ï¿½37N     762635
   VA0003786        Barrack & Reynolds Seafood, Inc.                  W.M. Reynolds              (804) 438-5730      P.O. Box 38                    Irvington        VA     22480       373939N     762559
   VA0004481        E.J. Conrad & Sons Seafood, Inc.                  J.M. Conrad                (804) 462-7400      Rt. 3, Box 971                 Lancasler        VA     22503       374238N     763239
   VA0020788        Town of Kilmarnock STP                            E.L. Faison                (804) 435-1552      P.O. Box 1357                  Kilmarnock       VA     22482       374231N     762138
   VA0029343        The Tides Golf Lodge, Inc.                        Mac Brockelbank            (804) 438-6000      P.O. Box 309                   Irvington        VA     22480       37401ON     762541
   VA0029351        The Tides Inn, Inc.                               Tom Saunders               (804) 438-5000      P.O. Box 480                   Irvington        VA     22480       373953N     762557
   VA0060569        Windmill Point Marine Resort                      Ronald Rickard             (804) 435-1166      P.O. Box 368, VSH 695          While Stone      VA     22578       373703N     761724
   VA0071579        Bay Seafood and Bait Co., Inc.                    Meredith Robbins           (804) 435-3349      Rt. 2, Box 105                 White Stone      VA     22578       373740N     762100
   VA0071595        Dymer Creek Seafood                               W.R. Davenport, Jr.        (804) 435-2173      RI. 1, Box 3025                While Stone      VA     22578       37400ON     762109
   VASEA1002        Stingray Point Oyster Co., Inc.                   Joseph S. Jenkins          (804) 438-5237      P.O. Box 504                   Irvington        VA     22480       37393ON     762607
   VASEA1009        J. Henry Talbott Seafood                          J. Henry Talbott           (804) 438-5227      162 Hatton Avenue              Kilmarnock       VA     22482       37393ON     762615
   VASEA110111      Callis Seafood, Inc.                              Terry Hayden               (804) 462-7634      RI. 2, Box 1034                Lancasler        VA     22503       37403ON     7629111
   VASEA1015        RCV Seafood Corporation                           Weston F. Conley, Jr. (804) 462-5101           P.O. Box 85                    Morattico        VA     22523       374712N     763712
   VASEA1019        Cap'n Tom's Seafood                               Thomas E. Stevens          (804) 462-5507      Rt. 2, Box 539                 Lancaster        VA     22503       37392IN     763043
   VASEA1022        W. Ellery Kellum, Inc.                            Joseph A. Kellum           (804) 438-5476      P.O. Box 230                   Weems            VA     22576       373935N     762633
   VASEA1024        Julia's Seafood                                   Lewis D. George            (804) 435-3764      P.O. Box 832                   White Stone      VA     22578       373BOON     761830
   VASEA1 025       Doggett Brothers, Inc.                            Morris C. Doggett          (804) 462-7970      P.O. Box 66                    Mollusk          VA     22517       3743`14N    763240
   VASEA11028       Irvington Packing Co., Inc.                       Harmon C. Treakle          (804) 435-11600     P.O. Box 86                    While Stone      VA     22578       373906N     762529
   VASEA1030        T/A Pride of VA Seafood Products WSP              Stanley O'Bier             (804) 435-2063      Rl. 1, Box 4955                White Stone      VA     22578       373753N     762054
   VASEA1034        W.M. Cornwell Seafood, Inc.#2                     W.M. Cornwell              (804) 438-6281      P.O. Box 16                    Weems            VA     22576       373925N     7626118
   VASEA1036        WIR. Pittman & Sons, Inc.                         Edward R. Pittman          (804) 462-7955      Rt. 3, Box 332                 Lancaster        VA     22503       37462ON     763453
   VASEA1044        Chesapeake Fish and Oyster Co.                    Marvin E. George           (804) 435-2958      P.O. Box 332                   White Stone      VA     22578       373737N     762059
   VASEA1047        W.F. Morgan & Sons, Inc                           William C. Morgan          (804) 438-5154      Rt. 1, Box 241                 Weems            VA     22576       373926N     762615
   VPA014011        Rappahannock Westminster-Cent.                    Daniel Oelzel                                  10 Lancaster Drive             Irvington        VA     22480









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                   214                               GROUND-WATER LEVELS
                                                
                                                      LANCASTER COUNTY

                  374249076Z30101. Local number,59K 1 SOW 015
                  LOCATION--Lat 37 42'48", long 76* 23 01", Hydrologic Unit 02080104, at Lancaster County High School in Kilmarnock.
                      Owner: Lancaster County Public Schools.

                 AQUIER --Bright& eat-upper Potomac aquifer of Cratacaous-Paleocons age.

                 WELL CHARACTERISTICS--Drilled unused water wall, diameter 4 in. to 163 ft, diameter 2 in. from 163 to 716 ft,
                      depth 716 ft, screened 706 to 716 ft.
                 INSTRUMENTATION--bIMONTHLY measurement with chalked tape by vIRGINia Department Environmental Quality -
                      Water Division personnel. Sept. 30, 1976, to Oct. 1, 1985, occasional measurement with chalked tape. Prior
                      to Sept. 30, 1975, continuous strip chart recorder.

                 DATUM. --Elevation of land surface datum in 85 ft- above mean sea level.. from topographic map. Measuring point:
                      Top of caning, at land-surface datum prior to July 29, 1991; 0.75' ft above land surface datum thereafter.

                REMARKS. --Records provided by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality- Water Division. Water level
                     affected by local pumpage and regional drawdown.

                PERIOD OF RECORD. --October 1967 to current year. Unpublished records avail-able prior to October 1985 in files of
                      the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality - Water Division.

                EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD water level recorded, 95.89 ft below land-Surface datum, Feb. 20, 1968;
                      lowest measured, 128.23 ft below land SURFACe datum, Aug. Z3. 1993.


                                  WATER LEVEL, IN Feet- BELOW LAND-SURFACE DATUM, WATER YEAR OCTOBER l992 TO SEPTEMBER 1993

                            WATER                  WATER                  WATER                    WATER                   WATER                    WATER
                  DATE      LEVEL        DATE      LEVEL        DATE      LEVEL_        DATE      LEVEL           DATE                 DATE       LEVEL

                OCT Z2 124.70           JAN 11    124.08        FEB 18 l23.52            APR22 123.34            JUN 29  125. 75         AUG 23 128.Z3

               WATER YEAR 1993           HIGHEST 123.34 APR 22. 1993                LOWEST 128.23 AUG 23,        1993






                                  110
                            





                               115




                            

                                120
                                                                                                                                (
                                                                        


                                125



					  130


					  135

						1989		1990		1991       1992		1993

									WATER YEAR		











            216                                              GROUND-WATER LEVELS

                                                              LANCASTER COUNTY

           374941076254501. Local number,  59L 3.

            LOCATION.--Lat 37"49'41"long  Hydrologic Unit 02080104, 100 ft southwest Of State Highway 515 at
               .Browns Store and 450 ft southeast of the intersection of State Highways 610 and 15. Owner: Alpha Water
               Company (Sydnor Hydrodynamics).

            AQUIFER--Brightseat-upper Potomac aquifer of Crataceous-Palaocane age.

            WELL CHARACTERISTECS.--Drilled withdrawal water well, diameter 4 in. to 210ft, diameter 2in.to 802 ft
               depth 802 ft, screened 770 to 800 ft.

            INSTRUMENTATION.--Occasional measurement with chalked tape by USGS personnel.

            DATUM.--Elevation of land-surface datum is 101 ft above mean sea level, from topographic map. Measuring point:
               Top of 0.5 in. copper nipple, 1.35 ft above land-surface datum. Prior to Feb. 10,1981, measuring   point was
               top of casing, 0.9 ft above land surface datum.

            REMARKS--Water level avvected by regional drawdown.

            PERIOD OF RECORDS--April 1966 to current year. Unpublished records available prior to October 1988 in files of
               the Geological survey.

            EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD--hIGHEST water level. measured. 97.00 ft  beLOW land-surface datum. Apr.26 1966;
               lowest measured, 124.27 ft below land-surface dAtum. Oct. 19, 1992.


                	WATER LEVEL IN FEET BELOW LAND-SURFACE DATUM,WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1992 TO SEPTEMBER 1993
                                                            WATER                    WAER
                                                  DATE     LEVEL         DATE      LEVEL

                                                OCT- 19    124.27        MAR IS      123.91

        WATER YEAR 1993		HIGHEST 123.91 MAR 18, 1993		LOWEST 124.27 OCT 19, 1992






                       110
                      
                                                                                  ........ TREND LINE
                       


                       115 


                       




                         120


                                                  .......

				125

                                                                                          	                         125




                       


                        130


                       135


                                  1989            1990             1991            1992            1993

                                                             WATER YEAR








                                                                                                     TABLES                                                                             F93
                                                                              TABLE 5.-,Wajor udthdrawaLs by a,?Idfer, 1980
                                                            rMgaYd, million gallons per dar, do., ditto. Locations of water users shown in fig. s@


                                                            Water user     Geographic                                                               Withdrawal'
                                                            number          location                             Aouifer                              (Moal/d)
                                                            020            Franklin                           Lower Potomac                                10.29
                                                            025            West Point                                 CID.                                 3.79

                                                            020            Franklin                          Middle Potomac                                2S.21
                                                            023            Williamsburg                               do.                                  1.95
                                                            02S            West Point                                 do.                                  6.S7
                                                            038            Franklin                                   do.                                  1.44
                                                            039            Franklin                                   do.                                  3.66
                                                            045            Tidewater                                  do.                                  4.96
                                                            048            Tidewater                                  do.                                  2.29
                                                            068            Henrico County                             do.                                  1.96
                                                            071            Alexandria                                 do.                                  1.12

                                                                           'Smf tfi f i e 14                Srigntseat-upper
                                                                                                               Potomac
                                                            018            Smithfield                                 CIO.                                 1.38
                                                            023            Williamsburg                               do.                                  1.23
                                                            025            West Point                                 CIO.                                 2.61
                                                            028            Urbanna                                    do.                                  1.65
                                                            045            Tidewater                                  do.                                  2.71
                                                            054            Williamsburg                               CID.                                 1.70

                                                            025            West Point                       Aquia                                          .71
                                                            434            Southern Maryland                          do.                                  .39
                                                            445            Southern Maryland                          CIO.                                 .21

                                                            024            James City                      Chickahominy-Piney Point                        ..75
                                                                                                                                                           1
                                                            025            West Point                                 do.                              -2.37
                                                            3D9            Edenton                                    Co.                                  .$a

                                                            006            Delmarva Peninsula              Yorktown-Eastover                            1.55
                                                            031            Delmarva Peninsula                         do.                                  78
                                                            300            Elizabeth City                             CID.                              1:30













                                                                       GROUND-WATER LEVELS
													LANCASTER COUNTY

                 374142076272701.    Local number, 59K 9.

                 LOCATION.--Lat 37*41,42", long 76*Z7'27", Hydrologic Unit 02080104, on the south bank of Moran. CREek, 1.000 ft
                    northwest of the intersection of State Highway 530 and a Private diTt drive, 0.8 mi wESt bf Wesley Church,
                    3 mi north of Weemn, 4 mi west of xILMARNOCK AND THE intersection Of State Highways 629 and -630, and near
                    Weenms . Owner: Fred Hansen.

                 AQUIFER. --bRIGHTEAST-upper Potomac Aquifer of Cretacious-palaocane  age.

                 WELL CHARACTERISTICS.--withdrawal water well-, diameter 4 in. to 147 ft, diameter 2 in. from 147 to
                    585 ft. depth 585 ft, screened 565 to 580 ft.

                 INSTRUMENTATION. --Occasional measurement with chalked tape by USGS personnel.

                 DATUM. --Elevation of land-surface datum is 10 ft above mean sea level, from     topographic MAP. Measuring point:
                    top of casting, 1.2 ft above land-surface datum.

                 REMARKS.--Water level affected by regional drawdown.

                 PERIOD OF RECORD--September 1969 to current year. Unpublished records available prior to October 1988 in files
                    a! the Geological Survey.

                 EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD --Highest water level measured. 40.00 ft. below LAND SURFACe datum, Sept. 16, 1969;
                    lowest measured, 63.44 ft below land--surface datum, Oct. 10, 1991.


                              WATER LEVEL, IN FEET BELOW LAND-SURFACE DATUM, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1992 TO SEPTEMBER 1993

                                                                       WATER                    WATER
                                                           DATE        LEVEL         DATE        LEVEL

                                                          OCT 19      63.00         MAR 16       62.89

                 WATER YEAR 1993   EIGHEST, 62.89 MARCH 16, 1993           LOWEST 63.00     OCT 19, 1992





                                 50
                              
                                                                                                 ........TREND LINE
                              
                              



                                55
                             






                             
                              60

                              
                                                                                              
                             




                             
                             65


                            



                               70
                                         1989               1990               1991             1992               1993


                                                                                                                       WATER YEAR



                                                                                                             jo. COASTAL SIRVICES CTR LIBRARY                 '.0
                                                                                                              3 6668 14111760 8