    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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                 1989 irk ~~LONG ISLAND SOUTH S#O"f

                     a  b:AZARD HNA;aO[H[T PROGRAM
    Long Island Regional Planning Board
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      P76 ~rnSd Suffolk                               LONG  IslOnDr WUot   Sfio1n
      1989    r

    Prepared by:
    Long Island Regional Planning Board               I R    M nCHN                    OG      M

                     Proposed
        Long Island South Shore
    Hazard Management Program

                                  PROPOSEDLONG ISLAND SOUTH SHORE HAZARD
                                                   MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                            Dr. Lee E. Koppelman
                                                               Project Director

                                                              DeWitt S. Davies
                                                              Project Coordinator

                                                               December 1989

                                                    Long Island Regional Planning Board
                                                       H. Lee Dennison Office Building
                                                         Veterans Memorial Highway
                                                      Hauppauge, New York 11788-5401

                                                            in cooperation with the

                                                          New York Coastal Program
                                                      Division of Coastal Resources and
                                                           Waterfront Revitalization
                                                        New York Department of State

                                    This report was prepared for the New York State Department of State, Division of Coastal
                                    Resources and Waterfront Revitalization, with financial assistance from the Office of Ocean
                                    and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atomospheric Administration,
                                    provided under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended (Grant-in-Aid Award
                                    No. NA-82-AA-D-CZ068; New York Comptroller's Contract Numbers C005563, C005564 and
                                    C005565).

               '~'~                                       ~~~~~~~~U.S.  DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                      COASTAL  SERVICES CENTER
    ,_1 'w   a                                               2234 SOUTH  HOBSON  AVENUE
                  4'tu-~ Ca ~CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

                                                        Property of CSC Library

    LONG ISLAND REGIONAL PLANNING BOARD

                                       LONG ISLAND REGIONAL PLANNING BOARD

                   Morton Certilman, Esq.                                                               John J. Hart, Esq.
                          Chairman                                                                        Vice Chairman
                                                              Patrick F. Caputo
                                                             Dr. Frank Cipriani
                                                             Dr. Carl L. Figliola
                                                               John Wickham

                                                           Dr. Lee E. Koppelman
                                                              Executive Director

                     NASSAU COUNTY                                                                     SUFFOLK COUNTY

                                                                 Ex Officio
                        Ludwig Hasl                                                                      Joseph Hurley
                        Commissioner                                                                      Commissioner
                  Department of Public Works                                                        Department of Public Works

                        Peter T. King                                                                    Joseph Caputo
                         Comptroller                                                                       Comptroller

                                                                  Advisory
                Honorable Thomas S. Gulotta                                                        Honorable Patrick G. Halpin
                       County Executive                                                                  County Executive
               Honorable Joseph N. Mondello                                                      Honorable Donald Blydenburgh
                     Presiding Supervisor                                                               Presiding Officer
                  County Board of Supervisors                                                            County Legislature

                                                            County Coordination
                       Herbert J. Libert                                                                    Arthur Kunz
                           Director                                                                          Director
                 County Planning Commission                                                        County Planning Department

                                                                   iv

                               State of New York

                                                    Long Island Regional Planning Board

     Dear Reader:

    Nowhere is the conflict between nature and man more evident than along our developed ocean shoreline.
    Navigational and safety hazards in inlets, homes on stilts in the surf zone, rising sea levels, and massive
    storm-induced destruction, as evidenced by Hurricane Hugo attest to the severity of this conflict. On
    Long Island's South Shore alone, thousands of lives and approximately $10 billion worth of property are
    at risk. Therefore, the Department of State and the Long Island Regional Planning Board identified the
    need for a comprehensive and coordinated response to flooding and erosion problems occurring along
    Long Island's South Shore.

    Several public objectives guided the direction of this investigation. First, government has an obligation to
    protect the health and safety of the public and to reduce the risk to life and property. Second, public
    responsibility for and subsidy of continued private exposure to risks from erosion and flooding must be
    reduced, if not eliminated. Third, the south shore headlands and barrier islands constitute a dynamic,
    i~nterrelated system, which must be treated as such. An action proposed at one section of the shoreline
    must be considered in light of its impacts on adjacent areas.
    The recommendations set forth in this document will be discussed with municipal officials, scientists and
    citizen groups, keeping in focus the several public objectives listed above. Through this interaction
    among agencies and the public, it is our goal to arrive at a consensus on the most effective management
    techniques to resolve these issues.
                                                Sincerely,
                  Gail S. Shaffer                                  Lee E. Koppelman

                              Secretary of S ~~~~~~Executive Director
                  New York Ste                             Long Island Regional Planning Board

                                                        V

    STUDY PARTICIPANTS

                                                 STUDY PARTICIPANTS

                                                         Project Director
                                                      Dr. Lee E. Koppelman

                                                       Report Preparation
                                                        DeWitt S. Davies
                                                        Lauretta R. Fischer
                                                         Ronald Verbarg
                                                        Christine Viladesau
                                                          Michael Volpe

                                                       Technical Advisors
                                                   New York Sea Grant Program
                                                           Jay Tanski
                                                 Marine Sciences Research Center
                                                   SUNY Center @ Stony Brook
                                                      Dr. Henry Bokuniewicz

                                                          Support Staff
                                                          Sandy Martin
                                                        Jeanne Widmayer

                                                  Cartographic and Publication
                                                          Anthony Tucci
                                                            Carl Lind
                                                         Thomas Frisenda

                                                           Accounting
                                                         Lucille Gardella

                                                             vi

                                                                                ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    Acknowledgements

      umerous individuals from both the public and private sectors contributed to the preparation of this report.
         Personnel from the New York State Dept. of State, Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront
    Revitalization provided extensive input during the entire course of this project. Special thanks are extended
    to George Stafford, Charles McCaffrey, Paul Bjorklund, and Sally Ball for their expertise and counsel.
    The teams of coastal experts that participated in the workshops convened by the New York Sea Grant
    Program added invaluable technical insight to the conduct of the work. The team of coastal engineers
    consisted of Dr. Robert G. Dean, Dept. of Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering, University of Florida,
    Gainesville, FL; Dr. Craig Everts, Moffatt and Nichol, Engineers, Long Beach, CA; Dr. Nicholas C. Kraus, U.
    S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, MS;
    and Dr. Choule J. Sonu, Tekmarine, Inc., Pasadena, CA. Members of the coastal geologist team included
    Dr. Timothy W. Kana, Coastal Science & Engineering, Inc., Columbia, SC; Dr. Stephen P. Leatherman,
    Laboratory for Coastal Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; Dr. Larry McCormick, Natural
    Sciences Division, Long Island University, Southampton, NY; and Dr. Gary Zarillo, Dept. of Oceanography,
    Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL.
    The staff of the Long Island Regional Planning Board also acknowledges the assistance of the following
    people who contributed data/information and/or views on various aspects of the project:
         John Bennett              - Town of Southampton
         Silvio Calesi             - U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, NY District
         Larry Cantwell            - Village of East Hampton
         Schuyler Corwin           - Suffolk County Dept. of Parks, Recreation and Conservation
         Larry Cocchieri           - U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, NY District
         Dick Curry                - Fire Island Association
         William Daley             -NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation
         Edward Davida             - Suffolk County Dept. of Public Works
         Randall Davis             - NYS Emergency Management Office
         Thomas Doheny             - Town of Hempstead
         Edward Eaton              - City of Long Beach
         Ronald Foley              - NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
         Jean Gilman               - Town of Babylon
         George Gorman, Jr.        - NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
         Nathan L. Halpern         - East Hampton Beach Preservation Society, Inc.
         George Hill               - Village of Saltaire
         Clifford Jones            - U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, NY District
         Jeffrey Kassner           - Town of Brookhaven

                                                     vii

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

         Jim Kelley               - NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
         Nancy Nagle Kelley       - Group for the South Fork
         Jerry Kemp               - Village of Southampton
         Joan Kesner              - Town of Oyster Bay
         Darrel Kost              - NYS Dept. of Transportation
         Lisa Liquori             - Town of East Hampton
         Kevin McDonald           - Group for the South Fork
         Blair McCaslin           - Town of Southampton
         Julia Noeldechen         - Town of Islip
         T. Decker Orr            - Village of Quogue
         Noel Pachta              - Fire Island National Seashore
         Larry Penny              - Town of East Hampton
         Glenn Pisano             - Town of Brookhaven
         Crouse Powell            - Village of Ocean Beach
         John Sheridan            - Suffolk County Dept. of Parks, Recreation and Conservation
         Gerard Stoddard          - Fire Island Association
         Thomas Thorsen           - Town of Southampton
         Anthony Tohill           - Village of Westhampton Beach
         Ivan Vamos               - NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
         Paul Weberg              - Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region 11
         Deanna Weiss             - Village of Atlantic Beach
    In addition the staff would like to acknowledge the assistance rendered by New York State Disaster
    Preparedness Commission, Scientific Advisory Committee:
         Dr. Peter J. R. Buttner    - Director of Environmental Management;
            (Chairman)                NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
         Dr. Nicholas K. Coch     - Department of Geology; Queens College
         Dr. Robert Fakundiny     - NYS Museum and Science Service Education Dept; Cultural Education Center
         Robert Fickies           - NYS Museum and Science Service Education Dept; Cultural Education Center
         Frances A. Hyland, RE    - L.I. State Park, Recreation and Historic Park Preservation
         Dr. Robert Johnson       - Department of Biology; Hofstra University
         Gilbert K. Nersesian, P.E. - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District
         Dr. John E. Sanders      - Columbia University; Barnard College
         Dr. Manfred P. Wolff     - Department of Geology; Hofstra University

                                                    viii

                                                                                                             PREFACE

    Preface

      The exposure and vulnerability of Long Island's south shore to the ravages of severe storms were clearly
      Tdocumented in the Long Island Regional Planning Board's Hurricane Damage Mitigation Plan published
    in October 1984. That report, which contains strategies to reduce erosion- and flood-related damage,
    indicated that Long Island has the potential to become the next site of the Nation's costliest hurricane disaster.
    Less than a year later, Hurricane Gloria scored a direct hit on Long Island. However, as a result of fortuitous
    circumstances, the intensity and forward speed of the storm decreased as it approached the south shore,
    and it hit near the time of low tide at noon on 27 September 1985. While damages in coastal areas were
    minimal, wind damage throughout Long Island was severe. Gloria caused an estimated $530 million in
    damages and losses in Nassau and Suffolk Counties.
    At about midnight on 21 September 1989, Hurricane Hugo slammed into Charleston, South Carolina packing
    135 mph winds and a storm surge of over 17 feet. Damage to shoreline resort development, suburban and
    urban areas and natural resources was devastating and could amount to more than $5 billion when final
    estimates are tallied. One need not wonder about the havoc that a storm like Hugo would wreak on Long
    Island.
    The need for improved management of Long Island shoreline areas is clearly evident. The proposed
    recommendations in this hazard management program address the long-term concerns associated with
    shoreline stability and flooding problems, which have the potential of becoming even more severe, should
    the rate of global sea level rise accelerate. The recommendations are driven by land use and hazard planning
    policies, and are based on an assessment of available datalinformation on coastal processes and the forces
    that cause coastal change. Implementation will result in a decrease in the possible loss of life which may
    result from severe storms; reduced cost to the public for various forms of disaster assistance; a basis for
    providing better predictability of public costs associated with attempts to maintain the barrier islands and
    inlets; protection of natural resources; protection of the mainland; an overall reduction in the intensity of
    shoreline use; and an increase in public open space and access opportunity.

                                                      ix

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Table of Contents

    Chapter                                                                                              Page
    1 Introduction ..................................................1-1
      1.0 Geographic Setting and Scope ...................................... .. 1-1
      1.1  Study Components ..............................................  1-1
      1.2 New York Sea Grant Program Workshops .................................                    .  1-2
      1.3 South Shore Erosion and Flooding-related Problems  ............................ 1-3

    2  South Shore Coastal Processes and Natural Resources .......................... 2-1
     2.0 Introduction .................................................. 2-1
      2.1 Coastal Processes ............................................. 2-1
       2.1.1  Trends in Shoreline Migration  ..................................... 2-1
        2.1.2  Shoreline Changes Due to Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . ................ 2-3
        2.1.3  Volumetric Shoreline Changes/Sediment Budgets ..........................             . 2-3
        2.1.4  Dune Morphology and Dynamics ...................................  2-3
        2.1.5  Effects of Structures  ..........................................  2-3
        2.1.6 Wave Climate ..............................................2-8
        2.1.7 Sea Level Rise ............................................. 2-11
        2.1.8 Storm Surges and Tides ........................................ 2-11
        2.1.9 Longshore Sediment Transport ..................................... 2-11
        2.1.10 Cross-shore Sediment Transport .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
        2.1.11 Inlet Processes ................. ......                                     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
        2.1.12 Overwash Processes .......................................... 2-16
        2.1.13 Bluff Erosion ..............................................2-16
      2.2 Natural Resources Inventory ................... ......................2-16
        2.2.1  West, Middle and East Hempstead Bays and Oyster Bay Natural Resources   . . . . . . . . .... 2-18
        2.2.2  Great South Bay Natural Resources  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . ............... 2-18
        2.2.3  Moriches Bay Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . ................. 2-19
        2.2.4 Shinnecock Bay Natural Resources .................................. 2-19
        2.2.5 Coastal Poncs Natural Resources ................................... 2-19
        2.2.6 Napeague Nptural Resources ..................................... 2-20
        2.2.7 Montauk Natural Resources ...................................... 2-20
        2.2.8  Colonial Waterbird and Piping Plover Populations ........................... 2-20

    3 Hazard Management Program                   ........................3-1
      3.0 Introduction ................  .................................3-1
      3.1 South Shore Land Use Plan Maps ...................................... 3-1
      3.2 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies ...................................... 3-1
      3.3 Assessment of Erosion Management Options ................... ............. 3-1
      3.4 Generic Hazard Management Recommendations - Longshore Transport, Inlet Management and ..... 3-1
          Closure of New Inlets ............................................ 3-4
      3.5 Coastal High Risk Zone ........................................... 3-5
      3.6 Sea Level Rise and Natural Resource Protection .............................. 3-6
      3.7 Bulkhead Construction and Armoring of Coastal Bluffs ........................... 3-7
      3.8 Detailed Recommendations by Shoreline Segment ............................. 3-9

                                                  x

                                                                                          TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Chapter                                                                                                   Page
        3.8.1  Atlantic Beach/Long Beach Segment   ................................. 3-9
          3.8.1.1   Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures  ....................... 3-9
          3.8.1.2 Land Use Plan Goals    ... ...................................                           3-9
          3.8.1.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  ............................ 3-9
          3.8.1.4 Policy Justification ...... .......... .............. ......... ...... .. 3-9
          3.8.1.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options .                                .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3-13
        3.8.2  Jones Inlet Segment  .           .            . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
          3.8.2.1  Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................ 3-13
          3.8.2.2 Land Use Plan Goals ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
          3.8.2.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies ...................   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
          3.8.2.4 Policy Justification . ....................1.............. 3-13
          3.8.2.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options ..............................                      3-15
        3.8.3 Gilgo Beach Segment ........................   3-15
          3.8.3.1  Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures .   . ...............    3-15
          3.8.3.2 Land Use Plan Goals ................................. 3-19
          3.8.3.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies.                                .....                   3-19
          3.8.3.4 Policy Justification ................   ....................... 3-19
          3.8.3.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..  . . . . . . .    3-19
        3.8.4 Fire Island Inlet Segment .......................                                          . 3-20
          3.8.4.1  Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures . ...       ....         ..  . .. 3-20
          3.8.4.2 Land Use Plan Goals . ........................... 3-20
          3.8.4.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies ..............................  3-20
          3.8.4.4 Policy Justification ... ................... 3-20
          3.8.4.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options .; ...................                              3-20
        3.8.5 Ocean Beach Segmen            .. ......................................... 3-22
          3.8.5.1  Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................ 3-22
          3.8.5.2  Land Use Plan Goals ..         .      ..............                                 .  3-22
          3.8.5.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  ...................        ..............             3-22
          3.8.5.4 Policy Justification .... ... .................................                       . 3-22
          3.8.5.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options ............................                        3-24
        3.8.6 Central Fire Island Segment ....................................                         .. 3-25
          3.8.6.1   Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures   .......................  3-25
          3.8.6.2  Land Use Plan Goals ........................................                         .  3-25
          3.8.6.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  .................................                      3-25
          3.8.6.4  Policy Justification  ....................................                           . 3-25
          3.8.6.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options .........................                     ...  3-25
        3.8.7  Fire Island National Seashore Wilderness Segment ..........                               . 3-25
          3.8.7.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures . .           ...................... 3-25
          3.8.7.2 Land Use Plan Goals ............................ ..............  3-27
          3.8.7.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies.             .................................  3-27
          3.8.7.4  Policy Justification  .3.................. ..................                         . 3-27
          3.8.7.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options ..............................   3-27
        3.8.8 Moriches Inlet Segment .......................................                   . .. 3-27
          3.8.8.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures . ............                          3-27
          3.8.8.2 Land Use Plan Goals ........ ........... 3-30
          3.8.8.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies ................... ... .. 3-30
          3.8.8.4 Policy Justification ...............................                                     3-30
          3.8.8.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options . ....................... . 3-30

                                                       xi

                                                                                             TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Chapter                                                                                                     Page
        3.8.1  Atlantic Beach/Long Beach Segment   ................................. 3-9
          3.8.1.1   Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures  .......................   3-9
          3.8.1.2   Land Use Plan Goals  ..........................................                           3-9
          3.8.1.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  . ..................................                  . 3-9
          3.8.1.4  Policy Justification  ....... ....................           ..... .                       3-9
          3.8.1.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .  3-13
        3.8.2 Jones Inlet Segment .......................................... 3-13
          3.8.2.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ....................                      3-13
          3.8.2.2  Land Use Plan Goals . . . . . . . .......         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
          3.8.2.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  ..................................  . . .  . .           3-13
          3.8.2.4  Policy Justification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . .  . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
          3.8.2.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options ................... . . .  . . . . . . . . 3-15
        3.8.3 Gilgo Beach Segment .......................................... . 3-15
          3.8.3.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures .....................                     3-15
          3.8.3.2 Land Use Plan Goals ...................                                                     3-19
          3.8.3.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies ................ ...                                       3-19
          3.8.3.4 Policy Justification ...................................... 3-19
          3.8.3.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options ........                            ................3-19
        3.8.4 Fire Island Inlet Segment                        ...................... .3-20
          3.8.4.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures .................. ..... 3-20
          3.8.4.2 Land Use Plan Goals.                                   ....................... 3-20
          3.8.4.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies .....................                                      3-20
          3.8.4.4 Policy Justification .............................                                          3-20
          3.8.4.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options . . .........           ....                          3-20
        3.8.5 Ocean Beach Segmen .........................................  3-22
          3.8.5.1  Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................ 3-22
          3.8.5.2  Land Use Plan Goals ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    3-22
          3.8.5.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  ...................................                   . 3-22
          3.8.5.4  Policy Justification  .......................................                              3-22
          3.8.5.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options ............................. .                       3-24
        3.8.6 Central Fire Island Segment ...............                                                  . 3-25
          3.8.6.1   Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures   .......................   3-25
          3.8.6.2  Land Use Plan Goals.                 .......................................           .  3-25
          3.8.6.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  .................................                        3-25
          3.8.6.4  Policy Justification  .........................................   .  3-25
          3.8.6.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options ..............................    3-25
        3.8.7  Fire Island National Seashore Wilderness Segment  .......................... 3-25
          3.8.7.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................  . 3-25
          3.8.7.2  Land Use Plan Goals .......................................                            .  3-27
          3.8.7.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  ................................                      . 3-27
          3.8.7.4  Policy Justification  ................... ................                              .  3-27
          3.8.7.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options ............................. ......  3-27
        3.8.8 Moriches Inlet Segment ........................................ 3-27
          3.8.8.1  Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ............. ... .                . . 3-27
          3.8.8.2 Land Use Plan Goals ................... ..... .... 3-30
          3.8.8.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies ........................ ..                               3-30
          3.8.8.4 Policy Justification ............. 3-30
          3.8.8.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options ........................... . ... . 3-30

                                                         xi

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Chapter                                                                                                 Page
        3.8.9  Westhampton Beach Segment ..................................... 3-31
          3.8.9.1  Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................ 3-31
          3.8.9.2 Land Use Plan Goals ........................................ 3-31
          3.8.9.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies .................  ............... 3-31
          3.8.9.4 Policy Justification ......................................... 3-31
          3.8.9.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options .............................. 3-35
        3.8.10 Shinnecock Inlet Segment ..............                   ................... . 3-35
          3.8.10.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................ 3-35
          3.8.10.2 Land Use Plan Goals ........................................ 3-37
          3.8.10.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  ...................                ..............  3-37
          3.8.10.4 Policy Justification .                                                                 3-3. ................... . . . 3-37
          3.8.10.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options .............................. 3-37
        3.8.11  Coastal Ponds Segment  ...................          . .            ...................  3-37
          3.8.11.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................ 3-37
          3.8.11.2 Land Use Plan Goals ........................................3-38
          3.8.11.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies ................................. 3-38
          3.8.11.4 Policy Justification ......................................... 3-38
          3.8.11.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options .............................. 3-38
        3.8.12 Napeague Segment  ...................               ...................             ..... 3-40
          3.8.12.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................ 3-40
          3.8.12.2 Land Use Plan Goals ........................................                           3-40
          3.8.12.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  ...................                 .............. 3-40
          3.8.12.4 Policy Justification .                                                                 3-4. ................... . . . 3-41
          3.8.12.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options .............................. 3-41
        3.8.13  Montauk Segment  ...........................................3-41
          3.8.13.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures ........................ 3-41
          3.8.13.2 Land Use Plan Goals ........................................                           3-41
          3.8.13.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies  ...................                 .............. 3-41
          3.8.13.4 Policy Justification  ...................          ...................            ... 3-41
          3.8.13.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options .............................. 3-41

    4  Implementation Needs ............................................    4-1
      4.0 Introduction ............................................... 4-1
      4.1  Erosion Monitoring Element  ....................................                     ...  . . 4-1
        4.1.1  Technical Data and Information Needs .................................  4-3
          4.1.1.1  Characterization of Coastal Features and Changes  ........................ 4-3
          4.1.1.2  Physical Forcings Affecting Coastal Change ............................ 4-4
      4.2  Recommended Changes in Government Programs  ............................. 4-4
        4.2.1  The National Flood Insurance Program  ...............................                    .  4-4
        4.2.2 New York State Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Act ................... ....... 4-6
        4.2.3 Coordination of Erosion Management Activities        ................. 4-7
        4.2.4 Eliminate Casualty Loss Deductions ................                         . ............... 4-7
        4.2.5 Disclosure of Flooding and Erosion Hazards .............................. 4-8
        4.2.6 Federal and State Disaster Assistance ........................    .....    .... 4-8
        4.2.7 Exclusion of Sensitive Areas in Local Setbacks .................... ....... 4-8
        4.2.8 State Coastal Barrier Resources Act ................... ...............4-8
    Glossary . .................. ....................................G-1
    References ..                                                      .......... R-1

                                                      xii

                                                                                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

      List of Figures

    Figure                                                                                              Page
      2-1   Annualized long-term rates of shoreline recession (-) and accretion (+)  .   ............ 2-2
      2-2   Maximum and average annual variations in the mean sea level intercept based on surveys
             at selected locations  .... . . . . .                   .. . . . . . . . . .  .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
      2-3   Annualized net longshore transport rates and net shoreline volume changes for period
             1955 - 1979 from sediment budget study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...  . . . . . . . . . .    2-5
      2-4   Annualized net shoreline volume changes by lens and total net change   .     ........... 2-6
      2-5   Locations, dates of construction and approximate lengths of groins and jetties in the study area  2-7
      2-6   Annualized fill placement and net volume change (1955 - 1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 2-9
      2-7   Significant wave heights based on Wave Information Study 20-year shallow-water wave
             hindcast data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2-10
      2-8   Estimates of annualized net sediment loss by a lens due to sea level rise and
             total observed net volume changes for the period 1955 - 1979  . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 2-12
      2-9   Mean tidal ranges and storm surge water level elevations for 10, 50, and 100-year storms   .  2-13
      2-10  Location of historical inlets based on data from Leatherman and Allen (1985) for the area
             east of Fire Island Inlet and Taney (1961) for the area west of Fire Island . . . . . . . . .... 2-15
      2-11  Annualized volume losses due to washovers for the period 1955 - 1979. . . . . . . . . ....  2-17
      3-1   General location of South Shore shoreline segments   ...................... 3-2

        List of Tables

    Table                                                                                               Page
      1-1   South Shore Coastal Erosion-related Problems  .........................  1-3
      2-1   Estimates of Inlet Bypassing. .................................... 2-14
      2-2   Natural Resources Map Series Ebayment/Area, Natural Resources Map Number(s) and
            Shoreline Segment Name(s).  ...................................                            . 2-19
      3-1   Shoreline Segment Names, Boundaries and Land Use Plan Map Reference Number(s)  ....  3-3
      3-2    Long Beach Barrier Island: Partial Shoreline Construction History  .      ..............  3-12
      3-3   Pay Quantity and Disposal Area for Maintenance Dredging of the Jones Inlet Federal
            Navigation Channel ..... ...........................                                      . 3-16
      3-4   Suffolk County Dredging and Construction Projects at Moriches Inlet  .       ............. 3-30
      3-5   Westhampton Barrier Island: Shoreline Construction History  . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 3-34
      3-6   Government Projects at Shinnecock Inlet . ...............� ........                           3-38

                                                      xiii

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

                List of Photographs

              Photo                                                                                                  Page
                3-2   City of Long Beach, May 1989. Recently constructed dunes immediately east of boardwalk  . . 3-10
                3-3   City of Long Beach, May 1989. Dunes constructed immediately west of boardwalk   . . . . .. 3-10
                3-4   Village of Atlantic Beach, May 1989. Removal of windblown sand adjacent to cabanas and
                      concession stands ...................................... .. 3-11
                3-5   City of Long Beach, May 1989. Man-made dunes fronting high density residential use east
                      of boardwalk. ...........................................3-11
                3-6    Point Lookout, May 1989. Town of Hempstead recreation pavilion damaged by erosion of
                       feeder beach west of Inlet ................... ................ 3-14
                3-7  Point Lookout, May 1989. Sand starved feeder beach ..................... 3-14
                3-8 Eroded portion of Gilgo Beach, July 1989 ............................ 3-17
                3-9   Gilgo Beach, March 1973. View looking west with Gilgo pavilion in background
                      Photo courtesy of LISPC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . .................. 3-17
                3-10  Tobay Beach, May 1989. Recently reconstructed pavilion located seaward of Ocean Parkway   3-18
                3-11  Jones Beach State Park, December 1974. Erosion and subsequent abandonment of Parking
                      Field #9.Photo courtesy of LISPC   .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    3-18
                3-12  Overlook Beach, July 1989. Excessive accretion of sand and ponding rendered beach unsafe
                       for bathers ............................................3-21
                3-13  Fire Island Inlet, July 1989. Accretion of sand at Democrat Point and shoaling in Inlet  .... . 3-21
                3-14  Village of Ocean Beach, June 1989. Partially constructed rubble-core dunes .........          . 3-23
                3-15  Dunewood, June 1989. Lack of protective dune  .............. ..........                         3-23
                3-16  Fire Island Pines, June 1989. Note housing and pools in what once was the primary dune line  3-26
                3-17  Fire Island National Seashore Wilderness Area, July 1989. Dunes up to 25 feet in height
                      and extensive wetland areas ................................... 3-26
                3-18  Moriches Inlet, July 1989. Note scour area immediately west of the Inlet . . . . . . . . .... 3-28
                3-19  Cupsogue County Park, July 1989. Facility is currently inaccessible due to severe erosion
                       west of the Westhampton Beach groin field .          .......................... 3-28
                3-20  Smith Point County Park, July 1989. Note dune blow-outs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 3-29
                3-21  Smith Point County Park, July 1989. Looking east at former site of Forge River Coast Guard
                       Station. Note extremely low dune profile and close proximity of Ocean and Bay ........  3-29
                3-22  Area west of the Westhampton Beach Groin Field, July 1989. Barrier at this point is only
                      300-500 ft. wide and has been subject to repeated washover  . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 3-32
                 3-23  Westhampton Beach, July 1989. Note severe erosion down drift of westernmost groin ..... 3-32
                 3-24  Eastern portion of Westhampton Beach groin field, July 1989. Note extensive beach width
                       and medium and high density development ........................... 3-33
                 3-25  Eastern portion of Westhampton Beach groin field, July 1989. . . . . . . . . . .                3-33
                 3-26  Shinnecock Inlet, July 1989. Note accretion and erosion on east and west sides of Inlet
                       respectively ...................................... ......3-36

                                                              xiv

                                                                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Photo                                                                                                   Page
      3-27  Southampton Barrier Spit, July 1989. Note extensive beach width immediately updrift of
           Shinnecock Inlet and newly constructed mansions located in CBRA designated area ......3-36
      3-28  Sagaponack Lake, July 1989. Typical coastal pond surrounded by low density residential use.
            Note flood tidal delta in lake ...................................3-39
      3-29 Bluffs at Montauk, July 1989 ...................................3-39

      List of Maps

    Map
            Natural Resources
            Waterbird Colonies
            Land Use Plan

                                                  xv

                                             /  MASSACHUSETTS

                              NW YORK          co NN E~-TICUT

    PENNSYLVANI

                        ,2~~~~~~~~~~~~ON

               NEW

                 JERSEY                           AV

                                  NEW YORK

                                                      LOCATION MAP

                                                           Site of the South Shore
                                                     Hazard Management Program

                                         xvi

                                                                                                          EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

    Executive Summary

                                                                            the longshore transport of sand. Inlet bypassing is the
        he need for a comprehensive, coordinated, long-term                  most important erosion management strategy reconm-
       response to the erosion and flooding problems occurring               mended for the south shore, and should be imple-
    along Long Island's south shore is clearly evident.  The                 mented at East Rockaway, Jones, Fire Island,
    proposed structural and non-structural recommendations con-              Moriches and Shinnecock Inlets. Federal, State and
    tained in this hazard management report address this need, and           local governments must make every effort to ensure
    should be used in discussions to develop a consensus for                 that sand obtained from bypassing projects performed
    support of a positive response to south shore development,               by the COE at ocean inlets not be disposed of off-
    erosion control and flooding problems.                                   shore, but rather utilized as beach nourishment for
                                                                            downdrift beaches.
    The  Proposed  Long  Island South Shore Hazard                         �  Closure of New Inlets. Given the investment society
    Management Program contains:                                             has already made in the existing inlets and the mag-
        � a compilation and assessment of existing data/informa-             nitude and nature of the environmental changes as-
          tion on coastal features and processes; and on the                sociated with the formation of new inlets along the
          physical forces, e.g., waves, that drive coastal change.          south shore, the creation of new inlets is unacceptable.
        � a description and map inventory of south shore natural             Steps should be taken to prevent new inlets from form-
          resources and significant fish and wildlife habitats.             ing. If they do form, and do not close naturally, they
        � a land use plan with a planning horizon of the year                should be closed artificially.
          2025.                                                      Minimize Public Exposure to Financial Loss within the
        * a description of preferred management program recom-        Coastal High Risk Zone
          mendations by coastal segment that identifies areas
          where new development is acceptable; where develop-         There is minimal public interest in making government expendi-
          ment should be relocated and other non-structural ac-       tures for maintaining private development located within the
          tions may be needed; and where structural measures          Coastal High Risk Zone, which has been defined to include the
          may be needed for erosion control.                          Jones Beach, Fire Island and Westhampton Beach barrier is-
        � an outline of implementation needs involving the con-       lands, the Southampton spit, and that portion of the headland
          duct of an erosion monitoring component and selected        section of the south shore from Southampton to Montauk Point
          regulatory programs.                                        located within the V Zone as shown on flood insurance rate maps
    Hazard Management Recommendations Applicable to the                and/or the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area. When private struc-
    Entire South Shore                                                tures located within the coastal high risk zone are damaged to
                                                                     a level greater than 50% of their replacement value due to either
        � Longshore Transport. The continuity of the longshore        severe storm occurrence or long-term shoreline erosion, action
          transport of sand must be maintained along the entire       should be taken to prohibit re-development in those locations
          south shore. Mechanisms for bypassing or restoring          and configurations that would result in recurring public costs to
          sand transport must be inaugurated and maintained at        cover repeated damages or threaten the integrity of the barrier
           locations where sand transport has been (or will be) in-    islands.  Should regulation and other actions described in
          terrupted, e.g., at stabilized inlets and seaward of groin  Section 4.2 when implemented fail to prevent redevelopment,
          fields.
                         finletanageen Iletds. playdomigovernment should acquire the damaged structures and private
        � Inlet Management. Inlets play a dominant role in the        property as a last resort.
          the processes affecting coastal change. Many of the
          most severe long-term erosion trends found along the        Sea Level Rise and Natural Resource Protection
          south shore are associated with inlets. Effective
          management programs for inlets must be designed             Sea level rise poses a serious threat to the shoreline and
          and implemented, not only to stabilize navigation chan-     associated development in low lying areas. This threat is mag-
          nels, but also to incorporate provisions for maintaining     nified if the rate of sea level rise accelerates in the future. The

                                                                 xvii

    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

    policy of strategic retreat from vulnerable coastal areas is the'    in accord with the generic recommendation for severely
    rational approach to follow. While it is not recommended that    damaged structures located in the Coastal High Risk Zone.
    wholesale abandonment of existing public facilities and private   Robert Moses State Park should continue to serve as an inten-
    development located in coastal areas should occur in advance      sively used recreation facility and the east-central portion of the
    of actual sea level rise acceleration, structures should be      barrier should remain as a wilderness area. Smith Point County
    removed from vulnerable locations over the long-term when         Park should continue to serve as an intensively used recreation
    subject to substantial damage from erosion and flooding im-      area near the pavilion/parking lot portion of the park.
    pacts. Where engineered shoreline structures, roads, bridges,
    etc. are required, they should be designed with sea level rise in  I   t will b e necessary to implement the following coastal hazard
    mind.                                                            policies in this reach:
    mind.
    The generic and site specific recommendations in the program            Maintain adequate beaches for recreational use at
                                                                             Robert Moses State Park and maintain the location of
    are compatible with efforts to protect natural resources and New        t  seline a a  int thati  s           o
    York State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife Habitats.                  th e shoreline at a point that will serve to protect this
    Implementation over the long-term will help to stabilize south          facility. Since this shoreline has been accreting, no im-
                                                                             mediate intervention is envisioned.
    shore bay/coastal pond environments and, hence, ensure their            mediate intervention is envisioned.
                                                                             From Kismet to Davis Park, the coastal hazard policies
    continued use for recreational and commercial purposes.                  r to      as     reata      pi       ci      s
                                                                             are to emphasize regulation of private activity as the
    Summary of Recommendations by Shoreline Reach                           primary means for protecting structures and coastal
                                                                             features, and to maintain the continuity of the barrier.
    LONG BEACH REACH
                     ~~~~~~~~~~LONG BEACH REACH                          *From Davis Park to Moriches Inlet, the policy is to
    The hazard management program for this highly developed                 maintain the existence and continuity of the barrier.
    barrier accepts that high density residential use will continue to  WESTHAMPTON BEACH REACH
    be the predominant land use. Recreation and open space areas
    will also continue to be intensely used. It will be necessary to  The goal in this reach is to terminate residential occupancy of
    implement a coastal hazard policy that will serve to maintain the  Westhampton Beach west of the westernmost groin to Cup-
    location of the shoreline to protect these uses.  It is recom-   sogue Beach, and to phase out private development on the
    mended that the existing 43 groins be maintained and possibly    barrier island in accord with the generic recommendation for
    heightened and lengthened to create a wider and higher beach;    severely damaged structures located in the Coastal High Risk
    a protective dunefield for the entire barrier island should be   Zone. It is recommended that all of the undeveloped land north
    completed.                                                       of Dune Road within the Village of Quogue and stretching
                     ~~~~~~JONES BEACH REACH     ~eastward to Tiana Beach, in addition to some of the oceanfront
    JONES BEACH REACH
                                                                       land within the Tiana Beach Coastal Barrier Resource System
    The program recommends maintenance of the town and State          unit and immediately east, be purchased for recreation and open
    recreation facilities located on Jones Beach barrier island and a  space. The program also reflects an expansion of the County-
    phase out of leases for Town of Babylon property on the barrier  owned docking facility accommodating commercial fishing ves-
    and bay islands.  Considering the intense use of the public       sels.
    recreation facilities, the tremendous public investment in beach
    facilities and Ocean Parkway and connecting bridges, as well as   The overall coastal hazard planning policy for the Westhampton
    two large municipal sewage treatment plant outfall pipes that     Beach barrier island is to maintain the existence and continuity
    traverse the barrier island, the erosion planning policy for Jones of the barrier island. In order to maintain the continuity of the
    Beach calls for maintaining the location of the shoreline and     narrow, highly eroded section between Cupsogue County Park
    adequate beaches for recreational activities. The preferred soeiepsto emitie.Tepeerdapoc o
    adequate beaches for recreational activities.  The preferred     and the groin field, it is essential that, at a minimum, the present
    management option for the beach erosion problem at Gilgo         shoreline position be maintained. The preferred approach for
    Beach is periodic beach nourishment and dune building utilizing    the area downdrift of the groin field involves the use of artificial
    sand bypassed from Fire Island Inlet. It is also recommended      beach fill and dune building in conjunction with a modification of
    sand bypassed from Fire Island Inlet. It is also recomdthgrifelinsmfo.Itsrcmmended ta ec
    that the impact of removal or restoration of the Sore Thumb the groin field in some form. It is recommended that beach
    revetted sand dike on shoreline stability be assessed through nourishment in conjunction with regularly scheduled sand
                     thattheimpct o reova or estraton o th Soe bnourishment in conjunction with regularly scheduled sand
                     reveted   and  ike n sorelne sabilty e asesse thrughbypassing at Shinnecock Inlet be utilized to mitigate the erosion
    application of suitable hydrographic/sediment transport models, bypassing at Shinnecock Inlet be utilized to mitigate the erosion
    and that an engineered shore hardening structure replace the problem west of the Inlet.
    concrete rubble strewn along the shore at Oak Beach.              Mainland Shoreline/Coastal Headlands Reach
    FIRE ISLAND REACH
                                                                       The program for this primarily seasonal, low density residential
    The program for the western portion of this barrier envisions a   reach recommends that this continue to be the predominant land
    phase out of existing medium density, seasonal residential uses   use.  It is recommended that government acquire some

                                                                  xviii

                                                                                                        EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

    shorefront property in the vicinity of Montauk hamlet for open    and enforced certain minimum floodplain management regula-
    space purposes. The policies applicable to this reach are:       tions. This protection has been afforded to structures located
                                                                    on barrier islands, and in effect encourages a cycle of repeated
         emphasize regulation ofo private activity as the primary    flood losses and policy claims. Thus, the elimination of federal
          means for protecting structures and coastal features       flood insurance coverage for structures located on barrier is-
          and;
                                                                    lands and spits must be considered.   Should Congress
        � maintain the existence and continuity of barrier spits
                         maitaeinth est   con sty ar    spos         reauthorize the NFIP, it is recommended that section 1362 be
          adjacent to coastal ponds.
                                                                    funded to allow the purchase of storm damage structures and
    The preferred erosion management alternative for this reach       property and that the Upton-Jones amendment be modified so
    involves the retreat/relocation of structures out of the Coastal  that it can be applied to the area west of the groin field in
    High Risk Zone. If this alternative cannot be implemented, it is    Westhampton Beach.  Pursuant to the Upton-Jones amend-
    recommended that shore hardening structures be built by private   ment, NYS should take steps to identify areas of imminent
    property owners only under special circumstances and as a last    collapse.
    resort for protection of their property against catastrophic events.
    Property owners should not adversely impact coastal processes    Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Act
    to the detriment of adjacent shoreline areas.
                                                                    The NYS Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Act (Article 34 of the
                    Erosion Monitoring Element                       Environmental Conservation Law) imposes an additional
    The data/information base on coastal processes must be im-        responsibility on NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation
    proved to enable the development and selection of cost effective  (NYSDEC) and local communities with no additional funding to
    erosion management projects. The components of a needed           administer a coastal erosion management program. NYSDEC
    erosion monitoring element (data base maintenance, beach          personnel with coastal erosion control expertise should be
    profile surveys, aerial photography, wave gauge deployment,       added to the staff of Region I on Long Island to assist local
    shoreline response modelling) are outlined in this report. The    administrators of Article 34.
    NYS Dept. of State should convene a conference attended by
    representatives of interested Federal, State and local agencies  Coordination of Erosion Management Activities
    and noted experts in the fields of coastal engineering and
    geology for the purpose of preparing the specifications for the   The DOS should further the Proposed South Shore Hazard
    tasks to be accomplished, parties assigned to accomplish same,    Management Program by incorporating its recommendations
    sources of required funding, etc.                                 into the New York Coastal Management Program. As a result,
                                                                     through the consistency provisions of the State and Federal
                    National Flood Insurance Program                 Coastal Acts, navigation and beach erosion control projects will
    Since 1968, the Federal government has made subsidized flood      be evaluated for comnpatibility with the South Shore Hazard
    insurance available to individuals in communities that adopted    Management Program.

                                                                 xix

                                                                                                                    INTRODUCTION

    Chapter One

    INTRODUCTION
         he New York State Department of State (NYSDOS) iden-           nants of glacial drainage channels are located in this area.
    T tified the need for a comprehensive, coordinated response        Glacial till bluffs 40 to 60 feet high are found adjacent to narrow
    to:                                                                 beaches along the easternmost 10 miles of this section.
        * acute and chronic erosion problems occurring along           The geographic scope of this investigation is limited to the south
           Long Island's south shore as a result of severe storm       shore barrier islands and spit in the Towns of Hempstead, Oyster
           events, long-term geomorphic changes, inlet stabiliza-       Bay, Babylon, Islip, Brookhaven and Southampton; and the
           tion programs, and erosion control projects; and             Atlantic Ocean shoreline, inland to the nearest road, along the
        * flood hazard conditions that are exacerbated by              headlands section in the Towns of Southampton and East
           development situated in high risk locations.                 Hampton.
    Past management efforts have been typically characterized as          1.1 Study Components
    short-term responses to crisis situations at specific locations.
    NYSDOS  called for the preparation of a land and water use         The Long Island South Shore Hazard Management Program
    management program containing policies and strategies for a
    regional coordinated response to these problems by Federal,             * Compilation and assessment of existing data and infor-
    state and local interests; and with funds provided under the              mation on south shore coastal features, processes and
    Federal Coastal Zone Management Program, contracted the                   changes; and on the physical forces, e.g., wave
    Long Island Regional Planning Board (Board) to address this               climate, that drive sediment dynamics resulting in coas-
    task. This program report, prepared during the period from 30             tal change. Coastal data/information have been sum-
    June 1988 to 30 September 1989, constitutes the final contract            marized and portrayed in formats that are amenable to
    product.                                                                  policy decision-making with reference to land use,
                                                                             regulation and coastal protection activities.
       1.0 Geographic Setting and Scope                                     * Identification of gaps in coastal data/information. The
    The Atlantic Ocean coast of Nassau and Suffolk Counties is a              components of a recommended erosion monitoring pro-
    major physiographic feature; it extends from East Rockaway                gram that address the data/information shortfall have
    Inlet to Montauk Point -  a distance of about 106 miles. The              been outlined.
    barrier island portion of this coastline from East Rockaway Inlet       * Description of natural resources and constraints, exist-
    to Southampton is 73 miles long. The 33 mile headland portion             ing land use, activity patterns, economic factors and
    of the south shore extends from Southampton to Montauk Point              shore protection practices; and the identification of
    (Taney 1961).                                                             coastal segments having similar characteristics.
                                                                           * Evaluation of applicable Federal, state and local
    The barrier system is composed of four separate islands (from             management and regulatory programs and activities,
    west to east: Long Beach, Jones Beach Island, Fire Island and             including land use controls, impacting development
    Westhampton Beach) bounded by five inlets (from west to east:             and use of the south shore.
    East Rockaway Inlet, Jones Inlet, Fire Island Inlet, Moriches           * Discussion of alternative non-structural and structural
    Inlet, and Shinnecock Inlet). A barrier spit is located between           measures for coordinated and effective management
    Shinnecock Inlet and the headlands in Southampton. The sys-               of ocean and barrier island shorelines. The feasibility
    tem has widths that range from a low of 300 feet (to the west of          of employing structural erosion control techniques
    the westernmost groin in the groin field at Westhampton Beach)            (e.g., shore hardening structures, shore process alter-
    to a high of about 1 mile (at the urbanized areas of Long Beach           ing structures, beach nourishment) was based on the
    and Jones Beach State Park).  The Long Beach and Jones                    availability and adequacy of existing shoreline and
    Beach barrier islands front an extensive lagoonal-wetland area.           coastal process data and information.
    Such wetlands are not as extensive in the bays in back of the           * Development of management program recommenda-
    Fire Island and Westhampton Beach barriers (Wolff 1982).                  tions by coastal segment that identify areas where:
                                                                             - new development would be acceptable on the basis
    The headland portion of the coast is comprised of eroded glacial             of favorable environmental conditions, the probable
    outwash features. Brackish, shallow ponds occupying the rem-                 success of erosion control strategies and public
                                                                                benefit;

                                                                                                                     CHAP 1-1

    INTRODUCTION

          - no development or re-development should occur,           coastal engineering and coastal geology was recognized since
             i.e., where the concepts of retreat (movement of        recommendations pertaining to coastal erosion and flooding
             structure to a less vulnerable location on the same     management options must be based on an understanding of
             parcel), re-location (movement of structure to a par-   coastal processes, the forces that drive these processes, and
             cel located outside a high risk area), public acquisi-  engineering feasibility. It was of utmost importance for the Board
             tion of private property and abandonment of public      to secure an independent, professional view of Long Island
             facilities and infrastructure should be employed; and   south shore coastal erosion and flooding problems and potential
          - a structural program for erosion control should be       solutions which was unhampered by agency affiliation and politi-
             implemented to maintain natural protective              cal influence.
             landforms, mitigate human interference with coastal
             processes, and prevent damage to intensively            The assistance of noted experts in the fields of coastal engineer-
             developed or used areas.                                ing and geology was secured via a subcontract agreement
                                                                      between the Board and the Research Foundation of the State
    A land use plan at a scale of 1" = 2000' with a planning horizon  University of New York at Stony Brook. Under the auspices of
    of the year 2025 has been prepared.  Alteratives to reduce        the New York Sea Grant Program, Mr. Jay Tanski and Dr. Henry
    development density in areas of high risk after catastrophic      Bokuniewicz assembled a team of coastal engineers and a team
    storm occurrence are discussed.                                   of coastal geologists that participated in a series of workshops.
    The approach used to prepare this management program dis-         The experts were selected on the basis of their reputation in the
    tinguishes it from other investigations on Long Island south      respective fields, as well as their familiarity with Long Island
    shore erosion and flooding conditions for the following reasons:  coastal conditions as a result of having conducted research
                                                                      and/or studies in this particular geographic area. (The names
           pyThe focuns of the program is on long-term regional       of the individuals on both teams are identified in the Acknow-
           policy that responds to these problems on the basis of     ledgements section of this report.)
           the scale and magnitude of the coastal processes oc-
          curring along the south shore. Actions can be effective    Mr. Tanski and Dr. Bokuniewicz convened a series of three
           only if they are applied to relatively long sections of the  workshops as described below, and documented the discus-
           coast.                                                     sions held in three proceedings reports (Tanski and Bokuniewicz
         �The program includes an analysis of jurisdictional         1989a; 1989b; 1989c).
           responsibilities, an evaluation of different management    Workshop #1 - Identification and Assessment of Technical
                                                                      Workshop #1 - Identification and Assessment of Technical
           philosophies and the development of a regional ap-
                          philosophies and the development of a regional ap  Information Requirements for Developing Coastal Erosion
           proach for shoreline management based on an under-         Management Strategies - February 24-25, 1989. The objectives
           standing of natural processes.
                          standing of natural processes.Management Strategies - February 24-25, 1989. The objectives
         � Land use goals and related erosion planning policies       f this workshop were to:
           constrain the choice of appropriate erosion control op-        � define the technical information needed to identify,
           tions. The land use recommendations are coupled                   develop and evaluate sound erosion management
           with other non-structural measures and structural                 strategies;
           erosion control techniques in a management approach            � identify the specific data required to provide the neces-
           involving the three levels of government with authority          sary information;
           over land use control and the implementation of shore          � and delineate why that information  was needed and, to
           protection projects.                                             the extent possible, how it would be used.
    This program enunciates public policy and regulatory practices    The team of coastal engineers outlined the generic information
    to manage the use of south shore resources. It should be used     and data needed to characterize coastal features, processes
    to develop a consensus for support of a positive response to      and change; and describe the physical forces, e.g., wave
    south shore development, erosion control and flooding             climate, that drive sediment dynamics.  See Tanski and
    problems. When that consensus is achieved, the policies of the    Bokuniewicz (1989a) and sections 3.7 and 4.1.1 of this report.
    state coastal program will be amended to reflect the agreed upon
    consensus. It is recognized that consensus does not imply total   Workshop #2 - An Overview and Assessment of the Coastal
    agreement by all parties on all aspects of the program.  It is    Processes Data Base for the South Shore of Long Island - April
    expected that opinions will diverge on issues that arise on a local  20-21, 1989. There were three objectives of this workshop:
    scale.                                                                � identify the basic coastal processes data that are
       1.2 New York Sea Grant Program Workshops                              presently available for the south shore of Long Island,
                                                                             based on the information needs identified in
    During the initial phase of program development, the need to            Workshop #1;
    supplement Board staff capability with expertise in the fields of

        CHAP 1-2

                                                                                                                     INTRODUCTION

        * assess the quality and coverage of the available data               - Need for periodic sand-by passing at inlets, im-
          in terms of their utility for developing management                   proved inlet management, and navigation project im-
          strategies; and                                                       plementation on a re'gular basis.
        * identify critical gaps in the coastal processes data base.          - Need for on-shore as opposed to offshore disposal
                                                                                 of material dredged from inlet navigation channels.
    This workshop, attended by the team of coastal geologists,                   of material dredged from inlet navigation annels.
    provided a regional synopsis of data and information on coastal           -Threat to development located in erosion and flod-
    features, processes, and physical forces keyed to locations                                       position of the shoreline at
    along the south shore. The relative magnitude of coastal change              some locations due to the intensity of existing
    attributable to different factors was also discussed. See Chapter            development and/or recreational usage.
    2 for a summary of the proceedings of Workshop #2 (Tanski and             -Lack of coastal dunes; need for dune restoration
    Bokuniewicz 1989b).                                                          and maintenance.
    Workshop #3 - A Preliminary Assessment of Erosion Manage-                 --Adverse impacts of shore protection structures on
    ment Strategies for the South Shore of Long Island, New York -               downdrift beaches; flanking of existing structures.
    June 22-24, 1989. The objectives of this workshop were to:                - Need for repair of some shore protection structures
                                                                                 (groins, revetments, jetties).
        * use available data to identify the most promising and               - Coastal bluff recession.
           appropriate regional erosion management options for                - Need for long-term policy on infrastructure protec-
          the south shore;                                                      tion (highways, sewer outfall, park facilities).
        * to identify unresolved questions that affect the selec-             - Ill-conceived shore protection strategies, e.g. dis-
          tion-of options; and                                                  posal of concrete rubble.
        * to develop recommendations on technical data needs                  - Different management philosophies of agencies
           and appropriate programs to meet these needs.                         having jurisdiction over various portions of the shore.
    This workshop was attended by both teams of coastal experts;              - Loss of access to public beach facilities and private
    staff from the Board and NYSDOS also actively participated in                homes as a result of erosion and flooding.
    the discussions. Alternative strategies involving non-structural          - Lack of post-disaster plans that address areas
                                                                                 destroyed by storm events.
    and structural measures for coordinated and effective manage-                destroyed by storm events.
                                                                              - Pressure to develop remaining vacant parcels in
    ment of erosion and flooding problems for different segments of           -P s re to develop remaining vacant parc els In
                                                                                 coastal areas for residential and commercial use; ad-
    the shoreline were evaluated.  For details, see Chapter 3 and
                       ~Tanski and Bokuniewicz (1989c).   ~verse impacts of bay shoreline development on
                                                                                 marine wetlands and water quality.
       1.3 South Shore Erosion and Flooding-related Problems                  - Local government action that has encouraged the
                                                                                 occupancy of public lands in vulnerable locations.
    During the course of study, many coastal erosion and flooding-            -Illegal conversion of single family dwellings to multi-
    related management problems were noted by agency person-                     family units; change from seasonal to year-round oc-
    nel, NYSDOS and Board staff, and other interested parties.                   cupancy.
    Table 1-1 lists these problems without reference to relative              - Existence of non-conforming uses in coastal com-
    severity or location. Generic and location-specific recommen-                munities.
    dations that address many of these problems are discussed in              - Lack of opportunity to re-locate oceanfront struc-
    Chapter 3. Program implementation needs from the perspective                 tures threatened by coastal recession.
    of government activties are outlined in Chapter 4.                        - Fortification of private oceanfront property to protect
                              TABLE 1-1                                          structures that pre-date implementation of the FEMA
                                                                                 flood insurance program.
          South Shore Coastal Erosion-related Problems.                       - Regulation of private project construction, e.g., revet-
              - Localized shoreline erosion hot spots due to                     ments, designed to protect coastal dunes and bluffs.
                                                                               --Adverse impacts of off-road vehicle travel on
             regional coastal processes and/or human inter-                  -A   dverse  impacts of off-road vehicle travel on
                                                                                  beaches and dunes.
             ference with same.

                                                                                                                        CHAP 1-3

                                                            SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

    Chapter Two

    SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES

    AND NATURAL RESOURCES
      2.0 Introduction

    T he first section of this chapter provides an overview of         Island Inlet. The erosion protection plan and data on shore
        available data on south shore coastal processes and the        conditions for Jones Beach Island are contained primarily in a
    physical forces that drive these processes; it summarizes the       1964 beach erosion study (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1965).
    proceedings report prepared for New York Sea Grant Program         Researchers from CERC have also analyzed data from monthly
    Workshop #2 held on April 20-21, 1989 in support of this study     subaerial beach profiles taken between 1962 and 1974 (Everts
    (Tanski and Bokuniewicz 1989b).  Of special interest are the       1973; Morton et al. 1986).
    figures that relate the values of various parameters to
                                                                      The only data available from the Corps for the shoreline between
    geographic locations along the south shore.
                                                                      Jones Inlet and East Rockaway Inlet is in a draft hurricane and
    Natural resources along the south shore of Nassau and Suffolk      beach erosion protection study (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
    Counties are addressed in the second section of this chapter. A     1966).  The Corps is apparently updating and analyzing the
    map series is presented and natural resources are discussed by     available data and conducting a new storm protection study for
    embayment or area.  In addition, the locations of waterbird        this area.
    colonies and piping plover nesting sites in these coastal areas
                                                                      In addition to the Corps-related work, there have been a number
                                      are shown on maps and discussed.  of other studies and reports done on the south shore by various
      2.1 Coastal Processes                                            groups and individuals. For the most part, these studies focus
    Most of the data and information on coastal processes available    on specific, relatively small sections of the coast during different
    forthe south shore of Long Island are largely the result of studies  time periods.
    done by or for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as part of its    2.1.1. Trends in Shoreline Migration
    hurricane protection, beach erosion, and navigation projects.
    hurr ican      e protection, beach erosion,  and navigation projects.  Studies of the long-term trends in shoreline position have been
    Several regional studies of the geomorphology and sediments        conducted by Taney (961) and Leatherman and Allen (1985).
                                            .f .he .outh shr   aebe  prconducted by Taney (1961) and Leatherman and Allen (1985).
    of the south shore have been performed by the Coastal En-          Taney compared the position of high water for various time
    gineering Research Center (CERC).                                  periods using several sets of Coast and Geodetic Survey charts
    For the Fire Island Inlet to Montauk Point reach, several federal  and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers maps and ranges dating from
    projects resulted in preparation of general design memoranda        1934 to 1955. Leatherman and Allen developed maps of the
    and reports including the Fire Island Inlet to Montauk Point       mean high tide shoreline based on Coast and Geodetic Survey
    hurricane and beach erosion protection project (U.S. Army          charts and aerial photographs, and compared the shoreline
    Corps of Engineers 1977), navigation projects at Shinnecock,       position for four time periods (1834/1838, 1873/1892, 1933, and
    Moriches and Fire Island Inlets, and groin construction at         1979) to calculate annual recession/accretion rates for the area
    Westhampton and East Hampton.  Quantitative data for the           east of Fire Island Inlet. Data from these two studies are plotted
    littoral zone is skewed to those areas where projects have been    together in Figure 2-1. However, there are problems in interpret-
    undertaken.  The detailed studies that have been done were         ing this data on long-term shoreline position changes which are
    restricted to specific areas and limited time periods. Two studies  discussed in Tanski and Bokuniewicz (1989b).
    of note, because of their comprehensive coverage, include a
    rtof note, because of their comprehensive coverage, includte a     Data on the short-term fluctuations of shoreline positions have
    regional sediment budget analysis (Research Planning Institute,    been developed for a limited number of locations where sub-
                                                                      been developed for a limited number of locations where sub-
    Inc. 1985) and a geomorphic analysis of the shoreline (Leather-
                                                                      aerial beach profiles had been surveyed at least several times
    man and Allen 1985).                                               per year (Jones Beach Island, Ocean Beach, Fire Island Pines,
    Data on coastal processes west of Fire Island are less com-        and East Hampton). An examination of the available profile data
    prehensive and not as well documented in comparison to that        indicated that the maximum annual horizontal variations in the
    available for the eastern section of the study area. Most of the   mean sea level intercept for individual profiles ranged from 148
    available studies relate to the federal dredging project at Fire   feet to 270 feet (with an average value over a decade of 183

                                                                                                                    CHAP 2-1

      SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                         Figure 2-1 - Annualized long-term rates of shoreline recession
                                     (-)and accretion (+). (A)- data from Taney(1961)
                                     (B) - data from Leatherman and Allen (1985).

                                                                                                                Eost Hompton         t
                                                                                                                                  Point
                                                                                                   Southompton

                                                                                    Westhampton
                                                                                     Beachc       s
                                                                                                    Shinnecock Inlet

                                                        Fire Islond   ~           Moriches Inlet
      East Rockaway
         Inlet       L       ong Beach Jones Beoch
            I   LongBeach

                                           Fire Island Inlet
                          Jones Inlet
                          20.5          2B   21.
        20.0 --
                                                                                                                        1933-1951/55 (A)
        I-5.0                                                                                                                   1933-1979 (B)

    o   10.0 --

       5.0 --

         50.0 -
         0.0                  II6

        -5.0 --

    O  -10.0

    -s.o _ '

       -20.0 ---22.2 -21.1                                   -                            (B)
        20.0 --
                                                 -c~~~~~~ (A) ~~~~~~~~~~~1873/80-1951/55 (A)
    o   15.0 -                                                                                                               1873/92-1979 (B)

    O   10.0

        -5.0 --

    o  -10.0 -

       -20.0 --                              -2.2
                                  -232.  -25.0

           CHAP 2-2

                                                            SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

    feet), and the mean annual range varied from 100 feet to 169      Information on seasonal and short-term volumetric changes is
    feet (with an average value over a decade of 122 feet) at the     limited to those few areas described previously where regular
    different locations.                                              beach profile monitoring programs have been undertaken. In
                                                                       addition, the New York State Disaster Preparedness Commis-
    The uncertainty associated with the calculated long-term annual   sion Scientific Advisory Committee has been monitoring a por-
    recession/accretion rates due to the interannual variations in
                    hreieosioa tion driesd   fo the pinerana  visown in    tion of eastern Jones Island by surveying the position of the drift
    shoreline position derived from the profile data is shown in
                                                                       line since 1985 in connection with the emergency threat posed
    Figure 2-2.  The maximum and average range of annual
                                                                       by shore erosion to Ocean Parkway (Lehman 1988). It is
    shoreline position (as indicated by horizontal changes in the
                    maseahorlvelinterpoiti ( ndiced by theo  s in the  important to note that such studies have only involved measure-
    mean sea level intercept) divided by the number of years in the
                                                                       ments of the subaerial beach. As a result, they do not provide
    associated period of record are indicated by the boxes at there
                                                                       information on changes occurring below mean sea level, where
    four locations. As can be seen, the average short-term varia-nsport occurs.
                                                                       most sediment transport occurs.
    tions can account for shoreline change rates of �1 to �+7 feet per
    year depending on the location and time period. With the data     2.1.4 Dune Morphology and Dynamics
    presently available, reliable estimates of the long-term changes  No systematic studies of dune morphology have been done for
                                                                       No systematic studies of dune morphology have been done for
    can only be established if they exceed the magnitude of these     the area even though much of the data needed to develop this
                                                                       the area even though much of the data needed to develop this
    short-term variations.
                                                                       information could be obtained from available topographic maps.
    2.1.2 Shoreline Changes Due to Storms                             Changes in dune morphology could also be obtained by digitiz-
                                                                       ing contours on large scale topographic maps surveyed in 1955
    Quantitative data on the response of the shoreline to storm       ing contours on large scale topographic maps surveyed in 1955
                                                                       and 1979, but the changes are likely to be small and uncertain.
    events are extremely limited due to the paucity of measurements   and 1979, but the changes are likely to be small and uncertain.
    during periods of storm activity. Morton et al. (1986) in a study  A study of the aeolian sediment budget for shores east of Fire
    on Jones Beach Island analyzed beach volume changes based         Island Inlet was done by McCluskey et al. (1983). The volume
    on comparisons of sequential, subaerial profiles for eight storms  of sediment transported by aeolian processes for the entire area
    occurring between 1968 and 1971. Although the shoreline           was calculated to be on the order of 250,000 cubic yards per
    response was variable along this stretch of the coast, they found  year with over 90 percent of this transport occurring seaward of
    that winter storms consistently reduced the volume of sand on     the dune (or shore parallel ridge) crest and in an easterly
    the subaerial beaches with losses of sand ranging from 4 cubic    direction.  Based on sand trap data, the amount of sand
    yards per foot of beach to 21 cubic yards per foot. However,      transported across the crest of the dune from the seaward
    they also reported that these volume losses were nearly corn-     direction was estimated to be approximately 0.08 cubic yards
    pletely recovered within one month of the storm activity. DeWall  per foot of dune per year. This volume comprised less than 1
    (1979) reported similar results for Westhampton Beach indicat-   percent of the bulk of a prototype dune having a volume of 37
    ing that the rapid storm recovery of the subaerial beach is typical  cubic yards per foot.
    of the south shore beaches. This phenomenon was primarily
                                                                       2.1.5 Effects of Structures
    attributed to natural onshore transport of sediment and the
    relatively low frequency of occurrence of storm waves in the area  The locations of 69 groins and jetties in the study area are plotted
    (Morton et al. 1986).                                             in Figure 2-5. The highest concentration of groins is on Long
                                                                       Beach, which has a total of 43. Impacts of concern associated
    No quantitative information on storm-induced changes of the
                                                                       with these structures include the amount of sand trapped by the
    beach below mean sea level are available due to the lack of    structures the amount of sand                     tre      d the
                                                                       structures, the amount of sand bypassing the structures, and the
    sequential surveys extending offshore.
                                                                       degree of downdrift erosion they cause.
    2.1.3 Vollumetric Shoreline Changes/Sediment Budgets
                     2.1.3 Volumetric Shoreline Changes/Sediment Budgets  The effects of the Westhampton Beach groin field are evident in
    A total of 135 profiles were analyzed to develop the sediment     the data on long-term shoreline changes (Figure 2-1) and the
    budget for the 1955-1979 period. For the area east of Fire Island  net volume changes (Figures 2-3 and 2-4).  The sediment
    Inlet, long-term data on the total net annual shore volume       budget data indicate the coastal compartment containing the
    change and net longshore transport are plotted in Figure 2-3;     groins gained an average of 190,000 cubic yards per year (8
    Figure 2-4 shows the net annual volume changes for the portions   cubic yards/foot/year) between 1955 and 1979 with a consider-
    of the shoreline above mean water, in the intertidal zone and     able portion of this increase (about 78,000 cubic yards per year)
    between mean low water and -24 feet MLW. The data show, for    occurring below MLW. Downdrift of these structures there was
    example, that the large increase in the longshore drift at Fire   an average loss of 55,000 cubic yards per year (4 cubic
    Island Inlet appears to be due to the reworking of the old Fire   yards/foot/year) with most of the loss occurring below MLW. The
    Island Inlet ebb tidal delta to the east of the inlet. Unfortunately,  amount of sand actually bypassing these structures is not
    similar information for comparative time periods has not been     known. Although estimates could probably be derived from a
    developed for the shoreline west of Fire Island Inlet.            more detailed analysis of the data used in the sediment budget

                                                                                                                      CHAP 2-3

       SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                             Figure 2-2 - Maximum and average annual variations in
                                           the mean sea level intercept based on surveys
                                          at selected locations.

                                                                                                                          East Hampton
                                                                                                                                              Montauk
                                                                                                                                               Point
                                                                                                            Southompton

                                                                                            Westhampton

                                                                                                             Shinnecock Inlet

                                                             Fire Island                  'Moric.hes Inlet
      East Rockaway
         Inlet   .
              ~Inlet  L         ~~Jones Beach
             I   Long Beach

                                               Fire Island Inlet
                           ' Jones Inlet

         20.0 --

    o    15.0 --

             :: _            --------(2)   (3)                                                                                       (4)
          5.0 --

          oo                                                  Ro                                                                      R

         -5.0

    .o  -10.0-

        -10.0 --

        150 -
         20.0 --

    0 15.0 -

    (,  10.0  -
    o                               (1)
          5.0 -                                             (2)   (3)                                                                 (4)

     00  -=R                                                        R n

     o         :I                                                                                                                        (2) (Tanski, 1983).
        150                                                                                                                             (3) (Bokuniewicz. 1986).

        -20.0  -                                                                                                                        (4) (6okuniewicz et al., 1980).

            CHAP 2-4

                                                             SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                           Figure 2-3 - Annualized net longshore transport rates and
                                      net shoreline volume changes for period 1955
                                      -1979 from sediment budget study (Research
                                      Planning Institute Inc. 1985).

                                                                                                            East Hampt       Montauk
                                                                                                                             Point
                                                                                                Southampton

                                                                                  Westhampton
                                                                                   Beach        *
                                                                                                 Shinnecock Inlet

                                                       Fire Island Inlet
       East Rockaway
          Inlet                Jones Beach   .
                 Long Beach

                                           Fire Island Inlet
                          Jones Inlet

         10.0 ---
                                    10~~~~~~~~~~.0 --                                                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~NET SHORE VOLUME CHANGE
              d_                                                                                                                        (1955-1979)

          5.0 --

         .0.0
         %   --
       -oo

         -5.0 --

        -10.0 -- --

                                   ~~~~~~~~~~800b~~~~~ ~~~~~ --                                                        ~~ ~~NET LONGSHORE TRANSPORT
                                        700~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~(TO THE WEST)
         700 --
                 Panuzio, 1968
         600 --

     v   400
         400 Ho \ RPI, 1985

    &,<   300 --                                                                               /*>\
         500

         200--

         100 --

           0

                                                                                                                  CHAP 2-5

    SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                       Figure 2-4 - Annualized net shoreline volume changes by
                                  lens and total net change (Research Planning
                                  Institute Inc. 1985).

                                                                                                    East Hampto           ontauk
                                                                                                                     Point
                                                                                        Southampton

                                                                          Westhompton
                                                                            Beach_
                                                                                         Shinnecock Inlet

                                                            Moriches Inlet
                                                 Fire Island
    East Rockaway
      Inlet                   Jones Beach
         1    Long Bech

                                      Fire Island Inlet
                      Jones Inlet

                                                                                                       NET VOLUME CHANGE BY LENS
                                                                                                         BASE LINE TO MEAN HIGH WATER
       0.o --

      -5.0
      -0.0 --

      -10.0 --

       10.0 --                                                                                                                         MEAN HIGH WATER TO MEAN LOW WATER

       5.0 -
       0I _

      -o.o --

       10M0 MEAN LOW WATER TO -24.0 FEET

        5.0

       10.0

       m 10---0                                                                                                                                       NET SHORE VOLUME CHANGE

       -0.0 --

       00CHAP 2-6

         CHAP 2-6

                                                          SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                       Figure 2-5 - Locations, dates of construction and
                                   approximate lengths of groins and jetties in the
                                   study area.

                                                                                                          East Hampton

                                                                                                                            Point
                                                                                              So utho mpton

                                                                               Westhompton
                                                                                Beach /
                                                                                              Shinnecock Inlet

                                                          Fire Isla~nd        Moriches Inlet
    East Rockaway
      Inlet Long Beach    Jones Beach   .      c
          I   Long Beech

                                        Fire Island Inlet
                       Jones Inlet
           4250        5200              5000                               470                   ,363
     1000 -                                                                                                       SHORE-NORMAL STRUCTURES

                       01
     800 - T            (~

     �   600 -  _                                                                                                  '

    r   400 -                                               i

      200 -                                                                  a                      a
                                        0

             (1930-1961)
      0) 10'o -NET SHORE VOLUME CHANGE
                                                                                                                         (1955-1979)

       5.0
       _0.0

     -10.0 --

                                                                                                                 CHAP 2-7

    SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

    and from Corps records and surveys, such calculations may not    effects of this activity on erosion on the north side of the inlet
    reflect the current conditions, since the efficiency of sand trap-  could be studied.  During this hiatus the downdrift beaches
    ping and the rate of bypassing would be expected to change as    experienced severe erosion. Two emergency dredging projects
    the structures age.                                              in 1985 and 1987 resulted in a total of about 1.2 million cubic
    The locations of all of the inlets in the study area have been fixed  yards of sand being placed offshore of Jones Beach in waters
    as a result of jetty construction. Shinnecock and Moriches Inlets  16 feet deep. In 1988/89 approximately 1 million cubic yards of
    are both stabilized with pairs of jetties that were constructed   sand was dredged from the vicinity of the inlet and placed at
    between 1952 and 1954. Fire Island, Jones and East Rockaway       Gilgo Beach. The data for this area plotted in Figure 2-6 repre-
    Inlets are each stabilized with single jetties on the east (updrift)  sent approximate volumes andlocations of the fill projects.
    side of the respective inlets. These jetties were constructed in  Corps records (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1966) show that
    1939-1944 at Fire Island; 1953-1959 at Jones Inlet; and 1933-    approximately 550,000 cubic yards of material dredged from the
    1934 at East Rockaway Inlet (Panuzio 1968). Evidence of the      bay were placed on Long Beach between 1959 and 1962.
    impacts of the stabilization of the inlets on the down drift    However, recent information on the history of fill projects along
    shoreline can also be seen in Figures 2-1,2-3, and 2-4.          this segment has not been compiled or summarized. These data
    Little data on the impacts of shore parallel structures built on  may be contained in a Corps report scheduled for future release.
    Long Island's south shore, e.g., revetments, seawalls, are avail-  Detailed monitoring information on dredge and fill operations in
    able. In fact, the location and extent of these structures along  the study area is not readily available. Additional effort would be
    the shoreline have not been documented. However, the effects      needed to prepare a meaningful analysis of the performance of
    of structures on the overall sediment bud6et are probably small  the various fill projects.
    in that portion of the study area east of Jones Inlet, given that
    structures cover only a small stretch of the total coast (estimatedve
    to be 3 to 5 miles).                                              Data on direct measurements of the wave climate are extremely
    In the East Hampton area, revetments are usually almost entire-  sparse. In situ wave gauge data are either short in duration, not
    ly buried with sand and do not influence short-term beach        available or non-existent (Morton et al. 1986). One non-direc-
    changes. They have been effective in preventing inland erosion   tional gaugethat operated intermittently between 1950 and 1954
    during severe storms (Bokuniewicz et al. 1980). Here and in    at several locations in the area of Jones Beach, indicated waves
    other places on the eastern part of the shoreline, old bulkheads  higher than 6 to 10 feet occurred less than 1% of the time, and
    have occasionally been exposed by unusually severe erosion.       a maximum wave height of 13.4 feet (Panuzio 1968).
    These structures were apparently built several decades ago        The only directional, long-term near shore wave measurements
    (presumably in response to local erosion), subsequently buried   available for the study area are visual observations collected at
    with sand and forgotten until uncovered by recent storm events.  several points along the shore including Jones Beach, Fire
    As part of the sediment budget study, Research Planning In-    Island, Westhampton, and Southampton. Some of these obser-
    stitute examined Federal, state and local records in an effort to  vations were made as part of CERC's Beach Evaluation Pro-
    identify dredge and fill projects undertaken along the shoreline  gram in the 1970's. Unfortunately these data have not been
    east of Fire Island Inlet between 1955 and 1979.  Although       summarized for the entire study area. Twenty-year hindcasts of
    substantial amounts of fill were added to the beach (an es-      the shallow water wave climate done as part of CERC's Wave
    timated 12 million cubic yards over the 24 year period), it    Information Study are also available for 10 mile segments along
    appears most of the material was dredged from the back barrier   the entire south shore (Jensen 1983). The average and largest
    bays and placed on the beach. In many cases, the primary         significant wave heights from this data set are plotted in Figure
    objective of these activities was probably dredged material       2-7. It is emphasized that the hindcast data do not take into
    disposal.ratherthan beach nourishment. Precise information on     account wave aassociated with tropical storms. Hindcasts may
    the boundaries of the disposal areas was often lacking. Figure    be adequate for some design needs or 2-dimensional shore
    2-6 indicates the volume added to the different compartments      models, but their use in other applications may be limited. The
                                                                      only way to im3rove this information would be to install at least
    by these projects in terms of cubic yards per foot of a beach per  only way to io ve this   infort ation would be to  install at least
                    year for the period 1955 to 1979.                two directional wave gauges in the-study area; one in the east
    year for the period 1955 to 1979.                                 and one in the West.
                                                                      and one in the west.
    As part of a combined inlet navigation and beach erosion control
    project, approximately 7 million cubic yards of sand dredged      For project design, the Corps of Engineers uses deepwater
    from Fire Island Inlet were placed on feeder beaches located      wave statistics from a number of sources. Based on these data,
    approximately 1 mile west of the inlet on Jones Beach in 5        a design wave for hurricane conditions with a deep water wave
    separate projects between 1959 and 1977 (Galvin 1985). How-       height of 17 feet (20 foot breaking wave) and a period of 13
        ever, dredging activities were suspended until the potential  seconds, which has an exceedance probability of 1 percent, was
    ever, dredging actHvites were suspended unt2-8  the potential

        CHAP 2-8

                                                               SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                           Figure 2-6 - Annualized fill placement and net volume
                                       change (1955-1979)

                                                                                                                  East Hampto           a
                                                                                                                                    Point
                                                                                                     Southampton

                                                                                      Westhampton

                                                                                                      Shinnecock Inlet

                                                         Fire Island  'Moriches Inlet
      East Rockaway
         Inlet       L        ong B each Jones Beach
             ,  Long Beach

                              r~~~           ~ ~ Fire Island Inlet
                          Jones Inlet

        1o.o --
                                                                                                                       DREDGE FILL PLACEMENT

         5.0 --                (approx.)

      X  o.o -I                           I '-

    -.            <(1955--1988)                           -            (1955-1979)

        -5.0 --

       -10.0 --
        10.0 --
                                                                                                                      NET SHORE VOLUME CHANGE
                                                                                                                                  (1955-1979)

         5.0 --

         0.0
            ~"~.. --                                              I              I

                                                                                                                                   I
        -5.0 --

       -10.0 --               -9

                                                                                                                         CHAP 2-9

      SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                          Figure 2-7 - Significant wave heights based on Wave
                                      Information Study 20-year shollow-water
                                      wave hindcast data (Jensen 1983)

                                                                                                                 East Hampton     Montouk
                                                                                                                                   Point
                                                                                                    Southampton

                                                                                    Westhampton
                                                                                      Beach
                                                                                                     Shinnecock Inlet

                                                        Fire Island                         let
     East Rockaway
        Inlet               Jones Beach Jones
            1   Long Bech
                                           Fire Island Inlet
                         Jones Inlet

        0.75 --                                                                                                 AVERAGE SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT
        0.70 --

        0.65 --

        0.60 --

        0.55 --

        0.50

        0.45 --

        0.40 --

        0.35 --

        0.30 --

        0.25

        4.50 --                                                                                                 LARGEST SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT

        4.25 --

                                                            -  T         -

    '3  4.00 --

        3.75 --

        3.50

           CHAP 2-10

                                                            SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

    selected for Westhampton Beach (U.S. Army Corps of En-           According to most projections, the increase in the rate of sea
    gineers 1980).                                                   level rise, if it occurs, will not occur in a linear fashion. Rather,
    2.1.7 Sea Level Rise                                             the change will start slowly and increase more rapidly in the
                                                                      distant future. Based on the National Research Council projec-
    Long-term tide gauge records in both New York Harbor and New     tions, accelerated sea level rise could increase present water
    London, CT, indicate an average rise in sea level on the order   level elevations along the south shore 4 to 5 cm (0.13 to 0.17
    of 0.01 feet per year. Since these gauges are on bedrock, it is    feet) by the year 2000 compared to an increase of 2.5 cm (0.08
    likely that the relative rise on Long Island may be somewhat     feet) if the present rate of sea level rise continues. By the year
    higher due to compaction and subsidence.  There are no ac-       2025 the increase due to atmospheric warming could be 13 to
    curate estimates of relative sea level rise available for the area.  24 cm (0.42 to 0.75 feet), while the expected increase if present
    According to McCormick (1973) sea level rise may not play a      conditions persist would be about 8 cm (0.25 feet). For 2050,
                                                                      an accelerated sea level rise could result in water elevations 41
    significant role in controlling erosion on the south shore. As part
    of the sediment budget study (Research Planning Institute, Inc.    to 50 cm (1.3 to 1.8 feet) higher than present compared to an
    1985), the Hands (1982) model was applied to estimate the        increase of 26 cm (0.5 feet) under current conditions. While the
    possible sediment loss resulting from profile readjustments in    rate of sea level rise may increase more rapidly beyond 2050,
    response to a sea level rise of 0.01 feet per year. The results of  these projections, already subject to a great deal of uncertainty,
                                                                      become less reliable with time. Because of these uncertainties,
    this analysis in terms of annualized volume losses per foot of
    shoreline for the portion of the profile above and below MLW are  a rgorous assessment of the management implications of future
    plotted in Figure 2-8. These changes are for the most part much  sea level rise is required.
    less than the total net volume changes reported in the study. In  To account for potential increases in the rate of sea level rise, it
    addition, there is evidence that offshore sources contribute sand  was suggested the present rate could be doubled or tripled for
    to the near shore sediment budget (McCormick and Toscano         erosion management purposes.  However, even this increase
    1980; Research Planning Institute 1985; Niedoroda et al. 1985;   would probably have a relatively small impact on the observed
    Williams and Meisburger 1987) indicating that the Bruun Rule     rate of erosion compared to the magnitude of shoreline changes
    (upon which the Hands model is based) may not be applicable      caused by storms and disruptions in the nearshore sediment
    in this area (Wolff 1982). If this is the case, even the relatively    transport systems resulting from man's activities.
    small volume losses caused by sea level rise shown in Figure
    2-8 may be overestimates. In the absence of profile readjust-
    ment, Morton et al. (1986) estimated that in the Jones Beach     Mean tide ranges and still water storm surge elevations for the
    area, the present observed rate of sea level rise over a period  10, 50, and 100 year storms are plotted in Figure 2-9. Models
    of 10 years would result in a landward displacement of the       that incorporate wave run up and beach and dune dynamics to
    waterline of approximately one foot (0.1 feet per year).  The    determine storm surge penetration in coastal areas are of more
    degree to which sea level rise contributes to the total erosion  value for planning purposes than models that only calculate
    occurring along the south shore is of secondary importance in    still-water storm-surge elevations. The Corps of Engineer's Sea,
    comparison to other processes operating in the area, especially  Land, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model
    when considered in the context of this program's 35 year plan-   results are done for the New York Basin. These model results
    ning horizon.                                                    are accurate descriptions of the storm surge elevations which
    A number of studies, such as Wolff, Radcliffe and Merguerian     can be expected from hurricanes of various sizes and intensities.
    (1987), indicate that global warming caused by the greenhouse
    effect could result in an accelerated rate of sea level rise in the  2.1.9 Longshore Sediment Transport
    future. However, the timing and magnitude of future sea level
    efutuare. However, the timing and magnitude of  futur e sea level    'Estimates of the net rate of longshore sediment transport based
    rise are uncertain. While a detailed review of the causes of sea
                                                                      on the Research Planning Institute (1985) sediment budget
    level rise is not in the scope of this study, it should be pointed
                                                                      study are shown in Figure 2-3. Estimates of the gross longshore
    out that global warming could also dramatically alter the frequen-  transport and relative volumes moving east and west are also
                                                                      transport and relative volumes moving east and west are also
    cy of severe storms in the North Atlantic region. Warmer ocean
                                                                      extremely important, especially for inlet areas where local devia-
    temperatures could shift the location of tropical cyclone genesis
                                                                      tions can be large and the direction of net drift can reverse due
    to higher latitudes. This could result in an increase of hurricane                    .          Although attempts to calculate
    frequency and intensity in the Long Island area over the long-   these values based on available wave statistics have been
    terrm.                                                           made, the results have not agreed with the estimates obtained
    A National Research Council (1987) study of the engineering      by using measurements of sand impoundment at- structures
    implications of sea level rise examined three possible sea level  and/or inlet migrations.  More data and information on wave
    rise scenarios to the year 2100; rises of 0.5 m, 1.0 m and 1.5 m.

                                                                                                                    CHAP 2-11

      SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                           Figure 2-8 - Estimates of annualized net sediment loss by
                                        lens due to sea level rise and total observed
                                        net volume changes for the period 1955-1979
                                        based on data from (Research Planning
                                        Institute ,Inc.  1985).
                                                                                                                       East Har       Monta uk
                                                                                                                                          Montauk
                                                                                                                                           Point
                                                                                                         Southampton

                                                                                         Westhampton
                                                                                          seac h   ,
                                                                                                          Shinnecock Inlet

                                                           Fire Island Mariahas Inlet
     East Rockaway
        Inlet                     Jones Beach
            l   Long Beach

                                             Fire Island Inlet
                          Jones Inlet

        10.0 --                                                                                                                                       LOSS TO SEA-LEVEL RISE
                                                                                                                        MEAN HIGH WATER TO MEAN LOW WATER
         0.0 ---

         o.o --

        -5.0o -- -
      1o.o

        -10.0

                                       10--.0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--                    ~MEAN LOW WATER TO -24.0 FEET

    0-  o.0
        -s.o -- --

        -10.0 -- -
        -o.o ---

                                     0lo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.0o~~~~~~ --  .NET SHORE VOLUME CHANGE

        >  :--                                                                                   rA
    Z~-   0.0

        -5.0 --      -

          CHAP 2-12

                                                              SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                         Figure 2-9 - Mean tidal ranges and storm surge water
                                     level elevations for 10, 50, and 100-year
                                     storms (based on FEMA flood insurance
                                     studies)

                                                                                                                   East Hampton
                                                                                                                                    Montouk
                                                                                                                                     Point
                                                                                                     Southampton/

                                                                                     Westhampton
                                                                                      Beach
                                                                                                      Shinnecock Inlet

                                                        Fire Island _Moriches Inlet
    East Rockaway

       Inl     L       ong Beach  ach

                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~dInlet
              I   Lang ~       ne Bench~:;~~~:

                                           Fire Island Inlet
                         Jones Inlet

      5.00 --
                                        5 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~-00~~~~ ~~~~~TIDAL RANGE

      4.00              -

      3.00 --

      2.00 --

      1.00 --

      0.00
      20.0 --
                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~20.0 --                                                                              ~~~~~~~~~~STORM SURGE ELEVATION

                       100-YEAR STILLWATER + MAXIMUM WAVE CREST
      15.0 ---=                          =                                               =.-*-*_-�

          - -                   100-YEAR STILLWATER
      10.0       - i  =                     =a

          --        =50-YEAR STILLWATER

       5.0 - -                            10-YEAR STILLWATER                                                                 m-

       0.0

                                                                                                                        CHAP 2-13

    SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

    characteristics along the south shore are needed to develop                               TABLE 2 -1
    reliable estimates.
                                                                                      Estimates of Inlet Bypassing.
    2.1.10 Cross-shore Sediment Transport                               Inlet            Net Longshore         Amount Bypassing
    Sediment exchange between the shore face and inner continen-                      Transport (cu. yds./yr)     (cu. yds./yr.)
    tal shelf does occur, but more data are needed to develop         E. Rockaway          400,000a                 150,000b
    quantitative estimates of the onshore transport of sand. A single  Jones                550,000a               10,000b
    offshore bar located about 500-1500 feet offshore with a crest                                                     ?
    10 to 15 feet below NGVD is present along much of the coast       Fire Island          600,000C
    between Fire Island Inlet and Montauk Point.  Although two        Moriches             304,500C                250,000C
    short-term, site-specific studies of this feature have been under-  Shinnecock          300,000e               247,000e
    taken at East Hampton (Shipp 1980) and at Fire Island (Allen       Sources:
    and Psuty 1987), the scale and variation in bar morphology and         aPanuzio (1968);
    the effects of bar geometry on the shoreline have not been             bU.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1966);
                                                                            CResearch Planning Institute, Inc. (1985);
    documented. Pre-and post storm profiles along the coast may            dGalvin (1985); ann
    be especially useful in defining the behavior of the offshore bar      eU.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1987).
    and sediment transport patterns.
    2.1.11 Inlet Processes                                            The recent dredging history of Fire Island Inlet was previously
                                                                       described in the section on the effects of structures. Some 8
    The five inlets in the study area exert a dominant influence on   million cubic yards of material have been dredged from the inlet
    the coastal changes occurring along the shore. As can be seen     and placed on the downdrift beaches or in the nearshore area
    in the plots of long-term shoreline recession/accretion rates     in six separate projects undertaken between 1954 and 1989.
    (Figure 2-1) and, to a lesser extent, the plots of volume changes
                     (Figures 2-3 and 2-4), the most dramatic variations are as-  Inlets function as large sinks of sand in the near shore system.
    sociated with inlets. With the exception of the Westhampton      The ebb and flood tidal deltas associated with Moriches trapped
    groin field, the most acute erosion problems are the result of the  1 to 2 million cubic yards of sand with most of this material stored
    groin field, the most acute erosion problems are the result of the
                     interruption of sand transport patterns and inadequate sand  in the ebb tidal delta (Research Planning Institute, Inc. 1985).
    intmrruptionofandtragemenst practices ant inadlets.              Although not quantified, similarly large ebb tidal deltas are also
                                                                       associated with the other inlets in the area (Leatherman and
    The amount of sand bypassing occurring at the inlets is of critical    Allen 1985).
    importance in determining the effects of these features on
    imshortaeline   inero mining the effects of these features on    The impacts and processes associated with the inlets are vari-
    shoreline erosion.  While estimates of the bypassing taking       able with time. Because of their complexity and importance in
    place at the various inlets have been made (Table 2-1), the
    accuracy of these figures is somewhat questionable due to the     the coastal sediment system, detailed sand budgets are needed
    paucity of these dfigures issomewhat questiona.  due to the for each of the inlets. The amount of sand naturally bypassing
                                                                       the inlets and the volume of the flood and ebb deltas and their
    For the most part, south shore inlet dredging projects are done   rates of change should be documented. This information should
    in response to navigation needs, rather than for erosion control  be used to construct models of local inlet behavior which can be
    purposes. There is no program of regular artificial sand bypass-  used to guide management decisions.
    ing. At Shinnecock and Moriches Inlets most of the dredging
    ing. At Shinnecock and Moriches Inlets most of  the dredging     The locations of historical inlets along the eastern section as
    work has focused on maintaining channels through the flood
    tidal deltas bayward of the inlet channels, and much of the       suggested by Leatherman and Allen (1985) are shown in Figure
    tidal deltas bayward of the inlet channels, and much of the
    resultant dredged material has been placed on the emergent        2-10   According to their geomorphic analysis, sediment
                     portion of the flood delta (Kassner and Black 1982). The only  transport associated with inlet creation is an important process
    portion of the flood delta (Kassner and Black 1982). The only
    dredging in the channel or seaward of the channel at Shinnecock   in the migration of the eastern section of the barrier system
    Inlet since its position was fixed by jetty construction was the  (between Southampton and a point about 10 miles west of
                     emergency removal of 162,000 cubic yards of material in 1984  Moriches Inlet). The inlet formation and sediment transport
    (U   Army CorpsofEngineers1987)and83,000cubic yards of           materain   1processes that drive barrier migration in this section operate
                                                                        intermittently at 50-75 year intervals. The central and western
    1988. This sand was placed offshore at a depth of 10 feet below   intermittently at 50-75 year intervals. The cen     and western
                     MLW downdrift of the inlet.  No dredging in the channel or  sections of the Fire Island have been axially stable for hundreds
    MLW downdrift of the inlet.  No dredging in the channel or
    seaward of the channel has been done at Moriches Inlet since      of years (Leatherman and Alien 1985). From a management
                                                                       standpoint, the relative stability of the barrier island over long
    it was stabilized in the 1950's. The inlet has been legally closed    standpoint, the relative stability of the barrier  isand over long
    to navigation for a number of years due to severe shoaling        time periods indicates that concerns regarding disruption of
    to navigation   for a number of years due to severe shoaling      barrier island migration by inlet processes may be of secondary
                                                                        importance compared to the other more immediate impacts

        CHAP 2-14

                                                                  SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                            Figure 2-10 - Location of historical inlets based on data
                                          from Leatherman and Allen (1985) for area
                                          east of Fire Island Inlet and Taney (1961) for
                                          the area west of Fire Island.

                                                                                                                        East Hamptk             X

                                                                                                                                           Point
                                                                                                          Souat he on

                                                                                          Westhampton         /

                                                                                                           Shinnecock Inlet

                                                            Fire Island   M           ~x Moriches Inlet
       East Rockaway
          Inlet                 Jones Beach _
                 Long Beach

                                               Fire Island Inlet
                            Jones Inlet

         19B5 -                                                                                                                HISTORICAL INLET LOCATIONS

         1935 -             V

         1885 -

    LJJ

       hi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
         1835 -

         1785 -    ?         9

         1735

                                                                                                                            CHAP 2-15

    SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

    importance compared to the other more immediate impacts          features is transported by littoral processes. The larger fraction
    associated with the formation of new inlets.                     of the material remains in place, while the finer sediments are
                                                                       dispersed offshore. In addition, the inhomogeneities in the
    Site-specific information on the potential impacts of new inlets  dispersed  of    fshore.  I  n        addition, the inhomogeneities  in the
                                             along. the.   sou .      composition of the bluff also result in an irregular shoreline,
    along the south shore is largely limited to one modeling study                                                             The
                                                                       further complicating estimates of longshore transport. The
    (Pritchard and DiLorenzo 1985) which was done in response to
                                                                       geomorphic configuration of the headland and orientation of
    a breach that occurred in 1980 just east of Moriches Inlet. This
                                                  breach grew to a width of 2900 feet before it was artificially  numerous pocket beaches in this area indicate the longshore
    rclsed one year after it opened (Schmeltz et    al. 1982). The   transport of material to the west is probably significantly less
    closed one year after it opened (Schmeltz et al. 1982). The
                                                                       than the volume derived from erosion processes. Although
    results of the modeling suggested that a large breach would
                                                                       more information on bluff composition and actual bluff recession
    increase. normal tidal ranges in Moriches Bay by about 60
                     increase  normal tidal ranges in Moriches Bay by about 60  rates (rather than shoreline recession rates) is needed, it is
    percent and short-period (hurricane) storm water level eleva-
    tions by 35 to 40 percent. The mtodeling study also indicated    estimated that the actual total contribution from the bluff section
                                                                       of coast to the longshore transport system is on the order to
    that the tidal exchange between Moriches Bay and the ocean is
                                                                       20,000 to 40,000 cubic yards per year, or less than 10 percent
    not great enough to maintain two inlets indefinitely. The shoaling  of the transport estimated to occur at Fire Island Inlet.
    problems presently occurring at Moriches and Shinnecock Inlets
    tend to support this finding. Although reliable estimates of the  2.2 Natural Resources Inventory
    potential lifetimes and possible closure rates of new inlets are
                                                                       Long Island south shore natural resources are shown on a series
    not available, the formation of new inlets could adversely affect
    shoaling rates at the existing inlets due to limited tidal flow  in thi    s chapter.  The development    of this map s eries constitutes
                                                                       in this chapter. The development of this map series constitutes
    No known studies have focused on the possible effects of new     an update of the Natural Resources Inventory Map series com-
    inlets on shoreline erosion. It is reasonable to infer that these  pleted as part of the Long Island Regional Element New York
    features could have significant impacts in terms of accelerated   State Coastal Management Program (Long Island Regional
    downdrift erosion. About 750,000 cubic yards of material from     Planning Board 1979)
    the longshore sediment system were trapped on the flood tidal
                                                                       Mapping units were divided into the following categories: fresh-
    delta of the Moriches breach during the 11 months it was open
                                                                       water wetland, tidal wetland, forest, maritime flora, dunes,
    (Research Planning Institute, Inc. 1985). The loss of such large  beach old field farmland bluff and developed areas. Sources
    volumes of material from the near shore sediment budget can
    volumes of material from the near shore sediment budget can      of information for the 1979 map series for areas other than the
                                                   result in significant downdrift shoreline changes.  South Forkwere April 1976 aerial photographs (scale 1 " = 1000')
    2.1.12 Overwash Processes                                        flown by the Aerographics Corp. of Bohemia, N.Y. and staff field
                                                                       checks. Vegetation information forthe South Fork was obtained
    Based on the sediment budget study, only about 35,000 cubic
    yards of   sediment p  er year are m oved by overwash processes  from the Group for America's South Fork Map Series. Sources
    yards of sediment per year are moved by overwash processes
                                                                       of information for freshwater wetlands included the NYS Dept.
    east of Fire Island Inlet, indicating this mechanism is a minor
                                                                       of Environmental Conservation (NYS Freshwater Wetland
    agent in terms of overall sediment transport. Annual overwash
                                                                       Maps); Bureau of Water Pollution ControlNassau County Health
    volumes (cubic yards per foot) for different sections of the coast  Maps); Bureau of Water Pollution ControlNassau County Health
                                                                       Dept.; and Town of Hempstead Dept. of Conservation and
    are shown in Figure 2-11 for the period 1955-1979. The impor-    Waterways. Tidal wetland information was obtained from the
    tance of overwash depends on the migration rate of the barrier
                                                                       Town of Hempstead Dept. of Conservation and Waterways and
    island.  Since Long Island's barriers are relatively stable as
                                                                       NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation (NYS Tidal Wetland
    compared to those along the south Atlantic coast, overwash
    processes are probably not that important especially in terms of  Maps)
    management time scales of 30 to 50 years.                        Tidal wetlands were mapped as one unit that included low
     2.1.13 Bluff Erosion                                             marsh, intertidal marsh, high marsh, and coastal fresh marsh.
                                                                        Freshwater streams, tidal streams, ponds, lakes, estuaries,
    The volume of material contributed to the longshore sediment      bays, and other surface waters were also delineated on the
    system by bluff erosion in the eastern headlands section of the   maps. In addition, New York State Designated Significant Fish
    south shore is small.  Based on historic shoreline recession      and Wildlife Habitats (New York State Dept. of State 1987) were
    rates, bluff elevations and subtidal volume changes, the sedi-    identified in this updated map series.
    ment budget study indicated that 133,000 cubic yards of sedi-
    ment per year are derived from erosion along the bluff section   Whenever there was an overlap between two mapping units, the
    of the coast (Research Planning Institute, Inc. 1985). However,   predominant feature/characteristic was repreented; for ex-
    not all of this material is moved to the west in the longshore   ample, the presence of bluffs took precedence over vegetation,
                     transport system.  Because of the varied composition of the  dunes took precedence over maritime vegetation, etc. Transi-
    transport system. Because of the varied composition of the
                                                                       tional areas, such as formerly connected tidal wetlands and
    bluffs, only a portion of the material released by erosion of these

        CHAP 2-16

                                                             SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                          Figure 2-11 - Annualized volume losses due to
                                       washovers for the period 1955-1979 from
                                       (Research Planning Institute, Inc. 1985)

                                                                                                               East Hampton

                                                                                                                                 Point
                                                                                                  southamptoo

                                                                                   Westhampton
                                                                                    Beach o
                                                                                                   Shinnecock Inlet

                                                       Fire Island Moriches Inlet
      East Rockaway
        Inlet      L        gaJones Beach
            I   Long Bech

                                           Fire Island Inlet
                         Jones Inlet

        10.0                                                                                                      VOLUME LOSS TO WASHOVER

         5.0 --

        5.0 --

                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10.0 --                                                            ~~~~~~~~~~NET SHORE VOLUME CHANGE

         5.0 ----

    '+-  0.0
                                          _  _

        -5.0 --

       -10.0 --

                                                                                                                    CHAP 2-17

    SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

    drained freshwater wetlands, are represented as they appear on  in the creation of man-made dunes (see photos in chapter 3).
    the aerial photos unless more specific site information was     Long Beach is almost entirely developed, however, a tidal wet-
    available.                                                      land area exists along the back bay area of the eastern portion
                                                                    of this barrier island. Numerous tidal wetland islands are located
    Certain dredge spoil sites, particularly those located on islands    of this barrier island. Num erous tidal wetland islands are located
                    within the coastal embayments  were initially mapped as  within Oyster Bay, and virtually the entire area of West, Middle
    within the coastal embayments, were initially mapped as
    developed areas in 1976.  However, there are no structures,      and East  Hempstead Bays is interspersed with  idal wetland
                                                                    islands.  The mainland area north of West, Middle and East
    etc., on these sites and a clarification of these maps was
    necessary. Therefore, if the site had maritime shrubland, or tidal  Hempstead Bays and Oyster Bay is densely developed, al-
    wetland (whether sparsely or fully vegetated), etc., it was desig-  though a few tidal wetlands remain intact.
    nated as such.                                                  The barrier beach and dune formations are predominant natural
                                                                    features along the Jones Island oceanfront with extensive tidal
    interpretation of the 1976aeria photographs  lisconducted bel through  wetlands in the back bay area. This island is entirely publicly
                                                                    owned and has been developed primarily for recreational use.
                 Town              Year    Scale                    New York State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife
                 Hempstead         1980   1" = 2000'                Habitats within the area south of Montauk Highway include:
                 Oyster Bay        1980   1" = 2000'                East Hempstead Bay; Middle Hempstead  Bay; West
                 Babylon           1980   1" = 2000'                Hempstead Bay; South Oyster Bay; Silver Point Beach; Nassau
                                                                     Beach; Short Beach, Jones Beach State Park; West End, Jones
                 Islip            1984  I1" = 1000'                Beach State Park; Storehouse, Jones Beach State Park; Cedar
                 Brookhaven        1987   1" = 1000'                Creek County Park; and Tobay Sanctuary.
                 Southampton       1988   1" = 1000                 There has been no evident loss in vegetation in this area during
                 East Hampton      1988   1" = 1000'                the period from 1976 to 1980.
    The area updated on the 1989 maps only includes that portion    2.2.2 Great South Bay Natural Resources
    of the coast south of Montauk Highway (Route 27A) in Suffolk    The barrier beach/dune system is the most prominent natural
    County. In Nassau County, Merrick Road was the northern map     feature along the oceanfront in this area. The eastern portion is
    boundary until it meets Sunrise Highway (Route 27) in Rockville  undeveloped and exhibits extensive beach, dune, tidal wetlands
    Centre. Sunrise Highway was then used asthe northerly bound-    along the back bay area, as well as tidal wetland islands scat-
    ary west to the New York City boundary. (It should be noted that    tered in Great South Bay. Largetidal wetland islands are located
    the Natural Resources map series does not show a portion of    in the back bay areas along Jones Island to the west. Develop-
    the area updated near the northern map boundary in Nassau       ment on Fire Island is concentrated in a number of summer
    County, as well as a part of the Suffolk County mainland south  communities. Loss of dune formations along the oceanfront of
    of Montauk Highway.)                                            certain communities is evident.  Public recreation uses on
    Overall, sections of western Suffolk County and Nassau County   western Fire Island and Jones Island have precluded extensive
    were almost entirely developed as of 1976 and further develop-  development along the oceanfront in these areas.  Recent
    ment was minimal during the last 13 years.  The areas of    beach nourishment along certain areas of Jones Island has
    greatest loss of vegetation occurred within the Towns of Brook-  aided in dune building and widening of the beach. The mainland
    haven, Southampton and East Hampton.                            on the north side of Great South Bay contains two large river
                                                                    systems with extensive tidal and freshwater wetlands: Carmans
    The following discussion of natural resources is presented by   River and Connetquot River. Other public holdings adjacent to
    embayment or area (East End) along the south shore. Table 2-2
    lists the embaymentor s/areast  aond thei r r   espective Natural 2- Great South Bay have forested areas and tidal wetlands, but the
    lists the embayments/areas and their respective Natural
    Resources Map number(s), as well as the appropriate shoreline   area is primarily developed   with  a few  parcels    of maritime
                                                                    shrubland, old field and farmland in the eastern portion of the
    segment name(s) for ease of identification.                     area.
                                                                    area.
    2.2.1 West, Middle and East Hempstead Bays and Oyster           New York State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife
    Bay Natural Resources
                                                                    Habitats within the area south of Montauk Highway include
    Minimal natural dune formations existonthe eastern end of Long  Great South Bay East, Great South Bay West, Beaverdam
    Beach Barrier Island; virtually no dunes are evident on the     Creek, Swan River, Carmans River, Connetquot River,
    western end.  Although the 1980 aerial photos and natural       Champlin Creek, Orowoc Creek, Cedar Beach, Gilgo Beach and
    resource maps do not indicate the presence of natural dunes,    Sore Thumb.
    the Town of Hempstead and the City of Long Beach are involved

        CHAP 2-18

                                                          SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                                                              TABLE 2-2.
                               Natural Resources Map Series - Embayment/Area, Natural Resources Map
                                             Numbers(s) and Shoreline Segment Name(s).
                                                  Natural Resources
    Embayment/Area                                Map Number(s)                          Shoreline Segment Name(s)
    West, Middle and                              1, 2, 3                                Atlantic Breach/Long Beach;
      East Hempstead Bay,                                                                Jones Inlet, Gilgo Beach
      Oyster Bay
    Great South Bay                               3, 4, 5, 6, 7                          Gilgo Beach; Fire Island Inlet;
                                                  16,17,18                              Ocean Beach; Central Fire Island;
                                                                                         FINS Wilderness
    Moriches Bay                                  7, 8, 9                                Moriches Inlet; Westhampton Beach
    Shinnecock Bay                                9,10, 11                               Shinnecock Inlet
    Coastal Ponds                                 11,12,13                               Coastal Ponds
    Napeague                                      13, 14                                 Napeague
    Montauk                                       14,15                                  Montauk

    Continued development infilling occurred on the mainland in this    which has experienced minimal changes overall during this time
    area from 1976 to 1980, 1984 and 1987 (Towns of Babylon, Islip    period. The extensive land area in County ownership retains
    and Brookhaven, respectively).  However, larger areas of    natural vegetation in the vicinity of Moriches Inlet and west along
    natural vegetation were lost in the eastern portion of the main-  the Fire Island barrier beach.
    land as compared to the western portion, which was almost
    completely developed as of 1976. Minimal losses of vegetation
    occurred on Jones Island and Fire Island barrier beaches during  The barrier beach with its continuous dune system is the
    this time period.                                               predominant natural feature in this area. Beach width is general-
                                                                    ly consistent along the oceanfront. There are significant tidal
                                                                    wetlands in the back bay area of both the Quogue/Tiana and
    The barrier beach/dune system is the most dominant natural      Southampton barrier beaches and several tidal wetland islands
    feature along the oceanfront in this area. The Dune Road area   are situated in Shinnecock Bay. The Tiana Beach section of the
    in Westhampton Beach is highly developed; west of Moriches      barrier beach is in County ownership and is primarily un-
    Inlet the barrier beach is undeveloped with extensive dune,     developed. The mainland area along the northerly boundary of
    beach and back bay wetlands. Significant losses of beach and    Shinnecock Bay is predominantly developed. Some farmland
    dune formations are evident in the oceanfront area west of the  and old fields exist in the Southampton area. The Shinnecock
    last groin in Westhampton Beach. A few tidal wetland islands    Hills area exhibits mostly maritime shrubland vegetation, and
    are situated within Moriches Bay.  The mainland along the       there is a scattering of forested parcels in the Hampton Bays
    northern boundary of Moriches Bay provides numerous stream      and Quogue areas.
    corridors with associated tidal and freshwater wetlands. Over-  New York State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife
    all, this area is approximately two-thirds developed. The remain-  Habitats within the area south of Montauk Highway include
    ing undeveloped land is a mixture of farmland, old field, forest,  Southampton Beach, Tiana Beach, Shinnecock Bay, Dune Road
                                                                    Marsh, Far Pond and Middle Pond Inlets and a portion of the
    New York State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife         Quantuck Creek and Quogue Refuge.
    Habitats within the area south of Montauk Highway include
    Moricheabitats Bay, Smith Point County Park, Cupsogue County Park  The greatest loss of vegetation from 1976 to 1988 occurred in
    M oriches Bay, Smith PoinuntCouty Park, Cupsogue Co unty Park   the maritime shrubland category in the Shinnecock Hills area;
    and a portion of the Quantuck Creek and Quogue Refuge           approximately three quarters of this area is now developed.
                                                                    More losses in farmland occurred to the east. Major losses of
    There have been extensive losses from 1976 to 1987/88 (Towns    forest were evident in the Quogue area.  New development
    of Brookhaven and Southampton, respectively) of vegetation on   occurred along the dune system of the barrier beach particularly
    the mainland (approximately one-third of the area). Some loss    in the Quogue area south of Dune Road.
    of tidal wetlands has also occurred along the barrier beach,

                                                                                                               CHAP 2-19

    SOUTH SHORE COASTAL PROCESSES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

    2.2.5 Coastal Ponds Natural Resources                               New York State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife
    Coastal ponds and their associated freshwater wetlands are         Habitats within the area south of Montauk Highway include a
    dispersed throughout this area. It is important to note, however,   portion of the Oyster Ponds Significant Fish and Wildlife Habitat.
    that a few of these ponds are tidally influenced, and sub-         Other significant habitats nearby include: Montauk Harbor, Fort
    sequently contain tidal wetland habitats as well as freshwater      Pond and Hither Hills Uplands.
    wetland habitats. The upland area is dominated by farmlands         From 1976 to 1988, loss of forest and maritime shrubland
    and the dunes along the oceanfront are narrower than in the        vegetation occurred primarily adjacent to the existing developed
    Napeague area to the east. Small areas of forest, old field and    areas. Scattered large lot residential development in the Mon-
    maritime shrubland are interspersed throughout.  Developed         tauk Point area was also evident. The loss of freshwater wet-
    areas include portions of the incorporated Villages of East        lands was minimal.
    Hampton and Southampton.
                                                                      2.2.8 Colonial Waterbird and Piping Plover Populations
    New York State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife
    Habitats within the area south of Montauk Highway include the      A large number of colonial waterbirds including herons, egrets,
                                                                      gulls, skimmers, terns, wading birds, cormorants, oyster-
    Atlantic Double Dunes, Long Pond Greenbelt, Mecox Bay and          catchers, and piping plovers breed in Long Island's coastal
    Beach, and a small portion of Shinnecock Bay Significant Fish      areas.  Due to increasing pressure from human activity, the
    and Wildlife Habitat.                                              health of colonially nesting waterbird populations has been a
    Significant losses in farmland were evident in this area from      focus of concern throughout the northeastern United States. In
    1976 to 1988. Roughly one-third of the area was subject to new     1983, the NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation listed the
    residential development in this period.                            least tern (Sterna antillarum) and roseate tern (Sterna dougal-
                                                                      lii) as Endangered Species in New York State. In addition, the
    2.2.6 Napeague Natural Resources                                   common tern (Sterna hirundo) and piping plover (Charadrius
    The predominant features include the extensive dune formations     melodus) were listed as Threatened Species. The roseate tern
    adjacent to the ocean shoreline in Hither Hills and Napeague       is a federally endangered species for the southeastern coastal
    and the Atlantic double dune area of Amagansett.  Maritime         portion of New York State. Effective in 1986, the United States
    shrubland and freshwater wetlands are also interspersed within      Fish and Wildlife Service granted federal threatened status to
                                                                      the Atlantic coast population of the piping plover. Additional
    these areas. Immediately east of the Village of East Hampton
                                                                      concern has been voiced concerning population trends in other
    are farmlands along with developed areas north of Bluff Road.      coastal colonial waterbird species.
    Further east, developed areas exist along the oceanfront to
    Napeague State Park and then, again, south of Napeague             In response to the need for current colonial waterbird population
    Harbor.                                                            data, the Long Island Least Tern and Piping Plover Survey was
                                                                      initiated in 1983 by the Seatuck Research Program in coopera-
    New York State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife            tion with the NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation.  The
    Habitats within the area south of Montauk Highway include          goal of the survey was to provide a systematic method for
    Napeague Beach and Atlantic Double Dunes.  Another sig-            monitoring the population status of Long Island's colonial water-
    nificant habitat nearby includes Napeague Harbor.                  birds. This has been accomplished by expanding the survey
                                                                      each year since 1983 to the present. The location of waterbird
    Scattered parcels throughout the area were developed during        colonies and piping plover nesting sites along the south shore
    the period from 1976 to 1988 and involved losses in farmland,      of Nassau and Suffolk Counties as of 1986 was mapped on the
    maritime shrubland and dunes.  Public holdings along the           Waterbird Colonies Map included in this chapter. This informa-
    oceanfront at Hither Hills, Napeague and Amagansett minimized      tion was obtained from MacLean and Litwin (1987).  Other
    losses of vegetation in this area.                                 information collected at each colony includes: ownership, site
                                                                      characteristics, nesting substrate, vegetation coverage, causes
                                                                      of disturbance and protection measures being undertaken at the
    The predominant feature adjacent to the ocean in this area is a    site. It is important to note that these data are continuing to be
    bluff coastline. The upland is primarily a mature forest, along    collected on an annual basis.  New sites are added to sub-
    with areas of maritime shrubland vegetation and significant        sequent surveys as additional information is obtained.
    freshwater wetlands. Dunes are not predominant here, and the       According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Day 1988),
    beach is narrow from Montauk Point west to the area south of       certain mitigation measures to protect colonial waterbirds have
    Fort Pond Bay.  From Fort Pond Bay west to Napeague, the           been developed for coastal construction projects. The U.S. Fish
    beach widens and dune formations are apparent; bluffs are no       and Wildlife Service's Mitigation Policy requires that, for beach
    longer evident. Developed areas include Ditch Plains, Montauk      nourishment projects, no placement of material should occur
    and Montauk Beach.                                                 during the period April 1 to September 1 in locations where
                                                                      shorebirds/waterbirds nest.

        CHAP 2-20

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              46'  %6' ~   6'             266   ~                    MECS             SAGAPONACK

                      >6"    6%v6'~~~~~~~~f ~PHILLIPS  POND
                    066  6'' SINNECOCKSOUTHAMPTON BEACH RD. C

                        INLET         SOUTHAMPTON BEACH RD. D

                   PONQUOGUE       SOUTHAMPTON BEACH RD. F

              TIANA BEACH                                               Wiebr                        ie

           WEST OF TIANA BEACH                                          Wt r rdColonySie

         HOT DOG BEACH                                                            (Continued)

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                         ACABONAC/HARBOR

                     NAPAGU                                                                                              BEAHHCSILN
       Gar(inue d)

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                       GERARD tARK                                                                       /    OYSTER POND

            k rCBOA  HARBOR                                    ~iO;i~

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                          NAPEAGUE BEACH            HICKS ISLAND

    ~MAIDSTONE BEACH                                                                 Wciterbird ColonyI Sites

                                                                                          (Continued)

                                                                                            -HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    Chapter Three

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
      3.0 Introduction

       his chapter includes land use and coastal management            Coastal hazard planning policies that reflect long range land use
        recommendations that address erosion and flooding              goals were developed and assigned to the 13 shoreline seg-
    problems on the south shore of Long Island Both generic and         ments by the Board staff. (The specific assignments are dis-
    location-specific recommendations are discussed The generic         cussed later in section 3 8 ) These policies are summarized as
    recommendations refer to situations that could develop at any      follows
    or most locations along the south shore study area. Site specific
                                                                          * Maintain Shoreline Position' The policy of maintaining
    recommendations have been made for the 13 shoreline seg-                  the location of the present shoreline was assigned to
    ments that comprise the study area with reference made to the             those locations where the desire Is to protect high den-
    Land Use Plan Map Series in this chapter. Policy justifications           sity development and/or substantial public infrastruc-
    and preferred erosion management options for each segment                 ture
    are also ncluded.                                                       * Maintain the Beach  Adequate beaches for recreation-
      3.1 South Shore Land Use Plan Maps                                      al activities should be maintained In those areas sub-
                                                                            ject to high Intensity recreational use. This policy does
    This chapter contains the Land Use Plan Map Series at a scale             not imply that the beach must also provide hurncane
    of 1" 2000', which depicts the following categories of land use'          protection
      Residential                                                          * Maintain Barrier Islands: The existence and continuity
                                                                            of barrier islands, spits, bars, etc should be main-
        * 1 dwelling unit or less/acre (low density)                          tained to protect bay environments and mainland
        * 2-4 dwelling units/acre                                             shoreline areas. This policy does not necessarily imply
        * 5-10 dwelling units/acre                                            maintaining the actual position of the shoreline
        * 11 dwelling units or more/acre (high density)                     � Regulate Private Development and Erosion Control
      Commercial                                                              Projects: This policy emphasizes regulation of pnvate
                                                                            construction and erosion control activities as the
      Industrial                                                              pnmary means of protecting coastal features and
      Institutional                                                           development  In those areas where this policy is ap-
                                                                            plicable, there is not a sufficient public interest In main-
      Open Space and Recreational                                             taining shoreline position, beaches or coastal
                                                                            landforms to warrant public expenditures.
      Transportation and Utilities
                                                                      The intent of the South Shore Hazard Management Program Is
    This map senes Is based on an analysis of existing land uses,       to protect coastal resources and publc amenities from  mpacts
    development trends, natural resource considerations and other       associated wth shoreline erosion and flooding  Management
    study components. Detailed descriptions of the map series and       recommendations made for each of the 13 shoreline segments
    land use plan goals are contained in section 3.8                    must be compatible with the hazard planning policy(ies) above
      3.2 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies                             and the overall intent of the program
    To facilitate the identification of preferred hazard management       3.3 Assessment of Erosion Management Options
    options, the study area was divided into 13 shoreline segments,     Based on the hazard planning policy(les) assigned to each
    averaging about 8 miles in length, on the basis of land use        shoreline segment, and the available data and information on
    patterns and geomorphic and physical criteria, such as shoreline   coastal features/changes and the physical forces that cause
    type, inlet location, etc The names and general location of the     such changes, the teams of coastal engineers and geologists
    shoreline segments are shown In Figure 3-1; boundary descrip-       were asked to Identify those erosion management options that
    tions and a key referencing segment location on the Land Use        they felt were most reasonable, promising or preferable, given
    Plan Map Series are located in Table 3-1.                          the conditions extant In each segment. Eight erosion manage-
                                                                      ment options were considered

                                                                                                                        CHAP 3-1

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                                                      Montouk
                                                                                                        Point

        Figure 3-1  General Location of South Shore Shoreline Segments
                                                                                 East Hampto

                                                                           Southamto

                                                                 Westhampton
                                                                   Bleach
                                                                               Shinnecock inlet

                                                                   Moiches Inlet
                                              Fire Island

                               Jones Beach
                       Long Beach
                  East                     Fire sland InltA
                Rockavwoy                   Frones Inlet
                   Inlet

                        I
                        C.,

                        z( I
                        0                             z

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                                             Z   3:LLJ   z      .j  0        -       z
                                              0 c c   Z
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                           ZO  [3 OW                               O           I CO  Z            -
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    CHAP 3-2

                                                                               HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                  TABLE 3-1
             Shoreline Segment Names, Boundaries and Land Use Plan Map Reference Number(s).
                                                                                          Land Use Plan
    Shoreline Segment Name               Segment Boundaries                               Map Number(s)

    ATLANTIC BEACH/LONG BEACH  Jetty at East Rockaway Inlet to the                            No. 1
                                     easternmost groin at Long Beach
    JONES INLET                      Easternmost groin at Long Beach to the easternmost       No. 2
                                     parking lot at Jones Beach near Zach's Bay
    GILGO BEACH                      Easternmost parking lot at Jones Beach near Zach's Bay   No. 3 & 4
                                     to the west side of Cedar Beach
    FIRE ISLAND INLET                West side of Cedar Beach to the west boundary of Kismet  No. 4
    OCEAN BEACH                      West boundary of Kismet to the east boundary of          No. 5
                                     Point O'Woods
    CENTRAL FIRE ISLAND              East boundary of Point O' Woods to east boundary of      No. 5 & 6
                                     Davis Park
    FINS WILDERNESS                  East boundary of Davis Park to west boundary             No. 6 & 7
                                     of Smith Pt. County Park
    MORICHES INLET                   West boundary of Smith Pt. County Park to                No. 7 & 8
                                     east boundary of Cupsogue County Park
    WESTHAMPTON BEACH                East boundary of Cupsogue County Park to the Village     No. 8 & 9
                                     of Westhampton Beach - Village of Quogue boundary
    SHINNECOCK INLET                 Village of Westhampton Beach - Village ofQuogue          No. 9, 10 & 11
                                     boundary to Halsey Neck Lane in Village of Southampton
    COASTAL PONDS                    Halsey Neck Lane in Village of Southampton               No. 11, 12 & 13
                                     to the eastern boundary of the Village of East Hampton
    NAPEAGUE                         Eastern boundary of the Village of East Hampton          No. 13 & 14
                                     to the eastern boundary of Hither Hills State Park
    MONTAUK                          Eastern boundary of Hither Hills State Park to           No. 14 & 15
                                     Montauk Pt.

                                                                                                         CHAP 3-3

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

        � Do nothing                                                  the 13 shoreline segments depends on the premise that the
        � Shore hardening                                             generic erosion control strategy recommendations described
        � Groins                                                      below will be implemented along the south shore coast as a
        � Breakwaters                                                 whole.
        � Beach nourishment/dune building
        � Sand bypassing
        * Sand bypassing                                                  � Longshore Transport. The integrity and continuity of
        � Relocation/retreat                                                the longshore transport of sand must be maintained
        � Insufficient data to decide                                       through each segment. Where the transport of sand
                                                                             has been or will be interrupted, a mechanism for
    Team participants were allowed to select combinations of the            bypassing or restoring sand transport must be in-
    above as a single alternative.                                          augurated and maintained. In segments where the
    The deliberations and findings made by the coastal engineers            continuity of long shore transport has been disrupted in
            and geologists form the basis of the discussions on the preferred  the recent past, some additional nourishment may be
                      and geologists form the basis of thenecessary to re-establish the sand budget. Sand
    erosion management options for each shoreline segment in-                    n ecessary to re-establish the sand budget. Sand
    cluded in this chapter.  The options are subject to important           trapped in tidal    d    eltas at stabilized inlets oraccumu-
                                                                             lated in shoals seaward of groin fields may need to be
    qualifications.  The teams were asked to make a preliminary                ated         n oa seac       rd     mane
                                                                             relocated back on to the beach. A prudent manage-
    independent assessment of the most appropriate options for        elate  co                      o     e budn anae
                                                                             ment strategy could employ dune building and over-
    managing erosion based on the available, often incomplete or                  mt         strateg      a    epese   an  o
                                                                             wash mitigation strategies as an inexpensive means of
    dated, technical information.  The shoreline segments dis-              helping to maintain the longshore transport system. All
    cussed earlier were selected to be large enough to allow for the        of the preferred options identified for the coastal seg-
                                                                             of the preferred options identified for the coastal seg-
    development of a comprehensive, regional erosion manage-                ments must incorporate appropriate plans for sand
    ment strategy. Very small stretches of the coast, on the order of       bypassing. This strategy would also apply to the
    hundreds of yards in length, cannot be managed independently            western boundary of the study area. The continuity of
    in a regional strategy. However, in certain cases extenuating           longshore transport across East Rockaway Inlet to
    circumstances such as site-specific land use, social/economic           New York City beaches to the west should be main-
    factors, and/or pre-existing structures may require erosion             tained.
    management decisions to be made on this smaller scale. Al-            � Inlet Management. Proper management of inlets is of
    though such cases were not ignored, a detailed analysis of              critical importance since inlets play a dominant role in
    site-specific erosion control options for relatively small stretches    the processes affecting coastal change. Many of the
    of coast is beyond the scope of this program. Local exceptions          most severe coastal erosion problems along the south
    to the preferred strategy as detailed for each shoreline segment        shore are associated with inlets. The loss of large
    may be required; however, such smaller-scale projects should            volumes of sand into inlet deltas appears to be a prin-
    be compatible with the regional approach.                               cipal cause of shoreline recession. In addition, the
                                                                             stabilization of the inlets has resulted in large ac-
    On the other hand, the shoreline segments were not made so
                                                                             cumulations of sand updrift of the jetties. Based on
    large as to preclude discrimination among segments where                cu mulations of sand updrift of the jetties. Based   on
                                                                             long-term shoreline changes, the erosion and accretion
    different tactics should be applied. Care must be taken to insure       processes associated with south shore inlets seem to
                                                                             processes associated with south shore inlets seem to
    that any options implemented in one segment are compatible              increase in magnitude from east to west.
    with those in adjacent segments. Because the coast operates
    as a dynamic system, changes in one segment, whether natural            Presently, most inlet dredging projects are undertaken
    or man-made, may require a revision of selected erosion                 in response to navigation concerns. In keeping with
    management options in other segments. The recommendations               the longshore transport recommendation above, effec-
    made in this program are not static, and should be periodically         tive management programs for inlets should be
    adjusted to accommodate expected, or unexpected, changes.               designed not only to stabilize channels for navigation,
      3.4  Generic Hazard Management Recommendations -                      but also to incorporate provisions for maintaining the
                                                                             longshore transport of sand across the inlets. Inlet
      Longshore Transport, Inlet Management and Closure of                  longshore transport of sand across the inlets. Inlet
      New Inlets                                                            bypassing is the single most important erosion
      New Inlets
                                                                             management strategy recommended for the south
    The segment-by-segment analysis that was conducted to select            shore, and should be implemented at East Rockaway
    preferred management options recognized that several erosion-           Inlet, Jones Inlet, Fire Island Inlet, Moriches Inlet and
    related problems transcended segment boundaries, and that               Shinnecock Inlet.
    resolution of the problems would require a consistent approach
    applied to the entire shoreline of the study area. The relative         Longshore transport is not unidirectional along the
    success of the preferred management options keyed to each of            south shore especially in the vicinity of inlets. Both the
                                                                             eastward and westward drift of sand must be accom-

    CHAP 3-4

                                                                                            HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

         modated at different times. The development of the                    inlets. The expected increased rate of shoaling
         most appropriate, cost-effective bypassing plan would                 would adversely affect channel maintenance opera-
         require a detailed analysis of the physical charac-                   tions and could eventually preclude the use of exist-
         teristics of each inlet. Such a plan should provide for               ing inlets for navigation purposes. Given the
         the periodic dredging and bypassing of sand to                        investment society has already made in the existing
         downdrift beaches on a regular basis; structures may                  inlets and the magnitude and nature of the changes
         be included in the plans for some inlets to facilitate the            associated with the formation of new inlets along the
         bypassing operations. Impoun'dment basins and/or                       6south shore, the occurrence of these features Would
         small, perhaps tapered, groins in the area immediately                be unacceptable from a management standpoint.
         downdrift of the inlet could help retain material on the              Steps should be taken to prevent new inlets from
         beach in the shadow of the downdrift jetty (where such                forming. If they do form, and do not close naturally,
       ,etties exist), and prevent sand fro  bein tra  ported they losedartificially. This can  ac-
    "  '': rq.g~i~li'?nto?~he inlet by'T ca    liZ" . ~iZec-'finhc                      o -OS  c               i mically if action is toaen � '   :
         of longshore transport caused by wave refraction.                   " prmptly while the ilet is small.

         At existing inlets, historical shoreline migration rates              In addition to the three general recommendations
         showing the degree of downdrift recession after the                   previously mentioned, an erosion management
         inlet formed could be used in conjunction with profile                monitoring program should be implemented for the
         measurements to estimate the quantity of sand that                    south shore. The details of the recommended
         would be needed to replace that amount lost as a                      monitoring program are described in Chapter 4.
         result of the disruption of the longshore transport. This
         information could then be used to evaluate the volume
         of sand that should be artificially bypassed to provide     The Coastal High Risk zone includes that area encompassed by
         the downdrift area with a supply of sand equal to that       any of the following: the V zone on Flood Insurance Rate Maps
         entering the updrift area in the vicinity of the inlet. The  (FIRMs); the CoastalErosion HazardArea as identified on maps
         results of this type of analysis could then be used to      prepared by New York State Dept. of Environmental Conserva-
         modify bypassing requirements and help identify the         tion, and theJones Beach, Fire Island, Westhampton Beach
         most efficient bypassing techniques.                         Barrier Islands and the Southampton barrier spit.
         Closure of New Inlets. The formation of new inlets
         along the barrier island section of the south shore is of    Private interests owning structures and/or-property on the Jones
         critical concern, and could severely affect biological       Beach, Fire Island and Westhampton Beach barrier islands and
         resources and human uses of the south shore bays            Southampton spit should bear the burden of the loss of such
         and adjacent shorelines. As indicated in section             structures and/or property due to erosion and flooding. Within
         2.1.11, the disruption of barrier island migration by inlet  this Coastal High Risk Zone, there is minimal public interest in
         processes may be of secondary importance compared            making government expenditures for maintaining private
         to the impacts associated with the formation of new in-      development.
         lets. New inlets could cause substantial, rapid chan-       When private structures located within the Coastal High Risk
         ges in the coastal environment and have more                 Zone are damaged to a level greater than 50% of their replace-
         immediate management implications especially in              ment value due to either severe storm occurrence or long-term
         terms of the 35 year planning horizon of this program.       shoreline erosion, action should be taken to prohibit re-develop-
                                                                     ment in those locations and configurations that would result in
         Impacts associated with new inlets could include:           recurring public costs to cover repeated damages or threaten
                                                                    the integrity of the barrier islands. Should regulation and other
         - increased flooding and erosion on the mainland             actions described in Section 4.2 when implemented fail to
           shoreline due to increased water levels and wave          prevent re-development, government should acquire the
           action in the bays;                                       damaged structures and private property at fair market value as
         -changes in shoaling patterns, water circulation,            a last resort. Fair market value should also reflect relocation
           temperature, and salinity that could significantly        costs.   It must be emphasized that the prohibition on re-
            alter existing bay ecosystems; and                        development in the Coastal High Risk Zone would be imple-
         - disruption of the longshore transport of sand along        mented as structures are lost over time to either chronic erosion
           the ocean shoreline that would result in increased        or as a result of a severe storm event. Since it is impossible to
           downdrift erosion.                                        predict the locations.where such losses will occur in advance,
                                                                     re-development patterns associated with these locations are not
            In addition, new inlets would also change the tidal       shown on the Land Use Plan Map.  It is anticipated that the
           exchange between the bay and ocean at stabilized          process by which portions of the Coastal High Risk Zone are

                                                                                                                       CHAP 3-5

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    transformed into open space will be evolutionary in nature. This  The potential impacts of sea level rise on bays and coastal ponds
    process will be further delayed if hazard management program      would probably be most dramatic in the displacement and
    recommendations for sand by-passing and inlet maintenance        possible elimination of coastal habitats, including freshwater
    are implemented.                                                 wetlands and tidal wetlands. The mechanisms responsible for
    It is recommended that post-storm community re-development       these effects are described as follows (Titus, Henderson and
    plans be prepared in advance to deal with those instances where  Teal 1984):
    a severe storm event destroys a large portion of a community             ....Sea level rise increases the frequency of tidal flood-
    and government can neither prevent re-development through               ing throughout a salt marsh, causing the system to
    regulation nor acquire properties because of a lack of financial        migrate upward and landward. If no inorganic sedi-
    resources. Such plans will help to ensure that re-development           ment or peat is added to the marsh, the seaward por-
    will minimize exposure to repeated flood and erosion losses. In         tions become flooded so frequently that marsh grass
    general, the intensity of private re-development located in coas-       drowns and marsh soil erodes; portions of the high
    tal areas should not increase above levels shown on the Land            marsh become low marsh; and upland areas immedi-
    Use Plan maps.                                                          ately above the former spring tide level are flooded at
                                                                             spring tide and become high marsh.
    No public expenditures for infrastructure should be made that           spring tide and become high marsh.
                                                                               ..The net impact of sea level rise on total marsh
    would encourage private development or increase the intensity           ....The net impact of sea level rise on  t otal marsh
                                                                             acreage also depends on the slopes of the marsh and
    of such uses on the coastal barriers.  The focus of public              upland areas. If the land has a constant slope
                                                                             upland areas. If the land has a constant slope
    expenditures for infrastructure repair, erosion control, etc.,          throughout the marsh and upland, the area lost to
    should be to provide access to water dependent uses in these                    marsh  drowning will equal     the area gained by the
                                                                             marsh drowning will equal the area gained by the
    areas, e.g., parks, public bathing beaches, marinas, and com-           landward encroachment of spring high tides.
    mercial fishing facilities.                                             Throughout most marshes, however, the slope above
      3.6 Sea level Rise and Natural Resource Protection                   the marsh is steeper than the marsh; thus, a rise of
                                                                             sea level will cause a net loss of marsh acreage.
    The discussion in section 2.1.7 indicates that the degree to
    which sea level rise contributes to the total erosion occurring  Shoreline development can undermine the ability of wetlands to
    along the south shore is of secondary importance in comparison   adjust to a rising sea level. Efforts to protect structures via
    to other processes operating in the area, especially when con-    bulkheading and other hard structures could prevent the
    sidered in the context of this program's 35 year planning horizon.  landward migration of wetland systems, thus exacerbating tidal
    Moderate increases in the rate of sea level rise would probably  wetland losses.
    have a relatively small impact on the observed rate of erosion    Planning at the state and local levels can help address the
    compared to the impacts caused by storms and disruptions in      problems posed by rising seas.  Public awareness is of the
    the longshore transport resulting from man's activities. From a   utmost importance. Permit procedures and environmental im-
    planning perspective, the submergence of low lying areas         pact analyses can be used to help assure that wetlands have
    around the south shore bays due to sea level rise is probably a   room to migrate landward. This focuses on the need to maintain
    more critical problem than the potential for increased ocean front  buffer areas between shoreline habitats and upland areas (Titus
    erosion. A study of the implications of sea level rise along back  1984). The policy of strategic retreat from vulnerable coastal
    bay shorelines should be initiated. It is concluded that a cautious  areas in light of potential acceleration in the rate of sea level rise
    approach toward shoreline management that preserves options      and subsequent flooding of low lying coastal areas is the rational
    for dealing with potential acceleration in the rate of sea level rise  approach to follow. Where engineered shoreline structures,
    is the most prudent path to take at this time.                    roads, bridges, and causeways are required, they should be
    Impacts of accelerated sea level rise could include:             designed with sea level rise in mind. The alternative of gradual
                                                                       retreat is involuntary retreat as a result of disaster situations.
        � beach erosion and dune line recession;
        � mobilization of new sediment in the littoral system,              ... Although retreat from the shoreline should not be
          which may be lost to restore areas;                               adopted as a simple, rigid rule for all situations, the
        � gradual inundation of coastal structures, e.g.,                   time has come to adopt it as a general policy, around
          bulkheads, revetments, docks;                                     which other policies and regulations would be shaped.
        � flooding of low lying coastal areas and extension of              Statedsimply, wheneverpossible, whereverpossible,
          flood zone areas inland;                                         and as soon as possible development should be
        � displacement of coastal habitats, e.g., tidal wetlands;           moved away from the shoreline. (Matthiessen 1989:13)
        � increased salinity in tributaries; and                     The land use and hazard planning recommendations in this
        � interference with gravity flow systems, e.g. storm water    report, e.g., gradual elimination of development in the Coastal
          drainage.

    CHAP 3-6

                                                                                                   HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    High Risk Zone, are in conformance with the philosophy pre-               verse impacts on adjacent properties that may be unac-
    viously stated.                                                           ceptable or require mitigative measures. If, on the
                                                                                 other hand, the shoreline is relatively stable, the im-
    While it is not recommended that wholesale abandonment of                 pacts associated with the potential narrowing of the
                                                                                 pacts associated with the potential narrowing of the
    existing public facilities and private development located in             beach over the long-term would most likely be mini-
    coastal areas should occur in advance of actual sea level rise            mized or eliminated.
                                                                                 mized or eliminated.
    acceleration, structures should be removed from vulnerable                What is the active beach profile or short-term variability
    locations over the long-term when subject to substantial damage           of the beach? How frequently will storms expose the
    from erosion and flooding impacts.                                        bulkhead, and to what extent will it be exposed? By
    The generic and segment-specific erosion and flood-related                preventing erosion of the dune or upland during
    recommendations in this chapter are compatible with regulatory            storms, will the structure be depriving the beach and
    efforts to protect south shore natural resources and New York             adjacent areas of sand, thus aggravating erosion?
    State Designated Significant Fish and Wildlife Habitats as                The information from beach profile surveys, water
    described in Chapter 2. With regard to erosion management,                level measurements, wave observations and
                                                                                 studies of the regional geology (sediment grain size dis-
    the implementation of the recommendations over the long-term              studies of the regional geology (sediment grain size dis-
                                                                                 tributions) provides the answers to these questions.
    will help to stabilize south shore bay/coastal pond environments          tributions) provides the answers to these questions.
    and, hence, ensure continued use for recreational and commer-             These answers are important for several reasons. In
                                                                                 These answers are important for several reasons. In
    cial purposes.  Efforts to protect the integrity of the barrier           certain areas, erosion of the upland or the dune
                                                                                 certain areas, erosion of the upland or the dune
    beaches and spits may lead to opportunities for the creation of           (depending on the topography and composition of the
    wetland environments through the judicious placement of                   material) may provide sand to the adjacent areas
    dredge spoil.                                                             through erosion during storms. If this is the case, the
       3.7  Bulkhead Construction and Armoring of Coastal                     bulkhead, by preventing the movement of this material,
       Bluffs                                                                 may cause a local sand deficit equal to the volume of
                                                                                 sand that would be lost if the structure was not there.
    Structural solutions to coastal erosion problems found primarily          This in turn may adversely affect adjacent areas by
    along the headland portion of the south shore are discussed in            depriving them of material they would normally receive
    this section with a view toward showing how different types of            during extreme conditions. Where this volume of sand
    information can be used to improve the decisionmaking process.            is a significant component of the local sediment
    The situations presented involve the proposed construction of a           budget, the installation of the bulkhead may be condi-
    bulkhead on an ocean beach to protect a structure, and the                tioned on stipulations that require the owner to mitigate
    proposed armoring of the toe of a coastal bluff.                          potential adverse impacts by artificially placing a quan-
                                                                                 tity of sand equal to that lost to the system on a
    A number of questions should be addressed in the permit review            tity of sand equal to that lost to the system on a
                                                        to protect a private   yearly basis, as is done in certain situations in Florida.
    process for the installation of a bulkhead to protect a private
                       romes  fonr the oenastalation sor dag ea               Where the dune volume is minimal or upland erosion is
    home on the open ocean coast against storm damage.
                                                                                 not a significant source of suitable sediment (due
        � What is the cause of the erosion problem resulting in               to volume or composition), these impacts on adjacent
           the need for the structure? Is there a public works                areas could be minimal and the project may be war-
           project or other structure updrift exacerbating the prob-          ranted.
           lem? Is the structure filling a gap between other struc-
           tures? Will it advance the line of building? In general,           A knowledge of the changes in shoreline configuration
           these are management related questions that would be               (from profile measurements) in response to physical
           answered with information on land use conditions in                factors (waves and water level variations) could be
           the area.                                                          used to predict how often the structure would be ex-
        � Is the shoreline experiencing long-term retreat? At                 posed and provide an estimate of the potential impacts
           what rate? When will the shoreline reach the struc-                on the beach and adjacent areas over time. This infor-
           ture? The answers to these questions can be obtained               mation could then be employed to develop appropriate
           from the analysis of long-term shoreline trends. This              set back requirements for locating structures to mini-
           information allows one to project the long-term impacts            mize adverse impacts. Obviously, this type of informa-
           of the proposed action, especially in terms of its poten-          tion would also be beneficial in developing
           tial effects on future beach width. If the shoreline               structural design criteria (tce penetration requirements,
           shows chronic landward migration, the stabilization of             height, strength of materials, etc.).
           the back beach area could result in a narrowing of the             What magnitude of storm is the house (i.e., the struc-
           beach as the shoreline moves landward. If the water                ture to be protected) designed to withstand? What is
           line migrates landward of the structure it could have ad-          the specific purpose of the structure (to protect the

                                                                                                                               CHAP 3-7

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

          house or dune)? In Florida, if the house is built to 100-          erosion than undercutting at the toe in bluffed areas.
          year Federal Flood Insurance standards, shore har-                 Although a geotechnical analysis would be required to
          dening is usually not permitted, since the house alone             make a full analysis of the exact processes causing the
          should withstand a major storm without the structure.              erosion and their relative magnitude, some measure of
          Shore hardening devices generally are not favored for              the importance of undercutting may be obtained by ex-
          the protection of dunes only, and may not be warranted             amining profiles and aerial photographs. Recession of
           if that is their stated purpose. These structures may be           the toe over the long-term, or the presence of scarps at
          a viable alternative to protect older houses that do not           the base of the bluff after storms would tend to indicate
           meet present flood standards. In Florida, if the struc-            that wave undercutting is occurring and some type of
          tures are allowed, they are required to be placed as               toe protection might be necessary to slow own the
          close to the house as possible (usually landward of the            erosion. If processes acting within or on the bluff face
          dune if there is one) and, depending on the particular             are the cause of the erosion, coastal engineering struc-
           situation, may have to incorporate mitigative                      tures at the toe would have little effect. This
           measures, such as toe scour protection.                            analysis could also help identify possible factors, such
        � Will the structure inhibit the recovery or growth of the            as lawn watering, septic leakage, etc., which may be
           dune by interrupting the aeolian sediment transport?               exacerbating the problem and rectified relatively easily.
           What structural changes should be made to ameliorate             � What is the rate of erosion and the height of the bluff?
           adverse impacts on dune building processes? Is artifi-             What is the composition of the material? How rapidly
           cial dune restoration necessary?                                   is material eroded from the bluff removed from the
        � What is the land use configuration in the vicinity of the           beach? Information from profiles, historic recession
           project? What are the uses of the beach, and who                   rates and data on regional geology would be required
           needs access (fishermen, bathers, etc.)? Will the struc-           to answer these questions. This information and data
           ture significantly change the configuration of the beach           could be used to determine if the bluff is indeed supply-
           (in terms of beach width, for example) and, if so, inhibit         ing the type of material needed to maintain the
           access or use?                                                     beach and longshore sediment transport system and, if
                                                                               so, at what rate. If erosion of the bluff is not a sig-
    Although the situation considered above involved the installation  awat re f   eri o                         o   the owdi
                                                                               nificant source of material found along the downdrift
    of a specific type of shoreline hardening device (a bulkhead), the        beaches, because the material is too fine or the
    questions asked and information needed to answer these ques-              material is too large to be moved by the processes ac-
    tions would also be required to evaluate other types of shore             ting in the area; or the volume eroded is small
    hardening devices commonly used in coastal areas.tignthar;orhevlmeoddssal
                       hardening devices commonly used in coastal areas.       (due to a low recession rate or low bluff height), then
    The second situation considered is the proposed armoring of               these impacts would probably be minimal and the
    the toe of a coastal bluff with a revetment to protect an individual      project may be justified. However, if bluff erosion is a
    upland structure. Because there are a number of similarities              significant source of beach-sized material, the
    between this type of project and the previously described situa-          proposed armoring may have adverse impacts on
    tion involving bulkheading, many of the considerations in                 surrounding areas. This information could so be used
    categories previously mentioned would be pertinent. However,              to develop mitigative measures, such as requiring the
    there are also fundamental differences between the two situa-             applicant to supply a quantity of beach compatible
    tions. Among the more important differences are the following:            material from an upland site equal to the volume lost
                                                                               due to the armoring.
        � unlike the dunes, bluffs are a relic feature and cannot           � Could the building to be protected be relocated or set-
           be expected to recover after an erosional event;                   backs established to preclude the need for the struc-
        � the erosion of bluffs may have a more important role in             ture? Information on the bluff composition, profile
           the sediment budget (depending on their size and com-              (height) and lot size would be required to determine a
           position) than the role of dune erosion; and                       prudent setback and whether relocation is feasible.
        � the erosion processes on bluffed coasts may be sig-              � Where along the bluff does the erosion occur? Does
           nificantly different than those occurring along other              the beach have to be eroded before the bluff is attack-
           parts of the shore.                                                ed? This information could be obtained from post-
                                                                               storm surveys and/or aerial photographs, wave and
    In addition to the questions and information described in the             storm surveys and/or aerial photographs, wave and
                                                                               water level data, and data on regional geology. In
    discussion on the bulkhead, the following questions should be             water level data, and data on regional geology. In
                                                                               some areas of California, the erosion of bluffs
    considered in assessing a proposal to armor the toe of a bluff:           some areas of California, the erosion of bluffs
                                                                               during storms often occurs at a point below the eleva-
           Is the structure addressing the primary causes of                  tion of the beach after the beach has been removed by
           erosion? In many cases, other factors such as                      the waves. If this does happen in an area, armoring of
           groundwater may be a more dominant cause of                        the toe of the bluff above the elevation of the active

    CHAP 3-8

                                                                                               HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

          beach profile, as is often proposed, would provide         Commercial activity in the Village of Atlantic Beach is recreation-
          little benefit, and special consideration would have to    oriented consisting primarily of private beach clubs located on
          be given to the design of the structure in terms of re-    Ocean Blvd. Retail activity dominates the Long Beach commer-
          quired depth of penetration.                               cial area located on East and West Park Street.
      3.8 Detailed Recommendations by Shoreline Segment              3.8.1.2 Land Use Plan Goals: Since residential land use in this
    3.8.1 Atlantic Beach/Long Beach Segment                          shoreline segment is classified as intermediate and high density
                                                                      within a highly urbanized setting, little opportunity exists to
    3.8.1.1. Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures:       minimize vulnerability from coastal storms or erosion by re-
    Both the Village of Atlantic Beach and the City of Long Beach    directing development or re-development away from flood
    are highly urbanized with year-round populations, as of January   and/or erosion prone areas.  Thus, the land use plan goals
    1, 1989, of 1,939 and 36,519 respectively. The predominant       recognize this fact and envision the continuance of intermediate
    land use is moderate density residential development (5-10        and high density residential uses. This goal would permit re-
    dwelling units/acre) followed by high density residential develop-  development at higher densities utilizing clustering of single
    ment (>10 dwelling units/acre). The moderate density residential  family units away from more vulnerable coastal locations, such
    development consists principally of single family units and 2-3   as in West Long Beach.  This goal requires that maximum
    story condominiums. The high density residential development      protection from coastal storms be provided.
    consists principally of high-rise (5-10 story) apartments and
    condominiums located in the vicinity of Shore Road, East and      A second land use goal involves the continued use of beaches
    West Broadway. High density single family residential develop-    for ereation/bathing activities. Appropriate units of govern-
    ment is located in West Long Beach between Clayton and New        ment should ensure that adequate beach is available for such
    York Avenues.                                                     activities.
    Recreation and open space uses in this segment include Silver    3.8.1.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: The coastal hazard
    Point County Park, which is leased to concessioners who run      planning policies for the Atlantic Beach/Long Beach segment
                    two private beach clubs containing 1674 cabanas and 250 reflect the land use plan goals identified above. Since these
    lockers. Access to the park, which accounts for approximately     goals recognize that intermediate and high density uses will
    50% of the ocean shoreline owned by Nassau County, is limited     continue, the appropriate policy to implement these goals is to
    to club members. There are no maintenance costs incurred by       maintain the shoreline location, that is, the land/sea interface,
    the County for Silver Point County Park, since all costs for    not necessarily at precisely the existing location, but at a point
    operation and maintenance of the park are the obligation of the   to be determined by detailed study. This policy would serve to
    concessioners.  The income derived by the County from the         protect structures from erosion hazards, and could maximize
    concessioners was $789,352 in 1989.  In addition, there are       protection of structures from the hazards associated with coastal
    public bathing beaches south of the boardwalk in both the Village  flooding.
    and City. The beaches in this segment are heavily utilized        The second coastal hazard planning policy applicable to this
    although beach attendance has not been recorded. The City of      segment requires the maintenance of beaches of adequate
    Long Beach receives $1,151,000 in direct revenue from the        width for recreation activities. This policy will require that all
    issuance of seasonal and daily beach passes.                      municipalities involved must refine their recreation planning
                    The City of Long Beach in cooperation with the Town of activities to determine existing peak beach attendance and
    Hempstead has implemented a dune construction wprogram            capacity, and balance this attendance with the desire and/or
    The City requires that material from building excavations be      need to utilize beach area for dune creation. It will also require
    placed in the vicinity of the proposed dunires. Theat material is then  the establishment of a locally suitable beach attendance density
    plgraded and snow fencing is erected upon the graded material in    standard that is compatible with beach recreation and dune
    graded and snow fencing is erected upon the graded material in poeto betvs
    a "Y" formation to capture windblown sand. In addition, the piles protection objectives.
    of sand are planted with beach grass to provide stability. Dunes  3.8.1.4 Policy Justification: This shoreline segment is highly
    have been constructed from the City's eastern boundary to the     urbanized and almost fully developed as evidenced in the
    eastern terminus of the boardwalk and from the western ter-    description of existing land use. Residential land use densities
    minus of the boardwalk west to the City's western boundary.      are among the highest in the bi-county region. It is also impor-
    In addition to the dune construction program, Federal, state and  tant to note that as of 1980, 92.2% of the housing stock in this
    local governments have constructed 43 groins to provide          segment is occupied year-round. Thus, it is imperative that the
    erosion and hurricane protection. These groins extend from Lido   shoreline of this segment be stabilized to afford protection to
    Beach to Atlantic Beach. Table 3-2 summarizes the erosion         more than 15,700 housing units.  In addition, this shoreline
    control construction activities undertaken along Long Beach       segment contains a full complement of infrastructure including
    Island.                                                           roads, bridges and utilities. As for the extensive back bay tidal

                                                                                                                          CHAP 3-9

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    FIGURE 3-2 - City of Long Beach, May 1989. Recently constructed dunes immediately east of boardwalk

                               FIGURE 3-3 - City of Long Beach, May 1989. Dunes constructed immediately west of boardwalk

    CHAP 3-10
                 ll~~~~~~ S                                   �ig
                      I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . < u
                      i ~~~~~+ | ;   gf 4gg                                          4  f 'f<,f  :fif

    C H A   3-10                     ; z@0  tX,-fWi.g t.; 0 0t     t0if .ii'<

                                                                                       HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                               FIGURE 3-4 - Village of Atlantic Beach, May 1989. Removal of windblown sand adjacent to
                                             cabanas and concession stands

    FIGURE 3-5 - City of Long Beach, May 1989. Man-made dunes fronting high density residential
                 use east of boardwalk.

                                                                                                              CHAP 3-11

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                            TABLE 3-2
                                Long Beach Barrier Island: Partial Shoreline Construction History.
     Project                           Date         Description                      Area          %Complete          Cost

    FEDERAL-U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
    1.  East Rockaway Inlet             1930      Dredge channel 12 ft. deep                             100%       $603,969
       Channel Improvement                        250 ft. wide, .6 mile long.
                                                  Construct 4,250 ft. jetty
                                                  on eastern side.
    2.  East Rockaway Inlet to Jones   1965-       Multiple purpose beach erosion    10 miles of          0%      $45,000.000
        Inlet Beach Erosion Control    Proposed   control and hurricane protection   ocean shoreline     project    (proposed)
       and Hurricane Protection        1972-      plan featuring: hurricane                               not
                                        plan     barriers, reconstruct groins,                        authorized
                                      dropped    construct new groins and closure
                                                  levees, and periodic beach
                                                  nourishment.
    3.  Lido and Long Beach              1962      Emergency beach rehabilitation   4,500 feet ocean    100%         $260,000
                                                  project.                         shoreline

    STATE AND LOCAL
        Atlantic Beach                 1954-58    14 Stone Groins, 4 Contracts Total 100%              $2,400,500
        Atlantic Beach                 1959-60    Hydraulic Fill of 382,320 cu. yds.  100%              317,172
        East Atlantic Beach            1950-51    2 Stone Groins                    100%                207,000
        East Atlantic Beach             1949       Hydraulic Fill                   100%                 80,599
        Long Beach (West End)           1955       Hydraulic Fill                   100%                 81,000
        City of Long Beach               1960      2 Stone Groins                    100%               474,340
        City of Long Beach             1945-46    3 Stone Groins                     100%               276,866
        City of Long Beach             1946-47    2 Stone Groins                     100%               208,727
        Jones Inlet (Fed. Coop.)       1953-59    Stone Jetty
                                                  Hydraulic Fill of 334,397 cu. yds.  100%           $3,645,049
        Pt. Lookout                    1952-53   3 Stone Jetties                    100%                750,000
        Pt. Lookout                     1972       Hydraulic Fill of 130,000 cu. yds.   100%            258,000

    Source: Appears as Table 3-4 in Long Island Regional Planning Board (1984).

    CHAP 3-12

                                                                                             HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    wetlands of West and Middle Hempstead Bays, they should           This segment is heavily used by the public for beachfront recrea-
    remain undeveloped/undisturbed in order to provide maximum       tional activity. There are five oceanfront parks (one owned by
    flood protection to the highly urbanized mainland to the north.   the County of Nassau and four by the Town of Hempstead) with
    3.8.1.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: The high            a combined parking lot capacity of 8,800 parking spaces located
    degree of development and the large number of groins already      on the eastern one-third of Long Beach Island.  The entire
                                                                      portion of Jones Island within this coastal segment is within the
    in place along this segment of the coast requires a strategy of
    beach nourishment and maintenance of the existing groins in    boundaries of Jones Beach State Park. The nine major parking
    order to meet the planning objectives of maintaining both the     fieldsprovideatotalofapproximately22,000automobileparking
    shoreline position and adequate recreational beach. Because       spaces for the 10 million people who visit Jones Beach State
    the beach elevation and volume in this area are relatively low,   Park every year  Along the back bay area of Jones Island and
    the present beach probably provides minimal storm protection.     a portion of Long Beach, in the vicinity of Lido Beach, there are
                                                                      extensive tidal wetland areas. In addition, there are many tidal
    To provide a high degree of protection against storm damage,
    the groins would most likely have to be extended to increase the  wetland islands throughout Middle and East Hempstead Bays,
    beach width and height and to provide adequate room for dune      as well as Oyster Bay.
    building.                                                         With the exception of three stone groins at Point Lookout and
    There is little quantitative information on the behavior of beaches  the stone jetty on the east side of Jones Inlet, this coastal
    in this area. An assessment of the costs and benefits associated  segment is free of shore protection structures.  The Town of
                                                                      Hempstead Dept. of Conservation and Waterways has had a
    with alternative approaches requires a more detailed analysis of  Hempstead Dept.   of Conservation and Waterways has had a
    physical processes and beach changes, and the development         long  st anding pr ogram of constructing dunes, planting beach
                    of site specific structural designs.             grass on dunes, and erecting snow fencing on the beach during
                                                                      the off-season.  These efforts have proven to be effective in
    The lack of a protective dune system in portions of Long Beach,   trapping windblown sand.
    the Village of Atlantic Beach and the unincorporated portion of
    Atlantic Beach means greater exposure to the destructive forces   pl an map closely         resembles existing  land use
                                                                      plan map closely resembles existing land use conditions. This
    of severe storm events. Hurricane protection is necessary for
                                                                      coastal segment has the highest number of beach visitations on
    this segment, since the existing beach has a low profile and      Long Island and, considering the large public investment in
                                                                      Long Island and, considering the large public investment in
    volume.  Dune construction would add to hurricane/flooding
                                             volume. Dune construction would add to hurricane/flooding  beach facilities and access infrastructure to such facilities, will
    protection; groin extension would also provide the needed beach
                                          wtfdncsui. a saeoroee      continue to provide oceanfront access to a large segment of the
    width for dune construction. Seawalls are not recommended,
                                                                      public. The land use plan recommends maintenance of existing
    since they may hamper maintenance of recreational beaches of              he land use plan recommends maintenance of
                    ~~~~~adequate width.~~ ~heavily used public recreation facilities, including Town of
                                                                      Hempstead and County of Nassau beach facilities and Jones
    3.8.2 Jones Inlet Segment                                         Beach State Park. The plan also reflects the existing residential
                                                                      development at Lido Beach and the existing residential develop-
    3.8.2.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures
                                                                      ment and commercial activity at Point Lookout.
    The Jones Inlet segment covers the eastern third of Long Beach
    barrier island, including the hamlet areas of Lido Beach and
    Point Lookout, and the western portion of Jones Island barrier
    beach up to and including the most easterly parking lot (#6) of       * maintain the location of the shoreline, i.e. land/sea in-
    Jones Beach State Park. Lido Beach and Pt. Lookout are the              terface; and
    only two residential areas within this segment.  These two            * maintain adequate beaches for recreation activities.
    year-round residential communities consist primarily of single    3.82.4 Policy Justification: The large public beach facilities
    and two-family residential structures on lots of 1/4 acre or less  (town, county and state) located in this segment are heavily
    in size; their January 1989 population is estimated at 4,900. In
                                                                      utilized by metropolitan area residents. The development and
    1980, there were 1332 single and two-family residential struc-
                                                                      maintenance of large beach facilities and roadway access rep-
    tures (120 in the V zone and 1212 in the A Zone), as well as 426  resents a major public investment. Since the initiation of con-
    dwelling units (378 in the V and 48 in the A Zone) within         struction of Jones Beach State Park in the late 1920s, a
    multi-family residential structures, located in Lido Beach and   substantial public investment has been made in the infrastruc-
    Point Lookout (Long Island Regional Planning Board 1984). A
                                                                      ture of the park. A massive report compiled by American
    small strip of commercial development (approximately 60,000       Appraisal Associates (AAA) lists all of the fixed assets owned
    sq. ft.) along Lido Blvd. [n Point Lookout serves local needs.    by New York State as of 1987. The replacement cost calculated
    Marine commercial activity, including four marinas with about     by AAA for all of the buildings at Jones Beach State Park is $55
    400 boat slips, is located adjacent to Reynolds Channel in Point  million. LISPC staff feel this estimate is extremely low, consider-
    Lookout.

                                                                                                                       CHAP 3-13

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    FIGURE 3-6 - Point Lookout, May 1989. Town of Hempstead recreation pavilion damaged by
                 erosion of feeder beach west of Inlet

                               FIGURE 3-7 - Point Lookout, May 1989. Sand starved feeder beach

    CHAP 3-14

                                                                                              HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    ing that this replacement cost figure includes reproduction-in-  through the outer bar is generally dredged to a total depth of 16
    kind of the unique monumental buildings at Jones Beach includ-    feet below MLW. The 16 foot depth represents a 12 foot project
    ing the Marine Theatre, East and West Bath Houses and Water     plane, 2 foot advance maintenance and a 2 foot contractual
    Tower (Francis Hyland pers. comm.). New York State has spent    overdredge allowance. Actual construction by large dredges in
    $30 million since 1982 renovating facilities at Jones Beach State  the inlet results in average depths after contract of about 16.8
    Park.                                                           feet. While the authorized width is 250 feet, the reality of the
                    3.8.2.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: The  inlet regime and regional shoaling rate result in construction of
    3.8.2.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: The
                                                                      a channel 350 feet in width.
    preferred erosion management option for the portion of the      a channel 350 feet in width.
    shoreline downdrift (west) of Jones Inlet involves the coupling of  The Jones Inlet Federal navigation channel has required main-
    beach nourishment and dune building with sand bypassing         tenance dredging in 18 of the 30 years from 1960 through 1989.
    using material from the dredging projects in Jones Inlet.    Of the 3.2 million cubic yards dredged due to maintenance work,
    Provisions should be made to place the material on the beach    55%was disposed of offshore; 33%was used for beach nourish-
    (as opposed to offshore) and far enough to the west so the sand  ment (Point Lookout/Lido Beach); 6% was placed upland
    is not transported eastward back into the inlet by localized wave  (Meadow Island); and 6% was sidecasted (Table 3-3). In addi-
    refraction associated with the inlet shoals.  Costs for inlet    tion, the material dredged during the 1963 channel realignment
    bypassing operations are highly dependent on the distance       (331,371 cubic yards) was placed on the beach east of the inlet.
    material has to be transported.
                    material has to be transported.                 A model analysis of wave refraction in Jones Inlet is needed.
    The net westerly littoral drift rate at Jones Inlet is estimated to  COE navigation and beach protection projects should be
    be approximately 550,000 cubic yards per year.  Longshore       coupled to provide for sand bypassing at Jones Inlet with place-
    transport of sand in this area may be rapid and variable in    ment of material on the beach face as opposed to offshore. The
    direction due to the localized effects of the inlet processes. As  COE has concluded that a deposition basin 750 feet wide and
    a result, any beach fill projects should be monitored closely and  16 feet deep is the best overall method of maintaining the inlet
    the results used to adjust bypassing operations. Because of the  (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1985). It would provide a clear
    accretionary trend associated with the jetty on the updrift portion  250 feet wide channel for a longer time between maintenance
    of the shoreline east of the inlet, no action is needed in this area  cycles (about 2 years); would have less potential risk to adjacent
    at this time.                                                   shorelines, and is reversible should unforeseen circumstances
                                                                      occur. It is also cost-effective and would reduce the Federal
    Severe erosion of the feeder beach immediately west of the    occur.  It is also cost-effective and would reduce the Federal
                    three groins at Point Lookout is undermining a Town of  Government's average annual cost through reduction of annual
    three groins at Point Lookout is undermining a Town of
                                                                      mobilization and demobilization costs. Disposal would be es-
    Hempstead beach pavilion. This problem is due to a number of    mobilization and demobilization costs. Disposal would be es-
                                        the location and volume of shoals in    sentially the same as for current practices, i.e., disposal at Point
    potential factors, including the location and volume of shoals in
                                                                      Lookout, at an area and time mutually acceptable to both the
    Jones Inlet (ebb tidal delta), the alignment of the Jones Inlet  o, n       e  and te       al    e et
                                                                      Town, NYSDEC and the Federal government.
    navigation channel, the trapping of sand by the east jetty and
    updrift transport toward Jones Inlet.                           3.8.3 Gilgo Beach Segment
    The east jetty at Jones Inlet, which was completed in 1959, was  3.8.3.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures:
    constructed by the Federal Government to stabilize the inlet and  The Gilgo Beach segment includes the middle section of Jones
    reduce shoaling in its entrance. Prior to the construction of the  Island from the eastern end of parking field #6 at Jones Beach
    Federal jetty, the inlet was migrating to the west and was variable  State Park up to, but not including, the Town of Babylon bathing
    in width. Navigation within the natural channel of the inlet was  facilities at Cedar Beach and Overlook. Although this entire
    limited due to the ocean bar traversing the entrance at 7 feet    stretch of barrier beach is publicly owned, it is not heavily
    below MLW. The inlet has stabilized and not moved further west  developed with beach facilities except for the Town of Oyster
    as a result of the construction of the east jetty. The trapping  Bay (Tobay) facility and the Town of Babylon beach and boat
    capacity of the jetty was estimated to be 7,000,000 cubic yards.    basin at Gilgo. Tobay and Gilgo Beach have a parking lot
    Using a linear regression analysis of past trends, the Corps of    capacity of approximately 2,500 and 500 parking spaces,
    Engineers (COE) estimated that the jetty was fully impounded    respectively. Both town beach facilities have parking lots lo-
    with sand by the end of 1985, and from that time on the inlet    cated north of Ocean Parkway with an underpass providing
    navigation channel shoaled at a rate of approximately 165,000   pedestrian access to the ocean shorefront. No buildings or
    cubic yards per year. COE records show that the predominant     shore protection structures are situated in this segment seaward
    location of the shoal was at the southern end of the channel near  of Ocean Parkway, except for the recently constructed Tobay
    the seaward end of the east jetty.                              Beach pavilion.
    The COE has maintained the navigation channel on an annual      All along the back bay area of Jones Island are extensive tidal
    basis and even more frequently. The portion of the channel      wetlands as well as numerous tidal wetland islands in Oyster

                                                                                                                       CHAP 3-15

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                           "TABLE 3-3.                               Bay and Great South Bay. Dune formations and beachfront are
                                                                     the predominant natural features along the Jones Island
    Pay Quantity and Disposal Area for Maintenance Dredging          oceanfront. Of note in this segment are Cedar Beach and Tobay
          of the Jones Inlet Federal Navigation Channel.
                                                                     Beach Sanctuary which are relatively large breeding/nesting
              PAY QUANTITY AND DISPOSAL AREA                         areas of colonial waterbirds, especially terns and piping plovers.
    Fiscal
    Year      Offshore       Beach        Upland   Sidecasted        A portion of Jones Island and some adjacent bay islands contain
                                                                     the residentially developed communities of West Gilgo Beach,
    1960       54,700                                                Gilgo Beach, Oak Beach, Oak Island and Captree Island. The
    1961      132,100                                                communities of West Gilgo and Gilgo Beach are located in the
    1962       54,200                                                Gilgo Beach segment, while Oak Beach lies in the Fire Island
    1963           (1)                                                Inlet segment. The structures in these communities are privately
    1964                   150,600                                   owned, but are located on land leased from the Town of Babylon.
    1965       44,900                                                 In three of these areas (West Gilgo Beach, Oak Island and a
    1966           (2)                                               portion of Oak Beach) homeowner associations lease all or large
    1967                                                             portions of the communities from the Town of Babylon.  The
    1968                                                             homeowner associations, in turn, have leased parcels to in-
    1969                                                             dividuals who have subsequently constructed single family
    1970      173,500                                                homes.
    1971                                                             The Town has leased property on the barrier island within these
    1972      158,100                    195,500                     communities since the late 1800s. In the mid-1i 970s the Town
    1973                   453,500                                   renewed the leases on the existing barrier and bay island
    1974      166,200                                    6,400       residential lots for a period of 25 years. Although the current
    1975       90,700                                   50,000       leases do not expire until the turn of the century, the Town is now
    1976       34,800                                   16,300       considering new long-term leases (possibly for 35 years), effec-
    1977       22,300                                   56,400       tive from date of agreement, not necessarily when the leases
    1978      152,400                                   47,000       expire.
    1979      199,100
    1980                   156,931                                    It is important to note that all of the development on the barrier
    1981                                                             island is located entirely in the V zone as defined by FEMA and
    1982                     93,478                                  much of the development pre-dates floodplain management
    1983                                                             regulations required of communities participating in the National
    1984                                                              Flood Insurance Program.  Hence, development in the wave
    1985                   196,880                                   velocity zone (V zone) can be subject to damage not only from
    1986                                                             stillwater flooding, but also from wave action.
    1987      449,000                                                Of the 418 residential structures located on the barrier and bay
    1988                                                             islands in the Town of Babylon, 246 (59%) are used on a
    1989                                                             seasonal basis according to the 1980 Census. The 1960 Cen-
    1990           (3)                                               sus data list 351 of the 402 homes (87%) on the barrier and bay
                                                                      islands in the Town of Babylon as seasonal.  Conversion of
    Totals  1,732,000   1,051,389       195,500        176,100       seasonal dwellings to year-round residences on town-owned
    Percentotal Vof    55%     33%           6%                      land has been on the rise and can be expected to continue
                                                                     considering the existence of year-round utility service and
    (1)Channel realigned - 331,371 cubic yards dredged and placed on  vehicular access to the mainland via nearby bridge access.
     beach east of inlet.
                                                                     The Town of Babylon Dept. of Environmental Control (TOBDEC)
    (2)Insufficient data.                                            conducted a survey of the town-owned vacant lots on the barrier
                                                                      and bay island in December of 1988 to determine their suitability
    (3)Projection for FY 1990 - 300,000 cubic yards to be dredged and  for development (Town of Babylon Dept. of Environmental Con-
     disposed of at the Town of Hempstead beach.                      trol 1988). None of the 322 vacant lots on the barrier and bay
    Source:Campbell, Thomas J. et al. (1983) and                      islands were considered suitable for habitation due to the poten-
           Thomas M. Creamer pers. comm.                              tial for loss of life and damage to structures from a major storm.
                                                                      However, TOBDEC identified a total of 18 vacant lots at West

    CHAP 3-16

                                                                   HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                          FIGURE 3-8 -Erodedportion of Gilgo Beach, July 1989

           Id~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:'
            Ax~~~ a

    FIGURE 3 9 - Gilgo Beach, March 1973. View looking west with Gilgo pavilion in background
              Photo courtesy of LISPC

                                                                                     CHAP 3-17

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    FIGURE 3-10 -Tobay Beach, May 1989. Recently reconstructedpavilion located seaward of Ocean
                 Parkway

                              FIGURE 3-11 - Jones Beach State Park, December 1974. Erosion and subsequent abandonment
                                            of Parking Field #9 Photo courtesy of LISPC

    CHAP 3-18

                                                                                             HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    Gilgo Beach and Oak Beach (west end) where impacts from          existing inlets, and additional shore erosion problems (downdrift
    construction were considered minor.                              of any newly formed inlets).
    3.8.3.2 Land Use Plan Goals: Although this entire segment is     The 108" diameter outfall pipe from the Cedar Creek STP at
    publicly owned, the land use plan shows some change from         Seaford crosses the barrier island between Zachs Bay and
    existing land use conditions at West Gilgo and Gilgo Beach. The  Tobay and extends 2.5 miles offshore. The Cedar Creek STP
    Town of Babylon should phase out all leases on town-owned        service area contains over one-half million residents in
    property on the barrier and bay islands. Consideration should    southeastern Nassau County and currently treats sewage
    also be given to government acqusition of structures situated on  amounting to 55 mgd. The STP is now being upgraded to handle
    leased land based on fair market value. Fair market value should  a design flow of 76 mgd projected for the year 2005. At the
    also reflect relocation costs. Government should not encourage   present time, the top of the outfall pipe lies 8 feet below the sand
    residential occupancy within the Coastal High Risk Zone for the  at the surf zone and does not appear to be threatened by coastal
    following reasons:                                               erosion.  The top of the 72" diameter outfall pipe from the
        * potential for loss of life and damage to structures from   Southwest Sewer District STP, however, has only 2-3 feet of
          occurrence of severe storm events (leaseholder             sand cover in the surf zone and, as a result, the County of Suffolk
          development on Jones barrier island is located in the V    plans to undertake a construction project in the fall of 1990 to
          zone and thus subject to damage not only from              protect the outfall from further beach erosion.  The Dept. of
          stillwater flooding, but also from wave action)            Public Works intends to install sheet steel bulkheading on both
        * the barrier island is an inherently fragile, dynamic       sides of the pipe and cover the pipe with a concrete cap (Edward
          landform                                                   Davida pers. comm.).  The protective measure will cover ap-
        * possible contamination of glacial aquifer and surface      proximately 700 feet of pipe from the dunes seaward. The outfall
          water from on-site waste disposal systems                  pipe extends 2.5 miles offshore from the barrier beach and was
        * damage to leaseholder property from severe storm           constructed in 1982 at a cost of $41 million. The Southwest
          events could increase cost to the public for various       Sewer District covers portions of Babylon, Islip and Huntington,
          forms of disaster assistance.                              and the STP is designed to process 30 mgd of sewage for
    A full discussion of these reasons can be found in LIRPB (1984),  approximately 250,000 people. Nearly 80% of the houses in the
    Town of Babylon DEC (1988), and Town of Babylon DEC (1989).       SWSD are now connected to the STP
    After the phase-out of the leases and the removal of the struc-   Ocean Parkway connects with the Robert Moses Causeway,
    tures, the Town could provide facilities for additional public    Wantagh, Meadowbrook and Loop Parkways and provides
    recreational use and implement programs for natural resource     beach users direct vehicular access from either Nassau or
    protection where appropriate.                                    Suffolk County to any of the south shore beach facilities from
                                                                     Jones Beach State Park to Robert Moses State Park. Since the
    The State and towns of Oyster Bay and Babylon should maintain    Jones Beach State       to Robert Moses State ark. Since the
                                                                     removal of the tolls on the parkways leading to Ocean Parkway
    existing open space and recreational facilities atTobay and Gilgo  some years ago, Ocean Parkway has also served as an alter-
    Beaches. Should the newly constructed ocean beach pavilion        nate route for commuters who, in the absence of Ocean
    at Tobay be lost to erosion and/or storm damage, reconstruction   Parkway, would probably resort to using Southern State
                                                             of a new pavilion should not occur south of Ocean Parkway.  Parkway.  If the Jones Beach barrier island were allowed to
    3.8.3.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: Maintain the loca-     erode to the point where Ocean Parkway becomes severed, not
    tion of the shoreline i.e, land/sea interface.                   only will beach access be impacted, but commuters using Ocean
                                                                     Parkway would have to use alternate, congested routes such as
    3.8.3.4 Policy Justification: The fixed location of Ocean        SouthernStateParkway. LISPC,NYSDOTandNYSDEChave
    Parkway, its proximity to the eroding ocean beach, and the       been  trying to prevent Ocean Parkway. LISPC  NYSDOT abeing undermined
    narrowness of the barrier island preclude any retreat option for  from erosion and, as a res     ve spent $1.7 million over the
                                                                     from erosion and, as a result, have spent $1.7 million over the
    this segment of shoreline.  The location of two functioning
                                                                     last several years on emergency measures to ensure the in-
    sewage treatment plant outfall pipes, which traverse this seg-          o   ea
    ment of barrier island, in addition to the above mentioned       tegrty of Ocean Parkway.
    reasons dictate that the continuity of the barrier beach be      3.8.3.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: The most
    maintained andthatthe ocean shoreline not be allowed to retreat  preferred approach to the beach erosion problems in this seg-
    to the point where it threatens to undermine Ocean Parkway or     ment is periodic beach nourishment and dune building utilizing
    the integrity of the STP outfall pipe(s). It is necessary to maintain  sand bypassed from Fire Island Inlet. The need for bypassing
    the continuity of the Jones Beach barrier island not only for the  sand from Fire Island Inlet to maintain the beaches in this area
    operation of Ocean Parkway, but also to prevent flooding of the  was also identified by other investigators (Morton et al. 1986)
    mainland, disruption of the longshore transport of sand, un-     based on detailed survey studies of the area. The materials
    desirable salinity changes in the bay, increased shoaling at     should be placed on the beach far enough west to prevent it from
                                                                     being transported back into the inlet by local wave refraction

                                                                                                                      CHAP 3-19

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    patterns associated with shoaling at the inlet.  Continued       The entrance to Fire Island Inlet is the site of two large coastal
    monitoring of the fill operations and beach behavior should be   structures built by the Federal government.  The jetty con-
    done to better define estimates of the actual amount of material  structed at Democrat Point, Fire Island in 1940-1941 success-
    that should be bypassed to provide protection. It is anticipated    fully halted the historical westward shift of the inlet entrance for
    that the beach to the west of the inlet in 1990-1991 by NYSDEC   approximately a decade. Foroveracentury priorto construction
    and CDE and should cover the outfall pipes.                      of the jetty, the inlet entrance had migrated westward at a rate
    The Ocean Parkway and the two sewage outf ails that cross the     in excess of 200 feet per year. In response to the severe erosion
    beach in this area are of particular concern. If beach nourish-  at Oak Beach resulting from tidal currents, the COE constructed
    ment associated with bypassing is not implemented, relocation    a 1/2 mile closure dike (now known as the Sore Thumb) in 1959
    or shore hardening may be required if the parkway is to be       across the channel adjacent to Oak Beach. A series of short
    maintained. If nothing is done, debris from the collapse of the  groins were also constructed along the Oak Beach shoreline.
    road could affect the beach in much the same manner as a shore   The Sore Thumb has successfully alleviated the severe tidal
    hardening structure. Any alternative involving abandonment or    scour along the shore of Oak Beach, but the sand dike had to
    relocation of the parkway should also incorporate provisions for  be revetted in late 1960 (Galvin 1985; Kassner and Black 1983).
    the removal of concrete debris. Structural solutions involving    3.8.4.2 Land Use Plan Goals: Although this entire segment is
    sheet piling and armoring would most likely be necessary to      publicly owned, the land use plan shows some change from
    ensure the protection and integrity of the SWSD outfall pipe in    existing land use conditions at Oak Beach. It is recommended
    the absence of regularly implemented beach nourishment           that the Town of Babylon phase out all leases on town-owned
    projects.  If this structure became exposed due to continued     property on the barrier and bay islands. After the phase-out of
    erosion of the beach it would tend to act as a groin. Additional  the leases and the removal of the structures, the Town could
    beach fill would be needed to minimize potential adverse im-     provide facilities for additional public recreational use and imple-
    pacts. The fill would have to extend over a substantial portion   ment programs for natural resource protection where ap-
    of this section of shoreline to be effective, perhaps 1 to 1.5 miles,  propriate.
    and would require periodic renourishment.
                                                                      The State and the town of Babylon should maintain existing
    3.8.4 Fire Island Inlet Segment                                   recreational facilities at Cedar Beach, Overlook Beach, Cedar
    3.8.4.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures:        Beach Boat Basin, Oak Beach, Captree State Park and Robert
    The Fire Island Inlet segment covers the eastern end of Jones     Moses State Park.
    Beach barrier island and the western end of Fire Island. This    3.8.4.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies:
    segment is all publicly owned and contains a number of recrea-
    tional facilities owned and operated by the Town of Babylon           � Maintain the location of the shoreline, i.e.,land/sea in-
    (Cedar Beach, Overlook Beach, Cedar Beach Boat Basin and                terface.
    Oak Beach), N.Y.S. (Captree State Park Boat Basin and Robert            Maintain adequate beaches for recreation activities.
    Moses State Park) and the Federal government (that portion of    3.8.4.4 Policy Justification: Similar to the Gilgo Beach seg-
    FINS containing the Fire Island Lighthouse).  Similar to the     ment, the fixed location of Ocean Parkway and the Robert
    preceding coastal segment, the residential community of Oak       Moses Causeway bridge, the proximity of Ocean Parkway to the
    Beach and two commercial establishments are privately owned,     shoreline at Oak Beach, and the narrowness of the barrier island
    but exist in this coastal segment on land leased from the Town   at Oak Beach preclude any retreat option for this coastal seg-
    of Babylon. (See section 3.8.3.1 for description of barrier beach  ment. It is necessary to protect the large public investment in
    and bay island leases.)                                           infrastructure that allows for the heavy usage of both Town and
    The Robert Moses Causeway provides vehicular access from          State recreational facilities located on the barrier islands. As
    the mainland to the Town of Babylon and LISPC recreational        mentioned in the Gilgo Beach segment, a break in Ocean
    facilities within this coastal segment.  The Town of Babylon      Parkway will not only impact beach users, but also commuters.
    recreational facilities within this segment have a combined park-    It is necessary to maintain the continuity of the barrier island for
    ing lot capacity of 1,700 parking spaces. The four large parking  the operation of Ocean Parkway and Robert Moses State Park,
    fields at Robert Moses State Park provide automobile parking      but also to prevent flooding of the mainland, disruption of the
    spaces to accommodate the 3 million people who visit the park     longshore transport of sand, undesirable salinity changes in the
    each year. In this segment there are a number of large tidal     Great South Bay, increased shoaling at Fire Island Inlet, and
    wetland islands in Great South Bay as well as tidal wetlands      additional shore erosion problems (downdrift of any newly
    along the back bay areas of Jones Island and Fire Island. The    formed inlets).
    predominant natural features found along the ocean shoreline     3.8.4.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: The recom-
    of both Jones and Fire Island are dune formations and             mended approach to the beach erosion problems in this seg-
    beachfront.                                                       ment is periodic sand bypassing at the inlet with beach

    CHAP 3-20

                                                                                        HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                               FIGURE 3-12 - Overlook Beach, July 1989. Excessive accretion of sand and ponding rendered
                                             beach unsafe for bathers

    FIGURE 3-13 - Fire Island Inlet, July 1989. Accretion of sand at Democrat Point and shoaling in Inlet

                                                                                                                CHAP 3-21

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    nourishment for the shoreline west of the inlet. Although it may   munities provide lifeguard protection along their oceanfront and
    be more economical to facilitate routine bypassing operations      a few also provide this service for bay bathing activities as well.
    by using a system of breakwaters to form an impoundment area,      The most common beach stabilization measure employed in this
    such a determination would require a more in-depth analysis of     th      e ueoswfnitorpidln sd in
    the relatively complicated inlet system and site-specific condi-   segment is th use of snow fencing to trap windblown sand in
                                                                        an attempt to enhance or create dunes. The Village of Ocean
    tions.  Much of the information needed to perform such an          Beah has constructed two small groins and has created dunes
    analysis is contained in reports prepared by the U.S. Army         Bahhscntutdtosalgon   n   a  rae   ue
    analysis is contained in  reports prepared by the U.S. Army        using unsightly concrete rubble as core material. Some com-
    Corps of Engineers for this area.
                                                                        munities have sought permits to scrape sand off the summer
    Similar to the situation at Jones Inlet, the portion of shoreline  berm and use it to create dunes.
    immediately updrift of Fire Island Inlet appears to be accreting   3.8.5.2  Land Use Plan Goals: The land use plan for this
    based on the available long-term shoreline change data. As a                segment rec ognize s t he presence of single family, seasonally
                     resut, o acionis rquied fr tis aea t ths tmesegment recognizes the presence of single family, seasonally
    result, no action is required for this area at this time.          used dwelling units, but also recognizes the hazards and large
                                                                        used dwelling units, but also recognizes the hazards and large
    The structural failure of the Sore Thumb revetted sand dike has    potential liabilities faced by all units of government due to coastal
    raised the question whether the coastal structure should be        occupancy.  Therefore, the long-term land use plan seeks to
    removed or restored.   It appears that removal would reduce        phase out occupancy of Fire Island in the event that dwelling
    sand transport to the west, creating a negative impact on          units are destroyed as a result of erosion and/or severe storms.
    downdrift beaches.   Given the uncertainty of the impacts,         This is in accord with recommendations for the Coastal High
    removal may be worse than restoration. The impact of removal       Risk Zone discussed in section 3.5. Government should not
    or restoration on shoreline stability should be assessed through   intervene to protect or otherwise enhance this occupancy.
    application of suitable hydrographic/sediment transport models.    Government intervention is warranted only when the continuity
    Erosion at Oak Beach is current induced; the bypassing of sand     of the barrier island is threatened. Thus, another goal for this
    at Fire Island Inlet will not exacerbate this condition. While the  segment is to maintain the continuity of the barrier.
    deposition of massive concrete rubble along the shore at Oak       3.8.5.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: Although the ul-
    Beach provides some level of protection, an engineered shore       timate goal is to phase out development on the Fire Island, it is
    hardening structure would provide both a higher level of protec-   anticipated that existing residents may request permits for coas-
    tion and aesthetic benefits as well.                               tal erosion measures to protect their property.  Therefore, an
                                                                        appropriate coastal hazard planning policy for this coastal seg-
    .3.8.5 Ocean Beach Segment
                                                                        ment is to emphasize regulation of private activity as the primary
    3.8.5.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures:         means for protecting structures and coastal features. Several
    This Segment includes Kismet, the Village of Saltaire, Fair        communities in this segment have requested permits -for such
    Harbor, Lonelyville, Atlantique, Robbins Rest, Corneille Estates,  erosion control measures as beach scraping, installation of
    Village of Ocean Beach, Seaview, Ocean Bay Park and Point          seascape and construction of dunes consisting of a concrete
    O'Woods.  The primary land use in these communities is    rubble core.  Government agencies must be in a position to
    residential at a density ranging from 5-10 dwelling units per acre.  properly regulate these activities based upon a better under-
    The vast majority of residences in these communities is used       standing of the causes and effects of observed shoreline be-
    only during the summer vacation season. Indeed, according to       havior. An adequate understanding of the coastal processes
    the 1980 census, the year-round population of all Fire Island      and shoreline responses is essential for addressing a number
                     communities is approximately 500 people.  However, it is es-  of critical questions that affect the selection of management
    cot        imated that the summer resident population swells to ap-  options in different areas. Reliable estimates of such factors as
    timated that the summer resident population swells to ap-          thersoariksomvunablyadteexcedege
    proximately 21,600.  It should also be noted that municipal        the erosional risk, storm vulnerability and the     expected degree
                                                                        of recovery after an erosional event for different areas are
    investment in infrastructure is minimal since vehicle use is
                                                                        essential components of any coastal erosion management pro-
    severely restricted by permit.  Access to the communities is    essential components of any coastal erosion management pro-
                                                                        gram.
    gained via ferry service or private boat. Boardwalks link residen-
    ces to one another and the beach.                                  The second policy applicable to this segment relates to the
                                                                        creation of new inlets by erosional forces or severe storm events.
    Although this segment is primarily developed, theNational Park     It is imperative that the existence and continuity of the barrier
    Service owns several naturally vegetated ocean to bay strips of    island be maintained.  It will be necessary to closely monitor
    land. They are located within the hamlet of Kismet and east of     weak points in the barrier to prevent the opening of a new inlet.
    Atlantique. Wetlands exist adjacent to Clam Pond, a portion of    It will also be necessary to close a new inlet as soon as possible,
    which is owned by the Village of Saltaire. The Town of Islip owns  if it does not close naturally.
    and maintains a 184'slip marina and beach facility at Atlantique.
    Both the Village of Ocean Beach and Saltaire own property for      3.8.5.4 Policy Justification: Development located on barriers
    Birecreational activities within their boundaries   Most com-      will be subject to the full force of severe storm events. Indeed,

    recreational activities within their boundaries. Most corn-3-22

    CHAP 3-22

                                                                                     HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                               FIGURE 3-14 - Village of Ocean Beach, June 1989. Partially constructed rubble-core dunes

    FIGURE 3-15 - Dunewood, June 1989. Lack of protective dune

                                                                                                           CHAP 3-23

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    major losses have been associated with hurricanes and north-      posed iand inhibit sand transport patterns to the detriment of
    east storms in the last 50 years (Long Island Regional Planning  downdrift property owners.
    Board 1984). Residential occupancy of the barrier will probably   The policy of reliance on regulation of private activity leads to
    result in increased requests for government aid to stabilize the  the question, 'What private or local community erosion control
    shoreline as structures become threatened.                        efforts would result in the greatest protection for oceanfront
    It is necessary to maintain the existence and continuity of the   dwellings andyet minimize adverse downdrift impacts?" Dune
    barrier for several reasons. First, a new inlet will cause sand to  creation, possibly utilizing the technique employed by the Town
    be lost from the littoral system causing adverse downdrift im-    of Hempstead in which snow fencing is placed in a Y formation,
    pacts. Second, a new inlet may cause shoaling in existing inlets;  and the trapped sand is planted with beach grass the following
    and, third, a new inlet may increase bay salinity levels, thus    spring, could be initiated. This technique, however, requires
    causing adverse environmental impacts on the hard clam            adequate beach width especially if vehicles are going to con-
    fishery.                                                          tinue to be given permits to drive on the beach face.  It is
                     3.8.5.5  Preferred Erosion Management   tions: Erosion  problematical whether this technique can be implemented given
    3.8.5.5  Preferred Erosion Management options: Erosion            teofsao  eiua  ec  rfi nti  ra
    management in this shoreline segment should be limited to         the off-season vehicular beach traffic in this area.
    beach nourishment and dune building. The density of develop-      In general, soft solutions should be considered the primary
    ment has precluded the implementation of structure relocation     response; groins and shore parallel structures should be used
    and/or the enforcement of setback requirements.                   only in those situations where the continuity of the barrier is
                                                                       threatened. Homeowners wishing to provide additional protec-
    A relatively high erosion rate was identified in this segment.    tion formtheir structures should consider meeting current flood
    Profile data taken between 1955 and 1979 indicate large sand     insurance program standards concerning elevation on pilings.
    volume losses in the area offshore of this segment, probably the  Revetments, if permitted at all, should be built at the most
    result of littoral forces eroding relict ebb tidal delta deposits  landward position possible, to minimize exposure and for storm
    associated with Fire Island Inlet when it was located several
                     associated with Fire Island Inlet when it was located several  protection purposes (rather than as a technique for dealing with
    miles to the east of its current location. As this source of sand  chronic erosion).  Before government considers approval of
    is depleted, erosion'rates along this segment may increase        permits for the construction of process altering or shore parallel
    rapidly in the future.                                            structures it will be necessary to understand 'the causes and
    Identification of the most effective alternative will require a  effects of observed shoreline behavior.  This is necessary in
    detailed cost-benefit analysis, and an answer to a more fun-      order to estimate the effectiveness and potential impacts of any
    damental question: "Why is there apparently a high erosion rate   proposed solution.
    here?"  Although the problem may be alleviated by better          Beach scraping and replacement of sand in front of oceanfront
    management of other coastal compartments, the causes of           homes has been conducted at some Fire Island locations. This
    erosion and the physical processes operating at the site need to  activity removes sand from the active littoral zone and places it
    be diagnosed to determine the exact nature of the problem and     in temporary storage, and can result in steepening of the beach
    potential means for addressing it. -profile. If conducted on a community-wide basis, the approach
    This segment suffers from the lack of a protective dune system    offers a small degree of temporary protection until the con-
    in some communities. In an attempt to create dunes, the Village   structed dune is removed by storm wave attack. If the down-
    of Ocean Beach has deposited concrete rubble seaward of the       and updrift areas can withstand the beach loss as a result of
     oceanfront homes, covered the rubble with sand and planted        shoreline adjustment, then this approach is acceptable. Super-
     beach grass on the piles of sand. The NYS Dept. of Environ-       vision and monitoring of this activity are required.
     mental Conservation issued a permit for this activity with the    Another coastal erosion problem in this segment relates to the
     condition that the rubble be encased in wire fencing. Fire Island  two groins located in the Village of Ocean Beach. These groins
     National Seashore personnel objected to this activity because it    have impacts on adjacent beaches; the zone of influence can
     is incompatible with the Fire Island National Seashore Land       extend more than four to five times the length of the groins (250
     Protection Plan which states:                                    ft.) in both the up- and downdrift directions. Beaches near the
            ...lf the dune is to provide any protection from storms,   groins may now be in equilibrium. The communities of Robbins
            it must be maintained in a natural condition with         Rest, Corneille Estates and Seaview are found in an area that
            native vegetation.                                        is experiencing an erosion trend, which may be due to the fact
                      Seashore personnel indicated that hard core dunes are merely  that a relict ebb tidal delta offshore is no longer supplying sand
     Seashore personnel indicated that hard core dunes are merely        t  bah   ri  eol  ud  t  tr  i suton
     shore hardening structures. Such structures if located on an      to the beach. Groin removal would not alter this situation.
     eroding beach may, after a severe storm event, become ex-

     CHAP 3-24

                                                                                               HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    3.8.6 Central Fire Island Segment                                 environmental conditions in the bay (i.e. water circulation, shoal-
                                                                       ing, salinity and water temperatures) and increased downdrift
    3.8.6.1.There are five developed, seasonally used communities in S tructures: erosion due to the disruption of the longshore transport of sand.
    There arline segment (Cherry Grove, Fire Island Pines, Water      These types of changes would probably be substantial and could
    shoreline segment (Cherry Grove, Fire Island Pines, Water         severely affect the biological resources and human uses of the
    Island, Blue Pt. Beach and Davis Park). Moderate density (5-10
    d.u./acre) residential land use is the primary land use in these  present bay environment (including the mainland shoreline), as
                    communities.  In contrast to the Ocean Beach segment, the  well as the barrier island and the existing stabilized inlets.
    communities located  in the  Central Fire Island segment are      Because of the nature and magnitude of the associated impacts,
    separated by areas of open space owned by the National Park      the occurrence of new inlets would be unacceptable in terms of
    Service. In fact, the Fire Island National Seashore has two areas  the present uses of the mainland shoreline, bay and barrier
    that are open to the public. One is Sunken Forest, a nature       island. Management programs should incorporate provisions
    sanctuary; and the other is Sailor's Haven, a public marina and   for preventing the formation of new inlets and for closing new
    beach facility. Public access to the beach is achieved via ferry
    from the mainland to the communities in addition to two town      Specific areas particularly susceptibleto breaching (as indicated
    parks, including an 80 slip Town of Islip marina and beach facility  by such factors as island width, elevation, dune morphology, and
    at Barrett Beach and a 214 slip Town of Brookhaven marina and     back bay bathymetry) should be identified.  Because the
    beach facility at Davis Park.                                     presence of wetlands on the bay side of the barrier appears to
                                                                       inhibit inlet breaching, the creation of wetlands in areas ex-
    The most common beach stabilization measure employed in this
    segment is the use of snow fencing to trap windblown sand in    periencing bay side erosion is one approach to this problem.
    san attempt to enhance or create dunes.  Some communities        heusMaterial from bay dredging projects, which usually is not suitable
    have sought permits to scrape sand off the summer berm and       for ocean front beach nourishment, may be used to raise the bay
    use it to create dunes. The community of Fire Island Pines has   bottom up to an elevation that would allow for wetland creation
    use it to create dunes. The community of Fire Island Pines has
    installed plastic seaweed in an offshore location in an attempt to  along the bay shoreline. Although ocean beach nourishment
    trap sand to build an offshore bar to dissipate wave action.      may not be practical for the entire length of shore, dune building
                                                                       efforts should also be considered to minimize the potential for
    It is important to note that over one-half of this barrier island  breaching.
    segment is undeveloped.  It has predominately maritime
    shrubland vegetation, fresh and tidal wetlands predomin the back bay ritime  The principal coastal erosion problem in this segment is the lack
    shrubland vegetation, fresh and tidal wetlands in the back bay    of a protective dune system in some communities. The policy
    areas, as well as a double dune system in some locations (e g     of a protective dune system in some communities. The policy
    Sunken Foreas, as well as a double duremaine system in    some locations (e.g.,  of reliance on regulation of private activity leads to the question,
                                             Sunken Forest) that have remained intact.  "What private or local community erosion control efforts would
    3.8.6.2 Land Use Plan Goals: The land use plan goals for this     result in the greatest protection for oceanfront dwellings and yet
    segment are similar to those applicable to the Ocean Beach        minimize adverse downdrift impacts?" For the response to this
    segment. This discussion can be found in section 3.8.5.2.         question see the discussion on soft solutions, groins and shore
    3.8.6.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: The coastal hazard      parallel structures, and beach scraping in section 3.8.5.5.
    planning policies for this segment are the same as those ap-      3.8.7 Fire Island National Seashore Wilderness Segment
    plicable to the Ocean Beach segment. This discussion can be
    found in section 3 8 5 3.                                         3.8.7.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures:
    found in section 3.8.5.3.
                                                                       This segment includes the area extending from east of Davis
    3.8.6.4 Policy Justification: The policy justification is also the  Park to Smith Point County Park. The area is owned almost
    same as that for the Ocean Beach segment (section 3.8.5.4).       exclusively by the National Park Service (NPS) where there are
                                                                       a few residential structures in existence. However, these struc-
                    3.8.6.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: Because of  tures will be removed by the NPS after 1992. There are four
    the relatively low overall density of development and low, long-
                    term shoreline erosion rate, setback and relocation strategies  public access points in this segment: Watch Hill, Bellport Beach
                                                                       (Village facility), Old Inlet and Smith Point. No vehicular access
    should be pursued. The selection of this approach is predicated
                                                                       is permitted during summer months. Seasonal ferry service is
    on the assumption that bypassing operations at the inlets to the
    east would be implemented.                                        provided to Watch Hill and Bellport Beach where lifeguard
                                                                       protection is provided. All recreation activities are of low inten-
    However, it was also noted that certain areas in this segment     sity. Recreational vehicle access to the NPS wilderness area
    may be susceptible to breaching and inlet formation during       west of Smith Point is strictly regulated during off-season
    storms.  As described previously, the formation of new inlets     months.  The predominant land use category found in this
    would probably have a number of impacts including: shoaling       segment is open space.  There are extensive maritime
    of the stabilized inlets, increased flooding and erosion on the bay  shrubland vegetation and dune systems as well as tidal wetlands
    shoreline due to increased water level elevations, changes in

                                                                                                                         CHAP 3-25

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    FIGURE 3-16 - Fire Island Pines, June 1989. Note housing and pools in what once was the primary
                  dune line

                                FIGURE 3-17 - Fire Island National Seashore Wilderness Area, July 1989. Dunes up to 25 feet in
                                              height and extensive wetland areas

    CHAP 3-26

                                                                                                HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    throughout the segment. There are no shore hardening struc-       appears to inhibit inlet breaching, the creation of wetlands in
    tures employed within in this segment.                            areas experiencing bay side erosion is one approach to solving
    3.8.7.2 Land Use Plan Goals: The land use plan goal for this    this problem. Material from bay dredging projects, which usually
    segment is to retain open space as the predominant land use.      is not suitable for oceanfront beach nourishment, may be used
                                                                        to raise the bay bottom up to an elevation that would allow for
    3.8.7.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: The coastal hazard      wetland creation along the bay shoreline.  Although ocean
    policy applicable to this segment relates to the creation of new  beach nourishment may not be practical for the entire length of
    inlets as a result of erosion or severe storms. It is imperative  shore, dune building efforts should also be considered to mini-
    that the existence and continuity of the barrier island be main-  mize the potential for breaching in these areas.
    tained.  Barrier islands protect back bay environments and       3.8.  Moriches Inlet Segment
    development from direct wave attack. Thus, it will be necessary
    to closely monitor weaknesses in this portion of Fire Island to   3.8.8.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures:
    prevent the opening of a new inlet. It will also be necessary to  The Moriches Inlet segment covers all of Smith Point County
    close a new inlet as soon as possible should it notclose naturally.  Park on the eastern end of Fire Island and all of Cupsogue
                                                                        County Park on the western end of Westhampton Barrier Island.
    3.8.7.4 Policy Justification: It is necessary to maintain the
    existence and continuity of the barrier island for several reasons.  Al though the entire segment is owned by the County of Suffolk
                                                                        and dedicated for park purposes, public access is limited to
    First, a new inlet will cause sand to be lost from the littoral system  Smith Point County Park (and Great Gun Beach located within
    causing adverse downdrift impacts. Second, a new inlet may        the confines of the park). The 220 acre Cupsogue County Park,
    cause shoaling in existing inlets; and, third, a new inlet may    which has a beach pavilion and 500 car parking lot, has been
    increase bay salinity levels thus causing adverse environmental   inaccessible to the public since 1984 because of repeated
    impacts to the Great South Bay hard clam fishery.                 washovers of Dune Road.  Smith Point County Park covers
                                                                        approximately 2,300 acres and annually draws over one-half
    3.8.7.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: Because of          approximately 2,300 acres and annually draws over one-half
                                                                        million bathing beach visitors. The family campgrounds and
    the very low overall density of development limited primarily to    t   bah        ing accutor a il               atos a
                                                                        outer beach camping account for additional visitations to the
    recreation facilities, and the low, long-term shoreline erosion
                     rates in this segment, the recommended coastal erosion  park. The 5,000 car parking lot at Smith Point County Park is
    rates in this segment, the recommended coastal erosion
                                                                        accessible via Smith Point Bridge/William Floyd Parkway.
    management option is for very limited government intervention.
                     T ement tion is forverlited govrnmt itheretion.  Travel by 4-wheel drive vehicles between the former Forge River
    This recommendation is predicated on the assumption that
                     sing reommeationis p cat   the assption theeast    Coast Guard Station and Moriches Inlet is limited to the Burma
    bypassing operations at the inlets to the east would be imple-
                                                                        Road because of ocean shoreline erosion. Extensive back bay
                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~mented.                             tidal wetlands exist along this segment with a few tidal wetlands
    However, it was also noted that certain areas in this segment     situated within Moriches Bay itself. The dune formations are the
    may be susceptible to breaching and inlet formation during        most dominant natural feature along this relatively undeveloped
    storms. As described previously, the formation of new inlets      oceanfront.
    would probably have a number of impacts including: shoaling This segment is free of shore protection structureswith the
    of the stabilized inlets, increased flooding and erosion on the bay
                     shoreline due to increased water level elevations, changes in    exception of the east and west jetties at Moriches Inlet, which
    shoreline due to increased water level elevations, changes in
                                                                        were reconstructed in 1987 and 1988, respectively, as a result
    environmental conditions in the bay (i.e. water circulation, shoal-  of the implementation of Mo rich es Inlet Navigation Project. The
                                                                        of the implementation of Moriches Inlet Navigation Project. The
    ing, salinity and water temperatures) and increased downdrift     project was authorized by Congress under the River and Harbor
                                                                        project was authorized by Congress under the River and Harbor
    erosion due to the disruption of the longshore transport of sand.
                                                                        Act of 1960.
    These types of changes would probably be substantial and could
    severely affect the biological resources and human uses of the    In January 1980, a coastal storm caused a break in the barrier
    present back bay environment, (including the mainland             island at Cupsogue County Park approximately 1000'east of the
    shoreline) as well as the barrier island and the existing stabilized  Moriches Inlet jetties.  Under a COE Emergency Action, the
    inlets. The occurrence of new inlets would most likely be unac-   2,600' breach in the barrier island was repaired in February 1981
    ceptable in terms of the present uses of the mainland shoreline,  with 1.2 million cubic yards of sandfill. The repair of the breach
    bay and barrier island.  Management programs should incor-        was a major concern of Suffolk County, and to help forestall the
    porate provisions for preventing the formation of new inlets and  occurrence of a similar event in the future, the County elected
    for closing new ones as quickly as possible.                      to participate with the State of New York in the construction of a
                                                                        rock revetment in 1981-1982 on the bayside of the closure area,
                     In this segment, a specific area particularly susceptible to  beginning at the east jetty of Moriches Inlet and extending 1600'
    breaching (as indicated by such factors as island width, eleva-
                                                                        eastward.
    tion, dune morphology, and back bay bathymetry) is Old Inlet.
    Because the presence of wetlands on the bay side of the barrier

                                                                                                                          CHAP 3-27

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    FIGURE 3-18 -Moriches Inlet, July 1989. Note scour area immediately west of the Inlet

                               FIGURE 3-19 - Cupsogue County Park, July 1989. Facility is currently inaccessible due to severe
                                             erosion west of the Westhampton Beach groin field

    CHAP 3-28

                                                                                    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                      FIUE32  mthPitCut arJl199Noednbowut

    FIGURE 3-21 - Smith Point County Park, July 1989. Looking east at former site of Forge River
                 Coast Guard Station. Note extremely low dune profile and close proximity of
                 Ocean and Bay

                                                                                                           CHAP 3-29

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    3.8.8.2  Land Use Plan Goals: The land use plan calls for         by dredging a cut across the barrier island between the jetties.
    recreational use and maintenance of existing facilities at Smith  Since 1953, both inlets have been open and jettied. At both
    Point and Cupsogue Beach County Parks. Vehicular access to        inlets the jetties are approximately parallel and spaced about
    Cupsogue Beach via Dune Road should be re-established.            800' apart (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1983).
    3.8.8.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: Maintain existence      The County of Suffolk has been heavily involved in the stabiliza-
    and continuity of barrier islands.                                tion of Moriches Inlet and the maintenance of the shoreline on
    3.8.8.4  Policy Justification: The two recreational facilities    the barrier beach in the vicinity of the inlet. Table 3-4 illustrates
    comprising this segment are the only active bathing beach         that since 1934, Suffolk County was directly involved in 12
    facilities on the Atlantic Ocean that are owned and operated by   construction and dredging projects in the inlet area. Over 2.3
    Suffolk County. Continuity of the barrier islands with provision  million cubic yards of material were dredged from the inlet and
    for vehicular access to the County parks is essential for the     deposited on adjacent beaches.  In addition to the projects
    maintenance and resumption of recreational activity at Smith      shown in Table 3-4, Suffolk County cooperated with NYS and
    Point and Cupsogue Beach County Parks, respectively.  Be-         the Federal government in 1980 in the execution of an $11 million
    sides the recreational aspect, it is necessary to maintain the    emergency project for closure of the breach flanking the east
    existence and continuity of the barrier island to mitigate flooding  jetty of the inlet. In 1981-82, the County also participated with
                                                                      NYS in the construction of a 1,600' rock revetment at the site of
    of the mainland (which Is in close proximity along Narrow Bay),   the breach.  The County contribution for the closure of the
    disruption of the longshore transport of sand, undesirable
    salinity changes in Moriches Bay, increased shoaling at
    Moriches Inlet, and additional shore erosion problems (downdrift                              TABLE 3-4
    of any newly formed inlets).                                           Suffolk County Dredging and Construction Projects at
    3.8.8.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options: Sand                                         Moriches Inlet.
    bypassing at Moriches Inlet is the most preferred approach for     County
    addressing shoreline erosion problems at Smith Point County        Year            Activity                         Expenditure
    Park west of the inlet. Due to the narrow width of the barrier
    island and the lack of protective dunes and tidal wetlands at     1931       Moriches Inlet opened.
    certain locations, a number of potential overwash sites exist at   1934      Land crane evacuation at inlet.             $1,000
    Smith Point County Park, particularly around the site of the      1947       Revetment construction west side,
    former Forge River Coast Guard Station located south of the                  and dredging.                              200,000
    William Floyd Estate. Dune building, as well as marsh creation     1952      Construction of east jetty.                307,517
    on the bay side, can be used to minimize the potential for new     1952      Construction of west jetty.                412,140
    inlets in areas susceptible to breaching. If monitoring indicates  1953      Channel dredging; 747,310 cu. yds
    that additional action is necessary, supplemental beach nourish-             spoiled on east side of inlet.             190,442
    ment in conjunction with relocation of threatened park buildings   1954      Extension of both jetties.                 340,000
    would be a reasonable approach for this area.                                                                         (bid price)
    Historical shoreline data show that the beach west of Moriches     1958      Channel dredging; 365,715 cu. yds.
    Inlet has experienced severe erosion. The quantity of sand lost              spoiled on east side.                      141,897
    from the beach in recent time is about equal to the net longshore  1966      Channel dredging, northwest cut;
    transport rate, estimated at 350,000 cubic yards per year. Sand              677,850 cu. yds. spoiled on west side.     464,367
    bypassing at Moriches Inlet will not restore the volume of sand    1969      Channel dredging; 150,957 cu. yds.
    that has been lost to the beach, but will help to stabilize the              spoiled on east side.                      101,896
    existing configuration of the shoreline.                           1973      Channel dredging; 138,315 cu. yds.
                                                                                 spoiled on east side.                       91,565
    Moriches Inlet, historically, has been a temporary coastal fea-    1978      Channel dredging; 218,478 cu. yds.
    ture. Just prior to 1931, neither Moriches nor Shinnecock Inlets             (113,606 spoiled at Pikes Beach;
    existed. A storm opened Moriches Inlet in 1931 and a hurricane               104,862 cu. yds. spoiled on east
    opened Shinnecock Inlet in 1938. Moriches Inlet closed natural-              side of inlet).                            594,310
    ly in 1951, so during the period 1938 to 1951, both inlets were    1987      Emergency fill of scour area just
    open and unjettied.  By 1953, two jetties were built at Shin-                east of rock revetment; 20,000 cu. yds.     57,200
    necock Inlet and two jetties were built across the barrier island
    near the location where Moriches Inlet was closed in 1951.        Source:Suffolk County Dept. of Public Works, Yaphank, New York.
    From 1951 to 1953, therefore, Shinnecock Inlet was open and
    Moriches Inletwas closed. In 1953 Moriches Inletwas reopened

    CHAP 3-30

                                                                                               HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    breach and the construction of the rock revetment was ap-         was impacted again by the northeast storms of February 1978
    proximately $1 million and $0.6 million, respectively,            and March 1984. Records kept by the Office of the Fire Marshall,
    In addition to the recent reconstruction of the jetties at Moriches  Town of Southampton, show that 18 houses have been
                                                                       destroyed since 20 December 1982, and about 30 additional
    Inlet, the Moriches Inlet Navigation Project will provide for the destroyed since 20 December 1982, and about 30 additional
                     dredging of a navigation channel through the inlet in the spring houses, located in extremely vulnerable locations, are now
    dredging of a navigation channel through thinle                   uninhabitable.  There have been frequent breaches and
                                                                       uninhabitable. There have been frequent breaches and
    of 1990. Maintenance of the navigation channel will include
                                                                      washovers along this section, leaving the Town of Southampton
    sand bypassing at the inlet at scheduled intervals. Part of the   wit                 h large road maintenance and security expenditures.  In
    project maintenance costs will cover a monitoring program toa     itin a cestCu ge C uty Penered
    ascertain the rate of shoaling in the inlet, the results of which will    addition, access to Cupsogue County Park has been severed.
    be utilized to determine the frequency and volume of future      A summary of beach erosion control projects can be found in
    be utilized to determine the frequency and volume of future Tbe35
                                                                       Table 3-5.
    dredging operations in the inlet. The bypassed sand will be
    deposited approximately one mile west of the inlet, beyond the    3.8.9.2  Land Use Plan: The long-term program goal is to
    shadow effect, in the nearshore zone (16' - 18' depth of water)  terminate residential occupancy of Westhampton Beach west of
    by use of a hopper dredge (Gilbert Nersesian pers. comm.).       the westernmost groin to Cupsogue County Park. The section
                                        the barrier island immediately east of    of barrier between the westernmost groin and the Town of
    Scouring of the bayside of                                       the barrierislandimmediatelyeastofSouthampton park at Pikes Beach has been regularly over-
    the rock revetment adjacent to the east jetty at Moriches Inlet    t opped  and is the most  ikely site for a break in the barrier.
                    willcontnueto ocur  o te exentwher  chanelcurrnts topped and is the most likely site for a break in the barrier.
    will continue to occur to the extent where channel currents       Removal of residential structures will eliminate exposure to
    impinge on the shoreline.  The configuration of the flood tidal         rep eated flood losses and cla ims, provide opportunities  to ex-
    delta and bay bottom bathymetry will generally determine the  p and repeated flood losses and claims, provide opportunities to ex-
    delta and bay bottom bathymetry will generally determine the
    location of the scour area.  Scour line growth should be         pand recreational facilities and aid government efforts to imple-
    monitored.  Armoring the unprotected bay shoreline will be        ment projects designed to maintain the continuity of the barrier
    mnonitored. Armoring the unprotected bay shoreline will beisadPucseoprvtlowdltsbwenCsgu
                                                                       island. Purchase of privately owned lots between Cupsogue
                    necessary if scouring remains active.            County Park and the westernmost groin by government is ad-
    3.8.9 Westhampton Beach Segment                                   visable.
    3.8.9.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Structures:        It is recommended that for the remainder of the Westhampton
    The principal land use in this shoreline segment is medium        Beach segment, redevelopment should not be permitted. This
    density residential use.  Overall segment shoreline length is    is in accord with recommendations for the Coastal High Risk
    approximately 33,000 ft.; of this total, 25,000 ft. (75%) is oc-  Zone discussed in section 3.5 It is recommended that post-
    cupied by medium density residential use; 3,500 ft. (11%) by low  storm community redevelopment plans be prepared in advance
    density residential use; 3,000 ft. (9%) by commercial-recreation  to deal with those instances where a severe storm event
    use; 500 ft. (1%) by open space and recreation use and 1,000      destroys a large portion of Westhampton Beach and government
    ft. (3%) by high density residential use. There are tidal wetland  can neither prevent redevelopment through regulation nor ac-
    areas interspersed with some residential development along the    quire properties because of a lack of financial resources. Such
    back bay area in this segment and only a few tidal wetland        plans will help to ensure that redevelopment will minimize ex-
    islands exist in Moriches Bay. Significant losses of beach and    posure to repeated flood and erosion losses. The Village of
    dune formations are evident in this segment.                      Westhampton Beach has zoned almost all of the barrier beach
                                                                       R-1 Residential, which allows for single family dwellings on lots
    Erosion has been a significant and persistent problem since the  of 40,000 square feet. Most residential lots on the barrier beach
                    areawas  everly ipactd byflooing urin the1938hur- of 40,000 square feet. Most residential lots on the barrier beach
    area was severely impacted by flooding during the 1938 hur-
    ricane. The area also experienced severe flooding during the     within the Village are slightly less than 1 acre in size. Motels
    ricane. The area also experienced severe flooding during theancodmiusestgonhebrerechwhnte
    March 1962 northeast storm. In response to the shore erosion      and condominiums existing on the barrier beach within the
    and flooding problem, the COE began work on the Fire Island      Village are now considered as non-conforming uses by the
    Inlet to Montauk Point Beach Erosion Control and Hurricane       Village.
    Protection Project, which resulted in a two stage construction of    3.8.9.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: The coastal hazard
    15 groins located within the Village of Westhampton Beach and    planning policy applicable to this coastal segment is to maintain
    the Town of Southampton. Stage one consisted of a field of 11     the integrity of the barrier recognizing that the location of the
    groins that was completed in October, 1966. In stage two of the   shoreline to be maintained in the critical erosion area remains
    project, an additional field of 4 groins was built immediately west  to be determined.
    of the 11 groins and completed in November 1970. The original
    project design included groin stabilization to Moriches Inlet; it    3.8.9.4  Policy Justification: The coastal erosion planning
                    was nt designed for incremental construction. Absent the  policies for this segment recognize the extremely fragile condi-
                    otdesign ed forincrementalconstruction.Ab the 7tion of the barrier island west of the westernmost groin. As noted
    protection provided by the groins, erosion in the 700 and 800     in Tanski and Bokuniewicz (1988) the do nothing approach
    block portion of Dune Road proceeded at a rapid rate. The area

                                                                                                                        CHAP 3-31

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    FIGURE 3-22 - Area west of the Westhampton Beach Groin Field, July 1989. Barrier at this point is
                 only 300-500 ft. wide and has been subject to repeated washover

                              FIGURE 3-23 - Westhampton Beach, July 1989. Note severe erosion downdrift of westernmost groin

    CHAP 3-32

                                                                                        HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                 FIGURE 3-24 - Eastern portion of Westhampton Beach groin field, July 1989. N~ote extensive
                                              beach width and medium and high density development

    FIG URE 3-25 - Eastern portion of Westhampton Beach groin field, July 1989.

                                                                                                                CHAP 3-33

        HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                 TABLE 3-5
                                       Westhampton Barrier Island:Shoreline Construction History.
                                           Date of Study or
        Project                             Authorization         Description                       Area   % Complete          Cost
    FEDERAL-U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
    1.a. Phase 1-Fire Island Inlet to         1960a        11 stone groins constructed in         3.5 miles      100%         $6,000,000
        Montauk Pt. Beach Erosion                          1966; 4 additional groins
        Control and Hurricane Protection                   constructed in 1970; 2 million
                                                           yd of sand used to fill in
                                                           groin field and rebuild beach
      b. Phase II- Interim Project at          1977s       4 million yd3 to fill existing         2 miles         0%          $50-75 million
        Westhampton Beach                                  field; 4 million yd3 to nourish                                    (proposed)
                                                           beach east of western-most                                         (1984 Cost
                                                           groin-widen beach to 100 ft.                                       Estimate)
                                                           increase dune to 16 ft.
      c. Phase III                             1977s       Beach and dune construction for        12 miles       0%           $55-80 million
                                                           remainder of Island; up to 8                                       (proposed)
                                                           additional groins are authorized                                   (1984 Cost
                                                                                                                              Estimate)
    2. Emergency Shore Protection              1962i       Repair of beach and dune erosion        5 miles       100%          $970,000
                                                           370,000 yds. of sand fill
    3. Moriches Inlet Channel Improvement      1960s       Excavate entrance channel, inner                       0%           $20,000,000
                                                           channel, repair existing jetties,                                   (proposed)
                                                           construct 300 ft. deposition basin,                                (1984 Cost
                                                           place dredged sand downdrift of inlet                               Estimate)
    4. Emergency Fill Project                  1983i       1600 ft. stone revetment built and                    100%          $1,500,000
                                                           sand filled                                        (70% Fed.)
    5. Emergency Shore Protection              1984i       Dune Road rebuilt and 125,000 yd3       1.3 miles  Anticipated      $900,000
                                                           used to create dune protection                     Completion      (Anticipated
                                                                                                                 6/84         Cost)
    STATE AND LOCAL
    1. Emergency Dune Repair                   1938i       Dune fill by Suffolk County following                 100%         $180,000
                                                           hurricane of 1938; bulkheading on west
                                                           side of Shinnecock to stabilize inlet
    2. Westhampton Beach                       1951 i      Dune fill and beach grass to close                    100%          $193,000
                                                           inlet formed by storm
    3. Westhampton Beach                       1958i       380,000 yd3 and 250,000 yd3 of dune                   100%          $184,300
                                               1967i      fill
    4. Westhampton Beach                       1983i       Emergency bulldozing of sand to open                  100%          $40,000
                                                           and maintain Dune Rd.
     a - authorization date
     s - study date
     i - implementation date
    Source:Appears as Table 3-14 in Long Island Regional Planning Board (1984).

       CHAP 3-34

                                                                                              HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    would decrease the width of the island west of the groins.        Southampton, and either vacant or recreational and open space
    Temporary inlets and massive washovers would drive this por-     for those areas between the Villages of Quogue and
    tion of the island landward during major storms. In addition, as  Southampton.
    the barrier west of the groin field recedes, the land and structures
    to the east behind the westernmost groins may be threatened       Two federally designated Coastal Basegmer Resources System
    by scouring and flanking around the groins during severe storm    units (CBRS) are located in this segmen t   he Village Tiana Beach
    events. This erosion could eventually cause the groins to fail in  CBRS unit, which s situated between the Village of Quogue and
    sequence from west to east. The shifting of the barrier west of  the Tiana Beach holding, owned by Suffolk County, encompas-
                                                                      ses about 1.5 miles of ocean shoreline that is characterized as
    the groin field would lead to breaching and the formation of new  primarily vacant.  The Southampton CBRS unit, also ap-
    inlets. In addition, a new inlet would sever vehicular access to  primarily vacant.   The  South, lies eas    t of Shinnecock Inlet
    Cupsogue County Park.                                             proximately 1.5 miles in length, lies east of Shinnecock Inlet
                                                                      within the Village of Southampton, and is now almost fully
    It is necessary to maintain the location of the barrier for several  developed with huge, seasonal homes on lots 2-5 acres in size.
    reasons. First, a new inlet will cause sand to be lost from the
    littoral system causing adverse downdrift impacts. Second, a     The County of Suffolk has a large undeveloped holding of 475
           new inlet may cause shoaling in existing inlets; third, a new inlet    acres at Tiana Beach; Town of Southampton bathing beach
    nemay incrlet may cause bay shoalinity levels thus causing adverse environ-  facilities are located to the west and east of the County property.
    may increase bay salinity levels thus causing adverse environ-   The Shinnecock East County Park, approximately 60 acres in
    mental impacts; and fourth, a new inlet may increase the          The Shinnecock East County Park, approximately 60 acres in
    mental impacts; and fourth, a new inlet may increase the         size and located between the inlet and the Village of
    proablility of mainland flooding.                                size and located between the inlet and the Village of
                                                                      Southampton, is heavily utilized for camping by those county
    3.8.9.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: The groin           residents owning off-road vehicles. The Village of Southampton
    field and its associated downdrift impacts are of primary concern  owns a number of ocean beach access points along the barrier
    in this segment.  A more detailed analysis of the situation at    spit as well as some wetlands on the bay side of the spit.
    Westhampton Beach and the options available for dealing with      NYSDEC is acquiring most of the remaining privately owned
    this problem are contained in a separate report by Tanski and     wetlands on the barrier spit. There are extensive County-owned
    Bokuniewicz (1988). Some action is needed to avoid a breach      tidal wetlands along the back bay area of the Tiana Beach barrier
    in the area downdrift of the groin field. Incorporating artificial    island, as well as some tidal wetlands interspersed with residen-
    beach fill'and dune building, in conjunction with a modification  ces along the back bay area of the Southampton barrier spit
    of the groin field in some form, could resolve the erosion problem  mentioned above. The predominant natural feature along the
    at this site.                                                     oceanfront of both the Tiana and Southampton barrier beach and
    Surveys indicate that the groins have trapped approximately 2    spit is the dune formations and  associated maritime shrubland
    million cubic yards of sand in an offshore shoal suggesting that  vegetation  There are several tidal wetland islands located in
    artificial bypassing of some of this material could be used to help
    restore longshore transport and the downdrift beaches. Comn-      The home port of the Shinnecock commercial fishing fleet is
    plete restoration of the downdrift beach to pre-groin field condi-  located immediately west of Shinnecock Inlet on the bay side of
    tions may not be feasible due to the extent of the past erosion,  the barrier island.   Approximately $1 million of federal and
    however, a continuous shoreline is necessary. Modification of     county funds were spent in 1984 to construct the commercial
    the groin field to enhance bypassing may be feasible. Attempts    fishing dock which accommodates about two dozen commercial
    to modify these structures would require more detailed studies    fishing vessels.
    to adequately ascertain the potential impacts before this option
    was employed.                                                     Access from the mainland to Dune Road, which runs the entire
                                                                      length of the Westhampton barrier island, is via Jessup Lane
    Closure of a breach west of the groin field could be accomplished  Bridge and Beach Lane Bridge in the Village of Westhampton
    most effectively and economically if action was taken while the   Beach, Post Lane Bridge in the Village of Quogue, and the newly
    inlet was small. For this reason, a contingency plan for filling    constructed Ponquogue Bridge near Shinnecock Inlet, which
    any breaches in this area should be developed until longer-term   cost approximately $12.5 million as of December 1989. Access
    measures are implemented.                                         to Dune Road east of Shinnecock Inlet is through the Village of
    3.8.10 Shinnecock Inlet Segment                                   Southampton.
    3.8.10.1   Existing Land Use and Shore Protection                 This segment is free of shore protection structures with the
    Structures: The Shinnecock Inlet segment extends from the         exception of the east and west jetties at Shinnecock Inlet, which
    boundary between the Villages of Westhampton Beach and            were constructed in 1953-54.  Implementation of the Shin-
    Quogue to Halsey Neck Lane in the Village of Southampton.         necock Inlet Navigation Project in the near future, which was
    The predominant land use within this segment is seasonal, low     authorized by Congress under the River and Harbor Act of 1960,
                                                                      authorized by Congress under the River and Harbor Act of 1960,
    The predominant land use within this segment is seasonal, low     will provide for the rehabilitation of the jetties.
    density residential development in the Villages of Quogue and

                                                                                                                       CHAP 3-35

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    FIGURE 3-26 - Shinnecock Inlet, July 1989. Note accretion and erosion on east and west sides of
                  Inlet respectively

                                FIGURE 3-27 - Southampton Barrier Spit, July 1989. Note extensive beach width immediately
                                             updrift of Shinnecock Inlet and newly constructed mansions located in CBRA
                                             designated area

    CHAP 3-36

                                                                                               HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    3.8.10.2  Land Use Plan Goals: The existing low density           analysis would be needed to identify the most effective bypass-
    residential use in the Villages of Quogue and Southampton         ing procedures.
    remains unchanged in the plan. It is recommended that all of
    themai un  chadevelopnged land north of Dune Road wIt is recommended th ate Vill   of  Similar to Moriches Inlet, Shinnecock Inlet historically has been
    the undeveloped land north of Dune Road within the Village of     a temporary coastal feature. The County of Suffolk, along with
    Quogue and stretching eastward to Tiana Beach, in addition to     the Town  of Southampton, New York State and COE, have been
                                                                       the Town of Southampton, New York State and COE, have been
    some of the oceanfront land within the Tiana Beach CBRA unit
                                                                       involved in the stabilization of Shinnecock Inlet and the main-
    and immediately east, be acquired by the public for recreation                         .                               . .
    and opimmediately east, be acquired by the public for reflects an expansion  tenance of the shoreline on the barrier beach in the vicinity of
    and open space purposes. The plan also reflects an expansion      the inlet.  Table 3-6 lists all of the government projects at
    of the County-owned docking facilities accommodati ng commer-
    cial fishing vessels and the establishment of the Okeanos         Shinnecocknletsince it openedin1938.
    marine research facility west of Shinnecock Inlet.                Congress recently passed an appropriation bill that included
                                                                       $5.3 million for implementation of the Shinnecock Inlet Naviga-
    3.8.10.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies:                        tion Project, which calls for rehabilitation of the jetties and a
        * Maintain existence and continuity of barrier island and     major dredging of Shinnecock Inlet. The entire project is ex-
           spit.                                                      pected to cost $11.8 million. Of that amount, $9.2 million will be
        * Emphasize regulation of private activity as the primary     paid by the Federal Government (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
           means for protecting structures and coastal features.      1987).
    3.8.10.4 Policy Justification: It is necessary to maintain the    Maintenance of the navigation channel will include sand bypass-
    existence and continuity of the barrier island to mitigate flooding  ing at the inlet at scheduled intervals. Part of the project main-
    of the nearby mainland, disruption of the longshore transport of  tenance costs will cover a monitoring program to ascertain the
    sand, undesirable salinity changes in Shinnecock Bay, in-    rate of shoaling in the inlet, the results of which will be utilized
    creased shoaling at Shinnecock Inlet, and additional shore       to determine the frequency and volume of future dredging opera-
    erosion problems (downdrift of any newly formed inlets).          tions in the inlet. It is anticipated that the dredge spoil from this
    Maintenance of the shoreline position with public money is    project will be deposited on the beach west of the inlet, or if in
    unnecessary where there is minimal government infrastructure     the surf zone, at a depth no greater than 8-10 feet. Dredge spoil
    to be protected. However, that portion of the shoreline immedi-   will also be placed at the bay end of the east jetty behind 1,000'
    ately west of Shinnecock Inlet is experiencing the worst erosion  of revetment to be constructed at this location because of a scour
    within this segment and is also the area with the greatest public  problem.
    investment in infrastructure. Therefore, it will be necessary to  Severe erosion immediately west of Shinnecock Inlet threatens
    maintain the shoreline position between Ponquogue Bridge and      access to a publicly-owned commercial fishery dock and other
    Shinnecock Inlet.                                                private marine commercial uses. With implementation of the
    Seasonal residences in the Villages of Quogue and                 Shinnecock Inlet Navigation Project, regularly scheduled sand
    Southampton are located on parcels of sufficient size to permit   bypassing at Shinnecock Inlet will help to alleviate this severe
    their landward retreat in the event of a receding shoreline. It is    erosion condition, which is due to currents and wave diffraction
    recognized that property owners may wish to protect their    at the stabilized inlet. Fill will probably not remain on the beach
    property, although in doing so, they should not adversely impact  for a long period  A breakwater and/or short groins to retain
    coastal processes to the detriment of adjacent or nearby          material could be considered at this location as conditions
    shoreline areas. It is anticipated that property owners within this    dictate.
    shoreline segment will request permits for the construction of    The available data indicates that the porticn of the shoreline east
    erosion control measures should their property be threatened.     (updrift) of the inlet is accreting due to the influence of the
    3.8.10.5  Preferred Erosion Management Options: Beach             eastern jetty suggesting that no action is needed at the present
    nourishment in conjunction with regularly scheduled sand          time.
    bypassing at Shinnecock Inlet is the recommended alternative      3.8.11 Coastal Ponds Segment
    for dealing with .shoreline erosion problems west of the inlet.
    Because the beach immediately west of the inlet is subject to     3.8.11.1 Existing Land Useand Shore Protection Structures:
    increased erosion due to disruptions and reversals of sediment    This segment etends from Halsey Neck Lane in the Village of
    transport associated with the shadowing effect of the inlet, this  Southampton to the eastern boundary of the Village of East
    transport                           associated requithe shadowing effo Feqet o fin ine this aHampton. The primary land use in this segment is low density
    area may require special efforts. Frequent filling in this area or
                     the use of structures such as small tapered groins, may be  residential (less than 1 d.u./acre). The majority of residences in
    the use of structures such as small tapered~ groins, may be
    required-to retain bypassed material on the beach and prevent     this segment are used only during the summer vacation season.
    it from returning to the inlet. As with the other inlets, a detailed

                                                                                                                          CHAP 3-37

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    village parks) and areas of agriculturally used land. Access is    bulkheads to protect their residences.  Four publicly funded
    primarily at the road ends along the ocean front.                  groins have been constructed in the vicinity of Georgica
                                                                       Pond. There is some evidence indicating that these groins have
                                                                       caused erosion downdrift at Wainscott Beach.
                             TABLE 3-6                                 3.8.11.2 Land Use Plan Goals: The goal for this segment
             Government Projects at Shinnecock Inlet.                  envisions low density residential use as the predominant land
    Year     Project                          Agency                   use. Parcels in this segment are significantly larger than that
                                                                       located on the barrier islands, and therefore, there is room to
    1947   Stone revetment and groin,       NYS, Suffolk               re-locate structures away from the shoreline should they be
            west side, 800' and 130'        County and Town            threatened by erosion. In addition, Figure 3-1 reveals that this
            long, respecively               of Southampton             shoreline segment is one of the most stable. Indeed, portions
    1951   Channel 9' deep, 100' wide,      Suffolk County             of this segment have exhibited long-term shoreline accretion.
            2,000' long at inner sand
            bar resulted in 110,500                                    3.8.11.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: The coastal
            cubic yards of spoil used                                  hazard planning policy for this coastal segment is to emphasize
            as beach nourishment                                       regulation of private activity as the primary means for protecting
    1953-  Construction of east jetty       NYS, Suffolk               structures and coastal features. Residents in this segment have
       54  1,363' long, riprap 700'         County and Town            requested permits for such erosion control measures as rock
            long. West jetty 850' long,     of Southampton             revetments and sheet steel bulkheads to protect their property.
            extension to total length                                  Government regulators must be in a position to properly regulate
                                                                       this activity based upon a better understanding of the causes
    1968   Dredging of 270,300 cubic        Suffolk County             and effects of shoreline behavior. An adequate understanding
            yards of spoil                                             of the coastal processes and shoreline responses is essential
    1969   Dredging of 113,000 cubic        Suffolk County             for addressing a number of critical questions that affect the
            yards of spoil                                             selection of management options in different areas.  Reliable
    1973   Dredging of 250,900 cubic        Suffolk County             estimates of such factors as the erosional risk, storm vul-
            yards of spoil                                             nerability and the expected degree of recovery after an erosional
    1982   The pile crib revetment was      Suffolk County             event for different areas are essential components of any coastal
            replaced by a rubble mound                                 erosion management program.
            jetty on west side of Inlet
            and 170' of original jetty                                 3.8.11.4 Policy Justification: Reliance is placed on the regula-
            was reconstructed                                          tion of private activity, which is the primary means for protecting
    1984   Emergency dredging performed  U.S. Army Corps               structures and coastal features because:
            by hopper dredge resulted in   of E ngineers
            the removal of shoals hazard-                                  * residences in this segment are on parcels of sufficient
            ous to navigation immediate-                                      size to allow retreat;
            ly seaward of the Inlet. Approx-                               * this coastal segment has exhibited long-term stability;
            imately 176,000 cubic yards of                                 * there is generally no broad public interest associated
            dredged material was depos-                                       with government actions to maintain the shoreline in
            ited by the hopper dredge in                                      this segment; and
            the surf zone west of the Inlet                                * there is minimal investment in existing public infrastruc-
    1988-  Emergency dredging of 83,240  Suffolk County                       ture.
       89  cubic yards of material in
            ocean just south of jetties.                               It is recognized that property owners may wish to protect their
            Spoil placed downdrift of                                  property, although in doing so, they should not adversely impact
            inlet close to shore                                       coastal processes to the detriment of adjacent or nearby
    Sources: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1987).                     shoreline areas.
             Suffolk County Planning Dept. (1985).                     3.8.11.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: Although
    There is a substantial dune system along most of the entire        beach nourishment and dune building are generally the
    length of this segment.  Coastal ponds and their associated        preferred options for this segment, the lack of adequate informa-
    freshwater wetlands are dispersed along this segment, a few of     tion on the sources, rate, timing, and direction of sand transport
    which are tidally influenced on an intermittent basis. Property    along the eastern portion of the south shore resulted in different
    owners, especially in the Villages of Southampton and East         perceptions of the nature of the problem and alternatives for
    Hampton, have constructed rock revetments and sheet steel          dealing with it. Of particular concern was whether erosion of the

    CHAP 3-38

                                                                                       HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                               FIGURE 3-28 - Sagaponack Lake, July 1989. Typical coastal pond surrounded by low density
                                             residential use.Note flood tidal delta in lake

    FIGURE 3-29 -Bluffs at Montauk, July 1989

                                                                                                               CHAP 3-39

    HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    shoreline in this area supplied the entire downdrift sand transport  Section 3.7 identifies topics that should be addressed in the
    system, or whether there is an offshore source contributing to    regulatory process involving the construction of bulkheads.
    the sediment budget. Available data were insufficient to resolve  Homeowners should be required to construct revetments as far
    this question.                                                    landward as possible, while avoiding disturbance of any dunes.
                                                                      New structures should be built on piles, rather than relying on
    segment and the    one further east precludes the  use of    inlet inth revetments for protection. If a revetment is destroyed, the right
    segment and the one further east precludes the use of inlet              . .                           .          . n
    bypassing as a viable option for addressing erosion on a regional  to re-build It should not be guaranteed In any permit process. In
    basis.  However, maintaining the continuity of longshore         general, revetments should not be a problem over the short-
    transport is still important. Proper management of the coastal    term. If the shoreline recedes over the long-term, such struc-
                                                                      tures will be exposed continuously, and subject to failure due to
    ponds found in this area could help alleviate some of the more
    localized erosion problems associated with these features.
    Sand lost from the near-shore system from overwash and for-    3.8.12 Napeague Segment
    mation of flood-tidal deltas as a result of storm events and
                                                                      3.8.12.1  Existing  Land Use and Shore Protection
    dredging activities should be returned to the beach to help
                                                                      Structures: This segment extends from the eastern boundary
    restore the transport of material along the beach. This should    of the Village of East Hampton to the eastern boundary
    be done after major storms, and/or in conjunction with the        of the Village of East Hampton to the eastern boundary of Hither
                                                                      Hills State Park. The primary land use in this shoreline segment
    periodic dredging that is usually undertaken to control water     Hi StatePark. Theprmarylandusen thisshorelinesegment
    levels and water quality in the ponds.                            is open space and recreation. Open space can be found prin-
                                                                      cipally in Amagansett, Napeague and Hither Hills. The Town of
    Effective beach nourishment projects cannot be implemented by     East Hampton, the Nature Conservancy and the Federal
    individual property owners; smaller-scale measures are the only   government are the major owners of open space in the vicinity
    feasible alternatives for individuals or small communities.       of Amagansett. The Federal government has designated nearly
    Relocation/retreat and instituting appropriate setbacks are the   5,000 feet of ocean-front shoreline as a Coastal Barrier Resour-
    recommended alternatives in cases involving individual struc-     ces System unit in Napeague. This open space is used primarily
    tures. They are particularly suitable in this segment because     as a nature sanctuary.  New York State owns approximately
    lots are generally large. State participation in a recently-imple-  12,500 linear feet of shoreline at Napeague State Park and
    mented program (known as the Upton-Jones Amendment) of the        approximately 7,500 linear feet of shoreline at Hither Hills State
    National Flood Insurance Program could provide incentives for     Park. The shoreline length of this segment is approximately
    homeowners to relocate. This program allows the use of flood      47,000 feet, of which 56% or 26,500 feet is in the open space
    insurance funds for voluntarily moving erosion-threatened struc-  and recreation category. Both state parks have limited facilities
    tures.                                                            and are therefore not intensely used. Attendance at Napeague
                                                                      State Park was approximately 170,000 in 1988. Attendance
    A special erosion problem encountered in this segment is at                   State Park was approximately 170,000 in 1988. Attendance
                    Wainscott Beach. Itappears that both improper inlet manage-  figures for Hither Hills State Park, which provides camping
                                                  Wainscott Beach. It appears that both improper inlet manage-  facilities, were combined with those for Montauk Point State
    ment and the groins immediately to the east at Georgica Pond
    ment and the groins immediately to the east at Georgica Pond      Park. Attendance at both parks totaled approximately 1.3 million
    have caused erosion of this beach.
                                                                      people. Approximately 30% of this attendance, or 387,000, can
    Periodic inlet maintenance at Georgica Pond should be control-   be attributed to Hither Hills State Park.
    led to mitigate downdrift erosion. The alternative of shortening
    the two existing federal groins should also be considered. As     density remainder of the segment shoreline is in low and medium
    far as beach protection is concerned, pond iniets should be
    farclosed after flushing  is obtaincerned.  Channels should not be  al-    should be noted that these residences are used primarily during
    closed after flushing is obtained.  Channels should not be al-    the summer vacation season. The commercial-recreation use
                                                                      the summer vacation season. The commercial-recreation use
                                                                      is located immediately west of Hither Hills State Park and
    The construction of rock revetments and other shore parallel      occupies approximately 1500 linear feet of shoreline.
    structures by homeowners attempting to protect their individual
    properties is another special erosion problem in this segment.
    Revetments are relatively benign as compared to groins, but       space land use is the recommended predominant land use in
    they do accelerate erosion in areas adjacent to the structures    the Napeague predominant                       residential use
                    ~~~~~~~~~during storms. During seve  pre stdominantrms, revesidtments cial use ex-         ino the  is segment. No
    during storms. During severe storms, revetments can be ex-
           posed and undermined . If built in an eroding beach situation,  expansion of the existing commercial-recreation uses should
    posed and undermined.  If built in an eroding beach situation,   occur
    narrow beach width could be a problem; a revetment could
    function like a groin if located in the surf zone.                3.8.12.3  Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: The planning
                                                                      policy for this coastal segment is to emphasize regulation of
                                                                      private activity as the primary means for protecting structures

    CHAP 3-40

                                                                                                     HAZARD MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

    and coastalfeatures. Itis not recommended that NewYorkState        Thus, where possible, recreation/open space land use should
    take any measures to protect the two parks in state ownership,      be expanded.  This can be accomplished by government ac-
    since little infrastructure and few facilities are found here. The  quisition of a 34-acre oceanfront site immediately west of Mon-
    one exception is the need to prevent further bluff erosion at the  tauk hamlet. In addition, low density residential use should be
    site of the Montauk Point lighthouse, which is discussed in the    the predominant residential use in this segment.  This would
    next segment.                                                      allow consideration of retreat/relocation as an alternative
                                                                           response to shoreline erosion.
    3.8.12.4 Policy Justification: Reliance is placed on the regula-    response to shoreline erosion.
    tion of private activity, which is the primary means for protecting  3.8.13.3 Coastal Hazard Planning Policies: It is anticipated
    structures and coastal features, because there is generally no     that residents may request permits for coastal erosion measures
    broad public interest associated with government actions to        to protect their property.  Therefore, the appropriate coastal
    maintain the shoreline in this segment, and there is minimal       hazard planning policy for this coastal segment is to emphasize
    investment in existing public infrastructure. It is recognized that  regulation of private activity as the primary means for protecting
    property owners may wish to protect their property, although in    structures and coastal features.
    doing so, they should not adversely impact coastal processes to
                     doing so, they should not adversely impact coastal processes to  3.8.13.4 Policy Justification: The policy justification is similar
    the detriment of adjacent or nearby shoreline areas.               to that for the Napeague segment found in section 3.8.12.4.
                                                                           to that for the Napeague segment found in section 3.8.12.4.
    3.8.12.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: Although            3.8.13.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: No sngle
                                                                           3.8.13.5 Preferred Erosion Management Options: No s~ngle
    beach nourishment and dune building are generally the
                      beach  nourishment and dune building are generally the  erosion management alternative is recommended in this seg-
    preferred options for this segment, the lack of adequate informa-
                      preferred options forthis segment, the lack of adequate informa-  ment. This is largely due to questions regarding the role of bluff
    tion on the sources, rate, timing, and direction of sand transport  erosion in supplying sand to the littoral system.  Although the
                                                                           erosion in supplying sand to the littoral system. Although the
    along the eastern portion of the south shore resulted in different  available data indicate the volume of material supplied by bluff
                                                                           available data indicate the volume of material supplied by bluff
    perceptions of the nature of the problem and alternatives for      erosion to longshore transport is relatively small compared to
                                                                           orosion to longshore transport is relatively small compared to
    dealing with it. Of particular concern was whether erosion of the  estimates of the rate of sand transport further west, more
                                                                           ostimates of the rate of sand transport further west, more
    shoreline in this area supplies the entire downdrift sand transport  detailed information on the composition, height, and actual
                                                                           detailed information on the composition, height, and actual
    system, or whether there is an offshore source contributing to      recession rates of the bluffs, as well as better wave information,
                                                                           recession rates of the bluffs, as well as better wave information,
    the sediment budget. Available data were insufficient to resolve   would be required to make a more precise determination of the
                                                                           would be required to make a more precise determination of the
    this question.
                     ~~~~~~~~this question.  ~actual contribution of bluff erosion to the sediment budget and
    Relocation/retreat and instituting appropriate setbacks where      thus, the most suitable options for this area.
    possible are the preferred alternatives for protection of private  Relocation and the institution of setbacks are viable options due
                                                                           Relocation and the institution of setbacks are viable options due
    structures. Shorefront lots are generally large in this segment.   to the generally larger lot sizes and less dense development
    For more information on this topic see section 3.8.11.5.           t  h   eeal   agrltszsadls   es   eeomn
                      For more information on this topic see section 3.8.11.5.  found in this area, but where this strategy is not possible, shore
    3.8.13 Montauk Segment                                              hardening alternatives might also be appropriate. The decision
    3.8.13.1 Existing Land Use and Shore Protection Struc-             to allow shore hardening, however, must be made for each site
                                                                           based on the bluff height, composition, recession rate, location
    tures: In land use terms, the Montauk segment can be charac-
                                                                           of the structure, and an analysis of the type and amount of sand
    terized as being primarily low density residential; however there  thtcu        e      d  y the           e   ansot sn
    is a significant amount of open space, vacant land and commer-     that could be moved by the longshore transport system in a
                                                                           particular area. Topics that should be addressed in the
    cial land use. In terms of shoreline length approximately 21,000   particular area.  Topics that should be addressed in the
    feet (48%) is utilized by low density residential; 16,500 feet      regulatory process governing structural bluff protection are dis-
                                                                           cussed in section 3.7.
    (38%) by open space and recreation; 3,500 feet (8%) in the         cussed in section 3.7.
    vacant category; and 3,000 feet (7%) by commercial activity.       The special erosion problem in this segment is located at
                                                                           Montauk Point where bluff erosion threatens Montauk
    Montauk State Park represents the largest parcel of open space     Montauk Point where bluff erosion threatens Montauk
    in this segment and was visited by approximately 900,000           Lighthouse.  A project to stabilize the bluff through grading,
    people in 1988. The park shoreline is primarily high bluffs which  vegetation planting, drainage control and toe protection is un-
                                                                           derway with support provided by the private sector and NYS
    is the predominant natural feature in this segment.  Shore         derway with support provided by the private sector and NYS
           thepredomiantaeture in this segment are located at Mon-     .Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Armoring
                      protection structures found   inththe Montauk bluffs will reduce the volume of sand made avail-
    tauk Point and Ditch Plains. Gabions have been utilized at
    Mtauk   Point and Ditch Plains.  Gabions ha     ve been utilized at  able to the littoral zone, but only to an insignificant degree.
    Montauk Point to protect the toe of the bluff from wave attack     Should erosion control measures fail, relocation of the ligh-
    and there is a small groin in Ditch Plains immediately east of the  thouse should be considered   a          nd studied.  Stabilizing the
                                                                           thouse should be considered and studied. Stabilizing the
    East Hampton Town Park.
                      ~~~East Hampton Town Park.    ~promontories to the west could help retain the pocket beaches
    3.8.13.2 Land Use Plan Goals: The land use plan goal for this       located between these features.
    segment is to minimize the intensity of uses along the shoreline.

                                                                                                                                CHAP 3-41

    LAND USE PLAN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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                   't~~On                                                                                                                                                        Map   heet
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                                         I rlroOCENirIln

       -LEGEND-
     Residential
    ,   1 D.U. & Less/Acre
    m;~ 2-4 D.U./Acre
    W:  5-10 D.U./Acre
        11 D.U. & Over/Acre
    ___ Commercial
    3I(L Industrial
        Institutional
    1  Open Space &
         Recreational
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                                                                                                         lM  Nor  RONON~4

                                                                                                       IMPLEMENTATION NEEDS

    Chapter Four

    IMPLEMENTATION NEEDS
      4.0 Introduction
      ong Island's south shore natural resources have an intrinsic  that erosion control projects funded by public agencies provide
        value to society in their own right, in addition to the economic  benefits to the general public at large, as well as those who enjoy
    return associated with their use for recreatic.al, commercial,    coastal occupancy in this area. However, the recommendations
    and residential purposes. The barrier islands and spits provide   outlined in this report are targeted to provide only that level of
    buffers that protect the mainland from direct storm wave attack,  protection required to attain long-range land use plan goals and
    and are also an integral part of the shallow lagoon system and    to maintain the integrity of the barriers, as opposed to the
    associated fish and wildlife habitats. It is difficult to estimate the  short-term, more narrow benefits associated with private oc-
    true dollar value of Long Island's south shore beaches and        cupancy of the shoreline.
    associated environments and their contribution to the quality of  The data and information base pertaining to coastal processes
    life in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, especially in light of the factmutb imreteaehede lomnadslctno
    that comprehensive studies documenting usage characteristics,     must be improved to enable the development and selection of
    expenditures, etc., have not been conducted. It is axiomatic that  cost effective erosion management projects. The first section of
    the value is tremendous.                                          this chapter outlines an erosion monitoring element that should
                                                                      be considered a priority component of the long-term manage-
    For comparative purposes, an economic analysis of saltwater       ment program for the south shore. The second section outlines
    beaches in Florida indicated that, in 1984, residents and tourists  recommended changes in selected government programs and
    generated:                                                        activities. Changes in the National Flood Insurance Program
        � direct and indirect beach-related sales of nearly $4.6      are proposed that would reduce the public subsidy related to
          billion;                                                   private shoreline occupancy in highly vulnerable and mobile
        � beach-related business activity that provided $164 mil-    barrier islands and spits. Suggestions are included with respect
          lion in tax revenues to the state; and                     to the New York State Coastal Erosion Hazard Act to improve
        � activity that resulted in the creation of jobs with an an-  implementation of its associated regulatory program involving
          nual payroll of $1.1 billion(Bell and Leeworthy 1986).     construction activities along the coast. The chapter concludes
                                                                      with recommendations pertaining to the State of New York and
    While a similar study of the value of south shore beaches on      its role as coordinator of Federal, state and local activities over
    Long Island is not available, the high level of visitation to public  the long-term in the implementation of a hazard management
    beaches here is indicative of their contribution to the economy.  program that reflects the consensus of the parties involved.
    It has been estimated that an acute wash up of floatable pollution
    along New York beaches could result in a loss in total expendi-     4.1 Erosion Monitoring Element
    tures that ranges from $600 million to $1.8 billion, depending    The teams of coastal geologists and engineers emphasized that
    upon the multipliers used (Waste Management Institute 1989).     the hazard management program for the south shore of Long
    One can only guess the magnitude of economic loss to the          Island must include an erosion monitoring element specifically
    region if Long Island's south shore beaches were made inacces-   designed to collect, maintain and continue the acquisition of
    sible or unsuitable for recreational and other uses over the      certain data and information on the coastal system that would
    long-term as a result of management policies that fail to address  improve government's ability to make management and
    the need for inlet management, regularly scheduled sand           regulatory decisions.  The monitoring element should be
    bypassing, restoration of longshore transport, and growth con-    designed for the entire south shore system to provide informa-
    trol measures.                                                    tion that will allow coastal managers to:
    The implementation of erosion control projects and non-struc-           Furtherdefine andquantify theproblem. Development
    tural measures will be essential to the continued use of this           of effective management programs depends on having
    natural resource - use that is threatened by  shoreline instability,    adequate information on the resource to be managed.
    the ravages of tropical cyclones and northeast storms and the           For the south shore system, reliable estimates of such
    potential increase in the rate of sea level rise.  The costs            factors as the erosional risk, storm vulnerability and the
    associated with shoreline management activity are large, but so         expected degree of recovery after an erosional event
    are the long-term benefits, especially if one considers that the        are essential, if the effectiveness of the hazard
    beach is a common property resource. It should be pointed out           management program is to be increased. This type of

                                                                                                                        CHAP 4-1

    IMPLEMENTATION NEEDS

          information can only be obtained by monitoring                    that is accessible and usable for management pur-
          shoreline conditions and changes.                                 poses, and to maintain the data base.
         �Evaluate the effectiveness and impacts of adopted and           *Monument system for beach profile surveys. A monu-
          proposed strategies. Any chosen strategy may fail to              ment system should be established and maintained
          perform as anticipated, or conditions can change either           along the coast from which periodic beach and near
          naturally or because of human activity that alters the ef-        shore surveys should be done on a regular basis.
          fectiveness of a previously chosen option. It will be im-         Such data is indispensable in evaluating shoreline,
          portant to recognize this situation in order to readjust          beach and dune changes, developing reliable sand
          the management program. Consequently, monitoring is                budgets and identifying multi-year trends which could
          required to provide the basis for changes. For the                indicate the adequacy of management strategies or
          same reason, it is probably advantageous to begin with-           changing conditions. The locations where profiles
          smaller scale projects rather than larger ones in order           were surveyed by/for the Corps of Engineers in 1955
          to develop experience in the integrated management                and 1979 east of Fire Island Inlet should be reoccupied
          of the coast.                                                     and surveyed and additional lines, especially in the
         �Establish design criteria. In many places, a variety of            vicinity of structures and inlets, should be established.
          approaches with a range of designs will be possible.              Profile measurements should extend from landward of
          The final choice will depend largely on a cost/benefit            the dune (or bluff crest) seaward to a point offshore
          analysis. A proper evaluation of both the estimated               equal to the closure depth (essentially, the depth at
          costs, predicted benefits and potential impacts will re-          which profile changes are negligible), which was es-
          quire specific designs of individual projects. While a            timated to be at a depth of approximately 50 feet MLW
          monitoring element will probably not generate all the             on Long Island. A system of monuments west of Fire
          detailed information needs for site-specific designs, it          Island Inlet for locating beach profile surveys should be
          can give the designer and manager invaluable informa-             established at a maximum spacing of one mile along
          tion of a consistently high quality on the long-term local        the coast (closer spacing may be required in dynamic
          conditions and, therefore, greatly reduce the cost and            areas, such as inlets or areas of particular interest). Ar-
          time for feasibility studies of each proposed project.            rangements should be made to ensure all surveys are
         �Develop a better understanding of the causes and ef-               done in as short of a time span as possible and,
           fects of observed shoreline behavior. An adequate un-             preferably, within a two-week period or less, i.e., as
          derstanding of the coastal processes and shoreline                 near synoptically as possible. Surveys should be done
          responses on a systemic as well as site specific basis            at least twice a year (near the time of the maximum
          is essential:                                                     summer beach and six months later or near the time of
          -to estimate the effectiveness and potential impacts               minimum beach widths) and after extreme storm
             of any proposed solution, i.e., the probability of suc-         events.
             cess;                                                           Periodic aerial photography. Aerial photographs
          -to calibrate and use models of shoreline behavior                should be taken on a seasonal basis (i.e., winter and
             for assessing management decisions; and                         summer). The overflights should be scheduled for the
          -for addressing critical questions that affect the selec-          mornings (before the sea breeze starts) at times be-
             tion of management options in different areas.                  tween low and mid-tide and should, if possible, be coor-
                      The rcommeded mnitorng eementinclues th follwingdinated with the surveys described above to provide
    Tercommedeponiongementinlds:tefllwn                                      ground truth measurements. Aerial photographs will
                      components:                                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~assist in the determination of long-term recession rates
           Evaluation of available data. As specific management-             based on changes in the high water line, vegetation
           related questions arise, available data should be re-             line and/or dune position. Vertical aerial photographs
           analyzed. Often an original data set was collected to             taken on a regular basis can be used in conjunction
           address one set of questions, but can be applied to               with the survey data as a relatively inexpensive means
           others. Historical data sources (maps, aerial                     of gathering important information on shoreline condi-
           photographs and National Ocean Survey T-sheets)                   tions, changes, and trends at relatively frequent inter-
           should be utilized to document and quantify trends in             vals and over large areas. Photos should be rectified
           shoreline position through time. A coastal data base              and key features, such as shoreline position, dune
           should be developed to compile, maintain, and provide             crest, landmarks, etc., should be digitized to facilitate
           access to the data as well as information on coastal              the use of this information.
           protective structures, dredging and beach nourishment           *Directional wave gauges. Coastal processes are
           activities, and other factors. Effort will be required to         driven by waves. There is a dearth of historical wave
           assemble and compile the available data in a format               data to analyze the processes for this shoreline and no
                                                                             measurements are presently being made. At least two

    CHAP 4-2

                                                                                                         IMPLEMENTATION NEEDS

          directional wave gauges should be deployed for a two             * Deploy and maintain 2 wave gauges per year for
          year period - one in the eastern end and one at the                two years, and analyze field data = $240,000
          western end of the study area.                                   * Shoreline response model application
          Application of models. Many excellent models exist for             - model set-up for south shore = $300,000
          forecasting coastal changes and the effects of human               - model usage (annual cost) = $60,000
          activity. They have been effectively used in other               * Contingencies @  10% of total cost
          areas, but very few have been applied to the New York
          areas, but very dufew have lbeen appcli ed to the New York   The range in total cost estimates for the five components of the
          coasrequired to run thdue          to the lack of reliable baselined  from  erosion monitoring element over an initial two-year period in-
          an effective monitoring program would allow the use of       cluding the 10% contingency is $1,003,200 to $1,267,200. (Sig-
          available models to extrapolate and interpolate be-          nificant cost savings could perhaps be realized by using
          tween measurement points, to assess the importance           photogrammetric techniques to prepare the sub-aerial portions
          of observed changes, and to provide more reliable            of the profiles.) After this period, the range in annual cost is
          predictions of likely changes in the coastal system in       reduced to $561,000 to $583,000, including contingency.
          response to prevailing and possible future conditions,      It should be remembered that the monitoring element of the
          and of the effectiveness and impacts of proposed ac-         south shore hazard management program outlined above does
          tivities.                                                    not address the conduct of basic research on questions concern-
    The general erosion monitoring element recommended above            ing coastal dynamics; it does involve the acquisition of data/in-
    would involve a commitment of personnel and resources. How-        formation that will improve the technical basis for management
    ever, the benefits derived from such an effort would far exceed    and regulatory decisions subject to potential court challenge.
    the cost, especially when one considers the value of the resour-    However, the data collected in the monitoring element and the
    ces and development found along the south shore of Long             information generated through data analysis will assist the con-
    Island, as well as the costs associated with implementing most     duct of needed research that addresses priority scientific
    erosion control alternatives.  Monitoring element implementa-      problems and ultimately improves public policy pertaining to
    tion would provide managers, planners and decision-makers           erosion management.
    with the information they need to identify, evaluate and develop   4.1.1 Technical Data and Information Needs
    technically sound and defensible erosion management
    strategies for a small fraction of the construction costs of most  The technical data and information required to develop and
    coastal projects.                                                  evaluate erosion management strategies can be grouped into
                                                                       two broad, interrelated categories: characterization of coastal
    The site specific details and other aspects of the proposed        features and changes, and physical forcings affecting coastal
    monitoring element remain to be developed. It is recommended       changes (i.e., waves, water levels, etc.). The specific informa-
    that the NYS Dept. of State convene a conference attended by       tion related to each of these categories is delineated in this
    representatives of interested Federal, state and local agencies    section along with the types of data required to obtain the
    and noted experts in the fields of coastal engineering and         information.
    geology for the purpose of preparing the specifications for the
    tasks to be accomplished, parties assigned to accomplish same,     4.1.1.1 Characterization of Coastal Features and Changes:
    sources of required funding, etc.  An attempt was made to          An assessment and quantification of the physical characteristics
    provide preliminary, order of magnitude cost estimates for the     and the changes occurring in a coastal area is essential in the
    various components of the shoreline monitoring element.            development and evaluation of erosion control strategies.
                                                                       These changes include variations in the position and configura-
        * Establish, maintain and operate coastal data base (an-       tion of the shoreline and in the volumetric sediment budget in an
           nual cost) = $80,000 - $100,000                             area.  The most basic level of information needed to begin
        * Monument system and profile survey                           developing an effective approach to erosion management is
          - install 100 monuments and establish horizontal and         usually derived from direct measurements of the extent and
             vertical control - 100 monuments @ $300 - $500 =magnitude of the effects of erosion on the coast.
                                                                       magnitude of the effects of erosion on the coast.
             $30,000-$50,000
          -conduct profile surveys and reduce field data               The basic information required for characterizing coastal fea-
             100 surveys @ $1,000-$2,000 per survey two times          tures and changes includes:
             per year = $200,000-$400,000
        * Aerial photography                                               � long-term and short-term trends in shoreline migrations
        � Aerial photography                                               * magnitude of shoreline changes caused by storms
          - + 400 9" X 9" photos at a scale of 1:6000 two times              magnitude of shoreline changes caused by sor
             per year = $12,000                                           *� volumetric changes occurring along the shore
          -  digitize shoreline and analyze changes in                     * volume of dune erosion and rate of dune rebuilding
             shoreline position = $50,000                                  * effects of existing structures.

                                                                                                                          CHAP 4-3

     IMPLEMENTATION NEEDS

     The data needed to obtain the above information include:                 * measurements of the amount of land subsidence and
                                                                                an estimate of the rate of eustatic sea level rise
         * sequential shoreline positions through time
         * sequential beach/dune/offshore profiles (to the closure
            depth)                                                       Data requirements to obtain this information include:
         � shoreline orientation
                          �*~ shoreline orientation                          *~� local wind (or atmospheric pressure) and nearshore
         * description of the regional geologic setting including
                               sediment grain size d.istribu s                  bathymetry data for hindcasting wave climate
            sediment grain size distributions
         *  historical dune volume changes                                   * wave gauge records
         * volume of ebb and flood deltas at inlets                          * tidal records
                                                                             � long-term water level measurements
         � overwash frequency and volume
                                                                             * leveling surveys to estimate land subsidence.
         * inventory of shoreline protective structures, i.e., loca-            leveling surveys to estimate land subsidence.
    -4~     tion, size and orientation; porosity, permeability, and       This information would be used to:
            transmission characteristics; location, volume and
               schedule of beach fills, dredging and sand mining             *� calculate potential longshore sediment transport rates
                 .schedule of                       bec .ls degnadsndmiand directions, including frequency and persistence of
            operations; and aerial photographs, plans and surveys               tran    sport
            associated with these projects.                                     transport
                                                                             associated with these projects.  estimate the magnitude, impacts and recurrence inter-
     The information on coastal changes is needed to:                           vals of storms for cost/benefit and risk analysis
         * Define the erosion problem with respect to time and               * calculate the perturbation of the sediment budget at in-
            location and to make a preliminary assessment of the                lets to determine sand bypassing requirements
                                                                              � interpret the causes of shoreline changes in
            level and type of effort required to mitigate erosion  nter pret the causes of shore changes i n
                                                                                order to predict possible future conditions
            trends. For example, in a particular area, a docu-
            rented high chronic rate of shoreline recession over             * estimate time required for new inlets to close naturally
            mented high chronic rate of shoreline recession over
            the long term would indicate that utilization of beach            * develop design criteria for structural and nonstructural
                                                                                responses to erosion control, such as lifetime of beach
            nourishment may not be cost effective, and that retreat               responses to erosion control, suc h as lifetime of beach
                             or a structural response would be required to mitigate  fill projects, which is related to the wave height to the
            or a structural response would be required to mitigate
            problems associated with erosion. Conversely, a low                mgroins; spacingve-halves , orientationt and location  of offshore
            long-term recession rate could indicate the local sedi-             groins; spacing, orientation and location of offshore
            ment budget is only slightly out of balance and that
                                                                              * develop more accurate models to assess and
            beach renourishment may be an effective measure of                  develop more ac  cu       rate models to assess and
            erosion control.                                                    predict impacts of various control alternatives.
         * Forecast the range of expected shoreline changes at a            4.2 Recommended Changes in Government Programs
            site'in order to establish appropriate setback require-
            ments; properly select, design and locate structures;
            and calculate beach renourishment intervals.                  Federally subsidized flood insurance has been available in the
         * Identify the sources of sand feeding the                      United States since 1968 under Title XIII of the Housing and
            longshore transport system and potential sources of          Urban Development Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-448). The National
            beach fill material.                                          Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) provided previously unavail-
         * Identify and improve the basic understanding of the           able flood insurance protection to owners of structures in flood-
            cause and effect relationships associated with               prone areas.  At that time, participation in the NFIP was
            erosional problems.                                          voluntary. The Federal government offered low-cost flood in-
         * Model the impacts of storm events.                            surance to individuals in those communities that adopted and
     4.1.1.2 Physical Forcings Affecting Coastal Change: The             enforced certain minimum floodplain management regulations.
     information on coastal features and changes presented above         The Act was amended in 1973 by the Flood Disaster Protection
     defines and quantifies the effect of erosion along the coast.       Act (P.L. 93-234), which required:
     However, the causes of these changes are the waves, variations
     in water levels, and storms that impact the coast. Since these           � designated communities to participate in the NFIP pro-
     are the main physical processes driving sediment transport,                gram or face restrictions of federal financial assistance;
     which in turn determines the coastal response, information on              and
     these factors is also necessary to properly evaluate potential           * property owners to purchase flood insurance to
     erosion management strategies.                                             receive new or additional federal or federally related
                                                                                financial assistance for acquisition or construction pur-
     The information needed on physical forcings includes:                      poses in identified special flood hazard areas.
         * statistics on wave height, period, and direction

     CHAP 4-4

                                                                                                         IMPLEMtlN IAI ION NttUS

    To obtain federal disaster assistance for construction or         ing appropriate methodologies for developing erosion rate data
    reconstruction purposes, this Act also required property owners  required to implement this provision.
    in participating communities to first purchase flood insurance.
                                                                       Until FIA has issued these regulations, claim payments under
    The Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 removed        the policy will be made based on a determination by the Federal
    the prohibition against conventional mortgage loans from          Insurance Administrator that the building:
    federally regulated lenders in flood-prone communities not par-
                                                                           .  otherwise meets the requirements of the amendment,
    ticipating in the program, and added a notification procedure to        and
    alert prospective mortgagees that flood disaster relief would not       has been  cond emned (or otherwise declared unin-
                                                                             has been condemned (or otherwise declared unin-
    be available for properties in those communities. The maximum           habitable) by a state or local authority, and
    insurance coverage presently available for a single family           * is subject to imminent collapse or subsidence as a
    residence is $185,000 forthe structure and $60,000 for contents.        result of erosion or undermining caused by waves or
    Coverage for other residential structures is $250,000. Contents         currents of water exceeding anticipated cyclical levels.
    are covered up to a maximum of $60,000. The NFIP is dis-
    cussed in detail in the Hurricane Damage Mitigation Plan for the    It is important to note that Section D of the amendment excludes
    South Shore Nassau and Suffolk Counties, N. Y (Long Island       coverage for any structures located in the area west of the groin
    Regional Planning Board 1984).                                   field on the barrier island from Moriches Inlet to Shinnecock Inlet
                                                                       ..... Thus, the amendment does not apply to the severely
    Provisions of the Housing and Community Development Act of       eroded portion of Westhampton Beach.
    1987 (Upton-Jones amendment), signed into law on 5 February
    1988, expand coverage under the NFIP to include payment of       Given these restrictions, it is obvious that this program is tar-
    the claims of owners of buildings that are subject to imminent   geted to a limited number of structures,and is not designed to
    collapse or subsidence due to erosion so that the building can   relocate habitable structures off of inherently vulnerable barrier
    be relocated or demolished, at the policyholder's option before   islands. It is concluded that the NFIP in its current form does
    the damage occurs. This provision applies to property bordering   not go far enough to encourage relocation outside flood and/or
    on the Great Lakes, the oceans, and other bodies of water        erosion hazard zones, thereby ending federal subsidy and en-
    including lakes, rivers and streams.                             couragement of a cycle of repeated losses. The extent of this
                                                                      federal subsidy has been documented in National Research
    To qualify, buildings must be covered by flood insurance under    Council (1989).
    the NFIP by 1 June 1988. After June 1, flood insurance must be    ..... Thus the elimination of federal flood insurance coverage
    in force for two years or the length of ownership of the building,  for structures located on barrier islands and spits must be
    whichever is less.                                                considered.
    This amendment expands the NFIP's existing coverage, which        Should Congress reauthorize the NFIP, it is recommended that:
    previously paid claims on insured buildings that sustained physi-
    cal damage as a result of storm-related erosion or were               � Incentives to relocate or require relocation of structures
    damaged as a result of erosion caused by water at higher-than-          from hazard areas be strengthened by streamlining the
    anticipated cyclical levels.  The amendment specifies that a            section 1362 acquisition process, and by providing
    building subject to imminent collapse or subsidence from                funds to the states to purchase heavily damaged struc-
    erosion would be eligible for a claim payment totalling up to 40        tures.
    percent of value (or the cost of relocation, if less) when the        * Publicly-subsidized flood insurance for new structures,
    building is to be relocated, or up to 100 percent of the building's     or substantially rebuilt structures in hazard areas be
    value plus 10 percent (or the cost of demolition, if less than 10       eliminated.
    percent), if it is to be demolished.                                  * The Acquisition program, under section 1362 be suffi-
                                                                             ciently funded,and that relocation/demolition assis-
    Under the amendment, the value of the structure is the lowest           tance under the Upton/Jones amendment be utilized to
    of:                                                                     help end recurring damages. Currently, these
                                                                             programs are underfunded or underutilized, and are
        * the value of a comparable structure that is not subject           not being aggressively administered or administered
                           to imminent collapse or subsidence;              strategically to end the recurring damage-repair-
        � the price paid for the structure and any improvement to
          * the price paid for the structure and any improvement to         damage cycle. In the case of Upton-Jones, one of the
          the value of the structure, adjusted for inflation; or            most appropriate areas for application of its provisions,
        � the value of the structure under the flood insurance              Westhampton Beach, is exempt. The Upton-Jones
                                                                             Westhampton Beach, is exempt. The Upton-Jones
           contract.                                                         amendment should be amended so that it can be ap-
    The Flood Insurance Administration (FIA) has contracted with            plied to the area west of the groin field in Westhampton
    the NationalAcademy of Sciences for recommendations regard-             Beach. Pursuant to the Upton-Jones amendment,

                                                                                                                          CHAP 4-5

    IMPLEMENTATION NEEDS

          New York State should take steps to identify areas of       town refuse or fail to adopt a satisfactory program which meets
          imminent collapse. This would require implementation        the standards and administrative and enforcementrequire-
          of an erosion monitoring program to determine erosion        ments, regulatory authority will revert to the county and then to
          rates for various shoreline segments.                       the State.
        � Demolition/relocation assistance as provided under the
          Upton-Jones Amendment be part of an erosion                 The NYSDEC has prepared erosion hazard area maps for the
          management strategy which limits further development        south shore coastal areas. Erosion hazard areas are defined in
          in erosion hazard areas.The Upton-Jones provision           the regulations as natural protective feature areas or structural
          needs to be complemented with FEMA requirements to           hazard areas. Most of the south shore falls into the first category,
          identify special erosion hazard areas, and require land     where natural protective features were used to determine the
          use controls for the management of erosion hazard            landward boundary of the hazard area. This boundary is defined
          areas, as a precondition to a community's participation     in the regulations as a line set back 25 ft. from the landward edge
          in the NFIP.                                                of the dominant natural protective feature.  Three types of
        � New York State amend Article 36, Environmental Con-          natural protective features were used in delineating the bound-
          servation Law (ECL), to give the State authority to pur-     ary:
          sue floodplain violations where there is no satisfactory         . the highest, most continuous dune formations
           local response.Regulation and management of                        bluffs, where existent
          floodprone areas currently rest with local government.           * t he landward edge of the beach in areas with no dunes
          Article 36 of the ECL requires local participation in the                    or bluffs.
           NFIP, and DEC has provided model regulations; how-
           ever, implementation requires understanding and a           This linewas surveyed independent of political divisions, erosion
           responsible level of enforcement on the part of the         rates (too variable in these areas) or existing structures.
           local government. Sometimes, because of staffing in-
                                                                        Structural hazard areas have been designated along bluff
           adequacies or lack of political support, floodplain
           regulations are not well enforced. There is currently no    shorelines with known annual recession rates of 1 ft. or more
           regulations are not well enforced. There is currently no
           mechanism for any State agency to step in to assist a        (e.g., the eastern portion of East Hampton).  The width of the
           local government or to pursue floodplain violations.        zone is defined as 40 times the average annual recession rate
           This short-coming weakens the overall intent of the pro-     plus 25 ft.
           gram.                                                        Erosion hazard area permits must be obtained for development,
        * The New York State Dept. of Environmental Conserva-          new construction, erosion protection structures, public invest-
           tion assign a sufficient number of personnel to Region I     ment, and other land use activities within the designated coastal
           to ensure compliance with the NFIP.                          hazard area. The proposed regulated activity must meet the
        * The NFIP be amended to prohibit alteration of dunes.         following general standards:
      4.2.2 New York State Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Act                 * It must be reasonable and necessary, relative to alter-
    New  York State's Coastal Management Program (CMP)                        native sites and the necessity for a shoreline location.
    received Federal government approval in September 1982. In             * It must not aggravate erosion.
    order to meet the requirements of the Coastal Zone Manage-              * It must prevent or minimize adverse effects on natural
    ment Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-583), the State had to enact legislation        protective features, erosion protection structures or
    addressing coastal erosion problems. Thus, in 1981 the State              natural resources.
    Legislature passed the Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Act (Ar-       Furthermore, the regulations delineate restrictions on specific
    tide 34 of the Environmental Conservation Law) as the principal     land use activities within both types of coastal hazard areas. For
    law governing erosion and flood control along New York's           natural protective feature areas (Section 505.8), specific restric-
    coastline.                                                         tions are delineated for activities in nearshore areas, beaches,
    The purpose of Article 34 is to minimize or prevent damage and     bluffs, and primary and secondary dunes. Regulated activities
    destruction to property and natural resources from flooding and    include:
    erosion due to inappropriate actions of man. This coastal hazard       * dredging, excavating and mining
    mitigation policy is to be carried out through a regulatory pro-       * construction, modification or restoration of docks,
    gram based on the control, through permits, of development and            piers, wharves, groins, jetties, seawalls, bulkheads,
    other land use activities in designated erosion hazard areas.             breakwaters and revetments
    Article 34 is intended to be implemented at the local level, except     * beach nourishment
    for State agency activities, which will require permits directly        * vehicular traffic
    from the NYSDEC.Local implementation of State-approved                  * the creation of pedestrian passages.
    coastal erosion ordinances is not required; however, should a

    CHAP 4-6

                                                                                                               Iv, 'L-lu-N IAIION Ni-DS

    Activities not requiring a permit include planting, sand fencing,  With regard to the non-structural measures, the land use plan
    and the erection of private elevated walkways.                   policies as outlined in this program should be used as the basis
                                                                          for NYSDOS action in its coordinating role, and in the determina-
    A permit is required forthe construction, modification, or restora-  for NYSOS action in its coordinating role, and in the determina-
                                                                          tions of consistency under the NYS Coastal Management Pro-
    tion of erosion protection structures, with the following condi-  tions of consistency under the NYS Coastal Management Pro-
                                                                          gram. On this point, the land use plan provides a frame of
    tions: proper design, minimum 30 year life, long-term
                                                                           reference regardless of whether or not local governments along
    maintenance program, and the use of appropriate materials.         e so     hete                     n c al gement an
                                                                           the south shore actively participate in coastal management and
    The structures cannot aggravate erosion at the site or adjacent  es    o sr          cl a      rt iiatin   ogan
                                                                           develop approved Local Waterfront Revitalization Programs.
    sites and must minimize/prevent adverse effects to natural
    protective features (Section 505.9).                              Maintenance of the littoral drift must be considered as an integral
                                             to obtain a variance must prove  part of inlet navigation projects. Federal, State and local govern-
    Any permit applicants wishing to obtain a variance must prove
                                                                           ments must make every effort to ensure that sand obtained from
    that compliance with the restrictions would cause unnecessary
                                                                           by-pa~sing projects performed by the COE at ocean inlets not
    hardship or result in practical difficulties. They also must show  by-paing projects performed by the COE at ocean inlets not
                     that no reasonable alternative site exists, that responsible  be disposed of offshore, but rather be utilized as beach nourish-
    that no reasonable alternative site exists, that responsible
                                                                           ment for downdrift beaches. The movement and placement of
    means and measures have been incorporated into the project m        n  ord wih Te mven                              and   ac
                                                                           sand associated with COE inlet navigation projects and beach
    design at the developer's expense, and that the structure(s) will  noihen  projects         d bec
                                                                           nourishment projects should be coordinated to eliminate off-
    be reasonably safe from flood and erosion damage (Section
                     505b 13e resnalsffofodneoio amg(eti              shore disposal of sand and minimize overall public expense.
    505.13).
                     Article 34 imposes an additional responsibility on NYSEC and  It is COE policy to use the least cost alternative for maintenance
    Article 34 imposes an additional responsibility on NYSDEC and
                                                                           dredging of navigation projects. This COE policy gives no
    local communities with no additional funding to administer a        dredging of navigation projects.  This COE policy gives no
                                                                           consideration to sand nourishment needs of downdrift beaches
    coastal erosion program. As a result, many local governments      and is inconsistent with NYDOS policy. It is now cheaper for the
                     on Lng slan ar eletin notto artiipae intheprogam.and is inconsistent with NYDOS policy. It 'is now cheaper for the
    on Long Island are electing not to participate in the program.
                                                                           COE to utilize offshore disposal of sand dredged from inlet
    Adequate NYSDEC staff resources need to be made available
                                                                           navigation channels than to pump the sand downdrift of the inlet
    to assist localities develop regulations, monitor enforcement of  navigation channels than to pump the sand downdrift of the inlet
                                                                           directly onto the beach as nourishment. The COE is willing to
    locally adopted regulations and, where necessary, administer     directly onto the beach as nourishment. The CO   is willing to
                     programs in localities choosing not to participate.  use the by-passed sand for beach nourishment provided the
                                                                           localities assume the cost differential between on-beach and
    If a locality elects to participate in the coastal erosion program,  offshore disposal.
    issuance of permits for construction, modification or restoration  The rapidly eroding Town of Hempstead beach at Point Lookout,
                                                                           The rapidly eroding Town of Hempstead beach at Point Lookout,
    of erosion protection structures will become the responsibility of  located downdrift of Jones Inlet, was rendered useless as a
                                                                           located downdrift of Jones Inlet, was rendered useless as a
    local Article 34 administrators. These administrators, primarily  bathing beach during the summer of 1989. The erosion problem
                                                                           bathing beach during the summer of 1989. The erosion problem
    building inspectors at the village and town level, will be respon-  at the beach came about largely because sand from the last
                                                                           at the beach came about largely because sand from the last
    sible for assessing whether erosion protection structures are
                                                                           maintenance dredging of the Inlet in 1987 was disposed of
    properly designed and constructed of appropriate materials; if     ateane ea  a             h   n   in t       as
                                                                           offshore, rather than on the beach as had been done in the past.
    the structures will be capable of withstanding 30 years of use;  ol   o    athig n      te e     asabe   th  a
                                                                           No local matching funds were made available at that time, and
    if they will be adequately maintained over the long-term and will  N   a     thi      dsweem e a            il   ha      e a
    not aggravate erosion of adjacent sites; and if they will minimize  as a result, the COE disposed of the dredged spoil offshore. It
    adverse impacts to natural protective features.  Local ad-        is anticipated that State funds will be available for dredging
                                                                           scheduled in 1990-1991.
    ministrators will not necessarily have the technical background
    to answer the above questions. NYSDEC personnel with coas-
    tal erosion control expertise should be added to the staff of    4.2.4 Eliminate Casualty Loss Deductions
                                                                           4.2.4 Eliminate Casualty Loss Deductions
    Region I to assist local administrators of Article 34.
                                                                           The State and Federal tax codes should be amended to remove
    4.2.3 Coordination of Erosion Management Activities
                                                                           deductions for casualty losses to non-water dependent uses
    The NYSDOS should further the Proposed South South Hazard        resulting from flooding, erosion and wind on property in the
    Management Program by incorporating its recommendations           Coastal High Risk Zone.  Under the casualty loss provisions,
    into the New York Coastal Management Program. As a result,    property loss which is not reimbursed by insurance claims can
    through the consistency provisions of the State and Federal      be treated as a deduction on an individual's Federal and State
    Coastal Acts, navigation and beach erosion controlprojects will    tax return.  This deduction, which can be applied to loss in
    be evaluated for compatibility with the South Shore Hazard        coastal hazard areas, tends to encourage and not discourage
    Management Program. Funding for navigation projects should       the construction and reconstruction of structures in these areas.
    remain primarily a Federal government responsibility.             The casualty loss provision is a public subsidy of an essentially
                                                                           private use, one which often excludes the public from full enjoy-
                                                                           ment of a public resource. Removing the public subsidy would

                                                                                                                                 CHAP 4-7

    IMPLEMENTATION NEEDS

    discourage the siting of non-water dependent structures in        by protecting natural protective features and by requiring new
    hazard areas.                                                    development to be located away from hazard areas. The set-
                                                                     back established in the CEHA is the minimum that is acceptable
    4.2.5 Disclosure of Flooding and Erosion Hazards
                                                                     and in addition to any yard setback required by the local govern-
    The Real Estate Law should be amended to require disclosure       ment under its zoning law. Under zoning practice, the rear yard
    of flooding and erosion hazards on all conveyances of coastal     requirements are measured from the rear property line. Some
    property or interest in coastal property. There is currently no   local governments are protecting sensitive environmental areas
    requirement in the Real Estate Law for buyer notification of      by excluding these areas from calculation of minimum lot size
    flooding and erosion hazards when property is conveyed. As a      or setback requirements. This practice recognizes that these
    result, there is an absence of public notification and awareness  sensitive areas are not suitable for development and should not
    of the risks and consequences of locating in a hazard area. The   be treated as part of the developable lot. Standardizing use of
    requirement for consumer notification of coastal hazard condi-    the sensitive area exclusion by tying it to CEHA setbacks would
    tions would allow property owners to make fully informed          increase the protection offered by the CEHA setbacks. It has
    decisions prior to purchase.                                      added benefit of recognizing that inherently hazardous areas
                    (4.2.6 Federal and State Disaster Assistance      and areas which will become hazardous in the foreseeable
    4.2.6 Federal and State Disaster Assistance
                                                                     future) are not suitable for development.
    The State and Federal government should require a waiver of
                                                                     4.2.8 State Coastal Barrier Resources Act
    public disaster assistance when any permit is given to
    reconstruct in a Coastal High Risk Zone. A large percentage of    New York State should adopt a Coastal Barrier Resources Act
    public hazard area costs are attributable to recurring payments   to protect barrier islands from inappropriate development. The
    to the same properties over a number of different storm events.   Federal Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) provides for
    This cyclical problem continues because there is no incentive     designation of undeveloped barrier islands where no Federal
    for private owners to relocate their structures, or to bear the   funds or projects will be undertaken which would promote
    responsibility for the personal decision to stay in a hazard area.  development or intensive use of the island. The purpose of the
    The public becomes caught in a cycle of public disaster pay-      law is to maintain the natural protective function of barrier islands
    ments which reinforces reconstruction in coastal hazard areas.    by creating disincentives to private investment.
    4.2.7 Exclusion of Sensitive Areas in Local Setbacks              There is currently-no mechanism at the State level to prohibit
                                                                      State projects or expenditures of State funds which promote
    Amend 6NYCRR 505 to provide that local zoning setback re-
                                                                      private development or inappropriate public development on
    quirements are to be computed from the setback established by      rie dlo
                                                                      barrier islands.
    the Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Act and its implementing
    regulations. The CEHA reduces public risk and disaster liability

    CHAP 4-8

                                                                                                                         GLOSSARY

    Glossary

    BATHYMETRY - The measurement of depths of water in
    oceans, seas, and lakes; also information derived from such         MEAN SEA LEVEL - The average height of the surface of the
    measurements.                                                       sea for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period, usually
    BREAKWATER - A structure protecting a shore area, harbor,           determined from hourly height readings.
    anchorage, or basin from waves.                                     OUTFALL - A structure extending into a body of water for the
    BYPASSING, SAND - Hydraulic or mechanical movement of               purpose of dicharging sewage, storm runoff, or cooling water.
    sand from the accreting updrift side to the eroding downdrift side  PERMEABLE GROIN - A groin with openings large enough to
    of an inlet or harbor entrance. The hydraulic movement may          permit passage of appreciable quantities of littoral drift.
    include natural as well as movement caused by man.
                                                       include natural as well as movement caused by man.  PILE, SHEET - A pile with a generally slender flat cross section
    CURRENT, LONGSHORE - The littoral current in the breaker            to be driven into the ground or seabed and meshed or interlock-
    zone moving essentially parallel to the shore, usually generated    ed with like members to form a diaphragm, wall, or bulkhead.
    by waves breaking at an angle to the shoreline.
                                                  by waves breaking at an angle to the shoreline.  PROFILE, BEACH - the intersection of the ground surface with
    DOWNDRIFT - The direction of predominant movement of lit-           a vertical plane; may extend from the top of the dune line to the
    toral materials.                                                     seaward limit of sand movement.
    EOLIAN SANDS - (or BLOWN SANDS) - Sediments of sand size             RE-LOCATION - Movement of structure to a parcel located
    or smaller which have been transported by winds. They may be        outside a high risk area.
    recognized in marine deposits off desert coasts by the greater       RETREAT - Movement of structure to a less vulnerable location
    angularity of the grains compared with waterborne particles,        on the same parcel.
    FEEDER BEACH - An artificially widened beach serving to             REVETMENT - A facing of stone, concrete, etc., built to protect
    nourish downdrift beaches by natural littoral currents or forces.   a scarp, embankment, or shore structure against erosion by
    GROIN - Ashore protection structure built (usually perpendicular    wave action or currents.
    to the shoreline) to trap littoral drift or retard erosion of the shore.  SCARP, BEACH - An almost verticial slope along the beach
    HINDCASTING, WAVE - The use of historic synopticwind charts         caused by erosion by wave action. It may vary in height from a
    to calculate wave characteristics that probably occurred at some     few inches to several feet, depending on wave action and the
    past time.                                                           nature and composition of the beach.
                                                                       SEAWALL - A structure separating land and water areas,
    JETTY - On open seacoasts, a structure extending into a body
    of water, and designed to prevent shoaling of a channel by littoral  primarily designed to prevent erosion and other damage due to
    materials, and to direct and confine the stream or tidal flow.      wave action
    Jetties are built at the mouth of a river ortidal inlet to help deepen  STORM SURGE - A rise above normal water level on the open
    and stabilize a channel.                                             coast due to the action of wind stress on the water surface.
                                                                       Storm surge resulting from a hurricane also includes that rise in
                     LONGSHORE  TRANSPORT  RATE - Rate of transport of  level due to atmospheric pressure reduction as well as that due
    sedimentary material parallel to the shore. Usually expressed       to wind stress.
    in cubic yards (meters) per year.  Commonly  used as
    synonymous with LITTORAL TRANSPORT RATE.

                                                                  G-1

                                                                                          REFERENCES

    References

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    DeWall, A. E. 1979. Beach changes at Westhampton Beach, New York, 1962-1973. Miscellaneous
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                                                    R-1

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                                                     R-2

                                                                                           REFERENCES

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