Annotated bibliography of CERC coastal ecology research

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Coastal Zone
Information OTA I
Center
Cente~r INFORMATION CENTER MR 78-2

An Annotated Bibliography

CERC Coastal Ecology Research

by
Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancey,
*~Z~ ~Paul L. Knutson, and Arthur K. Hurme

MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 78-2
(3C~ ~MAY 1978

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AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF Miscellaneous Report
CERC COASTAL ECOLOGY RESEARCH
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7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(se)
Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancey, Paul L. Knuston, and
Arthur K. Hurme

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Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CE) V04230
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Annotated bibliography
Coastal ecology

:,> kP20. ABSTRACT (Coantime ea reverse aid Ff nacessary sad identify by block number)

This bibliography identifies the research work that was either funded by or published by the
CERC Coastal Ecology Branch from 1967 to March 1978.

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PREFACE

This report is published to provide coastal engineers with a comprehensive bibliography
of coastal ecology research work. The bibliography is published under the coastal ecology
research program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC).

The report was compiled by Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancy, Paul L. Knuston, and
Arthur K. Hurme, under the general supervision of R.P. Savage, Chief, Research Division.

Comments on this publication are invited.

Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved
31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November
1963.

/IOHN H. COUSINS
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Commander and Director

CONTENTS

Page
I INTRODUCTION.................. 5

II ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.............. 5

III AUTHOR INDEX ..................19

IV SUBJECT INDEX ..................20

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CERC COASTAL ECOLOGY RESEARCH

Compiled by
Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancey, Paul L. Knutson,
and
Arthur K. Hurme

I. INTRODUCTION
This bibliography identifies the research work that was either funded by or published
by the CERC Coastal Ecology Branch from 1967 to March 1978. Abstracts are provided to
assist coastal engineers and scientists in evaluating and selecting pertinent literature for use
in environmental studies. Separate author and subject indexes are also included.
Publications that are in stock at CERC are available upon request to the Technical
Information Division, Coastal Engineering Information and Analysis Center (CERTI-CE).
Interlibrary loans for all CERC publications are made for 90 days on request to the
Technical Information Division, Library Branch (CERTI-LI). Publications no longer
available at CERC may be purchased by AD Number in hard copy or microfiche from:

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
ATTN: Operations Division
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22151
Suggestions for improving the usefulness and scope of this reference list are solicited.

II. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1967

1. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., and HANES, R.E., "Dune Stabilization with Vegetation on
the Outer Banks of North Carolina," TM-22, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Aug. 1967, NTIS AD No.
659 341.
Shore and nursery experiments were conducted to develop an accelerated and effective
vegetation program for "growing" dunes. Randomized blocks of plantings, with three
replications, were used in the experiments. Results of various methods of producing nursery
stock transplanting and fertilization, are shown in figures, tables, and photos. The most
practical and economical methods for each step of the program are suggested.

1968-69

2. SAVAGE, R.P., and WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., "Creation and Stabilization of Coastal
Barrier Dunes," Proceedings of 11th Conference on Coastal Engineering, London,
England, 1968, pp. 671-700 (also Reprint 3-69, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1969), AD No.
697 532.
This paper presents the results of field experiments to create and stabilize barrier dunes
along the North Carolina coast during the past decade. All of the experimental work has
been carried out on low-lying barrier islands, a geographical environment typical of most of
the Atlantic and gulf coasts of the United States. The experimentation has been directed
toward the use of sand fences and dune grasses to catch and hold windblown sand and thus
create and maintain a barrier dune.

1970

3. GAGE, B.O., "Experimental Dunes of the Texas Coast," MP 1-70, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1970,
NTIS AD No. 702 902.
Report describes experiments of creating and stabilizing sand dunes to protect the
coast. Four locations were selected: the southwest end of Galveston Island, Packery
Channel, Newport Pass on North Padre Island, and Corpus Christi Pass. Low areas of the
barrier islands were planted in beach grass in an attempt to establish dunes without the aid
of sand fences. Snow fencing was used to accumulate windblown sand, and beach grass
planted to stabilize dunes. Junk car bodies were placed in line parallel to beaches to
establish and stabilize dunes by trapping sand. Since snow fences are more effective and
much cheaper, junk cars are not recommended for building dunes.

4. GROSS, M.G., "Preliminary Analysis of Urban Waste, New York Metropolitan Region,"
Technical Report No. 5, Marine Science Research Center, State University of New
York, Stony Brook, Mar. 1970, 35 pp., NTIS AD No. 746 959.
Preliminary analyses were made of 17 sewage sludge samples from sewage treatment
plants serving 11.9 million persons in the New York metropolitan region. The sludge
consists of about 55-percent organic matter, whichi accounts for about 55 percent of the
total oxygen demand. About 45 percent of the sludge is aluminosilicate material, chemically
similar to shale. The sludge samples are enriched (compared to sedimentary rocks, soils, and
organisms) in the following elements: chromium, copper, lead, and tin. These elements are
common industrial materials, and are known to be highly toxic to marine organisms; some
are carcinogenic. The preliminary analyses indicate semiquantitative spectrochemical
analyses may be useful for determining order-of-magnitude concentrations of 24 elements

commonly occurring in sewage sludges. Loss-on-ignition, an ashing technique, is useful for'
the analysis of organic matter in sewage sludges not containing large amounts of hydrous
aluminosilicates.

5. GROSS, M.G., "Analysis of Dredged Waste, Fly Ash and Waste Chemicals, New York
Metropolitan Region," Technical Report No. 7, Marinte Science Research Center,
State University of New York, Stony Brook, Oct. 1970, 33 pp., NTIS AD No.
734 337.
Chemical and physical properties were determined on wastes commonly transported by
barge for disposal in coastal waters offshore from New York Harbor. Dredged wastes were
studied by analysis of harbor sediment and wastes deposited in the "mud disposal area."
Chemical and physical properties of these wastes suggest that they commonly consist of
about 20-percent carbonaceous wastes (possibly sewage solids) mixed with low carbon
river-borne silt (median grain size 30 micrometers) and an unknown amount of industrial
wastes. Waste chemicals analyzed had a wide range of chemical composition but were not
adequately sampled to provide useful limits on their chemical and physical compositions.
Some samples of waste chemicals had high concentrations of such metals as lead, tin, and
zinc. A preliminary budget of waste solids dumped in the New York Bight indicates that
dredged wastes are major sources of oxygen-demanding substances and potentially
troublesome metals. Certain metals, especially silver and lead, and the high carbon
concentrations are promising as tracers in delineating distributions and subsequent
movement of waste deposits in the region.

1971

6. GROSS, M.G., et al., "Survey of Marine Waste Deposits, New York Metropolitan
Region," Technical Report No. 8, Marine Science Research Center, State
University of New York, Stony Brook, Apr. 1971, 72 pp., NTIS AD No. 723 431.
Major sources of wastes and large waste deposits in the coastal waters around the New
York metropolitan region were surveyed in 1970 to determine their properties. Using the
most diagnostic properties of the wastes, the areas covered by the various waste deposits
were sampled and approximate boundaries determined. Distribution of samples containing
anomalously high total concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, and silver was compared
to the distribution of carbon-rich deposits on the Continental Shelf. Assuming that
carbon-rich deposits are indicative of waste accumulation on the Continental Shelf, the data
indicate that lead and copper are the most useful elements for mapping and distribution of
wastes. Silver is marginally useful for determining waste distributions; total chromium
concentrations appear to have little utility. Concentrations of HC1-extractable metals
(copper, nickel, chromium, manganese, and iron) correlated well with total elemental
concentrations determined by optical emission spectrochemical analyses.

Only a few groups of pollution-tolerant organisms (nematodes and capitellid worms)
were abundant in sediments from the inner parts of New York Harbor. Benthic animal
communities in most of the inner harbor were either drastically impoverished or lacking;
communities in the lower bay were less severely affected by pollution. Near the harbor
entrance the Continental Shelf appeared to have near-normal bottom-dwelling organisms.
No living forminifera were found in sediment from the East River near Throgs Neck; few
species of living foraminifera were present in the western Long Island Sound. The total
number of individual foraminifera (live plus dead) increased toward the west. Waste disposal
activities have had little demonstrable effect on the diversity or distribution of foraminifera
in western Long Island. Margalef's Index of Diversity and the number of genera in each
sample indicate low diversity values in the extreme western end of the Sound and near the
Connecticut shore. Ostracods were rare.

7. HORNE, R.A., MOHLER, A.J., and ROSSELLO, R.C., "The Marine Disposal of
Sewage Sludge and Dredged Spoil in the Waters of the New York Bight," Technical
Memorandum No. 1-71, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole,
Mass., Jan. 1971, NTIS AD No. 722 791.
The dumping of sewer sludge and dredge spoil in the waters of the New York Bight and
the effect of this waste disposal practice on the marine environment are reviewed. The
quantities and composition of these wastes are described together with their physical,
chemical, and biological effects on the environment. At the center of the sludge dump the
bearing capacity of the waters has been exceeded and an anoxic bottom area is devoid of life
form. Both spoil and sludge contain large quantities of toxic heavy metals, and the spoil also
contains large quantities of petrochemicals and pesticides.

8. SHERK, J.A., Jr., and O'CONNOR, J.M., "Effects of Suspended and Deposited
Sediments on Estuarine Organisms," Chesapeake Biological Laboratory Reference
No. 71-4D, Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.
1971, 31 pp. and Appendixes.
This is an annual report summarizing research activities and principal findings from
September 1970 to September 1971. Experiments were conducted for testing (a) the lethal
effects of sediment concentrations, (b) the effects of sediment on cruising speed and
respiration of estuarine fish, and (c) the effects of sediments on feeding rates of various
estuarine zooplankters.

1972

9. NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, "The Effects of Waste Disposal in the
New York Bight," Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, N. J., Nine sections, NTIS
AD Nos. 739, 531 to 739 539; Summary Final Report (AD No. 743 936), May
1972.
Short-term studies on the effects of ocean dumping in the New York Bight were
conducted for CERC. This report summarizes the hydrographic, geological, chemical, and
biological data collected.

~~8~~}it

10. ROUNSEFELL, G.A., "Ecological Effects of Offshore Construction," Journal of'
Marine Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1972, 89 pp. and Appendixes.
An evaluation of current knowledge of the probable ecological effects of various types
of offshore construction reveals slight danger from the majority of construction programs.
The greatest danger lies in the placement of artificial islands within or too closely adjacent
to estuaries where they can significantly affect water exchange, and in the proliferation of
water-cooled nuclear powerplants.

11. SHERK, J.A., Jr., and O'CONNOR, J.M., "Effects of Suspended and Deposited
Sediments on Estuarine Organisms," Chesapeake Biological Laboratory Reference
No. 72-9E, Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.,
Dec. 1972, 105 pp.
This is an annual report summarizing research activities and findings from September
1971 to September 1972. Sedimentary material can be introduced to or resuspended in the
estuarine environment by nature or by man. Data indicate that exposure of estuarine fishes
to suspended particulate matter can result in increased mortality and sublethal physiological
alterations.

12. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.D., and BROOME, S.W., "Marsh Building with
Dredged Spoil in North Carolina," Bulletin No. 445, Agricultural Experiment
Station, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 29 pp. (also Reprint 2-72, U.S.
Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C.,
NTIS AD No. 755 178.
The value of tidal marsh for shoreline protection and as a nursery ground and source of
energy for a high proportion of commercial and sports fishery species has become widely
recognized in recent years. Dredge spoil, produced in the maintenance of navigation
channels within sounds and estuaries, may be a means of establishing new marsh to replace
some of that which has been lost. Therefore, the possibility exists of combining two
desirable objectives in one operation-the stabilization of dredge spoil and the establishment
of new tidal marsh. This paper is a progress report on a study initiated in the fall of 1969
designed to explore this possibility.

1973

13. PARARAS-CARAYANNIS, G., "Ocean Dumping in the New York Bight: An
Assessment of Environmental Studies," TM-39, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., May 1973, NTIS AD No.
766 721.
Short-term studies on effects of ocean dumping in the New York Bight were contracted
by CERC. Studies included hydrographic, geological, chemical, and biological investigations,
and an electronic sensor survey to detect locations and dump status of waste disposal

vessels. Circulation patterns were determined. Chemical analyses of water samples were
made; sediment and biological samples were analyzed. Included are studies of marine life,
bacteria, and waste disposal. Impacts on ecology- and water quality are discussed.

14. THOMPSON, J.R., "Ecological Effects of Offshore Dredging and Beach Nourishment:
A Review," MP 1-73, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1973, NTIS AD No. 756 366.
A review of ecological effects of offshore dredging is presented. Although basic
ecological works are available, there has been little concrete effort to determine effects of
offshore dredging; additional research is needed to approach full understanding. Report
shows that a beach may be divided into three zones on the basis of moisture and biota, and
describes the possible effects on these biota from offshore dredging and deposition of
sediments. Background material and impacts on both offshore dredged areas and nourished
beaches, and suggestions for further research are included. A selected bibliography is
included.

1974
15. COURTENAY, W.R., Jr., et al., "Ecological Monitoring of Beach Erosion Control
Projects, Broward County, Florida, and Adjacent Areas," TM-41, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1974,
NTIS AD No. 778 733.
Ecological monitoring of algae, invertebrates, and fishes was conducted along the
southeast Florida coast in connection with offshore dredging and beach nourishment
projects. One area surveyed showed no adverse ecological effects; reef damage by dredging
equipment was found in another area. Ecological data have been recorded for three other
areas proposed for dredge-and-fill operations.

16. HURME, A.K., "A Glossary of Ecological Terms for Coastal Engineers," MP 2-74, U.S.
Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.,
Mar. 1974, NTIS AD No. 777 764.
This is a glossary of basic ecology terms commonly encountered in the field of coastal
engineering. The terms are applicable to, but not necessarily restricted to, marine and
freshwater environments of the coastal zone. Terms are cross-referenced and defined in
nontechnical language for use by nonecologists.

17. KEITH, J.M., and SKJEI, R.E., "Engineering and Ecological Evaluation of Artificial-
Island Design, Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California," TM-43, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Mar. 1974,
NTIS AD No. 778 740.
Rincon Island is a manmade offshore island composed of armor rock and tetrapod
revetments enclosing a sand core. An evaluation after 14 years shows: no damage by waves;
littoral transport has been unaffected; little subsidence has occurred; and a thriving
community of marine organisms has developed.

18. SALOMAN, C.H., "Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of Nearshore
Zone of Sandy Key, Florida, Prior to Beach Restoration," Final Report, National
Marine Fisheries Service, Panama City, Fla., 1974.
This report defines some of the major physical, chemical, and biological characteristics
of the nearshore zone of Sandy Key, Florida, prior to beach restoration. It also includes
results of a supplemental study on the effects of hydraulic dredging for emergency
restoration of Sunset Beach on Treasure Island, Florida. An extensive bibliography on the
physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the nearshore zone is included.

19. SHERK, J.A., Jr., et al., "Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine
Organisms," Chesapeake Biological Laboratory Reference No. 74-20, Final Report
Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Md., Mar. 1974,
267 pp., NTIS AD No. AO11 372.
A 3-year laboratory study identified the biological effects of (a) suspended mineral
solids similar in size to sediments likely to be found in, or added to, estuarine systems in
concentrations typically found during flooding, dredging, and disposal of dredged material,
and (b) natural sediments. Generally, bottom-dwelling fish species were most tolerant to
suspended solids; filter feeders were most sensitive. Early life stages were more sensitive to
suspended solids than adults. Carbon assimilation by four species of phytoplankton was
significantly reduced by the light attenuating properties of fine silicon dioxide suspensions.
Ingestion of radioactive food cells by two species of calanoid copepods was significantly
reduced during exposure to suspensions of fuller's earth, fine silicon dioxide, and natural
Patuxent River silt.

20. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.D., and BROOME, S.W., "Propagation of
Spartina alterniflora for Substrate Stabilization and Salt Marsh Development,"
TM-46, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1974, NTIS AD No. 002 055.
Describes techniques developed for the propagation of Spartina alterniflora (smooth
cordgrass) in the intertidal zone of dredge spoil and eroding shorelines. Both seeding and
transplanting methods were successful. The relationship of mineral nutrition to productivity
of S. alterniflora was also determined.

1975

21. DAHL, B.E., et al., "Construction and Stabilization of Coastal Foredunes with
,,, ' Vegetation: Padre Island, Texas," MP 9-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1975, NTIS AD No.
A018 065.
Experiments to establish specifications and methodologies for beach grasses in
constructing and stabilizing foredunes as storm surge barriers along the gulf coast are

presented. Conclusions are based on 2.5 linear miles of experimental plots with beach
plantings and fence-built dunes on Padre Island, Texas. Results of greenhouse experiments
on the effects of nutrients and salinity on beach-grass growth are also presented.

22. DODD, J.D., and WEBB, J.W., "Establishment of Vegetation for Shoreline Stabilization
in Galveston Bay," MP 6-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1975, NTIS AD No. A012 839.
Report discusses the resident species of plants adapted to saline conditions for control
of shore erosion in bays and estuaries. The 12 plant species selected are evaluated for their
ability to stabilize shorelines. Several combinations of species are suggested for different
zones. An inexpensive wave-stilling device to protect plantings from wave action is
described.

23. GARBISCH, E.W., Jr., WOLLER, P.B., and McCALLUM, R.J., "Salt Marsh Establish-
ment and Development," TM-52, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1975, NTIS AD No.
A014 136.
Establishment and development of vegetation within the intertidal and supratidal zones
on salt marshes and dredged materials to stablize shorelines and abate shoreline erosion are
reported for the mid-Chesapeake Bay region.

24. HALL, V.L., and LUDWIG, J.D., "Evaluation of Potential Use of Vegetation for
Erosion Abatement Along the Great Lakes Shoreline," MP 7-75, U.S. Army, Corps
of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1975,
NTIS AD No. A014 137.
This study identifies and evaluates shoreline plants with potential, either alone or in
combination with structures, to alter the erosion rate along shores of the Great Lakes. It was
determined that plants alone are not suitable erosion controllers along most shores because
of severe wave action.

25. NYBAKKEN, J., and STEPHENSON, M., "Effects of Engineering Activities on the
Ecology of Pismo Clams," MP 8-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1975, NTIS AD No.
A01'6 948.
Three aspects of the ecology of Pismo clams were investigated in Monterey Bay,
California: distribution, reproduction cycle, and age and growth. Pismo clam populations
were restricted to sand beaches between the Salinas River and Santa Cruz with the highest
densities intertidal, and their presence and absence correlated with beach slope and grain
size.

26. SALOMAN, C.H., "A Selected Bibliography of the Nearshore Environment: Florida
West Coast," MP 5-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1975, NTIS AD No. A012 854.
A collection of over 2,900 references on ecological and coastal engineering subjects
related to the nearshore environment of the Florida west coast. References are grouped by
subject and alphabetized by author within each subject heading.

1976

27. CAMMEN, L.M., SENECA, E.D., and COPELAND, B.J., "Animal Colonization of
Man-Initiated Salt Marshes on Dredged Spoil," TP 76-7, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1976,
NTIS AD No. A028 345.
A research study to determine differences in fauna in spoil areas and natural marsh at
Drum Inlet and Snow's Cut, North Carolina, is presented. A marked difference in faunal
development was found at the sites. Research also showed that planting Spartina on dredge
spoil led to the creation of salt marsh which resembled natural marsh.

28. COX, J.L., "Sampling Variation in Sand Beach Littoral and Nearshore Meiofauna and
Macrofauna," TP 76-14, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1976, NTIS AD No. A032 115.
This study evaluates sampling procedures and statistical methods for analysis of the
fauna associated with high-energy sandy beaches. An extensive one-season sampling at a
relatively undisturbed beach site in central Monterey Bay, California, was used as a basis for
the evaluation.

29. KNUTSON, P.L., "Summary of CERC Research on Uses of Vegetation for Erosion
Control," Proceedings of Great Lakes Vegetation Workshop, Great Lakes Basin
Commission and USDA Soil Conservation Service, Dec. 1976, pp. 31-36.
CERC and its predecessor, the Beach Erosion Board, have been investigating uses of
vegetation for erosion control for nearly two decades. Early research focused upon dune
formation and stabilization with beach grasses. More recently, marsh grasses have been
studied as a means of controlling bank erosion. This presentation summarizes important
research findings concerning (a) the use of vegetation for the stabilization and formation of
dunes, (b) the use of vegetation for bank stabilization, and (c) the use of vegetation in
combination with coastal structures. Potential application of these findings in the Great
Lakes region is also discussed.

30. LEVY, G.F., "Vegetative Study at the Duck Field Research Facility, Duck, North
Carolina," MR 76-6, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1976, NTIS AD No. A025 178.
A vegetative study of the Duck Field Research Facility of the U.S. Army Coastal
Engineering Research Center at Duck, North Carolina, was conducted from March 1974

through June 1975. Eleven different plant communities were delimited. Floristic collections
made throughout the study period revealed a flora of approximately 178 species in 132
genera representing 58 families.

31. O'CONNOR, J.M., NEUMANN, D.A., and SHERK, J.A., Jr., "Lethal Effects of
Suspended Sediments on Estuarine Fish," TP 76-20, U.S. Army, Corps of
Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1976,
NTIS AD No. A037 377.
This study provides base-line information for preproject decisionmaking based upon the
anticipated concentration of suspended sediments at the project site and the effect of
various lengths of exposure on estuarine fish of different life-history stages and habitat
preference.

32. OLIVER, J.S., and SLATTERY, P.N., "Effects of Dredging and Disposal on Some
Benthos at Monterey Bay, California," TP 76-15, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Oct. 1976, NTIS AD No.
A032 684.

Natural temporal variations in benthic assemblages and substrate stability changes,
effects of dredging and disposal of dredged material, subsequent recolonization and
recovery, and faunal distribution and reproductive abilities are discussed.

33. SALOMAN, C.H., "The Benthic Fauna and Sediments of the Nearshore Zone off
Panama City Beach, Florida," MR 76-10, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1976, NTIS AD No.
A031 992.
This study presents basic scientific data on the benthic fauna and surface sediments of
the nearshore zone of Panama City Beach, Florida, before restoration of the beach, and the
results of a study on the effect of Hurrican Eloise on the benthic fauna in the swash zone of
Panama City Beach.

34. SENECA, E.D., WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., and BROOME, S.W., "Dune Stabilization
with Panicum amarum Along the North Carolina Coast," MR 76-3, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb.
1976, NTIS AD No. A023 178.
This study was conducted to determine the dune-stabilizing and dune-building potential
of Panicum amarum (bitter panicum) along the North Carolina coast.

35. SHERK, J.A., Jr., O'CONNOR, J.M., and NEUMANN, D.A., "Effects of Suspended
Solids on Selected Estuarine Plankton," MR 76-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan. 1976, NTIS AD No.
A022 653.
A 3-year laboratory study identified biological components of selected populations of
estuarine organisms most sensitive to the effects of different suspended sediments.

36. WEBB, J.W., and DODD, J.D., "Vegetation Establishment and Shoreline Stabilization,"
TP 76-13, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1976, NTIS AD No. A030 169.
Techniques for shoreline stabilization with vegetation and the associated environment
are presented. Studies were conducted on the adaption of species for shoreline stabilization,
use of wave-stilling devices, and effects of fertilizers along the north shore of East Bay,
Texas.

37. WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.D., and BROOME, S.W., "Propagation and Use
of Spartina alterniflora for Shoreline Erosion Abatement," TR 76-2, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug.
1976, NTIS AD No. A030 423.
This report contains the results of experiments in the use of marsh vegetation to protect
eroding shorelines, a laboratory study on mineralnutrition of Spartina alterniflora, and an
additional year of monitoring several trials previously described by these authors.

38. DAHL, B.E., and GOEN, J.P., "Monitoring of Foredunes on Padre Island, Texas," MR
77-8, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Va., July 1977, NTIS AD No. A043 875.
This study was conducted to continue monitoring foredunes formed from grass planting
during 1969 to 1973 on north Padre Island beaches. The report summarizes data obtained
from elevational profiles and vegetative transects at one natural foredune and four
experimental foredunes during 1975 and 1976.

39 KNUTSON, P.L., "Planting Guidelines for Marsh Development and Bank Stabilization,"
CETA 77-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1977, NTIS AD No. A046 547.
Marsh plants are effective in stabilizing eroding banks in many sheltered coastal areas.
This report provides guidelines for (a) selecting plants and planting methods, (b) determin-
ing seed application rate and plant spacing, (c) determining fertilization requirements, and
(d) estimating labor cost.

40. KNUTSON, P.L., "Planting Guidelines for Dune Creation and Stabilization," CETA
77-4, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1977, NTIS AD No. A046 170.
Beach grasses have been used successfully in many coastal projects to form and stabilize
dune systems as natural barriers to the inland penetration of waves and storm surges. This
report provides guidelines for (a) selecting plants and planting methods; (b) obtaining plants;
(c) storing, planting, and maintaining plants; and (d) estimating labor requirements.

41. KNUTSON, P.L., "Designing for Bank Erosion Control With Vegetation," Proceedings
of Fifth Symposium of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Nov. 1977, pp. 716-733 (also Reprint 78-2, U.S. Army,
Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb.
1978), NTIS AD No. A051 571.
Marsh plants are effective in stabilizing eroding banks in sheltered coastal areas.
Exceptional results have been achieved in a variety of intertidal environments at a fraction
of the cost required for comparable structural protection. Techniques are available for the
efficient propagation of several marsh plants for use in bank stabilization. This paper
provides design criteria for (a) determining site suitability, (b) selecting plant materials and
planting methods, and (c) estimating labor requirements on a project-by-project basis.

42. MATTA, J.F., "Beach Fauna Study of the CERC Field Research Facility, Duck, North
Carolina," MR 77-6, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1977, NTIS AD No. A040 573.
The results of an intensive seasonal study of the beach fauna of a barrier island in Dare
County, North Carolina, are presented. Study areas include the beach face from margin of
the swash zone to 60 meters offshore on the ocean beach, and from swash zone to 300
meters offshore on the sound beach. A simple quantitative sampling device was also
developed for use in the surf zone.

43. MEYER, A.L., and CHESTER, A.L., "The Stabilization of Clatsop Plains, Oregon,"
Shore and Beach, Vol. 45, No. 4, Oct. 1977, pp. 34-41.
The Clatsop Plains, Oregon, were successfully stabilized by erecting sand fences to
create a base for planting grasses. A protective foredune was formed from the windblown
sand collected by sand fences and beach grasses. European beachgrass was planted, followed
in later years by plantings of Scotch broom and shore pine. An analysis of successive survey
profiles showed that sand accumulated at an average annual rate of 5.56 and 5.57 cubic
yards per linear foot of beach between 1934 and 1963 and between 1934 and 1964,
respectively. Dunes as high as 25 feet have developed behind the beach.

44. O'CONNOR, J.M., NEUMANN, D.A., and SHERK, J.A., Jr., "Sublethal Effects of
Suspended Sediment on Estuarine Fish," TP 77-3, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers,
Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Feb. 1977, NTIS AD No.
A040 646.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects, if any, of sublethal
concentrations of suspended materials on the fish in estuarine systems. The suspensions
were of natural sediment, obtained from the Patuxent River estuary, Maryland, or
commercially available fuller's earth.

1978

45. JOHNSON, G.F., and deWIT, L.A., "Ecological Effects of An Artificial Island," Dames
and Moore, Los Angeles, Calif. (draft report available; final report in preparation,
1978).
This study documents marine ecological conditions at Rincon Island, located
approximately one-half mile offshore between Ventura and Santa Barbara, California, in a
depth of 14 meters (45 feet). The island, which was constructed between 1954 and 1959 to
serve as a permanent platform for oil and gas production, is particularly suitable for
ecological study. Habitat features associated with the armor rock and concrete tetrapods
surrounding the island support a "microecosystem" which differs in biotic composition
from surrounding natural bottom areas.
A major part of the study was devoted to analysis of seasonal dynamics in biotic
composition. Permanent transects extending from the high intertidal to natural bottom were
established normal to each of the four cardinal sides of the island. All macrobiota were
censused in duplicate 1-square meter quadrants along each transect during each of the four
seasons. Other studies included a gill net survey of fish fauna, mapping of mussel "talus"
beds at the base of the island, and a survey of biota along a natural bottom transect between
the island and shore.

46. JOHNSON, G.F., et al., "Ecological Effects of An Artificial Island," Proceedings of
Symposium on Technical, Environmental, Socioeconomic and Regulatory Aspects
of Coastal Zone Planning and Management, American Society of Civil Engineers,
Vol. 4, Mar. 1978.
Rincon Island's rock revetments offer a diversity of habitat features for a great variety
of marine species which do not occur in adjacent natural bottom areas. This study added
160 taxa of macrobiota to the master species list for the island, bringing the total to 458.
Densities of 53 common taxa occurring in permanent transects on each of the four sides of
the island were analyzed for seasonal variability. Approximately three-fourths of these
showed statistically significant variation. Nine distinctly different major species associations
were identified on the island. Twenty-three species of fishes were captured in gill nets placed
on all four sides of the island. Rockfish, surfperch, toadfish, and swell sharks dominated the
catch. The biota along a transect over natural bottom from near the island to shore were
considerably lower in abundance or density and in number of species relative to biota at

corresponding depths on the island's revetments. Natural sediments were dominated by
polychaete worms (35 percent of biomass and 50 percent of species), small crustaceans,
clams, ribbon worms, and brittle stars.
The construction of Rincon Island has had a major beneficial effect on local ecological
conditions. The quarry-rock and tetrapod construction materials offer habitat features
which are not found in a natural sedimentary bottom area. The solid substratum is
colonized by a high diversity of encrusting and attached biota. Many of these are
habitat-forming species in the sense that they provide shelter and food for additional
species.

47. KNUTSON, P.L., "Planting Guidelines for Dune Creation and Stabilization," Proceed-
ings of Symposium on Technical, Environmental, Socioeconomic and Regulatory
Aspects of Coastal Zone Planning and Management, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Vol. 2, Mar. 1978, pp. 762-779.
Foredunes function as a reservoir of sand to nourish eroding beaches during storms, and
as a levee to prevent the inland penetration of waves and storm surges. Dunes are usually
created and maintained by the action of beach grasses which trap and hold windblown sand.
Erosion will occur if this vegetation is damaged by drought, disease, overgrazing, or by
waves during severe storms. Damaged or destroyed dune systems can usually be restored by
planting beach grasses.
This paper provides guidelines for creating and stabilizing foredunes with vegetation.
The guidelines are based on more than two decades of field studies conducted by CERC and
others. Specific information is given on recommended plant species, planting techniques,
fertilization rates, labor requirements, and expected dune growth rates.

48. WEBB, J.W., and DODD, J.D., "Shoreline Plant Establishment and Use of a
Wave-Stilling Device," MR 78-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan. 1978.
The establishment and development of smooth cordgrass transplants on a 2-percent
slope behind a wave-stilling device constructed of two tiers of tires strung on a cable were
monitored along the north shore of East Bay in Texas. Two previous plantings on the sloped
area, the first without wave protection and the second behind one tier of tires, were
unsuccessful. After a second tier of tires was placed on top of the original tier, enough
protection was provided from waves to allow successful planting. A 0.15-meter buildup of
sediment occurred directly behind the barrier.
Smooth cordgrass survival was approximately 50 percent and over 100 stems per meter
squared were counted in some areas 1 year after planting. Density and height of smooth
cordgrass increased with increasing hours of inundation. Gulf cordgrass, marshhay cordgrass,
and saltgrass survived better than smooth cordgrass above mean high water (MHW). At the
highest elevation (0.6 meter above MHW), survival was limited, regardless of species.
Needlegrass rush transplants failed to survive in significant numbers. With adequate wave
protection, smooth cordgrass can be established below MHW in estuarine areas. Gulf
cordgrass, marshhay cordgrass, and saltgrass can be used above MHW for shoreline
protection.

111. AUTHOR INDEX

Author Reference Number

Appan, S.G ..................21
Azzinaro, W.P.................15
Block, J.A ..................6
Broome, S.W ..............12,20,34, 37
Cammen, L.M.................27
Chester, A.L .................43
Copeland, B.J. ..............................27
Courtenay, W.R., Jr. ...........................15
Cox, J.L. .................................28
Dahl, L.A. ..............................21, 38
deWit, L.A. ..............................45, 46
Dodd, J.D. ............................22, 36, 48
Fall, B.A. .................................21
Gage, B.O ..................................3
Garbisch, E.W., Jr. ............................23
Goen, J.P. ................................38
Gross, M.G. .............................4, 5, 6
Hall, V.L. ................................24
Hanes, R.E .1.................
Herrema, D.J. ..............................15
Horne, R.A. ................................7
Hurme, A. K. .............................16,46
Johnson, G.F. ............................45, 46
Kahn, R.J. .................................6
Keith, JM . ................................17
Knutson, P.L. ......................29,39, 40,41, 47
Levy, G.F. ................................30
Lohse, A. .................................21
Ludwig, J.D. ...............................24
y ~~~~Matta, J.F. ................................42
McCallumi, R.J. ..............................23
Meyer, A. L. ...............................43
Mohler, Aj.J. ...............................7
Neumann, D.A. .......................19, 31, 35,44

Author Reference Number
Nybakken, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
O'Connor, J.M ................... . .8, 11, 19, 31, 35, 44
Oliver, J.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Pararas-Carayannis, G. ................... .......13
Prince, R.D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Rossello, R.C. ...............................7
Rounsefell, G.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Saloman, C.H. ................... .......18, 26, 33
Savage, R.P. ................... ............2
Schramel, J.R. .............................. 6
Seneca, E.D. ................... ....12, 20, 27, 34, 37
Sherk, J.A., Jr. ................. . .8, 11, 19, 31, 35, 44
Skjei, R.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Slattery, P.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Smith, R.N. ......... 6
Stephenson, M ........................ ..25
Thompson, J.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Thompson, M.J. ........................ .15
van Montfrans, J .............. ............15
Wales, B.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Webb, J.W. .............. .........22, 36, 48
Woller, P.B. .............. . ...23
Wood, R.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Woodhouse, W.W., Jr. ................. .1, 2, 12, 20, 34, 37

IV. SUBJECT INDEX

Subject Reference Number
Algae .................................15
Artificial island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,17,45,46
Bank stabilization ........................ 29, 39, 41
Barrier islands ................... .....2, 3, 30, 38, 42
Beach grass ............. 1, 2, 3, 21, 29, 30, 34, 38, 40, 43, 47
Beach nourishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15
Benthos ................... ...6, 25, 28, 32, 33,45, 46
Bibliography ................... ...........26

Subject Reference Number
California
Monterey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 28, 32
Rincon Island ...................... 17, 45, 46
Chesapeake Bay Region . .............. ..... 23
Coastal fauna ........... 15, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 42, 44, 45, 46
Coastal structures ............... ...10, 17, 45, 46
Deposited sediments ................... .....8, 11, 19
Dredged material ................ 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 23
Dune creation ................ 1, 2, 3, 21, 29, 34, 40, 43, 47
Dune stabilization ............ 1, 2, 3, 21, 29, 30, 34, 40, 43, 47
Ecological effects ................... ....8, 10, 13, 14
Erosion .................. 15, 22, 23, 24, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47
Erosion control ................. 15, 22, 24, 37, 39, 41, 47
Estuarine fish ................ ....8, 11, 19, 31, 44
Estuarine flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Estuarine organisms ................ .. .8, 11, 19, 35
Fertilization ......................... 1, 36, 39
Field Research Facility ........................ 30, 42
Fish ................... ...8, 11, 15, 19, 31, 44,45, 46
Florida
Broward County ................... .........15
Panama City Beach ................... .......33
Southeast coast ................... .........15
Treasure Island ................... .........18
West coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 33
Glossary ............... ..............16
Great Lakes ................... ..........24, 29
Junk car bodies (dunes) ......................... .3
Littoral transport ................... .........17
Marsh ecology ................ 12, 20, 23, 27, 36, 37, 39,41
Marsh plants ................... ......12, 27, 39,41
Maryland
Patuxent River .......................... 19,44
Nearshore environment ....................... 26, 33
Nearshore zone ............................ 18, 33
New York Bight ................... .. . .5, 6, 7, 9, 13

Subject Reference Number
North Carolina
Bogue Sound .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Drum Inlet ................... ...........27
Duck ................... ............30,42
Outer Banks ................... ............1
Snow's Cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 27
Offshore construction ................... .......10
Offshore dredging ........................ 14, 15, 18
Oregon
Clatsop Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Pismo Clams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Plankton ................... ...........8, 19, 35
Phytosociology ................... ...........30
Planting ................... ......21, 39,40, 47, 48
Planting guidelines ................... ...39, 40,41,47
Salinity ................................ 22
Seeding ............................... 20
Sewage sludge ................... ......4, 5, 6, 7, 13
Shoreline changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 24
Shoreline stabilization ................... ...22, 23, 36
Shore protection ................... ...1, 21, 36, 37, 48
Snow or sand fences (dunes) . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 21, 43
Soil properties ................... ..........22
Spoil disposal ..............4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 19, 27, 32
Substrate stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Suspended sediments .................. 8, 11, 19, 31, 35, 44
Texas
Corpus Christi Pass ................... . .... 3
East Bay ................... . 22, 36, 48
Galveston ................... .......3, 22, 36, 48
Packery Channel ............3............... 3
Padre Island ...................... .3, 38
Newport Pass ....................... 3
Upper coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Vegetation ............. 1, 2, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30,
.................... 34, 36, 37, 38, 39,40,41,43,47,48
Wave-stilling devices ...................... . 22, 36, 48

Pullen, Edward J. Pullen, Edward J.

An annotated bibliography of CERC coastal ecology research / by An annotated bibliography of CERC coastal ecology research / by
Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancey...[et al.]. - Ft. Belvoir, Va. : U.S. Edward J. Pullen, Robert M. Yancey...[et al.]. - Ft. Belvoir, Va. : U.S.
Coastal Engineering Research Center ; Springfield, Va. : available from Coastal Engineering Research Center ; Springfield, Va. : available from
National Technical Information Service, 1978. National Technical Information Service, 1978.

22 p. (Miscellaneous report - U.S. Coastal Engineering Research 22 p. (Miscellaneous report - U.S. Coastal Engineering Research
Center ; no. 78-2) Center ; no. 78-2)

This bibliography identifies the research that was either funded by This bibliography identifies the research that was either funded by
or published by the CERC Coastal Ecology Branch from 1967 to March or published by the CERC Coastal Ecology Branch from 1967 to March
1978. 1978.

1. Coastal ecology - Bibliography. I. Title. II. Yancey, Robert 1. Coastal ecology - Bibliography. I. Title. II. Yancey, Robert
M., joint author. III. Series: U.S. Coastal Engineering Research M., joint author. III. Series: U.S. Coastal Engineering Research
Center. Miscellaneous report no. 78-2. Center. Miscellaneous report no. 78-2.

TC203 .U581mr no. 78-2 627 TC203 .U581mr no. 78-2 627

Pullen, Edward J. Pullen, Edward J.

22 p. (Miscellaneous report - U.S. Coastal Engineering Research 22 p. (Miscellaneous report - U.S. Coastal Engineering Research
Center ; no. 78-2) Center ; no. 78-2)

TC203 .U581mr no. 78-2 627 TC203 .U581mr no. 78-2 627

Pullen, Edward J. Pullen, Edward J.

22 p. (Miscellaneous report - U.S. Coastal Engineering Research 22 p. (Miscellaneous report - U.S. Coastal Engineering Research
Center ; no. 78-2) Center ; no. 78-2)

1. Coastal ecology - Bibliography. I. Title. II. Yaifcey, Robert 1. Coastal ecology - Bibliography. I. Title. II. Yancey, Robert
M., joint author. III. Series: U.S. Coastal Engineering Research M., joint author. III. Series: U.S. Coastal Engineering Research
Center. Miscellaneous report no. 78-2. Center. Miscellaneous report no. 78-2.

TC203 .U581mr no. 78-2 627 TC203 .U581mr no. 78-2 627

Pullen, Edward J. Pullen, Edward J.

22 p. (Miscellaneous report - U.S. Coastal Engineering Research 22 p. (Miscellaneous report - U.S. Coastal Engineering Research
Center ; no. 78-2) Center ; no. 78-2)

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