[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                                Addendum to 1985 National Survey of
                             Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated
                                                            Recreation

                                     Recreational Shellfishing
                                            in the United States


                                                                                                                        7)
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                       OS14T OF CO
                    g'                         U.S. Department of Commerce
      SH                                                         and the
                                                                                                             0
      400.4                                   U.S. Depa
                                                               rtment of      the Interior
      .A33
      1991








                 Project Team

                 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                 National Ocean Service
                 Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment
                 Ocean Assessments Division
                 Strategic Assessment Branch

                 Vernon R. Leeworthy
                 Dorothy Leonard
                 Daniel S. Schruefer
                 Eric Slaughter
                 Peter C. Wiley



                 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                 Division of Policy and Directives Management
                 Division of Federal Aid


                 Michael Hay
                 Richard Aiken










                                                                                                     Contents


                                              Introduction         ................................................................................................................. iv


                                              Highlights       .....................................................................................................................1


                                                          Shellfishermen and Days by State and Region of Residence                                 ...........................   2
                                                          Participation Rates by Census Division and Region                           ........................................   3
                                                          Socio-demographic Factors and Participation                        ..................................................  4
                                                          Socio-demographic Factors and Participation Rates                            .......................................   6
                                                          Comparison with Other Sportsmen                     ...................................................................8
                                                          Shellfishermen and Days by State and Region of Activity                             ............................... 10
                                                          Expenditures         .................................................................................................... 11
                                                          Participation and Days in Other Activities                   ......................................................... 12

                                              Tables      ........................................................................................................................... 15


                                                          Table 1. Number of Shellfishermen Age 16+ and Number of Shelifishing
                                                                            Days by State of Residence, 1985                   ................................................ 16
                                                          Table 2. Number of Shelifishermen Age 16+ and Number of Shellfishing
                                                                            Days by Census Region and Division of Residence, 1985                                ...........  17
                                                          Table 3. Number of Shellfishermen Age 16+ and Number of Shellfishing
                                                                            Days by State of Activity, 1985               ...................................................... 18
                                                          Table 4. Number of Shellfishermen Age 16+ and Number of Shellfishing
                                                                            Days by Census Region and Division of Activity, 1985                            ................. 19
                                                          Table 5. A Comparison of Socio-demographic Characteristics of
                                                                            Shellfishermen Age 16+ with the General Population Age 16+
                                                                            and Participants in Other Outdoor Recreation Activities                          ...............  20
                                                          Table 6. Shellfishermen Age 16+: Participation in Other Activities, 1985                                  .......   21
                                                          Table 7. Expenditures by Shellfishermen for Saltwater Fishing, 1985                                   ............  22












                    iv

                    Introduction



                    This report is an addendum to the               Background and Method. The                      Reaister, are conducting assess-
                    "l 985 National Survey of Fishing,              1985 Survey was designed to                     ments for which information on
                    Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated                gather information about participa-             recreational shellfishing is neces-
                    Recreation" (USFWS, 1988)1 It                   tion in fishing, hunting, and other             sary. For the past five years, the
                    reports summaries of data gathered              forms of wild I if e-associated recrea-         Resource Economics Program has
                    in 1985 on recreational shellfishing,           tion. It has been conducted every               been conducting inventories and
                    but not reported in either of the               five years since 1955 and is one of             valuing recreational uses of coastal
                    previously issued national or state             the oldest, most comprehensive                  resources. Recreational shellfishing
                    reports.                                        recreation surveys. Its purpose is to           information from the 1985 Survey
                                                                    gather information on the numbers               complements information being
                    The report is a joint effort between            of fishermen and hunters in the                 compiled on other uses of coastal
                    the U.S. Department of the Interior,            Nation, as well as how often they               resources for outdoor recreation.
                    Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)               participate and how much they
                    and the U.S. Department of Com-                 spend on these activities. The 1985             To Prepare the 1990 National Shell-
                    merce, National Oceanic and                     National Survey was the first to                fish Register, NOAA is conducting a
                    Atmospheric Administration                      gather state-level information about            field survey of classified shellfish-
                    (NOAA). The Division of Policy and              those who observe, photograph, or               growing waters in 24 coastal states.
                    Directives Management of the                    feed wildlife, and for the first time           Assessment of the survey data will
                    USFWS produced all the estimates                disaggregates recreational shellfish-           quantify the changes in acreage
                    in this addendum. Their knowledge               ing from saltwater fishing activities.          classifications since 1985, the
                    of the 1985 Survey database                     A comparison between the 1985                   reasons for the changes, and the
                    structure and sample weighting en-              Survey and previous surveys can be              sources of pollution affecting waters
                    sured comparability of the recrea-              found in Appendix C of "The 1985                classified as "harvest-limited". In
                    tional shellfishing estimates with              National Survey of Fishing, Hunting,            February 1991, the assessment
                    other fishing and hunting activities.           and Wildlife-Associated Recreation"             results are scheduled to be pub-
                                                                    (USFWS, 1988). Additional data on               lished as the 1990 National Shellfish
                    As with previous surveys, this infor-           the s6irvey's background and                    Reaister of Classified Estuariae
                    mation is intended for federal, state,          method can also be found in the                 Waters. Field surveys indicate that
                    and local agencies, as well as                  1985 National Survey.                           many states believe a significant
                    others interested in forecasting the                                                            amount of human illness may be the
                    demand for fish and wildlife-assock             NOAA's Involvement. This report                 result of recreational harvest and
                    ated recreation, evaluating impacts             was initiated by the Strategic As-              consumption of contaminated
                    on local and state economies,                   sessment Branch of NOAA's Office                shellfish. However, limited informa-
                    identifying trends in participation             of Oceanography and Marine As-                  tion is available to quantify the mag-
                    and expenditures, and assessing                 sessment. Two activities within the             nitude of recreational shellfish
                    health risks of consuming animals               Strategic Assessment Branch, the                activities or harvesting. The adden-
                    caught through recreational activi-             Resource Economics Program and                  dum provides the first nationwide
                    ties.                                           preparation of the National Shellfish           effort to quantify recreational







                    1U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish
                    and Wildlife Service, 1988. "1985
                    National Survey of Fishing, Hunting,
                    and Wildlife Associated Recreation,"
                    November 1988: Washington D.C.














                                                                                                                                                 v





               shellfishing activities and will                addendum is organized into two
               provide states with important                   major sections: Highlights and
               information for future risk assess-             Tables. The Highlights section
               ments.                                          emphasizes statistically significant
                                                               differences found in the more
               Limitations of the Data. Because                detailed tables at the back of the
               recreational shellfishing was first             report. Those interested in more
               disaggregated from total saltwater              detail on a particular topic can refer
               fishing in 1985, trends cannot be as-           to the appropriate tables. State-
               sessed on this activity. However,               level estimates of the number of
               the USFWS will continue including               shellfishermen or shellfishing days
               shellfishing in their five-year sur-            by residence or location of activity
               veys. The next survey will be                   can also be found in these tables.
               conducted in 1991.                              Demographic and expenditure
                                                               information is not reported at the
               The USFWS's definition of shellfish-            state level. Sufficient sample sizes
               ing in the 1985 National Survey in-             were not available to produce
               cludes all shellfish, both molluscan            statistically reliable state-level
               (e.g., oysters, clams, mussels, and             estimates for these topic areas.
               scallops) and non-molluscan (e.g.,
               crabs, lobsters, and shrimp).
               However, the quantity and disposi-
               tion of catch are not available.
               Thus, the data will not support spe-
               cies-specific health-risk assess-
               ments or an assessment of the
               relative economic importance of
               recreational and commercial har-
               vesting. Despite these limitations,
               the USFWS data does provide
               researchers with the ability to
               assess the Nation's demand for rec-
               reational shellfishing in terms of the
               number of people and quantity of
               shellfishing days.

               Organization of the Report. Like
               the 1985 National Survey, this






                                                                                                                    Highlights




                                                            Census Regions and Divisions




                                                                                                                                    New England
                                      West                                            Midwest

                                                                                                ve                     East



                                                                               West
                      Pacific                                                 North                                      Middle
                                                                              Central               East                 Atlantic
                                                                                                   North
                                          Mountain                                                 Central







                                                                                                                    outh
                                                                                                  East            Atlantic
                                                                                  West            South
                      Pacific                                                    South           Central
                    VQ,                                                          Central


                                                                                                 South









                    2      Highlights

                    Shelifishermen and                                               Number of Shellfishermen and Days (Top Five States)
                    Days by State and
                    Region of Residence
                                                                                                        Shellfishermeh                      Days of Shellfishing
                    In 1985, an estimated four million
                    people, age 16 or older, participated                State                     Number             Rank              Number (000's)              Rank
                    in recreational shellfishing in the                  Florida                   468,466              1                   3,653                   2
                    U.S. and undertook over 28 million                   California                416,471              2                   2,312                   3
                    days of shellfishing. The top five                   exas                      378,771              3                   2,159                   4
                    states, in terms of the number of                    Maryland                  277,189              4                   5,122                   1
                    residents that participated in recrea-               Washington                270,293              5                   1,697                   6
                    tional shellfishing, were Florida,                   Virginia                  178,713              9                   1,791                   5
                    California, Texas, Maryland and
                    Washington. Based on the number
                    of days residents undertook recrea-                      Shellfishermen by Region                                 Days by Region
                    tional shellfishing, the ranking ofthe
                    top five states change to Maryland,
                    Florida, California, Texas and                                   Midwe                                                Mid est (1%)
                    Virginia. Virginia, which ranked fifth
                    in terms of the number of days its                    Wes                                East              West                            East
                    residents undertook recreational
                    shellfishing, ranked ninth in terms of                          2 96         2 *6                                       oo        oo
                    the number of its residents that
                    participated in the activity. Wash-
                    ington, which ranked fifth in terms of                                 5
                    the number of its residents that                                                                                          59%
                    participated in recreational shellfish-
                    ing, ranked sixth in terms of the                                    So th
                    number of days its residents under-                                                                                       So th
                    took the activity.
                    About half of all recreational fisher-                        Mean Number of Days per Fisherman by Census Division
                    men resides in the South and
                    accounts for about 59 percent of all
                                                                            12 -
                    recreational shellfishing days. On                   E                                                  10.0
                    average, the South Atlantic census                   (D
                                                                         -r-  10-
                    division undertook the most recrea-                  U)
                    tional shellfishing days per year                                 7.7                          7.1
                    (10.0), while the Mountain census                        8 -
                                                                                                                                      6.2
                    division undertook, on average, the
                                                                                                 5.4     5.3                                                        5.5
                    fewest days (3.8). Overall, the                      Cz
                                                                         a   6 -                                                                          4.5
                    Midwest region undertook the                                                                                                3.8
                    lowest average number of shellfish-
                                                                         Q)  4 -
                    ing days. The results from the                       @Q
                                                                         E
                    Mountain census division and                         z
                                                                         z   2 -
                                                                                                                                              w
                                                                                                                                   I _'                   '
                                                                                                                                              So @th



                    Midwest region are consistent with                   C:
                    most economic research on recrea-                    M
                                                                         (D
                    tion which has found a negative re-                  2   0    New       Mid     W. South E. South South       Pacific Mountain E. North W. Nort
                    lationship between the amount of a                            England Atlantic Central Central      Atlantic                     Central Central
                    particular activity undertaken and
                    the required distance travelled to
                    undertake the activity.









                                                                                                                                                                    Highlights        3


                  Participation Rates by                                                          Number and Percent of Shelifishermen and
                  Census Division and                                               Percent of Population that Shellfishes by Region of Residence
                  Region                                                                                 Number                           Percent                      Percent of
                  Overall, two percent of the U.S.                                                         of                                of                      Population that
                  population, age 16 or older, partici-                      Region                  Shellfishermen                   Shellfishermen                   Shellfishes
                  pated in recreational shellfishing.
                                                                             East                        973,090                             21                             2.5
                  The South had the highest participa-                       South                      1,929,966                            59                             3.1
                  tion rate among the four census                            West                        905,986                              19                            2.5
                  regions (3.1 percent). The East and                        Midwest                        87,184                             1                            0.2
                  West regions were the same (2.5                            Total                      3,896,226                           100                             2.0
                  percent), while the Midwest has only
                  0.2 percent that participated in rec-
                  reational shellfishing. The low par-                                  Participation Rates of Shelifishermen by Census Division
                  ticipation rate for the Midwest is
                  explained by the fact that it is the
                  only census region that does not                                                                                     4.2%
                  contain a coastal state.
                                                                                   4.0-
                  Census divisions provide additional                                                                                             3.2%
                  insight into location and participa-                       _80                                 2.7%
                  tion. Participation rates vary among                       1     3.0-     2.5%       2.5%
                  the census divisions in the South
                  (W. South Central, E. South Central,                       .2
                                                                             16    2.0-
                  and South Atlantic) and in the West                        75
                  (Pacific and Mountain). In the                             0.
                                                                             0                                              0.8%
                  South, the E. South Central census                         0-    1.0-                                                                       0.6%
                  division has the lowest participation                                                                                                   Z-7:2          .2%      0.2%
                  rate (0.8 percent). It also has the
                  smallest amount of coastal shoreline                             0.0
                  among the divisions in the South. In                                                       W. South E. So th                 Pacific Mountain     E. North W. North
                                                                                                                                              I
                                                                                         North-       Mid-                    u     South
                  the West, the Mountain census                                          East        Atlantic Central   Central     Atlantic                        Central Central
                  division, which has no coastline, has
                  a very low participation rate (0.6
                  percent). Proximity to the coast is
                  an important factor in explaining
                  participation in recreational shellfish-
                  ing.









                    4     Highlights


                    Socio-demographic                                  Sex&Race Compared to the general population, shellfishermen are corn
                    Factors and                                                          prised of a higher proportion of males and whites.
                    Participation                                      80                                           100   -   91%
                    The previous section showed that                         64%                                                  86%
                    participation in recreational shellfish-                                                         80   -
                    ing varied by geographic area with                 60          4@%          53%
                    proximity to the coast being an               (D                                                 60   -
                                                                                           36%                    C:
                    important determinant. But are                2    40  -                                      (D
                                                                  (D
                    there other factors that might be im-         CL
                                                                                                                  a) 40
                    portant in explaining participation?                                                          CL
                    Table 5 gives a socio-clemographic                 20  -                                         20   -                     14%
                    profile of shellfishermen compared                                                                                      9%
                    to the general population. Compari-                                                                                   _iEL
                    son with the general population                     0      Male         Female                            White         Other
                    indicates that sex, race, education,                                                                   E Shellfishermen
                    household income, and age may all                           Shellfishermen
                    be significant factors in explaining                   C3   General Population                         El General Population
                    participation in recreational shellfish-
                    ing. Only 47 percent of the general
                    population is male, while 64 percent            Education         Shellfishermen are more educated than the general population.
                    of recreational shellfishermen are
                    male. Whereas 86 percent of the
                    general population is white, 91                    40 -                                39%
                    percent of recreational shellfisher-
                    men are white. Thirty-six percent of
                    the general population had one or                  30  -
                    more years of college education
                    compared to 51 percent for recrea-            15                                                22%
                                                                  Q)                                                      19%
                    tional shellfishermen. And, only 48           2    20  -                                                                  16%
                                                                  a)                          15%
                    percent of the general population                            10% 11%                                        13
                    lived in households with incomes of                                                                               9%           8%
                    $25,000 or more compared to 62                     10
                    percent for shellfishermen.

                                                                       0
                    With respect to age, the only signifi-                  8 Years        9-11       12 Years      1-3 Years    4 Years      5+ Years
                    cant differences were in age groups                     or Less        Years                    College      College      College
                    25-44 years and those greater than
                    65 years of age. A higher percent-                             0 Shellfishermen                 El General Population
                    age of shellfishermen is in age
                    groups of 25-44 years than the
                    general population, while a much
                    lower percentage of the population,
                    age 65 and older, participates in
                    recreational shellfishing.
                                                                                           '0
                                                                                    0
                                                                                 1









                                                                                                            Highlights  5


             Houselholdincome Shellfishermen have higher household incomes than
             ($000's)                 the general population.




               30                                   30%

                                23%
                                                        22%
                                            16%
               20
                       15%                     14%

                                       9%                   10%
                                     0
               10 -7%                 0                          %  6%  4% 5% 5%
                                                            r Ki IU].
                  0   <10    10-20   20-25  25-30     30-50  50-75    75>   Unreported

                           0 Shellfishermen           E]  General Population


              Age    A higher percentage of shellfishermen are between the ages of 25-44 than
                     the general population, while a lower percentage are over 65.


               30                     26%
                                                23%
                                           22%

                                                    19%
               20                14%                     14%                  15%
                            13%                              13%13%13%

               10                                                          7%
                                    7 X
                    @ I             i-I     I I



                     4%4%
                  0 W:1
                     16-17      18-24   25-34    35-44    45-54    55-64     65+

                       N Shellfishermen             El General Population









                    6     Highlights


                    Socio-dernographic                               Sex     Males have a higher participa-          Race     Whites have a higher
                    Factors and                                              tion rate than females.                          participation rate than non-
                                                                                                                              whites.
                    Participation Rates                                 4 -
                    The differences for sex, race,                             3%
                    education level, household income                   3                                            C:        2%
                                                                                                                     0
                    and age can also be expressed as                                                                 .-C02-
                    differences in participation rates.                                                              CL
                    Overall, two percent of the general            CU   2 -
                    population participates in recrea-                                   %                           Cz                 1%
                    tional shellfishing. Three percent of          a)
                                                                   2
                    all males participates in recreational         a)
                                                                   CL
                    shellfishing versus only one percent
                                                                                                                     a.
                    for females. For race, two percent                  0
                    of all whites participate in recrea-                   Male Female                                 0    White Other
                    tional shellfishing compared to only
                    one percent for nonwhites. As edu-
                    cation level and household income                Education        As the level of education increases, the participation rate also
                    increase, participation rates also                                increases.
                    increase. Participation rates with
                    respect to age generally follow a                   5 -
                    parabolic relationship. This type of                                                             4%
                    relationship between age and                        4 -
                    participation rates has been found in          .2                                        3%
                    many analyses of active outdoor                7@
                                                                   CL
                                                                   .7
                    recreational pursuits, where partick                3             2%       2%     2%
                    pation is relatively low for the
                    younger population, peaks in the                    2 -
                                                                   C:           %
                    middle-age population, and then                a)
                                                                   L)
                    starts declining for the older popula-
                    tion. Participation rates for 16-24
                    year olds are equal to the average                  0  8 Years  9-11  .12 Years.1-3 Years 4 Years 5+ Years
                    for all age groups at two percent.                     or Less  Years         College  College College
                    Participation rates peak at three
                    percent for those age 25-44 and
                    then decline back to the overall av-
                    erage of two percent for those age
                    45-64. Participation rates then
                    decline to only one percent for those
                    age 65 and older.
                                                                                                             3016


                                                                                      2-1.     2%     2
                                                                                 owl









                                                                                                                                              Highlights      7



                      Household Income As the household income increases, the participation
                      ($000's)                     rate also increases.


                      4-
                      C                                                   3%        3%        3%
                      .2
                      76 3-
                      .9-
                                          2%        2%                                                   2%
                      Cd
                      a- 2 -
                      C
                      4)        %
                      0





                      0-
                            <10       10-20      20-25     25-30      30-50     50-75       75> Unreported


                      Age    People 25-44 years old have a higher participation rate, while people 65
                             years or older have a lower participation rate.


                         4-
                                                         3%          3%
                      ,rO-3
                      CO         2%                                             2%          2%

                         2-
                                                                                                         1%

                      CD
                      2  1
                      CD
                      EL
                         0  16-17         18-24      25-34        35-44      45-54      55-64        65+
                            Years         Years      Years        Years      Years      Years         Years
                                          20/6       20/@o2@0/6@@@@2016









                   8      Highlights


                   Comparison with                                     Sex      Compared with other sportsmen, a higher proportion of shellfishermen is
                   Other Sportsmen                                              female.

                   Shellfishing is the least popular                   100                         91%                                    Shellfishermen
                   fishing and hunting activity sur-                                                                                 El Freshwater fishermen
                   veyed. Only two percent of the                       80                   68%          71%                        E] Hunters
                   population participates in recrea-                                 6                                              El Saltwater Fishermen
                   tional shellfishing compared to eight
                   percent for all saltwater fishing, 22                60
                                                                       Q)
                   percent for freshwater fishing, and                 2
                                                                       a)                                                        36%
                   nine percent for hunting.                           cL 40 -                                                         32%          29%
                   Shellfishermen are different from the                20   -
                   general population in terms of                                                                                             9%
                   residency, sex, race, education,
                   household income, and age. But                         0      . ......        Male                                   Female
                   are they different from other sports-
                   men?
                                                                       Race      Compared to freshwater fishermen and hunters, a higher proportion of
                   The only difference between shell-                            shelffishermen is nonwhite.
                   fishermen and saltwater fishermen
                   in general is that females comprise                  100 -           91% 93%          96%
                   a higher percent of shellfishermen.                                                                                Shellfishermen
                   Compared to freshwater fishermen                                                                              El Freshwater fishermen
                   and hunters, shellfishermen consist                    80 -                                                        Hunters
                   of a higher percent of nonwhites and
                   females, are more educated, have                       60 -
                   higher household incomes, and are
                                                                       2
                   slightly older.                                     a)
                                                                       'L 40

                                                                          20                                                      9% 7%            4%
                                                                             0                                                   MNN_-I==
                                                                                                 White                                   Other


                                                                       Education Shellfishermen are more educated than freshwater fishermen and
                                                                                         hunters.


                                                                          50 -                                                        Shellfishermen
                                                                                                               39% 41%           El Freshwater fishermen
                                                                          40 -                            34%     -                   Hunters

                                                                          30 -
                                                                       Q
                                                                                                                         22   20%
                                                                                                      17%                          19%
                                                                       IL 20           8%    11% 16%_                                  13% 10%  8%   16% 8%
                                                                          10       7%                                                                        7%


                                                                             0   8 Years         9-11       12 Ye ars     1-3 Years     4 Years      5+ Years
                                                                                 or Less         Years                    College       College      College
                                                                                       4%









                                                                                                                                              9%







                                                                                                                                 -[tau









                                                                                                                    Highlights   9


                Household Income         Shellfishermen have higher household incomes than
                ($000's)                 freshwater fishermen and hunters.

                                                      30%
                30 -                                      26 .26% M Shellfishermen
                                                            -     El Freshwater fishermen
                                22%22%                            E] Hunters
                15 20                        16%16%16%
                (D
                L)
                a)  .   11%                11%
                CL        10%           10%                     10%
                10                                                8%8%

                                                                                5%
                     @79/6 -          7%                                   4%4%    3%3%

                       <10     10-20   20-25   25-30    30-50   50-75     75>    Unreported


                Age   Shelffishermen are slightly older than freshwater fishermen and
                hunters.


                30                        27% 28%                       Shellfishermen
                                        26%        23%                 Freshwater fishermen
                                                      22%22%            Hunters
                20                  17%                      14% 13%
                a)               15%M
                                                                12%   13%
                                                                           10%
                                                                              9%
                10                                                                 8%
                        6%6%
                  0  im
                      16-17     18-24     25-34     35-44     45-54      55-64    65+
                                                                                7%









                     10      Highlights

                     Shellf ishermen and Days                                       Number of Shelifishermen and Days (Top Five States)
                     by State and Region of
                     Activity
                                                                                                      Shellfishermen                        Days of Shellfishing
                     In 1985, an estimated four million
                     people participated in recreational                State                         Number       Rank                  Number (000's)         Rank
                     shellfishing in the 23 coastal states
                     of the U.S. and undertook over 28                  Florida                       604,639         1                       3,811                2
                     million days of shellfishing (see                  California                    416,288         2                       2,179                3
                     Table 3). The number of shellfisher-               Texas                         402,817         3                       2,102                4
                     men reported in Table 3 contains                   Maryland                      361,157         4                       5,084                1
                     double-counting, and thus differs                  New Jersey                    351,321         5                       1,631                6
                     from Table 1 because a person can
                     undertake shellfishing in more than
                     one state. Days of shellfishing,                         Shellfishermen by Region                                Days by Region
                     however, are not double-counted
                     and the totals reported in Table 1
                     are equivalent to those reported in                                                                            Unspe ified (5%)
                     Table 3.                                                 West                        East                We              I"
                                                                                                                                                                ast

                     More people fish for shellfish in                               2 %         2 o                                     %
                     Florida than in any other state in the
                     U.S. However, in terms of the
                     number of shellfishing days, Florida
                     Js ranked second behind Maryland.                                       69o                                                5 %
                     The average shellfishermen in
                     Maryland fished for shellfish about
                     14 days compared to about six days                                    South                                              South
                     in Florida. The average U.S. shell-
                     fisherman fished for shellfish about
                     seven days. By census division, the                Average Number of Days per Shelifisherman by Region
                     average number of days per shell-
                     fishermen ranged from 5.2 days in
                     the West South Central division to                   10
                     '8.2 days in the South Atlantic                    C:                                                         8.2
                     division.                                          Cz
                                                                        E


                                                                                      6.7                               6.6

                                                                                                      6                                         5.6
                                                                              6-                              5.2



                                                                              4-

                                                                        6
                                                                        z
                                                                                                  5.









                                                                        CD
                                                                        CD
                                                                        2     2-
                                                                        (D


                                                                              0   New        Mid       W. South E. South South              Pacific
                                                                                  England Atlantic Central         Central     Atlantic










                                                                                                                                                Highlights       11


                   Expenditures                                                        Expenditures by Shelifishermen (Thousands)

                   Expenditures reported here are
                   estimates made by shellfishermen                      Total shellfishing expenditures                                           $2,349,705
                   for all their saltwater fishing activity.
                   Expenditures specifically for shell-                  Trip-related                                                               1,113,555
                   fishing were not separately identified                   Food and lodging                                                         464,003
                   in this survey.                                          Transportation                                                           228,239
                                                                            Other trip costs                                                         421,313
                   In 1985, shellfishermen accounted                     Equipment                                                                  1,172,410
                   for over $2.3 billion in expenditures                    Fishing equipment                                                        212,342
                   for saltwater fishing, which is about                    Auxiliary/special equipment                                              960,068
                   32 percent of all saltwater fishing
                   expenditures (see Table 7). All                       Other expenditures                                                            63,740
                   shellfishermen also participated in
                   saltwater finfishing. Therefore,
                   expenditures made by shellfisher-                                            Expenditures by Shellfishermen
                   men for saltwater fishing would
                   greatly overstate the economic im-
                   pacts of recreational shellfishing. If                                                   Other (3%)
                   the ratio of shelifishing days to fin-
                   fishing days is used to approximate
                   the percent of saltwater fishing ex-
                   penditures made for shellfishing,
                   then in 1985, shellfishing expendi-
                   tures were about $1.7 billion.                                   Trip Related-                        50%            Equipment

                   Equipment expenditures accounted
                   for half of all expenditures. Auxiliary
                   and special equipment (e.g. tents
                   and backpacking gear) were $0.96
                   billion or 41 percent of total expendi-
                   tures, while fishing equipment ex-                         Average Annual Expenditure Per Shelifisherman Compared
                   penditures were about $0.21 billion                                      to Hunters and Freshwater Fishermen
                   or nine percent of total expendi-
                   tures. Trip-related costs accounted
                   for 47 percent of all expenditures.                                                                      $603.1               Shellfishermen
                   Food and lodging expenditures
                   made up the largest component of
                   trip-related costs at $0.46 billion                                                                      $602.9                        Hunters
                   which was about 20 percent of total
                   expenditures. Other trip costs such                                                            $486.7                Freshwater Fishermen
                   as guide fees or equipment rental                                                                                      -1
                   totaled $0.42 billion or about 18
                   percent of total expenditures, while             0              200               400               600               800
                   transportation costs totaled about
                   $0.23 billion or 10 percent of total
                   expenditures. Other expenditures,
                   such as magazine membership                       In 1985, on average shelifishermen
                   dues or contributions, ownership or               spent about $603 for all their saltwa-
                   lease fees for land primarily used for            ter fishing activities. This amount is
                   fishing, and license stamps, tags,                almost equal to the average expen-
                   and permits, accounted for over $63               diture made by hunters but is almost
                   million or about three percent of                 24 percent higher than for freshwa-
                   total expenditures.                               ter fishermen.









                  12      Highlights
                  Participation and Days in                          Participation In other activities by shelffishermen
                  Other Activities


                                                                                                                        100%         Saltwater Finfishing
                  Shellfishermen, on average, are
                  very active sportsmen. According to                                         50%                                    Freshwater Fishing
                  the survey all shellfishermen also
                  fish for saltwater finfish, about 50                     17%                                                                     Hunting
                  percent fish for freshwater fish, and
                  about 17 percent hunt (see Table 6).               0     20       40         60        8@        1 0
                  These participation rates are
                  significant when compared to those
                  of the general population. Only                    Average Days          All Shelffishermen
                  eight percent of the general popula-
                  tion fishes for saltwater finfish        nly                                                  9.6                  Saltwater Finfishing
                  22 percent fish for freshwater @iosh,
                  and only nine percent hunt                                                                       10.2              Freshwater Fishing
                  (USFWS, 1988? The average
                  shellfisherman undertakes about 7        '3                       3.6
                  days of shellfishing per year. But                                                                                               Hunting
                  the average shellfisherman also
                  undertakes 9.6 days of saltwater                   0     2       4         6        8        10        12
                  finfishing, 10.2 days of freshwater
                  fishing, and 3.6 days of hunting for a             Average Days        Shellfishermen who also do other activities
                  total of 23.4 days in all other fishing
                  and hunting activities.
                  A basic issue in assessing the                                              13.1                                   Saltwater Finfishing
                  demand for shellfishing is substitu-
                  tion, i.e., are other fishing and                                                             21.7                 Freshwater Fishing
                  hunting activities good substitutes
                  for recreational shellfishing. This                                                        21.3                                  Hunting
                  issue is important because changes
                  in the relative price or quality of
                  other fishing and hunting activities               0              10                  20                   30
                  may affect the demand for shellfish-
                  ing. Also, the negative impacts from               Average Days          Shellfishermen,  who also freshwater fish, spend a lower
                  policy changes that increase the                   Shellfishing          average number of days shellfishing than those who do not
                  relative cost of recreational shellfish-
                  ing or reduce the quality of recrea-               8.5-                                                     8.2
                  tional shellfishing may be mitigated
                  to some extent if other fishing and                C;)
                  hunting activities are substituted.                !E
                                                                     8.0   -
                  Basic descriptive statistics of other                                     7.6
                  activities undertaken sometimes                                7.3                    7.4                               7.3        7.3
                  prbvide researchers with clues as to               07.5
                                                                     U)
                  what activities could be substituted
                  when estimating the demand for
                                                                                                                                          7-3



                  recreational shellfishing. Because                 0)7.0 -
                  shellfishermen are very active in                  Cz                                            6.7
                                                                     >.Now
                  other fishing and hunting activities, a            <
                  good working hypothesis is that                    6.5   1
                  these other activities are good                          All Shell-     Yes        No         Yes         No         Yes         No
                  substitutes for recreational shellfish-                  fishermen           H.unt            Freshwater Fish       Saltwater Finfish
                  ing.









                                                                                                                                        Highlights     13








                 The USFWS (1988) reports that the               This fact, along with the fact that
                 average saltwater fisherman partici-            shellfishermen have a relatively high
                 pates in saltwater fishing 11 days              participation rate in freshwater
                 annually, the average freshwater                fishing, suggests that it may be a
                 fisherman participates in freshwater            good substitute for recreational
                 fishing 20 days, and the average                shellfishing.
                 hunter hunts 20 days. Shellfisher-
                 men, on average, participate in salt-           Although these simple descriptive
                 water fishing 20.4 days (7.3 days of            statistics cannot be used to reach
                 shellfishing plus 13.1 days of                  any firm conclusion about substitu-
                 finfishing). Also, shellfishermen who           tion, enough evidence is available to
                 participate in freshwater fishing av-           warrant the testing of whether other
                 erage 21.7 days per year, while                 fishing and hunting activities are
                 shellfishermen who hunt average                 statistically significant factors in the
                 21.3 days per year. Thus, shellfish-            demand for recreational shellfishing.
                 ermen, on average, are more active
                 saltwater fishermen than saltwater
                 fishermen who exclusively partici-
                 pate in finfishing. Although no sig-
                 nificant difference exists between
                 freshwater fishermen in general and
                 freshwater fishermen who also
                 participate in shellfishing, or be-
                 tween hunters and hunters who also
                 participate in shellfishing, the evi-
                 dence indicates these other activi-
                 ties may be important substitutes.

                 Some additional insight into substi-
                 tution can be obtained by looking at
                 the number of shellfishing days
                 undertaken by those who do or do
                 not participate in saltwater finfishing,
                 freshwater fishing, or hunting. The
                 only significant difference is be-
                 tween shellfishermen who do and
                 do not participate in freshwater
                 fishing. Shellfishermen who do not
                 participate in freshwater fishing
                 undertake, on average, more days
                 of shellfishing than those who
                 participate in freshwater fishing.



                 2 U.S. Departmentof the Interior, Fish
                   and Wildlife Service, 1988. "1985
                   National Survey of Fishing, Hunting,
                   and Wildlife Associated Recreation,"
                   November 1988: Washington D.C.







                                                                                          Tables











                   16    Tables


                  Table 1. Number of Shellfishermen Age 16+ and Number of Shellfishing Days by State of Residence, 1985


                                            Shellfishermen by State of Residence              Shellfishing Days by State of Residence
                     State                     Number                        Rank                   Number                         Rank

                     U.S.                     3,896,226                          ---              28,247,727                           ---

                     Alabama                    37,367                           20                 186,975                            21
                     Alaska                     24,194                           23                 135,022                            25
                     Arizona                      6,564                          36                    8,771                           45
                     Arkansas                     3,098                          45                    5,368                           46
                     California                416,471                             2              2,311,764                               3
                     Colorado                   19,355                           25                  75,180                            27
                     Connecticut                74,657                           16                 246,970                            20
                     Delaware                   39,310                           19                 261,278                            19
                     D.C.                       13,240                           28                  79,443                            26
                     Florida                   468,466                             1              3,653,264                               2
                     Georgia                   106,271                           12                 494,517                            15
                     Hawaii                     42,292                           18                 643,622                            12
                     Idaho                        7,285                          34                  24,641                            36
                     Illinois                   17,487                           26                  54,194                            30
                     Indiana                      7,058                          35                  45,682                            31
                     Iowa                         2,556                          46                  16,386                            39
                     Kansas                       6,120                          37                  33,637                            35
                     Kentucky                     5,583                          40                  20,602                            37
                     Louisiana                 134,781                           10                 553,354                            14
                     Maine                      17,068                           27                 185,428                            22
                     Maryland                  277,189                             4              5,121,516                               1
                     Massachusetts              91,081                           15                 913,882                            11
                     Michigan                     3,827                          43                    9,118                           43
                     Minnesota                    1,216                          47                    5,118                           47
                     Mississippi                24,505                           22                 277,231                            18
                     Missouri                     9,215                          31                  44,614                            32
                     Montana                      5,698                          39                  14,810                            41
                     Nebraska                     8,630                          32                    4,903                           48
                     Nevada                       6,013                          38                  39,822                            34
                     New Hampshire              11,477                           30                  71,723                            28
                     New Jersey                243,811                             7              1,304,633                               8
                     New Mexico                   5,378                          41                  12,998                            42
                     New York                  249,009                             6              1,696,517                               7
                     North Carolina             92,882                           14                 642,935                            13
                     North Dakota                    569                         50                    8,618                           44
                     Ohio                       29,646                           21                 157,522                            24
                     Oklahoma                     7,967                          33                  65,995                            29
                     Oregon                     96,589                           13                 463,438                            16
                     Pennsylvania              232,462                             8                924,659                            10
                     Rhode Island               50,262                           17                 461,468                            17
                     South Carolina            125,483                           11               1,080,037                               9
                     South Dakota                      0                         51                         0                          51
                     Tennessee                  22,925                           24                 162,252                            23
                     Texas                     378,771                             3              2,159,294                               4
                     Utah                           993                          48                    2,987                           49
                     Vermont                      3,263                          44                  15,653                            40
                     Virginia                  178,713                             9              1,790,531                               5
                     Washington                270,293                             5              1,696,891                               6
                     West Virginia              12,415                           29                  41,663                            33
                     Wisconsin                       860                         49                       862                          50
                     Wyoming                      4,861                          42                  19,939                            38

                    Source: 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, U.S. Department of
                                 the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.











                                                                                                                        Tables 17


             Table 2. Number of Shellfishermen Age 16+ and Number of Shellfishing Days by Census Region and
                       Division of Residence, 1985

                                                                                  Shellfishing          Mean Number of
              Census Region/Division                           Shellfishermen         Days            Days Per Fisherman

             EAST
                New England                                       247,808               1,895                   7.7
                Mid-Atlantic                                      725,282               3,926



             SOUTH
                W. South Central                                  524,617               2,748                   5.3
                E. South Central                                    91,380                647                   7.1
               f,7 South Atlantic,                               1,313,969            -1-3,1-,65,
                                                                                       1     6                  &6


             WEST
                Pacific                                           849,839               5,251                   6.2
                Mountain                                            56,147                199                   3.8
                                                                       ,91
                                                                  go's     6                                      -0
                                                                                          450                   6.
              LW


             MIDWEST
                E. North Central                                    58,878                267                   4.5
                W. North Central                                    28,306                113                   5.5
                                                                                          _380                  4.8

                                                                    96j226             2%248                    7.3
                                 AR

             Source: 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, U.S. Department of
                       the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.











                 18 Tables


                 Table 3. Number of Shellfishermen Age 16+ and Number of Shellfishing Days by State of Activity, 1985

                                          Shellfishermen by State of Activity         Shellfishing Days by State of Activitv
                   State                   Number*                    Rank            Number (000)                     Rank

                   U.S.                  4,019,277                       ---                28,248                        ---


                   Alabama                 24,490                        22                    222                        19
                   Alaska                  30,326                        21                    150                        22
                   California             416,288                          2                 2,179                           3
                   Connecticut             67,351                        16                    212                        20
                   Delaware               141,518                        10                  1,033                        10
                   Florida                604,639                          1                 3,811                           2
                   Georgia                 55,191                        17                    301                        17
                   Hawaii                  46,745                        18                    579                        15
                   Louisiana              135,241                        11                    688                        13
                   Maine                   30,869                        20                    193                        21
                   Maryland               361,157                          4                 5,084                           1
                   Massachusetts          126,644                        13                  1,079                           9
                   Mississippi             43,308                        19                    224                        18
                   New Hampshire           11,383                        23                      66                       23
                   New Jersey             351,321                          5                 1,631                           6
                   New York               184,443                          8                 1,388                           7
                   North Carolina         129,973                        12                  1,009                        11
                   Oregon                 101,164                        14                    461                        16
                   Rhode Island            86,543                        15                    609                        14
                   South Carolina         197,049                          7                 1,277                           8
                   Texas                  402,817                          3                 2,102                           4
                   Virginia               150,981                          9                   868                        12
                   Washington             319,836                          6                 1,748                           5

                   The total number of shellfishermen is greater than that presented in Tables      1 and 2 because a person can
                   participate in shellfishing in more than one state.

                 Source: 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, U.S. Department of
                           the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.










                                                                                                                           Tables 19


              Table 4. Number of Shellfishermen Age 16+ and Number of Shellfishing Days by Census Region and
                        Division of Activity, 1985


              -Census Region/Division                                Shellfishermen                      Shellfishing Days (000)

              EAST
                New England                                              322,790                                 2,159
                Mlidl-Atlantic                                                                                   3,019
                Total
                                                                         _A58,554                                5,178

              SOUTH
                W. South Central                                         538,058                                 2,790
                E. South Central                                            67,798                                 446
                Sou   -th Atlantic                                     -1,640,508                               13,383
                                                                        2,246,364                               16,619

              WEST
                Pacific                                                  914,359                                 5,117
                Mountain                                                         0                                   0
                Total                                                    914,359                                 5,117


              MIDWEST
                E. North Central                                                 0                                   0
                W. North Central                                                 0                                   0
                Total                                                            0                                   0


              Division/Region Unspecified                                        0                               1,334

              TOTAL U,S.                                                4,019,277                               28,248

                The total number of shellfishermen is greater than that presented in Tables 1 and 2 because a person can
                participate in shellfishing in more than one state.

              Source: 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, U.S. Department of
                        the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.








         Table 5. A Comparison of Socio-demographic Characteristics of Shellfishermen Age 16+ with the General Population Age 16+ and Participants in Other Outdoor                                             ro
                                                                                                                                                                                                                -C)
                   Recreation Activities


                                                        Total U.S.                                                  Saltwater                     Freshwater
                                             Population 16+ (000's)             Shellfishermen (000's)           Fishermen (000's)                                                                              (D
                                                                                                                                                 Fishermen (000's)              Hunters (000's)                 (n
                                                                                           %   a       b                  %    a      b                    %   a       b                 %    a      b
           Characteristics                      Number             %         Number        Part.       %    Number        Part.     %      Number          Part.    %    Number         Part.       %
         Total                                  181,095           100        3,696.2          2     100       13,709         8     100      39,823          22      100      16,684         9    100


         Race
           White                                156,214            86        3,535.7          2        91     12,424         8      91      36,930          24      93       16,014      10      96
           Other                                24,881             14          360.5          1        9      1,284          5        9       2,893         12         7        670         3       4

         Sex
           Male                                 85,781             47        2,496.9          3        64     9,743       11        71      27,014          31      68       15,195      18      91
           Female                               95,314             53        1,399.3          1        36     3,966          4      29      12,809          13      32        1,489         2       9

         Education
           8 Years or Less                      18,108             10          173.1          1        4        695          4        5       2,896         16         7      1,245         7       8
           9-11 Years                           26,675             15          412.6          2        11     1,646          6      12        6,454         24      16        2,870      11      17
           12 Years                             69,751             39        1,344.5          2        34     4,844          7      35      15,500          22      39        6,806      10      41
           1-3 Years College                    34,272             19          849.2          2        22     2,957          9      22        8,012         23      20        3,233         9    19
           4 Years College                      16,976              9          495.4          3        13     1,759       10        13        3,764         22      10        1,378         8       8
           5+ Years College                     15,313              8          621.4          4        16     1,808       12        13        3,197         21         8      1,152         8       7

         Household Income
           Under $10,000                        27,670             15          260.9          1        7        863          3        6       4,332         16      11        1,605         6    10
           $10,000 - $19,999                    40,769             23          743.1          2        19     2,442          6      18        8,932         22      22        3,735         9    22
           $20,000 - $24,999                    16,350              9          285.8          2        7      1,190          7        9       3,931         24      10        1,746      11      11
           $25,000 - $29,999                    25,517             14          622.0          2        16     2,068          8      15        6,345         25      16        2,662      10      16
           $30,000 - $49,999                    40,255             22        1,158.0          3        30     4,188       10        30      10,311          26      26        4,353      11      26
           $50,000 - $74,999                    13,750              8          392.9          3        10     1,452       11        11        3,073         22         8      1,335      10         8
           $75,000 or more                         7,520            4          230.7          3        6        882       12          6       1,529         20         4        688         9       4
           Unreported                              9,264            5          202.8          2        5        624          7        5       1,370         15         3        560         6       3

         Age
           16 - 17 Years                           7,659            4          141.2          2        4        519          7        4       2,156         28         6      1,056      14         6
           18 - 24 Years                        25,509             14          504.9          2        13     1,713          7      12        6,106         24      15        2,896      11      17
           25 - 34 Years                        39,471             22        1,023.4          3        26     3,769       10        28      10,818          27      27        4,588      12      28
           35 - 44 Years                        33,787             19          885.8          3        23     3,241       10        24        8,715         26      22        3,597      11      22
           45 - 54 Years                        23,885             13          549.0          2        14     1,851          8      13        4,861         20      12        2,152         9    13
           55 - 64 Years                        22,754             13          506.9          2        13     1,594          7      12        3,991         18      10        1,498         7       9
           65+ Years                            28,030             15          285.0          1        7      1,022          4        7       3,176         11         8        897         3       5
         a. Percent of people in category that participated in the activity as a percent of the general population.
         b. Percent of total participants in category.
         Source: 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wild I ife-Associated Recreation; U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.











                                                                                                                      Tables- 21


              Table 6. Shellfishermen Age 16+: Participation in Other Activities, 1985

                                              Number                           Days of Shellfishing      Days in Other Activities
                Activity                of Shellfishermen       Percent       Average Total (000's) Average           Total (000's)
                Total                         3,896,226            1.00.0        7.3        28,248          23.4        91,164



              Hunt
                Yes                             674,046            17.3          7.6          5,000         21.3        14,218
                No                            3,222,180            82.7          7.4        23,248        N/A               N/A


              Freshwater Fish
                Yes                           1,940,321            49.8          6.7        12,712          21.7        39,972
                No                            1,955,906            50.2          8.2        15,536        N/A               N/A


              Saltwater Finfish
                Yes                           3,895,404           100            7.3        28,242          13.1        37,262
                No                                   822            0            7.3               6      N/A               N/A


              Source: 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation , U.S. Department of
                         the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.








       Table 7. Expenditures by Shellfishermen for Saltwater Fishing, 1985                                                                                                    K)

                                                                                                                                                    Shellfishermen's
                                                                                                                                                    Expenditures as a
                                                                                                                                                                              CD
                                                                   a                               Freshwater              Saltwater                Percent of Total
         Expenditure                               Shellfishermen            Hunters               Fishermen               Fishermen                Saltwater Fishing
         Catagory                                  (millions $) %         (millions $) %           (millions $)  %         (millions $) %           Expendituresb
       Food and Lodging                            464          20        1,884        18          4,209         21        1,457        20                    32

       Transportation                              228          10        1,613        15          2,930         15           799       11                    29

       Other Trip Costs                            421          18           218         2         2,342         12,       1,544        21                    27

       Activity Specific Equipment                 212            9       2,750        26          1,907         10           562         8                   38

       Auxiliary/Special Equipment                 960          41        2,183        21          6,864         35        2,711        37                    35

       Other Expenditures                             64          2       1,411        18          1,131           7          170         3                   37

         Total                                    2,349         100      10,059       100        19,383          100       7,243        100                   32

       a. Includes spending for saltwater fishing by saltwater fishermen that participated in shellfishing. Separate estimates for only shellfishing activity are
           not available.
       b. Spending by shellfishermen for saltwater fishing divided by total spending for saltwater fishing.

       Source: 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.











































































































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