Management plan for the commercial subtidal hardshell clam fishery

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

State of Washington

Department of Natural Resources

Department of. Fisheries

Management Plan f or the Puget Sound
Commercial Subtidal Hardshell
Clam Fishery

The preparation of this report was financially
aided through a grant from the Washington State
Department of Ecology with funds obtained fron
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion, and appropriated for Section 306 of the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.

SH
373.2
U5
SH

M36
1981

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE COMMERCIAL

SUBTIDAL HARDSHELL CLAM FISHERY

State of Washington State of Washington
Department of Fisheries Department of Natural, Resources
Shellfish Program AX-11 Marine Land Management Division QVI-21
Olympia, WA 98504 Olympia, WA 98504

property of CSC Library

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
CO-ASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSOIY AVENUE
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

November, 1981

r'6

FOREWORD
This is the combined commercial subtidal hardshell clam fishery manage-
ment plan of the Washington Department of Fisheries (WDF) and Natural Resources
(DNR). These agencies have major responsibilities for management of commercial
subtidal hardshell clam harvest. Each Department has prepared a plan for its
harvest management program. Preparation of these plans was closely coordinated
to avoid duplication of work and to ensure consistency. It was logical, then,
to combine the two plans into one document so that the public could better
understand the state's program.
This plan consists of three sections and an appendix. The first section
states the management procedures and policies which will be used to guide tract
selection, environmental evaluation, interagency coordination, harvest monitoring
and enforcement. The second section, prepared by WDF, gives background information
on clam biology,the fishery, and management objectives. The third section,
prepared by DNR, discusses the Department's marine land management objectives
and their relationship to management of commercial hardshell clam harvest.
The fourth section of the plan is the appendix. This contains background
material and program documents which will need periodic updating.
Management of the subtidal hardshell clam fishery is not static. Changes
in the market demands and economics affect the fishery and its management as
do knowledge of the biology and population dynami(cs of the hardshell clam
resource and the fluctuating social and political climate. Given this situ-
ation, this document is intended as a flexible outline for the management of
this clam fishery. Changes and improvements are anticipated and will be made
through the mutual consent of the co-managers of the fishery - the De partments
of Fisheries and Natural Resources.

Glossary
Bed - A relatively contiguous dense assemblage of clams - may be a few to
several hundred acres.
Bed, Commercial - A major bed which is suitable for harvest based upon
technological, economic and environmental criteria.
Bed, Major - A clam bed having greater than 0.25 lbs/sq.ft. of harvestable
clams
DNR - Department of Natural Resources.
DOE - Department of Ecology.,
MHW - Mean high water - 4.2-14.0 feet feet above MLLW in Puget Sound.
MLLW - Mean lower low water - 0 tide level.
MSY - Maximum sustainable yield - the maximum annual harvest which can be
taken each year, year after year.
Optimal Yield - The maximum sustainable yield adjusted for relevant environ-
mental, economic and social factors. Also, the yield which
produces the greatest net benefit to the citizens of the state.
RCW - Revised Code of Washington - state laws passed by the legislature.
Recruitment - The entry of new clams into the harvestable population. It is
those clams which are spawned, and then grow and survive to
replace clams lost to natural mortality and to fishing.
SEPA - State Environmental Policy Act of 1971 (RCW 43.21).
Shoreline Master Plan - County plan for shoreline use as mandated by the
Shoreline Management Act and included in WAC 173-19.
SMA - Shoreline Management Act of 1971 (RCW 90.58).
Tract - A defined section of a commercial clam bed which is leased for harvest
by Department of Natural Resources.
WAC - Washington Administrative Code, departmental regulations.
WDF - Washington Department of Fisheries.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1
SECTION I - MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AND POLICIES ....................... 3
Identification and Allocation of Subtidal Hardshell

Clams Beds for Harvest ........................................ 3
Environmental Assessment and Interagency Coordination ........... 5
Conditions During Harvest ....................................... 7
Monitoring and Enforcement ...................................... 7
SECTION 11 - DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES ................................. 9

Introduction .................................................... 9
The Subtidal Hardshell Clam Resource ............................ 11
The Subtidal Hardshell Clam Fishery ............................. 25
Environmental Impacts of the Fishery ............................ 34
Jurisdiction Over the Fishery ................................... 46
Management of the Fishery ....................................... 52
Literature Cited ................................................ 61
SECTION III - DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ........................ 63
Management Objectives ........................................... 63
SECTION IV - APPENDICES

A. DNR Marine Land Allocation for Commercial Subtidal
Hardshell Clam .............................................. A-1
B. Subtidal Hardshell Clam Data ................................ B-1
C. Agencies to be Notified of Harvest Plans .................... C-1
D. Pertinent WDF Laws and Regulations .......................... D-1
E. Pertinent DNR Laws and Regulations .......................... E-1
F. DNR Administrative Procedures for SEPA Review ............... F-1
G. Table of Major Subtidal Hardshell Clam Beds ................. G-1
H. Example of DNR Harvest Agreement for Subtidal Hardshell
Clams ....................................................... H-1
1. Example of WDF Harvest Permit ............................... I-1.

vii

INTRODUCTION
Puget Sound contains a vast renewable resource of high quality protein
in the form of subtidal hardshell clams. This is a resource which has only
partially been utilized and which may never be utilized to its full potential
without coordinated action by state, local and federal agencies. Over 170
million pounds of subtidal hardshell clams are' estimated to be on clam beds
of commercial density, but only a small proportion of these beds are suitable
for harvest given current technology and environmental limitations. Still it
is estimated that the fishery could produce over 2 million pounds per year.
Not only is this fishery a potential source of food, jobs and income, but it
also provides a strong economic justification for maintenance of the high
water quality in Puget Sound which is essential to the culture and production
of shellfish as well as the enjoyment of all who use the water.
The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) manages subtidal clam harvest in
cooperation with the Department of Fisheries (WDF). DNR is authorized to
lease lands for this use by RCW 79.01.568 which states that, "The beds of all
navigable waters in this state lying below extreme low tide ... shall be sub-
ject to lease ... for the purpose of planting and cultivating clams or other
edible shellfish, or for other aquaculture use, for periods not to exceed
ten years." The Washington Department of Fisheries is responsible for managing
and protecting the clam resource. RCW 75.M.282 requires that owners and
leasees operating clam farms obtain clam farm licenses. RCW 75.28.287 requires
that a license be obtained for mechanical and hydraulic devices operated for
the purpose of taking clams from the beds of navigable waters in Washington.
In practice, DNR and WDF work closely together in making areas available
for harvest. The WDF conducts surveys of subtidal clam beds to identify those
which are suitable for commercial harvest. WDF recommends these beds to the
DNR which leases the grounds. The leases are written in cooperation with WDF
to ensure that the leases support the WDF fishery management program.
The species involved in subtidal commercial hardshell clam harvest are
butter, native littleneck, and horse clams. Cockles may also be taken but
these are encountered infrequently and in limited numbers. Harvesting is
restricted to designated subtidal tracts located seaward of the extreme low
tide line. These clams are beyond the reach of sport clam diggers except
for SCUBA divers.

The most often used equipment for harvest of subtidal hardshell clams
is a boat with a hydraulic escalator attached. The escalator harvester is
fitted with water jets which loosen the bottom material to a depth of 12 to
18 inches. The loosened material is washed onto a conveyor belt of one inch
steel mesh which permits sediment and smaller clams to fall through onto the
bottom. Clams, gravel, shell and other material too large to pass through
the mesh are carried to the surface. Harvestable clams are collected and the r
other debris drops back into the water.
This management plan is based on the assumption that the hydraulic
escalator harvester will continue to be the dominant harvest method. The
environmental impacts of harvest with this equipment are fairly well under-
stood. Another harvest technique using a diver-held venturi suction device is
used near Point Roberts. However, the economics and environmental effects of
this method have not been adequately evaluated and a,fishery based on harvest
completely submerged and out of sight would lead to new enforcement problems.
Therefore, venturi harvest is treated as a method with limited applicability
for the foreseeable future.
This plan sets out specific procedures for long and short range planning,
harvest monitoring and fishery management enforcement and enhancement. These Cr
procedures should improve interagency coordination and early identification
and mitigation or elimination of adverse site related environmental impacts.
In 1978, DNR and WDF wrote a programmatic environmental impact statement (EIS)
(Vining 1978) for commercial harvest of subtidal hardshell clams with a hydraulic
escalator shellfish harvester. Each tract proposed for lease will be evaluated
under SEPA and site specific supplemental environmental impact statement will
be written.

I SECTION I - MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AND POLICIES

The following procedures will be followed by the Departments of Fisheries
and Natural Resources when assessing the proposed subtidal hardshell clam
tracts for commercial harvest. These procedures are intended to ensure an
adequate environmental evaluation of the tracts before harvest and consid-
eration of the concerns of local citizens and residents relative to the
proposed harvest.

Identification and Allocation of Subtidal Hardshell

Clam Beds for Eventual Harvest
1. The Department of Fisheries has provided the Department of Natural
Resources with a list of subtidal hardshell clam beds in Puget Sound
suitable for commercial harvest. Forty-seven major beds have been
identified of which 14 are presently considered to be suitable for
harvest. These beds must meet the following criteria:
a. Beds are in shallow water and accessible with current harvest

gear.
b. Clams occur in high densities suitable for harvest.
c. Substrate is suitable for harvest.
d. Beds are free from pollution and certifiable by the Department
of Social and Health Services.

e. Harvest will not interfere with other human activities or create
long-term, adverse impacts on the surrounding environment or on
important habitats.

2. The Department of Natural Resources will allocate these beds for
future clam harvest. It is assumed that all subtidal hardshell
clam beds meeting these criteria will eventually be harvested.
DNR will maintain maps as Appendix A of this plan showing the areas
in Washington which are allocated for commercial harvest of hard-
shell clams. The maps will be updated as necessary to reflect
discovery and addition of new beds, and reevaluation and deletion
of previously allocated.beds.

3. The Department of Natural Resources will maintain as Appendix B of
this plan a summary of the current environmental information on each
tract@ This summary will be updated as new information becomes
available.

4. The maps and environmental summaries will be circulated by DNR to
interested agencies. These agencies will be encouraged to inform
DNR of any potential conflicts with clam harvest at these sites
and to prevent pollution or other damage of these beds.

5. The Departments of Fisheries and Natur al Resources will not allow
uses under their control other than commercial clam harvest to occur
within the hardshell clam beds shown in Appendix A, unless the use
will not conflict with this harvest or unless the Departments deter-
mine that the public benefits of the other use outweigh the loss of
the clam harvest. The alternative use will be required to pay for the
value of the resource withdrawn from use (WAC 332-30-125(7)). DNR
will not normally approve leases foe activities which might pollute
or destroy commercial clam beds.

6. The Departments of Fisheries and Natural Resources will encourage
local governments to require adequate point and non-point source
pollution controls for development near allocated clam beds and
especially those which the Department of Social and Health Services
has identified as being at risk (see Appendix B).

7. Consideration and evaluation of specific clam tracts for harvest
will be initiated by:
a. A prospective harvester submitting a request to DNR.
b. DNR initiating the evaluation. DNR intends to eventually
bring all suitable clam beds under harvest and will, at its
convenience, propose specific tracts for evaluation and even-
tual harvest.

Environmental Assessment and Interagency Coordination

1. Upon request for tract evaluation, WDF and DNR will meet with county
officials to present the proposal, to solicit county concerns and
anticipated requirements, and to organize a public meeting. WDF will
request comments on the proposal from the various state and federal
agencies which have particular interests or expertise in the fishery.
These agencies are listed in Appendix C.

2. A public meeting will be held near the proposed harvest site well in
advance of the lease date. Notice of this meeting will be given to
a local newspaper, to interested local, state, and federal agencies,
and to the subtidal hardshell clam industry. At the meeting, DNR and WDF
will review the programmatic EIS and any other available information
about the subtidal hardshell clam resource, harvest operations, and
potential environmental impacts at the site. The audience will be
asked to point out any concerns about the proposed harvest. A mailing
list will be started for those who wish to review the draft supplemental
EIS.

3. DNR and WDF will conduct environmental investigations giving special
attention to issues raised in steps 1 and 2 above. WDF is responsible
for evaluating the effect of harvest upon the marine environment. WDF
will conduct diver surveys of the tract to assess the economic potential,
the resource abundance, and the environmental suitability of the tract
for harvest based on the criteria presented in the programmatic EIS and
WAC 220-52-018 (Appendices D and E present the pertinent laws and regu-
lations of the Departments of Fisheries and Natural Resources, respec-
tively). Site specific studies will be conducted to answer questions
identifled by WDF, DNR, local officials, state and federal agencies, and
through public input.. Participation by these agencies in the surveys will
be encouraged. WDF will prepare a written evaluation of the environmental
suitability of the tract including:

1. Clam abundance, species composition, population structure, estimated
value.
2. Abundance and distribution of eelgrass on the tract.
3. Presence and abundance of any unique or important biota.
4. Results of substrate analysis.
5. Other information as needed or specified through agency and citizen
review and input.
6. Anticipated harvest effects.
7. Recommended harvest limitations to minimize adverse environmental
impacts (adjustment of tract boundaries, seasonal restrictions, etc.)
8. Recommendation to lease or not lease tract.

4. DNR will evaluate environmental impacts of harvest on other marine activi-
ties and the shoreline community. This will include noise monitoring in
the tract vicinity and surveys of activities and developments in the area.
DNR will prepare draft and final environmental impact statements in accordance
with the procedures contained in Appendix F. During this process, boundaries
of individual tracts and any necessary restrictions on harvest will be deter-
mined. If there is sufficient public interest, DNR and WDF will hold public
hearings or meetings to discuss the findings of any draft supplemental EIS
prior to preparation of the final. DNR will apply for the Shoreline Substan-
tial Development permit and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permits.

5. Before harvest begins, WDF and DNR will hold a public informational meeting
in the neighborhood of the harvest operation to discuss what is involved
in clam harvesting; what the local residents may expect; the benefits and
effects of clam harvesting; the regulations, conditions, and limitations
with which the harvester must comply; enforcement responsibilities; and
whom to contact concerning questions, violations, etc. WDF and DNR will
also make personnel available for public meetings, presentations', etc.
upon request of the community. The tract operator will be encouraged to
attend these meetings.

6. At any point prior to the issuance of a DNR tract harvest lease agreement
and WDF clam farm license, this procedure may be terminated by WDF or DNR
if present environmental circumstances are deemed to preclude harvest.

Conditions During Harvest
1. While the state noise emission standards set maximum levels, lower noise
levels may be desirable due to special local circumstances. Site evalu-
ation and harvest monitoring will pay special attention to the need for
noise reduction and to compliance with noise standards. Leases will
specify whether special noise standards, hours of operation, or other
measures will be imposed to control noise.

2. DNR will ensure that all tract boundaries are clearly defined so that the
harvester and shoreline residents can both see the boundaries. DNR will
establish sight lines for tract boundaries which are keyed to natural land-
marks or to markers set on shore. DNR will also establish or require the
harvester to establish buoys to mark the landward tract boundary.

3. Harvest will be managed so as not to interfere with military exercises
or with navigational uses.

4. Harvest activities will be managed so as not to interfere with the migra-
tions or spawning of salmon, herring, surf smelt, or other important fish.

5. Failure to comply with contractual requirements during the lease term will
be grounds for cancellation or non-renewal of the lease.

6. Detailed leasing procedures are being developed by DNR. These will be
distributed for public review before implementation.

Monitoring and Enforcement
1. WDF is responsible for monitoring and assuring compliance with DNR
lease conditions and with WDF permit conditions for harvest. Fisheries
patrol officers are specifically assigned to the subtidal clam fisheries

(including geoducks) and are supplemented by other WDF patrol officers
and local law enforcement officers. WDF enforcement personnel will
routinely inspect the harvester and its.operations to determine that
harvest is in compliance with pertinent laws and regulations and with
applicable permit requirements. Specific observations will include:
a. Checking boundary marker locations.
b. Checking harvest machine operation for compliance with WDF
regulations.
c. Ensuring that harvest is in compliance with shoreline and Corps
of Engineers permits.
d. Checking harvest logs and other required reports.
e. Sampling harvested clams to determine that small or immature
clams are not harvested.

WDF enforcement personnel will also be available to investigate specific
complaints.

2. WDF divers will periodically survey harvest tracts to monitor harvest
effects, improper harvest operations, subtidal trespass, incursion into
eelgrass, etc. Studies and additional monitoring will be conducted as
needed, or as required under the conditions of the Shoreline or U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers permits.

3. WDF will prepare an annual summary report of harvest activities for each
tract which will include:

a. Pounds of clams landed.
b. Catch per unit effort on tract.
c. Size composition of catch.
d. Hours and days of harvest.
e. Results of.diver surveys.
f. -Results of progress of studies and special monitoring.
g. Summary of complaints, violations, and their disposition.

This report will be sent to interested agencies and citizens. If requested,
DNR and WDF will meet with local officials to discuss the report and answer
any questions.

SECTION II - DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES

INTRODUCTION
Background of Controversy
In the late 1950's, the Hank's hydraulic harvester was introduced into
Puget Sound from the East Coast. This device permitted harvest of the previ-
ously unexploited subtidal clam resources of Puget Sound and provided the
basis for a new fis hery. At the peak of the fishery, four harvesters were
operating in Puget Sound and in 1977 harvest reached 1,008,000 pounds.. Esti-
mates of the annual harvest which could be sustained indefinitely from the
commercially available resource are 2-2.5 million pounds.
During the same period that this fishery was developing, the public was
demonstrating its increased environmental awareness and concern over the uses
of our natural resources. This lead to the implementation of the State Envi-
ronmental Policy Act (SEPA) and the Shorelines Management Act (SMA) in 1971.
SEPA requires the identification and publication of the significant environ-
mental effects of decisions made by state and local agencies, thus opening
these decisions to public review. The Shoreline Management Act mandates local
government to establish policies for the use of the shorelines and marine
waters within their jurisdiction. These policies, as Shoreline Master Pro-
grams, have the force of law and are used to regulate development and to
decide what activities are appropriate in these areas. These two laws give
the local government considerable power to control their shorelines.
During this same time frame another change was occurring. For centuries
Puget Sound has been used as a source of food and as a means of transportation.
Over the last few decades, with the influx of people to the area and the
expanding economy, the shorelines have become used more and more for residential
and recreational activities. Those people who live along the shores have a
major interest in the activities which take place in the waters before them -
activities which can affect their property values, the aestetic values for
which they selected their homesites, and the general environment of.the area.
With SEPA and especially SMA the residents have a vehicle for expressing their
interests and deciding which competing uses of the shoreline resources will prevail.

The new-found rights of the shoreline resident have not had much effect
upon the traditional fisheries in Puget Sound. For the most part these fish-
eries are accepted and, for many, enhance the local atmosphere.
Mechanical hardshell clam harvest does not have this history on Puget
Sound, unlike the East Coast where hundreds of such boats have operated for
the last 30 years. The boats and gear used in the fishery are perceived as
unusual and unsightly by some. They are slow moving, have tended to be noisy
and, unlike most fisheries often work close to shore for prolonged periods.
In addition there has been concern over the environmental effects of harvest.
The harvest of subtidal clams is a controversial issue of particular con-
cern to shoreline residents. In some cases the Departments of Fisheries and
Natural Resources have worked together with the local county and citizens and
with the clam harvester to resolve many of these concerns, thus harvest has been
allowed. In a few counties, however, subtidal clam harvesting has been strongly r
opposed by shoreline residents and by the county. This has lead to a confron-
tation with the state over the use of the clam resource, over the respective
authorities of the state and counties to manage this use and over the relative
benefits of harvest to the citizens of the state versus its impacts on the local
community.
These counties contend that clam harvest must be limited or prohibited to
protect the rights of the shoreline residents. WDF and DNR contend that under
their management the commercial harvest of subtidal clams will not infringe
on any legal rights and that the benefits to all the citizens of the state
through the generation of food, jobs, trade, etc. justify the limited incon-
venience to other shoreline users. Also, because the clam stocks do not recog-
nize county boundaries, rational management for the most beneficial use of the
resource and for its protection necessitates management on the basis of the
state-wide resource, and not county-by-county. WDF also feels, based upon
its own studies, that the environmental effects of properly conducted hydraulic
clam harvesting are temporary and do not significantly impact the marine envi-

ronment.

Objectives of Management Plan
As with many issues pertaining to the marine environment, no single agency

or entity has exclusive jurisdiction over clam harvest and responsibilities for
its m'anagement and control are shared by many agencies. To resolve the problems
surrounding subtidal clam harvest will, therefore, necessitate the combined
efforts of all the parties involved. As part of this effort the Department of
Ecology has revised its Shoreline Management Guidelines pertinent to aquaculture
and the counties are presently revising their Master Plans to better address
the issues of mechanical clam harvest. To assist in this process, WDF and DNR
have each preparing management plans for their respective functions in the sub-
tidal clam fisheries to present their management goals, rational and to better
address local concerns. WDF's objectives in preparing its management plan for
the subtidal hardshell.clam fishery are: (1) to document the goals and intent
or WDF's management of this fishery; (2) to provide a source of information for
the fishery and its management; (3@ to ensure adequate environmental review
of the proposed harvest operations; and (4) to provide a mechanism for improved
citizen and agency participation in the management of the fishery. It is hoped
that this plan and the activities proposed in it will lead to improved coopera-
tion and communication between the various agencies and groups interested in
the fishery and ultimately allow the full, rational utilization of this resource.

Management Plan Implementation
This plan will be implemented through adoption of its basic elements into
the regulations of the Department of Fisheries, as appropriate. The management
plan and codified procedures will then serve as the basis for future manage-
ment and resource allocation decisions. Copies of the plan will be distributed
to the interested parties, agencies, and libraries in those counties having
commercial hardshell clam resources. This plan has been prepared in close
cooperation with the Department of Natural Resources to ensure that it is
complimentary and consistent with their plan for management of the subtidal
hardshell clam beds.

The Hardshell Clam Resource
Species Harvested
The commercial subtidal hardshell clam harvest is based upon four
species - the butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus), the native littleneck

(Prototheca staminea) and the horse clam (Tresus nuttalli and capax) (Fig-
ure The primary species is the butter clam which has traditionally
supported major sport and commercial fisheries in Washington and British
Columbia...It may reach 6-inches in shell length and is notable for its
heavy, eggshaped shell and concentric rings. The shell is usually chalky
white, but may be brownish or bluish-gray depending upon the substrate type.
Another,notable feature of the butter clam is the short, black-tipped neck.
The native littleneck clam is the most valuable per pound of the three
species (wholesaling for up to $1.00/lb) and is "farmed" extensively in
northern Puget Sound and Discovery Bay on intertidal beaches. This species
reaches sizes up to 2-1/2 inches long. The shell is rounded to slightly
oval and is generally white, althougk clams may have almost geometric
patterns of light brown. The shell also has prominent radiating ridges in
addition to the concentric growth rings.
The horse clams are the largest of the species harvested (up to 8-inches
and 4-lbs.) and have only recently become a desired,species for commercial
harvest. The clams are readily distinquishable by the large neck which cannot
be completely retracted (giving them the common name "gaper clam") and is often
mistaken for a geoduck. On the beach the horse clam is readily distinquished
from a geoduck by the presence of two leathery flaps on the end of the siphon
which are absent on the geoduck. The shell is chalky white with a thin brown
skin or periostracum, especically near the edges. The shell is also enlarged
at one end to accomodate the large siphon. Tresus nuttalli is distinguished
from T. capax by the asymmetrical shell which is elongated towards the siphon
end. T. capax is the species most frequently harvested in this fishery.

Abundance and Distribution
These species are generaly found in the same areas, with similar substrate
preferences and ranges. All four clams generally range from California to
Alaska, being found on the mid to low intertidal beaches out into shallow
subtidal areas. The littleneck is found highest on the beach, up to the mid-
intertidal area while the butter clam prefers lower beach heights where it
spends more time in the water. The horse clams, which cannot seal their shells

Native Littleneck Clam

(Protothaca staminea)

Butter Clam

(Saxidomus giganteus)

Horse or Gaper Clam
(Tresus capax)

Figure 1. Shells of the three commercially harvest ed subtidal
hardshell clam species. Drawn at about one-half scale.

are least adapted to being out of the water, and are found low on the beach.
All these clams reach their peak abundance in the low intertidal and shallow
subtidal areas. Both clam abundance and clam density decline rapidly beyond
30-feet below MLLW (Goodwin 1973).
The distribution of the clams is quite patchy, dependant upon the
presence of suitable substrate which may be the factor limiting hardshell
clam abundance. The dominant clams harvested prefer a relatively coarse
substrate-comprised of shell and gravel with some mud for stability. Tresus
nuttalli, however, is usually found in almost pure sand. Areas of coarse
.substrate are limited - occurring only where strong currents remove the
finer materials, or in intertidal and shallow subtidal areas where wave action
has a similar effect. Slight differences in substrate preference cause
various mixtures of the three species from almost pure, single species beds
to any combination or proportion of the three. This allows a commercial
harvester to control which species is harvested by selecting a particular
bed or part of a bed for harvest.
Beginning in 1967 WDF began detailed inventories of the subtidal hard-.
shell plan population in Puget Sound. The inital results were reported in
WDF Technical Report No. 14 (Goodwin 1973) and then updated to 1977 in
Progress Report No. 44 (Goodwin and Shaul 1978). Sample areas were generally
limited to those areas less than about 70-feet deep which had sufficient
water movement and suitable substrates to support major clam beds.
While all three species are found intertidally throughout the Puget
Sound most of the subtidal clam resource occurs in Admiralty Inlet, North
Hood Canal, Central Sound with few subtidal hardshell clams being found in
southern Puget Sound. No estimate is available for the total number of hard-
shell clams in Puget Sound. The WDF surveys have, however, discovered 5,350
acres of major subtidal clam beds having clam densities greater than 0.25
lb./sq.ft. These beds represent 170 million pounds of clams - 114 million
pounds of butter clams, 28 million pounds of littleneck clams, and 27 million
pounds of horse clams. The major beds are listed in Appendix G. Beds allocated
for commercial harvest by DNR are shown in Figure 2. The tract numbers refer
to Appendices A and B.

Figure 2. ........ . ......
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WASHINGTON MARINE ATLAS
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Biology
Anatomy. Although the three species are externally distinct, their
internal anatomy is quite similar (Figure 3). The most obvious features
of the internal anatomy are the siphon or neck, which provides a tube to
the surface through which water is inhaled and discharged to bring in food
particles. The neck is muscular and can be quickly retracted. Neck length
among and within species is variable depending upon borrow depth.
Food particles are filtered out of the water by specially modified gills.
Much of the clam is composed of digestive and reproductive tissue and the
thin mantle which lines the shell. Also present are the two adductor muscles
which close the shell and the muscular foot which is used for burrowing.

Feeding. Clams are highly specialized and very efficient filter feeders
relying on plankton in the water for nutrition. Plankton-rich water is sucked
in through the inhalant siphon by the beating of the fine cilia on the highly
developed gills which filter out and concentrate the food particles. The
gills are very selective as to the size of the food particles filtered -
with single cell algae and bacteria generally preferred. To collect sufficient
food, a clam must pump large volumes of water (e.g., an oyster may pump
150 gal./day). The rate of feeding increases both when food is more abundant
and when the water is warmer (Walne 1972) and is, therefore, greatest during
spring, summer and fall. Feeding slows or ceases during winter when plankton
abundance and water temperature drop. Inedible material and oversized particles
filtered by the clam are mixed with mucous and expelled.

Growth. The general pattern of clam growth is rapid growth between about
March and October when temperatures increase and plankton abundance is greatest,
followed by much slower growth or a cessation during winter when temperature
and food supplies decline. This pattern of growth is often shown in the shell
as rings indicating the slowed growth during the winter. Careful counting

Neck or siphon

Posterior
Adductor muscle
V

Hinge
I i g amen t

Gills R A@

Umbo

Anterior
Adductor muscle
Foot

Figure 3. Body parts of a typical clam.

of these rings provides the age of clams just as in aging trees. Environmental
conditions can greatly affect the rate of growth and the age at which a clam
reaches harvestable size. During the series of warm years a littleneck clam,
for example, in some parts of Puget Sound may approach harvestable size in
about 2 years. In other areas or during a series of cold years this could
take 5 years.
Figure 4 compares the growth of intertidal horse, butter and littleneck
clams from the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia (Quayle and Bourne 1972).
These figures should be fairly representative of Puget Sound, although these
growth rates may be slower than those locally. The littleneck clam is the
smallest of the three reaching only about 2-1/2 inches maximum shell length.
Sexual maturity in clams is a function of size, and littleneck clams reach
maturity when about 25 mm long, usually within 2-years. They are usually
harvested 1 to 2 years later at a size of about 40 mm.
Butter clams grow faster but enter the fishery at a larger size. Butter
reach sizes of up to 4-inches reaching sexual maturity at about 35 mm (2-1/2
years) and harvestable size of 60 mm at 4-5 years. Horse clams are the largest
and fastest growing of the clams reaching sizes up to about 6 inches (150 mm)
long. Sexual maturity occurs at around 70 mm (3 years). Again harvest occurs
about 2 years after maturity - allowing 2 years of spawning before harvest at
a size of about 4-inches (100 mm).
Figure 4B shows clam growth in terms of whole weight. Weight gain in very
young clams is relatively slow, as it is for older clams with the rate of growth
reaching a maximum at intermediate ages when the accumulation of weight is
greatest per year (Figure 4C). Littlenecks reach their maximum growth at
about four years of age at which point a clam would gain about 12 grams per
year. Butter clams' maximum growth rate is about 23 grams/year when 5-6
years old while horse clams gain over 70 grams/year at peak growth at about
6 years. In all cases, the clams reach maximum growth shortly after reaching
harvestable size.

Reproduction. Clams, like many sessile organisms, are broadcast spawners
simultaneously releasing eggs and sperm into the water column where fertilization

160 4 A. LN - Littleneck clam
140 - 6 B - Butter clam
120 - 5 H - Horse clam
100 -

80 -
LN 3
60 -
2
40 -

CU
20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Age years

1000
900- .2. 4 C.
80 -
800-
@70 -
700-
j60
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4-1 500 H
Cn
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U B
20
200-
B
0 LN
0
100 LN Q- 10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age - years
Age years

Figure 4. Growth of the three commerical hardshell clam species.
4 A. Growth in shell length
4 B. Growth in weight of the whole clam
4 C. Annual rate of growth

occurs (Figure 5). During the year the gonads develop and enlarge, then
when the proper environmental circumstances occur, especially water temper-
ature and food abundance, spawning occurs. In a ripe population the sex
products in the water stimulate further spawning and thus ensures that the
sperm and eggs are in the water at the same time to maximize the chance of
successful fertilization. Depending upon species and clam size, a single
female clam may release many million eggs during a single spawn.
For each species there is generally one time of the year when most
spawning occurs. Smaller sporadic �pawns may occur during other times,
especially during warm summers when the clams may recover from an early
spawn in time to spawn again. Littleneck clams generally spawn in early
spring and may spawn sporadically during the summer. Butter clams spawn
in late spring and sometimes again in late fall. In British Columbia Tresus
capax spawns in late winter and early spring while in Humboldt Bay, California
spawning is as early as January (Breed-Willeke and Hancock, 1980).

Larval Development. Immediately upon fertilization, the eggs divide
and rapidly develop into free swimming larvae.. The larval period generally
lasts 3-4 weeks depending upon species, temperature and food availability.
The larvae go through a number of developmental stages, feeding on small
plankton. Swimming ability is limited and the larvae are carried wit@ the
currents which may disperse them many miles from their parental beds.
At some optimal size (about .25-.30 mm or 0.01 inch) the clam settles to
to find a suitable substrate. Upon settlement, the clam temporarily adheres
to a pebble or piece of shell with a byssal thread. As the clam grows, it
burrows deeper into the substrate, with the depth of the burrow limited by
the length of the siphon. The clam burrows are generally permanent with
additional burrowing occurring only if the clam is disturbed or removed.
Large butter and littleneck clams can burrow only with great difficulty and
mature horse clams may loose all ability to reburrow.

B C

N, E

Oil

Figure 5. Larval clam development.
Spawning clams release their gam'etes
into the water 'A) where the egg (8)
is fertilized. Cell division begins
immediately (C) and development pro-
ceeds through a series of planktonic
stages (D,E,F) before the clam looses
its swimming ability and settles to
the bottom.

Mortality
Upon burrowing, the clam passes out of the most dangerous stage in its
existance. As larvae the clams are highly susceptable to predation by small
fish, crustaceans and even other filter feeders (including clams). They may
also be carried by currents into deep water or other areas which are not
suitable for settlement. The chance of survival to settlement for these
larvae is probably less than one in a thousand.
Upon settlement, the clam's chance of survival improves but it is still
vulnerable to predation, damage from shifting substrates, etc. Even adult
clams, are not entirely safe. Siphon tips may be eaten by bottomfish or crabs.
Crabs may dig into substrate to attack clams - especially the red rock crab
(Cancer productus) which will carefully break away the thin edge of the shell
to reach the meat. Another major predator of hardshell clams are starfish,
which wrap around the clam and exert a constant pressure to open the shell
until the clam's adductor muscles tire. Once the clam is open slightly the
starfish everts its stomach into the shell and begins initial digestion. Final
digestion occurs in the internal stomach.
Perhaps the most specialized predator on clams is the large moon snail
Pollinices lewisii. The moon snail moves randomly through the substrate until
a clam is found. The snail then drills a neat, counter-sunk hole in the clam
shell with its rasp-like tongue. This hole is almost always near the apex
of the shell (umbonal region), usually on the left shell. The clam is then
killed or immobilized with a toxic injection before it is eaten. Littleneck
and butter clams are the most common food of the moon snail with horse clams
only rarely attacked - perhaps because of their depth in the substrate.
Horse clams frequently host commensal pea crabs (Pinnotharid sp.-). These
clams live in the mantle cavity and may reach sizes up to one inch long, but
do not harm the clam. Pea crab sometimes inhabit butter clams also. Clams
are also occasionally hosts to parasitic worms. The incidence of infection
appears to be rare and poses no danger to human consumption.

Pollution and Toxicity
because clams are such highly efficient filter feeders, human pathogens,
in the water can be concentrated to dangerous levels by the clam can and pose a
threat to those who eat the clams. Of particular concern is pollution by
bacteria and viruses from improperly treated sewage, leaking septic systems,
agricultural run-off, etc. These pathogens may include Salmonella, infectious
hepatitis and other bacteria and viruses. Another concern which has recently
become a major problem in Puget Sound is the planktonic dinoflagellage Gonyaulax
cantenella, the causitive organism of paralytic shellfish posioning (PSP) or
"Red Tide". Although "red tide" may be caused by a variety of planktonic red
algae, only those caused by blooms of Gonyaulax, which contain a powerful neural
toxin, are@dangerous. Clams usually feed on Gonyaulax without effect, concen-
trating the toxin. If these clams are eaten and sufficient toxin ingested,
they can be lethal. PSP is generally a problem only during the summer or warm
weather.
Because ofthe health hazards, all commercially harvested clams are
carefully monitored by the Department of Social and Health Services. Before
any harvest is allowed the area must first be certified as free from pollution
by DSHS on the basis of strict federal standards for shellfish sanitation.
Fecal coliform levels above 230 per 100 g of clam tissue or 14 per 100 ml of
water will result in decertification, as will close proximity of the beds to
potential sources of pollution - e.g., sewage outfalls, marinas, etc.
DSHS also monitors for PSP. The occurrence of dangerous levels of
Gonyaulax are quite sporatic and unpredictable. DSHS, following federal
guidelines, regularly monitors beaches around Puget Sound. If the paralytic
shellfish toxin exceeds*80 mg/g of tissue commercial harvest is stopped by
the DSHS and the general area around that beach is closed to recreation
shellfish harvest by the local health department. Since 1942 the Washington
Coast and Strait of Juan de Fuca have been routinely closed to all recreational
clam and oyster harvest, except razor clams, between April 1 and October 31.
In recent years major portions of Puget Sound have also been closed. Samples
of commercially harvested clams are also routinely monitored to ensure that
clams reaching the market place are safe for human consumption.

The Subtidal Hardshell Clam Fishery
History
Butter clams and littleneck clams have long supported commercial inter-
tidal harvest in Washington and British Columbia, with production in Washington
ranging from one million to over 3-million pounds per year since 1935. These
clams have also supported a major sport clam fishery. Contributing to the
popularity of these clams was their abundance, relative ease of digging, and
their ability to close tightly - giving them relatively long shelf lives.
Littlenecks, which if kept cool and moist have shelf lives of 5-7 days, have
generally been sold in the shell as steamer clams while butter clams, with
a shorter shelf life, have traditionally been canned.
The horse clam, has not received commercial interest until recently.
It is difficult to dig the deeply burrowed clam without breaking the shell
and the clam is perishable because the shell cannot be tightly closed. The
proportion of meat is relatively low and the clams are difficult to process
but the neck meat is of high quality.
The hardshell fishery was limited to intertidal beaches, until 1956
when a mechanical clam harvester, was introduced to Puget Sound. After con-
siderable modifications to allow its use in the deep, rocky waters of Puget
Sound, an experimental commerial fishery began in 1959.

Harvest Tracts
WDF has made extensive inventories of potential commercial subtidal clam
beds in Puget Sound. These inventories-were made by SCUBA divers using a hand-
held venturi suction dredge. This sampling is adequate for assessing the abun-
dance of clams but not to assess the economic feasibility of harvest. Such
determinations necessitate test harvest with commercial gear.
Forty-seven major beds have been identified ranging in size from 1 to 847
acres. Of these, 14 are classified as,commercial beds based upon past har-
vests. These 14 beds represent 494 acres and have produced 8,807,609 pounds
of clams since 1962. At present, 292 acres are under lease for harvest, but
only three tracts, 194 acres, are under harvest pending final resolution of
legal challenges to harvest in Agate Pass, Kitsap County. Harvest is also

being conducted on Semiahmoo Spit in Whatcom County in an attempt to utilize
a major clam bed before it is destroyed by construction of a marina. The
commercial beds are shown in Appendix A.

Harvest Gear and Methods
The mechanical clam harvester, or hydraulic escalator harvester, intro-
duced to Puget Sound in 1956 was designed by Fletcher Hanks in 1951 for the
harvest of the eastern soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria). These clams are har-
vested from shallow mud bays along the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. and Canada.
The Hanks' harvester is used extensively for this harvest and hundreds of these
boats are currently in operation. Only one operator is using a mechanical
harvester in Puget Sound although a new boat is presently undergoing testing.
The mechanical harvester (Figure 6) uses water jets to loosen the substrate
and allow removal of the lighter clams. As the harvester moves forward (at up
to 10 ft/min), water jets at the front of the harvester loosen the substrate
material which is then washed back towards a one inch mesh screen conveyor belt
which carries the clams to the surface. Large, heavy particles such as rocks and
gravel settle to the bottom of the trench before reaching the conveyor. Small
material, including small clams, fall through the conveyor belt into the trench.
Larger, light objects and largeri clams are retained and carried to the surface
where the harvestable size clams are removed by hand. The remaining material
then falls back into the water in the approximate location of the trench.
Limited harvest has also been conducted using a hand-held venturi
suction dredge. This permits harvest in rocky areas and among obstructions
where a hydraulic harvester could not operate. A bed near Point Roberts is
under lease for venturi harvest but the method is proving only marginally
successful. No environment evaluation of the method has been made.
Presently one hydraulic escalator harvester is operating in Puget Sound
on three subtidal tracts of 192 total acres. Harvest operations are rotated
around these tracts based upon the following criteria:

El 0
14 Irk

WM=V4WW4W 4W1P4WWAIWP"WW4WWAOPWAP.6.

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a
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tt
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Figure 6. A hydraulic escalator harvester showing the relation of the gear to
the harvest vessel (upper) and the operation of the harvest head (lower). The
harvester loosens the substrate with jets of water (A). The lighter material
is directed back towards a wire mesh conveyor belt (B) by additional jets of
water (C). Heavy particles fall through the harvest head (D) and back into
the trench. Small particles fall through the conveyor belt while the harvest-
able clams and other large, light material is carried up the conveyor belt to
the surface where the clams are removed by hand. The remaining material falls
off the belt and back into the water.
27

a. Exposure. Some tracts are exposed to wind, waves and current
and can only be harvested under favorable conditions.
b. Red Tide. Recently red tide has prevented harvest of some
tracts during the summer forcing the operator to work in
other areas.
c. Clam Stock Recovery. After harvest the operator leaves an area
to recover, allowing clam density and size to return to economically Pr
harvestable levels. The harvester will routinely check tracts to
determine suitability for reharvest and when possible, will allow
an area to lay fallow 3-4 years.
d. Species Desired. The species mix of the three clams varies from
tract to tract. By selecting which tract to harvest, the
operator can control to some degree the species harvested.

The harvester works on state owned subtidal beds between extreme low water
(4.5 ft. below MLLW), and about -25 feet, which is the maximum depth that the
conveyor can reach. The boat moves forward, into the current, as fast as the
substrate can be loosened. By observing the material on the conveyor belt,
the harvester can judge the type of substrate, the presence of eelgrass, and
the suitability of an area for harvest. A tract is usually harvested systemati-
cally with a portion of the tract being harvested repeatedly until harvest
production drops to a level which the operator considers uneconomical.

Harvest Production
Over the last decade, subtidal hardshell clams have accounted for about
a third of the state's hardshell clam production. Between 1969 and 1978 the
industry reached its peak production averaging over 700,000 pounds per year
and reaching 1,008,906 pounds in 1977 (Figure 7). Since the start of the
fishery in 1959, almost 10-million pounds of clams have been harvested.
Total production is closely related to the acres of clam beds available
for harvest. Table 1 shows the tracts which were actively harvested, the
date of issue and termination, and their acreage. Acreage under harvest
reached 386 acres in 1974 and declined following the closure of Agate Pass

1000

CD
CD

800

(D
4-j 600
U)

CTJ

400
NO E
UD CU

200

Z3
0 A-- I
0 '60 '65 '70 0
Year harvested
Figure 7..Commercial harvest of subtidal hardshell clams in Puget Sound,

Table 1. Subtidal hardshell clam tracts which have been, or are being,
actively harvested.

Year
Tract name Acres issued Status of tract
Case Shoal 40 1962 Returned 1973
Brown Point 37 1966 Returned 1976
Kilisut Harbor 132 1968 Active
Colvos Rocks 27 1969 Active
Pt. Townsend Canal 35 1969 Active
Boys' Camp Pt. 8 1970 Returned 1975
South Point 6 1970 Inactive
Agate Pass (E) 13 1972 Inactive*
(SW) 43 1972 1]
(W) 14 1973
(NW) 43 1974
(NE) 28 1974

Pending final court decision on Shoreline permit requirements.

in 1978 to 192 acres, with a subsequent decline in clam production to
136,000 pounds in 1979. Production in 1980 increased with the opening
8 acres of clam beds on Semiahmoo Spit in Blaine where 300,000 pounds
were harvested, between October 1980 and January 1981.
Production by species has varied depending upon market conditions and
the areas harvested (Figure 8). Butter clams have generally predominated in
the catches (52% average) and subtidal harvest has provided 80-90 percent
of the state's butter clam production. Subtidal harvest has provided about
a quarter of the state's native littleneck cfam production since 1959 but
their proportion in the catch has declined. Over the last 5 years only
15 percent of the landed littleneck clams were harvested subtidally.
Perhaps the most significant change in catch composition is the pro-
portion of horse clams. Initially, the horse clam had no market value and
areas of horse clams were either avoided or the horse clams were not retained.
During the 1970's horse clam harvest increased as markets were developed and
the value of the clam increased to equal that of butter clams. Over the past
5 years, horse clams have made up over 1/3 of the catch and, just prior to
the closure of Agate Pass to harvesting, horse clams were the dominant species
caught.

Harvest Potential
Over 170 million pounds of subtidal hardshell clams have been identified.
It is conservatively estimated that the maximum sustainable yield for hardshell
clams in Puget Sound would be around 10 percent of the standing crop per year
or as much as 17 million pounds per year. However, only a small portion of the
resource in shallow water is in suitable substrate for harvest, is protected
from wind and waves, and is unpolluted. Allowing for these factors, it is
estimated that only 2-2.5 million pounds could be harvested annually on a
sustained basis with present technology.

Cost,of Production
Only one harvester is presently in,operation directly employing 2-3 people.
The total investment including the machine and modifications to reduce noise and

400

300 Littleneck

200 -

100 -

L
.0 60 '65 '70 '75 so

C>
':" 600 -
C@

500 - Butter

400 -

300 -

200 -

4IU3 100
Ln
S- OLI I I I I I I I I I
'60 '65 '70

600 -
E

500 - Horse
4-

Ln 400

:3
300

200

100

01
'60 '65 '70 '75 180
Year of Harvest

Figure 8. Puget Sound subtidal,hardshell clam production by species.

improve efficiency is near $150,000,while operating costs are around $30-40 per
day for fuel alone. Presently production varies between 2,000-5,000 pounds
per day with a maximum capacity of around 10,000 pounds per day depending upon
the substrate, clam density, operating limitations, etc. About 2,000 pounds
per day is necessary to cover operating costs and wages (Doug Lyle, pers. com.).
Total production is limited by the availability of harvestable tracts. Current
harvest is limited by the availability of clams to only about 3 days a week (5
or 6 hours per day). Between September 1980 and September 1981 there were
only 137 days of harvest (about 7,000 hours). Harvest was limited partly by
the availability of clams but also by equipment breakdowns and by tract closures
due to PSP and sewage pollution. Harvest in 1979 was only 135,000 pounds and
increase to over 400,000 pounds in 1980 as a result of 300,000 pounds taken
from the Semihaimoo Spit marina site near Blaine. The harvested value of the
hardshell clams ranges from $0.25 to $0.85 depending upon the species. Most
of the catch, however, is butter and horse clams and the average landed value
is only around $.032 per pound. Production from his operation has resulted in
up to 30 people being employed to process the harvested clams. A new harvester
is now being tested which is estimated to be worth around $800,000. This har-
vester will reduce the impacts of the fishery while allowing access to clam beds
in deeper water (to about 30 feet).
Other costs include the harvest tract lease and royalty payments to
DNR. Royalties are now 5 cents per pound on harvested littleneck clams
and 3 cents per pound on butter and horse clams. Table 2 shows the income
generated to DNR from these leases. The operator must also pay a $300 annual
WDF license fee for the harvester, $15 for a WDF clam farm license, and a
2% privilege tax on the landed value of the catch to the Department of Revenue,
in addition to regular business taxes.

Table 2. Revenue generated to State through DNR leases for subtidal clam
harvest.

Year Dollars

1974 14,504
1975 18,352
1976 11,467
1977 12,431
1978 18,570
1979 6,826
1980 12,086

Catch Value and Markets
Presently all subtidal hardshell clams are being harvested for a local
seafood restaurant chain which pays a price of 25 cents per pound for butter
and horse clams and 50-90 cents per pound for littlenecks - the higher price
being for small, steamer-size clams. This one buyer is apparently able
to utilize all of the clams harvested and is seeking more. Additional markets
exist also. Steamer size littleneck clams sell for .85-$1.00 to the harvester
on the local market and strong demand exists in and out of the state. Butter
clams have been canned for many years but local processors must now rely on
imports from Canada and would util-ize local clams if available. Horse clams,
which until recently were not considered a desirable species, are now proving
to be very good clams for chowder having a large proportion of white meat.
There are also possible markets for horse clams in the Orient which may further
increase the clam's value. It, therefore, appears that the market could readily
accept significant increases in clam production. At maximum sustainable yield,
the value of the catch could increase from about $150,000 presently to close to
$1,000,000 annually.

Impacts of the Fishery on the Marine Environment

Effect on Clam Stocks
Clam harvest, whether manual or mechanical, removes adult clams,
disturbs small clams, causes some incidental clam mortality (due to shell
breakage, smothering, or increased exposure to predation), and alters the
substrate which may affect future sets. Studies both in Puget Sound and
on the East Coast have demonstrated that the hydraulic clam harvester is
the most benign method which is practically and economically feasible for
subtidal clam harvest.
Two important factors in evaluating a harvest method are its efficiency
(ability to harvest all of the adult clams in its path) and the breakage rate
(percent of clams which are broken or damaged by the harvester). In tests by
WDF, the Hank's type harvester was much more efficient and less wasteful in
the coarse substrates of Puget Sound then other gear tested (Goodwin 1973).
The EIS on subtidal clam harvest specifies a harvest efficiency of better than
90 percent and a breakage rate of less than 15 percent. Studies on the East

Coast show harvest efficiencies of 95-100 percent with less than 5 percent
breakage of soft shell clams. This was compared to hand harvest where effic-
iency averaged only 60 percent and mortality due to breakage and burial averaged
48 percent of the unharvested clams (Medcof and MacPhail, 1957).
The small clams which fall through the conveyor belt are lighter than
the substrate material and land on the surface of the trench. Thus mortalities
due to burial and smothering are minimal. Medcof (1961) found that 90 per-
cent of the small soft shell clams in Nova Scotia were returned to the surface
of the trench and reburrowed within two hours, although large adult clams had
great difficulty reburrowing. Reburrowing is facilitated by the softness of
the substrate in the trench; however, while the clams are on the surface they
are subject to predation by fish, crab, starfish and moonsnails.
Observations at a number of harvest sites in Puget Sound have demon-
strated that the clam populations rapidly recover from harvest although
the rates of recovery will vary depending upon area, the percent of the
population removed by harvest and the occurrence of successful clam sets.
Generally harvest is terminated by the harvester before clam densities drop
to less than about 0.4 lb/sq. ft. (and bed over 0.25 lb/sq. ft. is considered
a major bed). Recovery of the beds to preharvest levels, even when intensely
harvested, usually requires less than 5 years. A harvester normally will
allow a tract to lie fallow for 3-5 years between harvest and will not harvest
until the clam density returns to levels which will support profitable harvest.
The ability of the clam population to support harvest is demonstrated
by the continued yield of clams over many years from tracts such as Kilisut
Harbor. Specific studies have been conducted to assess the rate of recovery
at two harvest sites in Puget Sound - Buggy Spit at the entrance to Kilisut
Harbor (Goodwin and Shaul, 1980), and South Point on Hood Canal (Goodwin, 1973).
In 1959, 238,000 pounds of clams were harvested from 40 acres of Navy-owned
intertidal beach on Buggy Spit. Between October 1970 and January 1972 another
565,630 pounds were harvested. Eighteen months after the second harvest the
abundance of harvestable butter and littleneck clams approached or exceeded
preharvest levels. Littleneck clams, however, attained only about a third of
their pre harvest density after 3-1/2 years.

At South Point extensive harvest occurred between 1971 and 1972, removing
94,000 pounds of butter clams. After harvest ceased the population had dropped
from 159,000 to only 40,000 pounds. By January 1975 the population had recov-
ered to 153,000 pounds, and in December, 1977 was 165,000. Similar recoveries
had also been observed in Kilisut Harbor, Colvos Rocks, and Agate Pass.
The suitability of the harvested tracts for settlement and growth of
small clams to replace those harvested has also been demonstrated repeatedly.
In Agate Pass on one harvest tract butter clam and littleneck seed clams
increased from 0.71 and 0.86 per sq. ft. before harvest to 1.33 and 1.17 per
sq. ft. 3 months after harvest. On a nearby tract the seed clam densities
were 1.07 and 2.64 respectively before harvest and 1.00 and 3.00 per sq. ft.
after harvest (Goodwin 1980, before Shorelines Hearing Board). At South
Point the preharvest butter clam seed density was 0.8 per sq. ft. Twenty
eight months after harvest ceased the density of seed clams had almost
doubled at 1.55 per sq. ft. Similar results have been observed on the East
Coast showing that harvest does not reduce the settlement and survival of
seed clams (Pfitzenmeyer, 1972). Kyte, et al. (1975) observed a significant
increase in the abundance of seed clams in the harvest tracks one season
after harvest. In some areas tilling the clam beds may increase the success CV
of a clam set. Intertidal clam farmers will sometimes dig less productive
areas specifically to enhance the beds for clam settlement and growth.
One effect of repeated harvest on some tracts is that the relative pro-
portions of the three clam species may change, indicating that one species
may reproduce, set, survive and grow more aggressively than the others. This
appears to be the case in Agate Pass and some other areas where horse clams
numbers have increased relative to butter and littleneck clams. There has
been concern that eventually horse clams would dominate the clam population
on the tract and eventually alter the species composition of the area.
This does not appear to be the general case. While horse clams appear
to be the dominant clam in Agate Pass, other clams dominate other areas.
Many beds are almost exclusively one species, as South Point which is almost
exclusively butter clams, or Kilisut Harbor where the population is dominated
by butter and littleneck clams with few horse clams.

Concern has been expressed that the harvest of subtidal clams stocks are
important to the seeding and repopulation or intertidal"beaches. The plank-
tonic clam larvae are mixed and widely dispersed by currents and may set many
miles from their parental stocks. Thus it is very unlikely that any intertidal
beach would be dependant upon a specific local spawning population. South
Puget Sound illustrates this point because a major intertidal commercial clam
industry exists despite the absence of major subtidal clam beds. It should
also be noted that even immediately after harvest a spawning population remains
on the tract. Harvested tracts generally still have clam densities over 0.4
lb/sq. ft. and thus still constitute major beds. In addition to these remaining
mature clams, clams which are less than harvestable size, yet are sexually mature
will remain to contribute to the spawning reserve.

Effect on Other Animals
Except for sessile organisms and animals living in the substrate, no
effect has been demonstrated on other fish from harvesting by hydraulic
equipment. Although an occasional crab comes up the harvester's conveyor
belt (usually unharmed), most crab and fish are able to move out of the
harvester's path. In Agate Pass (harvested 1972-1978) it was suggested that
cod fishing declined as the result of harvesting. Studies by marine fisheries
biologist demonstrated no significant effect from clam harvesting. In fact,
fishing effort 'around Bainbridge Island had doubled between 1974 and 1978.
The number of cod caught during the same period tripled, and-the catch of cod
in inner Puget Sound increased almost four times (Bargmann, 1980). Manning
(1957) compared fishing in Chesapeake Bay during four years of harvest with
the four years prior to clam harvest and found no effect. Manning did note
that fishing and crabbing temporarily declined downstream from the harvester.
This was attributed to either adverse effects of the harvester or, more
likely, the attraction of fish and crab upstream to the harvest area to feed
on exposed clams, worms and other organisms.
It is recognized that harvesting can have some effect on other fish
especially if their habitats are disrupted. In harvest site selection WDF
eliminates from consideration tracts which are significant to important species.

For instance-, tracts in Dungeness Bay and around Guemes Island were eliminated
to protect Dungeness crab, while parts of Agate Pass were eliminated from
harvest to protect lingcod spawning areas. Seasonal and operational limitations
have also been imposed to protect herring spawning and to protect migrating
salmon.
While fish and crab can generally escape a slow moving harvester, animals
attached to or living in the substrate are often killed or exposed to predation.
Goodwin (1978) demonstrated that the number and biomass of these organisms
were reduced in the harvest tract as compared to adjacent unharvested areas,
but also noted that recovery of these populations was quite rapid. The species
diversity was not reduced by harvest. Similar results have been noted on the
East Coast (Kyte, et al., 1975; Godcharles, 1971).

Effect on Eelgrass
Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is a perennial vascular plant found throughout
the northern hemisphere. Eelgrass occurs from the mid-intertidal zone down
to about 100 feet with depth being limited by the penetration of sunlight. In
the rich waters of Puget Sound its depth range is limited to about 22 feet below
Ao"
MLLW (Phillips, 1972). Eelgrass is found 'on mud and sand substrates, in bays
and on beaches sheltered from extreme wave action in northern and'central Puget
Sound,and Hood Canal. Eelgrass is only occasionally found south of the Tacoma
Narrows. The Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington series (DOE, 1978-80) shows
over 40,000 acres of eelgrass beds in Puget Sound (Table 3); however, many
subtidal beds are not shown. Thayer and Phillips (1977) estimate that over
125,000 acres of Puget Sound are covered by eelgrass.
The eelgrass plant (Figure 9) consists of a rootlike rhizome from which
clumps (turions) of long bladed leaves emerge. Each eelgrass plant may have
many turions. Eelgrass may occur in dense patches or bands, in sparse beds,
or in extensive dense beds which may cover thousands of acres such as in
Grays Harbor and Willapa and Padilla Bays. Phillips (1972) studied two
eelgrass beds in Puget Sound, Alki and Bush Points. The combined average
densities of these beds was about 420 turions per m2 with densities
2
ranging from 3-1,743 turions/m

Table 3.

EELGRASS ABUNDANCE IN PUGET SOUND

COUNTY ACRES OF EELGRASS

Whatcom 1,449

Skagit 20,228

Snohomish 1.665

King 1,110

Pierce 531

Thurston 40

Mason 697

Kitsap 2,982

Jefferson 3,806

Clallam 2,384

San Juan 2,114

Island 3,494

TOTAL 40,200

Area of eelgrass beds based upon planimeter measurements of
the eelgrass beds shown in the Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington
series (1978-80). The Coastal Zone Atlas does not show many
subtidal beds and does not give any criteria defining what con-
stitutes a shown bed. Therefore, this estimate of eelgrass
abundance is probabl y less than the actual abundance.

,,,-Leaf or blade

Turion

Rhizome

Figure 9. Eelgrass (Zostera marina).

Eelgrass is important in the marine environment, stabilizing the soft
substrate with a mat of inter-twined rhizomes and providing a habitat for
a myriad of organisms. Eelgrass provides protection and food for many other
plants, fish, invertebrates, and birds either directly or through the food
chain. Eelgrass beds are important or critical areas for many of the species
which support the commercial fisheries of the state including herring which
spawn onto the eelgrass leaves, juvenile salmon which utilize the beds as
nursery areas, and Dungeness crab which dwell in the beds. WDF therefore
shares the concern of many agencies and individuals over any activities which
may destroy or damage these beds, including clam harvesting.
Mechanical clam harvesting will effectively uproot any eelgrass in the
path of the harvester. Recovery may take many years. The possibility of
this damage is minimized by the facts that: 1) commercial densities of hard-
shell clams do not normally occur in the fine substrate associated with eelgrass,
2) eelgrass clogs the harvester and stalls the machinery, 3) WDF's substrate
criteria limit harvest to tracts having less than 15 percent fine materials
which would exclude major eelgrass beds; and 4) many tracts with eelgrass would
be excluded from harvest to protect other important organisms.
To further minimize the possibility of significant damage to eelgrass
habitats the Departm ent of Fisheries with assistance from the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service and the Environmental Protection Agency has developed an
eelgrass density criteria to prevent harvest in areas of significant eelgrass.
This criteria was based on the observations of eelgrass density in Puget Sound
made by divers from the three agencies. Under this criteria, a clam tract
will not be authorized for harvest if:

1) Eelgrass density on the tract exceeds ten turions per 1/4 meter
square (equivalent to 40 turions/m 2 ) if measured November through
2 2
February or 13 turions per 1/4(m ) (52/m ) if measured March
through October.
2) No more than 10 percent of the samples shall exceed 20 turions per
1/4(m 2

3), Eelgrass density shall be determined by at least 20 random samples per
tract unless eelgrass is absent.

Criteria (1) limits harvest to only those tracts with very sparse eel-
grass coverage or none while (2) prevents harvest in those areas where eelgrass
occurs in dense patches and random sampling might not adequately detect it.
In practice tract boundaries are adjusted as necessary and as practical to
exclude eelgrass from the harvest tracts.
It is recognized that this standard will not protect all eelgrass, but
it is felt that the loss of this small amount of eegrass will have little
effect on the important role of eelgrass in the marine environment. It is
further felt that if all environmental criteria for the protection of other
organisms are met that the loss of this limited amount of eelgrass will be
acceptable given the benefits of clam harvesting to the state. These criteria
only represent guidelines for determining the suitability of a tract for
harvest. Tracts meeting these criteria will additionally be evaluated on
a case by case basis.

Effect on Other Plants
In addition to eelgrass, attached algae and kelp may also be disturbed or
destroyed by mechanical clam harvesting. For the larger attached perennials
recovery may take some time, while the annuals may recover quite rapidly.
Dense beds of attached algae are usually limited to coarse or rocky
substrates which provide secure attachment for the plants. These beds,
especially kelp, are important to many fish which congregate in the beds
and invertebrates which live on the plants or the bottom. The rocky sub-
strate may also provide spawning sites for fish such as lingcod. Because of
the abundance of organisms, these beds are frequently popular recreational
fishing areas.
Generally, a harvester is unable to operate in the rocky substrates
associated with kelp beds. Yet some harvestable areas may include dense
stands of attached algae. WDF has not proposed specific criteria to protect
these areas because the harvester normally stays outside dense kelp beds and

because this has not been raised as a major issue. Criteria for protecting
habitats important to other species, such as lingcod and herring spawning,
should adequately protect important kelp beds.

Effect on Substrate
The most obvious feature of a'recently harvested clam tract is the
extensive criss-cross network of shallow trenches marked by an absence of
vegetation, and the presence of sand and old shell. These tracts are 6 to
12 inches wider than the harvest head (or about 4 feet) and average about
6 inches deep (Figure 10). The trenches usually refill quickly, especially
in the high current, coarse substrate areas typical of hardshell clam beds.
On intertidal Buggy Spit the trenches were refilled and indiscernible from the
surrounding area within a month after harvest (Goodwin and Shaul, 1980). In
Agate Pass, no harvest furrows were obvious in the study area immediately
after harvest had ceased on the tract.
The hydraulic harvester basically stirs the substrate to float the clams
to the surface and most of the disturbed material never leaves the trench.
As the material settles the heavier particles fall faster leaving the lighter,
finer material such as sand and old shell on top. This is the reverse of
the natural substrate stratification in which currents wash away the finer,
lighter particles leaving a coarse surface substrate. Initially, the material
in the trench is soft and unconsolidated.
A certain amount of the material is washed out of the trench during
harvesting and some of the unconsolidated material is eroded from the trench.
This sand and shell may be distributed around the tract and in extreme cases
may form temporary dunes which move with the currents across the tract. The
most extreme case observed on a Puget Sound clam harvest tract was at Buggy
Spit (Goodwin and Shaul, 1980) where a transient dune, as much as 12 inches
thick, affected a 2-3 acre portion of the 40 acre tract. The dune probably
smothered many clams and other organisms but its effect was temporary and
limited only to a small portion of the tract. When the tract was next observed
two years later, the dune had disappeared and a new clam population was
developing. Observations of other dunes confirm they are quite localized,
usually remaining within 50 feet of the harvest tracks.

36 inches

-Y

Soo

Figure 10. Cross-section of a typical tr ench left by a
hydraulic clam harvesting machine (harvester head width
is 36 inches).

M M lei i

Effect on Water Quality
A small proportion of the substrate material becomes suspended in the
water during harvest allowing deposition of silt away from the harvest tract,
causing turbidity, and allowing chemical changes in the water. Tarr (1977)
conducted water quality studies at Agate Pass and Kilisut Harbor. At Kilisut
Harbor sediment from the harvester was generally confined to a plume near the
bottom and about 50 yards wide and 75 yards long while in Agate Pass the plume
was only 50 yards long. While this sediment settles out rapidly, very fine
particles may stay suspended for longer periods creating a turbid plume visible
from the surface. In strong tidal currents in Kilisut Harbor this turbid plume
was detectable as far as 300 yards from the harvester while in Agate Pass a plume
of only 40 yards was detected. Generally the plumes are less than 200 yards
long and 50 yards wide.
The impact of these plumes and,silt are negligible given the small amount
of sediment involved. They are temporary in nature, and background turbidity
often eclipses that caused by the harvest. Fifty yards behind the harvester
Tarr observed suspended solids of 0-4 mg1l above background (average I mg/1).
(One mg/1 equals about 1 ounce of silt in 6,000 gallons). The average back-
ground level for suspended solids was 8-25 mg/land varied greatly due to
plankton blooms, wave erosion of beaches, and silt from rivers.
In Kilisut Harbor sediment traps were used to determine if silt was
moving off the tract and potentially affecting intertidal beaches (Goodwin,
1973). On beaches near the harvest area sediment levels did not exceed
those of background. On the east coast, where the substrate is predominately
fine material, Manning (1957) observed that virtually all silt remained within
75 feet of the harvest tract. While extremely large amounts of suspended silt
could affect organisms by smothering and reducing light penetration, observed
levels of silt are well within the range normally encountered by marine organ-
isms and should cause no adverse impact on them.
Tarr (1977) also observed the effects of harvest on.water quality. The
most probable effect of harvest would be a reduction in dissolved oxygen caused
by the suspension of organic and anoxic substrate material. No significant
changes in water chemistry were observed, however, to prevent harvest in areas
of unsuitable substrates WDF has established chemical criteria for the substrate
(See Page 53).

Effect Onshore - Noise
Noise levels onshore must meet DOE regulatory standards of less than
55dBA (45 dBA at night) (WAC 173-60). This may be 5-15 dBA above background.
Even at these levels the prolonged harvest in one location close to shore may
disturb nearby residents. Although DNR is generally responsible for onshore
effects of harvesting, including noise, WDF encourages harvesters to operate
at the lowest noise level possible. The one harvester currently in operation
has significantly improved its engine muffling and has just modified its conveyor
belt system to reduce mechanical noise (Doug Lyle - pers. com.). A new harvester
is undergoing test and should be considerably quieter than existing vessels and
should create minimal onshore disturbance.

Jurisdiction Over the Fishery
A major source of conflict in the hardshell clam fishery, as well as other
shoreline activities, has arisen from the many facetted, jurisdictional environ-
ment in which numerous state, federal, and local agencies exert some form of
control over management and operation of the fishery. This jurisdictional
environment has resulted in a complex, confusing, and time-consuming permit
process in which each major agency can effectively vdto the proposal and which
is open to abuse through delay by anyone opposed to the proposal. WDF cannot
unilaterally change this system, but in cooperation with DNR and DOE, is attempt-
ing to resolve some of the local and state jursidictional problems.
Perhaps the greatest cause of interagency conflict is the overlapping
jurisdictions of these agencies, each having its own mandate, goals, con-
cerns and constituencies. To better understand their relations the role
of each involved agency will be discussed pertinent to subtidal hardshell
clam harvesting.

State Agencies
Department of Fisheries - (WDF) is the manager of the foodfish and shell-
fish of the state. WDF's role is defined through its mandate "...to preserve,
protect, perpetuate and manage the foodfish and shellfish in the water of the
state and... for the purpose of conservation ... maintain the economic well-being
and stability of the commercial fishing industry ..." (RCW 78.08.012).

It is, therefore, WDF's responsibility to ensure that the harvest of
foodfish and shellfish be on a long-term, sustainable basis. In this manage-
ment, WDF attempts to accomodate both recreational and commercial use of these
resources. WDF also has broad responsibilities to protect the marine environ-
ment and specifically shellfish beds (RCW 75.08.060).
To achieve these goals the department has the power to pass rules and
regulations controlling when, where and how fish shall be taken (RCW 78.08.060).
To enforce these regulations, WDF has its own Fisheries Patrol Division, in-
cluding officers specifically assigned to the subtidal clam fisheries (hardshell
clam and geoducks). Fisheries' regulations may also be enforced by local law
enforcement officers.
In practice, WDF surveys and inventories the subtidal clam resources
and recommends those tracts suitable for harvest to DNR, limits harvest
where significant adverse environmental impacts to other fish or the marine
habitat would occur, and also ensures that harvest is conducted so as to
minimize damage to the stocks and habitats. WDF also licenses the harvest
tract and the harvest gear, and sets performance standards for the gear.
A major aspect of this management is the study of the biology, ecology and
population dynamics of the clam populations and the effects of clam harvest.

Department of Natural Resources - DNR administers the state's ownership
interest in the subtidal bedlands and the clams which dwell in those beds.
As the proprietary owner, DNR is also the lead agency in permit application
and compliance under SMA and SEPA. DNR is directed to "foster the commercial
and recreational use of the aquatic environment for the production of food
fiber, income and public enjoyment" (RCW 79.68.080) and has identified five
objectives for its aquatic land management. These are: 1) meeting naviga-
tional needs, 2) providing space for a variety of uses, 3) assuring compliance
with the environmental requirements of other agencies, 4) maintaining the
environmental quality of these lands, and 5) assuring that the public is
adequately compensated for public and private uses of state lands. DNR has
developed a management plan for the subtidal hardshell clam fishery to carry
out its authorities according to the above objectives.

DNR is authorized to enter into lease agreements for the cultivation of
clams from state-owned bedlands (RCW 79.01.568). Upon receipt of an appli-
cation for lease, WDF is notified and conducts a survey of the proposed site
to determine its suitability for harvest and to assess and recommend a minimum
rental price (RCW 79.01.576). DNR presently leases the beds on a per acre
basis with an additional per pound royalty fee on the clams harvested.

Department of Ecology - State Environmental Policy Act - DOE was created
in 1970 to consolidate the regulatory programs concerned with protection of
water and air resources. With the influx of environmental laws during the
early 1970's, DOE became the central agency concerned with protection of the
environment at the state level and with planning to ensure this protection
and to accomodate competing interest in the use of these resources.
Among DOE's responsibilities are setting standards and protecting the
waters of the state from pollution (Coastal Waters Act of 1971) setting and
enforcing noise standards (Noise Control Act of 1971), and administering the
State Environmental Policy Act of 1971 (SEPA), and the Shoreline Management
Act of 1971 (SMA).
SEPA (RCW 43.21) was implemented to ensure broad consideration of the
environmental, economic and social impacts of a proposed action and possible
alternatives to that action - whether it be initiated or authorized by a
state or local agency. SEPA requires that the lead agency, generally the
agency proposing or authorizing the activity, prepare an Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) on those projects which, when considered cumulatively, signif-
icantly affect the quality of the environment. The law requires consultation
between the lead agency and "... any public agency which has jurisdiction by
law or special expertise with respect to any environmental impact involved."
(RCW 43.21c.030 (s)(d)). SEPA has had a significant effect in making public
and private projects more responsive to environmental and social concerns and
has provided a tool by which a citizen or group can challenge a governmental
decision. This power has, on the other hand, also provided minority opponents
of a project a major tool for blocking or delaying a project.

Under SEPA, DNR and WDF have prepared a programatic EIS for mechanical
subtidal hardshell harvesting (Vining 1978). Much of the material in this
plan on the impacts and effects of the fishery are presented in the EIS and
it is recommended to anyone interested in this fishery.

Department of Social and Health Services - DSHS under RCW 69.30 is
responsible for inspecting and approving shellfish handling facilities to
ensure that proper sanitation and health standards are followed and that
shellfish growing areas are free from pollution and potential health hazards.
Certification of shellfish beds is based upon surveys of fecal coliform
abundance in the shellfish, water quality history, and proximity of the
area to potential pollution sources (e.g., sewer outfalls, marinas, etc.).
No shellfish may be harvested or sold without DSHS certification and certi-
fication may be revoked whenever conditions dictate.
DSHS also conducts regular monitoring throughout Puget Sound to detect
areas of potentially dangerous levels of Paralytic Shellfish Poison (Red Tide)
and checks commercially harvested shellfish. The strict and conservative stand-
ards of DSHS ensure that the commercial shellfish harvested in Washington are
safe for human consumption.

Other State Agencies - Other agencies, under SEPA, review clam harvest
proposals. The most important of these by virtue of its expertise is the
Department of Game. Game is concerned primarily with the protection of game
birds and animals and their nesting and feeding habitats. Game is extremely
concerned about any proposals which may disturb these animals or damage their
habitats. The Parks and Recreation Commission would be involved if the harvest
activity might impact nearby state park beaches.

Federal Agencies
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Through judicial interpretation, mechan-
ical clam harvesting has been classified as "dredging" (Island County vs.
English Bay Enterprises, Ltd.), an activity which requires permission of the
Corps of Engineers. The basis for the Corps involvement in clam harvesting

is the Harbor and Rivers Act of 1899 (33 USC 403). This Act was intended to
regulate actions affecting the navigability of harbors and rivers by limiting
unauthorized dredging, filling, and construction. It may be argued that it
is a rather generous definition of dredging which includes clam harvesting,
but Corps involvement could also be required under the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act which governs discharges and water quality alterations with special
provisions for shellfish beds. At the moment, only the Seattle District is
directed to require such permits for shellfish harvest. No permits are re-
quired for the extensive clam harvest operations on the East Coast involving
hundreds of boats.
The Corps permit must be renewed every three (3) years and will only
be granted after all local issues have been decided. Thus a separate, inde- ME
pendent review by the federal government follows the local and state reviews
and evaluations.
The Corps decisions are also subject to the National Environmental Policy
Act (upon which SEPA was modeled), which requires environmental review of
major projects and provides federal agencies, as well as the state agencies
and public, again, with an opportunity to evaluate and review a proposal.
The Corps, based upon this input, may then deny the permit, approve it as
proposed, or approve it with conditions.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - USFWS has responsibilities for protect-
ing freshwater and anadromous fish, marine birds, mammals and their habitats.
USFWS shares many of the same concerns of the Department of Game over pro-
tection of birds and their habitats and provides important and influential
input into the environmental review of Corps permits.

National Marine Fisheries - NMFS is the federal equivalent of WDF con-
cerned with protection and utilization of the marine environment, with par-
ticular expertise in marine fish and mammals.

Local Government - Shoreline Management Act
The Shoreline Management Act of 1971 (RCW 90.58) establishes the local
government (county, city or town) as a primary agency responsible for manage-
ment of the shorelines within its jurisdiction. Under the guidance of DOE, each

local government bordering navigable waters established Shoreline Master Plans
to regulate the use of these shorelines. Following approval of the Master Plans,
the Department of Ecology adopted them into its own regualtions (WAC 173-19).
The SMA requires substantial development permits for major projects
falling within the requirements of the Shoreline Master Plan and then requires
environmental review of the proposal with opportunity for public Jnput. The
county may attach conditions to the permit to limit or modify a project or,
through permit denial, prohibit the project. Permit decisions can be appealed
through the six member state Shoreline Hearing Board.
The Shoreline Permit process has been a major means used by shoreline
residents opposed to mechanical clam harvesting to prevent the activity. The
SMA has not provided specific guidance for regulation of mechanical clam
harvesting. Each county has thus developed its own policy concerning mechanical
clam harvesting, including defacto prohibition of harvest by some counties.
DOE's recent amendment of the SMA guidelines pertinent to aquaculture (WAC
173-16-060) (2) Aquaculture) is intended to provide greater consistency between
counties in their treatment of clam harvest and provide for case by case eval-
uation of its suitability. The counties are presently revising this portion of
their Master Plans.

Management of the Fishery

Subtidal Hardshell Clam Management Goals
The basic goal of WDF's management of the subtidal clam fishery is to
protect the resource and to manage its use to best serve the interests of all
the citizens of the state. To achieve this goal the fishery is managed to
accomplish the following goals.
1. Protect marine environment.
Through its mandate and its responsibilities under SEPA, WDF has a
major responsibility to protect the marine environment. WDF is directly
responsible for the food fish and shellfish of the state and will allow clam
harvest only where, when and how other organisms and the marine environment
will not be significantly or permanently damaged.
WDF also has major concerns in protecting marine waters from pollution
and degradation to which shellfish are particularly susceptible. The presence
of a viable shellfish industry promotes this protection by providing a strong
economic justification for clean water - upon which the industry depends.
2. Protect the clam stocks.
WDF is responsible for managing the clam resource on a state-wide
basis for both personal and commercial use so as to ensure the viability of
the resource. Harvest will not be allowed which will permanently damage the
intertidal or subtidal stocks. Only harvest gear and methods which cause
minimal,incidental damage to the stocks and which leave the susbstrate suit-
able for future clam sets and growth will be allowed.
3. Provide maximum production of clams.
It is WDF's goal that those subtidal clam beds which are suitable
for harvest (given that objectives 1 an 2 are met) be harvested to provide
food, income and jobs for citizens of the state and that harvest from the
state's waters be at optimal sustainable yield.
4. Minimize onshore impacts.
DNR is generally responsible for onshore impacts of the clam fishery
while WDF is responsible for impacts in the marine environment. WDF does,
however, realize that its management of the fishery may affect the degree
or nature of onshore impacts and will adopt policies and encourage actions
which minimize any disruptive effects of clam harvesting on the shoreline
residents and community.

5. Ensure fair compensation to state for clams harvested.
WDF has no direct responsibility or interest in the financial com-
pensation of the state for clam harvest. This is a function of DNR. WDF
is responsible for estimating the value of the bed for DNR, and, through its
policies, can affect the value of the bed and/or the amount of income derived
to DNR. WDF will, therefore, establish management policies which allow for
the full and fair compensation of the state for clams harvested.

Present Management
The hardshell clam fishery is managed through WDF regulations and
policies governing selection of harvest tracts, harvest gear and operating
limitations, and through the monitoring of harvest activities and enforce-
ment of WDF laws and regulations. In some cases, management and enforcement
are supplemented by conditions included in the DNR lease contract.

Harvest Tract Selection - Clam harvesting occurs on discrete tracts
leased from DNR. WDF is responsible for surveying proposed tracts, evalu-
ating their economic potential and value, and evaluating their environmental
suitability for harvest. If approved by WDF, DNR is free to lease the tract
following issuance of the necessary permits (Shoreline, Corps, etc.).
Based upon many years of observation of clam harvest and experience
with channel dredging, WDF has developed criteria for evaluating the suitability
of a proposed tract for mechanical harvest of subtidal hardshell clams as part
of the EIS on clam harvest.
To be approved for harvest, a tract must meet the following criteria:
1. Substrate Composition.
The substrate must average less than 15 percent fine material
(fine material is silt and clay with particle size less than
6 microns in diameter).
2. Substrate Chemistry.
a. Biochemical oxygen demand of substrate material must not
exceed 7 mg/g.
b. Phosphates (PO4 must not exceed 1.5 mg/g).

C. Sulfides must not exceed.0.6 mg/g.
d. Volatile solids must not exceed 6 percent.
e. Kjeldahl nitrogen must not exceed 1.0 mg/g.

3. Flora and Fauna
a. Geoduck abundance shall be less than one (1) per square yard.
b. Eelgrass (Zostera sp.) abundance shall not exceed 13 turions
per 1/4 (m2) April to October or 10 turions per 1/4 (m2
November to March.
c. Other biota of significance will be assessed on a case by case
basis.

4. Hardshell Clam Abundance.
Density of the target clams shall exceed'O.25 pounds per square
foot prior to harvest.

Harvest Gear Evaluation - Fisheries regulations (WAC 220-52-018) requires
that all mechanical clam harvesting equipment must be licensed by the Director
of Fisheries and that subtidal harvest be limited to beds leased from DNR and
approved by WDF. To be approved and licensed a harvester must:
1. Have deck read out instrumentation showing:
a. pump water pressure
b. a 3/4 inch pipe fitting on the pump to permit Fisheries Patrol
personnel to check pump pressure.
2. Have controls allowing immediate cut off to water to harvest head
manifold without impairing vessel maneuverability.
3. Submit accurate performance data on the pump and harvest head.
Alteration of any of the specified components is illegal without
WDF approval.
4. In coarse substrates (more than 10 percent of the substrate par-
ticles are greater than 500 microns in diameter) harvest head width
shall not exceed four (4) feet overall and pump volume shall not
exceed 1,252 gallons per minute at 45 pounds per square inch,,
measured at pump discharge.

In addition, the programmatic EIS states that at least 90 percent of the
adult clams will be retained and clam breakage will not exceed 15 percent, that
the substrate will be left in satisfactory condition for future crops, and that
juvenile and seed clams will be returned to the trends unharmed.

Permits and Licenses Required - The following licenses and permits are
required prior to any subtidal mechanical harvest of hardshell clams.
1. WDF clam farm license (RCW 75.28.280) - $15-00 issued for one year.
2. WDF mechanical harvester license (RCW 75.28.287) - $300.00 issued
for one year.
3. Joint Fisheries/Game hydraulics permit (WAC 220.120).
4. DNR clam harvester tract lease (RCW 79.01.568) issued for five
years and renewable (see example in Appendix H).
5. DSHS certificate of approval - Shellfish growing area (RCW 69.30.050)
no fee - issued for one year.
6. Substantial development permit (RCW 90.58.140). Issued by the local
county to DNR as the landowner for five years.
7. Water quality certification (WAC 90.48) and/or modification permit
(WAC 173-201) - issued by DOE.
8. Section 10/404 Permit (33U.S.C.403). Issued by Corps of.Engineers
to DNR for three years - issued after all local permits issued.
9. SEPA compliance. A programatic Environmental Impact Statement has
been prepared (Vining 1978). A site specific supplement will be
prepared for each new lease.
10. WDF mechanical clam harvest permit (WAC 220-52-018) (see example in
Appendix I).

Harvest Tract Management
Virtually all fisheries of the world are based upon a "common property
resource" in which the fish belong to the first person to capture them. In
a common resource system there is no incentive for the individual fisherman
to conserve the resource. Fish not caught by the fisherman who unilaterally
practices conservation will be taken by his competitors. It is the common

property nature of most fisheries which necessitates the volumes of laws and
regulations of their management and which eliminated any incentive for the
individual fisherman to conserve.
In contrast, management of the hardshell clam tracts simulates private
ownership as much as possible through the issuance of long term leases (5 year
with option to renew) leases and the exclusive right of the leasee to harvest
clams from that tract. This encourages the leasee to treat the tract as if it
were his own and allows him to reap the rewards of his prudent management.
Instead of a single harvest, the farmer manages the tract for repeated harvests
over succeeding generations of clams. It is thus to his economic advantage to
harvest only that which the population can support, to harvest in a manner that
does not damage small clams which will grow to support future harvests, and to
protect the beds to ensure that they will support future settlement and growth.
This prudent management has a second advantage to the clam farmer in that he is
able to provide a steady supply of clams to the marke t place which generally
opens more reliable and profitable markets.
An example of common resource versus private ownership is the intertidal
littleneck clam fisheries of Canada and Washington. In British Columbia all
the intertidal clam beds are the property of the public and are open to digging. cr
During the winter and spring large numbers of clams are harvested and in some
cases beaches have been dug out. The market is thus erratic with an over
abundance of clams dug during the winter, which lowers the price, and a shortage
during the summer. In Washington, almost all of the littleneck clam production
is from privately owned or leased intertidal clam farms. These farms are able
to produce a high quality product year round and guarantee a steady supply to
their markets. Over the years these farmers have also conscientiously improved
their beds by graveling and turning the ground over to loosen it and to remove
fine materials. Thus these farms have maintained and/or increased their pro-
ductivity over fifty years and more - all without governmental regulation or
involvement in management.
To allow long term productivity it is necessary for the clam farmer to
harvest only on a sustainable yield basis. In an open fishery elaborate
statistical procedures are needed to estimate sustainable yield and even more

elaborate means are necessary to ensure that harvest does not exceed this
goal. In a private ownership fishery economics limit harvest to less than
the maximum yield possible. Figure 11 (Gulland 1968) relates the cost of
fishing to the yield that is derived. In a fishery costs are directly
proportional to amount of time and effort needed to catch the fish while
the yield is the dollar value of the fish caught. The peak of the catch
curve is the maximum sustainable yield of the population or the maximum
harvest which can be taken year after year. Line OB is the line where the
cost of fishing just equals the value of the catch. In an unrestrained
open fishery harvest would tend towards point B where income equals cost
resulting in over fishing of the stocks and reduced profits to the fisherman.
This is the situation in many fisheries today. However, if a single harvester
has control of the fishery, he will manage it to provide the greatest profit
to himself. Profit is the difference between yield curve and the line OB and
is greatest at point A. This point of maximum net economic return is always
less than the maximum sustainable yield and in a private property enterprise
economic considerations will limit harvest.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Harvest
WDF is confident that given proper incentives, economics will necessitate
proper management of the harvest tract by the operator. To ensure proper
management, WDF monitors the harvest tracts and harvest operations using
both divers and with enforcement personnel. In addition to regular Fisheries
Patrol Officers, two officers are now assigned fulltime to the geoduck and
subtidal clam fisheries. These officers operate from car, boat, and airplane.
On a regular basis, Patrol Officers inspect the harvester and confirm that
harvest complies with WDF regulations and DNR contract conditions, that oper-
ations are within the designated boundaries, and that appropriate marker
buoys are in place. They also measure samples of the harvested clam.
The harvester is required to fill out daily a harvest log recording the
hours of operation, the pounds landed by species the area harvested. This
provides WDF with a continuous record of the clam production and the pounds
harvested per hour (catch per unit effort). By monitoring the average clam

U)
B

CU
U

Cost (effort)

Figure 11. The relation of fishing costs (proportional to fishing
effort) to the economic yield to the fisherman (equal to the value
of the catch). A privately owned fishery is managed to provide the
greatest profit (difference between the value of the catch, line OAB,
and the cost of harvest, line OB). The greatest profit is attained
at point A which is less than the maximum sustainable yield (MSY).
In a common property fishery competition drives the harvest towards
point B where profits to the individual fishermen are minimal and
where the resource may be overfished. (After Gulland, 1968).

size as measured by enforcement personnel, the average weight per bushel of
clams landed, and the catch per unit effort, WDF is able to monitor the harvest
activities and ensure that harvest will not exceed appropriate levels. Over-
harvest would be indicated by declines in these measurements.
In addition to specific tract monitoring, WDF monitors previously
harvested tracts, and various experimental plots to develop additional
information on the effects on harvest of clam populations and the marine
environment.

LITERATURE CITED

Bargmann, G. G. 1980. Studies on Pacific cod in Agate Pass, Washington.
Wash. State Dept. Fish. Prog. Rep. 123. 34 pp.

Breed-Willeke, G. M., and D. R. Hancock. 1980. Growth and reproduction
of subtidal and intertidal populations of the gaper clam Presus capax
(Gould) from Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Proc. Nat. Shellfish Assoc. 70(l):1-13.

Godcharles, M. F. 1971. A study of the effects of a commercial hydraulic
clam dredge on benthic communities in estuarine areas. Fla. Dept. Nat.
Res. Tech. Ser. 64. 51 pp.

Goodwin, C. L. 1973. Distribution and abundance of subtidal hardshell clams
in Puget Sound, Washington. Wash. State Dept. Fish. Tech. Rep. 14. 81 pp.

Goodwin, C. L. 1979. Subtidal clam population survey of Agate Passage. Wash.
State Dept. Fish. Prog. Rep. 87. 14 pp.

Goodwin, C.L. and W. J. Shaul. 1978. Puget Sound subtidal hardshell clam sur-
vey data. Wash. State Dept. Fish. Prog. Rep. 44. 92 pp.

Goodwin, C. L. and W. J. Shaul. 1978. Some effects of the mechanical escal-
ator shellfish harvester on a subtidal clam bed in Puget Sound, Washing-
ton. Wash. State Dept. Fish. Prog. Rep. 53. 23 pp.

Goodwin, C. L. and W. J. Shaul. 1980. Studies of mechanical clam harvest on
an intertidal beach near Port Townsend, Washington. Wash. Dept. Fish
Prog. Rep. 119. 26 pp.

Gulland, J. A. 1968. The concept of maximum sustainable yield and fishery
management. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. (70). 13 pp.

Kyte, M. A., P. Averill, and T. Hendershott. 1975. The impact of the hydraulic
escalator shellfish harvester on an intertidal soft-shell clam flat in
the Harraseeket River, Maine. Dept. Mar. Res. Augusta, Maine. (unpublished).

Manning, J. H. 1957. The Maryland soft-shell clam industry and its effects
on tidewater resources. Md. Dept. Res. Educ. Resour. Study Rep. 11. 25 pp.

Medcof, J. C. 1961. Effects of hydraulic escalator harvesters on undersized
soft-shell clams. Proc. Nat. Shellfish Assoc. 53. 11-31.

Medcof, J. C. and J. S. MacPhail. 1967. Fishing efficiency of clam hacks and
mortalities incidental to fishing. Proc. Nat. Shellfish Assoc. 55: 53-72.

Phillips, R. C. 1972. Ecological life history of Zostera marina (Eelgrass)
in Puget Sound, Washington. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Washington. Seattle, Wash.

Pfitzenmeyer, H.T. 1972. Hydraulic soft-shell clam dredge study completed.
Com. Fish. News Vol. 5(4). Fish and Wildlife Admin. Maryland.

'uayle, D.B., and N. Bourne. 1972. The clam fisheries of British Columbia.
Fish. Res. Board. Can. Bull. 179. 70 pp.

LITERATURE CITED (Cont.)

Tarr, M. 1977. Some effects of hydraulic clam harvesting on water quality
in Kilisut Harbor, Port Susan, and Agate Pass, Washington. Wash. State
Dept. Fish. Prog. Rep. No. 22. 88 pp.

Thayer, G.W., and R.C. Phillips. 1977. Importance of eelgrass beds in
Puget Sound. Mar. Fish. Rev. 39(11): 18-22.

Vining, R. 1978. Final environmental impact statement for the commercial
harvesting of subtidal hardshell clams with a hydraulic escalator shell-
fish harvester. Wash. Dept. Fish. and Dept. Nat. Res., Olympia. 55 pp.

Walne, P.R. 1972. The influence of current speed, body size and water
temperature on the filtration rate of five species of bivalves.
J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 52. pp 345-374.

Wash. State Dept. Ecology. 1978-1980. Coastal Zone Atlas of Washington
State series.

SECTION III - DNR MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

The Department of Natural Resources has management responsibility
for a vast area of state-owned marine tidelands, bedlands, and harbor
areas, and freshwater shorelands and bedlands. The Department
exercises its control over land use of state-owned lands through
leases, use easements, permits, deeds, interagency coordination and
applied research. Unlike state-owned uplands which are managed for
economic return, aquatic lands are managed as a public trust for a
variety of economic, recreational and natural process activities. To
guide its management programs, the Department has identified five
objectives:
1. Provide space for a variety of recreational and economic
activities;
2. Provide for navigational needs which are of.benefit to the
general public;
3. Insure adherence to the environmental standards of other
agencies;
4. Maintain the productivity and environmental quality of the
aquatic lands while continuing t@ provide for the needs of the
public; and
5. Compensate the public for withdrawal'of lands by private and
public activities which reduce the use options of the general
public.
In addition to these, the legislature has authorized the Department to
"foster" certain uses of the aquatic lands and this directive is taken
here as a sixth aq uatic land management objective:
6. The Department of Natural Resources shall foster the
commercial and recreational use of the aquatic environment for
production of food, fibre, income, and public enjoyment from
state-owned lands under its jurisdiction and from associated

waters.

The test of whether this subtidal hardshell clam management plan
is successful is in how well these objectives are achieved. The
Department has defined these objectives in a report titled "The
Department of Natural Resources' Marine Land Planning Program",
February 10, 1981. The following outline explains what actions are
required to achieve these objectives in management of subtidal
hardshell clam harvest. Most of these actions have been incorporated
into the procedures outlined in Section I of this plan.

Objective 1. Provide space for a variety of recreational and economic
activities.
A.. DNR has adopted the following administrative policies in
regard to use of space for renewable resources:
1. Utilization of renewable resources is a preferred use of
aquatic lands. (WAC 332-30-160(l))
2. Tidelands, shorelands and beds of navigable waters,
especially valuable now and in the foreseeable future for
renewable resource activities . . . . shall be so
designated and protected from conflicting human uses which
limit their utility for this purpose. (WAC 332-30-160(5))
3. Harvesting must be conducted in such a manner as to . . .
minimize insofar as possible conflicts with other users of
the water area . . . . (WAC 332-30-160(7))
B. The Department of Fisheries has identified 5,350 acres of
marine bedlands in Washington where subtidal hardshell clams
occur in commercial abundance. Of this area only about 1,432
acres meet basic commercial harvest criteria. These criteria
cover substrate type, water depth, water quality, harvest
technology and environmental protection.
C. The Department of Fisheries' recommended maInagement scheme for
this fishery is to lease all tracts for simultaneous,
continuous harvest. The timing and duration of harvest are
left to the judgment of individual harvesters. No more than
10 boats are expected to operate on presently known tracts.

D . Harvest under this scheme is a low intensity use of the waters
and will not usually conflict with other navigational
activity.
E. Subtidal hardshell clam beds extend into shallow subtidal
waters. Erection of structures or dredging in these areas
would conflict with use and maintenance of the clam resource.
F. Local conflicts over use of marine land space will be
identified and resolved through the procedures contained in
Section 1.

Objective 2. Provide for navigational needs which are of benefit to
the general public.
A. Some subtidal hardshell clam beds are found in narrow channels
such as Agate Pass, Portage Canal and the entrance to Kilisut
Harbor.
B. Some subtidal hardshell clam beds occur in historical high use
sport and commercial fishing areas. Some concern has been
raised about potential interference with sport fishing.
C. Subtidal hardshell. clam harvest boats move slowly while
harvesting. They can easily avoid and be avoided by other
navigational uses. Historically, there have not been any
conflicts between harvesters and other navigational uses.
D. The procedure stated in Section I will identify and resolve
local conflicts over navigation.

Objective 3. Insure adherence to the environmental standards of other
agencies.
A. DNR has adopted the following administrative policies in
regard to coordinating with the environmental standards of
other agencies:
1. Other governmental agencies, local, state and federal,
administer laws and regulations which also govern
activities on aquatic lands. In order to benefit from the
expertise and experience of these agencies, the

Commissioner of Public Lands seeks the advice of the
Marine Resources Advisory Committee. (WAC 332-30-100(l))
2. The Department will insure that its allocations, leases,
uses and activities are consistent with local [shoreline]
programs. (WAC 332-30-100(l))
3. Harvesters must comply with all applicable federal, state,
and local rules and regulations. Noncompliance may result
in lease suspension or cancellation upon notification.
(WAC 332-30-157(6))
4. The Department will work with other agencies through
development and implementation of management plans to
insure that . . . as much as possible of the resource base
is available for harvesting. (WAC 332-30-160(11)).
B. The following permits are required for commercial su btidal
hardshell clam harvest:
1. Shoreline management substantial development permit
2. Corps of Engineers section 10 permit
3. Department of Fisheries clam farm license and permit to
operate clam harvesting machine.
C. Four counties have shoreline management master program
regulations which would effectively prohibit subtidal
hardshell clam harvest. These counties are Clallam, Skagit,
Kitsap and King. Commercial subtidal hardshell clam beds have
been found in Kitsap and Clallam but not in King or Skagit.
The Kitsap and Clallam master-programs require that harvest
trenches be refilled to within three inches of the original
substrate surface. The Department of Fisheries believes that
artificial refilling of the trench is unnecessary and present
equipment is not designed for this. A harvester now being
tested may refill trenches better than older models but the
effectiveness is still not known. The Department of Ecology
has adopted revised aquaculture guidelines which require that
counties with potential commercial subtidal hardshell clam
tracts re-evaluate their master program standards. DNR will

participate in that process and encourage adoption of
standards whlich have a sound scientific basis.
D. The Corps of Engineers issued a three-year permit for harvest
at Portage Canal on May 1, 1980. The permit was not
conditioned but the attached environmental assessment
requested that pre- and post-harvest data be collected. The
Department of Fisheries will work with the Corps to supply it.
E. Some agencies have expressed concern that the eelgrass
criteria developed in the EIS will be difficult to apply in
the different types of eelgrass beds. All agencies agree that
each site needs to be evaluated individually. This will be
done through the procedure contained in Section I.

Objective 4. Maintain the productivity and environmental quality of
the aquatic lands while continuing to provide for the
needs of the public.
A. The Department has adopted the following administrative policy
in regard to protection of the environment from and for
commercial geoduck harvesting:
1. Harvesting must be conducted in such a manner as to have
insofar as possible a minimal impact upon the
environment. (WAC 332-30-160(7))
2. The Department will work with other agencies through
development and implementation of management plans to
insure that commercial shellfish beds are kept free of
pollution . . . . (WAC 332-30-160(11))
3. The boundaries of clam tracts offered for lease shall be
established and identified to avoid detrimental impacts
upon significant beds of aquatic vegetation or areas of
critical biological significance . . . .
(WAC 332-30-157(2))
4. Commercial clam beds on aquatic lands shall be managed to
produce an optimum yield. (WAC 332-30-157(l))

5. The methods of harvest may only be those as established by
law and certified by the department of fisheries.
(WAC 332-30-157(3))
B. DNR and WDF have prepared an EIS for subtidal hardshell clam
harvest. The EIS contains environmental standards for site
selection and harvester operation.
C. The EIS was intended to cover general operating
characteristics of the harvester. There is still a need for

D. While the WDF and DNR are satisfied that the harvest scheme
will not cause significant adverse environmental impacts, some
other agencies and citizens are not convinced.' This
skepticism is at least partly due to the fact that much of the
harvest and tract data collected by the WDF has either not
been prepared for public distribution or has been written up
in technical reports which are difficult for others to
understand.
There is also concern that once a lease is granted, the state
may not do adequate monitoring to assure that the harvest is
at a sustained yield rate and that eelgrass beds will be
protected.
E. Trespass has been a major concern of adjacent homeowners and
aquaculturists although WDF has never been able to document
any actual trespass cases. Buoys have been set to mark
corners but these have occasionally been stolen, leaving no
reference for upland owners or harvest operators.
F. The Department of Fisheries is legally responsible for
assuring that harvest maintains a sustained yield of clams and
does not injure other aquatic flora and fauna.
G. Harvest equipment must as a minimum meet the noise limits set
by the State Department of Ecology in WAC 173-60. The
Shorelines Hearings Board found in the Agate Pass case that
special noise limits lower than the state maximum should be
applied due to the residential character of the site.

H. The Department of Social and Health Services has identified
several clam beds where a potential for water pollution
exists.
1. DNR considers that an optimum yield will be achieved in this
fishery by carefully limiting harvest areas and by allowing
harvesters, under supervision, to regulate harvest within
those areas. Limitations on the area available for harvest
will be imposed through allocation procedures and individual
site reviews. Within areas suitable for harvest, harvesters
will be allowed to set their own harvest rate according to
market conditions and their own judgment of the best rate of
harvest. Lower and upper limits will be set by a minimum
yearly harvest quota and periodic monitoring by WDF of the
harvested population to prevent over harvest.

Objective 5. Compensate the public for withdrawal of lands by private
and public activities which reduce the use options of
the general public.
A. DNR has adopted the following administrative procedures in
regard to insuring adequate compensation from commercial
subtidal hardshell clam harvest:
1. Surveillance methods will be employed to insure that
trespass as well as off-tract harvesting is prevented.
(WAC 332-30-157(4))
2. Harvesters must comply with all lease provisions.
Noncompliance may result in lease suspension or
cancellation upon notification. (WAC 332-30-157(5))
3. The boundaries of clam tracts offered for lease shall be
established and identified to . . . prevent unauthorized
harvesting. (WAC 332-30-157(2))
B. The Department of Fisheries recommends that subtidal hardshell
clam tracts be offered for long-term leases and that the
harvester be allowed to determine the timing and amount of
harvest.

C. In the past, lessees have been charged a fixed royalty for
clams harvested. This royalty has not provided a fair return
,to the state, as the value of clams has increased and a new
higher royalty might be unfair if market prices were to drop.

Objective 6. The Department of Natural Resources shall foster the
commercial and recreational use of the aquatic
environment for production of food, fibre, income and
public enjoyment from state-owned lands under its
jurisdiction and from associated waters.
A. DNR has adopted the following administrative regulations in
regard to fostering commercial subtidal hardshell clam
harvest:

1. The Department will foster renewable resource utilization
through research and development work, public education,
land use allocation and resource inventory.
(WAC 332-30-160(2))
2. Commercial harvesting of wild stocks of shellfish shall be
encouraged on aquatic lands. (WAC 332-30-160(7))
B. The Department allocates marine lands for subtidal hardshell
clam harvest in accordance with the procedures stated in
Section I.

APPENDIX A

DNR Marine Land Allocations
for Commercial Subtidal Hardshell Clam Harvest

DNR marine land allocations are made to reserve and protect certain marine
areas for designated uses. Areas are allocated on the basis of general
surveys which consider environmental, social and economic suitability.
Allocations.are made for reg4onal planning purposes only. Site specific
conditions or information found during specific project evaluations may
restrict or even prevent use of any particular site for the allocated use.

This appendix consists of a series of detailed site maps. The maps show
the general locations of all subtidal hardshell clam beds allocated for
commercial harvest. General area maps of Puget Sound which serve as keys
to these maps are contained in Figure 2 of the report in Section 11. These
allocation maps will be revised as needed to include new areas found suit-
able for harvest or to delete areas which have been found to be unsuitable.
Areas allocated for commercial subtidal hardshell clam harvest are shown on
the maps by this symbol:

Some of these maps contain a slightly different symbol used to designate
another type of marine land allocation. The reader should be careful to
only use the above symbol in reference to this plan.

A-1

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APPENDIX B.

Commercial Subtidal Hardshell Clam Bed
Environmental Data.Summary

DNR Flora & Fauna
Map Tract Name Acreage Species Season Comments
Clallam 3 Sequim Bay F 78 F? Nearby beds certified.
F 66 W Sp Marina under consideration
nearby. Intensive develop-
ment would cause pollution
problems.

Jefferson 3 Kilisut Harbor 132 B21 W Water line to Ft. Flagler
B24 W State Park may cross clam
B28 W bed.
B26 W
B29 W F
B50 Sp S F
F19 W S F
F66 W S F
F75 WSp
B30 W F

Jefferson 4 Portage Canal 35

Jefferson 5 Colvos Rocks 27
Tala Point 60
Jefferson 6 Case Shoal 40 1 14 W Sp S F
M 8 W Sp S F
Jefferson 7 South Point 6
Jefferson 8 Brown Point (N) 37 B 76 S
Brown Point (S) 8 B 76 S
Jefferson 9
Kitsap 9 President Point
Kitsap 10 Agate Pass 98 F 2 Shorelines are residential
F66 areas. Noise is a major
F75 concern.
Island 3 Lagoon Point P 1 WSp S F Proposed withdrawal of
B21 W marine bedlands for South
B24 W Whidbey State Park may
B25 W overlap clam bed.
B26 W Some residences nearby.
B27 W Noise and navigational
B29 W F access to shore should be
B30 W F considered.
B50 Sp S F
B 2
B 5 W F

Island 4 Admiralty Bay 1 35 WSp S F Underwater park near east
P I WSp S F jetty of Keystone Harbor.
Marine lands abutting'park
have been withdriwn for
recreational use.

Whatcom 1 Pt. Roberts B 2 W Sp S F
1 14 W Sp S F
F 22 W Sp
F 66 W Sp

APPENDIX B. (Cont.)

KEY TO FLORA AND FAUNA

Birds Fish

B-1 Common Loon F-2 Lingcod
B-2 Arctic Loon F-7 Pacific Halibut
B-3 Red-throated Loon F-9 Rock Sole
B-5 Horned Grebe F-10 Dover Sole
B-6 Eared Grebe F-19 Pacific Cod
B-7 Western Grebe F-20 Pacific Hake
B-8 Double-crested Cormorant F-22 Walleye Pollock
B-12 Western Canada Goose F-23 Wolf-Eel
B-13 Black Brant F-24 Pacific Ocean Perch
B-14 White-fronted Goose F-41 Longnose Skate
B-15 Snow Goose F-66 Pacific Herring
B-16 Mallard F-75 Surf Smelt
B-17 Pintail F-76 Lonafin Smelt
B-18 Green-winged Teal F-78 Capelin
B-19 American Wigeon
B-20 Northern Shoveler Inver tebrates
B-21 Canvasback
B-22 Greater Scaup 1-3 Red Sea Urchin
B-23 Lesser Scaup 1-5 Ocean Pink Shrimp
B-2h Common Goldeneye 1-6 Northern Pink Shrimp PF
B-25 Barrow's Goldeneye 1-8 Spot Shrimp
B-26 Bufflehead 1-11 Coonstripe Shrimp
B-27 Oldsquaw 1-14 Dungeness Crab
B-28 Harl-equin Duck 1-30 Octopus
B-29 White-winged Scoter 1-34 Sea Scallop
B-30 Surf Scoter 1-35 Rock Scallop
B-31 Black Scoter 1-38 -Oysters
B-35 Parasitic Jaeger
B-36 Glaucous-winged Gull Mammals
B-37 Western Gull
B-47 Pigeon Guillemot M-2 Harbor Seal
B-48 Marbled Murrelet M-3 Northern Fur Seal
B-50 Rhinoceros Auklet M-8 River Otter
B-51 Tufted Puffin M-0 Dall Porpoise
B-53 Northern Phalarope
B-54 Great Blue Heron Marine Plants
B-55 Whimbrel
B-62 Least Sandpiper P-1 Sea Grasses
B-63 Dunlin P-2 Green Algae
B-64 Short-billed Dowitcher P-3 Brown Algae
B-66 Western Sandpiper P-4 Red Algae
B-67 Sanderling
B-68 Black Oystercatcher Important multispecies
B-69 Semipalmated Plover areas.
B-70 Killdeer
B-71 Black-bellied Plover
P-72 Surfbird
B-75 Belted Kingfisher
B-76 Northern Bald Eaqle

Information on flora and fauna was obtained from data collected for the
report, Washington Coastal-Areas of Major Biological Significance, June,
1981 Update.
*-,'@Numbers in triangles refer to descriptions in Table 2 in above referenced
report.
B-2

APPENDIX C.

Agencies to be Notified of Harvest Plans.

The following agencies and groups will be notified of all commercial sub-
tidal hardshell clams harvest proposals, and of any revisions and updates
of the subtidal hardshell clam management plan.

Supervisor Inter-Agency Coordinator
Shorelands Division Department of Game
Department of Ecology PV-11 Olympia, WA 98504
Olympia, WA 98504

Supervisor, Shellfish Program Chief, Research & Long-Range Planning
Food and Housing Section Wash. St. Parks and Recreation Comm.
Dept. of Social and Health Services KY-11
LD-11 Olympia, WA 98504
Olympia, WA 98504

Coastal Zone Coordinator Division of Ecological Services
National Marine Fisheries Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
847 NE 19th Avenue 2625 Parkmont Land, Bldg. B-3
Portland, OR 97232 Olympia, WA 98502

Chief, Regulatory Functions Dredge and Fill Permits Section
Seattle District U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mail Stop 521
P.O. Box C-3755 1200 6th Avenue
Seattle, WA 98124 Seattle, WA 98101

All counties having identified commercial subtidal hardshell clam beds.

All current holders of DNR tract leases for subtidal hardshell clam harvest.

Other agencies And groups upon request.

Other agencies will be notified as necessary. These would include the follr
lowing agencies which own property adjacent to the harvest tracts or which
operate in the waters adjacent to and over the tracts:

U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Navy

U.S. Army Native American Tribes

C-1

APPENDIX D.

Pertinent WOF Laws and Regulations

(3) Any person or company owning an oyster farm or
Title'75 RCW: Food Fish and Shellfish a clam farm or both, operated by a lessee or another,
which owner handles, processes, sells, or otherwise deals
in the oysters or clams or both produced thereon, which
75.08.012 Duties of the department. It shall be the are received by the owner as total or partial considera-
duty and purpose of the department of fisheries to pre- tion for the use of the oyster or clam farm or both.
serve, protect, perpetuate and manage the food fish and [1955 c 212 � 10.]
shellfish in the waters of the state and the offshore wa-
ters thereof to the end that such food fish and shellfish 75.28.287 Tract license for harvesting geoducks-
shall not be taken, possessed, sold or disposed of at such Diver's license License for mechanical and/or hy-
times and in such manner as will impair the supply draulic device used taking clams-Displaying licenses.
thereof. For the purpose of conservation, and in a man- (1) A geoduck tract license is required for each subtidal
ner consistent therewith, the department shall seek to geoduck tract for which harvest rights have been granted
maintain the economic well-being and stability of the by the department of natural resources for the commer-
commercial fishing industry in the state of Washington. cial harvest of geoducks. The fee is one hundred dollars
[1975 Ist ex.s. c 183 � 1; 1949 c 112 � 3, part; Rem. per annum.
Supp. 1949 � 5780-201, part. Formerly RCW (2) Every diver engaged in the commercial harvest of
43.25.020. Redesignated as RCW 75,08.012 and added geoduck or other clams shall obtain a nonassignable
to chapter 12, Laws of 1955 and Title 75 RCW by 1965 personal commercial fishing license. The fee is fifty dol-
c 8 � 43.25.020.1 lars per annum.
(3) A license is required for each and every mechani-
75.28.280 Clam farm license Exception, geo- cal andlor hydraulic device operated for the purpose of
ducks. A license is required for each and every clam taking clams other than geoduck clams for commercial
farm of one or more tracts of land being operated for purposes from tidelands and beds of navigable waters of
commercial purposes on privately owned or leased tide- the state of Washington, the fee for which license shall
lands and on leased beds of navigable waters in the state, be three hundred dollars per annum.
except that a license under this section is not required Evidence of issuance of the licenses required by this
for subtidal geoduck harvest tracts for which the re- section shall be prominently displayed by numbers,
quired harvest rights and licenses have been obtained codes, or symbols upon the vessel used in geoduck or
clam harvesting activities before engaging in the har-
pursuant to other provisions of law. The fee for said li- vesting activities in a manner prescribed by the director
cense is fifteen dollars per annum, and shall be paid for of fisheries in rules promulgated under chapter 34.04
each and every year in which clams are removed from RCW. [1979 Ist ex.s. c 141 � 4; 1969 ex.s. c 253 � 4.)
the clam farm for purposes of sale. A separate license is
required for each clam farm being operated within each
of the following clam districts; northern Puget Sound Chapter 220-52 WAC
district, southern Puget Sound district, Grays Harbor SHELLFISH
district, and Willapa Harbor district; said districts are to
include the waters, beds, shores, beaches, and tidelands WAC 220-52-018 Clams---Gear. It shall be un-
of, northe-rn Puget Sound, southern Puget Sound, Grays lawful to take, dig for or possess clams or mussels taken
Harbor, and Willapa Harbor, respectively, as geograph- for commercial purposes from any of the tidelands in the
ically defined by the director of fisheries under appro- state of Washington except with a pick, mattock, fork or
priate regulations. [1979 Ist ex.s. c 141 � 3; 1969 ex.s. c shovel operated by hand; provided, that permits for the
253 � 3; 1955 c 212 � 8; 1955 c 12 � 75.28.280. Prior: use of mechanical clam digging devices may be obtained
1951 c 271 26; 1949 c 112 J 70; Rem. Supp. 1949 � from the director of fisheries subject to the following
5780-508.1 conditions:
(1) Any or all types of mechanical devices used in the
taking or harvesting of shellfish must be approved by the
75.28.282 Clam farm license, oyster farm li- director of fisheries.
cense Who must obtain. A clam farm license or an (2) A separate permit shall be required for each and
oyster farm license or both as provided in RCW 75.28- every device and the permit shall be attached to the spe-
280 and 75.28.281 shall be required of: cific unit at all times.
(1) Any person or company owning and operating an (3) All types of clams to be taken for commercial use
o*yster farm or clam farm or both; must be of legal size and in season during the proposed
(2) Any lessee operating an oyster farm or clam farm operations unless otherwise provided in specially author-
or both, except when the owner thereof comes within the ized permits for the transplanting of seed to growing ar-
provisions of subsection (3) of this section; eas or for research purposes.

APPENDIX D (Cont.)

(4) The holder of a. permit to take shellfish from tide- (14) Clam harvest machines operating in coarser sub.
lands by mechanical means shall limit operations to pri- strate material where more than 10% of the substrate
vately owned or leased land. material is above 500 microns in size, shall have a max- F
(5) The taking of clams from bottoms under navigable imum harvest head width of 4 feet (overall) and a maxi-
water below the level of mean lower low water by any mum pump volume as specified by the department of
mechanical device shall be prohibited except as author- fisheries commensurate with a ba:sic hydraulic relation-
ized by the director of fisheries. Within the enclosed ship of 1,252 gpm at 45 pounds per square inch, pressure
bays and channels of Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de to be measured at the pump discharge.
Fuca, Grays Harbor and Willapa Harbor, the operators (15) All clam harvest machine operators must submit
of all mechanical devices shall confine their operations accurate performance data showing revolutions 'per
to bottoms leased from the Washington Department of minute, gallons per minute, and output pressure for the
Natural Resources, subject to the approval of the direc- water pump on their machine. In addition, they shall
tor of fisheries. The harvesting of shellfish from bottoms furnish the number and sizes of the hydraulic jets on the
of the Pacific Ocean westward from the western shores machines. If needed, the operator shall thereafter modify
of the state shall not be carried out in waters less than the machine (install a sealed pressure relief valve) as
two fathoms deep at mean lower low water. In said wa- specified by the department of fisheries to conform with
ters more than two fathoms deep the director of fisheries values set forth in either WAC 220-52-018(12) or
may reserye all or certain areas thereof and prevent the WAC 220-52-018(13). Thereafter, it shall be illegal to
taking of shellfish in any quantity from such reserves make unauthorized changes to the clam harvester water
established on the ocean bottoms. pump or the hydraulic jets. Exact description of the
(6) The operator shall keep an accurate log of opera- pump volume, maximum pressure and number and size
tions indicating location, time of digging, species and of the hydraulic jet for each harvester machine shall be
quantities of clams, and other pertinent data in regard to included in the department of fisheries' clam harvest
production and operations as requested by the depart- permit. All existing clam harvest machines must com-
ment of fisheries. This log shall be available to agents of plete the needed steps to comply with the provisions of
the department of fisheries at all times. this regulation no later than July 1, 1976.
(7) Noncompliance with any part of these regulations (16) All clam harvest machines shall be equipped with
or with special requirements of individual permits will a 3/4-inch pipe thread tap and valve that will allow
result in immediate cancellation of and/or subsequent rapid coupling of a pressure gauge for periodic testing
nonrenewal of all permits held by the operator. by enforcement personnel.
(8) Applications must be made on the forms provided (17) Each mechanical clam harvester must have con-
by the department of fisheries and permits must be in trols so arranged and situated near the operator which
the possession of the operator before digging will allow the operator to immediately cut off the flow of
commences. water to the jet manifold without affecting the capability
(9) All permits to take or harvest shellfish by me- of the vessel to maneuver. [Order 76-152, � 220-52-
018, filed 12/17/76; Order 1258, � 220-52-018, Filed
chanical means shall expire on December 31 of the year 8/25/75; Order 807, � 220-52-018, riled 1/2/69, effec-
of issue. tive 2/l/69. Formerly WAC 220-52-010(2).]
(10) All mechanical clam harvesting machines must
have approved instrumentation that will provide deck
readout of water pressure.
(11) Effective July 1, 1977, all mechanical clam har-
vest machines must have approved instrumentation that
will provide deck readout of:
(a) Depth of cut.
(b) Harvest head angle with bottom.
(12) All clam harvest machines operating on intertidal
grounds where less than 10% of the substrate material is
above 500 microns in size must be equipped with a pro-
peller guard suitable for reducing the average propeller
wash velocity at the end of the guard to approximately
25% of the average propeller wash velocity at the pro-
peller. The propeller guard must also be positioned to
provide an upward deflection to propeller wash.
(13) Clam harvest machines operating in fine sub-
strate material where less than 10% of the substrate
material is above 500 microns in size, shall have a max-
imum harvest head width of 3 feet (overall) and the
maximum pump volume as specified by the department
of fisheries commensurate with the basic hydraulic rela-
tionship of 828 gpm at 30 pounds per square inch, pres-
sure to be measured at the pump discharge.

D-2

APPENDIX E

PERTINENT DNR LAWS AND REGULATIONS

79.01.576 Leasing for oyster beds, cultivating clams
79.01.568 Leasing beds of tidal waters for shellfish
cultivation or other aquaculture use. The beds of all nav- or other shellfish-Inspection and report.by director of
igable tidal waters in this state lying below extreme low fisheries-Rental and term. The commissioner. upon
tide. except as prohibited by Article XV. section I of the the receipt of an application for a lease for the purpose
Washington state Constitution. shall be subject to lease of planting and cultivating oyster beds or for the purpose
for the purpose of planting and cultivating thereon oys- of cultivating clams or other edible shellfish, shall notify
ter beds. or for the purpose of cultivating clams or other the director of fisheries of the filing of' the application,
edible shellfish, or for other aquaculture use, for periods describing the lands applied for. The director of fisheries
not to exceed ten years. shall cause an inspection of the lands applied for to be
Where the lands are used for the cultivation of OYs- made and shall make a full report to the commissioner
ters, the parcels leased shall not exceed fort), acres. of his findings as to whether it is necessary, in order to
Where the lands are used for the cultivation of clams protect existing natural oyster beds. and to secure ade-
or other aquaculture use, the department of natural re- quate seeding thereof. to retain the lands described in
sources may. in its discretion. grant leases for larger the application for lease or an% part thereof, and in the
parcels. event the director deems it advisable to retain the lands
Nothing in chapter 228, Laws of 1967. shall prevent or any part thereof for the protection of existing natural
any person frorn leasing more than one puree[, as offered oyster beds or to guarantee the continuance of an ade-
by the department. 11979 1 st ex.s. c 123 � 1. 1967 c 228 quate seed stock for existing natural oyster beds, the
� 1; 1963 c 79 � 1. 1961 c 73 � 9: 1951 c 27 1 � 39; 1927 same shall not be subject to lease. However, if the di-
e 255 � 142; RRS � 7797--142. Prior: 1899 c 136 rector determines that the land applied for or any part
Formerly RCW 79.20.010.1 thereof may be leased, he shall so notify the commis-
sioncr of public lands and the director shall cause an ex-
aminatidn of the lands -to be made to determine the
presence, if any, of natural oysters, clams or other edible
79.01.572 Leasing for oyster beds, cultivating clams shellfish on said lands. and to fix the rental value of the
or other shellfish-Wlio May lease--@-Applica- land for use for oyster, clam, or other edible shellfish.
tion-Deposit. Any person desiring to lease lands for cultivation. In his 'report to the commissioner. the direc-
the purpose of planting and cultivating thereon oyster tor shall recommend a minimum rental price for said
beds or for the purpose of cultivating clams and other land and an estimation of the value of the oysters, clams,
edible shellfish, shall file with the commissioner of pub- or other edible shellfish. if anv. then present on the lands
lic lands, on a proper form an application in writing applied for. The lands approved b%- the director for lease
@p of
signed 1)'y the applicant and accompanied by a ma may then be leased to the applicant for a period of nut
the land desired to be leased. describing the lands by less than five years nor more than ten years at a rental
inctes and bounds tied to at least two United States not less than the minimum rental rccormendcd b-, the
government corners. and by such reference to local ge- director of fisheries. In addition. before entering upon
ography as shall suffice to convey a knowledge of the possession of the land. the applicant ,hall paV the value
location of the lands with reasonable accuracy to persons of the oysters. clams. or other edible shellfish, if any,
acquainted with the vicinity. and accompanied by a de- then present on the land as determined by the directo'r.
posit of ten dollars which deposit shall be returned to the plus the expense incurred by the director in investigating
applicant in case a lease is not granted. 11967 c 163 � 5; the quantity of oNsters. clams. or other cdible shellfish-
1927 c 255 � 143, RRS � 7797-143. Prior: 1899 c 136 present on the land applied for. 11967 c 228 � 3. 1951 c
3, 5. Formerly RCW 79.20.020.1 271 � 40: 1927 c 255 � 144. Prior: 1927 c 255 �� 145,
1967 Act adopted to implement Amendment 42----Severabilhy- 147, 1923 c 59 1. 1899 c 136 3. 4. Formerly RCW
1967 c 163- See notes following RCW 64-16-005. 79.20.030.1

E-1

79.01.580 Leasing for oyster beds. cultivating clams 79.01.588 Leasing for oyster beds, cultivating clams
or other shellfish-Suricy and boundary markers. Be- or other shellfish-Reversion for use other than culti-
Core entering into possession of the leased lands the up- vation of shellfish. All leases of lands for the purpose of
plicint shall cause the same to be surveyed by a planting and cultivating oyster beds, clam beds, or other
registered land survc@or. and he shall furnish to the edible shellfish beds, shall expressly provide that if at
cornmissioner of' public lands and to the director of fish- any time after the granting of said lease, the lands dc-
cries a map of the leased premises signed and certified scribed therein shall cease to be used for the purpose of
by the registered land survey. The lessee shall also cause oyster beds. clam beds, or other edible shellfish beds,
the boundaries of the leased premises to be marked by they shall thereupon revert to and become the property
piling monuments or other markers of' a permanent na- of the state and that the same are leased only for the
ture as the director of fisherics maN direct. 11951 c 271 purpose of cultivating oysters, clams, or other edible
� 41 (adding a new section to 1927 c 255). Formerly shellfish thereon, and that the state reserves the right to
RCW 79.20.035.1 enter upon and take possession of said lands if at any
Registcrcd land survcyurs: Chapicr 18.43 RCW. time the same are used for any other purpose than the
cultivation of oystcrs. clams, or other edible shellfish.
79.01.584 Leasing for oyster beds. cultivating clams [1967 c 228 � 5; 1927 c 255 � 148; RRS � 7797-148.
or other shellfish-Renewal lease. The commissioner Prior: 1899 c 136 � 7. Formerly RCW 79.20.070.1
of public lands may, upon the filing of an application for
a renewal [case, cause the lands to be inspected. and if 79.01.592 Leasing for oyster beds, cultivating clams
he deem it for the best interests of the state to re-lease or other shelirish-Abandonment-Application for
said lands, he shall issue to the applicant a renewal lease other lands. If from any cause any lands leased for the
for such further period not exceeding ten years and un- purpose of planting and cultivating7 oyster beds, clam
der such terms and conditions as may be determined by beds, or other edible shellfish beds, shall become unfit
the commissioner. In case of an application for a re- and valueless for any such purposes. the lessee or his as-
newal lease it shall not be necessary for the lands to be signs, upon certifying such fact under oath to the com-
inspected and reported upon by the *director or fisheries missioner of public lands, together with the fact that he
and game. [1967 c 228 4; 1927 c 255 � 146; RRS � has abandoned such land, shall be entitled to make ap-
7797-146. Prior: 1923 c 59 � 1. Formerly RCW plication for other lands for such purposes. [1967 c 228
79.20.050.1 � 6; 1927 c 255 � 149; RRS � 7797-149. Prior: 1899 c
136 � 10. Formerly RCW 79.20.080.1

E-2

WAC 332-30-157 Commercial clam harvesting.

(1) commercial clam beds on aquatic lands shall be managed to produce an optimum
yield.

(2) The boundaries of clam tracts offered for lease shall be established and
identified to avoid detrimental impacts upon significant beds of aquatic
vegetation or areas of critical biological significance as well as prevent
unauthorized harvesting.

(3) The methods of harvest may only be those as established by law and certified
by the Department of Fisheries.

(4) Surveillance methods will be employed to insure that trespass as well as
off-tract harvesting is prevented.

(5) Harvesters must comply with all lease provisions. Noncompliance may result
in lease suspension or cancellation upon notification.

(6) Harvesters must comply with all applicable federal, state and local rules and
regulations. Noncompliance may result in lease suspension or cancellation
upon notification.

(7) If appropriate, the Department may secure all necessary permits prior to
leasing.

WAC 332-30-160 Renewable resources.

(1) Utilization of renewable resources is a preferred use of aquatic lands.

(2) The Department will foster renewable resource utilization through research
and development work, public education, land use allocation and resource
inventory.

(3) Depending on the activity involved and the stage of commercial development,
all necessary permits may be secured by the Department for specific sites
and activities before the sites are offered for lease.

(5) Tidelands, shorelands and beds of navigable waters, especially valuable now
and in the foreseeable future for renewable resource activities (such as
aquaculture, natural resource harvesting or electrical energy production),
shall be so designated and protected from conflicting human uses which would
limit their utility for this purpose.

(7) Commercial harvesting of wild stocks of shellfish shall be encouraged on
aquatic lands. Harvesting must be conducted in such a manner as to provide
an optimum yield of the crop within the harvestable resource base, to minimize
insofar as possible conflicts with other users of the water area and to have
insofar as possible a minimal impact upon the environment.

E-3

(10) Enhanced productivity of commercially and -recreationally important species
of aquatic life shall be encouraged on aquatic lands.

(11) The Department will work with other agencies through development and imple-
mentation of management plans to insure that commercial shellfish beds are
kept free of pollution and that as much as possible of the resource base
is available for harvesting.

E-4

APPENDIX F

DNR PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION OF A SUPPLEMENTAL EIS

WAC 332-40-695 [)raft and final supplements to a .WAC 332-40-485 Notice of public hearing on envi-
revised EIS. (1) in any case where the department is ronmental impact of the proposal. (1) Notice of all pub-
preparing a supplement to an earlier ["IS or to an EIS lie hearings to be held pursuant to WAU 332 -40 4XO(2)
prepared pursuant to NEPA, it shall prepare a draft shall be published in ;i newspaper ol' gcticr;il circulmion
supplemental EIS and comply with WAC 332-40 450. in the area where the pro@@icct will be impicniented. I or
Copies of' both the prior and supplemental EIS shall be nonproject actions the notice shall be published in the
maintained at the SEPA public infurination center, and general area where the department has its principal of-
copics of the prior EIS, as well as the suppicnient, shall ficc. The notice shall be published no later th 'an fivc
be transmitted to the consulted agencies which had not days preceding the hearing. For nonproject pro'posals
previously received it. having regional or state-wide applicability. copies of he
(2) Upon preparation of the draft ,upplemental HS, notice shall be transmitted to the Olvnipia bureaus of
the departiricrit shall comply with WAC 332-40--550 the associated press and united press international.
through 332 -40-580 and the final supplemental EIS, 1
(2) A notation of the licoring date mid location shall
with the earlier FIS, shall be regarded as a fi- be entered in the "EIS Available Register" maintained
togethet
nal FIS for all purposes of these guidelines. [Order 259, -it the department's SEPA public information center.
� 332--40-695, filed 6/10/76@ Order 257, � 332-40-695, JOrder 259, � 332 40 495, filed 6/10/76: Order 257. �
filed 5/21/76.1 332 40 485, filcil 5/21/76.1

WAC 332-40-450 Public awareness of availability WAC 332-40-460 Specific agencies to which draft
of draft EIS. Upon publication of the draft EIS. the re- EIS shall be sent. (I) A copy of each draft EIS shall be
sponsible official shall list the proposal in the lead agen- rnailed no later than the day that it is listed in the "EIS
cy's "EIS Available Register" maintained at the Available Register" to the following:
department's SEPA public information center. JOrder (a) The department of ecology.
259, � 332-40-450, filed 6/10/76; Order 257, � 332- (b) Fach federal agency having jurisdiction by law
40 450, filed 5/21/716.1 over a proposed action.
(c) Each agency having jurisdiction by law over, or
environmental expertise pertaining it) a proposed action,
as defined by WAC 332-40. 040 and 332-40-465 (re-
WAC 332-40-480 Public hearing on a proposal- quired by RCW 43.21C.030(2)(d)).
When required. (I) If a public hearing on the proposal is (d) Each city/count% in which adverse environmental
held pursuant to some other requirement of law, such effects identified in th@ draft EIS may occur if the pro-
hearing shall be open to consideration of the environ- posed action is implemented. (This subsection does not
mental impact of the proposal, together with any avail- apply to draft ElSs for nonprojcct actions.)
able environmental document. (e) Each local agency or political subdivision which
(2) In all other cases a public hearing on the environ- will be required to furnish additional public services as a
mental impact of a proposal shall be held whenever one result of implementation of the pruf')osed action.
or more of the following situations occur: (f) The applicable regional p 'anning commission, re-
(a) The department determines, in its sole discretion, gional clearinghouse, state-wide clearinghouse, or area-
that a public hearing would assist the department in wide council of government which has been designated
meeting its responsibility to implement the purposes and to review and coordinate local governmental planning
goals of SEPA and these guidelines; or, under the A-95 review process and other federal reguki-
(b) When fifty or more persons residing within the tions and programs [See RCW 36.64.080, RCW 35.63-'
jurisdiction of the department, or who would be ad- .070 and RCW 36.70.0701,
verscly affected by the cnvironniental impact of the pro- (g) The department's SL13A public information
posal, make written request to the dcpartnicrit within center.
thirty-five da@s of the listing of the proposal in the "EIS (h) [Optional] Any person, organization or govern-
Available Registcr"@ or, mental agency that has expressed an interest in the pro-
(c) When two or more agencies with jurisdiction over posal, is known by the departmen t to have an interest in
a proposal make written request to the department with- the type of proposal being considered, or receives gov-
in thirty-five days of the listing of the proposal in the ernmental documents (e.g., local and regional libraries)
EIS Available Register." may be sent a copy of the draft EIS.
(3) Whenever a public hearing is held under subsec- (2) An agency that receives a copy of the draft EIS
tion (2) of this section, it shall occur no later than fifty- does not become a "consulted agency" under these
one days from the listing of tile proposal in the "EIS guidelines due to that factor alone. [See WAC 332-40-
Available Register" and no earlier than fifteen days 040, 332-40-465, 332-40-510 and 332-40-520 for
from such da.te of listing. [Order 259, � 332-40-480, those provisions that define a consulted agency.] [Order
'i, ed 6/10/76; Order 257, � 332--40-480, filed 259, � 332-40-460, filed 6/10/76; Order 257, � 3321
5/21/76.1 40-460, filed 5/21/76.]

F-1

WAC 332-40-570 Preparation of the final Eis-
Contents -When no critical comments received on the
draft EIS. (1) If the department does not receive any
comments critical of the scope or content of the draft
EIS, the department may prepare a statement to the ef-
fect that no critical comments were received and circu-
late that statement in the manner prescribed in WAC
332-40-600
(2) The statement prepared and circulated pursuant
to subsection (1) above, together with the draft EIS
(which is not recirculated with the statement), Shall
constitute the "final EIS" for the proposal: provided,
That when the draft EIS was not circulated to the office
of the governor or the ecological commission, then the
draft EIS shall be attached only to the statement sent to
these agencies. Order 250, & 332 40-570, filed
6/10/76; Order 257 & 332-40-570, filed 5/21/76.)

WAC 332-40-580 Preparation of the final EIS-
Contents-When critical comments received on the
draft EIS. (1) When the department receives any com-
ments critical of the scope or content of the draft EIS,
whether made in writing or made orally at any public
hearing on the environmental impact of the proposal, it
shall comply with either subsection (2) or (3) below.
(2) The department may determine that no changes
are required in either the draft EIS or the proposal, de-
spite the critical comments that were received during the
commenting period. The department must prepare a
document containing a general response to the comments
that were received the text or summary of written com-
ments, and a summary of the oral comments made by
the public at any hearing held on the proposal or its en-
vironmental impacts. The department shall then circu-
late the document in the manner prescribed in WAC
332-40-600: Provided, That when the draft EIS was not
circulated to the office of the governor or the ecological
commission. then the draft EIS shall be attached only to
the statement sent to these agencies.
(3) The department may determine that it is neces-
sary and appropriate to rewrite the contents of the draft
EIS in order to respond to critical comments received
during the commenting period. In such instances, the
department shall circulate the rewritten EIS in the
manner specified in WAC 332-40-600. The department
shall ensure that the rewritten EIS evidences an affir-
mative response by the department to the critical com-
ments, or alternatively, contains a summary of those
critical comments with which it does not agree.
(4) A document prepared and circulated pursuant to
subsectin (2) or (3) above shall constitute the "final
EIS" for the proposal. (order 259.& 332-40-580, filed
6/10/76; Order 257 & 332-40-580, filed 5/21/76)

WAC 332-40-600 Circulation of the final EIS. The
final EIS shall be circulated to the department of ecolo-
gy, office of the governor or the governor's designce, the
ecological commission, the department's SEPA public
information center, agencies with jurisdiction, and fed-
eral agencies with jurisdiction which received the draft
EIS It shall be made available to the public in the same
manner and cost as the draft EIS. (Order 259. & 332-
40-600, filed 6/10/76; Order 257 $ 332-40-600, filed
5/21/76.)

F-2

APPENDIX G.

Table of major subtidal hardshell clam beds.

Bed location Area Estimated hardshell clam population (pounds).
(acres) Butter Littleneck Horse Total

1. Point Roberts 113 7,517,759 98,271 786,171 8,402,201

2. Point Roberts 48 6,893,326 754,286 1,278,094 8,925,706

3. Hale Passage 150 2,487,886 1,505,826 0 3,933,712

4. Hale Passage 166 1,514,843 649,218 0 2,164,061

5. Sinclair Island 280 7,305,012 852,251 0 8,157,263

6. Guemes Island 847 10,698,380 386,910 0 11,085,290

7. Port Angeles Hbr. 100 1,566,592 1,000,878 913,845 3,481,315

8. Green Point 467 10,171,260 1,627,402 1,830,827 13,629,489

9. Dungeness Spit 356 13,162,743 2,447,693 3,251,972 18,862,408

10. Dungeness 20 270,072 174,240 740,520 1,184,832

11. Sequim Bay 44 979,708 288,149 845,238 2,113,095

12. Dallas Bank 375 4,899,193 0 0 4,899,193

13. Port Discovery 39 152,895 509,652 169,884 832,431

14. Port Discovery 21 118,918 155*509 0 274,427

15. Lagoon Pt. North 138 4,087,670 240,451 60,112 4,388,233

16. Laggon Pt. South 164 4,357,742 500,068 142,876 5,000,686

17. Port Townsend Canal 28 1,719,748 414,691 2,097,849 4,232,288

18. Midchannel Bank 46 179,746 199,940 19,994 399,680

19. Marrowstone Island 110 1,054,152 479,160 1,341,648 2,847,960

20. Kilisut Hbr. North 373 3,412,970 6,500,894 5,525i760 15,439,624

21. Kinney Point 156 2,920,132 407,460 67,910 3,395,502

22. Mats Mats Channel 25 713,513 76,480 - 790,353

23. Colvos Rocks 96 2,179,045 377,571 125,714 2,681,901

24. Colvos Rocks 103 1,304,927 269,985 0 1,574,912

25. Hood-Head 42 640,332 109,771 0 750,103

G.- I

APPENDIX G. (Cont.)

Bed location Are a Estimated hardshell clam population (pounds).
(acres) Butter Littleneck Horse Total

26. Port Gamble 85 554,083 36.939 73,633 644,655

27@ Squamish Harbor 155 2,222,344 .336,828 471,406 3,030,469

28. Squamish Harbor 6 172,498 5,227 91,476 269,201

29. Lofall 117 1,783,782 101,930 305,791 2,191,503

30. Brown Point 4 339,332 1,655 67,866 408,853

31. Bangor Wharf 5 75,751 10,237 24,568 110,556

32. Bangor Wharf 19 401,275 40,946 106,461 548,682
33'. Bangor Wharf 7 191,316 6,273 18,818 216,407

34. Kings Spit 10 139,426 8,451 101,408 249,295

.35. Dabob Bay 45 1,117,314 39,204 176,418 1,332,936

36. Fulton Creek 54 3,228,537 23,566 329,923 3,582,026

37. South Hood Canal so 1,498,464 34,848 209,088 1,742,400

38. Indianola 1 59,677 3,049 74,488 137,214

39. Port Madison 31 1,404,157 160,475 0 1,564,632

40. Agate Passage 140 5,072,518 3,116,849 5,500,321 13,689,688

41. Agate Pass 30 1,372,140 692,604 1,267,596 3,332,340

42. Port Orchard 66 742,959 942,987 428,630 2,114,576

43. Port Orchard 27 269,506 515,576 11,718 796,800

44. Port Orchard 7 70,916 83,809 19,341 174,066

45. Liberty Bay 51 1,0820161 1,015,906 331,274 2,429,341

46. Sinclair Inlet 2 13,939 25,265 23,552 62,726

.47. Dyes Inlet 101 1,407,859 307,969 0 1,715,828

TOTAL 5,350 113,528,528 27,567,171 28,832,160 169,927,859

G-2

APPENDIX H

Example of DNR Agreement

For Subtidal Hardshell Clam Harvest

The DNR harvest agreement if being revised. When available, copies
will be sent to those listed in Appendix C.

H-1

APPENDIX I. Example of WDF Harvest Permit.
77A, 7A.

JOHN SPELLMAN ROLL@ND A. SCHMITTEN
Governor Dir,

STATE OF WASHINGTON
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
115 GeneralAdministration Building * 0iympJa,Washtngton98504 (206),753-6600 (SCAN)234-6600

EXPERIMENTAL PERMIT TO-OPERATE A, CLAM HARVESTING MACHINE

PERMIT NO. 81-07

The purpose of this perTnit is to allow further development and testing of
the new clam harvester. Operations are permitted at Colvos Rocks during-
the first half of the permit period and-at Kil.isut Harbor during the second
half of the permit period. The operator is to notify the Point Whitney
Shellfish Laboratory of each day's operation. Additional diver observations
of the operating characteristics of the vessel are to be made at a mutually
arranged time while the vessel is.in Kilisut Harbor.

This permit authorizes Sea Foods, Inc., Pier 54, Seattle, WA 98104, to use
a mechanica'I device known as a hydraulic harvester to harvest 6ams on an
experimental basis for a 40-day time period.

The device, operated under terms of this permit, shall be attached to the
motor vessel "KEEP CLAM" ar(d this pe'rmit shall be carried on board this
vessel at all times when clam harvest operations are in progress.

Prior to harvesting on the following described area, markers shall be
erected to clearly designate the limits of the leased grounds. A minimum
number of markers shall be one at each corner and angle of the tract boun'dary
lines, and at intervals between corner markers so that the interval between
markers shall,:in no case exceed 500 feet. A marker shall consist of a pole
sunk in the ground or bottom at a sufficient depth to stand upright, tall
enough to project above the water at all stages of the tide, and equipped
with a flag. Buoy markers may be substituted for pole markers provided
they are sufficiently sturdy and well moored to form a permanent-type
marker. Said markers shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the
k'
weather and remain upright or in position until harvesting operations are
concluded under the terms of this permit. Special marking procedures agreed
upon between the Department of Natural Resources and Jefferson County shall
be used at all time! when operation is occurring i-n Kiiisut Harbor.
COLVOS ROCKt, JEFFERSON COUNTY

Described approximately as follows:

A 70-acre tract of the.bed of navigable waters lying in front of Section 4,
Township 28 North, Range I East, W.M., in the vicinity of Colvos Rocks and
further described in state of Washington lease No. 10560.

KILISUT HARBOR, JEFFERSON COUNTY

Described approximately as follows:

This tract comprised of approximately 132 acres of the bed of navigable waters

Experimental Clam Harvest Permit No. 81-07
Sea Foods, Inc.
Lease No. 10560, Colvos Rocks and
Lease No. 9112A, Kilisut Harbor
Page 2

described as follows: Those portions of the bed of Kilisut (Long) Harbor,
owned by the state of Washington, situate in front of Government Lots 5 to PF
8 inclusive and southerly side of Government Lots 1 to 3 inclusive, Section
18; and Government Lots 1, 2 and 6, Section 19, all in Township 30.North,
Range'l East, W.M., included within the limits of the two 'tracts and as
further described in state of Washington lease no. 9112A. PF
This permit is applicable only to the tracts described above, and is valid
only during such time as a valid Southern Puget Sound District clam farm
license, a mechanical clam gear license, and a lease or other agreement
between the permit holder and owners are in effect.
NOTE: It shall be unlawful for any license to be operated or caused to
be operated by any person other than the person listed on the.
license.
Number of je-ts: 21 Jet diameter: 1/2 inch

This permit is subject to the attached conditions.

This permit expires: November 29, 1981.

October 19, 1981
Date Roltand tten, Director
Washington De tment of Fisheries

CT
XQ.S: Qch m Lit t c

1-2

Company: Sea Foods, Inc.
Permit No. 81-07
Vessel(s) KEEP CLAM

THIS PERMIT IS SUBJECT TO THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS:

1. For each week's operation, the harvester must successfully harvest the clams
without smashing them, destroying seed clams, or without other damage to the
clam habitat. Breakage of clams shall not exceed 15%.

2. The harvester must leave the ground in good condition for future crops of
clams, the maximum depth of the harvester cut must not exceed 24 inches, and
care shall be exercised to ensure the cut is no debper than that necessary to
effectively.harvest the clams.

3. Damage to other important animal and plant"populations must be, in- the judge-
ment of the Department of Fisheries, at an acceptable minimum.

4. Operation of the harvester does not create problems with water quality, pri-
marily in respect to silt.

5. The harvester will be operated in a manner to minimize blow-out of clams on
the bottom and obtain maximum return of the substrate material into the cut.

6. In an effort to minimize wastage of small clams, long single harvest transects
will be avoided. Operation will be confined to smaller areas that can be more
completely worked before going on to new areas.

7. This permit does not authorize the harvesting or use of the device on pbblic
beaches, State lands not under lease, private lands not under lease., or on
any of the shellfish reserses.

8. Nothing in this permit shall be construed to mean that the permittee is exempt
from compliance with the trespass laws or any other valid law or regulation of
any governmental agency.

9. A harvest log, available from the Department of Fisheries, shall be on board
the vessel during each time the harvester is in operation and shall be made
out at the end of each day of harvest. The record shall include the daily
catch.in pounds or bushels, by species for the harvest location, and shall be
mailed to the Director of Fisheries by the 10th of the following month.
10. It shall be the responsibility of the operator to cease 'harvest operation at
any time it appears that improper operation is occurring, or that the opera-
tion is not in compliance with the above listed permit requirements. Prior
to resumption of harvest, the operator must complete needed repairs; notify
the Department, an.d-receive approval for resumption of activities.

11. This permit is subject to revocation at any time the Director of Fisheries
deems such action to be in the best interest of proper management of the
fisheries of the state of Washington, for any violation of the terms of this
permit, or the Revised Code of Washington'.

1-3

14U C@CZH Z-5q-7/OV"'.

DATE E

GAYLORDINo. 2333 PRINTED IN U.S.A.

36 141073884