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The 1990 National Shellfish Register of Classified Estuarine Waters U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceantic and Atmospheric Administration Natinal Ocean Service SH365 .A3N5 1991 Cover Photo: Cultured Blue Mussels, Rhode Island by Joseph H. Bailey Copyright National Geographic Society The 1990 National Shellfish Register of Classified Estuarine Waters Strategic Assessment Branch Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 6001 Executive Boulevard Rockville, Maryland 20852 July 1991 LIBRARY N0AA/CCEH FEB 19 1996 1990 HOBSON AVE. CHAS, SC 29408-2623 SH Project Team draft materials were provided by Charles N. Ehler of NOAA, T.C. Dorothy L. Leonard Siewicki of NOAA (NMFS), David Eric A. Slaughter Dressel of the Food and Drug Adminis- tration, Carin Bisland of the Paul V. Genovese Environmental Protection Agencil Sharon L. Adamany Donald Steffeck of the U.S. Fish and Christopher G. Clement Wildlife Service, and Roy Martin of the National Fisheries Institute. Report Team The 1990 Register was produced in In addition to the Project Team, a cooperation with the Interagency Task special Report Team was assembled Force on Shellfish-Growing Waters and managed by Daniel J. Basta, who which includes NOAA, the Food and also provided editorial guidance. Drug Administration, Environmental Maureen A. Warren conducted com- Protection Agency, and U.S. Fish and prehensive reviews of all draft material Wildlife Service. and coordinated production. Davida G. Special appreciation is extended to the Remer prepared and managed graph- many State public health, natural ics and tables for the report. Carol M. resource management, and wildlife Blackwell placed and edited all copy enforcement officials who provided and graphics, and prepared the their data and expertise throughout the camera-ready document. John J. Register process. Their participation McDonough III selected and placed the made this report possible. photography and helped design the cover. Mitchell J. Katz designed the original layout, conducted the final copy edit, and coordinated printing. The Project Team prepared the original drafts and conducted quality control reviews of all final narrative and data in the report. Acknowledgements This report is a result of the dedication of many individuals in NOAA's Strate- gic Assessment Program. In addition to the Report Team, Donald W. Field, Timothy R. Goodspeed, Thomas J. Culliton, Daniel R. G. Farrow, Anthony S. Pait, and Vernon R. Leeworthy provided supporting information on wetlands, estuaries, population, pollution, and recreation. Reviews of Introduction The 1990 National Shellfish Regis- by five fisheries management districts. ter of Classified Estuarine Waters Non-estuarine shellfishing areas (Register) describes declines in extending seaward to the three-mile estuarine water quality, decreases limit (offshore areas), account for in the acreage of approved mollus- about 1.5 million acres and are treated can shellfish-growing waters, and separately. continuing declines in the Nation's shellfish harvests. Relationships Register Process. The 1990 Regis- between these declines are dis- ter is the culmination of five years of cussed. Although declines in any data collection and analysis. Following given year, and even from 1985 to the 1985 Register, shellfish-growing 1990, are not dramatic, an almost waters were aggregated by estuary inexorable trend that threatens to according to NOAA's NEI (NOAA, destroy the harvest of wild or 1985). The classifications of natural shellfish continues through- shellfishing areas could then be out the Nation's coastal areas. considered in conjunction with human activities and natural conditions The Register has recorded changes in across entire watersheds. This the classification of molluscan shell- expansion of the Register data base fish-growing waters since 1966, when resulted in a series of regional reports there were nine million acres of produced between 1988 and 1990 estuarine waters classified (Table 2). that clarified: (1) classifications of Produced every five years, the shellfishing areas; (2) water quality Register has evolved from a tabular trends; (3) pollution sources affecting report on classifications to a detailed classifications; (4) State program analysis supported by an electronic resources; and (5) trends in landings. data base and mapping system developed by the National Oceanic The 1990 Register process began in and Atmospheric Administration February 1990, when NOAA initiated (NOAA). investigations with State shellfish management agencies (Alaska and The 1990 Register covers 3,172 Hawaii were added to the survey and shellfishing areas encompassing 18.7 Pennsylvania was deleted). Data million acres of classified estuarine were collected on classified areas and and offshore waters in 23 states. The compiled on 280 NOAA nautical data are aggregated by 122 estuaries charts. Data also were collected on and sub-estuaries, most of which are pollution sources, shoreline surveys of identified in NOAA's National Estua- actual and potential pollution sources, rine Inventory (NEI) (Appendix A). water quality sampling results, com- The current NEI does not contain data mercial shellfish landings, program for Alaska and Hawaii. For Alaska, budgets, and personnel. the data in the Register are organized The 1990 National Shellfish Register ,Table 1 Classifications for Commercial Shellfish-Growing Waters a Approved (APP) Waters may be harvested for direct marketing at all times. Conditionally Waters do not meet the criteria for approved waters if subjected Approved (CON) to intermittent microbiological pollution, but may be harvested when criteria are met. Restricted (RES) Waters may be harvested if shellfish are subjected to a suitable purification process. Prohibited (PRO) No harvest for human consumption at any time. a. Harvest-limited refers to the sum of shellfish-growing waters that are classified Conditionally Approved, Prohibited, and Restricted. The 1990 classified areas were public health. The NSSP is a coop- compared with those for 1985. erative program involving states, Changes in acreage were estimated industry, and the Federal government. and entered into the Register data Since 1983, it has been administered base. Newly classified areas including through the Interstate Shellfish all areas in Alaska and Hawaii were Sanitation Conference (ISSC). The measured with an automated planime- ISSC was formed to promote shellfish ter. All chart sanitation, adopt data used in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program uniform proce- Register are dures, and being digitized to The NSSP assumes that a relationship develop compre- provide precise exists between pollution from human hensive guide- acreages and a activities, shellfish-growing waters, and lines to regulate digital map data human disease. Pathogens (disease- the harvesting, base to replace causing bacteria or viruses) may enter processing, and the manually waters throuah direct discharges of shipping of maintained untreated or poorly treated human shellfish. wastes or through nonpoint runoff from charts. A streets, farms, or construction sites. supplement to Bivalve molluscs, such as oysters, filter The NSSP the 1990 Regis- large volumes of water, and concentrate requires each ter that presents pollutants and pathogens. state to classify data on each shellfish -growing shellfishing area is in preparation and waters using sanitary surveys that: (1) will be available from NOAA. identify actual or potential pollution sources; (2) evaluate hydrology and Classifying Waters to Protect meteorology affecting pollutant Public Health. The National Shellfish transport; and (3) sample waters for Sanitation Program (NSSP) classifies bacterial quality (at least five times shellfish-growing waters to protect' annually for each station). Waters are 2 The 1990 National Shellfish Register classified into four categories de- prohibited waters; there was no scribed in Table 1. Table 2 shows correlation between coliform bacteria estuarine acres classified since 1966. levels and Vibrio (Blake and Roderick, 1983). Deaths linked to out-of-state Public health concerns also focus on shipments suggest that handling and changing environmental conditions transport time may affect the pathoge- that affect pathogens, density and nicity of the organisms. distribution of human pathogens, harvest practices, and the increasing Marine Biotoxins. Shellfish-growing risks of human disease (FDA, 1990). waters may be affected by blooms of certain species of dinoflagellates or Enteric Diseases. For nearly a diatoms. Blooms which produce century, shellfish have been recog- marine biotoxins can cause a variety nized as vehicles of foodborne enteric of human illnesses. On the North disease. Although the implementation Atlantic Coast, paralytic shellfish of the NSSP in 1925 led to the control poisoning (PSP) is caused by of bacterial pathogens such as Alexandrium tamarense, which cholera and typhoid fever, the occur- rence of shellfish-associated viral Table 2. Classified Estuarine Acres diseases (10,384 cases through 1989) (x 1, 000), 1966-1990 has increased (G. Richards, Pers. Comm.). For example, since 1961 State 1966 1971 1974 1980 1985 1990 almost 1,400 cases of oyster- and Maine 352 1,045 1,045 1,045 1,034 902 clam-associated hepatitis A have New Hampshire 0 0 0 11 13 13 been documented nationally. Massachusetts 39 344 344 304 312 406 Rhode Island 96 127 127 128 135 135 Vibrio Bacteria. Vibrios are a group of Connecticut 63 318 318 392 425 357 bacteria found naturally in saline New York 551 632 632 1,021 1,096 1,077 New Jersey 520 395 395 395 392 403 coastal waters. Recent outbreaks Delaware 214 233 233 230 231 231 (334 cases between 1973 and 1987) Maryland 1,198 1,454 1,318 1,424 1,375 1,375 have been associated with Vibrio Virginia 1,412 1,443 1,444 1,498 1,5715 1,575 cholerae, V. vulnificus, and North Carolina 973 1,991 1,990 2,126 2,245 2,286 V. parahaemolyticus. Ingestion of South Carolina 183 275 276 2-79 279 279 Vibrio can cause gastroenteritis and Georgia 141 204 204 204 168 168 even death, particularly in compro- Florida 1,250 1,768 1,767 930 961 1,206 mised patients. In 1988, 43 cases of Alabama 405 356 356 373 354 371 V. vulnificus were reported, resulting Mississippi 122 1(lS 106 390 433 434 in 18 deaths nationwide (Centers for Louisiana 1,011 1,763 2,468 1,781 3,358 3,394 Disease Control, 1989). However, Texas 486 1,109 1,109 1,136 1,851 1,897 California 7 278 278 274 110 129 only 27 cases and twelve deaths were Oregon 6 29 28 39 39 36 linked to shellfish consumption (S. Washington 44 224 223 244 243 262 Rippey, Pers. Comm.). In Alaska ND ND ND ND 0 198 Apalachicola Bay (FL), V. cholerae Hawaii ND ND ND ND 0 Is have been found in approved and Total 9,071 14,097 14,662 14,223 16,626 17,152 3 -n Cb Washington Approved Maine Q) North New ,C Hampshire Conditional Atlant Restricted Massachusetts Oregon Sb Prohibited 5 CD Now York Unclassified zr Classification shown contitutes Pacific greatest percentage of acreage. Pennsylvania Rhode Island Data by estuary not available for Connecticut Alaska and Hawaii. Marylan New Jersey Delaware Middle California Virginia Atlantic South zz Carolina North Gulf of Mexico Carolin Mississippi G) Georgia 8 Alabama Texas South Atlantic orida Louisiana CA A The 1990 National Shellfish Register produces the neurotoxin saxitoxin. Table 3. Distribution of Classified Maine was the first state in the Nation Estuarine fttiers, 1985 to monitor for paralytic shellfish and 1990 poisoning. As a result, some of the State's productive shellfish-growing Percent Classified waters have been closed for most years since 1958. In the Pacific region, the main toxic species causing PSP is Protogonyalaux catenella. Region 85 90 85 901 85 90 85 90 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) North may result from a bloom of the Atlantic 87 69 10,29 1 1 2 1 dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis. Middle Atlantic 82 79 11: 13 3 4 44 Restricted to the west coast of Florida South until the late 1980s, P. brevis recently Atlantic 75 71 22, 21 3 4 <1 4 caused blooms in Texas and North Gulf of and South Carolina, and all four states Mexico 54 48 24 34 17 16 61 have developed monitoring and assay Pacific Q �3 140 31,18 111 1 5 1 programs at considerable cost. Total 69 631 19: 261 9 9 43 Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), caused by acid released from the diatom Nitzschia pungens has re- of biotoxin risks, and may ignore cently been identified in mussels from warnings if waters are not discolored. Canadian waters. The disease, which Accordingly, the majority of PSP has recently become a concern in the cases in the United States result from North Atlantic region, causes both the recreational harvest of clams and gastrointestinal and neurological mussels (Nishitani, 1988). .disorders, and is assayed using high performance liquid chromatography. National Overview Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), caused by several species of Information collected on the status of Dinophysis, has been identified in 3,172 individual shellfish-growing Japan, Europe, and Canada. Be- areas in the U.S. is presented for five cause the symptoms of DSP are easily confused with those of other enteric diseases, U.S. cases may Table 4. Classified Off'shore Acres have gone unreported. (X1_,000),_1990 Harvest- Through the use of NSSP marine state Approved Limited biotoxin guidelines which require Maine 884 0 monitoring and tissue assay, coastal states have generally succeeded in Massachusetts 349 45 eliminating toxic shellfish from com- New Jersey 206 59 mercial distribution. However, recre- California <1 <1 ational harvesters are often unaware Total 1,440 104 5 The 1990 National Shellfish Register Table S. Pollution Sources Affecting Harvest-Limited Acreage, 1990 ab North Middle South Gulf of Pacif ic Nationwide Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic Mexico Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Point Sources Sewage Treat Plants 238 67 641 57 374 44 973 27 75 25 2,307 37 Combined Sewers 21 6 224 20 0 0 211 6 0 0 457 7 Direct Discharge 1 <1 84 7 5 1 920 25 6 2 1,015 16 Industry 21 7 223 20 180 21 522 14 129 42 1,077 17 Nonpoint Sources Septic Systems 91 26 123 11 288 34 1,763 48 57 19 2,322 37 Urban Runoff 75 23 655 58 290 34 1,276 35 110 36 2,412 38 Agricultural Runoff 5 3 130 12 233 28 301 8 41 13 718 11 Wildlife 19 7 112 10 306 36 1,115 30 39 13 1,597 25 Boats 55 17 $53 31 146 17 507 14 47 15 1,113 18 Upstrearn Sources Sewage Treat Plants 2 1 104 9 9 1 1,174 32 45 16 1,334 21 Combined Sewers 0 0 5 <1 0 0 134 4 0 0 0 2 Urban Runoff 3 1 72 6 8 1 793 22 43 14 918 15 Agricultural Runoff 0 0 1 <1 0 0 435 12 0 0 436 7 Wildlife 0 0 28 2 35 4 210 6 0 0 273 4 a. Acres are times 1,000; % is percent of all harvest-limited acreage in region. b. Since the same percentage of a shellfish area can be affected by more than one source, the percentages shown above cannot be added. They will not sum to 100. coastal regions, 23 states, 122 Classified Acreage. Of the 17.2 estuaries, and in Alaska, five fisheries million acres of estuarine waters that management areas (Figure 1). The were classified for harvest as of total acreage of all estuarine growing January 1, 1990, 63 percent were areas is approximately 21.1 million approved for harvest and 37 percent acres; 81 percent of these (17.2 were harvest-limited (Table 3). Of the million acres) are classified for har- harvest-limited acreage, about nine vest. Information also is presented on percent was conditionally approved. an additional 1.5 million acres of classified offshore waters (from shore Four states have begun to classify to the three-mile limit). Classifications offshore waters, 93 percent of which for states and estuaries are provided are approved. Harvest-limited acre- in Appendices B and C. age (seven percent) in these areas is primarily a result of management 6 The 1990 National Shellfish Register closures due to insufficient State NSSP regulations requiring current resources for monitoring (Table 4). and complete sanitary surveys have not been met. Because State officials Although many states do not classify have promoted increased monitoring offshore waters, in 1989, NOAA's activities, the amount of harvest- National Marine Fisheries Service limited waters has increased nation- (NMFS) reported nationwide landings ally. Many states have developed of over 118 million pounds of mollus- conditional management plans for can shellfish caught within zero to areas with predictable water quality three miles offshore (NMFS, 1990). fluctuations. Implementing such plans Given the pollution discharges such often requires additional resources at as sewage outfalls, into these waters, a time when many states are reducing more offshore areas are likely to be their budgets. As the amount of classified as harvest-limited. harvestable area is reduced, industrial and political pressure may force states During the data collection process for to re-open harvest areas which the 1985 and 1990 Registers, the require close surveillance. reasons an area was classified as Effects of Pollution Although man- harvest-limited The effect of a pollution source on shell- agement capa- were entered fish-growing waters depends on the bilities vary directly on the amount of coliform bacteria discharged, greatly from charts and later the dilution and dispersion factors, flushing state to state, analyzed. State ability related to tides and circulation, size about half are personnel were of the growing area, and the presence of able to survey interviewed to other pollution sources. and sample most determine areas with whether classification changes harvest potential while the rest leave between 1985 and 1989 were directly at least some productive waters related to changes in water quality closed because of inadequate man- (less than two percent), or were a agement resources. Several states result of management decisions (over survey and sample an area only if 98 percent). Water quality changes there are active leases or after a lease were supported by sanitary surveys application is received. that identify pollution sources, suc- cessful clean-up efforts, and sampling Pollution Sources Affecting Har- results. vest. Pollution sources affecting an area were identified primarily through Management decisions fall into three sanitary surveys conducted by State major categories: 1) those based on agencies. Only sources that signifi- increased monitoring; 2) those based cantly affect the classification of on political judgements; and 3) a shellfish-growing areas were identi- default position, where areas are fied. A pollution source may be classified as prohibited because identified in a sanitary survey despite 7 The 1990 National Shellfish Register Figure 2. Commercial Shellfish Landings for Selected Species, 1985-1989 a small contribution of coliform acreage in each estuary affected by bacteria. In the case of some each pollution source category is sources, additional shellfishing areas shown in Appendix D. may be classified as buffer or safety zones, anticipating plant closures or The effect of coastal development on bypasses, and in response to sea- shellfish-growing areas can be seen sonal increases in boating activity. by the increasing acreage adversely Table 5 shows the acres and percent affected by development-related of harvest-limited acreage in each pollution sources from 1985 to 1990. region adversely affected by 14 For example, the largest increases are pollution source categories. The attributed to urban runoff, increasing acreage and percent of harvest-limited from 23 to 38 percent of harvest- 8 The 1990 National Shellfish Register limited waters. The acreage ad- 32 million pounds of oysters annually versely affected by septic systems until about 1959 when a sharp decline increased from 22 percent to 37 began. By 1989, only four million percent. Pollution from septic sys- pounds were harvested from the Bay, tems is associated with continuing and in 1990 this dropped further to 3.7 growth in tourism and vacation home million pounds. development. Also indicative of accelerating pressures from coastal Even with an increase in aquaculture, recreation is the increase in waters the American shellfishing industry adversely affected by boating, up from seems no longer able to meet the 11 to 18 percent. Nation's demand for shellfish prod- ucts. Oyster imports increased from Recent Trends in Landings. Figure 21 million pounds in 1970 to 46 million 2 shows landings between 1985 and pounds in 1988, and other species 1989 for the four major species show similar trends (Virginia Sea harvested in each region. Data by Grant College Program, 1990). state are presented in Appendix E. In Despite price increases, the actual all regions, commercial harvests value of all U.S. landings of oysters, declined. By the end of 1990, Gulf of clams, and scallops has decreased (in Mexico oyster landings fell to 10.6 constant dollars) from $368 million in million pounds, making the Pacific 1985 to $360 million in 1989 (National region the leading producer at 10.8 Marine Fisheries Service, 1985; million pounds. National Marine Fisheries Service, 1990). A notable exception to declines is the increase in landings of scallops (non- Recreational Harvest. In 1985, about estuarine) along the Atlantic Coast. four million adults participated in This increase generally is attributed to recreational shellfishing for crusta- declines in estuarine abundance ceans and mollusks nationwide which has forced many fishermen to (NOAA, 1991 a). This added up to harvest offshore areas, and to recent over 28 million person-days of recre- fishing agreements between the U.S. ational shellfishing activities. Though and Canada. Pacific oyster landings data are not available on landings, have also increased slightly as a some states estimated that recre- result of successful aquaculture. ational landings were higher than commercial landings. Over one-fifth Commercial Harvest. Over the last of the fish and shellfish consumed three decades, commercial stocks of nationwide is derived from recre- wild estuarine shellfish have continued ational or subsistence fishing (Na- to decline nationwide despite restora- tional Academy of Sciences, 1991). tion efforts such as oyster reef replen- This high level of participation con- ishment, hatchery operations, and cerns State and Federal officials selective breeding. For example, because they do not have the re- Chesapeake Bay produced more than sources to monitor recreational fishing waters adequately. 9 The 1990 National Shellfish Register Major Causes of Declines in Land- have the potential for aquaculture, ings. Despite long-standing evidence especially on the Pacific Coast) were supporting greater restraint, over- closed or downgraded due to bacterial harvest remains a significant cause of levels or the lack of supporting decline in natural shellfish stocks sampling data. In addition, shellfish (Kennedy, 1983). Disease and continue to be routinely stressed by pollution are also major concerns low oxygen events caused by nutrient among natural harvesters and aquac- inputs from urban and rural sources ulturists. For example, after MSX and (Chesapeake Executive Council, Dermo reduced oyster populations in 1989). Chemical contaminants cause Chesapeake Bay, traditional seed direct damage to shellfish, including beds in the James and Choptank death and reduced recruitment rivers were opened. This placed the (Bender and Huggett, 1988). Im- remaining harvestable population at proved shellfish management and risk of being entirely eliminated replenishment programs are not likely (Hargis and Haven, 1988). to overcome these problems, and aquaculturists may not be able to use Disease. Beginning in the 1950s, the parasitic diseases MSX and Dermo Table 6. Status of Shellfish attacked oyster populations along the Management Programs, Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Since 1957, 1990a many significant mortalities have State Areas Acres Acres Acres/ occurred, especially during periods of Managed Classified Sampled Sampling drought and high salinity. Entire (X1,000) (%) Station populations have been wiped out in Maine 285 902 90 714 several estuaries. There has been New Hampshire 30 14 90 481 some success in producing MSX- Massachusetts 371 307 100 3,474 Rhode Island 78 136 100 567 resistant strains through selective Connecticut 131 358 100 888 breeding, but these strains were not New York 166 1,077 85 718 resistant to Dermo in Chesapeake New Jersey 251 403 100 167 Bay (Ford, pers. comm.). In recent Delaware 39 231 25 1,686 studies of shellfish mortality, viruses Maryland 226 1,375 100 1,937 have also been found as causative Virginia 269 1,575 100 788 agents (Comps, 1988). Preliminary North Carolina 232 2,287 100 1,610 findings suggest that the ability of South Carolina 86, 279 100 775 shellfish to withstand such infections Georgia 44 169 100 740 is compromised by environmental Florida 298 1,206 100 969 pollutant stresses (Anderson, 1988). Alabama 10 371 100 4,818 Mississippi 38 434 100 3,122 Louisiana 180 3,394 80 4,243 Pollution. Harvest areas are classified Texas 96 1,898 90 2,751 as approved if pollution levels are California 112 130 5 2,150 below minimum coliform standards. Oregon 4 -3 36 so $67 Many states reported that areas Washington 139 262 100 33 containing harvestable stock (or which Total 3,124 16,844 92 1,571 a. Estuarine shellfish-growing waters only. 10 The 1990 National Shellfish Register the natural waters directly without Conditionally approved areas are significant improvements in overall often the most productive, and closing estuarine water quality (Costagna, such areas typically reduces landings. 1987). The 11 states which had no budget increase between 1985 and 1990 State Programs (Appendix F) manage about 45 percent of the Nation's approved and The data compiled in the Register are conditionally approved acreage, and primarily a synthesis of the information also produce about 45 percent of the and knowledge accumulated on an Nation's total value of shellfish har- almost daily basis by State shellfish vest, management agencies. Conse- Each year since 1985 the Interstate quently, the quality of data presented Shellfish Sanitation Conference has is directly related to the resources expanded the NSSP regulatory available to conduct shellfish manage- guidelines that define the responsibili- ment responsibilities. Since State ties of State shellfish management resources vary, the availability and programs. In addition, the Congress detail of shellfish-related information is considering mandatory seafood varies. For example, sampling station inspection requirements. Given density ranges from just 33 acres per budget trends in State shellfish station in Washington to 5,288 acres programs since 1985, many states per station in Louisiana. Table 6 may not have adequate resources to shows how shellfish-producing states keep up with these expanding regula- compare in acres managed and tory demands. This could lead to survey and sampling activities. further administrative reductions in Appendix F provides data on budgets approved and conditionally approved and sampling stations. harvesting areas. Shellfish-growing waters classified as conditionally approved require the most management resources. These areas are opened or closed on the basis of rainfall or river stage estab- lished in a current FDA-certified plan. Plans for conditionally approved areas must be updated and supported by extensive sampling. Areas classified as approved do not require a manage- ment plan but do require sampling. State budget shortfalls usually lead first to a curtailment of field sampling and then to administrative down- grades in many conditionally approved (or even approved) areas. North Atlantic Figure 3. Classified Shellfish-Growing Waters, 1990 Maine New Hampshire Estuarine Drainage El Area Boundary Classified Shellfish Growing Massachusetts Waters (461 Areas) 12 North Atlantic In the North Atlantic region, 1. 1 Classified Shellfish-Growing million acres of estuarine waters Waters, 1985-1990. Approved were classified for shellfish harvest estuarine shellfish -growing waters in 1990 (Figure 3). This region declined from 88 to 69 percent of experienced the largest decrease in classified estuarine waters between percentage of approved estuarine 1985 and 1990. Over 352,000 acres shel/fish-growing waters nation- in the region are now classified as wide, from 88 percent in 1985 to 69 harvest-limited. In addition, a net of percent in 1990. In addition, Maine 10,000 non-productive acres were classified over 884,000 acres removed from the Register data base. offshore, all approved, and Massa- Decline& in approved waters occurred chusetts classified over 394,000 in Maine and Massachusetts, and acres offshore, of which 349,000 resulted in 219,000 acres being were approved. downgraded to harvest-limited classifi- cations. However, nearly 1.3 million Estuarine Shellfish-Growing Wa- approved acres were added offshore. ters. The North Atlantic region Table 7 shows classifications by state extends from the U.S.-Canada border for 1985 and 1990. in Maine to the tip of Cape Cod in Massachusetts. Estuaries in the Eight of the 15 estuaries in the region region are small, deep, and subject to had downgrades in classification of strong tidal forces. There are only shellfish-growing waters, while five about 1,200 square miles of coastal had upgrades. Approved acreage wetlands in the region (NOAA, outside estuaries in NOAA's NEI 1991 b). Consequently, habitat for increased by 8,000 acres. However, intertidal molluscan shellfish is limited downgrades occurred in while habitat for subtidal species such Passamaquoddy, Englishman, as scallops is excellent. The estua- rine water surface areas range from six square miles for the Merrimack Table 7. Distribution of North Atlantic River to 548 square miles for Cape Classified Estuarine Waters, Cod Bay. Five of the drainage basins 1985 and 1990 that most directly affect the quality of the region's shellfish-growing waters Percent Classified are dominated by metropolitan areas; the rest are largely rural, agricultural and forested (NOAA, 1990). Penobscot Bay has the most ap- State 85 90 85 90 85 90 85 90 proved shellfish-growing waters, 215,000 acres, followed by Casco ME 90 78 8 22 1 1 1 >1 Bay, with 113,000 acres. Appendix C NH 34 34 55 15 0 0 11 52 identifies the estuaries in the region and summarizes the status of shell- MA 70 36 25 62 <1 1 5 1 fish-growing waters in each. Total 88 69 10. 29 i 1 13 North Atlantic Table 8. North Atla Irific Pollut ion i management decisions based on Sources Affecting Harvest- increased sanitary survey and sam- LimitedAcreage, 1990ab pling activities. Significant water quality declines occurred in Hampton, Sources Maine New Massa- Little, and Rye harbors, and Cape Hampshire chusetts , Acres % Acres % Acres %: Cod Bay, and significant upgrades Point Sources occurred in the Winnicut, Oyster, and Sewage Treat Plants 115 57 9 loo 120 85 Bellamy rivers, and Little Bay. Combined Sewers 0 0 1 11 21 15 Pollution Sources Affecting Shell- Direct Discharge 0 0 0 0 1 1 fish-Growing Waters. The pollution Industry 11 5 4 44 9 6 sources affecting North Atlantic Nonpoint Sources shellfish-growing waters reflect the region's high population density in Septic Systems 82 40 2 22 7 5, areas such as Boston Bay, in contrast Urban Runoff 24 12 6 67 50 36 to low population density in areas Agricultural Runoff 0 0 6 67 5 4 such as Passamaquoddy Bay. Table Wildlife 0 0 6 67 19 14 8 shows the major categories of pollution sources affecting the har- Boats 17 8 5 56 38 22 vest-limited waters in the North Upstream Sources Atlantic region. Data on pollution Sewage Treat Plants 0 0 0 0 2 1 sources by estuary are provided in Combined Sewer 0 0 0 0 0 0 Appendix D. Urban Runoff 0 0 0 0 3 2 Sewage treatment plants affect 67 Agricultural Runoff 0 0 0 0 0 0. percent of harvest-limited areas. Wildlife 0 0 0 0 0 0 However, the region has the smallest a. Acres are times 1,000; % is percent of all harvest-limited number of point source dischargers, acreage in state. about 400. Of these, 59 are found in b. Since the same percentage of a shellfish area can be Great Bay and 69 in Boston Bay. The affected by more than one source, the percentages shown above cannot be added. They will not sum to 100. metropolitan area of Boston, with a population of over 2.5 million, impacts Narraguagas, Penobscot, Casco, shellfish-growing waters in both Saco, Boston, and Cape Cod bays. In Boston and Massachusetts bays. seven estuaries, additional acres were Sewage treatment plants affect the classified. The majority of these were most shellfish-growing waters, fol- prohibited acres in Penobscot, lowed by septic systems, industry, and Frenchman, Massachusetts, and urban runoff. In 1988, highly produc- Cape Cod bays, because most of the tive shellfish-growing waters (approxi- additional acres were classified as mately $315,000 annual harvest) were prohibited. closed in Boston Bay because of major malfunctions in the area's Most classification changes in Maine overloaded sewage treatment plants. and Massachusetts were a result of Boston has since begun construction 14 North Atlantic of a $6.1 billion plant as a corrective Canada. Figure 4 shows landings in measure. millions of pounds of meats for the principal harvested species for the In New Hampshire, all harvest-limited three states in the region. waters are affected by sewage treatment plants. However, harvest- Landings by State. Oyster landings limited waters are also significantly have been sporadic in Maine, rising affected by industry (44 percent) and from 49,000 pounds in 1985 to agricultural runoff (67 percent). The 138,000 pounds in 1986, and declin- effects of these sources have required ing to 69,000 pounds in 1989. Clam the State to close or restrict 64 landings declined from 4.5 million percent of its classified shellfish- pounds to less than three million growing waters. pounds. Over-harvesting and the closing of polluted shellfish-growing In contrast, pollution from septic waters have contributed to this systems affects almost as much decline. Maine's scallop harvest harvest-limited waters (40 percent) in increased from 813,000 pounds in Maine as do sewage treatment plants 1985 to 1.7 million pounds in 1989. (57 percent). Shellf ish-g rowing waters in all but one of Maine's eight estuar- The State classified over 884,000 ies are affected by septic effluent. As acres of offshore waters, and was the a result, towns have adopted dis- first to establish a plan for managing charge ordinances that restrict devel- episodes of marine biotoxins. . Maine opment in low-lying coastal areas. estimates that the closings imposed Developers in such places must add under the plan reduce harvest earn- sand filtration and chlorination to their ings by about seven million dollars septic systems. After 1992, any annually (Shurnway et al., 1988). In system that pollutes shellf ish-g rowing recent years, the occurrence of waters will be shut down by the State. blooms has increased temporally and geographically. Closures from Landings biotoxins have extended into surf clam and mussel-harvesting areas. The region's harvest has declined dramatically since the 1950s. Oyster There have been no commercial landings dropped from 219,000 harvests in New Hampshire since pounds in 1986 to 113,000 pounds in 1986. Only recreational harvest is 1989. Clam landings dropped from allowed in approved shellfish-growing 14.6 million to 8.3 million pounds, and waters. The State estimates that mussel landings dropped from 6.6 downgrades of shellfish-growing million pounds to 4.8 million pounds. waters and harvest restrictions over The exception is the scallop harvest, the last 20 years have resulted in an which increased from 11.7 million to 85 percent loss in harvestable 20.3 million pounds as a result of softshell clams and a 67 percent loss offshore fishing agreements with in harvestable oysters (Seiforth, pers. comm.). 15 North Atlantic Figure 4. North Atlantic Commercial Shellfish Landings for Selected Species, 1985-1989 Oyster landings, though sporadic, bacteria. Nevertheless, clam landings generally declined in Massachusetts declined by almost 50 percent from from 87,000 pounds in 1986 to 44,000 9.5 million pounds to 5.4 million pounds in 1989. Some of this decline pounds. This resulted, in part, from resulted from the closure of the the closure of several large shellfish- Taunton River to all shellfish harvest- growing areas in Boston and Massa- ing. To mitigate this closure, the State chusetts bays. Mussel landings from supervises a relay program which aquaculture operations and from moves clams from the Taunton River Nantucket Shoals were minimal. to approved areas in Cape Cod Bay. These clams are monitored for toxic Massachusetts also had a large chemicals as well as for coliform increase in scallop harvest, primarily 16 North Atlantic Recreational clam digging on the tidal flats of Maine is an important tradition and a concern to public health officials. 777 T, Courtesy of Robert E. Glika, National Geographic Society from newly classified offshore shell- fish-growing waters totaling 394,000 acres. Landings increased from almost 10 million pounds to over 18.5 million pounds between 1985 and 1990. 17 Middle Atlantic Figure 5. Classified Shellfish-Growing Waters, 1990 Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Connecticut New Jersey Maryland Delaware Virginia Estuarine Drainage Area Boundary Classified Shellfish Growing Waters (1,385 Areas) 18 Middle Atlantic In the Middle Atlantic region, 5.3 Classified Shellfish-Growing million acres of estuarine waters Waters, 1985-1990. Approved were classified for shellfish harvest shellfish-growing waters in the region in 1990 (Figure 5). Over 79 percent declined from 82 percent of classified were approved and 21 percent were waters in 1985 to 79 percent in 1990. harvest-limited. In addition, Now Downgrades occurred in all but two Jersey classified 265,000 acres of states (New Jersey and Virginia), and offshore waters, 78 percent of resulted in an additional 156,000 which were approved. This region acres being downgraded to harvest- ranks highest in the Nation in both limited classifications. Over one quantity of classified and percent- million acres are now classified as age of approved waters. harvest-limited in the region. In addition, over 78,000 non-productive Estuarine Shellfish-Growing. Wa- acres were removed from the Register ters. The Middle Atlantic region data base. Table 9 shows classifica- extends from Buzzards Bay in Massa- tions by state for 1985 and 1990. chusetts through Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. The region's coastal plain Eleven of the 21 estuaries in the estuaries are shallow and subject to region had downgrades in classifica- strong tidal circulation, creating an tion of shellfish-growing waters, while ideal habitat for molluscan shellfish. five had upgrades. Approved acreage Consequently, this region contains outside estuaries in NOAA's NEI more estuarine shellfish-growing declined by 26,000 acres. Declines waters (4.2 million acres) than any other. The region's estuaries vary in size from a surface water area of 32 Table 9. Distribution of Middle square miles for the Delaware Inland Atlantic Classified Estuarine Bays to 3,800 square miles for Waters, 1985 and 1990 Chesapeake Bay. The drainage Percent Classified basins directly affecting the quality of shellfish-growing waters are relatively Ap densely populated and contain large amounts of urban land (NOAA, 1990). State 85 90 85 90 85 90 85 90 Chesapeake Bay has the region's MA 92 54 8 45 1 1 0 0 largest drainage area, greatest freshwater inflow, and contains the Rl 71 69 14 12 15 15 0 4 most wetlands. Nearly halt of all CT 73 68 11 19 1 2 15 12 approved shellfish-growing waters in NY 7.5 75 19 17 7 8 0 0 the region are in the Bay. Appendix C NJ 59 60 31 30 5 5 5 6 identifies the estuaries in the region Per and summarizes the status of shell- DE 91 74 8 25 1 1 0 0 fish-growing waters in each. MD 96 911 4 3 0 5 1 1 VA 83 831 8 71 2 1 8 8 Total 82 791 11 131 3 19 Middle Atlantic Table 10. Middle Atlantic Pollution Sources Affecting Harvest Limited- Acreage, 1990 a,b Sources Massa- Rhode Connect- New York New Delaware Maryland Virginia chusetts Island icut Jersey Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Point Sources Sewage Treat Plants 10 11 23 55 78 68 212 79 109 67 14 23 16 13 179 68 Combined Sewers 4 5 7 17 26 23 135 50 52 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 Direct Discharge 0 0 9 21 7 6 68 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industry 0 0 6 14 8 7 1 <1 32 20 3 5 6 5 167 63 Nonpoint Sources Septic. Systems 8 9 2 5 7 6 11 4 34 21 4 7 32 26 25 9 Urban Runoff 11 13 7 17 61 54 250 93 121 74 5 8 38 31 162 61 Agricultural Runoff 0 0 1 2 2 2 5 2 23 14 11 18 60 49 28 11 Wildlife 8 9 0 0 5 4 11 4 32 20 15 25 40 33 1 <1 Boats 7 8 16 38 48 42 32 12 62 38 0 0 15 12 173 66 Upstream Sources 'Sewage Treat Plants 11 13 11 26 51 45 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 26 io Combined Sewer 0 0 0 0 3 <1 0 0 2 <1 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 Urban Runoff 10 11 17 40 9 8 0 0 5 3 o 0 5 4 26 10 Agricultural Runoff 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Wildlife 10 11 0 0 ' 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 a. Acres are times 1,000; % is percent of all harvest-limited acreage in state. b. Since the same percentage of a shellfish area can be affected by more than one source, the percentages shown above cannot be added. They will not sum to 100. took place in Buzzards, Great South, All states except Delaware conducted Delaware, and Chesapeake bays, and sanitary surveys and reclassification the Potomac, Chester, and Choptank activities between 1985 and 1990 that rivers. Declines were particularly resulted in slight increases in condi- significant in the latter two rivers which tionally approved waters. In Mary- contain Maryland's major oyster seed land, 63,000 acres were reclassified beds. However, Virginia's major from approved to conditionally ap- seed-producing area, the James proved during the period. New Jersey River, had an increase of over 11,000 was the only state to upgrade its acres of approved waters, almost all estuarine shellfish-growing waters upgraded from conditionally approved primarily on the basis of improved status. water quality resulting from 'he construction of new regional sewage treatment plants and ocean outfalls. 20 Middle Atlantic However, the State must now monitor region's estuaries (Fisher, 1989). and classify offshore buffer areas near These events and the associated outfalls. hypoxic conditions adversely affect the disease-resistance capabilities of Pollution Sources Affecting Shell- shellfish, and have resulted in reduc- fish-Growing Waters. Many of the tions in natural stocks (Anderson, pollution sources affecting Middle 1988). Atlantic shellfish-growing waters reflect expanding urbanization in the Industry, faulty septic systems, and region. Table 10 shows the major wildlife also contribute to the closure categories of pollution sources or restriction of shellfish-growing affecting harvest-limited waters in waters. Large quantities of pesticides Middle Atlantic states. Both sewage applied to agricultural lands in several treatment plants and urban runoff Middle Atlantic estuaries, along with affected about 57 percent of the other toxic discharges from industry harvest-limited areas. About 2,700 and urban runoff also affect many point source dischargers are located shellfishing areas (Costagna, 1988). in the region. This represents about 31 percent of all point source dis- In New Jersey, the removal of point charges in the Nation's coastal zone. source sewage pollution from inland Of the 900 municipal wastewater bays revealed that pollution from treatment plants in the region, 61 nonpoint sources also contributes percent are in the Hudson River/ significantly to harvest limitations. Raritan Bay and Chesapeake Bay estuarine drainage areas (NOAA, Landings 1990). Data on pollution sources by estuary are provided in Appendix D. As recently as 1959, the Middle Atlantic region led the Nation in the Continued growth of the region's harvest of oysters, and in total mollus- coastal population and an increasing can shellfish landings. However, demand for coastal recreation has since then, increasing urban pollution resulted in an increase in marina has closed many of the historically construction since 1985 (Judy, pers. productive areas in Raritan Bay, Long comm.). As a result, 31 percent of Island Sound, and Narragansett Bay. harvest-limited areas in the region are Over- harvesting, eutrophication, and affected by boating activities. The disease have also destroyed many greatest increases in affected acreage other formerly productive estuarine were in Chesapeake Bay and Long shellfishing areas. Consequently, Island Sound. declines in the overall landings of estuarine shellfish continued between Although agricultural runoff affected 1985 and 1990, despite increased only 12 percent of all harvest-limited aquaculture. Figure 6 shows landings acreage, it has been associated with in millions of pounds of meats of the eutrophication events in many of the principal harvested species in the six ma4or produqbgst@@eqion._ 21 Figure 6. Middle Atlantic Commercial Shellfish Landings for Selected Species, 1985-1989 New York Rhode Island Connecticut New Jersey Delaware Maryland Virginia mill'on POUInds 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 U) 6 - ul U 4 - ) 0 2 NO FOMM401 h e t ffimm No pommeLal hanest REM 60 < 40 20 999 Lmer @ial han Rst cf)6 0 I 4 0 No vm@4a] ha@ est 'I m m",ol he t U) 0.6 j LU CO 0.4 0.2 No omme@ial he est No I halt __j No Lomme@ial h@@V I No Lmmelal hajest eital laje,, Middle Atlantic Landings by Major Bays. Over 32 Only about 2,000 pounds of oysters million pounds of oysters were har- were landed annually between 1985 vested annually in Chesapeake Bay and 1989 in Rhode Island. Clam until 1959, when a major decline landings declined from about six began. MSX and Dermo were the million to just over four million pounds major causes of the loss (Ford, pers. during the same period. Scallop comm.). By 1989, landings were only landings declined from 22,000 pounds about four million pounds. This in 1985 to zero in 1986 because of decline has affected the ecology of the brown tide infections, and have not Bay and has impacted other fisheries been reestablished. as well (Har gis and Haven, 1988; Chesapeake Executive Council, A new management program has 1989). begun to revitalize the shellfish industry in Connecticut The State Delaware Bay experienced a similar legislature provided significant funds decline in oysters due to MSX begin- for reef restoration and regulatory ning in 1957. By the early 1970s, program expansion. The industry is harvest was at an all-time low. How- allowed to relay juvenile oysters from ever, after Hurricane Agnes in 1972 public grounds classified as restricted the oyster population recovered, only to private leases in approved waters. to be decimated again by MSX in the The program has also further stimu- early 1980s (Ford, pers. comm.). lated aquaculture operations. Oyster Over 640,000 pounds were landed in landings increased from less than one the Bay in 1980, declining dramatically million to almost two million pounds to 39,000 pounds in 1985. There was between 1985 and 1989. Over the no significant harvest in 1989. Reef same period, clam landings declined restoration has been unsuccessful, from 845,000 pounds to 710,000 although several northern beds may pounds. In 1987 a brown tide seri- recover in the 1991 season (Cole, ously affected scallop harvest, reduc- pers. comm.). Clam landings in the ing landings to 130,000 pounds. Bay also declined from over 500,000 pounds in 1985 to only 37,000 pounds Aquaculture has sustained the oyster in 1989. Declining harvest is compli- industry in New York, increasing cated further by the closure of many landings from almost 299,000 pounds shellfishing areas pending sufficient to 339,000 pounds between 1985 and resources to conduct sanitary surveys. 1989. However, the largest New York producer recently reported massive Landings by State. Buzzards Bay is mortalities in one of its growing areas. the only major Massachusetts Viral disease is suspected (Relyea, shellfishing area in this region. How- pers. comm.). ever, landings are low compared to other Middle Atlantic estuaries. Bay scallop landings in New York Oyster landings in the Bay fluctuated declined from 269,000 pounds in 1985 between 18,000 and 33,000 pounds to about 40,000 pounds in 1989, between 1985 and 1989. following a brown tide. However, 23 Middle Atlantic State officials expect the population to recover over the next two years. New York has the only sizeable mussel production in the region; landings increased from 154,000 pounds in 1985 to 585,000 pounds in 1989. With the support of 15 hatcheries, clam landings, primarily in Great South Bay, remain at about nine million pounds per year. New Jersey offshore waters provided the largest harvest of surf clams and ocean quahogs in the region, totaling over 71 m,illion pounds in 1989. New Jersey currently has 10 hard clam hatcheries and 30 growers, which should increase the hard clam land- ings in the near future. Scallop landings from offshore harvest in- creased from 1.7 million to almost four million pounds between 1985 and 1989. Although consumer demands for Maryland clams increased during the 1980s, landings decreased from 23 million pounds to eight million pounds between 1985 and 1989. Clam landings in Virginia declined from 14 million pounds in 1985 to nine million pounds in 1989. However, landings of scallops tripled to almost eight million pounds. This represents a trend away from declining estuarine species toward more abundant offshore species. 24 Middle Atlantic Only a few skipjacks remain, but are still the primary means of oyster dredging in the Maryland waters of Chesapeake Bay. p: '7 Courtesy of Emory Kristof, National Geographic Society 25 South Atlantic Figure 7. Classified Shellfish-Growing Waters, 1990 orth Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Estuarine Drainage Area Boundary Classified Shellfish Growing Waters (473 Areas) 26 South Atlantic In the South Atlantic region, 2.9 are dominated by forests. Appendix C million acres of estuarine waters identifies the estuaries in the region were classified for shellfish har- and summarizes the status of shell- vesting in 1990. Over 71 percent fish-growing waters in each. were approved and 29 percent harvest-limited. This region ranks Classified Shellfish-Growing second in the Nation in percent of Waters, 1985-1990. The South approved shellfish-growing waters, Atlantic region had the smallest net and third in percentage of approved change in classification and the waters. smallest net loss of approved waters between 1985 and 1990. Although Estuarine Shellfish-Growing Wa- classification changes took place in 12 ters. The South Atlantic region of the region's 18 estuaries, the net extends from North Carolina to change was only 140,000 acres. Of southern Florida. The estuaries of the this net change, 5,000 acres were region are shallow, and while they downgrades in previously approved receive 40 percent of the freshwater shellfish-growing waters, and 135,000 inflow on the entire Atlantic Coast, acres were additions to the classifica- they are more affected by wind- tion system (primarily in the restricted generated circulation than by tides or classification) from previously unclas- rivers (NOAA, 1990). Consequently, sified waters. the estuaries are moderately to highly susceptible to pollution retention. This The South Atlantic led all regions in region ranks third in amount of additional acreage classified as estuarine water surface area, 4,443 restricted. Florida added 65,000 square miles. Estuaries range in size restricted acres to support increases from a surface water area of nine in relaying and depuration operations. square miles for the North and South Similarly, South Carolina added Santee rivers to 2,949 square miles for Albemarle/Pamlico Sounds. The Table 11. Distribution of South latter contains over half of the region's Atlantic Classified Estuarine approved shellf ish-g rowing waters. In Waters, 1985 and 1990 both size and approved shellfish- growing waters, the Albemarle/ Percent Classified Pamlico Sounds estuary is second b b nationwide only to Chesapeake Bay. South Atlantic estuarine drainage 0 1Q,4 areas (EDAs) contain nearly 5.9 State 85 90 85 90 0 85 90 million acres of coastal wetlands, 1 1 85 9 second only to the Gulf of Mexico, NC 80 79 18 19 2 P 0<1 including the productive sea islands sc 72 69 24 17 3 3 011 complex of channels and marshlands GA 31 28 61 68 0 0 93 in South Carolina and Georgia. FL 35 19 32 20 33 30. <1 31 Sixteen of the 18 EDAs in the region I I I LT.--t., 75 71 122' 21 1 3 4 13 27 South Atlantic Table 12. South Atlantic Pollution Sources Affecting Harvest-Limited Acreage, 1990 ab North South Georgia Florida Carolina Carolina Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Point Sources Sewage Treat Plants 167 35 47 54 38 31 122 73 Combined Sewers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Direct Discharge 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 Industry 83 17 46 53 43 36 8 5 Nonpoint Sources Septic Systems 57 12 22 25 48 40 161 96 Urban Runoff 77 16 39 45 34 28 140 84 Agricultural Runoff 222 47 3 3 8 7 0 0 Wildlife 149 31 17 20 42 35 98 59 Boats 64 13 30 34 37 31 15 9 Upstream Sources Sewage Treat Plants 0 0 7 8 2 2 0 0 Combined Sewer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urban Runoff 0 0 6 7 2 2 0 0 Agricultural Runoff 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wildlife 0 0 19 22 16 13 0 0 a. Acres are times 1,000; % is percent of all harvest-limited acreage in state. b. Since the same percentage of a shellfish area can be affected by more than one source, the percentages shown above cannot be added. They will not sum to 100. 30,000 restricted acres for relaying Five of the 17 estuaries with classified purposes. North Carolina classified shellfish-growing waters had down- 1,000 additional acres as restricted. grades, five had upgrades, and seven Table 11 shows classifications by had no change. Approved acreage state for 1985 and 1990 in the region. outside estuaries in NOAA's NEI increased by 31,000 acres. Major Increased sanitary surveys and declines occurred in the Neuse River, sampling activities throughout the the North and South Santee rivers, region resulted in the addition of and St. Helena and St. Catherines/ 37,000 conditionally approved acres, Sapelo Sounds. Florida's Indian River the second largest regional gain in the estuary had the largest increase in Nation. classified waters. About 26,000 conditionally approved acres and 57,000 restricted acres were added to 28 South Atlantic the estuary from previously unclassi- the 17 estuaries with shellf ish-g rowing fied waters, This addition was the waters. As a result of intense popula- result of more intensive monitoring by tion growth, more than half of the , the State, as well as the emergence of region's sewage treatment plants are intensive clam culture within the found in Florida's Atlantic coast estuary. estuarine drainage areas. The natural harvest in these estuaries has been Many South Carolina estuaries had decimated, and harvest is recovering changes in classified acreage. In only through conservation and aqua- response to the growing clam culture, culture. For example, although the St. the State increased its survey and Johns River estuary is the fourth monitoring activities. As a result, largest in the region by surface water 16,000 additional acres were classi- area (165,120 acres), only 4,291 fied as restricted in the Santee River acres are classified, and just 19 and Charleston Harbor St. Helena percent of these are approved for Sound had the largest decrease in harvest. approved waters, and 28 percent of the estuary's shellfish-growing waters Nonpoint sources of pollution had the were removed entirely from the greatest effect on shellfish-growing Register data base as a result of over- waters. These sources are the most harvesting and habitat loss. difficult to control, and the effects are persistent because many of the Pollution Sources Affecting Shell- estuaries have weak circulation. fish-Growing Waters. The pollution Septic systems and urban runoff each sources affecting South Atlantic affect 34 percent of the harvest-limited shellfish-growing waters reflect the waters, the second highest rates in generally low population density the Nation after the Gulf of Mexico. across the region, the growth in Waters in 13 of the region's 17 tourism and second home develop- estuaries containing shellfish-growing ment, and the presence of several waters are affected by these sources. major urban areas such as The South Atlantic region ranks first in Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, the Nation in the percent of harvest- and Jacksonville. Table 12 shows the limited waters (17 percent) affected by major categories of pollution sources boating. These nonpoint source affecting the harvest-limited waters in effects reflect the impacts of growth in the South Atlantic region. Data on tourism, second home development, pollution sources by estuary are and seasonal population influx. provided in Appendix D. The South Atlantic ranked first among Sewage treatment plants affect 44 regions in the percentage of harvest- percent of the harvest-limited waters. limited waters affected by wildlife (36 The South Atlantic region ranks third percent) and agriculture (28 percent). in the Nation in the number of sewage Shellfish officials are concerned about treatment plants. They affect 14 of the effects of these pollution sources 29 South Atlantic Figure 8. South Atlantic Commercial Shellfish Landings for Selected Species, 1985-1989 on shellfish habitat as well as on public health. For example, the region Landings has the greatest intensity of pesticide The region's landings declined application to agricultural lands in the dramatically between 1985 and 1989. Nation (NOAA, 1990). Although Oyster landings declined from 1.6 human pathogens normally may not million to one million pounds, clams be associated with wildlife abd agricul- declined from 3.1 million to 1.7 million ture, the nutrients and toxics from pounds, and scallops from 10.4 million these sources do affect water quality to 3.4 million pounds. No mussels and shellfish habitat. This is espe- were landed during this period, cially true in the South Atlantic be- although South Carolina reported new cause of weak estuarine circulation. 30 South Atlantic landings of two offshore species, landings for this estuary declined from blood arc and whelk. Figure 8 shows 1.5 million pounds in 1985 to 306,000 landings in millions of pounds of pounds in 1989, due primarily to over- meats for the principal harvested harvesting. Also, conditionally ap- species for the four states in the proved waters increased by 26,000 region. acres and restricted waters by 57,000 acres. Landings by Major Bays. AlbemarlelPamlico Sounds is the Landings by State. In North Caro- largest oyster-producing estuary in the lina, oyster landings declined from South Atlantic region, and historically 545,000 pounds in 1985 to 530,000 has been the source of 60 percent of pounds in 1989, as a result of MSX, all landings in North Carolina. Land- Dermo, and red tide bloom effects. ings peaked at 1.4 million pounds in Clam landings remained constant at 1987 and declined to 530,000 pounds 1.3 million pounds, while scallop in 1989, due in part to MSX and landings declined from 456,000 Dermo. This suggests that the pounds to 84,000 pounds. Three of estuarine salinities varied abnormally the State's six estuaries had declines during this period. Although the in approved shellfish-growing waters classifications of shellfish-growing and three had increases. Four of the waters did not change significantly, six had increases in conditionally North Carolina expanded sampling approved waters. Consequently, the because of rapidly expanding devel- major reasons for declines were opment. disease, over- harvesting, and habitat loss. Several new clam hatcheries In 1985, South Carolina's Charleston have begun operations, and the State Harbor, St. Helena Sound, and Broad revised its leasing program in support Riverestuaries combined to produce of aquaculture initiatives. In Septem- over 745,000 pounds of oysters, but ber 1987, a bloom of the toxic di- only 75,000 pounds were landed in noflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis 1989. Like Albemarle/Pamlico occurred. The State closed 361,000 Sounds, these estuaries were affected acres of shellfish-growing waters for by MSX and Dermo, as well as red three months between Cape Hatteras tide blooms from the dinoflagellate and the South Carolina border (48 Ptychodiscus brevis. The decline also percent of the State's oyster beds). was influenced by over-harvesting and The economic loss was estimated to the net loss of 9,000 acres of ap- be $3.5 million. Most of the affected proved shellfish-growing waters. areas were re-opened within three months, The Indian River estuary produced the largest landings of clams and scallops Like many Atlantic Coast states, (calico) in the region, and nearly all South Carolina's oyster industry has landings of these species for the been damaged severely by a combi- Atlantic coast of Florida. Clam nation of over-harvesting, disease, 31 South Atlantic pollution, and habitat loss from coastal Oyster harvest in Florida increased development. Oyster landings from 28,000 to 134,000 pounds as a declined from one million pounds to result of hatchery operations. The 290,000 pounds between 1985 and number of planted seed oysters 1989. Only two of the State's once produced in hatcheries increased from numerous oyster-shucking houses 16 million in 1988 to 74 million in remain. Clam landings fluctuated 1990. The. scallop harvest declined between 108,000 and 240,000 from 10 million to 3.4 million pounds. pounds. The State has just begun The historically substantial clam operations at the Nation's largest clam harvest also declined significantly, hatchery. No scallop or mussel from 1.5 million Oounds in 1985 to landings were reported. Between 300,000 pounds in 1989. Decreases January and May 1988, South Caro- in Indian River resulted primarily from lina closed over 4,600 acres of over-harvesting. However, in the St. approved shellfish-growing waters Johns River and Biscayne Bay after discovering the red tide in its estuaries, the decline resulted from northern waters. The State currently pollution due to increases in urban is planting shell to revitalize its oyster population. Most of Biscayne Bay's beds, and is encouraging aquaculture shellfish-growing waters have been operations. removed entirely from classification. Still, clam hatchery operations have Georgia had the second smallest recently been initiated in Indian River shellfish harvest in the Nation. In and Biscayne Bay. 1989, oyster landings reached their highest level in five years, 46,000 pounds. Although Georgia's estuarine waters are high in nutrients and are relatively clean, restrictions on dredg- ing, access to reefs in tidal creeks, and the difficulty of removing oysters from large clumps has delayed development of the oyster industry. Leases for bid are rare because upland property owners' rights extend to the mean low water level, and all marsh lands are state-owned. In addition, the State's limited classifica- tion resources led to a policy that requires the closing of all shellfish- growing waters near urban areas. These same factors affect the clam harvest, which did not decline but varied greatly from 7,000 pounds to 64,000 pounds annually. 32 South Atlantic Recreational harvest of intertidal oysters in inland creeks in Georgia. DO < Courtesy of Bates Littlehale, National Geographic Society 33 M p 0 (D X 0 ississippi (D Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Florida S6 Estuarine Drainage Area Boundary Classified Shellfish Growing Waters (511 Areas) Gulf of Mexico In the Gulf of Mexico region, 7.1 Classified Shellfish-Growing million acres of estuarine waters Waters, 1985-1990. Approved were classified for shellfish harvest shellfishing areas in the region in 1990 (Figure 9). Forty-eight declined from 54 percent of classified percent were classified as ap- waters in 1985 to 48 percent in 1990. proved and 52 percent as harvest- Over 3.7 million acres now are limited. This region ranks first in classified as harvest-limited. In the Nation in both total acres of addition, almost 147,000 acres were classified estuarine shellfish- removed from the Register data base. growing waters and total acres of Declines in approved acreage oc- prohibited shellfish-growing wa- curred in Florida and Texas, while ters. Mississippi and Louisiana gained approved acreage. Alabama had no Estuarine Shellfish-Growing Wa- change in approved acreage, but ters. The Gulf of Mexico region added 17,000 acres, all classified as extends from the southern tip of prohibited. Table 13 shows classifica- Florida, west to the Texas-Mexico tions by state for 1985 and 1990. border. Estuaries in the region are generally the shallowest in the Nation, Fourteen of the 32 estuaries had net have the largest amount of water downgrades in classification while surface area (11,764 square miles), eight had upgrades. Ten estuaries receive the greatest freshwater inflow, had no net change in classification. and are the least influenced by tidal Approved acreage outside estuaries in circulation. The Gulf of Mexico NOAA's NEI increased by 14,000 contains the most classified shellfish- acres. Particularly significant were the. growing waters (7.1 million acres) in reclassifications from conditionally the Nation, and was the largest oyster-producing region. The region also contains more than half of the Table 13. Distribution of Gulf of Nation's coastal wetlands (16,600 Mexico Classified Estuarine square miles), and is generally the Waters, 1985 and 1990 least susceptible to pollution retention. Percent Classified b b b Gulf of Mexico estuarine drainage areas (EDAs) are strongly affected by hurricanes and rainfall, creating State 85 90 85 901 85 90 85,90 extremes in circulation, salinity, and upstream influences in the estuaries FL 28 15 33 35 39 43 0 5 (NOAA, 1990). Therefore, the region AL 16 15 24 28 60 57 0 0 contains 73 percent (1.2 million acres) /7Per C? 8 549 @O of the Nation's conditionally approved M S 35 64 25 15 40 8 1 13 sheilfish-growing waters. Appendix C LA 52 56 24 35 13 10 11 0 identifies the estuaries in the region TX 80 '56 20 37 <1 7 0 0 and summarizes the status of shell- Total 54 48124 34117 16, 6 2 fish-growing waters in each. 35 Gulf of Mexico Table 14. Gulf of Mexico Pollution Sources Affecting Harvest-Limited Acreage, 1990 a, b Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres V. Point Sources Sewage Treat Plants 394 45 86 27 27 17 265 18 201 24 Combined Sewers 7 1 0 0 0 0 204 14 0 0 Direct Discharge 2 <1 5 2 0 0 912 60 1 <1 Industry 205 24 0 0 39 25 218 14 60 7 Nonpoint Sourcuti Septic Systems 1 697 80 0 0 15 10 580 38 471 56 Urban Runoff 466 54 0 0 32 20 643 43 135 16 Agricultural Runoff 4 <1 18 6 0 0 59 4 220 26 Wildlife 528 61 41 13 8 5 415 28 123 15 Boats 64 7 1 <1 94 60 225 15 123 15 Upstream Sources I Sewage Treat Plants i 131 15 2 1 3 2 1,038 69 0 0 0 Combined Sewer 7 <1 3 <1 0 13 <1 114 3 Urban Runoff 7 <1 211 67 3 21 562 37 10 1 Agricultural Runo 0 ff 0 0 211 67 0 3 <1 221 26 Wildlife 141 16 0 0 0 0 3 <1 66 8 a. Acres are times 1,060; % is percent of all harvest-limited acreage in state. b. Since the same percentage of a shellfish area can be affected by more than one source, the percentages shown above cannot be added. They will not sum to 100. approved to approved made by both Antonio Bay (69,000 acres), and Mississippi and Louisiana in Missis- Upper Laguna Madre (226,000 acres). sippi Sound. Mississippi completed sanitary surveys which enabled the Most of the region's classification State to open 124,000 acres, and changes were a result of management Louisiana increased sampling efforts decisions based on increased sanitary in the estuary, allowing the reclassifi- survey and sampling activities. This cation of 71,000 acres. Significant expansion allowed Florida and Texas declines in approved waters occurred to increase their conditionally ap- in Choctawhatchee Bay (53,000 proved waters by 245,000 acres. acres), Pensacola Bay (43,000 acres), Although Mississippi and Louisiana Mississippi Delta Region (7,000 increased approved shel If ish-g rowing acres), Brazos River (4,000 acres), waters, administirdtive limitations Matagorda Bay (32,000 acres), San resulted in a 240,000 acre decrease in 36 Gulf of Mexico conditionally approved waters in these sources among the regions, over states. 3,700, or 41 percent of the Nation's total. Point sources of pollution affect Pollution Sources Affecting Shell- only about 14 percent of harvest- fish-Growing Waters. Pollution limited waters regionwide. Over half sources affecting the region's shell- of the point sources are industrial fish-growing waters reflect urbaniza- facilities, many associated with the tion and industrialization around port petrochemical industry and thus are cities, and the suburban and rural land concentrated around port cities. uses which characterize about 95 Galveston Bay, for example, contains percent of the region's estuarine 747 industrial point sources, the drainage areas (NOAA, 1990). largest concentration in any estuary Nonpoint and upstream sources of nationwide. Galveston Bay also pollution affect more harvest-limited contains 566 sewage treatment shellfish-growing waters in the Gulf of plants, 45 percent of the regional total. Mexico than in any other region. Table 14 shows major categories of Sewage treatment plants affect 27 pollution sources affecting harvest- percent of the region's harvest-limited limited waters in the region. Data on waters, but are a major factor only in pollution sources aggregated by the most developed estuaries (about a estuary are given in Appendix D. third), such as Tampa Bay, Mobile Bay, Mississippi Sound, the Missis- Among nonpoint sources, septic sippi Delta Region, and Galveston systems affect the most (48 percent) Bay. Direct discharges are a major harvest-limited shellfish-growing pollution factor, affecting 25 percent waters. This is indicative of the many of harvest-limited waters. These are small communities in the region. located primarily in sparsely populated Direct urban runoff affects 35 percent areas of Louisiana, where small of the harvest-limited shellfish-growing camps accommodate hunting and waters and upstream urban runoff fishing activities. affects 22 percent, attributable to urbanization, high freshwater inflow, Although most of the region's estuar- and low tidal influence. In addition, ies are rural, only eight percent of the wildlife affects 30 percent of harvest- harvest-limited shellfish-growing limited waters. NOAA estimates that waters were affected by agricultural over 80 percent of fecal coliform loads runoff. The amount of harvest-limited in the Gulf of Mexico are from shellfish-growing waters affected by nonpoint sources (Office of Technol- agricultural runoff is not expected to ogy Assessment, 1987). change greatly over the next five years, although urban, industrialand Although nonpoint pollution affects the recreational sources of pollution are most harvest-limited waters, estuarine expected to increase. Between 1970 drainage areas in the Gulf of Mexico and 1990 the region's coastal popula- contain the greatest number of point tion increased by 30 percent, and is 37 Gulf of Mexico Figure 10. Gulf of Mexico Commercial Shellfish Landings for Selected Species, 1985-1989 expected to increase another 26 Mexico has consistently led the Nation percent in the next 20 years (NOAA, in oyster harvesting. By the end of 1990). Associated development will 1990 further declines made the Gulf place further stresses on the quality the Nation's second largest oyster- and quantity of shellfish-growing producing region, following the Pacific. waters in the Gulf. However, during this period clam and mussel harvest has been the lowest Landings among the regions. The exception is Florida where calico scallop landings Despite a 50 percent decline in oyster have increased. Figure 10 shows landings since 1985, the Gulf of landings in millions of pounds of 38 Gulf of Mexico meats for the principal harvested harvesting on public reefs gradually is species for the five states in the giving way to aquaculture, relaying, region. and private leases. Landings by State. F/&-,\Ja`s oyster In Mississippi, oyster landings de- landings decreased from over four creased from over one million pounds million pounds in 1985 to less than 1.5 in 1985 to 100,000 pounds in 1989. million pounds in 1989. Clam land- Weather cycles have had effects ings also decreased from 215,000 similar to those in Alabama, resulting pounds in 1985 to 18,000 pounds in in periods of high salinity and De 'rmo. 1989. In contrast to the State's east Oyster reefs in some waters, such as coast, where scallop landings de- Biloxi Bay, have survived these clined, Gulf Coast landings increased cyclical events. However, many of from 5,000 pounds in 1986 to over 1.5 these waters are closed due to million pounds in 1989. Declines have coliform contamination from shoreline been attributed to over-harvesting and activities. Only a sn. all part of Biloxi increases in harvest-limited waters Bay's productive reefs are now affected by pollution sources associ- classified as restricted and are ated with coastal development. From available only for the relay of oysters. Charlotte Harbor south, estuarine waters are used primarily for recre- Louisiana was the major oyster- ational harvest, and many of these producing state in the U.S. during the waters were placed in the NSINIP period. Over 14 million pounds of classification. In Pensacola Bay, oysters were harvested in 1985, and Dermo infected and destroyed the the harvest increased to 22 million oyster population as a result of higher pounds in 1988. However, in 1989 drought-related salinities. oyster landings in Louisiana de- creased to just over 8.7 million The oyster harvest in Alabama pounds. Declines in landings are dropped from 1.3 million pounds in attributed to disease, habitat loss and 1985 to 10,000 pounds in 1989. declines in approved waters. Ap- Although a significant spat set was proved waters often are located in reported in 1989, most of Mobile Bay areas of high salinity where diseases remains closed for conservation such as Dermo and predators such as purposes and as a result of local and the oyster drill cause high mortality. upstream pollution. However, the The most productive reefs are in main reason for large declines is conditionally approved waters where Dermo, which returns to the Bay pollution brought in by heavy rains between hurricanes or major storm and high river stages closes waters to years when salinities increase. There harvesting for extended periods. also are indications that pollution and Much of the harvest involves trans- hypoxia may reduce the oyster's planting seed oysters from restricted resistance to such diseases (Ander- public seed waters to approved son, 1988). Consequently, natural private growing waters, where they 39 Gulf of Mexico complete the growth cycle. The process is labor-intensive, and mortality is almost 50 percent. Oyster landings in Texas decreased from 5.1 million pounds in 1985 to two million pounds in 1989, harvested from 1.2 million acres of approved and conditionally approved shellfish- growing waters. In most cases, Texas classifications are influenced by rainfall and upstream pollution. The oyster harvest has been affected greatly by salinity extremes resulting from drought, hurricanes, storms and upstream rainfall events. The hy- persaline conditions that dominated most of the waters between 1985 and 1990 led to widespread Dermo infections. Galveston Bay suffered additional declines from heavy rains in 1989, followed by an oil spill adjacent to Redfish Bar, the most productive reef in the State. However, a good setting of spat now has been ob- served in many parts of the Bay. State agencies are working on a plan to alter upstream dam releases to help stabilize salinities in eastern Texas estuaries. Matagorda and San Antonio bays, which had less salinity extremes during the period, had minor harvest increases. In 1986, a red tide infestation curtailed harvest and reduced some stock. The State has since initiated a biotoxin monitoring plan. 40 Gulf of Mexico While declining in number, classic oyster-dredging boats in the Gulf waters of Louisiana still harvest half of the Nation's oysters. --4@: Courtesy of Dorothy Leonard, NOAA 41 Pacif ic Figure 11. Classified Shellfish-Growing Waters, 1990 Washington Oregon Estuarine Drainage Area Boundary Classified Shellfish Growing Waters (294 Areas) California 42 Pacific In the Pacific region, 428,000 acres Classified Shellfish-Growing of estuarine waters were classified Waters, 1985-1990. Approved for shellfish harvest in 1990 (Figure estuarine shellfish-growing waters 11). Thirty-three percent were (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) de- approved and 67 percent harvest- clined from 42 to 33 percent of limited. This region has the least classified waters between 1985 and classified estuarine waters and the 1990, a downgrade of almost 20,000 smallest percentage of approved acres. Of the total 428,000 classified waters in the Nation. In addition, acres in the region, about 275,000 (67 216,000 acres were classified in percent) acres are now classified as Alaska and Hawaii, of which harvest-limited. An additional 4000 198,000 were approved. acres of shellfish-growing waters were classified (all as restricted) during the Estuarine Shellfish-Growing Wa- period. ters. The Pacific region extends from California's Tijuana estuary to Puget Declines in approved shellfish-growing Sound. Estuaries in the region are waters occurred in Washington and small compared to others nationwide. Oregon. Although California in- Over half have water surface areas of creased its approved waters by 1,000 less than five square miles. Except acres, it also increased prohibited for San Francisco Bay, Columbia waters by 20,000 acres. This oc- River, and Puget Sound, most of curred primarily in response to an these small estuaries also are shal- increase in applications for aquacul- low, and their circulation is dominated ture leases. by riverine influences (NOAA, 1990). Consequently, habitat for intertidal molluscan shellfish is limited, and Table 15. Distribution of Pacific most of the harvest is from aquacul- Classified Estuarine ture. The Pacific region has the Waters, 1985 and 1990 second lowest amount of total coastal wetlands in the Nation (NOAA, Percent Classified 1991 b). These smaller estuaries are b also highly sensitive to the effects of pollution (NOAA, 1990). For example, declines in water quality in Southern California resulting from urbanization State 85 90 85 90 85 90 85 90' have restricted most harvest in the CA 2 2 86 88 11 9 1 1 State to the classified shellfishing OR 35 22 36 35 30 42 0 2 areas north of San Francisco Bay. Appendix C identifies the estuaries in WA 61 50 20 22 19 18 0 11 the region and summarizes the status AK nd 100 nd 0 nd 0 nd 0 of shellfish-growing waters in each. HI nd 0 nd 100 nd 0 nd 0 Total 42 53 40 311 18 11 1 1 5 Abreviations: nd, no data 43 Pacific Table 16. Pacific Pollution Sources Affecting Harvest-Limited Acreage, 1990 a,b California Oregon Washington Alaska Hawaii Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Point Sources Sewage Treat Plants 16 13 5 18 53 40 0 0 1 6 Combined Sewers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Direct Discharge 0 0 6 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 Industry 86 68 0 0 37 28 0 0 6 33 Nonpoint Sources Septic Systems 11 9 9 32 37 28 0 0 0 0 Urban Runoff 26 20 12 43 54 41 0 0 18 100 Agricultural Runoff 18 14 8 29 15 11 0 0 0 0 Wildlife 18 14 0 0 4 3 0 0 17 94 Boats 25 20 6 21 10 8 0 0 6 33 Upstream Sources Sewage Treat Plants 0 0 2 7 43 33 0 0 0 0 Combined Sewer 0 a u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urban Runoff 0 0 0 0 43 33 0 0 0 0 Agricultural Runoff 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wildlife 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a. Acres are times 1,000; % is percent of all harvest-limited acreage in state. b. Since the same percentage of a shellfish area can be affected by more than one source, the percentages shown above cannot be added. They will not sum to 100. Declines occurred in five of the 20 example, urban runoff and shoreline estuaries with classified shellfish- development caused downgrades in growing waters. An increase in Oakland Bay (820 acres) and Lynch approved waters occurred in Drakes Cove (630 acres). Willapa Bay, the Estero as additional acres were most productive shellfishing area in placed into production. Particularly the region, also experienced declines significant are the declines in ap- as a result of increasing shoreline proved waters in Yaquina Bay and development. Over 2,000 acres have Skagit Bay, where 5,400 acres were been reclassified from approved to reclassified as restricted. Of the restricted. Region's three largest estuaries (San Francisco Bay, Columbia River, and As in other regions, most of the Puget Sound) only Puget Sound had changes in classification were a result approved shellfish-growing waters. of management decisions based on These continued to decline. For increased sanitary survey and sam- pling activities. 44 Pacific Classified Shellfish-Growing (NOAA, 1990). However, the Pacific Waters in Alaska and Hawaii, 1990. region has the Nation's highest There were 36 areas classified as percentage (42 percent) of harvest- approved in Alaska, totaling nearly limited shellfish-growing waters 198,000 acres. Another 7,000 acres affected by industry. Three-quarters of have production potential or already the industrial dischargers are located contain aquaculture operations. in Puget Sound, Columbia River, San There are no harvest-limited waters. Francisco Bay, and San Pedro Bay. A growing industry based on aquacul- Three of the largest point source ture is producing oysters, mussels, dischargers are pulp and paper mills and clams, a portion of which are located along Columbia River. Of shipped within Alaska. The wild these large estuaries, only Puget harvesting of razor clams has also Sound currently has commercial increased. harvest. In Hawaii, interest in oyster and clam Sewage treatment plants affect 25 culture has resulted in the classifica- percent of the harvest-limited shell- tion of one acre as approved and 17 fish-growing waters and are concen- acres as conditionally approved. Over trated in the San Pedro, Santa 18,000 acres remain prohibited as a Monica, and San Francisco bays, result of pollution from urban, indus- Columbia River, and Puget Sound trial, and boating sources. estuarine drainage areas. An addi- tional 16 percent are affected by Pollution Sources Affecting Shell- sewage treatment plants located fish-Growing Waters. Many of the upstream. Many sewage treatment pollution sources affecting Pacific plants in Southern California have shellfish-growing waters reflect contributed to the removal of southern expanding urbanization in the region. shellfish-growing waters from classifi- The region's population is expected to cation. One of the few harvests south double between 1960 and 2010 to of Drakes Estero in 1990 was from oil nearly 46 million, 77 percent of which platform aquaculture projects in the will reside in coastal counties (Culliton Santa Barbara Channel. et al., 1990). Table 16 shows the major categories of pollution sources Urban runoff and faulty septic systems affecting the harvest-limited waters in are also significant, affecting 36 and the region. Data on pollution sources 19 percent of harvest-limited waters aggregated by estuary are provided in respectively. Agricultural runoff Appendix D. affects 13 percent of these waters and is particularly significant in Tillamook Many urban centers in the Pacific Bay because of extensive agricultural region use ocean outfalls. Conse- lands used primarily for dairy opera- quently, there are fewer than 1,000 tions. Over 23,000 cows contribute point sources of pollution in estuarine more than three million tons of ma- drainage areas of the Pacific region, nure annually. the second fewest among regions 45 Pacific Figure 12. Pacific Commercial Shellfish Landings for Selected Species, 1985-1989 Landings million pounds by 1990. By the end of 1990, the region's oyster landings Overall commercial landings of were the highest in the Nation. molluscan shellfish in the region are Recreational harvest of many natural the lowest in the Nation. However, stocks is still significant (NOAA, Pacific oyster culture has grown 1991 a). Figure 12 shows landings in steadily, followed by increased millions of pounds of meats for the aquaculture in clams, mussels, and principal harvested species by state in the region. other species. The oyster culture began just after the turn of the cen- tury, and expanded to almost 11 46 Pacific Landings by Major Bays. Morro Bay human activities, including clear- was one of the State's leading produc- cutting of timber. As a result, many ers of Pacific oysters until the 1970s. local conservation initiatives have However, increasing sewage contami- been undertaken. nation reduced landings to 179,000 pounds in 1979, and to 18,000 pounds Puget Sound leads the region's in 1984. The harvest declined further landings with over 13 million pounds to 12,000 pounds in 1985, and finally annually. Subtidal scallop and mussel to zero in 1990. Drakes Estero is now harvests increased, while intertidal the southernmost major source of oyster and clam harvests remained oysters in the region, producing over steady. To maintain this production, 700,000 pounds annually. Humboldt Washington committed significant Bay oyster landings dropped from 1.5 resources to monitoring the pollution million pounds in 1962 to about effects caused by rapid population 500,000 pounds in 1988. The primary growth as well as the increasing reason was increasing restrictions problem of nonpoint pollution in the imposed following rainfall, when fecal area. Consequently, the amount of coliform levels exceeded standards. management funds per acre is higher However, the State and local industry for Puget Sound than for any other developed an innovative cooperative estuary in the Nation. management program which will reduce closures. Landings by State. The production of oysters in California increased from Tillamook Bay oyster production 1.2 million pounds in 1985 to 1.5 declined dramatically from 588,000 million pounds in 1989, primarily from pounds in 1968 to 300,000 pounds in aquaculture in Drakes Estero, and 1985, where it has stabilized. The Humboldt and Tornales bays. At the primary reason for this decline was turn of the century, San Francisco Bay runoff from agricultural activities, led the State in oyster production. especially dairy farm operations. However, exploitation, pollution, high Recently, clean-up efforts by local mortality rates, and poor reproduction farmers and municipalities have ended commercial harvest by 1939. improved the quality. Landings of clams (40,000 to 440,000 An annual oyster harvest of about five pounds) and mussels (150,000 to million pounds from Willapa Bay 335,000 pounds) are highht variable represents about half of Washington's across the State. One of t6 most production. This harvest is almost 20 successful mussel culture operations percent of the Nation's oyster produc- takes place on oil platforms in Santa tion, making this estuary the most Barbara Channel. However, most productive per acre of surface water in harvest, other than oysters, is by the Nation. At the same time, shell- recreational fishermen. The responsi- fish-growing water closures in Willapa bility for protection of recreational Bay in 1990 resulted from increases in shellfish-growing waters and fisher- men is left to local governments. 47 Pacific Oregon oyster landings remained steady at about 400,000 pounds between 1985 and 1989. Similarly, annual mussel landings remained at 50,000 pounds. Clam landings declined from 99,000 to 64,000 pounds. Marine biotoxic plankton blooms reduced the scallop harvest from 205,000 pounds to zero. Washington is the largest producer of shellfish in the region, harvesting over 18 million pounds in 1989. Harvests of oysters, clams, scallops, and mussels have all increased. Four species of scallops were harvested, more tha 'n in any other state in the Nation. Scallop harvest increased from 51,000 pounds in 1985 to 307,000 pounds in 1989. Alaska was once a major producer of razor clams. After reaching a peak of 16 million pounds in 1916, over- harvesting, paralytic shellfish poison- ing, and market conditions eliminated commercial landings by 1961. After receiving approval for its Shellfish Sanitation Program in 1975, Alaska began to rebuild its shellfishing industry. Species currently harvested include razor clams, littleneck clams, and geoducks. However, overall landings declined from 1.1 million pounds in 1985 to about 700,000 pounds in 1989. An aquaculture- based oyster industry had its first landings (106,000 pounds) in 1989. Local growers are beginning to explore the aquaculture potential in Alaska's high-quality classified shellfish-growing waters. 48 Pacific Good water quality allows Pacific aquaculturists to produce nearly half of the Nation's oysters. A IL At Courtesy of Dorothy Leonard, NOAA 49 Concluding Comments This report has described declines A notable example of the impact of in estuarine water quality, de- coastal development on shellfish- creases in the acreage of approved growing waters is the increase in molluscan shellfish waters, and harvest-limited waters (about 50 continuing declines in the Nation Is percent) affected by pollution associ- shellfish harvests. Although ated with recreational boating. In- declines in any given year are not creases in recreational boating in especially dramatic, an almost many coastal areas have resulted in a inexorable trend that threatens to proliferation of marinas, many of destroy the harvest of wild or which do not have facilities to collect natural shellfish continues through- or process sewage. Many marinas out the Nation's coastal areas. are located in or near productive shellfish-growing areas, as are the The six percent decline in approved housing and other facilities related to shellfish-growing waters from 1985 to such development. Consequently, in 1990 (736,000 acres) was accompa- 1990 pollution from boating and nied by a 1.2 million acre increase in marinas affected more than 25 prohibited waters. These changes percent of the harvest-limited shell- were primarily the result of expanding fish-growing waters in half of the coastal development, represented by shellfish-producing states. increases in harvest- According to molluscan limited acreage (1.2 mil- shellfish gro ers, "The real An Increasing Role for lion acres) affected by battle is to mwitigate the Aquaculture. Declines urban runoff, faulty septic impacts of humans. No in approVed shellfish- systems, marina develop- clean water, no oysters." growing waters have ment, and buffer zones (Fitzgerald, 1989). been paralleled by around sewage treatment declines in the harvests plants. The rate of decline in ap- of wild or natural stocks of molluscan proved acreage is highest in the most shellfish. A continued decline in the productive estuaries such as Chesa- water quality of productive estuaries in peake Bay, the Mississippi Delta Re- combination with the problems of gion estuaries, and Puget Sound. The over-harvesting and disease, may coastal drainage areas affecting these eventually eliminate the natural estuaries already receive some of the harvest of shellfish. heaviest pollution loads in the U.S., a condition that is not likely to change Successful aquaculture operations in as development continues. NOAA estuaries such as Willapa Bay have previously reported that between 1960 shown that sustained production can and 2010, the coastal population will be achieved. However, aquaculture grow from 80 million to more than 127 requires access to both high quality million, an increase of almost 60 water and a nearby land base. In percent (Culliton et al., 1990). addition, succes sful aquaculture 50 Concluding Comments requires exclusive use of parcels of data have only been collected and land and water, often competing with analyzed on pollution sources, land- other uses such as swimming, boat- ings, and state shellfish programs ing, fishing, and navigation. Although since 1985. Thus, the inferences on well-established in a few estuaries, relationships between classification, aquaculture is not yet Shellfish program manage- pollution sources, and encouraged by many ment resources were harvest are based most existing laws and regula- reduced in half of the heavily on a five-year tions governing private Nation's shellfish-producing period between 1985 access to public lands and states between 1985 and and 1990. Data approved shellfish-growing collection for the 1995 waters (South Carolina Sea Register will begin in Grant Consortium, 1989). Without late 1994. If trends reported in the increases in aquaculture it is likely that 1990 Register continue, the 1995 harvests of estuarine molluscan Register will reveal further declines in shellfish will continue to decline, as approved and conditionally approved they did in the 1990 statistical year shellfish-growing waters, and in according to the most recent data harvests of wild stocks. Continued from the National Marine Fisheries declines in the resources necessary Service. for states to monitor, classify, and manage waters may reduce further Beyond 1990. Although reporting on the Nation's ability to sustain wild and the classifications of shellfish-growing natural stocks of molluscan shellfish waters began with the 1966 Register, by 1995. 51 References Anderson, R.S. 1988. Effects of Administration, Strategic Assessment anthropogenic agents on bivalve Branch. 43 pp. cellular and humoral defense mecha- nisms. In: Disease processes in Carlton, J.T. 1991. European winkles, marine bivalve molluscs. Bethesda, Japanese oysters, and zebra mussels: MD: American Fisheries Society. 18: Perspectives on the introduction of 283-242. exotic mollusks on the east coast of North America. In: Proceedings of the Andrews, J.D. and S.M. Ray. 1988. eleventh annual shellfish biology Management strategies to control the seminar. 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Washington, DC: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office. 312 pp. Price, D.W. 1990. California's paralytic shellfish poisoning prevention pro- Pacheco, P.A., D.R.G. Farrow, T. gram, 1927-89. Sacramento, CA: Manuelides, and S.O. Rohmann. Environmental Management Branch, 1989. The national coastal pollutant California Department of Health discharge inventory: Point source Services. 36 pp. discharges in coastal areas of Ala- bama-A summary by estuarine Rask, K. 1991. Unexplained oyster watershed for 1987 Rockville, MD: mortalities in New England: 1989- National Oceanic and Atmospheric 1990. In: Proceedings of the eleventh 55 References annual shellfish biology seminar. Strategic Assessment Branch. 1989. Milford, CT: National Oceanic and National estuarine inventory supple- Atmospheric Administration, National ment 3: Physical and hydrologic Marine Fisheries Service. p. 11. characteristics-The Mississippi Delta system estuaries. Rockville, MD: Richards, G.P. 1985. Outbreaks of National Oceanic and Atmospheric shellfish-associated enteric virus illnes Administration. 17 pp. in the U.S. : Requisite for development of viral guidelines. Journal of Food Tester, P.A., P.K. Fowler, and J.T. Protection. 48(9): 815-823. Turner. 1989. Gulf Stream. transport of the toxic red tide dinoflagellate Shumway, S.E., S. Sherman-Caswell, Ptyc@hodiscus bre from Florida to and J.W. Hurst. 1988. Paralytic shell- North Carolina. Beaufort, NC: National fish poisoning in Maine: Monitoring a Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- monster. Journal of Shellfish Re- tion, National Marine Fisheries Service. search: 7(4): 643-652. 10 pp. Siewicki, T.C. 1988. Shellfish-associ- Virginia Sea Grant College Program. ated illnesses and their control. Unpub- 1990. A plan addressing the restora- lished paper. Charleston, SC: National tion of the American oyster industry. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-, Charlottesville, VA: University of tion, National Marine Fisheries Service. Virginia. 64 pp. 13 pp. W01sh. B.L. 1991. Dissolved oxygen Sinderman, C.J. 1976. Effects of regimes and shellfish recruitment. In: coastal pollution on fish and fisheries Proceedings of the eleventh annual with particular reference to the Middle shellfish biology seminar. Milford, CT: Atlantic Bight. Lawrence, KS: American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Society of Limnology and Oceanogra- Administration, National Marine phy. In: Proceedings of Symposium on Fisheries Service. p. 8. the Middle Atlantic Continental Shelf and the New York Bight. 2:281-301. Wenczel, P. 1991. Long Island Bay scallop reseeding efforts: Life after the South Carolina Department of Health brown tide. In: Proceedings of the and Environmental Control. 1988. eleventh annual shellfish biology Statewide water quality assessment. seminar. Milford, CT: National Oceanic Columbia, SC: Bureau of Water and Atmospheric Administration, Pollution Control. pp. 69-94. National Marine Fisheries Service. p. 20. South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium. 1989. Aquaculture. Charleston, SC: Coastal Heritage. 4(2).12 pp. 56 References Personal Communications P. DiStefano, Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD. S. Barker, Maine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay R. Dugas, Louisiana Wildlife and Harbor, ME. Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, LA. R. Benton, North Carolina Department of Human Resources, Moorhead City, W. Eisele, New Jersey Department of NC. Environmental Protection, Leeds Point, NJ. C.E. Bryan, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, TX. S. Ford, H.H. Haskin, Shellfish Re- search Laboratory, Port Norris, NJ. V. Burrell, Marine Resources Research Institute, Charleston, SC. A. Ganz, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, L. Byrd, Alabama Department of Public Wakefield, RI. Health, Mobile, AL. K. Hansgen, Environmental Manage- T. Candies, Louisiana Wildlife and ment Branch, California Department of Fisheries Commission, Baton Rouge, Health Services, Sacramento, CA. LA. B. Hastback, New York Department of D. Cannon, Oregon Department of Environmental Conservation, Stony Human Resources, Office of Environ- Brook, NY. ment and Health Systems, Portland, OR. D. Heil, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Tallahassee, FL. J. Cirino, Mississippi Department of Wildlife Conservation, Gulfport, MS. K. Hemphill, Louisiana Department of Health and Human Resources, New R. Cole, Delaware Department of Orleans, LA. Health, Dover, DE. . M. Hickey, Massachusetts Department R. Collins, California Department of of Fish and Wildlife, Sandwich, MA. Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA. R. Howell, Delaware Department of B. Croonenberghs, Division of Shellfish Health and Social Services, Dover, DE. Sanitation, Virginia State Department of Health, Richmond, VA. J. Hurst, Maine Department of-Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, C. deQuillfeldt, New York State Depart- ME. ment of Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook, NY. T. Johnson, Johnson Oyster Company, Inverness, CA. 57 References J. Joseph, New Jersey Department of P. Raiche, New Hampshire Depart- Environmental Protection, Leeds Point, ment of Health and Human Services, NJ. Concord, NH. C. Judy, Maryland Department of S. Ray, Texas A&M University, Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD. Galveston, TX. J. LiIja, Washington State Department D. Relyea, Flower and Son, Inc. of Health, Olympia, WA. Bayville, NY. C. Lunsford, Virginia Water Control G. Richards, U.S. Food and Drug Board, Richmond, VA. Administration, Washington, D.C. B. Marcotte, Maine Department of T. Rippen, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Marine Resources, West Boothbay and State University, Hampton, VA. Harbor, ME. S. Rippey, U.S. Food and Drug Admin- M. Marshall, North Carolina Shellfish istration, Davisville, RI. Program, Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC. J. Seiforth, New Hampshire Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, J. McGurk, Washington Department of Concord, NH. Social and Health Services, Olympia, WA. W. Sieling, Office of Seafood Market- ing, Maryland Department of Agricul- J. Migliore, State of Rhode Island ture, Annapolis, MD. Department of Environmental Manage- ment, Division of Water Resources, T. Smith, Pacific Oyster Growers Providence, RI. Association, Seattle, WA. K. Moore, South Carolina Department J. Speaker, Rhode Island Division of of Health and Environmental Control, Water Resources, Providence, Rl. Columbia, SC. P. Stacy, Connecticut Department of W. Outten, Maryland Department of Agriculture, Hartford, CT. Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD. K. Taberski, San Fransisco Bay H. Pendell, Oregon Department of Region Water Quality Control Board, Agriculture, Portland, OR. Oakland, CA. R. Perkins, Alabama Department of A. Taylor, Maryland Department of Health, Mobile, AL. Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD. 58 References B. Thompson, Florida Department of P. Wells, California Department of Natural Resources, Tallahassee, FL. Health Services, Lompoc, CA. R. Thompson, Texas Department of R. Wetherell, U.S. Food and Drug Health, Austin, TX. Administration, Davisville, RI. F. Vang, South Carolina Water Re- D. Whitaker, Massachusetts Depart- sources Commission, Columbia, SC. ment of Fish and Wildlife, Sandwich, MA. J. Veazey, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, St. Simons, GA. L. Wiegardt, Jolly Roger Pacific Oyster Co., Ocean Park, WA. M. Voisin, Motivatit Seafoods, Houma, LA. K. Wiles, Texas Department of Health, Austin, TX. J. Volk, Aquaculture Division, Con- necticut Department of Agriculture, C. Wiley, Virginia Department of Milford, CT. Health, Richmond, VA. G. Ward, Center for Water Resources, H. Winter, Maine Department of Marine University of Texas, Austin, TX Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME. 59 The fertilization process of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Courtesy of Robert F. Sisson, National Geographic Society 60 Appendices A. The NEI Program . . . . . . . . . . . 62 B. Classification by State . . . . . . . . . . 64 C. Classification by Estuary . . . . . . . . . 67 D. Pollution Sources . .. . . . . . . . . . 83 E. Landings by State 93 F. State Shellfish Programs . . . . . . . . . 97 G. Glossary. 99 61 Appendix A: The NEI Program National Estuarine Inventory estimates for 1970 and 1980 (NOAA, 1987). Land use estimates come from The goal of the National Estuarine the USGS Land Use and Land Cover Inventory (NEI) is to develop a com- Program and are compiled for three prehensive framework for evaluating spatial units: (1) estuarine drainage the health and status of the Nation's area; (2) USGS hydrologic cataloging estuaries, and to bring estuaries into unit; and (3) counties intersecting focus as a national resource base. EDAs. Population estimates are The principal spatial unit for which all compiled for EDAs only. data are organized is the estuarine drainage area, or EDA, defined as that Volume 3, Coastal Wetlands --New land and water component of an entire England Region (NOAA, 1989) watershed that most directly affects an presents wetlands acreage estimates estuary (NOAA, 1985). EDA bound- for 12 wetland types in 16 EDAs and aries coincide, where possible with 42 counties from Maine to Connecti- U.S. Geological Survey (USG@) Cut. The data are a subset of those Hydrologic Cataloging Units within presented in this report. Computer- which the head of tide of an estuary generated color maps of selected falls. These data are being used to EDAs are also presented. make comparisons, rankings, statisti- cal correlations, and other analyses Volume 4, Public Recreation Facilities related to resource use, environmental in Coastal Areas (NOAA, 1988), quality, and economic values among presents data for Federal, State, and estuaries. local recreation facilities in 327 counties bordering tidally influenced The cornerstone of the NEI is the water and 25 estuary groups. A total National Estuarine Inventory Data of 1,589 public agencies that owned Atlas, Volume 1: Physical and and/or managed outdoor recreation Hydrologic Characteristics (NOAA, sites and facilities in coastal areas 1985). This atlas identifies 92 of the provided data for the inventory. most important estuaries of the conterminous U.S. and presents Other NOAA projects contributing data information through maps and tables. and information to the NEI include the These estuaries represent approxi- Estuarine Living Marine Resources mately 90 percent of the estuarine program, the quality of shellfish- water surface area and 90 percent of growing waters and related projects, the freshwater inflow to marine waters the National Coastal Pollutant Dis- of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf of charge Inventory, and the Outdoor Mexico coasts. Resource Economics program. The NEI represents the most consistent Volume 2, Land Use Characteristics, and comprehensive set of data presents area estimates for seven describing the Nation's estuarine categories and 24 subcategories of resource base. land use, as well as population 62 Appendix A: The NEI Program Additional Activities determine if bottom and surface salinities could be mapped in zones of A number of additional NEI activities five parts per thousand increments for are now under way or planned. periods of high and low flow, an effort Based on the review of Volume 1 of to compile data for EDAs along the the NEI by estuarine scientists and Gulf Coast is now nearing completion. State and Federal resource manag- This detailed depiction will character- ers, several areas have been identi- ize the effects of freshwater inflow, fied for improvement in future editions. tides, and wind on salinity patterns more completely than the three New Estuaries Added. New estuar- average annual salinity zones de- ies of local or regional importance scribed in Volume I of the NEI. have been added. Eight estuaries in Oregon have been added due to their Other Projects. A project focusing on biological importance to coastal the agricultural use of 28 selected fisheries. Five new EDAs have been pesticides on 71 crops in 78 EDAs delineated to represent the original was completed in 1989. Future NEI Mississippi Delta Region because of a volumes on additional topics are also need for increased resolution. A planned. For example, a project to limited number of additions to other characterize the distribution and portions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and abundance of fishes and invertebrates Gulf of Mexico regions have also been in estuaries began in 1985. To date, made, information has been compiled on 103 species in 83 estuaries on the Pacific, A new NOAA report, Estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico, and South Atlantic United States, Vital Statistics of a coasts, and information is currently National Resource Base, updates the being compiled for 62 species in 34 NEI. The report provides information North Atlantic estuaries. on an expanded number of EDAs (102), including physical and hydro- logic features, natural resources, economic activities, and pollution susceptibility. These EDAs and the counties falling within their boundaries are the units for which all NEI data are now collected. The wetlands data presented in Appendix D are orga- nized according to this framework. Improved Salinity Resolution. Another recommendation was to improve the resolution of the salinity regimes mapped for each estuary. Based on a study of Mobile Bay to 63 Classification Trends 1985-1990 (Acres x 1000) eglon/State Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total Non-shellfish/ Classified Non-productive Z 1985 1990 1985 SO--- 1990 1985 1990 1 CX ow- 985 ;Z Maine 929 1,583 11 7 10 1 83 195 1,034 1,786 0 0 03 Estuarinea 929 699 11 7 10 1 83 195 1,034 902 0 0 C) Offshoreb 0 884 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 884 0 0 g th New Hampshire 4 4 0 0 1 7 7 2 13 13 <1 2 Massachusetts 66 426 0 2 .5 3 23 180 95 566 554 55 Estuarine 66 77 <1 2 5 3 23 135 95 217 177 55 Offshore 0 349 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 349 377 0 11000 2,014 10 9 17 11 113 377 1,141 2,410 654 5 7 !N-o-r-th---A--tl-an-t-ic--Tot-al-, Estuarine 1,000 781 10 9 17 it 113 332 1,141 1,132 177 57 (4 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 1,278 377 0 .. . . .. ... ... - ------- Massachusetts 198 102 1 2 0 0 17 84 217 189 2 0 Rhode Island 96 94 20 21 <1 4 19 16 135 135 0 1 Connecticut 310 243 6 6 64 41 45 67 425 357 0 68 New York 823 808 71 84 0 <1 202 185 1,096 1,077 <1 18 New Jersey 232 446 20 21 21 22 171 180 444 668 20 0 Estuarine 232 240 20 21 21 22 119 121 392 403 4 0 Offshore 0 206 0 0 0 0 52 59 52 265 16 0 Delaware 209 170 3 3 <1 0 19 58 231 231 43 43 Maryland 1,313 1,253 0 63 7 16 55 43 1,375 1,375 174 172 Virginia 1,300 1,311 31 16 126 133 119 115 1,575 1,575 47 47 'Middle Atlantic Total 4,480 4,427 152 217 218 217 648 747 5,498 5,608 286 348 Estuarine 4,480 4,221 152 217 218 217 596 688 5,446 5,343 270 3,W Offshore 0 206 0 0 0 0 52 59 52 265 16 0 a. Estuarine shellfish-growing waters extend through most of the transition zone between freshwater and seawater. b. Offshore shellfish-growing waters extend seaward to the three-mile limit. Classification Trends 1985-1990 (Acres x 1000) (cont.) Region/State Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total Non-shellfish/ Classified Non-productive 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 North Carolina 1,803 1,812 36 47 0 1 406 427 2,245 2,286 0 0 South Carolina 201 192 9 9 0 30 68 48 279 279 0 1 Georgia 51 48 0 0 14 5 -102 115 168 168 10 10 Florida 40 40 37 63 <1 65 37 41 114 208 469 379 South Atlantic Total 2,096 2,091 82 119 15 102 612 630 2,805 2,940 479 390 EStuadnea 2,096 2,091 82 119 15 102 612 630 2,805 2,940 479 390 offShore b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Florida 238 157 332 444 0 46 278 351 847 998 784 702 Alabama 57 57 211 211 0 0 86 104 354 371 2 2 Mississippi 153 277 171 34 2 57 107 66 433 434 0 0 Louisiana 1,740 1,885 430 327 393 0 8136 1,182 3,358 3,394 45 0 Texas 1,475 1,058 4 137 0 0 372 703 1,851 1,897 2 2 Gulf of Mex 1co To tal 3,662 3,434 1, 147 1,153 385 103 1,649 2,405 6,843 7,095 833 706 Estuarine 3,662 3,434 1,147 1,153 385 103 1,649 2,405 6,843 7,095 833 706 off-sh ore 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a. Estuarine shellfish-growing waters extend through most of the transition zone between freshwater and seawater. b. Offshore shellfish-growing waters extend seaward to the three-mile limit. 0 'Classification Trends 1985-1990 (Acres x 1000) (cont.) 'Region/State Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total Non-shellfish/ Classified Non-productive 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 California 2 2 12 12 2 1 94 115 110 130 451 605 M Estuarinea 2 2 12 12 2 1 94 114 110 129 450 604 0 0 1 1 Offshore b <1 <1 0 0 0 <1 < 1 1 ra Oregon 1 4 8 1 2 1 5 0 1 1 4 1 2 39 36 44 49 Washington 148 130 46 46 0 29 48 57 243 262 1,794 1,788 Alaska 0 198 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 198 0 7 Hawaii 0 0 0 <1 0 0 157 1 8 0 1 8 0 0 Pacific Total 164 338 70 73 2 31 157 202 392 644 2,289 2,460 tr 114Z Estuarine 164 338 70 73 2 31 157 201 392 643 2,288 2,449 (1) Offshore <1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 527 593 513 :U.S. Total 11,401 12,303 1,462 1,571 636 462 3,179 4,361 16,678 18,697 4,447 3,956 Estuarine 11,401 10,863 1,462 1,571 636 462 3,127 4,257 16,626 17,153 4,053 3,955 Offshore 0 1,440 0 -0 0 0 52 104 52 1,544 394 1 a. Estuarine shellfish-growing waters extend through most of the transition zone between freshwater and seawater. b. Offshore shellfish-growing waters extend seaward to the three-mile limit. Appendix C: Classification by Estuary North Atlantic Maine New Hampshire 7 Estuarine Drainage Areas 10 1 Passamaquoddy Bay 2 Englishman Bay 3 Narraguagus Bay 4 Blue Hill Bay 5 Penobscot Bay 6 Muscongus Bay Massachusetts 12 7 Sheepscot Bay 8 Casco Bay 9 Saco Bay 10 Great Bay 13 11 Merrimack River 12 Massachusetts Bay 12a Boston Bay 13 Cape Cod Bay 1:6 Note: Sub-estuaries are in italics. 67 0) 00 North Atlantic (Acres x 1,000) Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved %HL 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 Passamaquoddy Bay 34 33 <1 - - - 6 7 40 40 85 83 15 17 Englishman Bay 64 - <1 1 1 - 2 3 67 4 95 - 5 100 0 Narraguagas Say 83 41 <1 1 1 85 42 98 97 2 3 (A Blue Hill Bay 71 48 - - - - 3 <1 73 48 96 100 4 - :-:4 Penobscot Bay 345 215 3 4 3 - 27 60 379 280 91 77 9 23 Muscongus Bay 65 66 2 <1 I - 2 7 69 74 94 90 6 10 Sheepscot Bay 37 68 2 - 2 - 23 26 64 94 57 72 43 28 Casco Bay 123 113 2 1 1 1 12 32 139 147 89 77 11 23 Saco Bay 21 15 - <1 I <1 2 8 24 24 88 62 12 38 Great Bay 4 4 2 7 10 4 15 14 25 28 75 72 Merrimack River - - <1 - 2 2 2 2 - - 100 100 Massachusetts Bay 4 23 <1 <1 12 92 15 115 23 20 77 80 Boston Bay - - 4 2 5 27 9 30 - - 100 100 Cape Cod Bay 45 42 <1 <1 - - 3 8 49 50 93 84 7 16 Other 105 113 1 2 2 1 3 53 111111 169 95 67 5 33 North Atlantic Total 1,000 781 10 9 17 11 113 332 1,141 1,132 88 69 12 31 National Total 11,401 10,863 1,462 1,571 636 462 3,127 4,257 16,626 17,153 69 63 31 37 Abbreviations: HL, harvest-limited; -, no acreage. Note: Not shown above are Non-shellfish/Non-oroductive classifications, which totaled 177,000 acres in 1985 and 56.000 acres in 1990. Sub-estuaries are in italics. Appendix C: Classification by Estuary Middle Atlantic New York Massachuse s r Pennsylvania Rhode Island Connecticut New Jersey 7 Maryland 12 12 Delaware 12b 211 I 12h 10 11 Virginia 120 Estuarine Drainage Areas 1 Buzzards Bay 12 Chesapeake Bay 2 Narragansett Bay 12a Patuxent River 3 Gardiners; Bay 12b Potomac River 4 Long Island Sound 12c Rappahannock River 4a Connecticut River 12d York River 5 Great South Bay 12e James River 6 Hudson River/Raritan Bay 12f Chester River 7 Barnegat Bay 12g Choptank River 8 New Jersey Inland Bays 12h TangierlPocomoke Sounds 9 Delaware Bay Note: Sub-estuaries are in italics. 10 Delaware Inland Bays 11 Chincoteague Bay 69 Middle Atlantic (Acres x 1,000) Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved % HL 1986 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1986 1990 1985 1990 0 Buzzards Bay 127 64 <1 1 - - 9 57 137 122 93 52 7 48 . , Narragansett Bay 96 94 20 21 <1 4 25 21 141 141 68 67 32 33 0 Gardiners Bay 124 124 <1 1 - - 2 2 126 126 98 98 2 2 (a Long Island Sound 926 859 6 6 62 39 107 128 1,101 1,034 84 83 16 17 Connecticut River - - - - 3 5 5 - - 100 2 2 3 100 Great South Bay 82 68 3 15 - <1 37 37 122 121 68 57 32 43 Hudson River/Raritan Bay - - 68 68 20 20 135 114 223 202 - - 100 100 Barnegat Bay 21 21 6 6 - - 10 10 37 37 56 56 44 44 New Jersey Inland Bays 39 46 7 8 <1 <1 10 13 57 67 69 69 31 31 Delaware Bay 351 311 6 6 <1 1 65 104 423 423 83 74 17 26 Delaware Inland Bays 12 12 3 3 - - 4 3 19 19 64 65 36 OU Chincoteague Bay 104 99 - - 2 2 <1 <1 106 101 98 98 2 2 Chesapeake Bay 1,708 1,701 12 43 23 32 42 32 1,785 1,808 96 94 4 6 Patuxent River - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Potomac River 254 244 1 14 4 4 3 2 263 265 97 92 3 8 Rappahannock River 64 70 <1 <1 13 13 - - 77 83 84 84 16 16 Middle Atlantic (Acres x 1,000) (cont.) Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved %HL 1986 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 York River 32 33 <1 - 6 9 4 - 42 42 77 78 23 22 James River 45 57 15 2 83 86 115 115 258 260 18 22 82 78 Chester River 39 34 - 5 1 1 4 4 43 43 90 79 10 21 Choptank River 7 - - 8 1 <1 2 2 11 11 70 - 30 100 TangierlPocomoke Sound 232 195 2 7 <1 1 1 <1 235 204 98 96 2 4 Other 215 189 1 2 2 1 17 38 235 231 92 82 8 18 Middle Atlantic Total 4,480 4,221 152 217 218 217 596 688 5,446 5,343 82 79 18 21 National Total 11,401 10,863 1,462 1,571 636 462 3,127 4,257 16,626 17,153 69 63 31 37 Abbreviations: HL, harvest-limited; -, no acreage. Note: Not shown above are Non-shellfish/Non-productive classifications, which totaled 275,000 acres in 1985 and 354,000 acres in 1990. Sub-estuaries are in italics. IZIL 0 a)7 Appendix C: Classification by Estuary South Atlantic r77777) North Carolina lb 3 4 South Carolina 6 7 Georgia 10 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 Florida Estuarine Drainage Areas 1 Albemarle/Pamlico Sounds 10 Savannah River la PamlicolPungo Rivers 11 Ossabaw Sound 1b Neuse River 12 St. Catherines/Sapelo Sounds 2 Bogue Sound 13 Altamaha River 3 New River 14 St. AndrewiSt. Simons Sounds 4 Cape Fear River 15 St. Marys River/Cumberland Sound 5 Winyah Bay 16 St. Johns River 6 North Santee/South Santee Rivers 17 Indian River 7 Charleston Harbor 18 Biscayne Bay 8 St. Helena Sound Note: Sub-estuaries are in italics. 9 Broad River 72 South Atlantic (Acres x 1,000) Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved %HL 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 Albemarle/Pamlico Sounds 1,206 1,204 1 2 - - 264 303 1,471 1,509 82 80 18 20 PamlicolPungo Rivers 449 486 3 2 - - 64 54 516 543 87 90 13 10 Neuse River 72 53 2 3 - - 36 35 110 91 65 58 35 42 Bogue Sound 36 36 24 26 - - 8 7 69 69 53 51 47 49 New River 13 14 - - - - 9 9 23 23 - 60 41 40 Cape Fear River 9 9 - 2 - - is 14 27 25 33 37 67 63 Winyah Bay 3 3 <1 1 - 8 19 11 22 22 13 13 87 87 N. Santee/S. Santee Rivers 32 22 <1 <1 - 14 4 <1 36 36 89 61 11 39 Charleston Harbor - - 5 5 - 2 19 17 24 24 - - 100 100 St. Helena Sound 155 116 1 <1 - <1 5 <1 161 116 96 99 4 1 Broad River 3 3 <1 <1 - <1 .9 9 12 13 25 26 75 74 Savannah River 8 8 - - - 1 23 33 31 42 25 19 75 81 Ossabaw Sound 2 2 - - 9 - <1 9 10 10 15 16 85 84 St. Catherines/Sapelo Sds 20 15 - - 1 - 23 28 44 44 44 36 56 64 Cx Altamaha River - - - - - - 12 12 12 12 - - 100 100 i;I 0 0 ZZ South Atlantic (Acres x 1,000) (cont.) Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved %HL 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 ;1Z St. Andrew/St. Simons Scls 20 21 - - 4 5 35 34 59 60 34 34 66 66 0 St. Marys River/Cumberland Sd - - - - - <1 - - - - - - - - 0 St. Johns River 1 1 1 1 - - 2 2 4 4 19 19 81 81 Indian River 22 22 20 46 - 57 27 29 69 153 32 14 68 86 Z., Biscayne Bay - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Other 45 76 25 30 - 13 35 23 105 143 43 53 57 47 South Atlantic Total 2,096 2,091 82 jig 15 100 612 630 2,805 2,940 75 71 25 29 National Total 11,401 10,863 1,462 1,571 636 462 3,127 4,257 16,626 17,153 69 63 31 37 rrl Abbreviations: HL, harvest-limited; no acreage; Scl,souncl. Note: Not shown above are Non-shellfish/Non-productive areas, which tot@lecl 479,000 acres in 1985 and 390,000 acres in 1990. 0 (D Mississippi X. 0 Texas Louisiana Alabama Georgia 0 18, 13 12 4 23 9 22 21: 26 Florida 2 20- 7 -:so, 4 Estuarine Drainage Areas 0 1 Florida Bay 10 Apalachicola Bay 17 Breton/Chandeleur Sounds 26 Matagorda Bay 0) 2 South Ten Thousand Islands I I St. Andrew Bay 18 Mississippi River 27 San Antonio Bay 3 North Ten Thousand Islands 12 Choctawhatchee Bay 19 Barataria Bay 28 Aransas Bay 4 Rookery Bay 13 Pensacola Bay 20 Terrebonne/Timbalier Bays 29 Corpus Christi Bay 5 Charlotte Harbor 14 Perdido Bay 21 Atchafalaya/Vermilion Bays 30 Upper Laguna Madre 5a Caloosahatchee River 15 Mobile Bay 22 Calcasieu Lake 30a Baffin Bay 6 Sarasota Bay 16 Mississippi Sound 23 Sabine Lake 31 Lower Laguna Madre 7 Tampa Bay 16a Lake Borgne 24 Galveston Bay Note: Sub- estuaries are in 8 Suwannee River 16b Lake Pontchartrain 25 Brazos River it alics. 9 Apalachee Bay 01 Gulf of Mexico (Acres x 1,000) ,3:b Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved %HL CIL 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 ;z .. ... .. ....... - - - - - ---- - - -- -- - - - ------- ---- ----- - Florida Bay 0 South Ten Thousand Islands 0 North Ten Thousand Islands 28 28 6 28 34 100 82 - 18 (A Rookery Bay - - - - 23 17 23 17 - - 100 100 Charlotte Harbor - 53 73 33 47 35 120 120 - 44 100 56 Caloosahatchee River - - - - - - - - - - - - Sarasota Bay - - 3 3 20 20 23 23 - - 100 100 Tampa Bay 40 38 - 16 32 45 72 98 55 38 45 62 Suwannee River 6 8 73 65 - 39 8 77 87 190 7 4 93 96 Apalachee Bay 3 3' 14 15 - 7 7 2 24 28 13 12 87 88 Apalachicola Bay <1 - 132 132 - - 10 10 142 142 - - too 100 St. Andrew Bay - - 37 30 - - 26 33 64 63 - - 100 100 Choctawhatchee Bay 53 - - 50 - - 10 25 63 75 85 - 15 100 Pensacola Bay 43 - - 46 - - 54 53 97 99 44 - 56 100 Perdido Bay - - - - - - 17 17 17 17 - - 100 100 Mobile Bay - - 211 211 - - <1 <1 211 211 - - 100 100 Mississippi Sound 180 375 246 37 2 57 182 147 610 616 29 61 71 39 Lake Borgne 169 170 12 21 - - 19 13 200 203 84 83 16 17 Lake Pontchartrain - - - - 383 - 44 427 427 427 - - 100 100 Gulf of Mexico (Acres x 1,000) (cont.) Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved % HL 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 Breton/Chandeleur Sounds 1,024 1,029 38 38 - - 58 41 1,120 1,107 91 93 9 7 Mississippi River - - - - - - 46 47 46 47 - - 100 100 Barataria Bay 114 114 21 12 - - 15 21 150 147 76 78 24 22 Terrebonne/Timbalier Bays 298 298 39 39 - - 3 3 337 337 88 88 12 12 AtchfalayaNermilion Bays 122 127 172 177 - - 385 384 678 688 18 18 82 82 Calcasieu Lake 11 26 - 19 - - 40 47 52 92 22 28 78 72 Sabine Lake - - - - - - 69 69 69 69 - - 100 100 Galveston Bay 175 145 - 43 - - 184 215 359 403 49 36 51 64 Brazos River 5 1 - - - - 2 6 7 7 73 14 27 86 Matagorda Bay 232 200 - 30 - - 30 33 262 263 89 76 11 24 San Antonio Bay 241 172 4 64 - - 16 27 260 263 93 65 7 35 Aransas Bay 183 179 - - - - 41 36 223 215 82 83 18 17 10 Corpus Christi Bay 109 109 - - - - 35 30 144 139 76 78 24 22 ID Z Upper Laguna Madre 417 191 - - - - 5 217 422 408 99 47 1 53 0- Baffin Bay 91 39 - - 13 71 104 110 88 35 12 65 c) Lower Laguna Madre 2 2 - - 8 26 10 28 19 7 81 93 Other 116 130 75 72 198 203 389 405 30 32 70 68 Gulf of Mexico Total 3,662 3,434 1,147 1,163 385 103 1,649 2,405 6,843 7,095 54 48 46 52 National Total 11,401 10,863 1,462 1,571 636 462 3,127 4,257 16,626 17,1153 69 63 31 37 Abbreviations: FIL, harvest-limited; -, no acreage. Note: Non-shellfish/Non-Droductive classifications totalina 833,000 acres in 1985 and 706,000 acres in 1990 are not shown. Sub-estuaries are in italics. t3r "CZ 2, tZ Appendix C: Classification by Estuary Pacif ic Estuarine Drainage Areas I Tijuana Estuary 28b 2 San Diego Bay 3. Mission Bay Washington 4 Newport Bay 27 28 5 San Pedro Bay 26 5a Alamitos Bay 5b Anaheim Bay 6 Santa Monica Bay 25 7 Morro Bay 22 8 Monterey Bay 21 8a Elkhorn Slough 20 9 San Francisco Bay 9a Central San Franciscol 8 Oregon San PablolSuisun Bays 17 10 Drakes Estero 16 11 Tornales Say 12 Eel River 13 Humboldt Bay 14 Klamath River 15 Rogue River 14 16 Coos Bay 17 Umpqua River (old Winchester Bay) 13 18 Siuslaw River 19 Alsea River 12 20 Yaquina Bay 21 Siletz Bay 22 Netarts Bay 23 Tillamook Bay 24 Nehalem River 25 Columbia River 9a 26 Willapa Bay -------- 27 Grays Harbor 9 28 Puget Sound California 28a Hood Canal 8 Ba 28b Skagit Bay Note: Sub-estuaries are in italics. 7 5 6 ,,- _@%b 3 2 78 Pacific (Acres x 1,000) Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved % HL 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 Tijuana Estuary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - San Diego Bay - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mission Bay - - - - - - - - - - - - - - San Pedro Bay - - - - - - - 1 5 - 1 5 - - - 100 Alamitos Bay - - - - Anaheim Bay - - - - Santa Monica Bay - - - - Morro Bay - - 1 1 - - 1 1 2 2 100 100 Monterey Bay - - - - 1 <1 <1 1 1 1 100 100 Elkhorn Slough - - - - - - - - - - - - San Francisco Bay - - 1 1 - - 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 7 100 100 Central San Franciscol - - - - - - 65 65 65 65 100 100 San PablolSuisun Bays Drakes Estero 2 2 1 1 - - - 3 3 71 77 29 23 Tomales Bay - - 5 5 1 1 1 6 7 - - 100 100 O Eel River Humboldt Bay 5 5 12 12 16 16 100 100 Klamath River Rogue River Coos Bay 3 1 6 7 - 2 3 1 1 1 1 27 1 1 73 89 Umpqua River 3 2 - <1 1 3 2 6 6 56 41 44 59 co Et ra 00 Q) Pacific (Acres x 1,000) (cont.) Estuary Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved % HL 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 Siuslaw River 2 - 2 - 100 - 0 Alsea River 2 - 2 - 100 - 0 Yaquina Bay 2 - - 2 2 2 4 4 56 44 100 Siletz Bay 1 - - - <1 - 1 - 68 - 32 - Netarts Bay 2 2 - - - - 2 2 100 100 - - Tillamook Bay - - 7 7 3 3 9 9 - - 100 100 Nehalern River 2 2 - - <1 2 2 3 88 49 12 51 Columbia River - - 2 - 2 - - - 100 Willapa Bay 87 85 2 3 3 90 90 97 95 3 5 14 Grays Harbor - - 43 43 - - 17 17 60 60 - - 100 100 Puget Sound 34 34 <1 2 - - 22 27 57 63 60 53 40 47 Hood Canal 9 8 2 <1 - <1 1 2 12 11 79 76 21 24 Skagit Bay 17 3 < 1 < I - 26 7 7 24 36 71 8 29 92 Other - - 4 1 4 63 10 38 90 Total 162 139 71 73 2 30 158 186 393 428 42 33 58 67 National Total 11,401 10,863 1,462 1,571 636 462 3,127 4,257 16,626 17,153 69 63 31 37 Abbreviations: HL, harvest-limited; -, no acreage. Note: Non-shellfish/Non-productive classifications totaling 2,288,000 acres in 1985 and 2,442,000 acres in 1990 are not shown. Sub-estuaries are in italics. Appendix C: Classification by Estuary Alaska and Hawaii 3 4 2 5 HAWAII Alaska Shellfish-Growing Areas 1 Southeast 2 Yakutat 3 Prince William Sound 4 Cook Inlet 5 Kodiak 81 Alaska and Hawaii (Acres x 1,000) a State/Area Approved Conditional Restricted Prohibited Total % Approved %HL QL 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 1985 1990 Alaska Southeast - 31 - - - - - - - 31 100 Yakutat - <1 - - - - - - - - - to Prince William Sound - 2 - - - - - - - 2 100 Cook Inlet - 13 - - - - - - - 13 - 100 Kodiak - 151 - - - - - - - 151 - 100 Other - - - - - - - - - - - - ZI Alaska Total 0 197 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 197 0 100 0 0 Hawaii (All Areas) 18 18 100 Hawaii Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 18 0 100 0 100 National Total 11,401 10,863 1,462 1,571 636 462 3,127 4,257 16,626 17,153 69 63 31 37 Abbreviations: HL, harvest-limited; -, no acreage. Note: Non-shellfish/Non-productive classifications for Alaska totaling zero acres in 1985 and 7,000 acres in 1990 are not shown. Hawaii did not have Non-shellfish/Non- productive acreage in 1985 or 1990. a. Alaska and Hawaii are located in the Pacific region but are listed seoarately since they are not oart of NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory. North Atlantic (Acres x 1,000) Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream STp CSO DD IND SEP URO ARO WL STG STP CSO URO ARO WL Passamaquoddy Bay 4 - - - 2 <1 Englishman Bay 3 - - - - Narraguagas Bay - - - - 1 Blue Hill Bay - - - - <1 Penobscot Bay 39 - <1 2 39 7 Muscongus Bay 4 - - <1 3 2 Sheepscot Bay 15 - - 6 12 1 - - <1 Casco Bay 23 - - - 10 2 - - 17 Saco Bay 8 - - 1 <1 4 Great Bay 2 - - 1 2 1 Merrimack River 2 - - <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 2 Masachusetts Bay 89 9 - 2 1 12 <1 4 - - 1 - Boston Bay 2 11 - 6 <1 29 1 28 - - - - Cape Cod Bay 71 <1 <1 <1 2 3 1 6 2 - - - - - Other 21 <1 - 3 19 14 4 12 4 - - - - - North Atlantic Total 238 20 - 21 91 75 5 19 55 2 - 3 - % Harvest-Limited Acreage 68 6 0 6 26 21 1 5 16 1 0 1 0 0 National Total 2,299 382 1,011 1,047 2,325 2,385 699 1,552 1,125 1,337 142 1,013 312 269 % Harvest-Limited Acreage 36 6 16 16 36 37 11 24 18 21 2 16 5 4 Abbreviations: STP, sewage treatment plant; CSO, combined sewer outfall; DID, direct discharge; IND, industry; SEP, septics; URO, urban runoff; ARO, agricultural runoff; WL, wildlife; BTG, boating; -, no acreage affected. Note: Sub-estuaries are in italics Co (b W CA Middle Atlantic (Acres x1,000) --------- -- Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream IND URO ARO STP CSO URO ARO WL STP CSO DD SEP WL BTG ---------- ... .... ...... .. . ... ....... ... .... .. . .. .. .. .... . ..... . . Buzzards Bay 10 4 <1 <1 8 11 - 8 9 11 - 10 10 Narragansett Bay 23 7 9 6 2 7 1 <1 16 11 - 17 - "t) Gardiners Bay 1 1 - - 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - Long Island Sound 139 84 7 9 10 122 2 8 46 49 3 9 2 Connecticut River 4 - - - - - - - 5 2 - - - Great South Bay <1 - - - 5 41 3 6 29 - - - Hudson River/Raritan Bay 173 128 68 16 7 157 4 - 1 - 2 4 Barnegat Bay - - - - 1 16 - - 13 - - 1 New Jersey Inland Bays - - - - 5 19 - 6 11 - - - Delaware Bay 25 - - 3 29 19 30 35 4 5 - - Delaware Inland Bays 4 - - - 3 5 <1 - <1 - - - Chincoteague Bay 1 - - 1 1 - <1 - 2 - - - Chesapeake Bay 17 - 11 24 40 36 26 36 10 - 15 Patuxent River - - - - - - - - - - - Potomac River 6 - <1 1 9 <1 18 <1 4 - <1 - Rappahannock River 3 - - 1 10 < 1 12 - 12 - - - York River 1 - - 5 2 < I < I < 1 6 - - - .... .. . ...... .. .. .. . .. . . Middle Atlantic (Acres x1,000) (cont.) Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream STP CSO DD IND SEP URO ARO WL BTG STP CSO URO ARO WL James River 181 - - 155 3 158 9 - 130 16 16 16 Chester River 1 - - < 1 5 < 1 7 7 < 1 - - Choptank River 2 - - - - - 9 1 - - TangierlPocomoke Sounds 2 - - <1 <1 - 6 6 2 - Other 51 - - 16 8 59 4 7 34 - - - Middle Atlantic Total 644 224 84 224 133 655 142 112 361 104 5 72 1 28 % Harvest-Limited 53 18 7 18 11 54 12 9 30 9 0 6 0 2 National Total 2,299 382 1,011 1,047 2,325 2,386 699 1,552 1,125 1,337 142 1,013 312 269 % Harvest-Limited 36 6 16 16 36 37 11 24 is 21 2 16 5 4 Abbreviations: STP, sewage treatment plant; GSO, combined sewer outfall; DID, direct discharge; IND, industry-, SEP, septics; URO, Urban Runoff, ARO, agricultural runoff WL, wildlife; BTG, boating; no acreage affected. Note: Sub-estuaries are in italics. 9x ;Z ZZ z ZII CK) (b (11 0) South Atlantic (Acres x 1,000) - --- -- ------ Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream STP CSO DD IND SEP URO ARO WL BTG STP 6SO URO ARO WL Albemarle/Pamlico Sounds 100 - - 74 22 11 147 145 25 0 PamlicolPungo Rivers 6 - - 1 7 4 49 3 1 Neuse River 32 - - 1 1 32 5 - 1 Bogue Sound 3 - - 2 2 16 21 <1 6 <1 New River 9 9 <1 <1 <1 Cape Fear River 14 4 2 14 - 15 - - - - - Winyah Bay 3 13 - 3 - - 5 - 5 - 19 N. Santee/S. Santee Rivers - - <1 <1 <1 - - 14 <1 - - - - - Charleston Harbor 22 - - 22 19 22 - - 22 - St. Helena Sound <1 - - - <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 Broad River 8 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 Savannah River 31 - - 31 1 31 1 1 - -3 2 Ossabaw Sound - - - - <1 - - 9 St. Catherines/Sapelo Sounds - - 5 - 21 <1 4 23 21 4 Altamaha River 12 - - - 12 - - - 12 12 St. Andrew/St. Simons Sounds 5 - - 23 4 4 4 1 4 St. Marys /Cumberland Sounds - - - - - - - - - South Atlantic (Acres x 1,000) (cont.) Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream STP CSO DID IND SEP URO ARO WL 1BTG STP CSO URO ARO WL St. Johns River 4 - - - 4 4 - 4 - Indian River 90 - - - 125 105 - 68 15 Biscayne Bay - - - - - - - - - Other 35 - - 7 59 45 2 37 23 South Atlantic Total 374 - 5 179 288 291 235 306 146 9 - 7 0 35 % Harvest-Limited 44 0 1 21 34 34 28 36 17 1 0 1 0 4 National Total 2,299 382 1,011 1,047 2,325 2,385 699 1,552 1,125 1,337 142 1,013 312 269 % Harvest-Limited 36 6 16 16 36 37 11 24 18 21 2 16 5 4 Abbreviations: STP, sewage treatment plant; CSO, combined sewer outfall; DD, direct discharge; IND, industry; SEP, septics; URO, urban runoff; ARO, agricultural runoff; WL, wildlife; BTG, boating-, no acreage affected. Note@ Sub-estuaries are in italics Co (b N fA 200 Gulf of Mexico (Acres x 1,000) IN - ---------- Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream STP CSO DO IND SEP URO ARO WIL BTG STP CSO URO ARO WL Florida Bay SouthTen Thousand Islands North Ten Thousand Islands 6 - - 6 Rookery Bay 17 - - 17 - - - - - Charlotte Harbor 35 - - 1 66 35 - 40 23 Caloosahatchee, River - - - - - - - Sarasota Bay 18 - - - 23 23 - - 23 Tampa Bay 53 - - 8 16 38 - 10 <1 Suwannee River 6 - - - 182 116 4 176 - Apalachee Bay - - - - 24 11 - 25 1 - 7 Apalachicola Bay 8 8 2 8 141 10 - 139 8 131 - 141 St. Andrew Bay 55 - - 36 38 42 - 34 <1 - - - Choctawhatchee Bay 65 - - - 69 65 - 75 - Pensacola Bay 56 - - 88 56 49 - 13 - Perdido Bay - - - - - - 17 - - Mobile Bay <1 - - - <1 - <1 - - - 3 211 211 - Mississippi Sound 112 - - 39 16 36 - 45 129 3 3 10 12 - Lake Borgne - - - - 4 - - - - 24 10 24 - - Lake Pontchartrain 44 - 383 - - 427 - - - 383 - - - - Breton/Chandeleur Sounds - - 21 - 66 2 18 19 9 57 - 57 <1 <1 Mississippi River 47 - - 47 - 47 - - 47 - - - - - .......... . . .... . .... ... Gulf of Mexico (Acres x 1,000) (cont.) Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream STP CSO 00 IND SEP UA0 ARID WL BTQ STP CSO URO ARO WL Barataria Bay 3 - 1 - 2 - 19 1 - - - - - - Terrebonne/Timbalier Bays 1 - 21 - 21 - - 2 - 2 - - - - Atchfalaya/Vermilion Bays 11 203 483 13 483 - - 351 1 530 - 465 - - Calcasieu Lake - - 4 - <1 1 21 39 9 - - 7 - 3 Sabine Lake - - - - - - 5 3 - 2 - - - - Galveston Bay 104 - - 45 255 89 195 78 18 - 114 10 114 - Brazos River 2 - - 6 - 2 2 5 - - - - 2 2 Matagorda Bay 10 - 1 14 56 1 17 9 37 - - - 14 - San Antonio Bay 16 - - - 64 4 - - 12 - - - 80 64 Aransas Bay 28 - - - 7 6 3 31 3 - - - 2 - Corpus Christi Bay 30 - - - 17 24 - - - - - - - - Upper Laguna Madre 3 - - - 1 3 - - 7 - - - - - Baffin Bay - - - - 71 - - - - - - - - - Lower Laguna Madre 9. - - <1 - 8 - - 7 - - - - - Other 234 - 4 201 85 237 - 20 173 42 - 9 - - _11,174 131 M 435 -210 Gulf of Mexico Total 973 211 926 M 1,763 -1,276- 301 1,115 507 % Harvest-Limited Acreage 27 6 25 14 48 35 a 30 14 32 4 22 12 6 National Total 2,299 382 1,011 1,047 2,325 2,385 699 1,552 1,125 1,337 142 1,013 312 269 % Harvest-Limited Acreage 36 6 16 16 36 37 11 24 18 21 2 16 5 4 'Abbreviations: STP, sewage treatment plant CSO, combined sewer outfall; DD, direct discharge; IND, industry; SEP, septics; UR0,urbarf-runoff; ARO, agricultural runoff,- WL, wildlife; BTG, boating; no acreage affected. Note: Sub-estuaries are in italics co @0 th Pacific (Acres x 1,000) Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream STP CSO DID IND SEP URO ARO WL EITG STP CSO UR 0 ARO WL 9<% Tijuana Estuary - - - - San Diego Bay - - - - Mission Bay - - - - Q Newport Bay - - - - San Pedro Bay - - - 15 15 15 Alamitos Bay - - - - - - Anaheim Bay - - - - Santa Monica Bay - - - - - Morro Bay - - - - 1 - 2 1 Monterey Bay 1 - - - - <1 - <1 <1 Elkhorn Slough - - - - - - - - - San Francisco Bay 2 - - 7 - 9 - - 8 Central San Franciscol - - - 65 - - - - - San PablolSuisun Bays Drakes Estero - - - - - - I - - Tomales Bay 1 - - - 6 1 1 - 1 Humboldt Bay 9 - - - 5 - 17 17 - Klamath River - - - - - - - - - Rogue River - - - - - - - Coos Bay 5 - 3 7 - - 2 1 Pacific (Acres x 1,000) (cont.) Estuary Point Nonpoint Upstream STP CSO OD IND SEP URO ARO WL BTG STP CSO URO ARO wL Umpqua River 2 2 3 3 1 <1 Siuslaw River - - - - - - Alsea River - - - Yaquina Bay 1 2 1 1 Siletz Bay - - - - Netarts Bay - - - Tillamook Bay - - - 8 - 1 Nehalem River <1 2 - - - - Columbia River - - - 2 - - - Willapa Bay 3 3 2 3 - - - Grays Harbor 17 17 - 17 - - - 43 43 Puget Sound 25 13 2 25 <1 2 8 - - Hood Canal - - 2 - < 1 <1 1 Skagit Bay 9 - - 3 30 7 14 M Other 3 - - I <i <1 - Q@ Pacific Total 74 - 6 123 57 92 41 21 41 45 - 43 - - i;1 @4 Haevott-Limited 26 0 2 43 20 32 14 7 14 16 0 15 0 0 National Total 2,299 382 1,011 1,047 2,325 2,38s 699 1,552 1,126 1,337 142 1,013 312 269 ftlrvimt@Limlted 36 6 16 16 36 37 1 1 24 18 21 2 16 5 Abbreviations: STP, sewage treatment plant; CSO, combined sewer outfall; DD, direct discharge; IND, industry; SEP, septics; URO, urban runoff; ARO, agricultural runoff; a' WL, wildlife; BTG, boating; -, no acreage affected. Note: Sub-estuaries are in italics M Alaska and Hawaii (Acres x 1,000) a State/Area Point Nonpoint Upstream STP CSO DD IND SEP URO ARO WL BTG STP CSO URO ARO WL ... .. .. .... ... . .. ... . . ... ... .. . .. ... .. . . . .... .. . ..... .. ... . . ... .... ..... Alaska Southeast - - - - Yakutat - - - - zz Prince William Sound - - - - Cook Inlet - - - - Kodiak Other Alaska Total % Harvest-Limited Hawaii (All Areas) 1 6 18 6 - - - -- -- --- -------------- - - Hawaii Total 1 6 18 6 - - - - - % Harvesi-Limited 6 0 0 33 0 100 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 National Total 2,299 382 1,011 1,047 2,325 2,385 699 1,552 1,125 1,337 142 1,013 312 269 % Harvest-Umitod 36 6 16 16 36 37 11 24 18 21 2 16 5 4 Abbreviations: STP, sewage treatment plant;'CSO, combined sewer ouffall; DD, direct discharge; IND, industry; SEP, septics; URO, urban runoff; ARO, agricultural runoff; WL, wildlife; BTG, boating; -, no acreage affected. a. Alaska and Hawaii are located in the Pacific region but are listed separately since they are not part of NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory. Landings by State (Pounds x 1,000) RiVion/State, Oyster Landings Clam Landings 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1985 19" 1987 1988 1989 North Atlantic Maine 49 138 116 75 69 4,486 5,171 4,457 3,105 2,962 New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 Massachusetts 46 88 80 40 44 10,570 9,466 6,806 6,974 5,375 Total 95 226 196 115 113 15,056 14,637 11,263 10,079 8,337 Middle Atlantic Rhode Island 0 6 2 1 2 5,973 5,677 4,977 4,352 4,073 Connecticut 864 891 537 1,090 1,932 845 754 596 312 710 New York 299 264 174 324 339 10,010 14,633 5,879 5,795 9,233 New Jersey 293 105 15 0 0 63,438 62,137 61,809 56,095 71,106 Delaware 39 0 0 0 0 21 24 20 36 34 Maryland 3,518 6,828 3,649 2,060 2,160 23,306 21,456 23,192 21,598 8,422 Virginia 4,526 5,600 4,822 2,927 2,000 13,989 13,125 9,723 11,991 8,885 2@, Total 9,539 13,694 9,199 6,402 6,433 117,582 117,806 106,196 100,179 102,463 -00 South Atlantic North Carolina 546 745 1,426 913 530 1,335 1,357 1,207 998 1,295 South Carolina 1,038 568 315 228 294 194 242 172 202 108 Georgia 37 4 9 35 46 7 17 34 64 12 1b Florida 28 108 110 152 134 1,536 1,442 1,096 711 306 QS@ Total 1,649 1,425 1,860 1,328 1,004 3,072 3,058 2,509 1,975 1,721 Landings by State (Pounds x 1,000) (cont.) Region/State Oyster Landings Clam Landings 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1985 1986 1987 1988, 1989 Gulf of Mexico Florida 4,393 2,021 3,682 2,065 1,479 215 66 16 37 18 Alabama 1,277 946 88 103 10 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 1,193 1,202 132 147 100 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 14,123 12,316 10,769 21,917 8,673 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 5,134 5,649 2,897 2,270 1,980 0 0 0 0 0 Total 26,120 22,134 17,568 26,502 12,242 215 66 16 37 18 Pacific Coast California 1,209 1,131 1,138 1,172 1,458 129 79 123 440 40 Oregon 424 428 425 458 402 99 79 35 45 64 Washington 5,992 8,705 9,453 8,791 8,982 8,155 9,062 9,963 9,941 8,645 Alaska NIA NIA NIA NIA 106 434 418 71 240 204 Total 7,625 10,264 11,016 10,421 10,948 8,817 9,638 10,192 10,666 8,953 h, atio naI Total 45 028 47,7 43 39, 839 44,768 30,740 1 44,742 145,204 1 30 175 1 22,936 121 492 Abbreviations: N/A, Not Available. Note: No commercial landings were reported in Hawaii between 1985 and 1989. Landings by State (Pounds x 1,000) (cont.) Region/State Scallop Landings Mussel Landings 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 North Atlantic Maine 813 721 1,239 1,311 1,715 6,123 6,640 6,615 6,269 4,759 New Hampshire 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Massachusetts 9,890 10,964 16,878 17,170 18,553 NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA Total 10,703 11,702 18,117 18,481 20,268 6,123 6,640 6,615 6,269 4,759 Middle Atlantic Rhode Island 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Connecticut 10 72 130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York 269 187 107 267 40 154 274 108 800 585 New Jersey 1,754 2,143 3,451 3,164 3,986 0 0 8 5 14 0 Delaware 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 0 2 62 85 20 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia 2,868 4,261 7,291 6,545 7,702 0 0 0 0 0 Total 4,923 6,665 11,041 10,061 11,748 154 274 116 805 599 South Atlantic North Carolina 456 301 155 39 84 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Florida 9,917 1,575 10,934 12,039 3,350 0 0 0 0 0 Total 10,373 1,876 11,089 12,078 3,434 o 0 0 0 0 Landings by State (Pounds x 1,000) (cont.) RegionlState Scallop Landings Mussel Landings 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1985 1986 1987 1988 19891 0. Gulf of Mexico rn Florida N/A 5 19 512 1,511 0 0 0 0 0 Alabama 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Zl 0 Total 0 10 19 512 1,512 0 0 0 0 0 2-@ Pacific Coast 12 California 0 0 0 0 0 0 335 287 151 163 Oregon 205 26 14 8 0 40 38 49 49 60 Washington 13 9 10 15 90 255 297 284 486 479 Alaska 677 645 677 233 313 0 0 0 0 65 Total 895 680 701 256 403 295 670 620 686 767 National Total 26,894 20,933 40,967 41,388 37,365 6,572 7,584 7,351 7,760 6,125 Abbreviations: N/A, Not Available. Note: No commercial landings were reported in Hawaii between 1985 and 1989. Appendix F. State Shellfish Programs State Dollars per Acrea,b Total Classified Acres per Sampling Station 1985 1990 1985- 1990 Maine 0.07 0.08 413 714 New Hampshire 0.22 1.66 619 481 Massachusetts 0.96 0.33 1,357 3,474 Rhode Island 0.22 2.03 567 567 Connecticut 0.24 1.05 1,057 888 New York 0.16 0.53 1,096 718 New Jersey 1.48 1.20 99 167 Delaware 0.26 0.25 1,679 1,686 Maryland 0.36 0.44 982 1,937 Virginia 0.34 0.38 414 788 North Carolina 0.10 0.27 863 1,610 South Carolina 1.45 1.39 750 775 Georgia 0.17 313 949 740 Florida 0.38 0.29 772 969 Alabama 0.01 0.31 4,597 4,818 Mississippi 0.06 0.48 3,608 3,122 Louisiana 0.19 0.18 4,797 4,243 Texas 0.16 0.17 4,113 2,751 California 2.65 2.71 13,750 2,150 Oregon 1.61 2.08 451 367 Washington 4.19 5.73 97 33 Alaska N/A N/A N/A 1,165 Hawaii N/A N/A N/A 2,250 Average 0.34 0,47 754 847 Abbreviations: N/A, Not Available. a. Dollar values are in constant 1989 values. b. Bold values indicate numbers lower than the median. 97 Appendix G: Glossary Approved Waters Shellfish may be harvested for direct marketing. Classified Shellfish-Growing Waters Shellfish-growing waters classified for commercial harvest. Coliform Bacteria Coliform bacteria are present in sewage and are used to indicate possible the presence of enteric pathogens of sewage origin. Fecal coliform bacteria are a subset of the total coliform bacteria group, and indicate specifically the presence of fecal material. Conditionally Approved Waters Shellfish-growing waters meet approved classification standards under predictable conditions. These waters are opened to harvest when water quality standards are met and are closed at other times. Depuration Shellfish from restricted areas are placed in tanks through which bacteria-free water is circulated, usually 48 hours before shellfish are removed for marketing. Enteric Pathogens Enteric Pathogens are human intestinal bacteria or viruses that cause gastroenteritis or hepatitis. Estuarine Drainage Area (EDA) An EDA is the land and water component of a watershed that drains directly into estuarine waters. Harvest-Limited Waters The sum of shellfish-growing waters classified as conditionally approved, restricted, and prohibited. Landings Landings refer to the quantity of shellfish harvested. National Shellfish Sanitation Program The NSSP is a cooperative program of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, shellfish-producing states, and the shellfish industry designed to control harvest and distribution of molluscan shellfish for human consumption. Offshore Waters The non-estuarine shellfish-growing waters that extend seaward to the three-mile limit are classified as offshore waters. Prohibited Waters Prohibited shellfish-growing waters may not be harvested for direct marketing. Until 1986, relaying was allowed in prohibited waters. Relay The transfer of shellfish is permitted from restricted waters to approved waters for natural cleansing, usually for a minimum of 14 days before harvest. 99 Appendix G: Glossary Restricted Waters The shel If ish -growing waters may be harvested only if shellfish are relayed or depurated before direct marketing. Sanitary Survey The NSSP requires that a sanitary survey include the evalua- tion of all factors determining the classification of waters, including actual and potential pollution sources, hydrographic and meteorologic conditions, and coliform bacteria sampling results. Shellfish The Register includes only edible species of oysters, clams, scallops, and mussels. Shellfish Culture Culture includes the propagation, planting, cultivation, and harvest of shellfish. 100 .......... Courtesy of James L. Amos, National Geographic Society Nt" AAO & 411 July 1991 1111111 Nat lonalShollfish "02i@,tcr of, Clas."ifiod F'tuarine Water 3 6668 00004 0255