[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
















          A6k

               SH
               35
               A3
               1993





























                                              DRAFT
                                   ENIVIRONM@ETAL ASSESSMENT
                                               FOR
                           REPAIR, RECONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE
                                                OF
                                     KAHINAPORAKU FISHPOND,
                                         MOANUI AHUPUA'A
                                  MOLOKA'l HAWAII (TMK 5-8-01:2)







                                            Prepared for:

                                  Aquaculture Development Program
                              Department of Land and Natural Resources


                                            Prepared by:

                                         MBA International
                                    1188 Bishop Street,, Suite 3411
                                     Honolulu, Hawaii 9-6813-3314
                                            808) 52 2-9711



                                              Contact,


                                         William A. Brewer





     Vn                                     January 1993













                                  DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
                                                    FOR
                              REPAIR, RECONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE
                                                     OF
                              KAHINAPOHAKU FISHPOND, MOANUI AHUPUA'A
                                     MOLOKA'I, HAWAII (TMK 5-8-01:2)



           This document is prepared pursuant to Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes and is financed, in part,
           by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, administered by the Office of Ocean and
           Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States
           Department of Commerce, through the Office of State Planning, State of HawaiL





                                           PROJECT APPLICANT:


                                       Aquaculture Development Program
                                   Department of Land and Natural Resources
                                               State of Hawaii






                  John S. Corbin, Manager                       January 1993



                                         ACCEPTING AUTHORITY:


                                   Department of Land and Natural Resources




                                              PREPARED BY:


                                              MBA International
                                         1188 Bishop Street, Suite 3411
                                         Honolulu, Hawaii 96813-3314
                                                808-522-9711




                                                January 1993











                                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS



                Section



                 1      SUMMARY          .......................................................                            1-1
                        1.1     Objective     ....................................................                          1-1
                        1.2     Location      ....................................................                          1-1
                        1.3     The Proposed Action        ...........................................                      1-1



                 2      PROJECT DESCRIPTION                ...........................................                      2-1
                        2.1     Project Background       ............................................                       2-1
                        2.2     Project Purpose       ...............................................                       2-1
                        2.3     Project Location       ..............................................                       2-2
                        2.4     General Description of Project Action Characteristics            ..................         2-2


                 3      DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT, IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION
                        MEASURES           .....................................................                            3-1
                        3.1     Physical Environment         .........................................                      3-t
                                3.1.1    Land Use      ..............................................                       3-1
                                3
                                .3.1.2   Topography and Bathymetry            ...............................               3-1
                                3.1.3    Hydrology       ............................................                       3-1
                                3.1.4    Soils   .................................................                          3-2
                                3.1.5    Natural Hazards       ........................................                     3-2
                                3.1.6    Water Quality       .........................................                      3-2
                                3.1.7    Water Currents        ........................................                     3-3
                                3.1.8    Air Quality     .............................................                      3-4
                                3.1.9    Noise     ................................................                         3-4
                        3.2     Biological Environment         ........................................                     3-4
                                3.2.1 Marine Environment             ....................................                   3-4
                                3.2.2 Terrestrial Environment          ......                                               3-7
                                3.2.3    Endangered and Threatened Species             .........................            3-7
                        3. 3    Cultural Environment         .........................................                      3-8



                 4      PUBLIC FACILITIES, SERVICES, AND IMPACTS                          ......................            4-1



                 5      SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT                           ...........................               5-1
                        5.1     Recreation       .................................................                          5-1
                        5.2     Aesthetics      ..................................................                          5-1
                        5.3     Agriculture      .................................................                          5-1
                        5.4     Economics       ..................................................                          5-2





                                                                       i








             Section                                                                                             !LaLe

                6    RELATIONSHIP TO STATE AND COUNTY                               PLANS, POLICIES, AND
                     CONTROLS         ......................................................                      6-1
                     6.1     The Hawaii State Plan      .........................................                 6-1
                     6.2     State Land Use Law       ..........................................                  6-3
                     6.3     County Zoning       ..............................................                   6-3
                     6.4     Coastal Zone Management         .....................................                6-3
                     6.5     Permits   .....                                                                      6-3
                     6.6     Significance Criteria   ...........................................                  6-3



                7    ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT                         ......................          7-1
                     7.1     General    ....................................................                      7-1
                     7.2     The No-Action Alternative       .....................................                7-1



                8    LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS CONSULTED 8-1
                     8.1     Consulted Parties     ............................................                   8-1



                9    LIST OF PREPARERS            .............................................                   9-1



                10   LIST OF REFERENCES            ...........................................                    10-1
                                                      LIST OF EXHIBITS                                        Follows
             Exhibit                                                                                        Page No

                1.   Kahinapohaku Fishpond, Eastern Moloka'i, Site Location Map           ................        2-2
                2.   Kahinapohaku Pond (photograph)          .....................................                2-2
                3.   Kahinapohaku Fishpond, Moloka'l, Hawai'i        ...............................              2-2
                4.   Kahinapohaku Fishpond Restoration         ....................................               2-2
                5.   Kahinapohaku Restoration -- Material Requirements          .......................           2-2



                                                    LIST OF APPENDICES


             A.      Baseline Marine Environmental Survey, Kahinapohaku Fishpond
             B       Archaeological Survey, Kahinapohaku Fishpond










                                                            SECTION I
                                                            SUMMARY



              1.1     OBJECT


              The objective of the proposed action is the repair and reconstruction of Kahinapohaku Fishpond.
              It is intended that this restoration will serve as a model for restoration of other fishponds on Moloka'i
              and throughout Hawaii, and that it will facilitate the revitalization of community and 'ohana-based
              traditional operation and management skills once associated with Hawaiian fishponds. The cultural
              and natural resource value of Kahinapohaku Fishpond to the Hawaiian community and the fishpond
              'ohana has been progressively lost as a result of structural damage to the fishpond wall by recent and
              historic tsunami and storm waves, regulatory obstacles, and general neglect of this unique coastal and
              cultural resource.


              1.2     LOCATIO


              The proposed project site is identified as TMK 5-8-01:2, and is located in East Moloka'i, roughly
              halfway between Waialua and Halawa Valley (Exhibit 1). The fishpond is situated within the Moanui
              ahupuaa and lies immediately adjacent to and below State Highway 450. It is separated from the
              highway by an irregular embankment that has been reinforced by a seawall constructed of basalt
              boulders. The project site consists of a 4.0-acre (1.6 hectares [hal) fishpond that is delineated on its
              makai (seaward) margin by a deteriorating 1200-foot-long (366 meter-long) wall constructed of basalt
              foundation boulders, and on its mauka (landward) margin by a rock seawall and Highway 450 (Exhibit
              2).


              1.3     THE PROPOSED ACTIO


              The proposed action involves the repair and reconstruction of the fishpond wall and at least one
              makaha (sluice gate); periodic post-construction maintenance of the fishpond wall and basin; and
              operation of the fishpond using traditional, culturally-based, management practices.

              Repair and reconstruction will entail the following actions: 1) the physical movement, alignment, and
              retrieval of wall foundation boulders from within the pond basin using a tracked backhoe or
              loader/dozer; 2) the manual movement, manipulation, and temporary stockpiling of smaller 'di'di
              (pebbles or rubble) within the fishpond basin; and 3) reconstruction of the pond wall using existing
              onsite rock, mechanized equipment, and 'ohana-provided manual labor. Construction will take place
              in 1993 and is scheduled to occur between April and September when low to minus tides are
              'common.

              Periodic post-construction maintenance activities are required to facilitate the long-term use and
              management of the fishpond. These activities will include manual replacement of wall stones
              dislodged as a result of heavy surf action, and manual removal of wave-deposited sand and rock from
              the fishpond basin to maintain pond depths.

              To the extent possible, fishpond use and management will follow traditional practices and methods,
              subject to existing State-regulated fishing methods, seasons, and catch limits. Marine organisms



              00220001                                           1-1








              cultured or harvested within the pond will be used for either subsistence purposes or as stocking
              materials for other Moloka'i fishponds.

              Fishpond restoration expenses, based largely on heavy equipment rental and operation costs, are
              estimated at $22,267. Funding sources have, to date, not been identified but are expected to be
              derived from a combination of Federal, State, County, and private sources.

              Existing Conditions

              Water Quality. Kahinapohaku Fishpond demonstrates physical and chemical characteristics more or
              less typical of nearshore coastal waters with slight groundwater or surface water inputs. Overall water
              quality is generally high with no physical or chemical parameters likely to be limiting to marine
              organisms. The fishpond is subject to moderate siltation associated with discharges from Moanui
              Stream; these discharges may have a minor influence on coral growth and development.

              Physical Environment. The underwater topography of the fishpond and adjacent nearshore areas
              consists of five physiographic zones: 1) a sandy, but somewhat silty, intertidal and nearshore subtidal
              zone; 2) a pond basin characterized by boulder- to cobble-sized basalt rock; 3) a broad zone of 'X'il@'
              4) the structural remains of the fishpond wall; and 5) a wave-exposed seaward limestone reef flat
              platform.

              Water currents within the fishpond are dominated by wave set-up on the seaward reef flat which
              produces a pronounced east-to-west flow during high to intermediate tides. During low tide periods,
              water currents are negligible because of the protection conferred by the existing wall, but wind
              influence may be considerable during low tide periods associated with prevailing tradewinds. Water
              quality studies indicated that oceanic conditions of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen prevail
              in the pond.

              Biological Environment. The beach strand habitat has been extensively modified as a result of road
              construction and periodic cutting.

              Seven species of coral were recorded within the fishpond basin or in association with the structural
              remains of the fishpond wall. Coral zonation was not evident, suggesting storm-wave deposition.
              Because of their small size and prostrate growth forms, reef platform corals do not provide any
              significant habitat for fishes or invertebrates.

              The macroalgal flora varied widely among the microhabitats of the fishpond. Brown algae dominated
              the fishpond basin, whereas articulated and non-articulated coralline red algae dominated the seaward
              reef flat platform.

              The macroinvertebrate fauna of the fishpond basin demonstrated low diversity and was composed of
              common intertidal and subtidal mollusks, urchins. and crustaceans. The pond wall was dominated by
              sea cucumbers.


              Fishes were, with few exceptions low in both diversity and abundance. Dominant species included
              manini, kupipi, and inamo.




              00220001                                           1-2







              Socia]/Cultural Environment.        Kahinapohaku Fishpond, a loko kuapa,l is a State-registered
              historical site (State Site 50-60-05-228). It is regarded as being in "fair to poor" condition because
              of the largely submerged wall and shallow pond basin. Archaeological data collection and retrieval
              activities are deemed to be complete; thus it is not anticipated that any archaeological or cultural
              information will be jeopardized or lost as a result of the proposed action.

              The proposed action is consistent with, and has the widespread support of, the Governor's Task
              Force on Moloka'i Fishpond Restoration (the Task Force), the Moloka'i community, and the
              respective pond 'ohana.

              Impact

              Land Use. The proposed action will not significantly change or modify existing use of the shoreline
              or submerged lands adjacent to, or associated with, the fishpond. The proposed action will allow the
              resumption of Fishpond operation, management, and marine resource harvesting in a manner
              consistent with Hawaiian cultural and traditional values. Revitalization of the fishpond is expected
              to result in an increase in harvesting activities by the 'ohana of the Moanui ahLipua'a.

              Water Quality. The proposed action will result in a small increase in water turbidity and elevated
              levels of suspended solids associated with the movement, stockpiling, and repositioning of wall
              foundation stones, smaller wall stones, and 'di'di. Such changes would be short-term in nature and
              would not adversely affect marine organisms within the fishpond basin or in adjacent coastal waters.
              Because of the high interchange between fishpond waters and adjacent coastal waters, and tradewind
              influence, no diminution in dissolved oxygen levels are expected to occur as a result of wall
              reconstruction or subsequent operation of the fishpond.

              Physical Environment. The proposed action will alter the physical topography of approximately 3.0
              acres (1.2 ha) of the fishpond substratum as a result of the collection and repositioning of wall stones.
              The existing substratum will change from one dominated by stones, cobbles, and 'ili'ifi, to one of
              mixed cobble and sand. Water depths within the fishpond will increase by approximately 1 foot (ft;
              0.3 meters [m]) as a result of rock removal. Vertical relief associated with the existing pond wall will
              be increased along an approximately 1200-ft-long (366-m-long) corridor as a result of the wall
              reconstruction. Water currents within the fishpond will decrease, although restoration of at least one
              makaha will ensure that adequate exchange is maintained with adjacent coastal waters. The ability
              to regulate tidal exchange and water currents is a desirable consequence of the proposed project since
              it will permit the biological productivity of the Fishpond to increase in a manner consistent with
              Hawaiian aquacultural practices.

              Biological Environment. Ile proposed action will result in no significant short- or long-term
              environmental impacts to the fishpond basin or adjacent marine communities. Minor impacts would
              accrue to an ep1benthic macroalgae community that dominates most subtidal rocks in the fishpond
              basin as a result of rock removal, stockpiling, and wall reconstruction. Heavy equipment operations,
              rock repositioning, and other manual activities will result in the temporary relocation of some fishes.
              However, these fishes presently move between the fishpond basin and adjacent coastal waters as a


                  1 "A fishpond of littoral water whose side or sides facing the sea consist of a stone or coral wall
              usually containing one or more sluice grates" (DHM 1989).

              00220001                                           1-3









             result of tidal fluctuations, thus such temporary dislocations are not expected to result in any adverse
             impacts to the affected species. Rock repositioning and wall construction may crush certain benthic
             invertebrates, however, these losses are expected to be minor.

             Social/Cultural Environment. The proposed action will not adversely impact the archaeological or
             cultural integrity of the fishpond, inasmuch as data retrieval efforts are deemed complete. The action
             will, conversely, result in a revitalization of traditional fishpond technology and use. The proposed
             action is consistent with the goals and objectives of the Task Force and its Cultural Committee.
















































             00220001                                           1-4











                                                           SECTION 2
                                                   PROJECT DESCRIPTION



              2.1    PROJECT BACKGROUN


              Hawaiian fishponds and fishtraps are a unique cultural resource and food production system
              developed and refined by pre-Western and post-Western contact Hawaiians. Fishponds have declined
              statewide in importance and value as result of many contributing factors. On Moloka'i, where
              approximately 70 known fishponds once flourished, the situation is particularly acute.

              Among the factors accounting for the decline in Hawaiian fishpond use on Moloka'i are the
              following: 1) changing seafood markets and consumer demand; 2) infilling of ponds by silt as a result
              of agricultural runoff combined with poor soil and, range management practicesl and upland wind and
              water erosion exacerbated by overgrazing of domesticated and feral animals; 3) improperly designed
              stormwater and flood control channels; 4) destruction of fishpond walls by tsunami and regional
              tropical cyclonic storm events; 5) reclamation of ponds as a result of mangrove introduction and
              spreading; 6) changing land use practices; and 7) Federal, State, and County regulatory obstacles to
              fishpond reconstruction.

              The Task Force was established in 1991 to reverse the loss of these important cultural and
              archaeological resources, and the impact of this toss on the traditions of the Hawaiian community.
              Among the objectives of the Task Force were a community-based fishpond restoration and
              revitalization targeted at selected ponds and fishtraps on Moloka'i. Kahinapohaku Fishpond was
              selected by the Task Force as one of two ancient ponds for community and 'ohana-based
              reconstruction and revitalization. Selection of the Kahinapohaku Fishpond was based on its
              ownership by the State of Hawaii, regulatory agency support, small size, absence of significant
              archaeological constraints, lack of siltation, minimal environmental impact, public access
              considerations, and the strong support demonstrated by the Moloka'i community, the Kahinapohaku
              ,ohana, and the Cultural Committee of the Task Force (Governor's Task Force on Moloka'i Fishpond
              Restoration 1992)_

              2.2    PROJECT PURPOSE


              The purpose and objective of the proposed project is the repair and reconstruction of Kahinapohaku
              Fishpond. It is intended that this restoration will serve as a model for restoration of other fishponds
              on Moloka'i and throughout Hawaii, and that it will facilitate revitalization of community and 'ohana-
              based traditional operation and management skills once associated with ancient Hawaiian fishponds.
              The cultural and natural resource value of the Fishpond to the Hawaiian community and the fishtrap
              'ohana has been progressively lost as a result of structural damage to the fishpond wall caused by
              recent and historic tsunami and storm waves, regulatory obstacles, and general neglect of this unique
              coastal and cultural resource.


              The proposed action is consistent with the goals and objectives of the Task Force and its Cultural
              Committee, and has the support of the Kahinapohaku 'ohana. In addition, a majority of Moloka'i
              residents responding to a community-based questionnaire voiced their support of the project.




              00220001                                         2-1











              2.3     PROJECT LOCATIO


              The project site is located on submerged lands designated as TMK 5-8-01:2 in the Moanui ahupuaa
              of east Moloka'i, approximately 18 miles east of Kaunakakai (Exhibits 1 and 3). The fishpond abuts
              Highway 450 (Kamehameha V Highway) on its mauka margin and lies immediately southwest of the
              mouth of Moanui Stream, an intermittent stream which drains an estimated 3000 acres (1,214 ha) of
              East Moloka'i watershed, including State Forest Preserve. The fishpond's northeastern margin is
              located approximately 3,900 ft (1,200 in) southwest of Honouliwai Bay. The landward margin of most
              of the fishpond is dominated by a rock seawall that appears to have been constructed from
              foundation stones removed from the fishpond (as evidenced by their smooth, wave-worn, appearance
              and the absence of large wall foundation stones from the extreme southwest and northeast sectors
              of the nearshore pond wall) (Exhibit 2).

              2.4     GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ACTION CHARACTERISTICS


              The proposed action involves the repair and reconstruction of the fishpond wall and one pond wall
              opening (either a makaha [sluice gate] or unmodified entry lane; to be decided onsite by pond wall
              restorers); periodic post-construction maintenance of the fishpond wall and basin; and operation of
              the fishpond using traditional, culturally-based, management practices. The proposed project will
              produce a continuous fishpond wall approximately 1,200 feet (366 in) in total length; an average wall
              height ranging between 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 in); a base width between 14 and 16 feet (4.3 to 4.9
              in); and a wall crown width of between 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to 1.8 in). Onsite 11i'di will be used as fill
              between interior and exterior walls. Cross-sectional diagrams and site plans are shown in Exhibit 4;
              quantity estimates of construction rock are shown in Exhibit 5.

              Repair and reconstruction will involve the following actions: 1) the physical movement, alignment,
              and retrieval of large (up to 5-ft [1.5 in] diameter, ca. 4.1 tons) basalt wall foundation boulders using
              a tracked backhoe or loader/dozer; 2) the manual movement, manipulation, and temporary stockpiling
              of smaller stones, cobbles, and 'iliili, within the fishpond basin; and 3) the reconstruction of the
              fishpond wall using existing onsite rock and 'di'di, mechanized equipment, and 'ohana-provided
              manual labor.


              Heavy equipment will access the pond through an existing beach access road located between Moanui
              Stream and the northeastern side of the pond wall.

              Reconstruction will take place in 1993 and is scheduled to occur between April and September when
              low to minus tides provide optimal conditions for equipment operations and manual labor. The
              majority of the wall stone is available onsite (within the fishpond basin, or immediately adjacent to
              the wall), although small quantities of wail stone may have to be collected from the adjacent intertidal
              reef flat.


              Periodic post-construction maintenance activities are necessary to facilitate the long-term use and
              management of the fishpond. These activities will entail manual replacement of wall or entry lane
              stones dislodged as a result of storm-wave action, and occasional manual removal of wave-deposited
              sand and rock from the Fishpond basin to maintain water depths.

              Fishpond use and management will involve the manipulation of environmental conditions within the
              pond, and use of submerged net-pens and cages, nets, spears, or other devices in accordance with

              00220001                                          2-2


















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                                    Exhibit I
                  Kahinstpohako Fishpond, Eastern Moloka                       A
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                                                                               Nlw I














                                                      EXHIBIT 2
                                               KAHINAPORAKU POND























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                          Partial view of nearshore portion of pond, looking towards the southwest.
















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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Photo Credit:                     Air Survey Hawaii (1987), Honolulu                                                                                                                                                                                           Exhibit 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Approximate scale I inch = 50 feet                                                                                                                                                                        Kahinapohaku Fishpond
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Moloka'i, Hawai'i








                             Tki-, land area
                             contain                                                                                                                         North
                             archeological
                             featurft not to @e                                            Approximate
                             dittur+dj                                                          Wall f5otindary
                             Aring pond                                                             Ocearr@ije                                        'Approximate   5@1@
                             re-,toration.                                                                                                            1* - 100,






                                                                                                                                 F'o-w5i'lole
                                                                                                                                 makaha
                                                                WA -itonet icattered                                             remnant
                                                                throughout pomd. Coral
                                                                ru661a from center taction
                                                                of wall i-, Z* @- deeper                                                                 Wall remanti ronjijt of
                         Highway                                in ,oma partt of pond.                                                                   6oulder, r to 4' in diameter.
                                                                                                                                                         U to 4 ton j. A6ouv 20%
                                                                                                                                                         oT wall remainb in place.
                                                                                                                                                         Canter jection of wall con-,i-,taJ
                                                                        Original pond wall                                                               of coral ruMe.       Wthod j
                                                                                                                                                         of recon-,truction may include
                                                                        openine-, unGartaim
                                                                        Petailt and exact                                                                hand la6or or mechanized
                                                                        locationj left to                 Derivation of thaja                            copmamt tu6jea to pro-
                                                                        r"torert.                         featres seen in air                            approval @y C4-NR/A()P 4
                                                                                                           hoto unknowm May       6c                     the community. Original wall
                                                 V@4k                                                     Cur additionj to original                      width a6out 14'. Height I' to T
                                                                                                                wall. Do not appear                      alvoys hioh tide or aloout
                                                                                                          10",                                           5' to 6 a6ove exijting reef flat
                                                                                                          to L part of an original
                                                                                                          makaHA




























                                                               Center 5action
                                                               of wad to @d
                                          4-  to               compacted coral                 -.Eyeacl;
                    Occan-We wall                              ru666 found om-Ate.
                    tl0l?d Iv:lh or                                In-,iJe wall
                                                                   -51ope Iv;h approx

                                                               Mean '7ea Level

                                    .... .........
                                        14' to  16'                                                                              5ource; Aerial Photo, Air 5Lrvey Hawaii, IL167
                                                                                                                                 a field in,5pection,5.
                                                                                                                                 Drawing 6a5ed on propo-jeJ archeological
                      Typical crott-tection of propo-jed re-itorazi wall.                                                        recon,3truction.
    @
         Eu@cric F, Da-kell, 41GF'                                               KAHINAFOHAKLJ Fl'@)HFONI) i@E'@)TO@ATION
         Flarinitle '@@ervlGec?                                                  4QUAGUL-TUI@E DEVEL-OFMFNT FIZO61@4M
         12Iq <eeaumoku '@)t, '--)tc                              200            '@TATE Of: HAWAII
         Horiolulu, Hawaii' q6(514                                                                                                                                         Exki6it 4
    0












                           Exhibit 5: Kahinapohaku Restoration - Material Requirements
                                                                                         I
                           Estimate of rock and coral rubble in Kahinapohaku Pond
                                                      area of Kahinapohaku (acres)                   4
                                                       area of Kahinapohaku (sq ft)          174240
                                  rocks in Kahinapohaku (diameter, not piled up)                     1
                                                                    percent coverage             500/0
                                                             volume of rocks (cu yd)             4840
                               coral nibble in Kahinapohaku (ft, depth of nibble)                    I
                                                                    percent coverage             500/0
                                                     volume of coral rubble (cu yd)              3227


                           Estimate of rock in-place or adjacent to the oriainal KahinaDohaku wall alignment
                                                                        wall length (ft)         1200
                                                                   wall width at base              14
                                                average height of in-place rock (ft)                 2
                                                    volume of in-place rock (cu yd)              1244


                           Estimate of available rock: sum of rock in place and in pond
                                                        total volume of rock (cu yd)             6084


                           Estimated rock required for Kahinapohaku
                                          total cross-section area (sq ft, see text)               60
                                                   less coral rubble (sq ft, see text)           (12)
                                                 net rock cross-section area (sq ft)             48
                                                            less in-place rock (sq ft)           (28)
                                   net cross-section of rock to be restored (sq ft)              20
                                             length of wall including 1 makaha (ft)              1200
                                                    volume of rock required (cu yd)              889


                           Estimated coral rubble required for Kahinapohaku
                                                     total cross-section area (sq ft)              12
                                                                       wall length (ft)          1200
                                           volume of coral rubble required (cu yd)l              533

                           Notes:
                           (1) Estimates of available rock and coral rubble are
                           conservative.

                           (2) Estimates of required rock and coral nibble are
                           based on tentative reconstruction dimensions.






                                                                                                                                       1/12/93








             existing State-regulated fishing methods, seasons, and catch limits. Marine organisms trapped,
             harvested, or cultured within the fishpond will be used for either local subsistence consumption by
             the 'ohana, as stocking materials for other Moloka'i fishponds, or both.

             Fishpond restoration expenses, based largely on heavy equipment rental and operation costs, are
             estimated at $22,267. Funding sources have, to date, not been identified but are expected to be
             derived from a combination of Federal, State, County, and private sources.

















































             00220001                                        2-3)










                                                            SECTION 3
                  DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT, IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION MEASURES



              3.1     PHYSICAL ENVIRONMEN


              3.1.1 LAND USE


              Existing Conditions. Existing land use at the proposed project site is an inshore limestone reef flat
              platform that has been historically modified as a coastal fishpond. The project site presently consists
              of a deteriorated manmade fishpond wall, and a wall stone and 11i'di-littered fishpond basin. Existing
              land use abutting the fishpond consists entirely of the Highway 450 corridor.

              Impact . The proposed project will change the land use at the project site from an infrequently used
              inshore fishing ground to that of a managed, operating Hawaiian fishpond. Adjacent land uses will
              not be affected.


              Mitigatio . Not applicable.

              3.1.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND BATHYMETRY


              Existing Conditions. The topography of the site is that of a gently sloping coastal plain which grades
              sharply to steep upland slopes on the mauka side of Highway 450. Elevations of 100 ft (30 in) occur
              within 328 ft (100 in) of Highway 450. Construction improvements to Highway 450 (ca. 1946 to 1947)
              altered the topography of the coastal lands fronting the fishpond and likely changed existing upland
              drainage patterns. The mauka side of the fishpond was also believed to have been significantly
              modified by highway improvements.

              The bathymetry of the fishpond basin ranges from approximately 2 to 4 ft (0.6 to 1.2 in) as a function
              of tidal fluctuation. Topographic relief is limited and reflects the contours of a near confluent layer
              of boulder- to cobble-sized wall stones, and linear deposits of 'di'di which litter the fishpond basin.

              Impact . The topography of upland areas adjacent to the proposed project site will not be affected.
              Collection and repositioning of the fishpond's wall stones and 'di'di deposits will result in
              approximately a 1-ft (0.3 in) increase in mean fishpond depth.

              Mitigatio . Not applicable.

              3.1.3 HYDROLOGY


              Existing Conditions. Moanui Stream, which intermittently discharges into coastal waters within
              approximately 33 ft (10 in) of the northeast fishpond wall, exerts a periodic influence on water quality
              (salinity and turbidity) within the fishpond and adjacent coastal waters. Moanui Stream drains an
              estimated 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of East Moloka'i watershed and grazing lands, including lands within
              the State Forest Reserve. Intermittent runoff from Kahookamakea, Nihooawa, and Kaluapepeiao
              gulches, located up to 1,000 ft (340 m) southwest of the fishpond may increase during periods of
              0
              heavy or sustained rainfall. Discharge waters may periodically influence fishpond water quality.



              00220001                                          3-1









              Salinity measurements conducted during the October to November 1992 field surveys indicated the
              presence of slight freshwater influence within the fishpond.

              Impact . The proposed action will have no impact on hydrology, or upland or coastal drainage
              patterns, nor will it contribute to or exacerbate coastal flooding.

              Mitigatio . Not applicable.

              3.1.4 SOILS

              Existing Conditions. The submerged lands and coastal areas are comprised of Jaucas sand (0 to 15
              percent slopes), representing the Jaucas series of excessively drained, calcareous soils that occur as
              narrow strips on coastal plains adjacent to the ocean, and manmade lands (fill used for the
              construction of Highway 450).

              Impact . The proposed project will not change or modify existing soils at the project site.

              Mitigatio . Not applicable.

              3.1.5 NATURAL RAZARDS


              Existing Conditions. The proposed project site is located within the Flood Emergency Management
              Agency (FEMA) hazard zone and within the Civil Defense Tsunami Inundation Zone. Mauka
              portions of the shoreline are subject to flash-flooding; the project site and adjacent shoreline areas
              are subject to storm wave and tsunami inundation. However, FEMA boundaries are of no relevance
              to the proposed action, because no temporary or permanent habitable facilities or structures are
              proposed.

              Impact . The proposed action will not exacerbate coastal flooding or tsunami inundation patterns.
              The proposed wall reconstruction will, instead, provide a high degree of storm wave protection to the
              shoreline and adjacent coastal highway. Shoreline erosion, which is particularly acute on the
              fishpond's southwestern side, will be curtailed.

              Mitigatio . Not applicable.

              3.1.6 WATER QUALITY

              Existing Conditions. With the exception of turbidity levels, water quality within Kahinapohaku
              Fishpond is generally high with nearshore oceanic conditions prevailing. Water quality sampling
              conducted during the October to November 1992 period showed water temperatures ranging from
              26.2 to 27.6 * C; salinity values of 33.0 to 3 )5.0 parts per thousand (ppt), and dissolved oxygen values
              of 6.6 to 7.0 parts per million (ppm) in excess of saturation with respect to the prevailing
              temperatures and salinities. This finding is not unusual, given the degree of ocean surf influence
              within the pond and the extent of macroalgal coverage. Silty runoff from Moanui Stream contributes
              to chronically high turbidity levels within the Fishpond, although aside from a silty veneer and reduced
              underwater visibility, there is no evidence of thick silt deposits within the fishpond.




              00220001                                           3-2








              Impact . Nearshore water quality impacts associated with the proposed action are expected to be
              short-term in nature and largely confined to the immediate vicinity of the project site. Wall
              reconstruction activities such as rock collection, stockpiling, repositioning, and placement are expected
              to result in a short-term increase in the level of silt and suspended solids within the fishpond basin
              and adjacent reef flat waters. Increases in suspended solids will result from dislodged algae (both
              macroalgae and microscopic algae), suspension of organic detritus, and agitation of the silt deposits.
              However, increases in turbidity levels and suspended solids during wall reconstruction are not
              expected to approach levels which prevail during periods of heavy rainfall runoff.

              The completion of wall restoration activities could result in a slight increase in ambient water
              temperatures within the fishpond basin. However, any such increases would be small and likely to
              occur only during low or minus tide conditions when basin waters would be shallow and water
              circulation reduced. Low or minus tide conditions, coupled with an absence of tradewinds, could
              exacerbate these conditions, but potential impacts to organisms which are judged to be minor, given
              the great range of physical and chemical environmental conditions within which such nearshore and
              intertidal organisms thrive.

              Small quantities of hydrocarbons (oil, diesel fuel, or gasoline) may be inadvertently leaked into
              nearshore waters during heavy equipment operations. Any such leaks will be minor and subject to
              rapid dissipation through evaporative processes and dilution.

              Dissolved inorganic nutrients and the levels of various organic materials may increase slightly with
              disturbance of rock and benthic deposits within the fishpond. Such impacts are judged to be minor,
              given the high degree of flushing that the fishpond will be subject to during all but the lowest tides.
              Increases in nutrient levels associated with low tide conditions may create conditions favoring rapid
              growth of microalgae, although the resident time of basin waters during low or minus tide periods
              may likely be too short to permit development of algal blooms.

              Mitigatio . Wall reconstruction activities will generally be confined to periods of low or minus spring
              tides when conditions are more favorable for both equipment operations and manual labor. Timing
              construction during low tide periods will ensure that project-related impacts are largely confined to
              the fishpond wall and basin area. The reconstruction of the wall will reduce, and possibly eliminate,
              the influx of silt-laden water from Moanui Stream. This action alone should enhance overall water
              quality within the fishpond.

              3.1.7 WATER CURRENTS


              Existing Conditions. The results of limited water current studies conducted during October and
              November 1992 indicated that prevailing currents flow lateral to the shoreline (northeast to
              southwest) within the fishpond at velocities averaging approximately 6.8 feet/minute (3.5
              centime ters/seco nd) during normal tradewind conditions. Wave surge creates localized zones of much
              greater velocities, but these zones are confined to the wall openings and channels along the western
              perimeter of the wall where wave influence is most pronounced. Casual observations made during
              an extremely low tide, and during an absence of tradewind conditions, suggests that water currents
              are minimal to non-existent during such periods. However, tradewinds are the norm for the eastern
              end of Moloka'i, thus during most low or minus tide conditions, wind is expected to have some
              influence on pond water currents and turnover.



              00220001                                           3-3









              Impact . The proposed action will modify or attenuate water currents within the fishpond to some
              degree, although the reconstruction of a makaha or entry lane, and the degree of westerly wave
                posure, will ensure that modest currents will continue to exist in the fishpond basin following wall
              re
              ex construction. The slight deepening of the fishpond resulting from repositioning of wall stones will
              also have a favorable impact on maintaining water currents within the fishpond. Tradewinds will also
              continue to exert an influence on water circulation during and following reconstruction of the wall.

              Mitigation. The slight deepening of the fishpond, and the presence of at least one makaha, or entry
              lane, will ensure that wall construction will be self-mitigating with respect to water currents.

              3.1.8 AIR QUALITY

              Existing Conditions. Air quality in the vicinity of the project site is presumed to be high because
              of the low population density in the region. The major sources of air pollutants include light traffic
              on Highway 450, salt spray (originating from wave action), occasional outboard motor use, and
              periodic volcanic fog (vog) and smoke originating from a sustained volcanic eruption on the island
              of Hawaii.


              Impact . The proposed project would create a minor and temporary source of air pollution as a
              result of engine emissions from heavy equipment operations, and vehicles used by the wall restoration
              crew. These impacts are short-term in nature and would be limited to a no more than 3 to 6 month
              construction period.

              Mitigatio . Not applicable.

              3.1.9 NOISE


              Existing Conditions. The project site is situated away from noise-sensitive locations. Existing noise
              at the project site is the result of light vehicular traffic on Highway 450, an occasional outboard
              motor, and wind and wave action. Surf hitting the offshore reef and fishpond wall is, by far, the most
              noticeable noise source at the project site.

              Impact . Project-ge ne rated noise is not expected to be significant. Noise will be enerated as a
                                 1                                                                     9
              result of internal combustion engine operation and associated hydraulic accessories. Noise generation
              will be limited to daylight periods, and normally for intervals not exceeding six hours in total duration
              (low tide periods). Noises will also be associated with the mechanical repositioning of both
              foundation stones and smaller wall stones.


              Mitigatio . Not applicable.

              3.2     BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT


              3.2.1 MARINE ENVIRONMENT


              Existing Conditions. The results of baseline marine environmental surveys conducted during the
              October to November 1992 period (Appendix A) indicated that Kahinapohaku Fishpond presently
              supports a very modest assemblage of marine organisms. The fishpond appears to be functioning as
              a nursery for several species of reef fish of commercial and subsistence value. With few exceptions,

              00220001                                           3-4








              large or mature fishes were absent from the fishpond as were fishes normally associated with live
              coral reef habitats. The presence of two species of edible macroalgae (Iiinu) in the pond is a positive
              indication that existing water quality conditions remain conducive to the growth of traditionally
              important seaweeds.

              Algae. The marine algae, or seaweeds, constitute one of the most conspicuous groups of living
              organisms within and adjacent to Kahinapohaku Fishpond. The majority of the algae were attached
              to subtidal basaltic cobbles and boulders. Generally speaking, the algae associated with the fishpond
              basin were represented by species with a lax, upright habit, while the algae on the exposed boulders
              and seaward reef flat platform were either turf or mat-forming species, which are adapted to survival
              in a more exposed, high-energy environment. Acanthol2hora spicifer was the dominant macroalga
              throughout the fishpond basin, often forming uninterrupted, monotypic stands which completely
              covered most submerged rocks. Other less common species included Dictyot friabilis, Dictyosl2haeri
               avernosa, Galaxaura filamentosa, and Galaxaur fastigiat . In wave- and surge-prone areas, such as
              the pond wall, the coralline red algae Porolitho , Hydrolitho , Lithophyllum, Neogoniolithon, and
              S12@rolitho were common. Most red corallines are normally found within high-energy wave
              environments, such as the seaward reef margin or reef crest. The fact that so many species of red
              coralline algae were found within the Fishpond basin likely indicates strong wave influence, and
              possibly wave deposition, within the basin.

              Non-coralline red algae were common, but less conspicuous than red coralline species. Of the fleshy
              red algae observed, two edible species were noteworthy: Gracilaria coronopifoli (limu manauea) and
              Asparagol2sis taxiformis (limu kohu), both of which were infrequently observed in areas subject to
              moderate currents or wave action. Other red algae were common on the reef flat, and included both
              articulated and non-articulated coralline red algae.

              Corals. A total of seven species of corals were recorded within or in association with the structural
              remains of the fishpond wall, basin, and on the adjacent reef flat. Represented species included
              various Porites, Pocillopor , Lel2tastre , and Mgntipor . As is more or less typical of high energy
              wave environments, the represented colonies generally consisted of small nodular or low encrusting
              growth forms. There was no zonation pattern evident in the fishpond basin, suggesting that
              recruitment is largely a function of storm wave deposition of coral shards. This observation is further
              corroborated by the large number of unattached colonies that were evident throughout the fishpond.

              Within the fishpond basin coral coverage is highest along the makai edge of the pond wall where
              wave surge and water currents appear strongest. Coverage in this zone averages approximately 5
              percent, although in localized areas coverage may reach 20 percent in areas influenced by clean
              offshore waters.


              Coral coverage within the fishpond basin averages less than 0.1 percent, despite the fact that live
              corals (mainly Pocillopor damicorni ) occur to within 20 ft (6 in) of the shoreline.

              Because of their small size and prostrate growth forms, the represented corals do not provide any
              significant habitat for nearshore fishes or invertebrates within the fishpond or on the adjacent
              seaward reef flat platform.

              Fish. The fishpond is surprisingly low in both diversity and biomass of fishes (Appendix A). The
              majority of the observed species were restricted to the pond wall and areas of topographic relief

              00120001                                          3-5








              immediately adjacent to the wall both seaward and landward. The pond basin is almost entirely
              devoid of fish. The dominant fish species were Acanthuru triostegu (manini), Abudefdu sordidu
              (kupipt), and Abudefdu abdominalis (mamo). Other fishes included kupip4 moa, 'ohua, moana, hilu
              pili-ko'a, 'alo-'ilo'4 and kikakapm The absence of suitable coral reef habitat resulted in the presence
              of relatively few "reef' fishes.

              Macroinvertebrates. The macroinvertebrate fauna associated with exposed wall boulders was more
              or less typical of most semi-exposed to exposed rock shorelines throughout Moloka'i and the
              remainder of the State, although the density of many species was low. The rounded and smooth
              surfaces of the wave-worn basalt boulders do not provide an optimum substrate for the attachment
              of some organisms and may contribute to the low density of invertebrates observed. The largest and
              most conspicuous macroinvertebrates were the holothurians (sea cucumbers) which dominated the
              fishpond wall boulders, but were largely restricted to seaward, exposed parts of the wall. Intertidal
              boulders hosted an assortment of common gastropod mollusks and crustaceans, including pipip4 pupu
              kolea, false ppih4 and aama crabs.

              Impact . Collection, temporary stockpiling, and repositioning of rock will result in the loss of
              portions of a dense, albeit largely monotypic, benthic algal community that presently dominates the
              fishpond basin. A loss of some benthic invertebrates is also expected to occur, but densities of these
              species are low and impacts will not be significant. Small quantities of silt and organic detritus are
              likely to be suspended from the fishpond bottom during rock repositioning but are unlikely to cause
              significant impact as they would be largely confined to the existing fishpond basin and adjacent
              nearshore waters. The fishpond basin is well flushed as a result of heavy wave action. Therefore,
              there is little potential for silt or detritus to accumulate in concentrations that would be harmful to
              corals or sedentary invertebrates. The marine community occurring in the pond appears to have
              adapted to the prevalent silty conditions.

              Adverse impacts to the extant coral community will be limited because of the paucity of represented
              species and the low densities of coral associated with the fishpond basin and pond wall. Long-term
              benefits to the coral community may be expected from the reduction in silt loading to fishpond basin
              waters.


              Impacts to the fish fauna are expected to be small and of no ecological consequence. Construction
              activities would cause the fishes to flee the construction site. Fishes routinely move between the
              fishtrap and adjacent waters through existing pond openings and this behavior would likely continue
              through the construction phase of the project.

              Fishing opportunities in the fishpond will be curtailed during reconstruction activities. As a result,
              fishermen who routinely practice throw-net, spear, or surf fishing in the vicinity of the project site
              may have to find alternative fishing areas elsewhere on the seaward reef flat. However, most fishing
              in the area is conducted by residents of the Kahinapohaku 'ohana who have expressed support for
              the proposed project.

              Upon completion of wall construction, the increased vertical relief, together with the use of large
              foundation boulders and smaller stones, will provide a number of new protected microhabitats and
              niches for many marine organisms. Such protected habitats are presently few in number because of
              the limited topographic relief available in the Fishpond. Ep1benthic algae and invertebrates are
              expected to recolonize the repositioned pond boulders and stones. The collection of existing rock and

              00220001                                          3-6









              cobbles, now littering the pond basin, will result in a deepening of the fishpond which is expected to
              increase biodiversity over baseline conditions. Wall reconstruction is expected to result in an
              improvement in water quality, since silt-laden upland waters emanating from Moanui Stream will no
              longer have a significant influence on fishpond water quality.

              Mitigatio . Not Applicable.

              3.2.2 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT


              Existing Conditions.

              Terrestrial Flora. The coastal strand has been almost entirely modified as a result of highway
              construction and maintenance (brush cutting). The beach vegetation adjacent to the fishpond was
              comprised of a limited number of coastal strand species including koa haole, naupaka, milo, hau,
              kiawe, and beach heliotrope.

              Terrestrial Fauna. Birds associated with the coastal strand and beach slope included the common
              (Indian) mynah and the zebra dove. Various species of wading birds are likely to use the shoreline
              areas abutting the shoreline, although none was observed during October to November 1992 field
              surveys. Within the fishtrap's sandy intertidal zone, burrows possibly constructed by the ghost crab
              (ohiko were evident in several isolated patches.

              Impact . Impacts to coastal strand plant communities will be minor and will result from heavy
              equipment ingress to and egress from the project site. Noise and activity associated with heavy
              equipment operations and manual labor may temporarily dislocate wading birds and exotic birds which
              may frequent the fishpond waters or adjacent disturbed strand and upland communities. Such
              temporary displacements are not regarded as significant.

              No Federal or State-listed endangered or threatened plant or animal species or any designated critical
              habitat will be affected by the proposed project.

              The reconstructed fishpond wall will likely create a permanent, and somewhat protected, resting or
              feeding habitat for indigenous wading birds. The deepening of the fishpond basin is also likely to
              increase biodiversity, resulting in improvements of the pond as a feeding site for indigenous seabirds
              and wading birds. The diversity and density of certain wading birds and seabirds may increase with
              the operation of the fishpond because of the greater abundance of fish biomass and forage fishes
              within the fishpond.

              Mitigatio . Not Applicable.

              3.2.3 ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES


              Existing Conditions. The federally- listed endangered Humpback whale is seasonally found in waters
              off the coast of Moloka'i. This endangered marine mammal performs breeding, calving, and nursing
              activities in Hawaiian waters between the months of November and April or May, particularly in the
              area bounded by Maui, Moloka'i, Lanai, and Kahoolawe.




              00220001                                         3 - 7









              The federally-listed endangered Green sea turtle is known to forage and rest in shallow waters around
              the Hawaiian Islands and may occur in the vicinity of the project site. The threatened Hawksbill
              turtle may also occasionally occur in the vicinity of the project site. Neither species was observed
              during October and November 1992 field surveys.

              Impact . Impacts to the Humpback whale are not expected since proposed wall reconstruction
              activities will take place between April and September when most breeding and calving have been
              completed.    Because of the small size of the proposed project, no impacts on extant turtle
              populations is expected.

              Mitigatio . Construction activities would cease, should turtles be observed within the vicinity of the
              active construction site.


              3.3     CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

              Existing Conditions. Kahinapohaku Fishpond, State Site 50-60-05-228, is a Class 1113 fishpond,    2  and
              Type I in typology.3

              An archaeological reconnaissance survey conducted on 30 November 1992 by the project's
              archaeologist and staff of the Historic Preservation Division, Department of Land and Natural
              Resources, revealed no new surface sites of historical or archaeological significance associated with
              the fishpond (Appendix B). Additional data collection or retrieval is not deemed necessary.

              Impact . The proposed project will result in the community and 'ohana-based reconstruction and
              revitalization of an ancient Hawaiian fishpond. The fishpond wall will be reconstructed and
              maintained in a manner consistent with traditional fishpond operational and management practices,
              but is unlikely to replicate the original fishpond design and configuration as these details have been
              lost from the historical record. The project will, however, provide a model for community-based
              restoration, and thus provide unquantifiable social and cultural benefits for MolokaTs native
              Hawaiian community and fishpond 'ohana. Such positive impacts on the affected community are
              judged to greatly outweigh any negative impact associated with the proposed reconstruction of the
              wall in a manner that may differ somewhat from its historic condition.

              Mitigatio . The proposed project is believed to be self-mitigating since it would result in the
              restoration of a fishpond that is in an advanced stage of disrepair.








                 2 Wall in fair to poor condition, or submerged. Heavy siltation, or completely filled. Vegetation
              encroachment on most or all of fishpond. Three or less National Register criteria (DHM 1989).
                 3 A loko kitapa is a fishpond of littoral water whose side or sides facing the sea consist of a stone
              or coral wall usually containing one or more sluice grates (Kikuchi 1973).

              00220001










                                                       SECTION 4
                                   PUBLIC FACILITIES, SERVICES, AND IMPACTS


             The proposed action will not directly or indirectly impact any public facilities, services, or utilities.
             The proposed project may result in an expenditure of public funds from Federal, State, or County
             funding agencies. However, no such funding sources have, to date, been identified.

             The entire project site is located on submerged lands owned by the State of Hawaii.
















































             00220001                                      4-1











                                                           SECTION 5
                                         SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT


              5.1     RECREATION


              Existing Conditions. Recreational practices associated with the project site and environs consist
              primarily of sight-seeing and water-dependent activities including boating, fishing (nets, spears, and
              rod and reel), and swimming. Because of limited roadside public vehicular parking areas, most of
              these activities are believed to be conducted by members and guests of the Kahinapohaku 'ohana,
              who can readily access the site from nearby residences.

              Impact . The proposed project will modify existing shoreline and water-dependent recreational
              opportunities within the Kahinapohaku Fishpond segment of the Moanui ahupuaa.                       This
              modification will result from a change in the physical character of the fishpond. The reconstructed
              wall will confer a more protected nearshore coastal setting, which may increase swimming and
              snorkeling opportunities within the Fishpond basin. The reconstructed wall may also provide an
              excellent platform for net and rod and reel fishing, both within and outside the wall. As a function
              of the manner in which the fishpond is operated by 'ohana, some change in marine resource
              harvesting practices and patterns may occur.

              Mitigatio . Swimming, snorkeling, and fishing opportunities are projected to increase within and
              adjacent to the fishpond as a result of wall reconstruction efforts.

              5.2     AESTHETICS


              Existing Condition . The project site is located within a pristine coastal setting immediately adjacent
              to and abutting Highway 450. During low and intermediate tides the remnants of the existing
              fishpond wall are visible from Highway 450. During high tide periods, the existing pond wall is not
              visible from the highway.

              Impact . The proposed project will provide a permanent, but not prominent, enhancement of the
              viewscape. The reconstructed wall will attenuate the influence of silty runoff waters from Moanui
              Stream, thus resulting in an increase in the clarity of the fishpond water.

              Mitigatio . The proposed project would enhance the viewscape of the shoreline and improve water
              clarity.

              5.3    AGRICULTURE


              Existing Conditions. Other than upland cattle grazing, there is no agricultural activity conducted in
              the vicinity of the proposed project site.

              Impact . None.

              Mitigatio . Not applicable.





              00220001                                         5-1











              5.4    ECONOMICS


              Existing Conditions. In its present deteriorated condition, Kahinapohaku Fishpond makes no
              measurable contribution to the economic base of Moloka'i, other than occasional recreational and
              subsistence marine resource harvesting, and as a scenic amenity to residents and visitors to Moloka'i.

              Impact . Because of the fishpond's small size, ocean exposure, and its mode of management, the
              reconstructed pond is not expected to yield resources or revenues that will have a significant impact
              on MolokaTs economic environment. However, benefits of the proposed revitalization will be
              manifested in the increased harvest of marine resources or the use of harvested marine resources as
              seed stock for other ponds. Such harvests would have a positive and measurable benefit within the
              Kahinapohaku 'ohana.

              Mitigatio    Not applicable.











































              00220001                                         5-2











                                                            SECTION 6
                    RELATIONSHIP TO STATE AND COUNTY PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTROLS



              6.1     THE HAWAII STATE PLA


              The Hawaii State Plan (Chapter 226, Hawaii Revised Statutes) represents a guide for the future of
              Hawaii by setting forth a broad range of goals, objectives, and policies to serve as guidelines for
              growth and development of the State. The proposed project is consistent with the Plan. The
              following are the Priority Guidelines identified in the Plan and the relationship between the
              Guidelines and the proposed action.

                      1) Direct future urban development away from critical environmental areas or impose
                      mitigation measures so that negative impacts on the environment would be minimized.

                      Response: The proposed action will not stimulate urban development. The proposed
                      project is self mitigating.

                      2) Identify critical environmental areas in Hawaii to include but not be limited to the
                      following: watershed and recharge areas; wildlife habitats on land and in the ocean;
                      areas with endangered species of plants and wildlife; natural streams and water bodies;
                      scenic and recreational shoreline resources; open sl2ace and natural areas: historic and
                      cultural sites; areas particularly sensitive to reduction in water and air quality; and
                      scenic resources (emphasis added).

                      Response: The proposed project will preserve and enhance wildlife habitats in the
                      ocean, improve scenic and recreational shoreline resources, promote open space and
                      natural areas; restore and improve historical and cultural sites; and improve scenic
                      resources.


                      3)   Utilize Hawaii's limited land resources wisely, providing adequate land to
                      accommodate projected population and economic growth needs while ensuring the
                      protection of the environment and the availability of shoreline conservation lands, an
                      other limited resources for future generations (emphasis added).

                      Response: The proposed project will not adversely affect environmental quality over
                      the short- or long-term.      The proposed project will ensure the availability of
                      conservation lands and will protect and enhance cultural and archaeological resources
                      for future generations.

                      4) Protect and enhanc Hawaii's shoreline, open spaces, and scenic resources
                      (emphasis added).

                      Response: The proposed project will protect and enhance shoreline areas, maintain
                      open spaces, and enhance scenic resources.





              00220001                                          6-1









              The following are relevant objectives of the Plan that relate to the proposed project:

                      Section 226-5: Population

                      The restoration of the fishpond will provide expanded shoreline and water-dependent
                      recreational opportunities for residents and visitors to Moloka'i.

                      Section 226-8: Visitor Industry

                      The proposed project will support the promotion of visitor attractions in the area by
                      maintaining shoreline vistas and increasing the awareness of visitors to traditional food
                      production practices of ancient Hawaiians as demonstrated by Hawaiian fishponds.

                      Section 226-11, 12, 13: Physical Environment

                      The proposed project will improve the area's physical environment by restoring the
                      former productivity of the fishtrap and substantially increasing biological diversity.
                      Scenic resources will be improved over baseline conditions.

                      Section 225-23: Socio-Cultural Advancement -- Leisure


                      The proposed project is consistent with the State's goal of assuring the availability of
                      sufficient recreational resources.


              The State Consemation Lands Functional Plan, developed as a corollary to the Hawaii State Plan,
              addresses a number of objectives, policies, and implementing actions concerning the conservation and
              management of lands within the State Conservation District as they relate to the proposed project.
              The following objectives, policies, and implementing actions are relevant to the proposed project.

                      Objective IIC: Enhancement of natural resources.
                      Implementing Action IIC(l)b: Develop fishery management areas and game fish
                      populations and habitats.

                      Response: The proposed project will enhance marine habitats for nearshore game
                      fish.


                      Objective IID: Appropriate development of natural resources.
                      Policy IID(3): Develop recreational and archaeological resources on the shoreline
                      and mauka areas.
                      Implementing Action IID(3)a: Acquire and/or develop areas for historic preservation.

                      Response: The proposed project will involve the reconstruction and revitalization of
                      a shoreline historical site.









              00220001                                           6-2









                      Implementing Action IID(5)e: Determine mechanisms to authorize the use of ancient
                      Hawaii fishponds for commercial aquaculture.

                      Response: The proposed project may serve as a model for possible future commercial
                      aquaculture activities within ancient Hawaiian fishponds.

              6.2     STATE LAND USE LAW


              The proposed project site is situated within the Resource (R) subzone of the State Conservation
              District. Aquaculture is a permissible use within the Resource subzone of the State Conservation
              District.


              6.3     COUNTY ZONING


              Not applicable to project site.

              6.4     COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT


              The County-administered Special Management Area (SMA) extends from the upper wash of the
              waves to a point approximately 300 ft (TBS in) mauka of Highway 450. Except for the occasional
              ingress and egress of heavy equipment, there are no project-related actions that would fall within the
              purview of the county SMA ordinance.

              6.5     PERMITS


              The proposed action will require a Conservation District Use Permit from the Department of Land
              and Natural Resources, a General Permit (or Individual Permit) from the U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers, a Coastal Zone Management Consistency Determination from the Hawaii Coastal Zone
              Management Office, and a Section 401 Certification (or waiver thereof) from the Department of
              Health.


              6.6     SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA


              Chapter 200 (Environmental Impact Statement Rules) of Title 11, Administrative Rules of the
              Department of Health, specifies criteria for determining if an action may have a significant effect on
              the environment. The relationship of the proposed project to these criteria is discussed below.

              1)      Involves an irrevocable commitment to loss or destniction of any natural or cultural resource

                      Kahinapohaku Fishpond has been extensively modified and nearly destroyed by
                      tsunami, storm waves, adjacent highway construction, and creneral neglect. The
                                                                                    C,
                      proposed project will involve the reconstruction, repair, and maintenance of an
                      important cultural and archaeological resource.

              2)      Curtails the range of beneficial uses of the environment

                      The proposed project will expand the range of beneficial uses of the environment and
                      will result in the revitalization and use of an important cultural site.

              00220001                                         6-3









              3)       Conflicts with the State's long-term environmental policies or goals and guidelines as
                       expressed in Chapter 344, Hawaii Revised Statutes, and any revisions thereof and
                       amendments thereto, court decisions or executive orders

                       The proposed project does not conflict with long-term State environmental policies
                       or goals.

              4)       Substantially affects the economic or social welfare of the community or State

                       The proposed project will provide important social and economic benefits to the
                       Moloka'i community and the 'ohana of the Moanui ahupuaa.

              5)       Substantially affects public health

                       Public health is not threatened by existing facilities and functions at the site and there
                       is no reason to expect that public health will be affected in the future by the
                       revitalized fishpond.

              6)       Involves substantial secondary impacts, such as population changes or effects on public
                       facilities

                       The proposed project does not involve secondary impacts such as population changes
                       or effects on public facilities.

              7)       Involves a substantial degradation of environmental quality

                       Short-term environmental impacts will be limited to the fishpond and immediate
                       nearshore waters. Overall environmental quality will be improved.

              8)       Is individually limited but cumulatively has considerable effect upon the environment or
                       involves a commitment foi- larger actions

                       The proposed project does not involve a commitment for a larger action nor will it
                       result in significant adverse effects to the environment.

              9)       Substantially affects a rare, threatened or endangered species, or its habitat

                       There are no rare, threatened, or endangered species (plants or animals) on the
                       project site.

              10)      Detrimentally affects air or water quality or ambient noise levels

                       Impacts to air quality will be short-term only, therefore no violation of standards is
                       expected to occur. Water quality impacts will be short-term, minor, and limited to the
                       immediate project site. Noise impacts will be minimal and buffered by noises
                       emanating from surf action on the reef flat.




              00220001                                            6-4









              11)     Affects an environmentally sensitive area such as a flood plain, tsunami zone, erosion-
                      prone area, geologically hazardous land, estuary, fresh water, or coastal waters

                      The project site is located in coastal waters and within a defined tsunami inundation
                      zone. As no habitable structures are planned, the proposed project will not impact
                      public safety. The action will serve to improve the habitat value of coastal waters for
                      nearshore marine organisms.

              For the reasons cited above, the proposed project will not have any significant effect in the context
              of Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes, and Section 11-200-12 of the State Administrative Rules.














































              00220001                                          6-5











                                                           SECTION 7
                                      ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT



             7.1     GENERAL


             There are no suitable alternative sites that will accomplish the objectives of the proposed project or
             result in less disturbance to the natural environment. The selection of Kahinapohaku Fishpond was
             based upon the absence of major natural resource constraints (wetlands and endangered species) and
             significant archaeological sites, and the fact that public access would not be an issue. Broad-based
             community support and consensus for the reconstruction and revitalization of Kahinapohaku
             Fishpond was received from the 'ohana of the Moanui ahupuaa and the Task Force and. its Cultural
             Committee. In addition, support for the project was also voiced by certain Moloka'i residents who
             participated in a community-based questionnaire survey.

             7.2     THE NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE


             The no-action alternative will result in the continued deterioration of the fishpond wall and basin.
             Shoreline and water-dependent recreational activities will be further lost as storm wave action
             continues unabated and the fishpond wall further deteriorates. These actions will contribute to a
             continuing loss of the site's cultural and archaeological value. The integrity of the wall and basin will
             be progressively lost to future generations under the no-action alternative.

































             00220001                                           7-1











                                                         SECTION 8
                       LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS CONSULTED



             8.1     CONSULTED PARTIES


             The following agencies, organizations, and individuals were consulted during the preparation of this
             document:


             0       William Paty, Chair, Board of Land and Natural Resources

             0       John Corbin, Manager, Aquaculture Development Program

             0       Donna Hanaike, Deputy Director, Department of Land and Natural Resources

                     Roger Evans, Chief, Office of Conservation and Environmental Affairs

                     Steve Chang, Department of Health

             &       Annie Griffin, State Historic Preservation Division

             0       Billy Kalipi, Snr., Fishpond Restorer

             0       Stanley Halama, Member, 'ohana of the Honouliwai ahupuaa

             0       Lance "Kip" Dunbar, Operator, 'Ipuka'iole Fishpond

                     Members of the Governor's Task Force on Moloka'i Fishpond Restoration

             0       Members of the Cultural Committee (under the Governor's Task Force on Moloka'i Fishpond
                     Restoration)

             In addition to the above parties, our appreciation is also extended to certain interested members of
             the Moloka'i community: the 12 residents who participated in a 15 October 1992 Cultural Committee
             meeting; and the 19 residents who participated in the 18 November 1992 community meeting on
             Moloka'i.


             The feedback received from each of the above listed individuals or groups has served to define the
             issues and shape the content of this draft EA.













             00220001                                         8-1










                                                     SECTION 9
                                               LIST OF PREPARERS



            The following firms or individuals were involved in the preparation of this environmental assessment:

                                                 MBA International
                                                  William A. Brewer
                                                  James T. Berdach


                                                    Amaqua, Inc.
                                              Craig Emberson, Principal

                                                  John H. Bay, Esq.
                                                     John H. Bay

                                                      Earthplan
                                             Berna Cabacungan, Principal

                                     Eugene P. Dashiell, AICP, Planning Services
                                              Eugene P. Dashiell, AICP

                                              KRP Information Services
                                               Jacqueline Parnell, AlCP





























            00220001                                     9-1











                                                      SECTION 10
                                                LIST OF REFERENCES



                    DHM (DHM Planners, Inc. and Public Archaeology Section, Applied Research Group
                           Bishop Museum) 1989. Hawaiian Fishpond Study, Islands of 0ahu, Moloka'@ and
                           Hawai'L Report Prepared for the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program, Office
                           of State Planning, Honolulu.

                    Governor's Task Force on Moloka'i Fishpond Restoration 1992. Minutes of meetings
                           conducted on Moloka'i and Oahu, 28 January through 15 December 1992.

                    Kikuchi, William K. 1973. Hawaiian Aquacultural SystenL Doctoral Dissertation, University
                           of Arizona.

















































             00220001                                      10-1




































                                       APPENDIX A


                                    BASELINE SURVEY
                                 KAHINAPOHAKU FISHPOND




  I
  I
  I
  I
  I
. I                       BASELINE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY
                         KAHINAPOHAKU FISHPOND, MOANUI AHUPUA'A
                                     MOLOKA'I, HAWAII
  I                                    (TMK 5-0-01:2)
  1
  1
  11
  I
  I
  I
  0
  1,
  I
  I
  I
  I










                                                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS



                   Section



                     1       INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF SERVICES                                      ..........................                      1-1



                     2       MATERIALS AND METHODS                           .......................................                                 2-1
                             2.1       Physical-Chemical Measurements                 ..................................                             2-1
                             2.2       Biological Surveys           ............................................                                     2-1


                     3       RESULTS            .......................................................                                              3-1
                             3.1       Description of the Project Site;                   General       Physical     Characteristics        of
                                       Kahinapohaku Fishpond                 .......................................                                 3-1
                             3.2       Biota      ......................................................                                             3-3
                                       3.2.1 Beach Strand Habitat                 ....................................                               3-3
                                       3.2.2 Marine Habitat               ........................................                                   3-3



                     4       DISCUSSION             .....................................................                                            4-1



                     5       LITERATURE CITED                     .............................................                                      5-1





                                                                       Lls'r OF EXHIBITS
                                                                                                                                                Follows
                   Exhibit                                                                                                                       Page


                     1
                     ..) I   Kahinapohaku Fishpond, Eastern Moloka'i; Water Quality Station Locations                                 (#1-6)         3-1
                      2      Kahinapohaku Fishpond, Eastern Moloka'i Site Location                             ....................                  3-1
                     3.3     Kahinapohaku Pond. 'ifi'ili stone            . ......................................                                   3-1
                     .@p 4   Kahinapohaku Pond. Large boulders dislocated from pond wall                            . ...............                3-1
                                                                                                                                                       -2
                             Tide Chart, 16 October and 0) November 1992                        ............................                         3
                     .11.6   Water Quality Data -- Kahinapohaku Fishpond                        ............................                         3-2
                     3.7     Kahinapohaku Pond. Porites lobata coral                  . ...............................                              3-3
                     3.8     Kahinapohaku Pond. Pocillopor damicorms coral                        . .........................                        3-3
                     3.9     Kahinapohaku Pond. Porites compress coral                     . ............................                            3-3
                     3
                     @P-10   Kahinapohaku Pond. Various species of marine algae (limu)                          . .................                  3-3











                                                          SECTION I
                                       INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF SERVICES



              The purpose of this study was to conduct a baseline evaluation of marine biological and coastal
              ecosystem resources of Kahinapohaku Fishpond, Moloka'i, to determine potential effects of proposed
              fishpond restoration. The scope of services for the present work included a review of e)dsting
              literature pertaining to water quality, marine biology, and physical characteristics of East Moloka'i;
              field analysis of water quality; and preparation of a baseline marine environmental survey report.















































              00220001










                                                          SECTION 2
                                                MATERIALS AND METHODS



              All measurements and surveys were carried out during 16 October 1992 and 13 November 1992 at
              Kahinapohaku Fishpond. Brief, reconnaissance-level, observations (from the shore) were also made
              on 19 November 1992.


              2.1    PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL MEASUREM


              Salinity and temperature measurements were made with a Yellow Springs Instrument Company (YSI)
              salinity-conductivity-temperature meter equipped with a YSI Model 3300 nickel-platinum conductivity
              and temperature probe. All measurements were based on in situ sampling.                According to
              manufacturer-supplied specifications, maximum worst-case instrument and probe error is as follows:
              temperature +/-0.7 degrees Centigrade (*C); salinity, +/-0.2 parts per thousand (ppt). Dissolved
              oxygen measurements were made with a YSI Model 50 digital dissolved oxygen meter equipped with
              a YSI Model 5740-10 probe cable. According to manufacturer-supplied specifications, maximum
              worst-case instrument and probe error is as follows: dissolved oxygen, +/- 0.03 parts per million
              (ppm); temperature, +/- 0.1*C.

              Water current analyses were conducted by observing drift rates of a neutrally-buoyant film container
              along a plastic surveyors tape. Three drift measurements were averaged and recorded at each of
              three representative sites within the pond.

              2.2     BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS


              All marine biological surveys were conducted with mask and snor    kel apparatus. As the purpose of
              the survey was to establish only qualitative baseline data, the general physical features and biota
              within the pond and adjacent nearshore areas were defined through a series of more or less random
              snorkel traverses going from the shore to the outer (seaward) section of the pond wall; traversing the
              length of the pond wall's inner margin; random surveys across the reef flat seaward of the pond; and
              general reconnaissance of the pond's inner basin. The 16 October 1992 survey was timed to coincide
              with a +23 foot high tide to afford a greater opportunity to view resident species. The 13 November
              1992 survey was timed to coincide with an intermediate tide.

              Underwater survey data were recorded on Polypaper sheets. All zones were photographically
              documented utilizing a Nikonos V underwater camera and Kodak ASA 200-speed color print film.














              00220001                                         2-1











                                                           SECTION 3
                                                           RESULTS



              3.1    DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT SITE; GENERAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
                     OF KAHINAPOHAKU FISHPOND

              Kahinapohaku Fishpond (Exhibit 3.1) is located in East Moloka'i, roughly halfway between Waialua
              and Halawa Valley (Exhibit 3.2). The pond lies immediately adjacent to and below State Highway
              450 and is separated from the highway by an irregular embankment (3 to 6 feet [ft] or 1 to 2 meters
              (in] in height) that has been reinforced by a seawall constructed of massive basalt boulders.
              Presumably the seawall functions to retard shoreline erosion and undermining of the road during
              periods of high wave action. The absence of large boulders along portions of the extreme
              southwestern and northeastern sides of the pond wall suggests that boulders may have been retrieved
              from these sections of the pond wall to be used for construction of the seawall. Portions of the pond
              wall shows evidence of having collapsed, with both massive boulders and smaller, cobble-size stones,
              intruding into the pond a distance of at least 26 ft (8 in). Tree trunks, branches, tires, and flotsam
              and jetsam litter the shoreline along the southwestern side of the pond. Extensive (and recent)
              shoreline erosion is evidenced along the extreme southwestern side of the pond by the undermining
              of well-established stands of naupaka and large deposits of terrigenous soils in the intertidal zone.

              The fishpond has a total reported surface area of 4 acres (1.62 hectares [ha]) and has a pond wall
              approximately 950 ft (290 in) in length. The pond is located approximately 3,900 ft (1,200 m)
              southwest of Honouliwai Bay (and Honouliwai Fishtrap).

              The pond has no direct perennial source of surface waters, though Moanui Stream, an intermittent
              stream, drains into the ocean adjacent to the extreme northeastern corner of the pond during the
              rainy season and periods of rainfall runoff. Kahookamakea, Nihoawa, and Kaluapepeiao gulches
              drain to the shoreline within 2,600 ft (800 in) of the pond's southwestern flank and, as a function of
              water current patterns, may occasionally influence water quality within the pond. According to local
              informants, Kahinapohaku Pond is influenced by surface runoff which results in the pond
              demonstrating chronic high turbidity levels (William Kalipi, Sr., pers. comm., 1992). During the 16
              October 1992 surveys, water visibility ranged from less than 0.9 ft (0.3 m) along the nearshore reaches
              of the pond to a maximum of approximately 7 ft (2.5 in) adjacent to the landward side of the pond
              wait. Underwater visibility on t3 November 1992 ranged from roughly 5.5 ft (2 m) along the
              shoreline to approximately 20 ft (7 in) along the margin of the inner pond wall. Runoff from Moanui
              Stream was contributing to pond siltation during both survey periods, with prevailing winds and water
              currents directing silty waters into the pond. The placement of the northeastern terminus of the
              pond wall directly adjacent to Moanui Stream may indicate that water from the stream may have once
              been used as a management tool to control pond salinity or nutrient levels.

              The dominant features of the pond are the foundation stones of what appears to have once been a
              15- to 20 ft-wide (4.6- to 6-m-wide) pond wall, and massive deposits of limestone 'di'di stone (Exhibit
              1-3) which form an often uninterrupted corridor, 13 - 33 ft (4 to 10 in) in width, immediately
              landward of the remnants of the pond wall. The pond wall was nearly completely submerged at high
              tide (+2.3 ) ft [0.7 in]) on 16 October 1992; about 70 percent of the pond wall (Exhibit 3.4) was
              exposed during an intermediate tide period on 13 November 1992. Larger boulders that once
              comprised the pond wall lie scattered along the landward side of the pond wail within a corridor that

              00220001





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                                 ...........















                                     Exhibit 3.1 Kahinapohaku Fishpond, Eastern Moloka'i;
                                              Water Quality Station Locations (#1-6).















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                                                                                                                                                                                   Kahinapohaku




                                                        Exhibit 3.2                                                                     H la
                              Kuhinapohaku Fishpond, Eastern Moloka'i
                                                       Site LAwation.                                                        waia,




























                                                                        fie


                                                     'Iiij
                                                                  s-A







                                     Exhibit 3.3 Kahinapohaku Pond.    'ifilli stone.





















                                                                                         A





                      Exhibit 3.4 Kahinapohaku Pond. Large boulders dislocated from pond wall.








              ranges up to 98 ft (30 in) in width; however, smaller stones and cobbles occur throughout the majority
              of the pond's subtidal basin. At least some of these smaller stones presumably originated from the
              pond wall, having been cast progressively landward during various storm wave or tsunami events.

              The general underwater topography of the fishpond and adjacent nearshore areas can be described
              as consisting of five principal physiographic zones: 1) a sandy to muddy intertidal and nearshore
              subtidal zone; 2) a pond basin characterized by boulder- to cobble-sized basalt rock; 3) a broad zone
              of 11i'di rock; 4) the structural remains of the pond wall; and 5) the natural reef platform (upon which
              are found the remnants of the pond wall). Three zones, other than the nearshore reef platform and
              the pond wall, displayed a silty veneer of terrigenous silt. With the exception of certain epibenthic
              marine algae, the majority of the pond's surface area displayed a very low diversity and abundance
              of marine organisms.

              Tides and Water Currents


              Tide charts for the survey periods are shown in Exhibit 3.5. As was earlier indicated, pond water
              currents were measured during a high tide period (+2.3 ft [0.7 in]) on 16 October 1992 and during
              an intermediate tide (+0.5 ft [0.15 in]) on 13 November 1992 in order to gather information under
              different tidal conditions. Light to moderate northeast tradewinds were evident during both surveys.

              The results of water current measurements indicate that the majority of the pond basin is influenced
              almost entirely by the prevailing winds, resulting in a pronounced surface flow parallel to the
              shoreline in a southwesterly direction. Surface velocities averaged approximately 6.8 feet/min (ft/min;
              3.5 centimeters/second [cm/secl). There was no detectable water movement evident in the middle
              or lower portions of the water column at any measurement site within the pond basin. The absence
              of any significant water motion within most of the pond is supported by the presence of a sometimes
              thick silt veneer which covers the pond substratum. Silt deposits which are continually being
              resuspended by prevailing wind and water movement within the shallow reservoir undoubtedly cause
              the high turbidity levels evident in the pond.

              Wave surge through pond wall openings results in complex water current patterns along the landward
              side of the pond wall; these patterns are further complicated during high tides by the action of waves
              breaking over the top of the pond wall. Water current measurements landward of the pond wall
              therefore did not yield any quantifiable information. Collectively, wave action and wave surge
              influence a zone up to about 30 ft (9 m) in width along the landward side of the pond wall. This
              zone of wave and wave surge influence is suggested by sometimes large deposits of coralline sands
              which overlie the natural reef flat substratum. The most expansive sand deposits within the pond
              appear to be located immediately landward of two major nearshore surge channels which dominate
              the outer reef flat seaward of the pond.

              Water Quality

              Exhibit 3.1 shows the locations where water quality measurements were taken. Water quality data
              are provided in Exhibit 3.6. The data indicate a mean pond temperature of 26.4*C and a mean
              salinity of '33.4 ppt on 16 October 1992. On 13 November 1992 water quality data showed a mean
              temperature of 27.4* C., a mean salinity of 3 )4.8 ppt, and a mean dissolved oxygen level of 6.8 ppm.
              Sampling on both days showed evidence of some brackish water influence on pond salinity values.
              Lower salinity values during both sampling periods were recorded from the northeastern side of the

              00220001                                          3-2





























                                                                    FRIDAY                               FRIDAY
                                                                6AM     NOON       6PM               &AM      NOON      6PM



                                                                                                     .liowa                         2
                                                                  ,,,Ocr 16                         " Nov 13
                                                                ':::,'L                             180:681,
                                                                      9                             AWd8M:&


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                                                                                               82:000080HUMSSUNUM:
                                                         HHHUNUMUMM888821                      :05:20MInullulluln:

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                                                              MAa                  Pft WK        -PL4a                   NIL fAim
                                                              HanaW ft KAUAI       -1   40          Kaunakakai. MOCOKAI -0   09
                                                              N&VAlwil ft KAUAI -0      32          K&huM. MAW           -1  48
                                                              " Allen KAUAJ        -0   32          Kihei a
                                                              Hakqwk 0AW           -1   36          Aftelsea, Say, MAUI  -0  14
                                                              Hansume Say. 0AW     -0   ss
                                                              Kaneohe &W 0AW       -1   35          Hft HAWAR            -0  59
                                                              Laift CkAHU          -1   49          HonuaM HAWAN         -0  24
                                                              W*farmm 0AW          40   16          MshukorwL HAWAII     -0  24
                                                              WsOnanala 0AW        -1   15          Kesiakeku4 #MWM      -0  16






                                                 Exhibit 3.5 Tide Chart, 16 October and 13 November 1992.











                                                                                    EXHIBIT 3.6
                                                                             WATER QUALITY DATA
                                                                          KAHINAPORAKU FISHPOND



                        Time             Location           Depth (M)           Temperature C C)               Salinity (ppt)            Dissolved 02 (PPM)


                                                                                 16 OCTOBER 1992

                        0940                  1                      0.1                         26.2                       33.1                               -

                                                                     0.5                         26.3                       33.2                               -

                        0942                  2                      (). 1                       26.4                       33.4                               -

                                                                     0.5                         26.4                       33.0                               -

                        0946                  3                      0.1                         26.5                       33.8                               -

                                                                     0.5                         26.5                       33.8                               -

                                                                                13 NOVEMBER 1992

                        1515                  4                      0.5                         23.6                         0.0                              4.8

                                              5                      0.5                         25.9                       21.0                               6.8

                        1530                  1                      0.5                         27.6                       34.0                               6.6

                                              2                      0.5                         27.3                       35.0                               7.0

                                              3                      0.5                         27.3                       35.0                               6.8

                                              6*                     0.5                         27.3                       35.0                               6.7

                  *pH = 8.0 to 8.5; N(NH      4') = <2.0 ppm









              pond, where influx of freshwater from Moanui Stream would have presumably had the greatest
              influence. All dissolved oxygen values recorded in the pond were in excess of saturation with respect
              to prevailing water temperature and salinity values.

              3.2     BIOTA


              3.2.1   Beach Strand


              No natural beach strand habitat occurs over most of the pond's shoreline, inasmuch as a marimade
              boulder-filled shoreline seawall sharply grades to the shoreline highway. Stands of grasses and weedy
              vegetation occur on the seaward shoulder of the road; these are periodically mowed or cut as a part
              of road maintenance activities. A stand of Hibiscu tileaceus (hau) is found along the extreme
              northeast corner of the pond, along with occasional, widely scattered Tournefortia argente (tree
              heliotrope), Prosol2i 12allid (Adawe), and Leucaen leucocel2hala (koa haole, filikoa). Scaevol
              sericea (naupaka) occurs in large stands at the extreme northeast and southwest sides of the pond,
              and in occasional small patches along the pond shoreline.

              There was no observed fauna or infauna observed in association with the pond's sandy to rocky
              intertidal zone, though burrows, possibly constructed by the ghost crab Ogyl2od ceratol2thalmu
              (ohiki), were noted along sections of the northeastern beach.

              3.2.2 Marine Habitat


              Corals


              A total of 7 species of corals were recorded within the pond basin or in association with the structural
              remains of the fishpond wall, and on the adjacent seaward reef flat. Represented species, listed in
              order of estimated abundance, included Porites lobat Dana (Exhibit 3.7), Pocillopor damicornis
              Linnaeus (Exhibit 3.8), Porite compress Dana (Exhibit 3.9), Pocillol2or meandrin Dana,
              Lel2tastre 12urpure Dana, Pocillopor eydoux Milne-Edwards and Haime, and Montil2or verrucQs
              Lamarck. All of the aforementioned species represent the more common nearshore corals that are
              found throughout most shallow water environments in Hawaii.

              Except for corals occurring in high-energy environments immediately landward of the fishpond wall,
              or in prominent breaks in the wall, most of the represented colonies consisted of small nodular or
              low encrusting growth forms. Except for a prominent zone of corals immediately landward of certain
              sections of the pond wall, there was no particular zonation pattern evident within the pond. Live
              specimens of P. lobat and P. damicorni were, in fact, found within 26 ft (8 m) of the pond's
              landward shoreline. The absence of any obvious zonation pattern suggests that pond recruitment for
              most species is largely a function of storm wave deposition of coral shards originating from the pond
              wall or offshore areas than settlement of individual coral planulae (larvae). This conclusion is further
              corroborated by the observation that many of the corals occurring in the pond basin are not cemented
              to the substratum. Overall coral coverage within the majority of the pond basin is estimated at
              approximately 0.1 percent, with P. damicornis accounting for the majority of the coverage.

              Because of their generally low nodular or prostrate growth forms, corals do not constitute a
              significant habitat for fishes or invertebrates within the pond. The relatively few species and small
              growth forms may, in part, result from the influence of silt and sediment discharges from Moanui

              00220001                                          3-33












































                                                                  :7







                                Exhibit 3.7 Kahinapohaku Pond.   Porites lobata coral.
























                                        IV-
                                                    4t


                            Exhibit 3.8 Kahinapohaku Pond. Pocillopq     damicornis coral.


































                                                                         <



                                                                              r4b





                               Exhibit 3.9 Kahinapohaku Pond. Porites.comiRressa coral.













                                                                      7






                                              41,
                                                                                             'Ilk




                        Exhibit 3.10 Kahinapohaku Pond. Various species of marine algae (firnit).








              Stream, which drains directly into the ocean immediately adjacent to the northeasterly terminus of
              the pond wall.

              The zone of highest coral coverage is generally confined to the immediate interior of the pond wall
              where wave surge and water currents appear strongest. Coverage in this zone averages approximately
              5 percent, though in localized areas coverage may extend up to 20 percent in areas influenced by
              offshore waters. P. lobat and P. compress are the characteristic and dominant corals of this zone,
              though as in most other areas within the pond, colony size rarely exceeded 1 ft (0.3 in) in diameter.
              .E. meandrin , L. purpure , and M. verrucosa were also common in this zone with colony diameter
              exceeding that of individuals within the pond basin by a factor of 2 or 3.

              Although not part of the live coral community, the zone of IINH limestone is addressed here because
              of its size and influence on the physical character of the pond environment. '11i'di stone, largely
              composed of wave-worn    'Porites, constitutes an expansive zone within Kahinapohaku Fishpond. '11i'di
              forms an often uninterrupted, low-relief, "corridor" that dominates the pond's substratum along a
              large portion of the inner wall of the pond. Deposits of 'ili'ili up to 30 ft (10 in) wide, and at least
              1 ft (0.3 in) deep, run in lines along the landward side of the pond wall. This corridor is only
              occasionally interrupted by cobble- to boulder-sized basalt rocks, or, in wave-exposed areas where the
              pond wall is fully breached, by up to 1.5 ft (0.5 m) of wave-deposited coralline sand. Although small
              live coral shards and certain turf algae are occasionally observed within this zone, the i1i'di does not
              appear to provide any type of significant grazing habitat for fish or invertebrates.

              Other Macroinvertebrates


              The macroinvertebrate fauna associated with exposed wall boulders and rocks was more or less typical
              of most exposed to semi-exposed rock shorelines throughout the State. The upper intertidal portions
              of the pond wall and shoreline boulders (used as a seawall to protect the coastal highway) were
              characterized by the snails Nerit p@ea (pipipi) and Littorina sp. (pupu kolea), and occasional
              Sil2honari normali (false opihi).       The Warna crab, Grapsu tenuicrustatp , was the largest
              invertebrate of the intertidal zone and was commonly observed atop large boulders in proximity to
              the shoreline on both sides of the pond.

              Although no fauna or infauna was observed in the sandy intertidal zone fronting the pond, several
              burrows of the ghost crab Ogypod ceratopthalmus (ohiki) were observed along portions of the
              northeast sector of the pond's shoreline.

              The largest and most conspicuous non-coral invertebrates observed in the pond or in association with
              the pond wall were holothurians. Actinopyg mauritian was conspicuous on pond wall boulders in
              high energy environments on both the seaward and landward sides of the pond wall with densities
              ranging up to approximately I per 10 square feet (sq ft; 1 per square meter [sq in]). Holothuri atra
              (Ioli) was the dominant holothurian of the more protected reaches of the pond. The boring urchin
              EchinQmetra mathae was routinely observed throughout the pond, though numbers were highest in
              the seaward half of the pond. A single brittle star (Ophiocoma sp.) was observed beneath one rock.

              Mollusks were uncommon in the pond, though eroded shells of at least one species of bivalve were
              observed on several occasions. A large grouping (approximately 30) of an unidentified grey eolid
              nudibranch (possibly Spurill sp.) was observed within a protected depression encompassing



              00220001                                           3-4









              approximately 100 sq ft (9 sq m) along the northeastern section of the pond. It was not observed
              elsewhere in the pond.

              Ichthyofauna (Fishes)

              Kahinapohaku Fishpond hosts a surprisingly low diversity of fishes with represented species
              exceptionally low in number and biomass. A total of approximately 15 species were observed and the
              majority of these were restricted to the pond wall and areas of topographic relief immediately
              adjacent (seaward and landward) to the wall. The pond basin, which comprises approximately 3.5
              acres (8.6 ha) of the roughly 4.0-acre (9.8 ha) pond, is nearly devoid of fish. Following the surveys
              of 16 October 1992, the low number of Fishes recorded was initially attributed to high pond turbidity
              which limited underwater visibility within all but the wave-exposed margins of the pond. However,
              underwater surveys conducted on 13 November 1992 yielded only 4 additional species, although
              underwater visibility was several times that of the earlier survey.

              The dominant fish species were Acanthurus triostegu (manint), Abudefduf sordidus (kupipi),
              Abudefdu abdominali (mamo), which dominated the wave-swept portions of the sea wall. Schools
              of juvenile Mulloide flavolineatus (weke) and juvenile Parul2eneu multifasciatus (moana) dominated
              the landward margin of the pond wall. Other, less common species included Halichoeres ornatissimu
              (ohua),Stegaste fasciolatus, and juveniles of the following species: Thalassoma ornatissimus (ohua);
              Paracirrhites forsteri (hilupili-koa); Pseudo.iuloidg cerasinus; and Thalassoma duperre- (hinalea lau-
              Will).

              Butterflyfishes (kikakapu) were restricted to widely scattered Chaetodo lineolatus and Chaetodon
              lunula.


              Single individuals of Dasgyllus albisella (alo-'ilo'i) and the trunkfish Ostracion meleagri (moa) were
              also recorded in the pond, the former restricted to one of the larger P. meandrina coral heads found
              within the basin. On 16 October 1992, one of the members of the survey team (Mr. William Kalipi,
              Sr.) observed an unidentified red "dragon eel" (puhi) within the pond.

              Algae

              The marine algae constitute one of the most conspicuous groups of living organisms within and
              adjacent to Kahinapohaku fishpond (Exhibit 3.10). Some 19 distinct macroalgae species were
              identified during the survey. A number of additional species are no doubt present, however, the
              entire pond basin was covered with a silt "veneer" during both survey periods, and undoubtedly
              accounted for some smaller or less conspicuous species being overlooked and omitted from the
              record.


              The pond was dominated by Acanthol2hora spicifer (Vahl) Boergesen, often forming thick monotypic
              stands which covered the majority of the pond's rocky basin. BothDictyot friabilisSetchelland
              Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forskal) were occasionally observed in the mid-pond basin with the former
              often intermixing with A. spicifer . Both attached and unattached Galaxaura filamentosa Chou and
              Galaxaura rastigiat Decaisne were also frequently observed throughout the pond. The fact that both
              G. filamentosa and G. fastigiat were often found unattached to the substratum suggests recent storm
              wave influence.



              00220001                                         33-5









              In wave- and surge-prone areas, such as the pond wall, the coralline red algae Porolithon onkode
              (Heydrich) Foslie, Porolitho gardiner (Heydrich) Foslie and Hydrolitho breviclavatum (Foslie)
              Foslie tended to dominate, with coverage accounting for upwards of 5 percent of the substratum.
              Less frequently observed were the following red coralline algae: Lithophyllurn kotschyanum (Unger)
              Fostie, Neogoniolithon frutescen (Foslie) Setchell & Mason, Sporolitho erythraeu (Rothpletz)
              Kylin, Hydrolitho reinbold (Weber-van Bosse & Foslie) Foslie, andlanip sp. .5. erythraeu occurs
              in two distinct morphological forms; flat, crust-like growths and large, round, nodules. Most red
              corallines are normally found within high-energy wave environments, such as the seaward reef margin
              or reef crest. The fact that so many species of red coralline algae were found throughout the pond
              basin indicates wave influence, and possibly wave deposition. There was, in general, a pattern of
              higher coralline algal coverage in pond basin areas immediately adjacent to breaks or channels within
              the pond wall.

              Non-coralline macroalgae were common, but less conspicuous, than red coralline species. Found
              throughout the subtidal reaches of the pond basin were Codium edule Silva, Dic!Yot acutilob J.
              Avardh. and Amansia glomyrat C. Agardh. -A. glomerata often formed dense, bush-like "thickets"
              in-areas' of strong surges. Coverage in some of these areas often exceeded 50 percent in localized
              areas. Gracilaria coronopifoli C. Agardh (manauea) and Asl2aragol2sis taxiformis (Delile) Collins
              & Hervey (kohu) were infrequently observed, and sometimes intermixed with stands of Acanthol2hora
              in areas subject to moderate currents or wave action. Both G. coronol2ifolia and A. taxiformis are
              highly prized edible seaweeds.

              Giffordia breviarticulata (J. Agardh) Doty & Abbott was the common splash zone species of intertidal
              boulders and rocks.


































              00220001                                         3-6










                                                               SECTION 4
                                                              DISCUSSION



                Kahinapohaku Fishpond (TMK 5-8-01:2) has been identified by Kikuchi (1973) as "Type I", a loko
                kuapa: "A fishpond of littoral water whose side or sides facing the sea consist of a stone or coral wall
                usually containing one or more sluice gates". It has been classified as a Class IIB structure, as follows:

                        "Wall in fair to poor condition, or submerged. Heavy siltation, or completely filled.
                        Vegetation encroachment on most or all of fishpond. Three or less National Register
                        criteria (DHM Planners Inc. and Applied Research Group - Bishop Museum, 1989).

                Although the Class IIB designation is in part correct, the pond presently shows no evidence of
                significant vegetation encroachment, except for the presence of a small stand of trees at its extreme
                northeast end. This stand is comprised of strand (shoreline) species and further encroachment into
                the pond is not likely to occur. The surveys also suggest that although the pond is characterized by
                chronic siltation, the existing deposits do not presently threaten the physical integrity of the pond,
                nor are they likely to result in any significant loss in pond depth. Although water current
                measurements did not show any demonstrable water currents within the main pond basin, storm wave
                action generated by regional cyclonic and local storm events are likely responsible for rather
                predictable flushing of accumulated silt and sediments from the pond.

                The results of water quality studies indicate that the Fishpond is dominated by waters of oceanic
                origin, with only minor influence of freshwater being detectable. The freshwater influx from Moanui
                 tream, though slight, appears to account for silt deposition in the pond. Shoreline erosion,
                particularly on the extreme southwest corner of the pond, may also contribute silt to the pond. The
                S

                origin of the silt is likely through sheet flow from eroded upland areas presently used as grazing land.
                With the exception of silt loading during periods of heavy runoff, none of the chemical or physical
                environmental conditions encountered in the pond would be limiting to marine organisms.

                The results of these surveys indicate that the fishpond presently supports a very modest assemblage
                of marine organisms. Furthermore, the surveys also indicated that Kahinapohaku Fishpond is
                presently functioning as a nursery for several species of reef fish of commercial and subsistence value.
                With few exceptions, large or mature fishes were absent from the pond. The presence of two species
                of edible macroalgae (IiMLI) in the pond is a positive indication that existing water quality conditions
                remain conducive to the growth of traditionally important seaweeds.

                A noteworthy finding was the near absence of epibenthic growth on the extensive deposits of 'di'di
                stone which occur throughout the pond. Only rarely were corals, algae, or invertebrates found
                established on these often massive limestone deposits. The absence of epibenthic organisms in the
                'ili'ili zone is likely a result of continual movement and shifting of the stones, an action which would
                be inimical to most sedentary organisms. The absence of silt deposits on the 'ili'ili also indicates the
                instability of this substrate. This finding suggests that future efforts directed at retrieving this material
                will not result in significant environmental disturbances to existing marine communities.






                00220001                                            4-1










                                                  SECTION 5
                                             LITERATURE CITED



                  DHM Planners, Inc. & Applied Research Group - Bishop Museum 1989. Hawaiian
                         Fishpond Study, Islands of 0'ahu, Mbloka4 and HawaiL Report Prepared for the
                         Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program, Office of State Planning.

                  Kikuchi, William K 1973. Hawaiian Aquacultural System. Doctoral Thesis, University of
                         Arizona.
























































            00220001                                  5-1





































                                      APPENDIX B


                                ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
                                KAHINAPORAKU FISHPOND









         CUL TURA L RESOURCE -MA NA GEMENT
         AKI SINOTO CONSULTING 2333 Kapiolani Blvd, No.2704 Honolulu, HawaN 96826 Tel/Fax (808) 941-9538



              December 11, 1992

              Mr. Eugene P. Dashiell
              Eugene P. Dashiell AICP
              Planning Services
              1219 Keeaumoku Street, Suite 200
              Honolulu, Hawai'i 96814-3132

              Dear Gene%


                  Subject: Results of Onsite Inspection of Honoulivai and Kahinapohaku
                            Fishponds, Honoulivai and Moanui, Molokali

              On Monday, November 30, 1992, an onsite archaeological inspection of the two
              fishponds referenced above was conducted with Mrs. Annie Griffin from the
              Historic Preservation Division of the State Department of Land and Natural
              Resources. The purpose of this inspection was to determine specific
              attributes necessary for the proposed restoration of the ponds. The
              information obtained and relevant recommendations are presented below.

              Honoulivai Pond - State Site 50-60-05-233:
              The original wall width was determined to be c. 12 feet according to remnant
              baoal stones. Based an our observations, no openings could be conclusively
              identified, although the deteriorated condition of the walls made such
              determinations difficult. Enough material appear to be scattered both inside
              and outside of the pond for use during wall restoration, however a paucity of
              smaller material was noted.  The larger boulders that are still present above
              the waterline on the northwestern half of the pond wall probably represent the
              original height of the wall, c. 4-5 feet above sea bottom.

              A hypothetical conclusion, based on the observations, regarding the
              construction of this pond wall, may have bearing on the lack of opening(s) and
              the paucity of smaller boulders and stones. Close inspection of the less-
              deteriorated northwestern wall section revealed the possibility of
              differential construction of the basal and upper wall portions. The lower
              portion.of the wall, c. 1.8-2.0 feet high, is constructed of smaller boulders
              and stones with coral and basalt gravel fill.   The boulders are placed more
              tightly together with interstices filled with smaller material. Overlying
              this basal construction is the upper wall portion consisting primarily of a
              single course (vertical) of 2-3 rows (horizontal) of larger boulders, ranging
              in diameter from 2 to 4 feet, placed together without any fill material in
              between.


              The function of this fishtrap, as suggested by the construction, may not have
              required any openings, but rather operated on tidal changes.    At high tide,
              fish could swim into the pond through the many spaces amongst the boulders.
              .As the tide lowered, the fish would be trapped by the more tightly constructed
              basal portion of the wall.   Although the large size of the boulders utilized
              for construction has been attributed to the location of this pond in a high
              energy wave zone, perhaps more than one factor was considered in utilizing
              the large boulders.








              Battered walls (sloping rather than vertical) should improve the stability and
              help to maintain integrity of the wall. Generally such walls are easier to
              build when the wall consists of multiple vertical courses of stones, however,
              in the case of this pond, only a single course of large boulders is employed.
              Although several alternative methods to batter the wall can be employed, in
              terms of effective reinforcement while maintaining integrity of the original
              character of the pond, only one technique can be recommended. This would be
              the selection of naturally shaped boulders with the appropriate slope to be
              placed along the outer margins of the wall. The width of the wall should not
              exceed 12 feet including the batter. Also, the maneuvering of these large
              boulders may be facilitated if done during high tide, rather than at low tide.

              Kahinapohaku Pond - State Site 50-60-05-228:
              Informant data had indicated the presence of burials in the remnant dune  at
              the northern end of this pond near the outlet of Moanui Stream. A probably
              articulated skeletal remains was found to be exposed in this locality during
              our field visit. Portions of a mandible, ribs, and vertebra, along with
              scattered teeth; representing a single individual was observed in a cut
              bank below the vegetation line, immediately inland of the northern terminus of
              the fishpond wall. Coral and basalt stones were used to cover the exposed
              remains. This area should be avoided during restoration activities, and
              protected from further erosion. A preservation plan should be formulated and
              submitted to HPDIDLNR for concurrence, prior to commencement of restoration
              activities.


              The wall construction of this large pond is fairly typical of similar ponds
              along this coast. Again, the location of any former openings could not be
              determined through surface observation due to extensive deterioration of the
              wall. The width of the wall at its base is a. 14 feet as determined from two
              intact sections of the outer and inner alignments. Although no remnant
              segments of wall that suggest original height are present, 4-5 feet measured
              from sea bottom would be a reasonable finish height for the restoration. This
              would also be consistent with neighboring ponds. The wall construction,
              unlike that employed for Honoulivai Pond, is uniform from base to upper
              portions. It is similar to the double-faced, clinker filled, free-standing
              walls built on dry land. The wall consists of two parallel rows of stacked
              boulders with the central spare filled with chunks, clinkers, gravel, and
              rubble primarily of coral and some basalt. The northeastern portions of the
              pond have been badly damaged while the southeastern to southern portions
              display some intact basal alignments. Boulders and stones tumbled from the
              wall are strewn mostly inside the pond, although some collapsed areas were
              evident outside the wall. The southern portion of the pond interior exhibits
              large deposits of coral rubble, presumably from the wall fill. The stones
              utilized for the highway revetment do not appear to have been robbed from the
              pond based on the differences in size.

              Compared to others along this coastline, this pond is located in a relatively
              high energy wave zone due to the narrowness of the reef. Battering the
              outside edges of the wall may improve stability and reinforce against wave
              action.


              General Comments:
              Although both of these ponds have been severely damaged, their status as
              recorded archaeological sites need to be considered in planning for their








              restoration. The currently definable dimensions and characteristics of the
              two panda should be maintained along with the integrity of building materials
              and their intended functions.


              Care should be exercised when using heavy equipment in and around the ponds
              during restoration activities to minimize adverse impacts to portions of both
              ponds as well as the marine environment in the vicinity. When possible,
              manual methods should be employed during restoration. Building material
              should be obtained as much as possible from the vicinity of each pond.

              Continued coordination with knowledgeable individuals and the Historic
              Preservation Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources is
              recommended. Provisions for systematic documentation during restoration
              activities are also recommended.


              Should you have any questions or comments, please contact me at 941-9538 by
              phone or FAX.

              Sincerely,
              Q..4z 9-11-@
              Aki Sinoto
















































                                               3




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