[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

























                                                                               lv.







                                    COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT


                                             CM    297

















































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      332.2
      S72
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      1991







                                                     S TATE OF FLORIDA
                          COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM



                  SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF FLORIDA -S FISHERIES
                                                                           CM - 297


























                                                          MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION
                                                    2540 EXECUTIVE CENTER CIRCLE, WEST
                                                                              SUITE 106
                                                           TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 32301
                                                                          JANUARY 1991



                                                  Funds for $his project were provided by the Department of Environmental
                                                  Regulabon, Office of Coastal Management usingfunds made available through the
                                                  National Oce ic and Atmospheric Administration under the Coastal Zone
                                                              'and o
                                                  Management A f 1972, as amended.







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                                                : ...      -_ _:     . ..
      EXECUTIVE                                                       I#'
      SUMMARY                                       - -"," @-Wll
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                    SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF FLORIDA'S FISHERIES


                                 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



              The purpose of this project and final report has been to
         assist fishery managers, specifically the Florida Marine
         Fisheries Commission, in incorporating a social science
         perspective in fishery management decision-making. The need for
         this perspective became apparent when a Florida Marine Fisheries
         Commission Rule was challenged by shrimp fishermen on the basis
         that the commission had not considered the best available
         sociological data during the rule making procedure. The Florida
         Supreme Court supported the idea that the commission consider
         this data in its deliberations.

              As a means of meeting the need for anthropological and
         sociological data, the final report identifies the social science
         literature that is relevant to fishery management in Florida. A
         bibliography of this literature was compiled. The bibliography,
         the Florida Marine Fisheries commission Social Science
         Bibliography, includes 2,803 references in a database format for
         computerized retrieval. Over 300 of these references are
         annotated. A manual-on how to use the bibliography and retrieve
         references by keywords was developed. A keyword index is
         included.

              At the request of the Florida Marine Fisheries  Commission
        .the report provides examples of the retrieval capabilities of the
         Florida Marine Commission Social Science Bibliography database
         through the shrimp fishery. one retrieval identifies the
         literature related to shrimp fisheries in general. A second
         retrieval identifies the literature related to an issue of
         particular concern to the management of the shrimp fishery:
         closure.

              The use of social science in fishery management by other
         states, federal regional councils and state Sea Grants is
         presented. State and federal fisheries managers are not well
         aware of the social science research in fisheries nor the social
         scientists who are experts on fisheries. Fisheries related
         social science and social scientists are underutilized resources.
         These points are illustrated by a near total lack of awareness of
         the only pre-existing social science and fisheries bibliography
         compiled by the National Marine Fisheries Service and the small
         number of social scientists actually consulted by fishery
         managers.

              Finally, the report proposes some means of incorporating the
         social science perspective into fishery management. While
         fishermen and their fishing behavior may be part of the problem
         in the conservation of marine species, fishermen really pose the
         only viable solution to effective, cost-efficient fishery
         management. The following measures are advocated.









               (1) The bibliography developed, the Florida Marine Fisheries
          Commission Social Science Bibliography, serves as a starting
          point in identifying the relevant literature and the social
          scientists who have conducted the research. (2) Fishery managers
          can expand the base of social science consultants through the
          development of networks. The bibliography and existing key____
          informants can assist managers in creating a network of social
          science experts. (3) Social science surveys are proposed as a
          means of developing profiles of fishermen and their fishing
          behavior. (4) Incorporating affected fishermen in the
          development of fishery management plans is proposed. The
          establishment of standing committees or panels that include
          representative fishermen is one means of accomplishing this goal.









                 SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF FLORIDAS FISHERIES



          BACKGROUND


               One of the standards for the Marine Fisheries commission (MFC)
          rulemaking requires that, "Conservation and management measures
          shall be based upon the best information available, including
          biological, sociological, economic, and other information deemed
          relevant by the MFC11   (Refer to Section 370.025, F.S. Policy and
          Standards.) Biological and economic information is compiled by DNR
          and MFC staff. However, sociological information is often limited
          to the demographic or economic characteristics of the fishery.

               The project objective to,develop data sources and strategies
          to better incorporate sociological information into the MFC
          decision-making process included:      (1)  development of methods
          other than the public hearing process to gather data, (2)         the
          development of a bibliography, (3)    collect copies of literature
          for MFC use, (4) create a keyword reference and retrieval system
          based on Florida's recreational and commercial fisheries,         (5)
          identify current and ongoing research in the area, and (6) review
          how other states have incorporated such information with emphasis
          on dispute resolution and information gathering techniques. The
          result will be used in the next step of shrimp management, the
          adoption of zone maps.

               A rule challenge was filed by shrimp fishermen against a
          proposed rule of the MFC that would regulate shrimp fishing gear by
          requiring that turtle excluder devices be used in otter trawls.
          The challenge did not dispute any of the biological facts in the
          rulemaking proceeding.        The  challenge was     based   on    (1)
          insufficient statutory authority, (2) inadequate economic impact
          statement, (3) defective notice, and (4) failure to comply with
          the standard that mandates the MFC to consider the best available
          sociological data during the rulemaking process.           The rule
          challenge was not successful.     However, in the Florida Supreme
          Court decision which mooted the challenge, the Court emphasized the
          need to comply with the standard that requires consideration of
          sociological information.

               During its initial seven year history, the MFC has relied on
          the conservation goal. Conservation is the paramount standard of
          the MFC.    However, management decisions are increasingly made
          which will affect commercial and recreational fishermen without the
          strong basis in conservation of species.       The options for the
          regulation of spiny lobster and shrimp to create optimum benefit
          and use are examples of management where socio-economic
          qonsiderations will be paramount.











      SHRIMP MANAGEMENT OPTIONS: ZONE MANAGEMENT

           The Florida MFC has been developing a statewide shrimp
      management plan since, 1987 with the aim of protecting and
      conserving Florida's shrimp resource and providing uniform
      management where possible.    For the purposes of this plan, the
      shrimp fishery was divided into three user groups: recreational,
      live bait, and dead production. The first round of rulemaking has
      been completed and includes allowable gear specifications, net mesh
      size, and shrimp count. During this round of rulemaking, the MFC
      made a policy decision to establish allowable shrimp harvesting
      areas based on zone maps that are being developed by the Florida
      Department of Natural Resources. A policy decision was also made
      to set as a goal a 50% reduction of finfish bycatch associated with
      shrimp trawl activity.

      PERMANENT AND VARIABLE CLOSURES TO SHRIMPING:

           One technique currently proposed for the conservation and
      revitalization of marine resources is the establishment of refugia,
      or marine fishery reserves. The main objectives of marine reserves
      are to protect spawning stock, intraspecific genetic diversity,
      population age structure, and assure a recruitment supply.         A
      further benefit is balancing the natural equilibrium of the
      ecosystem included within the reserve. This concept is not new,
      having been used in various forms such as sanctuaries, parks, and
      preserves in the United States as well as other countries.

           A marine reserve can be designed around one or more type(s) of
      management regime(s) . These can includ@*"closures of nursery areas
      to protect certain life stages, area closures (e.g. reefs,
      grassbeds), seasonal closures, rotation of harvesting areas,
      prohibition of certain user groups and/or gear types, establishment
      of closed areas for harvest of a particular species, and estab-
      lishing areas where no harvesting  of any kind is permitted (non-
      consumptive areas).     Currently, many of the marine reserve
      management plans proposed in this  country are based on individual
      species, such as king crab in the eastern Bering Sea, pacific razor
      clam in Washington state, and abalones in California.

           The MFC has chosen to use permanent and variable closures
      based on a zone mapping regime for shrimp management. These maps
      contain bathymetric, habitat, and species distribution data. This
      plan will determine allowable harvesting areas by user groupt gear
      type, water depth, habitat, and occurrence of resource; and will
      decrease inshore bycatch, and habitat destruction. Closures may be
      based on area, season, and bycatch species distribution, but it is
      not perceived that this plan will close all inshore waters to
      shrimp trawling. An economic assessment of the permanent closure
      of Florida inshore and near shore waters to shrimp trawling has not
      been done; however, it is reasonable to assume that such a closure


                                        2









          would impact the inshore fleet with concomitant sociological
          effects.


              other states in the southeast are using area and/or seasonal
          closures of inshore waters to manage the shrimp fishery. Georgia
          uses bait shrimping zones that are opened and closed according to
          average shrimp size. Georgia also opens the bay portions of their
          estuaries to food shrimping on a limited scale according to average
          shrimp size.   South Carolina closed Calibogue Sound, Port Royal
          Sound, St. Helena Sound, and Bulls Bay in 1986 to shrimp trawling
          year-round. Texas is using a combination of season, zone, depth,
          and gear to manage their shrimp fishery. Licensed commercial bay
          shrimpers are allowed to catch shrimp during the periods from
          August 15 to December 15, and May 15 to July 15.

               Chapter 370.156 Florida Statues, designates the inshore and
          offshore waters of Nassau, Duval, Clay, Putnam, St. Johns, Flagler,
          Volusia, Seminole, Brevard, Indian River, and St. Lucie Counties as
          the Florida East Coast Shrimp Bed. Power trawling for dead shrimp
          in this area is prohibited between April 1 and June 1 of each year.
          Chapter 46-3. 008 1F. A. C. , prohibits the use of trawls or power
          operated equipment to catch shrimp in Volusia County year-round.
          Coastal waters from Horseshoe Beach to Port Inglis (Cedar Key
          closed area) , and from the Steinhatchee River to the Aucilla River
          have restrictions to the type of shrimp trawls allowed. Other local
          laws exist that address inshore shrimping in other Florida
          counties.

               In the northwest Florida area, there are inshore waters that
          presently have either seasonal or year-round closures to shrimp
          trawling: Escambia Bay north of the I-10 bridge and portions of
          Blackwater Bay and East Bay, closed from January 1 to September 16;
          Santa Rosa Sound, closed year-round; that portion of Choctawhatchee
          Bay east of a line from Four Mile Point to Hammock Point, closed
          pending DNR sampling; portions of North Bay, East Bay, and West Bay
          in Bay County, closed year-round; that portion of Apalachicola Bay
          north of the Gorrie Bridge, closed year-round; and numerous bayous,
          rivers, and creeks, closed year-round.

          BYCATCH REDUCTION:

               Finfish bycatch incidental to shrimp trawling has been under
          investigation for many years. Numerous researchers have compiled
          bycatch data throughout the Gulf of Mexico; the vast majority of
          this information pertains to the offshore fishery in the northern
          Gulf. It is generally believe that the mean finfish to shrimp catch
          ratio for offshore trawls by weight is 10:1. This ratio varies as
          a function of location, depth, and season from 2.0:1-21.1:1. In a
          1978 Quarterly Report, the Florida Department of Natural Resources
          personnel reported bycatch results from trawls off Apalachicola,
          Pensacola, Sanibel, Tortugas, and inside Tampa Bay.     The bycatch


                                           3









       percent of total catch-for Apalachicola ranged from 85.58%-99.03%
       (16 trawls); for Pensacola 82.43%-98.48% (14 trawls); for Sanibel
       51.43%-91.11% (5 trawls); and for Tortugas 75.89%-95.87% (8
       trawls).

            Inshore bycatch data is not as abundant as offshore data for
       the Gulf of Mexico.      A study conducted in 1978 indicated the
       bycatch percent of total catch for Tampa Bay ranged from 74.28%-
       98.01% (11 trawls). A study of the Galveston Bay bait shrimp
       fishery indicated that bycatch ranged from 31.1%-60% "or more" of
       the total catch. Little work has been done on finfish bycatch in
       the northwest Florida bays and estuaries.            Calculations of
       shrimp/finfish catch data from a study of the St. Andrew Bay
       system, conducted in the early 19701s, indicated that finfish
       bycatch ranged from 57%-94% (individual fish/individual shrimp) in
       the total trawl.

             The MFC has been conducting a statewide bycatch study with
       the assistance of the Florida Department of Natural Resources, the
       Florida State University Department of Biological Science, and the
       shrimping industry.     when possible, bycatch reduction devices
       (BRD's) have been tested with the aid of the National Marine
       Fisheries Service.     The primary focus of the project is in
       estuarine bay systems; however, the near shore area of the Big Bend
       region is also included in this study.         Data being collected
       includes bycatch species identification, length frequency, total
       number, and weight percentage of catch. When BRD's are used data
       are compared to nets without devices in paired tows. This study
       has been on going since April, 1991, and will continue through
       June, 1992, thereby giving seasonal replicates for all areas
       sampled. Upon the completion of this project, data will be added
       to existing offshore bycatch data, fisheries independent monitoring
       data, habitat, and bathymetric data to zone maps provided by the
       FDNR.   These maps will then be used as a management tool to
       determine allowable shrimp harvesting areas.



          TABLE OF
          CONTENTS
                t& &


















                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS






           Executive Summary


           Introduction  ...................................    1




           The Florida Marine Fisheries Commission
           social science Bibliography    ................... 10



           The Florida Shrimp Fishery: An Example
           of a Social Science Literature Search     ......... 20




           Social Science in Other States and Regions     .... 26



           Incorporating Social Science
           in Fisheries Management    ....................... 31




           References  ....................................   35






















                                               TABLES



           I .............................................        30






                                            APPENDICES



           I     Florida Marine Fisheries commission social science
                 Bibliography



           2 .... Keyword Thesaurus



           3 .... Shrimp Fisheries and Social Science Retrieval



           4 .... Closure and Interjurisdictional Retrieval






                                                                   I INTRODUCTION ;
                                             .. ..   I. .....                   -














                                     INTRODUCTION




               Two recent publications by social scientists pertaining to

          fishery management indicate a growing concern for the state of

          affairs regarding regulation of marine fishery resources. crisis

          in the World's Fisheries (McGoodwin 1990) and "Chaos in Fisheries

          Management" (Smith 1989) propose an increased awareness of the

          utility of social science in fishery management and the need for

          new approaches to policy-making in the use of marine resources.

               With the growing demand for seafood, coastal recreation and

          development, and environmental protection, managers of fishery

          resources must balance the various and sometimes conflicting

          wants and needs of different users and publics against the need

          for conserving the resource. Increasingly, users of these

          resources have become active in determining how those resources

          are to be managed. With the addition of environmental

          restrictions regarding the use of various species of plants,

          animals, and fishes, the task becomes even more difficult.

               Today, fishery management involves more than the equitable

          allocation and conservation of resources, it has become a process

          of resource enhancement and crisis intervention. This subtle

          shift of focus within natural resource policy has increased the

          number of roles that managers of resources must assume. The

          contradictory of roles of conservator and allocator of resources

          often places fishery managers at odds with users or publics.

               The variety of roles often require fishery managers to be

          aware of the number of users or publics and their composition. A










           social science perspective that incorporates anthropology and

           sociology can aid fishery managers in understanding these users

           of marine resources. The purpose of this project and final

           report is to assist fishery managers in incorporating this social

           science perspective into fishery management.

               The final report identifies the social science literature

           that is relevant to fishery management in Florida. A

           bibliography of this literature was compiled. The bibliography,

           the Florida Marine Fisheries Social Science Bibliography,

           includes 2,803 references in a database format for computerized

           retrieval. A manual on how to use the bibliography and retrieve

           references by keywords was developed. The report provides

           examples of the retrieval capabilities of the Florida Marine

           Commission Social Science Bibliography data base through the

           shrimp fishery. The use of social science in fishery management

           by other states, federal regional councils, and state Sea Grants

           is presented. And finally, the report proposes some means of

           incorporating the social science perspective into fishery

           management.

           social Science and Fishery Management

                The Fishery Conservation Act of 1976 mandated that social

           impacts be considered in the development of fishery management

           policy at the federal level. The mandate stirred considerable

           interest and research in fisheries among social scientists.

           Interest and research has grown steadily in the past fifteen




                                           3










          years and given rise to the areas of maritime anthropology and

          marine social science.

               The inclusion of social science at all levels of policy

          making for fishery management has been a farsighted goal for many

          social scientists working in the area of marine resource

          management. However, several impediments to that goal have

          become clear over the years: 1) social science is often not

          directed toward the immediate needs of fishery management,

          therefore it is frequently seen*as being irrelevant; 2) because

          fishery managers are not familiar with the utility of applied

          social science they overlook opportunities to make use of social

          science research; 3) there is a general lack of communication and

          interaction between fishery managers and social scientists; and

          4) fishery managers are reluctant to deal with resource conflicts

          where various users or publics are involved.

               Yet, social science can contribute substantially to fishery

          management. With problem-oriented research, social scientists

          can produce relevant findings. With the increased multiple use

          of marine resources, social scientists can contribute an

          understanding of the sources of conflict and aid in their

          resolution. With increased public participation in the resource

          management process, social scientists can familiarize fishery

          managers with the cultural bases of the participants.

               The management of natural resources is becoming an area of

          growing public concern and participation. Managing those

          resources in such a way as to satisfy the needs of the public and


                                          4










           the needs of the resource will take careful planning and

           cooperation between fishery managers and social scientists in the

           future. Developing the proper tools to meet those needs will

           require a concerted effort on both parts.



           Social Science Research in Florida


               While social science research on Florida's fisheries at the

           state and local level has been small in number, there have been

           important works on several fisheries and fishing communities.

           One of the earliest was George Zarur's (1975) work in Mullet

           Springs (pseudonym). Herbert and Herbert (1979) studied the

           enactment of local laws concerning fisheries and documented the

           conflicts that led to their creation.

               Lampl's (1986) research Pine Island was an indepth look at

           the economic impact of the complete closure of the red drum

           fishery. Because of the importance of red drum to the fishermen,

           Lampl concluded there would be considerable impact on the level

           of competition among fishermen as they vied for a reduced number

           of species. Competition would complicate community relations and

           increase pressures of overcrowding in other fisheries.

                Conflict resolution in the stone crab and shrimp fisheries

           was addressed in research by Overbey (1986, 1987, 1989, 1991,

           1992) and Hammond (1985). Overbey proposed that community level

           resource management is an alternative strategy for fishery

           managers to consider. Overbey determined that this informal

           system is a pre-existing one among fishermen. Local stone


                                           5





                                                                               A










          crabbers and shrimpers regulate their fishing behavior through a

          cooperative system of unwritten rules and norms.

               The conflict was not one of stone crabbers versus shrimpers,

          but, represented a larger conflict between insiders and

          outsiders. The conflict between stone crabbers and shrimpers

          occurred when outsiders, in the form of large shrimp boats and

          newcomer stone crabbers, began fishing local areas and disrupted

          the traditional form of management, the community-level resource

          management system. The implications for fishery management are

          to recognize local systems of resource management and incorporate

          them into policy when appropriate.

               one of the more involved studies using social science in

          direct relation to fishery management has been Orbach and

          Johnson's (1987) work with the spiny lobster fishery. In this

          study, extensive socio-cultural data were collected on the

          fishery in order to assess the impact of several limited entry

          alternatives. The investigators, in addition to their

          ethnographic study, conducted meetings with personnel from the

          commercial and recreational industry, federal and state

          management, and academic researchers to evaluate the alternatives

          recommended. The research exemplifies the utility of social

          science research and its methodologies to fishery management.

          Qualitative and quantitative sociocultural data give a more

          complete picture of the fishery and its participants.

               Meltzoff's (1990) work in the Florida Keys examines changes

          in a fishery due to increased tourism and competition for limited


                                          6











           resources on the islands. The effect of this seasonal inflow of

           tourists is most apparent in regard to coastal real estate and

           the allocation of limited resources among temporary populations,

           the service industry built up to serve that incursion, and the

           commercial harvesting sector of the seafood industry. The study

           addresses ways to assist fishery managers in effecting change in

           local development; the viability of uniting a multi-ethnic

           fishery; and enhancing the decision making process in allocating

           limited resources found on the islands.

               The term Bluebelting, derived from the practice of granting

           tax relief to farmers for preserving agricultural land

           (greenbelting), is used in Bell's (1990) study of marinas and

           recreational boating needs as a means of offsetting the

           privatization of water front property. This conversion of

           waterfront property from water-dependent activities, like

           marinas, to value enhanced property, such as condominiums, denies

           public access. The report examines the economic benefits and

           costs of bluebelting in Florida and the benefits to boaters.

           Several alternatives are discussed and a preliminary benefit-cost

           analysis is made for the preferential tax assessment regime

           proposed by the Blue Ribbon Committee.

                In his study of attitudes toward coastal environmental

           issues, Soden's (1990) research has significance to managers of

           any natural resource. Because Florida is so dependent upon its

           coastal resources for its economic well-being, and public
  is       participation is mandated in the policy process, surveying public

                                           7










          attitude toward those resources and technical knowledge of

          coastal resources by that public, can have important implications

          for management.

               Reporting on a statewide survey, Soden identifies three sets

          of actors in the policy process: general public, activist public,

          and policy elites. No matter what their position in the process,

          it is reported that Floridians are concerned about coastal

          resource management and the ensuing environmental problems.

          There is disagreement as how to solve those problems through

          management, however. A wide gap exits with regard to technical

          knowledge among the three groups of actors, with policy elites

          having considerable technical knowledge of issues at hand, and

          the activist and general public having less. Floridians, in

          general, tend to rely on group sources of information, like

          special interest groups, and do not seek out new information

          concerning coastal resources. Television and newspapers are the

          sources most relied upon, and information that contradicts

          beliefs is often ignored or rejected. The overall findings

          challenge the role of public involvement in policy-making for

          coastal resources, but indicate that public involvement will

          continue. The question is how to better inform the public and

          enhance management of coastal resources.

               The impact of fishery regulation is often studied in

          economic terms. Suzanna Smith's (1991) current research on

          stress and coping strategies provides a new approach to an old

          problem. It is assumed that regulatory changes within Florida's


                                           8










          net fishing industry are having impacts upon fishing families

          that are overlooked through conventional approaches to

          assessment. Smith's study assesses the impact of regulations by

          focusing on stress and coping strategies employed by fishing

          families as they face these changes. A sample of approximately

          120 net fishing families from various communities along Florida's

          Gulf coast will be chosen for the purposes of this research. The

          research will develop an understanding of the different coping

          strategies associated with perceived stress and identify those

          groups who may need assistance. The study will provide pertinent

          information concerning the proper channels through which

          educational programs, workshops or other means may help fishing

          families cope with increasing changes in the industry. The

          study will offer to fishery managers an anthropological or

          sociological view of the impact of fishery regulation and policy-

          making.






















                                           9














                                                                                        V,
                                                                         BIBLIOGRAPHY

































                                           I             I
                                                           I



                                                                       I


    I "I,


                                                                                                 1. It


















                       THE FLORIDA MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION


                              SOCIAL SCIENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY




               With the creation of the Florida Marine Fisheries Commission

           (FMFC) Social Science Bibliography database, the project provides

           fishery managers a tool to enhance their ability to incorporate

           the social science perspective into marine resource management.

           An indication of the high level of interest of social scientists

           in fishery management is demonstrated by the 859 bibliographic

           entries with the word "manage" or "management" located in the

           title or keyword field. The bibliography furnishes a listing of

           social science publications and gray literature that addresses

           numerous issues, including fishery management. While not an end

           in itself, the bibliography places a wide array of issues related

           to policy in the hands of those who use it.

               The Florida Marine Fisheries social science Bibliography

           appears in Appendix 1 as a hard copy of the original software

           data base. The diskette copies of the data base are included

           with this final report and are accessible through the use of the

           enclosed askSam software program.










                                          10












          Manual for Using the Social science Bibliography

               This manual is a brief introduction to the AskSam

          Information Management system and its application to the Florida

          Marine Fisheries commission Social Science,Bibliography. It is

          to provide information for searches and the printing of retrieved

          material only. For more detailed instructions see the User's

          manual accompanying the software. The keyword thesaurus included

          with this manual is provided to assist with searches. If' you are

          unsure of the terms to be used in the search, turn to thesaurus

          in the back of the manual.





          I.   STARTING ASKSAM

               A.   Two Disk Drives - Insert the Program Disk in drive A

          and Disk Two in drive B. At the A>, type AS and press Enter.

          Remove the Program Disk and replace with your data disk (a blank

          formatted disk if you are a first time user).



               B.   Hard Disk Drive - Change to the AskSam directory, by

          entering cd \ASKSAM at the C:>. You should see the following

          prompt - C:\ASKSAM>, type AS and press Enter.



                                         (Getting Started p. 11)

          II. THE STARTUP MENU

               You must select a file to work with in AskSam, unless you
  is      are going to create one. To select a file, press Enter twice for

                                          11










           a list of files. Move the light bar (The light bar moves when

           you depress the cursor arrows] to the file and press Enter again.

           AskSam will then move to the Main Menu and you can begin your

           work.

                If your data are in a different directory, then move the

           light bar to Vary Directory and press Enter or type the letter V.

           AskSam will ask you to specify which directory and filename. You

           should type in the following information [drivename: directory].

           Select a file as you would above. After you have selected a file

           AskSam will move to the Main Menu.

                                         (User's Guide pp. 41-42)

           III. MAIN MENU





           SEARCHES

                When you have reached the Main Menu you can begin your

           search for relevant citations within the bibliography. one of

           the easiest ways to search is through th e Query Mode.



                                         (User's Guide p. 50)

                     Query Mode



                Move the light bar to Query and press Enter, or type the

           letter Q. You will now see the Query screen and the cursor will

           be at the top inside the Query line.

                In the Query mode you can retrieve information by simply

           entering key words. For instance, if you were interested in


                                           12










         shrimp fisheries, you might type shrimp and press Enter. Asksam

         will then retrieve all entries with the word shrimp and highlight

         the word at least once in each record. Press the space bar to

         view the next screen. AskSam will place the word -MORE- at the

         bottom of the screen if there are more records.

              When you see -END- at the bottom of the screen you have

         reached the end of the retrieved records. If you press any key

         you will return to the Query Request screen. You can return to

         the Query Request screen at any time by pressing Esc. You may

         wish to do this if your keyword choice is not retrieving the

         appropriate records.

                                       (User's Guide p. 99)

              If you are unsure of the spelling of a word or you wish to

         include related words you can use what are called wildcards in

         AskSam. Wildcards are extensions added to words or partial words

         which increase the records retrieved by including variants of the

         word used in the search. By using an * (asterisk) as an

         extension you can include related words. For example, if you

         were interested in shrimp, again, and those words related like

         shrimpers, shrimps, shrimpfishers, we would type the extension

         shrimp* at the query line. This request would retrieve all of

         those records with shrimp and any variation beginning with

         shrimp.

              An asterisk can be placed before or after a word, i.e.,

         *fish*. But, this search would include such words as

         selfishness. You must consider the results of using wildcards in


                                         13










          this manner, for you may find yourself with meaningless

          retrievals. If you were to use the asterisk (*) alone it would

          retrieve all records in the physical order they were entered.

                                        (User's Guide pp. 101-103)

               If you wish to use more than one word in your retrieval

          there are several ways in which to do so. If you were to type

          open access, only those records with both words, and not

          necessarily in that order, would be retrieved. If you wish to

          retrieve records with either word, you would enter open (or)

          access. If you wish to retrieve all records with open access in

          that order you would type [open access]. Note the difference in

          usage of brackets ((j) and braces (()). To exclude information

          use the word (not), i.e., FL (not) Gainesville. This will

          retrieve all those entries with FL but not those with

          Gainesville. To display all records in a file enter a colon : at

          the query request line.

                                        (User's Manual pp.104-116)

               The information included in the MFC Social Science

          Bibliography has been entered using templates. A template is a

          pre-designed format for entering information'into an AskSam

          record. The template for this bibliography consists of the 6

          fields listed below with each defined in brackets:












                                         14










                           ACCS[ (Accession number)

                           AU[     (Author(s))

                           YEAR[   (Year of publication)

                           TITLE[  (Title of publication)

                           LOC[    (Location of publication)

                           KEY[    (Keywords)

                The Marine Fisheries Commission bibliography has one

          additional field which replaces the KEY[ field in the most recent

          update; it is the abstract field.

                           Abstract    -   The abstract field is not an

          explicit field like those listed above. It is called an implicit

          field. It has no brackets like an explicit field. The word

          abstract is the only marker indicating the abstract follows. It

          is linked to previous record and will be retrieved through

          keyword searches.

                The use of templates allows for the retrieval of specific

          information, while excluding other information. For example, if

          you are searching for a particular author, at the Query Request

          line you would type Smith (IN) AU[ and press Enter.        This

          request will give you all records with the name Smith in the AU[

          field. Remember, the AU( field has multiple authors, so Smith

          will not always be primary author.

                                            (User's Manual p. 116)

                Proper searches require the use of proper keywords. A

          Keyword Thesaurus appears in Appendix 2. Continue to search the

          data base using various keyword combinations until you find the


                                             15










          one which retrieves the greatest number of relevant citations.

          If you are unsure of words that might be used in the search

          process, use the Keyword Thesaurus in Appendix 2. Once the best

          combination has been found the information can be printed.

              You may search the bibliography using phrases if you wish.

          You must remember to place the phrase in brackets ([]) and it

          must be typed correctly or else it will not be retrieved. AskSam

          will perform searches using a variety of combinations of words

          and will also search for words in vicinity of one another. For

          more information on searches see the User's Guide beginning on

          page 95.

              PRINTING

              Printing output is very simple and can be done in several


          ways:

              _ sending output to a printer -



              One of the many ways to print output is to simply move the

          light bar to Print when in one of the retrieval modes. This will

          print the information as it appears on the screen. If you are in

          the Query mode and you have entered a keyword, when the

          information is displayed on the screen move the light bar to the

          word Print and depress the Enter key. The first record retrieved

          will be printed. To print the next record you must move to the

          next screen. Move the light bar to next and press Enter. Repeat

          the process until you have printed all the records you wish.

                                        (User's Manual pp. 232-234)


                                         16










              To print all the records retrieved with a keyword type

         keyword (Print) at the Query request line. Output will be sent

         directly to the printer and will be in the format that it was

         entered.

              If you wish information to be printed in a distinct format

         you must execute a print program that is included in the file you

         are searching. There are several different print formats in the

         FMFCBIB. To print in these formats, it is best to send

         information to the disk first.

              - Sending output to a disk

              Sending output to a disk is a simple process. At the main

         menu select Modify Modes. At the Modify Modes screen move the

         arrow to the Screen-Printer-Disk mode. Place the arrow next to

         the disk mode using the Enter key. You will be asked to name a

         file. Type in whatever name you wish to label the new file and

         hit the Enter key. Now hit the Esc key and press Y to save

         changes.

              Another way to send output to a disk is to enter this

         command at the query line: (disk c:\asksam\fish.txt). This will

         create a file named fish.txt in the directory \asksam on the C

         drive. At the query line your search retrieval will be sent to

         that file. If you wish your search to be printed in a particular

         style, then you must include the print program with your search,

         i.e. fish (or) :prnl. This request, submitted after the disk

         command will send your retrieved records to the file designated

         fish.txt and will also include the print program :prni.


                                         17










               Next, you must create a new file by typing C at the main

          menu. When prompted, you will want to spawn initial file

          settings rather than create an entirely new file. Once you have

          done this, you will import the file fish.txt into the newly

          created file by typing in the directory location

          (C:\asksam\fish.txt) when prompted for the file name to import.

          You will be asked to do this once you type the letter I for

          importing.

               once you have imported this file, return to the main menu

          and make sure you have the newly created file as the current

          file. Press M for modify modes and choose printer for choice of

          where to send output. Save changes by pressing Esc and then Y.

          You then press E to execute the print command and type :prnl and

          the your retrieved records will be printed in the format you have

          chosen.


               :PRN1 OUTPUT


               Johnson, J.
                 1985 Migratory Fishermen: A Case Study in
                    Interjurisdictional Natural Resource Management. Ocean
                    & Shoreline Management 13(3-4):231-252.

                          [With Abstract]

               :PRN2 OUTPUT


               Johnson, J.
                 1985 Migratory Fishermen: A Case Study in
                    Interjurisdictional Natural Resource Management. Ocean
                    & Shoreline Management 13(3-4):231-252.

                          [Without Abstract]






                                            18













              :PRN3 OUTPUT


              0673 Johnson, J., (1985). Migratory Fishermen: A Case Study
              in Interjurisdictional Natural Resource Management. ocean &
              Shoreline Management 13(3-4):231-252.


              The askSam information management system is very versatile,

         but, you must practice using it. If all else fails, hit Esc.

         This will usually return you to the main menu and abort any

         search or program you have started. The user manual is difficult

         to use, at times, but keep searching. Use the examples that are

         presented in the manual for templates to do many of the things

         you wish to accomplish.
































                                         19






                                                                                  FLORIDA SHRIMP,I
                                                                                  FISHERY
















                            THE FLORIDA SHRIMP FISHERY:


                  AN EXAMPLE OF A SOCIAL SCIENCE LITERATURE SEARCH




              In order to demonstrate the utility of the Florida Marine

          Fisheries Social Science bibliography database, the report

          identifies issues in the upcoming Florida Marine Fisheries

          commission Shrimp Management Plan. The various uses of the

          bibliography are illustrated through a step by step process of

          searches for relevant material within the social science

          literature concerning the management of shrimp fisheries. In

          addition to literature pertaining to shrimp fisheries, the search

          includes material that is relevant to shrimp fishery management.

          specific issues, such as, closures, access, dislocation of

          populations, conflict over resources, multiple users; and social

          science methodology are determined. Through the literature

          search and discussion of pertinent research, the utility of

          social science research at every level of fishery management is

          illustrated.


          The Florida Shrimp Fishery

               The Florida shrimp fishery can be characterized as

          consisting of three components: inshore, nearshore, and offshore.

          Within each of these components is a combination of food, bait,

          and recreational shrimpers. The type of gear and size of boat

          vary with both type of shrimp and area fished. It is not unusual




                                         20










          to find any one of the three types of shrimpers in any one of the

          three component areas.

              The Florida Marine Fisheries Commission Shrimp Management

          Plan has been drafted to provide protection and conservation of

          Florida's shrimp resources and to eliminate inconsistent local

          regulation of shrimp harvest, thereby providing more uniform

          management rules for the harvesting of shrimp in state waters.

          In order to accomplish this, the Marine Fisheries Commission has

          adopted these management measures: 1) areas - creation of five

          regions within the state for the purpose of specifying allowable

          gear and redefinition of the Tortugas shrimping boundaries; 2)

          season - extension of the east coast closed season for April and

          May for all shrimp fishermen; 3) gear - establishment of

          statewide standards for bait shrimpers with some exceptions,

          repeal of local law to establish regional design standards for

          food shrimp fishermen, and specification of allowable gear for

          recreational shrimping; 4) size - creation of a statewide 47/70

          average size limit for harvesting food shrimp; and 5) baglimit -

          establishment of a statewide daily recreational bag limit of five

          gallons, heads on, per person (FMFC 1991).



          Shrimp Fisheries and Social Science Research

               Searching the social science data base in asksam is

          relatively easy using the keyword search process. By entering

          shrimp* at the query line 75 entries pertaining to shrimp are

          retrieved (see Appendix 3.) The asterisk is used to include all


                                          21










          forms of words associated with shrimp, such as, shrimpers,

          shrimping, etc. If the user feels that this search includes too

          many irrelevant entries, then the search can be modified by

          hitting the escape key until the query screen returns and using

          whatever form of the word thought to be appropriate. It is

          advisable to use the keyword thesaurus (see Appendix 2), for

          appropriate search terms.

               A cross-referenced search can be conducted for     -

          specification. If the search were limited to the terms shrimp*

          (and) manage*, approximately 16 entries would be retrieved.

          once the user has found the appropriate search terms the entries

          can be printed simply by moving the light bar to (print).

          However, this command will print each entry as it exists on the

          screen. If the user wishes to have the search printed in a

          particular bibliographic style, then one of the executable

          commands included in the bibliography should be used instead (See

          manual.)

               A review of the 75 citations retrieved indicates a wide

          range of topics from several disciplines including anthropology,

          sociology, economics, political science and geography. By far

          the greatest number of entries addresses various aspects of the

          economics of shrimp fishing (Bruenmeister 1984; Conroy and

          Poffenberger 1985; Danville Research Associates 1982; Doll 1972;

          Dudley and Waugh 1980; Griffin and Nichols 1976; Griffin et al.

          1973, 1976, 1977, 1983; Hu et al. 1983; Kellogg 1986; Korson

          1984, 1985; Poffenberger 1982, 1983, 1983a, 1984, 1986; Prochaska


                                          22










         and Cato 1981). Many of the entries concern specific issues of

         regulatory impact like the outlawing of unions in Mississippi

         (Durrenberger 1991); the Lacey Act in Texas (Crouch 1989; Crouch

         and Miller 1987; Maril 1984); the Texas Closure (Nance et al.

         1989; Nance and Garfield 1988; Poffenberger1986, 1984, 1983,

         1983a, 1982; U.S. Department of Commerce 1986) and Turtle

         Excluder Devices (Durrenberger 1988; Dyer and Moberg 1991; Kitner

         1987; Laska and Margavio 1989; Margavio et al. 1991; Moberg and

         Dyer 1990; White 1989). The remainder of those items retrieved

         concern a wide variety of topics from general socioeconomic

         surveys of bay or gulf shrimp fisheries (Crowe 1987, 1986) to

         specific behavior of shrimp fishermen (Eales 1983; Eales and

         Wilen 1986; Formichella and Thomas 1989).

              While many of the entries listed in Appendix 3 may not be

         considered directly relevant to the Florida Shrimp Management

         Plan, they do address several aspects of shrimp fishing and

         behavior of shrimp fishermen that can be informative. Certainly

         the citations by Overbey (1989) and Hammond (1985) concerning the

         stone crabbers and shrimpers dispute in Florida are appropriate

         and discuss important issues related to conflict resolution. But

         more general surveys by Acheson (1976), Nix (1980, 1982), Baxter

         et al. (1984), and Maril (1983) provide important overviews of

         the fisheries studied and should be consulted. General surveys

         such as those mentioned can provide a basis for further research

         by developing a profile of the fishery and identifying certain

         methodologies (Maiolo and Johnson 1989) to be used in the future.


                                         23










         With little knowledge of users, fishery managers are limited in

         their capabilities for data gathering and further analysis. This

         is especially true with regard to social science data.

              Having retrieved these examples by using the general keyword

         "shrimp," the next step is to focus on an issue. The Florida

         Marine Fisheries Commission Shrimp Management Plan addresses a

         number of issues, but, one that might be of concern here is the

         issue of displacement or access to fishing grounds.

              With the establishment of closed areas, many fishermen may

         be displaced from traditional fishing grounds. The impact of

         this closure can affect fishermen in many ways. To assess the

         varied effects of such a closure, it would be advisable to search

         the bibliography for material that is relevant to this issue.

         The keyword "closure" is too narrow a term to search. Other

         words like "access" should probably be included. However, access

         may be too general and retrieve too many irrelevant citations.

              One issue that encompasses various aspects of closure is

         "interjurisdictional management." Many times, closure in one

         state or country will create hardships for fishermen who normally

         would travel from their traditional fishing grounds to fish other

         areas during seasonal changes. One of the most often cited in

         Appendix 4 is the Texas closure (Conroy and Poffenberger 1985;

         Nance, et. al. 1989; Nance and Garfield 1988; Poffenberger 1982,

         1983, 1984, 1986; and U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1986). The other

         citations listed in Appendix 4 are generally concerned with

         interjurisdictional management and would give some insight into


                                         24










         the problems associated with this type of management problem. It

         is often the migration in response to a closure that can cause

         further problems in fishery management. Increased competition

         from other fishermen often causes conflict when migration from

         one fishery to another takes place.










































                                         25








     OTHER STATE&         "imor-,
     AND REGIONS L..=















                     SOCIAL SCIENCE IN OTHER STATES AND REGIONS




          scope of the study

              A total of 43 agencies were contacted, representing state

          marine fishery management divisions, federal regional fishery

          management councils and state Sea Grant offices. In almost all

          cases, interviews were held with directors or executive-directors

          of the organizations concerned.

              Nineteen fishery management divisions in eighteen states

          were contacted. These included the Alabama Marine Resources

          Division, Connecticut Bureau of Fisheries and Wildlife, Delaware

          Division of Fish and Wildlife, Georgia Coastal Resources

          Division, Idaho Bureau of Fisheries, Louisiana Department of

          Wildlife and Fisheries! Maine Department of Marine Resources,

          Maryland Fisheries Division, Massachusetts Division of Marine

          Fisheries, Mississippi Bureau of Marine Resources, New Hampshire

          Inland Fisheries Division and Marine Fisheries Division, New

          Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, New York Division of

          Marine Resources, North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries,

          Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Rhode Island Division of Fish and

          wildlife, South Carolina Department of Wildlife and Marine

          Resources, and Virginia Marine Resources Commission.

               Six regional fishery management councils were contacted.

          They included those for the New England states, Mid-Atlantic




                                         26










         states, South Atlantic states, Gulf of Mexico states, North

         Pacific states, and Pacific states.

              Sea Grant programs in 18 states were also contacted. They

         included The Alabama/Mississippi Sea Grant, Alabama Sea Grant

         Extension Service, Mississippi Sea Grant Extension Service, one

         of the two California Sea Grant offices, Connecticut, Delaware,

         Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New

         Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Texas,

         Virginia, and Washington.

              A total of eighteen state fishery managers (in nineteen

         offices), eighteen Sea Grant programs and six regional fishery

         management councils were thus contacted.

              Three areas of query were analyzed. 1. Managers were asked

         if they incorporate in their management plans or research

         agendas. 2. Managers were asked if they use social scientists in

         the course of their work. 3. Managers were asked if they were

         aware of the only previously existing social science and

         fisheries bibliography, compiled by Peter Fricke, social

         anthropologist at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in

         Washington, D.C. Fricke also produces a newsletter for a network

         of social scientists in fisheries and fishery managers.

              The results of the survey are presented in Table 1 and

         described below.


         Incorporation of Social Science Research

              Of nineteen state-level offices, five (26%) incorporate

         social science in their planning for fishery management. Five of


                                         27










      the six regional councils, or 83%, incorporate social science.

      Eleven (61%) of the eighteen Sea Grant offices usually fund

      social science proposals.

      Use of Social Scientists

           Ten of nineteen state-level offices, or 53%, consult with

      social scientists. All six of the regional management councils

      use or consult with social scientists. Nine of the eighteen Sea

      Grant programs (50%) consult with or fund social scientists.

      Awareness of NMFS Bibliography and/or Network

           No state-level directors stated that they were aware of the

      social science network or bibliography produced by Peter Fricke

      of NMFS. Only one of eighteen Sea Grant directors (5%) knew of

      Fricke's work. Among directors of regional councils, however, two

      of six (33%) knew of the bibliography and network.

      conclusions

            State-level managers noted that social science research was

      expensive and that funds were only available at the regional and

      national levels for such research. They were not aware of social

      science research that addressed issues relating to fishery

      management. For many, fishery management consisted of protecting

      and managing the resource, and not the users of the resource. One

      state-level manager stated that "the fisheries community is

      insensitive to the social or economic impacts of its decisions".

      However, another state-level manager noted that "everybody in

      fisheries management uses social science. They may not recognize

      it, but it's half the equation".


                                      28










             Managers at all levels tended to view economics as the only

         social science relevant to fishery management. This viewpoint was

         most prevalent at the state level. While many state-level

         managers also felt that no appropriate social science research

         was available, few had actively investigated what was available.

         At the federal regional council level, use of social science

         research is mandated, which probably accounts for the relatively

         large number of councils incorporating social science (83%) and

         using social scientists in some capacity (100%). Among,Sea Grant

         directors, those who funded social science projects often had

         reservations about how best to utilize the data which was

         generated. Some felt that social science proposals were not well

         designed when compared with those coming from "hard" scientists.
              Many managers at all levels stated that they saw at' least

         some need for social science input into fishery management. often

         remarks of this sort were followed by complaints about the dearth

         of good social science research in aspects of fishery management.

         However, almost none of the managers were aware of the existing

         resources. Only three agencies of the 43 (7%) were aware of the

         NMFS bibliography or network.

              Social scientists themselves were an underutilized resource.

         Although 24 of the 43 agencies indicated that they used social

         scientists, the actual social scientists mentioned was small.

         When managers did call upon social scientists, they generally

         relied upon one or perhaps two social scientists in fisheries




                                         29










         research with whom they had previous personal contact. These

         social scientists served as key informants to the managers.






                                        TABLE 1


                      SOCIAL SCIENCE USE IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT




                                   Incorporate      Use Social      Aware of
                                   Social           Scientists      NMFS
                                   Science                          Bibliog.



             States N = 19           5 = 26%        10 = 53%           0





           Councils N = 6            5 = 83%        6    100%      2 = 33%






           Sea Grants N = 18        11     61%      9    50%         1  5%





              Total N = 43          21     49%      24 =  56%        3  7%






















                                            30







            INCORPORATING
            SOCIAL SCIENCE















                INCORPORATING SOCIAL SCIENCE IN FISHERIES MANAGMENT




              The research and final report serve as a first step in

         realizing the long term goal of successfully incorporating social

         science in fishery management. As the previous section has

         illustrated, despite nearly 15 years of interest and research in

         fisheries by social scientists, social science data has not been

         effectively integrated into fishery management at the state nor

         national level.

              Fishery management is still dominated by biologists and

         biological models of management that focus on managing the marine

         species rather than the fishermen who catch the species. Yet,

         successful management of the species relies nearly solely on the

         managing of technology and the behavior of fishermen. The title

         of an article by anthropologist Miller (1979) aptly states the

         situation: "Boats Don't Fish, People Do."

              Social science contributes to effective fishery management

         by dealing with the human dimension of fisheries: the fishermen

         themselves. Without a clear understanding of the fishermen who

         harvest the marine species, their behavior and the attitudes and

         motives that shape that behavior, and an effort on the part of

         managers to tailor their plans accordingly, fishery management

         strategies will fail. Fishermen will ignore the regulations,

         requiring costly enforcement of planned regulations.   While

         fishermen and their fishing behavior may be part of the problem

         in the conservation of marine species, fishermen really pose the

                                         31










         only solution to effective, cost-efficient fishery management.

         Fishery managers must develop better ways to incorporate

         fishermen and their fishing behavior in the development of

         management plans. Here, the social scientist can help.

              A case in point is illustrated by the over-fishing behavior

         characterized in Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" (1968). While

         the work of some social scientists supports this assumption of

         fishermen as rational, economic men who always maximize their

         efforts (McCay and Acheson 1987), the work of other social

         scientists dismisses the assumption (Overbey 1989, 1991; Acheson

         1987; Sinclair 1989).

              These studies illustrate that fishermen act to conserve the

         resource for the longevity of the species and their livelihood.

         The social science research demonstrates the variability of

         fishing behavior and attitudes regarding the resource and

         suggests that fishery management plans take this variability into

         account.


              Given the applicability of social science to fishery

         management, how do managers go about incorporating social science

         into fishery management plans?

              1. Bibliography - the Florida Marine Fisheries Commission

         Social Science Bibliography serves as a starting point in

         identifying the relevant literature and the social scientists who

         have conducted the research.

              2. Social Scientists Network - Fishery managers can build
  Is     on the base of social science key informants that they have

                                         32










         already developed. Through the literature search of the

         bibliography managers can indentify other social scientists who

         have the expertise to advise them on the fisheries or related

         issues.


              3. Surveys - Obvious gaps in the literature cited in the

         bibliography indicate the need for further information on the

         fishermen and their fishing behavior in Florida and the nation as

         a whole. The variability of fishermen and their fishing behavior

         further supports the need for additional social science research.

         one means of developing profiles of fishermen is through surveys

         of fishing populations. Social scientists can design and collect

         the appropriate data necessary to understanding the human

         dimensions of fisheries.

              4. Fishermen - Successful fishery management will

         incorporate the affected fishermen in the development of fishery

         management plans. The establishment of standing committees or

         panels that include representative fishermen is one means of

         accomplishing this goal. Social scientists can help managers in

         determining the affected fishermen and identifying those

         fishermen who are most representative of the fishery.

              Ideally, fishery management should adopt all of these

         measures in order to incorporate the social science perspective

         in the decision-making process. The research advocates the

         further development of this approach to management of marine

         species. we believe that effective fishery management will




                                         33






  0     result from access, communication and integrated decision-making
         among managers, social scientists and fishermen.






















  0











  0

                                         34









            REFERENCES













                                  References Cited




         Acheson, J. M.
           1976 Social and cultural aspects of the South Atlantic shrimp
         industry. Charleston, SC: South Carolina Marine Resources
         Department. (Technical Paper Series.).

         Acheson, J. M.
           1987 The Lobster Fiefs Revisited: Economic and Ecological
         Effects of Territoriality in Maine Lobster Fishing. In The
         Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal
         Resources. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.

         Baxter, K. N., Furr, C. H., Jr., and E. Scott
           1988 The commercial bait shrimp fishery in Galveston Bay,
         Texas, 1959-1987. MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW 50(2):20-28.

         Bell, F.
           1990 Economic Impact of Bluebelting Incentives on the Marina
         Industry in Florida. Report No. SGR-99. Florida Sea Grant
         College Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

         Bruenmeister, S. L.
  is       1984 Standardization of fishing effort and production models
         for white and pink shrimp stocks fished in U.S. waters of the
         Gulf of Mexico. In Gulland, J.A. and B.J. Rothschild (eds.):
         PANAEID SHRIMPS. Farnham, Surrey, U.K.: Fishing News Books.

         Conroy, P. D., and Poffenberger, J. R.
           1985 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation and ex-
         vessel prices and value, 1983 and 1984. Mimeo. NMFS Southeast
         Fisheries Center, 75 Virginia Deach Drive, Miami, FL 33149.

         Crouch, B. M.
           1989 Mexican Shrimp, Texas Shrimpers, and Maritime Conflict:
         The Creation of a White Collar Crime. Deviant Behavior 10(3):
         211-232.


         Crouch, B. M., and Miller, M. T.
           1987 Lacey Act enforcement in the Gulf: a sociological
         analysis. Mimeo. Department of Sociology, Texas A & M
         University, College Station, TX.

         Crowe, A.L.
           1987 Trends in composition of the Texas shrimp fleet Texas
         Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Branch, Austin,
         TX.





                                         35











         Crowe, A. L.
           1986 A description of the Texas shrimp fleet, 1979- 1983.
         Austin, TX: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal
         Fisheries Branch.



         Danville Research Associates
           1982 Work plan for the development of cost, revenue and income
         profiles for the Gulf and South Atlantic shrimp fleets. Mimeo.
         Report prepared by Danville Research Associates and Centaur
         Associates for NMFS Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, FL 33149.

         Doll, J.
           1972 An econmetric analysis of shrimp exvessel prices,
         1950-1968 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 54:431-440.


         Dudley, N., and Waugh, G.
           1980 Exploitation of a single-cohort fishery under risk: A
         simulation-optimization approach JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND
         ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT 7:234-255.


         Durrenberger, E. P.
           1988 Shrimpers and Turtles on the Gulf Coast. Maritime
         Anthropological Studies 1(2):196-214.

         Durrenberger, E. P.
           1991 Psychology, Unions, and the Law: Folk Models and the
         History of Shrimpers Unions in Mississippi. Paper presented at
         the 1991 meetings of the Society for Applied Anthropology.

         Dyer, C. L. and M. Moberg
           1991 The 'Moral Economy' of Resistence: Turtle Excluder Devices
         and Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishermen. Mimeo. Department of
         Sociology/Anthropology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
         36688.


         Eales, J.
           1983 Modeling searching behavior in the pink shrimp fishery:
         Area choice and information gethering. Unpublished Ph.D
         dissertation. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of
         California, Davis, CA.

         Eales, J. and J. E. Wilen
           1986 An examination of fishing location choice in the pink
         shrimp fishery. MARINE RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2(4):331-351.

         Florida Marine Fisheries Commission
           1991 Economic and Small Business Impact Statement for Proposed
         Rule Chapter 46-31 and Chapter 46-3 F.A.C. Trawl Gear
         Specifications Local Laws. Tallahassee, Fl.



                                         36










          Formichella, C. M. and J. S. Thomas
            1989 Rational Exchange and Trust: Business Relationships in a
          Fishing Community. Sociological Spectrum 9(3):259-268.

          Garfield, N.
            1988 Comparative study of Galveston Bay, TX, and Calcasieu
          Lake, LA, shrimp fisheries. Mimeo. Department of Geography and
          Marine Affairs University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881.

          Griffin, W. L., M. L. Cross and J.P. Nichols
            1977 Effort management in the heterogenous Gulf of Mexico
          shrimp fleet College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Experiment
          Station. (Technical Report No.77-5).

          Griffin, W. L., R. D. Lacewell and J. P. Nichols
            1976 Optimum effort and rent distribution in the Gulf of Mexico
          shrimp fishery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
          58(4):644-652.

          Griffin, W. L., R. D. Lacewell and J. P. Nichols
            1973 An economic appraisal of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp
          fishery: overview and summary. Mimeo. Department of Agricultural
          Economics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX.

          Griffin, W. L., J. Warren, J. Nichols, and W. Grant,
            1983 The Texas shrimp fishery: Analysis of six management
          alternatives using the General Bioeconomic Fishery Simulation
          Model. College State, TX: Texas A & M University Sea Grant
          College Program. (Report No. TAMU-SG-84-202).

          Griffin, W. L., and J. P. Nichols
            1976 An analysis of increasing costs to Gulf of Mexico shrimp
          vessel ownerst 1971-1975. MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW 38(3):8-12.

          Hammond, R. M.
            1985 The Florida stone crabber/shrimper dispute. Mimeo. Paper
          presented to the American Anthropological Association.

          Herbert and Herbert
            1979 Documentation of Conflicts Leading to the Enactment of
          Local Fisheries Laws in Florida. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State
          University Center for Resource Development.

          Hu, Teh-Wei, D. B. Whitaker, and D. L. Kaltreider
            1983 The United States shrimp industry: An economic profile for
          policy and regulatory analysts. 3 vols. Washington, DC: U.S.
          Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service.

          Kellogg, R. L.
            1986 Application of a seasonal harvesting model to two North
          Carolina shrimp fisheries. Dept. of Economics and Business,
          North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

                                         37










          Kitner, K. R.
            1987 TEDS: A Study of the South Atlantic shrimp Fishermen's
          Beliefs, opinions and Perceptions Regarding the Use of Turtle
          Excluder Devices. Report to the South Atlantic Fishery
          Management Council, Charleston, South Carolina.

          Korson, C. S.
            1984 Economic status of the California Pink Shrimp fishery in
          1983. Terminal Island, CA: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA,
          National Marine  Fisheries Service. (Report No. NOAA-TM-NMFS-
          SWR-007)

          Korson, C. S.
            1985 Economic  status of the California pink shrimp fishery in
          1984. Terminal   Island, CA: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA,
          National Marine  Fisheries service Southwest Region. (Report No.
          NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWR-009).

          Lampl, L.
            1986 Feeding the People From Generation to Generation: An
          Ethnography of the Pine Island Fishermen. Tampa, FL: Gulf and
          South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation.

          Laska, S. and A. V. Margavio
            1989 TEDs: Balancing environmental and marine resource
          management policies - a project proposal Mss. Department of
          sociology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA.

          Maiolo, J. R. and J. C. Johnson
            1989 Discovering Communication Networks in Marine Fisheries:
          Implications for Management. In Marine Resource Utilization: A
          Conference on Social Science Issues. J. S. Thomas, R. L. Maril,
          and E. P. Durrenberger, eds. Pp. 69-80. Mobile: University of
          South Alabama College of Arts and Sciences Publication Volume 1
          and Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, MASG-88-039.

          Margavio, A. V., S. Laska, J. Mason, and C. Forsyth
            1991 Captives of Conflict: The TEDs Case. Publication of The
          Environmental Institute, University of New Orleans.

          Maril, R. L.
            1984 Lacey  Act. Mimeo. Paper presented to the Rural
          Sociological  Society. Copies from Texas Southmost College,
          Brownsville,  TX.

          Maril, R. L.
            1983 TEXAS  SHRIMPERS: COMMUNITY, CAPITALISM AND THE SEA
          College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press.

          McCay, B. J. and J. M. Acheson, eds.
            1987 The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of
          Communal Resources. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.

                                           38










          McGoodwin, J. R.
            1990 Crisis in the World's Fisheries: People, Problems, and
          Policies. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

          Meltzoff, S. K.
            1990 Predicting Change and Maintaining Productivity in a
          Fishery Transformed by Real Estate Development and Tourism.
          Florida Sea Grant College Program, University of Florida,
          Gainesville, FL.

          Miller, M. L. and J. Van Maanen
            1979 'Boats Don't Fish, People Do:' Some Ethnographic Notes on
          the Federal Management of Fisheries in Gloucester. Human
          Organization 38(4):377-385.

          Moberg, M. and C. L. Dyer
            1990 Innovation and Resistance: Responses to Turtle Excluder
          Devices in a Gulf of Mexico Shrimping Community. Mimeo.
          Department of Sociology/Anthropology, University of South
          Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688.

          Nance, J.M., N. Garfield, and J. A. Paredes
            1989 A Study of the Social Impact of the Texas Shrimp Closure.
          In Marine Resource Utilization: A Conference on social Science
          Issues. J. S. Thomas, R. L. Maril, and E. P. Durrenberger, eds.
          Pp. 81-83. Mobile: University of South Alabama College of Arts
          and Sciences Publication Volume 1 and Mississippi-Alabama Sea
          Grant Consortium, MASG-88-039.

          Nance, J., and N. Garfield
            1988 A demographic profile of two Gulf-of-Mexico inshore
          fisheries and their response to the Texas closure. Mimeo.
          Galvestion Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, 4700 U
          Street, Galveston, TX.

          Nix, H. L.
            1980 Dock and shrimp trawler survey on the Georgia coast.
          Mimeo. Georgia Sea Grant Program, University of Georgia, Athens,
          GA.

          Nix, H. L., and M. Kim
            1982 A sociological analysis of Georgia commercial shrimp
          fishermen, 1976-1977. Athens, GA: University of Georgia
          Institute of Community and Area Development.

          Orbach, M. and J. J. Johnson
            1987 Limited Entry Alternatives for the Florida Spiny Lobster
          Fishery. Institute for Coastal and Marine Resources. East
          Carolina University, Greenville, N.C.




                                          39










          Overbey, M. M.
            1986 The Role of Community-Level Resource Management Systems in
          Fishery Conflict. Sea Grant Final Report #R/RL-E-10 PD.

          Overbey, M. M.
            1987 The Role of Community-Level Resource Management Systems in
          Fishery Conflict. National Science Foundation Final Report #BNS-
          8418926.


          Overbey, M. M.
            1992 Social Factors in the Stone Crab-Shrimp Conflict on the
          Florida Gulf of Mexico Coast. In Proceedings of the Stone Crab
          Symposium. Theresa M. Bert, ed. Bureau of Marine Research, St.
          Petersburg, Florida Department of Natural Resources.

          Overbey, M. M.
            1989 Self-Regulation among Fishermen of the Gulf of Mexico. In
          Marine Resource Utilization: A Conference on Social Science
          Issues. J. S. Thomas, R. L. Maril, and E. P. Durrenberger, eds.
          Pp. 165-172. Mobile: University of South Alabama College of Arts
          and Sciences Publication Volume 1 and Mississippi-Alabama Sea
          Grant Consortium, MASG-88-039.

          Poffenberger, J. R.
            1986 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1984 and 1985. Mimeo. NMFS Southeast Fisheries
          Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149.

          Poffenberger, J. R.
            1984 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1982 and 1983. Miami, FL: U.S. Department of
          Commerce, NOAA, NMFS Southeast Fisheries Center. (NOAA Technical
          Memo. No. NMFS-SEFC-148.).

          Poffenberger, J. R.
            1983 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1981 and 1982. Charleston, SC: U.S. Department
          of Commerce, NOAA, National marine Fisheries Service Southeast
          Fisheries center. (Report: NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-111).

          Poffenberger, J. R.
            1983a An economic perspective of problems in management of
          penaeid shrimp fisheries. in Gulland, J.A. and B.J. Rothschild
          (eds.): PENAEID SHRIMPS. Farnham, Surrey, U.K.: Fishing News
          Books.


          Poffenberger, J. R.
            1982 Estimated impacts on ex-vessel brown shrimp prices and
          value as a result of the Texas Closure Regulation. MARINE
          FISHERIES REVIEW 44(9/10):38-43.



                                          40











         Prochaska, F. J., and J. C. Cato
           1981 Economic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp industry,
         1960-81. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, Department of
         Food and Resource Economics. (Staff Paper No. 180).

         Sinclair, P. R.
           1989 Fisheries and Regional Development: Contradiction of
         Canadian Policy in the New Foundland Context.    In Marine
         Resource Utilization: A Conference on Social Science Issues. J.
         S. Thomas, R. L. Maril, and E. P. Durrenberger, eds. Pp. 105-113.
         Mobile: University of South Alabama College of Arts and Sciences
         Publication Volume 1 and Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant
         Consortium, MASG-88-039.

         Smith, M. E.
           1991 Chaos in Fisheries Management. Maritime Anthropological
         Studies 3(2):1-13.

         Smith, S.
           1991 Coping Strategies of Fishing Families in Response to
         Perceived Impacts of Changes in Marine Regulations. Florida Sea
         Grant College Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

         Soden, D.
           1990 Managing Florida's Coastal Resources: Technical
         Complexity and Public Attitudes. Florida Sea Grant Report No.
         96. Florida Sea Grant College Program, University of Florida,
         Gainesville, FL.

         U.S. Dept. of Commerce
           1986 Review of the 1985 Texas Closure for the shrimp fishery
         off Texas and Louisiana: Presentation to NMFS Washington Office
         Staff. Mss. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA/NMFS, Southeast
         Fisheries Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550.

         White, D. R. M.
           1989 Sea Turtles and Resistance to TEDs Among Shrimp Fishermen
         of the U.S. Gulf Coast. Maritime Anthropological Studies
         2(l):69-79.

         Zarur, G.
           1975 Seafood Gatherers of Mullet Springs. Unpublished PhD.
         dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida,
         Gainesville, FL.









                                         41





                                                       APPENDIX I







  0






















                                     APPENDIX 1





                FLORIDA MARINE FISHERIES SOCIAL SCIENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
  0












  0






  0



                          PLEASE SEE THE


                          ENCLOSED DISK


                         FOR INFORMATION


                   CONCERNING THE BIBLIOGRAPHY










  0











  0





                                                                         APPENDIX ..2












   I

  0























                                     APPENDIX 2




  0                               KEYWORD THESAURUS












  0











               This keyword thesaurus is a revision of the keyword listing
          for the National Marine Fisheries Social Science Data Base in the
          manual written by Ken Johnson. Key words in the NFMS data base
          have slight variations (often a hyphen (-) connecting two words)
          and should be included in your search to insure that all
          pertinent material is retrieved.

                                           A



          Abalone              Shellfish

          Access               Use rights; TURF; territoriality;
                               interjurisdiction

          AID                  Agency for International
                               Development; assistance
                               to developing countries;
                               USAID


          AK                   Alaska


          AL                   Alabama; Gulf states

          Aleut                Aleut Nation of Alaska;
                               Aluet people

          Allocation           Allocation of fishery and
                               other resources between
                               users; quota; limited
                               entry; L/E; turf

          Amoco Cadiz          Amoco-Cadiz; Oil
                               spill/shipwreck;
                               pollution;

          Anadromous           Herring, salmon,
                               steelhead trout, etc.

          Anchovy              Anchoveta

          Angler Success       Angler-Success; success
                               rate or catch rate;
                               effort


          Antarctic


          Anthropology         Cultural and social
                               anthropology; social
                               science












         Antilles             Caribbean islands

         Antitrust            Antitrust laws (U.S.)

         Applied              Applied research;
                              application of technique;
                              praxis; society for
                              Applied Anthropology

         Aquaculture          Mariculture; pond-raised

         Archaeology          Marine Archaeology;
                              Archaeological;
                              prehistory;

         Arctic



         Artisanal            Subsistence fisheries;
                              small-scale; labor-
                              intensive; traditional;
                              inshore

         Artificial reefs     Artificial-reef; Fish
                              attractors;


         Asia


         ASMFC                Atlantic States Marine
                              Fisheries Commission

         Atlantic             Atlantic Ocean

         Attitude             Individual attitudes;
                              perceptions; norms;
                              values; mores

         Austrailia


                                          B



         Baitfish             Fish used for bait; bait
                              fishermen; bait
                              shrimpers; baitshrimp

         Barrier              Barriers to trade


         Barrier  Islands     Barrier-Island; offshore
                              islands of sand subject
  is                          to erosion

                                          2











          Bass                Freshwater - largemouth,
                              smallmouth, striped bass;
                              saltwater - seabass


          BC                  British Columbia; Canada

          Beach               Shoreline; access

          Beaufort Sea        Beaufort-Sea

          Belgium             Europe

          Belize              Central America;
                              Caribbean; Gulf of Mexico

          Benefit             Social or economic
                              benefit

          Bering Sea          Bering Straits

          Bibliography        Publication cited is
                              either a bibliography or
                              contains a substantial
                              bibliography


          Bioeconomics        Biology; economics;
                              bioeconomic model

          Biology             Natural sciences

          Biotechnology

          Bluefish


          Boat                Recreational or small
                              commercial fishing vessel

          Boldt               Justice Boldt decision;
                              allocation of Northwest
                              Pacific Salmon fisheries
                              between Native American
                              tribes and other
                              fishermen; salmon; tribe

          Boundary            National boundaries

          Bristol Bay         Bristol-Bay; Alaska





                                           3













                                           C




          CA                   California

          capacity             Fishing power of
                               commercial fishing
                               vessels

          Capelin              Capelin fish

          Capital              Money invested; capital
                               investment; capital
                               venture


          Caribbean            Caribbean Islands

          Catch                Commercial, recreational,
                               subsistence harvest; take

          Catfish              Aquaculture; freshwater
                               fish

          CFMC                 Caribbean Fishery
                               Management Council

          Charterboat          Charter-boat; head boat;
                               party boat; recreational
                               fishing boat for hire

          Chesapeake           Chesapeake Bay; Virginia;
                               Maryland

          Chile                South America

          China                People's Republic of
                               China; Asia

          Christmas Island     Christmas-Island

          Ciguatera            Fish poisoning

          Clam                 Shellfish; hard clams;
                               soft clams; surf clams

          Closure              Closure of fishery;
                               closed area to fishing
                               activity;
                               interjurisdiction



                                           4











          Co-Manage            Co-management;
                               comanagement; co-
                               operative management

          Co-op                Co-operative; co-
                               operatives for harvest;
                               co-operatives for
                               marketing and supplies

          Cod                  Cod fish


          Cod-end              Gear; trawl

          collision            Vessels colliding; with
                               other objects

          Columbia             Columbia River region;
                               Oregon, Washington and
                               Idaho

          Commercial           Commercial Activity
                               associated with a fishery

          Common Property      Common-property; Communal
                               property; open access;
                               privatization

          community            Town; village; coastal
                               community

          Conflict             Dispute over allocation
                               or fishing ground;
                               Conflict management;
                               resolution; mediation

          Congress             Congress of United States

          conservation         Conservation of resource;
                               conserve; ecology

          Consumer             Consumption


          Cook Inlet           Cook-Inlet; Alaska

          Cost                 Social or economic cost


          Costa Rica           Costa-Rica

          Council              Regional Fishery
                               Management Council


                                           5











          Crab                 Shellfish

          Crayfish             Aquaculture

          Cree                 Cree Indian Tribe


          Crew                 Crew of vessel

          criminology

          CT                   Connecticut

          Cuba                 Caribbean

          Culture              Societal or group norms
                               and values


          CzM                  Coastal Zone Management;
                               Coastal Zone Management
                               Act





                                            D


          Dam                  Hydroelectric power

          Dare County          Dare-County; North
                               Carolina


          Data                 Information set


          DE                   Delaware

          Decision             Decision-making; decision
                               model


          Demand               Economic demand

          Demography           Population structure

          Denmark              Europe

          Development          Develop; developing;
                               fisheries development

          Diet                 Nutrition

          Discount rate        Discount-rate; financial
                               transaction



                                            6













                                          E


          Earning             Earnings

          East Africa         Africa

          Ecology             Ecosystems; habitat;
                              cultural ecology

          Economic            Economics; bioeconomics;
                              economy

          Ecuador             South America


          Education           Educational

          EEC                 European Economic
                              Community

          EEZ                 Exclusive Economic Zone

          Efficiency          Economic efficiency

          Effort              Fishing effort

          EIS                 Environmental Impact
                              Statement

          Employment          labor opportunities

          Enforcement         Fisheries regulation

          ESA                 Endangered Species Act;

          Ethics              Morals; values;
                              conservation


          'Etiology

          Evaluate            Evaluation

          Export              Trade; import/export


                                           F


          F/AKR               NMFS Alaska region

          F/NER               NMFS Northeast region


                                           7










           F/NWR                NMFS Northwest region

           F/SER                NMFS Southeast region

           F/SWR                NMFS Southwest region

           FAO                  Food and Agriculture
                                organization of the
                                United Nations

           FCZ                  Fishery conservation zone

           Fee                  License fee;

           Fiji                 Pacific

           Finfish              Pelagic; demersal

           FL                   Florida

           FMP                  Fishery Management Plan

           Foreign              Foreign nations; foreign
                                nationals;

           Forest               Forestry; Forest Service

           FPC                  Fish protein concentrate

           Fuel                 Fuel for vessels or boats

           Fundy                Bay of Fundy; Gulf of
                                Maine




                                             G

           GA                   Georgia

           GAO                  General Accounting Office

           Gear                 Fishing gear; equipment

           Geography            Geographic

           Geology              Geologic

           Georges Bank         Georges-Bank

           GFMC                 Gulf of Mexico Fishery
                                Management Council

                                             8










          GIFA                 Governing International
                               Fisheries Agreement

          Gillnet              Gear; nets

          GLFC                 Great Lakes Fishery
                               Commission


          Groundfish           Bottomfish


          Grouper              Seabass; scamp; gag;
                               jewfish

          Guideline            Instructions

          Guinea Bissau        Guinea-Bissau

          Gulf                 Gulf of Mexico; GFMC;
                               Alabama; Florida;
                               Louisiana; Mississippi;
                               Texas



                                             H

          Habitat              Ecology

          Halibut

          Harvest              Capture; take; artisanal;
                               commercial; recreational

          Herring              Menhaden

          HI                   Hawaii

          History              Historical


                                             I



          Iceland              Icelandic

          ICES                 International Council for
                               Exploration of the Sea

          Ici                  International Court of
                               Justice; World Court


          ID                   Idaho



                                             9












          IDOE                 International Decade of
                               Ocean Exploration

          IMO                  International Maritime
                               Organization of the
                               United Nations

          Impact               Impact study; economic
                               impact; social impact

          Import               Goods imported;
                               import/export

          Income               Earnings; Personal;
                               business; national

          India                Indian subcontinent

          Indian               Native American; tribe

          Indonesia            Asia


          INPC                 International North
                               Pacific Fisheries
                               Commission


          Inshore              Subsistance; artisanal;
                               traditional

          Insurance            Liability

          Interjurisdictional  Management of
                               transboundary fish stock;
                               access; closure

          Inuit                Inuit peoples; Eskimos

          Invest               Investment

          Ireland              United Kingdom; U.K.;
                               Northern Ireland


          Israel               Jewish State

          IWC                  International Whaling
                               Commission

          IXTOC-1              Oil spill; pollution





                                            10













          Jamaica             Jamaican

          Japan               Japanese

          Joint Venture


                                           K


          Kin                 Kinship; kinship
                              networks; community

          Kiribati


          Krill               Antarctic

          KY                  Kentucky

                                           L



          LA                  Louisiana


          Labrador            Canada

          Lacey Act           Lacey-Act

          Lake Erie           Lake-Erie; GLFC

          Lake Michigan       Lake Michigan; GLFC

          Land Use            Land-use

          Latin America       Latin-American


          Law

          License             Fee; quota; limited entry

          Limited Entry       L/E; closed access
                              schemes; license; fee;
                              common property; co-
                              management

          Lobster             American Lobster; Spiney
                              Lobster

          Longline            Gear; fishing gear











          Law of the Sea      United Nations Conference
                              on Law of the Sea



                                          M



          MA                  Massachusetts


          Mackerel


          MAFMC               Mid-Atlantic Fishery
                              Management Council

          Malaysia            Asia

          Malta


          Manage              Management; fisheries
                              management

          Marina              Recreational boat harbor


          Market              Market for fish or
                              fishery products

          MAS                 Marine Advisory Service
                              of Sea Grant; Sea Grant


          MD                  Maryland

          ME                  Maine

          Mediation           Mediate; conflict
                              resolution; mediator

          Menhaden            Herring

          Mesh                Mesh size; gear

          Method              Methodology; research
                              methods; models; modeling

          Mexico              Central America

          MFCMA               Magnuson Fishery
                              Conservation and
                              Management Act

          MI                  Michigan

          Milkfish


                                          12










         Mineral              ocean mineral deposits;
                              sand or gravel mining

         Mitigation           Compensatory action for
                              habitat loss


         MMPA                 Marine Mammal Protection
                              Act

         MMS                  Minerals Management
                              Service of U.S. Dept. of
                              Interior; OCS; oil;
                              minerals

         Monitor              USS Monitor; archaeology;
                              wreck


         Morocco              Africa

         MS                   Mississippi

         Multi-species        Multi-species management

         Muskellunge          Muskie

         Navigation           Shipping; Law of the Sea

         New Brunswick        Canada; NB



                                          N



         NC                   North Carolina

         NEFMC                New England Fishery
                              Management Council


         NEPA                 National Environmental
                              Policy Act

         New Bedford          New-Bedford


         New Calidonia        New-Calidonia


         New Zealand          Newzealand


         Newfoundland         Canada; NFLD

         NH                   New Hampshire


                                         13











          NJ                  New Jersey

          NMFS                National Marine Fisheries
                              Service


          NOAA                National Ocean and
                              Atmospheric
                              Administration


          Non-market          Social values; economic
                              values


          North Sea           North-Sea


          Norway              Europe

          NPFMC               North Pacific Management
                              council


          Nova Scotia         Canada; NS


          NY                  New York



                                           0

          observer            Foreign or domestic
                              fishing observer

          Ocrakoke            North Carolina


          OCS                 Outer Continental Shelf


          OH                  Ohio

          oil                 Offshore oil and gas
                              exploration; rig;
                              pollution; artificial
                              reef


          Ontario             Canada; GLFC


          OR                  Oregon

          Otter               Sea Otter

          OY                  Optimum yield

          Oyster              Shellfish




                                           14














                                          P



         Pacific              Pacific Ocean


         Panama               Central America

         Papua New Guinea     Papua-New-Guinea

         PEI                  Prince Edward Island

         Pelagic              Fish species

         PFMC                 Pacific Fisheries
                              Management Council

         Phillipines          Asia


         Plan                 Planning; policy;
                              fisheries management plan

         Policy               Policy studies; policy
                              issues; policy
                              development

         Pollution            Oil; PCB's; chemical;
                              pesticides; thermal;
                              sewage

         Polsci               Political Science;
                              government studies

         Porpoise             Sea mammals

         Port                 Harbor


         Portugal             Europe

         PR                   Puerto Rico

         Prawn                Shrimp; crayfish; rock-
                              lobster

         Prehistory           Archaeology; prehist

         Pribilof Islands     Alaska


         Price                Value

         Process              Processing; processor


                                          15












          Proclamation        Truman Proclamation


          Profit              Income; earnings; value

          PSMFC               Pacific States Marine
                              Fisheries Commission


          Psychology          Psych

                                           !2


          Quality             Diet

          Quebec              Canada

          Quota               Limited entry; license;
                              co-management


                                           R



          Recreational        Boat; harvest;
                              tournament; Rec


          Redfish             Red drum

          Reef                Artificial reef; rig

          Reef fish           Grouper; snapper; reef-
                              fish

          Regulation          License; fee; specific
                              actions


          Rent                Economic return


          Research

          Resource            Fishery or other natural

          Revenue             Earnings; income; profit

          RI                  Rhode Island

          Rig                 oil; gas rig; oil well

          Risk                Economic risk; insurance;
                              liability



                                           16











          Roanoake             Roanoake River; North
                               Carolilna



                                           S


          Safety               Vessel; insurance;
                               liability

          SAFMC                South Atlantic Fishery
                               Management Council

          Salmon               Salmonid

          Saltonstall-Kennedy  S-K;

          Sanctuary            Marine Santuary;

          Sardine              Anchovy; anchoveta

          SC                   South Carolina

          Scallop              Sea calico; bay scallop

          Sciaenid             Species; red drum

          Science              Fisheries science

          Scotland             United Kingdom; U.K.

          Sea bed              Mining; Minerals

          Seal                 All species

          Seine                Net; gear

          Senegal              Africa

          Sea Grant            SG; NOAA

          Shark                All species

          Shellfish            All species; abalone;
                               crab; clam; oyster;
                               shrimp

          Shipbuilding         Ship repair

          Shipping             Merchant shipping

          Shrimp               All species

                                            17










          SIA                  Social Impact Assessment

          Sierra Leone         Africa; Sierra-Leone

          Skipjack             Sailing vessel for
                               oystering; Chesapeake

          Snapper              All species; reef fish

          sociology            Soci; socio-cultural

          Social scientist     Social-scientists

          Socialization        Enculturation; social
                               roles


          Solomons             Solomon Islands


          Southeast Asia       Southeast-Asia

          Spain                Europe

          Squid                All species

          Sri Lanka            Sri-Lanka

          St. Barths           Caribbean; St-Barths

          Start Bay            United Kingdom; Start-
                               bay; Devon

          State                States


          Steelhead            Trout; anadromous

          Stock                Fish stocks


          Stone Crab           Crab; Stone-crab

          Straits              Narrows; sounds;
                               navigation

          striped bass         Rockfish; anadromous;
                               striped-bass

          Subsidy              Fund

          Surimi               Minced fish product;
                               analog fish product

          Survey               Data; research survey


                                           is













                                           T



          TALFF                Total Allowable Level of
                               Foreign Fishing; foreign;
                               allocation; quota; fee

          Tariff               Trade barrier


          Thailand             Asia

          Theory               Theoretical

          Third World          Developing countries;
                               third-world

          Tilapia              Aquaculture;

          Tournament           Recreational fishing;
                               fishing derby

          Trade                Exchange;

          Trawl                Net; vessel; gear

          Treaty               Concord; pact

          Tribe                Native American; Native
                               Canadian; Traditional

          Troll                Trolling; gear

          Trout                All species

          Tuna                 All species

          Turf                 Territory; use rights;
                               community defined;
                               traditional use rights

          Tuvalu


          TX                   Texas


                                            U


          UK                   United Kingdom

          Uncertainty          Risk; economic risk



                                           19











          UNCLOS              United Nations Conference
                              on Law of the Sea

          Unions              Union; guild

          Urban               Recreational fishing in
                              metropolitan area

          us                  United States; U.S.
                              Federal Government


          USCG                United States Coast Guard


          USFS                United States Forest
                              Service


          USFWS               United States Fish and
                              Wildlife Services


          USSR                Union of Soviet Socialist
                              Republics

          USVI                United States Virgin
                              Islands


                                          V


          VA                  Virginia

          Value               Social or Economic value


          Vanatu

          Vessel              Fishing vessel; boat

          Vietnamese          Vietnamese fishermen;
                              refugee; migrant

          Vulcanism           Volcanic activity


                                          W


          WA                  Washington

          Walrus


          Water quality       Water-quality

          Waterfowl


                                          20











         West Africa          West-Africa

         West Germany         West-Germany; Europe

         West Pacific


         Wetland              Marsh; swamp; ecology;
                              habitat

         Whale                All species

         White  fish          white-fish


         WI                   Wisconsin

         WPFMC                Western Pacific Fishery
                              Management Council

         Wreck                Shipwreck; collision

                                           Y


         Yield                Optimum yield; Maximum
                              Sustainable Yield;
                              Maximum Economic Yield;
                              OY; MSY; MEY

































                                          21










                                                                            APPENDIX 3




















































    ...







  0
























                                     APPENDIX 3






                   SHRIMP FISHERIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RETRIEVAL
  9












  0











         Acheson, James M.
            1976 Social and cultural aspects of the South Atlantic shrimp
         industry.   Charleston, SC: South Carolina Marine Resources
         Department. (Technical Paper series.)

         Baisre, Juluo A., Perez, Armando, Obregon, Maria H., and Raul Cruz
            1984 Regulation of fishing effort in Cuban shelf fisheries: The
         case studies of shrimp, lane snapper and spiny lobster fisheries.
         in EXPERT CONSULTATION ON THE REGULATION OF FISHING EFFORT (FISHING
         MORTALITY) . Rome, Italy: U.N. Food & Agriculture Organization.
         (Fish. Rep. 289)

         Baxter, Kenneth N., Furr, Carlton H., Jr., and Elizabeth Scott
            1988 The commercial bait shrimp fishery in Galveston Bay, Texas,
         1959-1987. MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW 50(2):20-28

         Bruenmeister, Susan L.
            1984 Standardization of fishing effort and production models for
         white and pink shrimp stocks fished in U.S. waters of the Gulf of
         Mexico in Gulland, J.A. and B.J. Rothschild (eds.): PANAEID
         SHRIMPS. Farnham, Surrey, U.K.: Fishing News Books.

         Christian, P.A.
            1984 Finfishing with shrimp boats: A summary of Georgia's
         Cooperative Finfish Development and Fishing Demonstration Project
         for 1983 Skidaway Island, GA: University of Georgia Marine Science
         Center. (Technical Report No. 85-2)

         Conroy, Pat D., and Poffenberger, John R.
            1985 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation and ex-vessel
         prices  and value, 1983 and 1984. Mimeo. NMFS Southeast Fisheries
         Center, 75 Virginia Deach Drive, Miami, FL 33149

         Crouch, Ben M.
            1989 Mexican Shrimp, Texas Shrimpers, and Maritime Conflict: The
         Creation of a White Collar Crime. Deviant Behavior 10(3): 211-232.

         Crouch, Ben M., and Miller, T. Mark
            1987 Lacey Act enforcement in the Gulf: a sociological analysis.
         Mimeo. Department of Sociology, Texas A & M University, College
         Station, TX

         Crowe, A.L.
            1987 Trends in composition of the Texas shrimp fleet Texas Parks
         and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Branch, Austin, TX

         Crowe, Arthur L.
            1986 A description of the Texas shrimp fleet, 1979- 1983. Austin,
         TX: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Branch.












          Danville Research Associates
            1982 Work plan for the development of cost, revenue and income
          profiles for the Gulf and South Atlantic shrimp fleets. 'V'Iimeo.
          Report prepared by Danville Research Associates and Centaur
          Associates for NMFS Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, FL 33149.

          Doll, J.
            1972 An econmetric analysis of shrimp exvessel prices, 1950-1968
          AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 54:431-440


          Dudley, N., and Waugh, Gregory
            1980 Exploitation of a single-cohort fishery under risk: A
          simulation-optimization approach JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND
          ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT 7:234-255


          Durrenberger, E. P.
            1988 Shrimpers and Turtles on the Gulf Coast. Maritime
          Anthropological Studies 1(2):196-214.

          Durrenberger, E. P.
            1991 Psychology, Unions, and the Law: Folk Models and the History
          of Shrimpers Unions in Mississippi. Paper presented at the 1991
          meetings of the Society for Applied Anthropology.

          Dyer, C. L. and M. Moberg
            1991 The 'Moral Economy' of Resistence: Turtle Excluder Devices
          and Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishermen. Mimeo. Department of
          Sociology/Anthropology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
          36688.


          Eales, James
            1983 Modeling searching behavior in the pink shrimp fishery: Area
          choice and information gethering. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation.
          Department of Agricultural Economics, University of California,
          Davis, CA.

          Eales, James, and Wilen, James E.
            1986 An examination of fishing location choice in the pink shrimp
          fishery. MARINE RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2(4):331-351

          Formichella, C. M. and J. S. Thomas
            1989 Rational Exchange and Trust: Business Relationships in a
          Fishing Community. Sociological Spectrum 9(3):259-268.

          Garfield, Nina
            1988 comparative study of Galveston Bay, TX, and Calcasieu Lake,
          LA, shrimp fisheries. Mimeo. Department of Geography and Marine
          Affairs University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881

          Gordon, William G.
            1982 Speech to the Texas Shrimp Association Annual Meeting.
          Mimeo. Office of Fisheries management, NOAA/NMFS, Washington, DC
          20235









         Gracy, Robert C., Keith, Willis J. and Raymond J. Rhodes
           1976 Management and development of the shellfish industry in
         South Carolina. Mimeo. Marine Resources Division, South Carolina
         Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, P.O. Box 12559,
         Charleston, SC 29412

         Griffin, Wade L., Cross, M.L. and J.P. Nichols
           1977 Effort management in the heterogenous Gulf of Mexico shrimp
         fleet College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
         (Technical Report No.77-5)

         Griffin, Wade L., Lacewell, Robert D. and John P. Nichols
           1976 optimum effort and rent distribution in the Gulf of Mexico
         shrimp fishery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
         58 (4) : 644-652

         Griffin, Wade L., Lacewell, Ronald D. and John P. Nichols
           1973 An economic appraisal of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery:
         overview and summary. Mimeo. Department of Agricultural Economics,
         Texas A & M University, College Station, TX

         Griffin, Wade L., Warren, J., Nichols, J., Grant, W., and C.
           1983 The Texas shrimp fishery: Analysis of six management
         alternatives using the General Bioeconomic Fishery Simulation
         Model. College State, TX: Texas A & M University Sea Grant College
         Program. (Report No. TAMU-SG-84-202)

         Griffin, Wade L., and Nichols, John P.
           1976 An analysis of increasing costs to Gulf of Mexico shrimp
         vessel owners, 1971-1975. MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW 38(3):8-12

         Gulland, John A., and Rothschild, Brian J. (eds.)
           1984 PANAEID SHRIMPS Farnham, Surrey, U.K.: Fishing News Books,
         Ltd.


         Hammond, Roberta M.
           1985 The Florida stone crabber/ shrimper dispute. Mimeo. Paper
         presented to the American Anthropolo-gical Association. Copies from
         Hammond, 2217 Fitzwater St. Philadelphia, PA 19146

         Hu, Teh-Wei, Whitaker, Donald R., and D. Lynne Kaltreider
           1983 The United States shrimp industry: An economic profile for
         policy and regulatory analysts. 3 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept.
         of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service.

         Jepson, M. E., J. S. Thomas, and M. C. Robbins
           1987 The "Skipper Effect" Among Gulf Coast Shrimp Fishermen.
         Sociology and Social Research 72(l):20-24.

         Kellogg, Robert L.
           1986 Application of a seasonal harvesting model to two North
  is     Carolina shrimp fisheries. Dept. of Economics and Business, North
         Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC










          Kitner, K. R.
            1987 TEDS: A Study of the South Atlantic Shrimp Fishermen's
          Beliefs, Opinions and Perceptions Regarding the Use of Turtle
          Excluder Devices. Report to the South Atlantic Fishery Management
          Council, Charleston, South Carolina.

          Klima, Edward F., and Parrack, Michael L.
            1978 Constraints on food production from wild Penaeid shrimp
          stocks in the Gulf of Mexico. IN P.N. Kaul and C.J. Sindermann
          (eds.): DRUGS AND FOOD FROM THE SEA: MYTH OR REALITY? Norman, OK:
          University of Oklahoma Press

          Kline, Annette, Robbins, Michael C. and J. Stephen Thomas
            1989 Smoking as an occupational adaptation among shrimpfishermen.
          HUMAN ORGANIZATION 48(4):351-355

          Korson, Charles S.
            1984 Economic status of the California Pink Shrimp fishery in
          1983. Terminal Island, CA: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA,
          National Marine Fisheries Service. (Report No. NOAA-TM-NMFS-
          SWR-007)

          Korson, Charles S.
            1985 Economic status of the California pink shrimp fishery in
          1984. Terminal Island, CA: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA,
          National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Region. (Report No.
          NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWR-009)

          Laska, Shirley, and Margavio, Anthony V.
            1989 TEDs: Balancing environmental and marine resource management
          policies - a project proposal Mss. Department of Sociology,
          University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA

          Lawrence, Addison L., Johns, Michael A. and Wade L. Griffin
            1983 Shrimp mariculture: State of the Artisanal. College Station,
          TX: Texas A & M University Sea Grant Program. (Report no. TAMU-
          SG-84-502.)

          LiPuma, Edward, and Meltzoff, Sarah Keene
            1985 The social economy of shrimp mariculture in Ecuador. Mimeo.
          Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
          33124.


          Low, R.A.
            1986 SEAMAP comparative shrimp trawling study Marine Resources
          Division, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department,
          Charleston, SC










          Maiolo, John R. and Jeffery C. Johnson
            1989 Discovering Communication Networks in Marine Fisheries:
          Implications for Management. In Marine Resource Utilization: A
          Conference on Social science Issues. J. S. Thomas, R. L. Maril, and
          E. P. Durrenberger, eds. Pp.    69-80. Mobile: University of South
          Alabama College of   Arts and Sciences Publication Volume 1 and
          Mississippi-Alabama  Sea Grant  Consortium, MASG-88-039.

          Margavio, A. V., S.  Laska, J.  Mason, and C. Forsyth
            1991 Captives of   Conflict:  The TEDs Case. Publication of The
          Environmental Institute, University of New Orleans.

          Maril, Robert Lee
            1984 Lacey Act. Mimeo. Paper presented to the Rural Sociological
          Society.@ Copies from Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, TX.

          Maril, Robert Lee
            1983 TEXAS SHRIMPERS: COMMUNITY, CAPITALISM AND THE SEA College
          Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press

          Martin, Norman
            1986 Requiem for TED TEXAS SHORES 19(2):4-9

          McGuire, T. R.
            1991 Science and the Destruction of a Shrimp Fleet. M.A.S.T.
          4(l):32-55

          Moberg, M. and C. L. Dyer
            1990 Innovation and Resistance: Responses to Turtle Excluder
          Devices in a Gulf of Mexico Shrimping Community. Mimeo. Department
          of Sociology/Anthropology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
          36688.


          Nance, J.M., N. Garfield, and J. Anthony Paredes
            1989 A Study of the Social Impact of the Texas Shrimp Closure. In
          Marine Resource Utilization: A conference on Social Science Issues.
          J. S. Thomas, R. L. Maril, and E. P. Durrenberger, eds. Pp. 81-83.
          Mobile: University of South Alabama College of Arts and Sciences
          Publication Volume 1 and Miss iss ippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium,
          MASG-88-039.


          Nance, Jim, and Garfield, Nina
            1988 A demographic profile of two Gulf-of-Mexico inshore
          fisheries and their response to the Texas closure. Mimeo.
          Galvestion Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, 4700 U
          Street, Galveston, TX

          New, Michael B., and Rabanal, Hernunco R.
            1984 A review of the status of panaeid aquaculture. Mimeo. Paper
          presented at the Second National Prawn Seminar, Australia (October,
          1984)










          Nix, Harold L.
            1980 Dock and shrimp trawler survey on the Georgia coast. Mimeo.
          Georgia Sea Grant Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

          Nix, Harold L., and Kim, Muncho
            1982 A sociological analysis of Georgia commercial shrimp
          fishermen, 1976-1977. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Institute
          of Community and Area Development.

          Overbey, M. M.
            1992 Social Factors in the Stone Crab-Shrimp Conflict on the
          Florida Gulf of Mexico Coast. In Proceedings of the Stone Crab
          Symposium. Theresa M. Bert, ed. Bureau of Marine Research, St.
          Petersburg, Florida Department of Natural Resources.

          Overbey, M. Margret
            1989 Self-Regulation among Fishermen of the Gulf of Mexico. In
          Marine Resource Utilization: A Conference on Social Science Issues.
          J. S. Thomas, R. L. Maril, and E. P. Durrenberger, eds. Pp.
          165-172. Mobile: University of South Alabama College of Arts and
          Sciences Publication Volume 1 and Miss iss ipp i-Al abama Sea Grant
          Consortium, MASG-88-039.

          Pearson, Richard A.
            1984 The development of acts, treaties, and agreements which
          pertain to shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico. mimeo. Marine Affairs
          Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881.

          Poffenberger, John R.
            1986 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1984 and 1985. Mimeo. NMFS Southeast Fisheries
          Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149

          Poffenberger, John R.
            1984 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1982 and 1983. Miami, FL: U.S. Department of
          Commerce, NOAA, NMFS Southeast Fisheries Center. (NOAA Technical
          Memo. No. NMFS-SEFC-148.)

          Poffenberger, John R.
            1983 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1981 and 1982. Charleston, SC: U.S. Department of
          Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast
          Fisheries Center. (Report: NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-111)

          Poffenberger, John R.
            1983 An economic perspective of problems in management of penaeid
          shrimp fisheries. in Gulland, J.A. and B.J. Rothschild (eds.)
          PENAEID SHRIMPS. Farnham, Surrey, U.K.: Fishing News Books.

          Poffenberger, John R.
            1982 Estimated impacts on ex-vessel brown shrimp prices and value
          as a result of the Texas Closure Regulation. MARINE FISHERIES
          REVIEW 44(9/10):38-43











          Prochaska, Fred J., and Cato, James C.
            1981 Economic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp industry,
          1960-81. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, Department of Food
          and Resource Economics. (Staff Paper No. 180)

          Roberts, Kenneth J.
            1986 Louisiana shrimp marketing with reference to small shrimp.
          Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton
          Rouge, LA

          Shipley, R.M.
            1984 Ecuador shrimp industry -- Pros and cons of U.S. private
          investment Springfield, VA: U.S. Department of Commerce, National
          Technical Information Service (Report No. NMFS/M321/84-12)

          Shipley, R.M.
            1983 Ecuador shrimp industry: Pros and cons of U.S. investment.
          Springfield, VA: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical
          Information Service.


          South Carolina WMRD
            1985 A review and analysis of commercial shrimp trawling in the
          sounds and bays of South Carolina South Carolina Wildlife and
          Marine Resources Center, Charleston, SC

          Still, William N.
            1982 Technological development and the emergence of managerial
          efforts in the North Carolina shrimping industry. Mimeo. Department
          of History, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834

          Stoll, John, and Griffin, Wade
            1985 A conceptual model of user group conflicts with application
          to the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Mimeo. Paper for the American
          Fisheries Society. Copies from Dept. of Economics, Texas A & M
          Univ.,College Station, TX.

          Taylor, Paul
            1984  Vietnamese shrimpers alter Texas Gulf towns: Natives'
          economy  and pride wounded. WASHINGTON POST (December 26, 1984)

          Thomas,  J. Stephen, et al.
            1987 A comparison of optimism between fishermen and land-based
          workers in an Alabama coastal fishing community. Mimeo. Department
          of Sociology and Anthropology, University of South Alabama, Mobile,
          AL

          U.S. Dept. of Commerce
            1986 Review of the 1985 Texas Closure for the shrimp fishery off
          Texas and Louisiana: Presentation to NMFS Washington Office Staff.
          Mss. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA/NMFS, Southeast Fisheries Center,
          Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550.










          U.S. Dept. of Commerce
            1988 Aquaculture and capture fisheries: Impacts in U.S. seafood
          markets. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA,
          National Marine Fisheries Service

          White, D. R. M.
            1989 Sea Turtles and Resistance to TEDs Among Shrimp Fishermen of
          the U.S. Gulf Coast. Maritime Anthropological Studies 2(l):69-79.

          White, David M.
            1977 Environment, technology, and time-use patterns in the Gulf
          coast shrimp fishery. IN M.E. Smith (ed.): THOSE WHO LIVE FROM THE
          SEA: A STUDY IN MARITIME ANTHROPOLOGY. St. Paul, MN: West
          Publishing Co for the Amer. Ethnological Soc

          Wiese, John
            1972 Alaska's shrimp industry. in Tussing, A.R.; T.A. Morehouse
          & J.D. Babb (eds) ALASKA FISHERIES POLICY. Anchorage, Alaska:
          University of Alaska (ISEGR report no. 33)






  0





                    - APPENDIX 4   1 ,







  0





















                                     APPENDIX 4







                    CLOSURE AND INTERJURISDICATIONAL RETRIEVAL
  0












  Is










          Bubier, Jill L.
            1986 NMFS claims New England Multispecies Groundfish Plan will
          not prevent overf ishing. TERRITORIAL SEA: LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
          MANAGEMENT OF INTERJURISDICTIONAL RESOURCES 6(l):13-14

          Conroy, Pat D., and Poffenberger, John R.
            1985 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation and ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1983 and 1984. Mimeo. NMFS Southeast Fisheries
          Center, 75 Virginia Deach Drive, Miami, FL 33149

          Eichenberg, Tim
            1986 The thresher shark case: Another challenge to state coastal
          management authority. TERRITORIAL SEA: LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
          MANAGEMENT OF INTERJURISDICTIONAL RESOURCES 6(l):1-12

          Gordon, William G.
            1984 NMFS policy on interjurisdictional fisheries Mimeo. Office
          of Fisheries Management, NOAA/NMFS, Washington, DC 20235. Speech to
          the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission annual meeting.

          Johnson, J. C. and M. K. Orbach
            1990 Migratory Fishermen: A Case Study in Interjurisdictional
          Natural Resource Management. Ocean & Shoreline Management
          13(3-4):231-252.

          Johnson, Jay
            1986 Interjurisdictional aspects of fisheries management. Mimeo.
          office of General Counsel for Fisheries, National Oceanic and
          Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC 20235

          Johnson, Jay S.
            1987 Interjurisdictional conflicts: How conservation programs are
          compromised by the political process. Mimeo. Office of the General
          Counsel, NOAA, Washington, DC.

          Nance, J.M., N. Garfield, and J. Anthony Paredes
            1989 A Study of the Social Impact of the Texas Shrimp Closure. In
          Marine Resource Utilization: A Conference on Social Science Issues.
          J. S. Thomas, R. L. Maril, and E. P. Durrenberger, eds. Pp. 81-83.
          Mobile: University of South Alabama College of Arts and sciences
          Publication Volume 1 and Miss iss ippi -Alabama Sea Grant Consortium,
          MASG-88-039.

          Nance, Jim, and Garfield, Nina
            1988 A demographic profile of two Gulf-of-Mexico inshore
          fisheries and their response to the Texas closure. Mimeo.
          Galvestion Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, 4700 U
          Street, Galveston, TX

          Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission
            1986 Pacific Coast interjurisdictional fisheries: Status of
          management. Mimeo.Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, Portland,
          OR.











          Pacific Marine Fisheries commission
             1985 Status of management of Pacific Coast interjurisdictional
          fisheries and recommendations for the future. Draft mimeo. Pacific
          Marine Fisheries Commission, 1400 S.W. Fifth Ave., Portland, OR
          97201.


          Poffenberger, John R.
             1986 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1984 and 1985. Mimeo. NMFS Southeast Fisheries
          center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149

          Poffenberger, John R.
             1983 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1981 and 1982. Charleston, SC: U.S. Department of
          Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast
          Fisheries Center. (Report: NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-111)

          Poffenberger, John R.
             1984 Estimated impacts of Texas Closure Regulation on ex-vessel
          prices and value, 1982 and 1983. Miami, FL: U.S. Department of
          Commerce, NOAA, NMFS Southeast Fisheries Center. (NOAA Technical
          Memo. No. NMFS-SEFC-148.)

          Poffenberger, John R.
             1982 Estimated impacts on ex-vessel brown shrimp prices and value
          as a result of the Texas Closure Regulation. MARINE FISHERIES
          REVIEW 44(9/10):38-43

          Prosser, Norville S., and Manning, Laura
             1986 Interjurisdictional fisheries -- a time of change Mimeo.
          Sport   Fishing    Institute,    1010   Massachusetts     Avenue N.W.,
          Washington, DC 20001. (Paper for Atlantic States Marine Fisheries
          Commission.)

          Skud, Bernard E.
             1984 The history and evaluation of closure regulations in the
          Pacific halibut fishery. in EXPERT CONSULTATION ON THE REGULATION
          OF FISHING EFFORT (FISHING MORTALITY). Rome, Italy: U.N.Food &
          Agriculture Organization. (Fish. Rep. 289)

          Thompson, Mary T.
             1983 The management of interjurisdictional fisheries: A position
          paper. Mss. (7/28/83). Fishery Management Operations Division
          (FIM11), NOAA/NMFS, Washington DC 20235.

          U.S. Dept. of Commerce
             1986 Review of the 1985 Texas Closure for the shrimp fishery off
          Texas and Louisiana: Presentation to NMFS Washington office Staff.
          Mss. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA/NMFS, Southeast Fisheries Center,
          Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550.

          U.S. Dept. of Commerce
             1984 Interjurisdictional fisheries management: A working paper.
          Mss. (1/19/84). NOAA/NMFS (F/Ml), Washington, DC 20235






                             ..... . ......
                                             I NTIS FORM 272







           REPORT DOCUMENTATION REPORT NO. 
         PAGE          DNR Contract No.X-0476

      STATE OF FLORIDA  COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM:              1/15/92 Date completed
       SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF FLORIDA'S FISHERIES, CM-297


     William H. Teehan, Michael Jepson, Mary Margaret Overbey CM -297

     Marine Fisheries Commission                                            (c)NA90AA-H-CZ809
     2540 Executive Center Circle West
     Suite 106
     Tallahassee, Florida     32301

    U.S. Dept. of Commerce/NOAA           Dept. of Env. Reg.                                                           
    OCRM                                  Coastal Management                   Final
    1825 Connecticut A., N.W.             2600 Blair Stone Rd.
    Washington D.C. 20235                 Tallahassee, FL 32399





     The project and final report assist fishery managers in incorporating a
     social science perspective in fishery management. The report identifies
     the social science literature relevant to fishery management in Florida.
     A bibliography of this literature was compiled and includes 2,803 references
     in a database format for computerized retrieval. A manual on how to use the
     bibliography and retrieve references by keywords was developed. The keyword
     index is included as an appendix. The report provides examples of the
     retrieval capabilities of the bibliography database through the shrimp fishery.
     The use of social science in fishery management by other states, federal
     regional councils, and state Sea Grants is presented. And finally, the
     report proposes some means of incorporating the social science perspective
     in fishery management.





    17. Document Analysis 

     social science/fishery management/resource management/bibliography/
     computer database


       Coastal zone management/Florida/Southease/United States


                    social science/anthropology/sociaology
                                                 Unclassified                84(+150 append                                                                                                                         
          Release unlimited














                                                                                                                        NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY


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