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., i SH 222 W2 S56 1977 V-7 Shotwell, J. Arnold COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER WILLAPA BAY SH222.W2S56 1977 VOLUME II CZIC COLLECTION CHANGES AND USEAGE IN WILLAPA BAY PART I Tidelands PART II Water PART III Recreation PART IV Natural Disasters By J. Arnold Shotwell Planning Division, Department of Public Works Pacific County 1977 INTRODUCTION The Willapa Estuary is a physical feature of the south- west coast of Washington. It includes Willapa Bay, its wetlands and the lower extent of the larger tributaries which enter the bay. It typically has a mixture of fresh and salt waters which results in a salinity always lower than that of the adjacent ocean but also separable from those of its tributaries. The distribution of.these low salinity waters affected by the tides defines the extent of the estuary. Within the estuary a dynamic system of biological, chemical and physical forces interact to produce an environment which is highly productive and economically valuable to man. Through the action of the tide and wind the waters of the estuary mix and exchange with those of the ocean and at the same time the estuary receives fresh waters from its drainage area. Thus the estuary system is directly influenced by a much greater area than its own boundaries. Figure illustrates the extent of the estuary proper, its fresh water drainage area, and the area of ocean exchange with indications of the areas affecting the character of those waters. 0 The estuary is a resource which provides food, transportation, waste treatment, and recreation. Within limits these benefits are perpetual. Other uses of the estuary are made, which involve either removal of a portion of the estuary for other uses or changes in the character of the areas upon which the estuary is 0 dependent. These fater classes of use, which ordinarily are a conversion of the aquatic resource to an upland use, allocate the estuarine function and reduce the resource value as a productive system. The various elements of the estuary system require a parti- 0 cular range of conditions in order to meet the needs of the system. The tributaries have a direct effect on-the estuary in their flow regime, that is the amount of water flowing into the bay and the time of year that the flow level occurs, and in the quality of the water. Sediments, pollutants and erosional products affect the character of the incoming flow. Some of the productive aspects of the estuary depend on the ability of the tributary streams to support various organisms through portions of their life history,such as the early life of salmon in fresh water. Additional requirements then exist in the tributary proper which eventually reflect in the ability of the estuary to function. Changes in the stream flow, impoundments and channelization, may interupt the stream as an ecological entity for considerable distances below the site of the causal activity. Changes in stream temperature, and turbidity can limit the oxygen content and the ability of the aquatic plants to photosynthesize. Since leaf litter is a chief source of energy for much of the community that occupies the stream the loss of sources of this detrital material from flood plains affects the productivity of the stream. Upland uses in the area of a tributary may restrict its ability to function and thus allocate this element of the estuary to some other use. The high marshes of the estuary supply a major portion of the energy for the life in the estuary. They require light, the free flow of tidal waters over and through them and an inflow of fresh water in order to produce this energy. Activities which limit these requirements are.allocations of the resource. Jetties, groins, bridges, dams, bulkheads, dikes, marinas, enclosed piers, etc., alter the currents and interchanges of water within the estuary and between the estuary and its fresh water sources or its exchange with ocean waters. Such changes alter erosional and depositional patterns and the distribution of nutrients producing changes in the estuary system. A structure then is an allocation of the resource. Effects on the estuary may come from considerable distances away. The incoming tide brings a mixture of the waters including those which flowed from the bay on the previous ebb tide,,waters flowing from the Columbia River or Grays Harbor and ocean waters. The character of these waters which reflect activities many miles away also influence the estuary. These effects may limit the use of the estuary and thus act. as an allocation of the resource. Obviously a significant portion of the estuary resources has previously been appropriated. Much of the tidelands have been sold by the state for the purpose of shellfish culture. Fishing regulations allot the amount and means of harvest of fish, crab and clams from the estuary. The placement of outfalls from waste treatment plants, drainage ditches, dumps etc., make use of the 0 esturine capacity by means of permits. The designation of rec- reation areas, the development of parks and waterfowl hunting areas further allocate the resource. These are direct appro- priations of the aquatic resource which take advantage of its capacity to renew the values extracted. 0 A large proportion of the tidal marshes of the estuary have been diked for pastureland, covered with dredge spoils or have been elevated to provide urban and industrial developments. Many of the tributaries have been altered in their flow by changes 'in ,the channel, dams, dikes, road construction, etc. Much of the upland area drained by the tributaries has been stripped of its 49 vegetational cover. All of these activities withdraw portions of the estuary permanently or for very long times with little or 0 no chance of renewal of the value to the aquatic resource. The following sections of this report describe in detail the nature of changes in the estuary, their history and geographic locations. PREFACE This report has been prepared to provide background information necessary to make decisions in the conservation of the fishery resources of Willapa Bay. A strong historical emphasis is intended in order to supply a perspective for current concerns about the fishery. The intent is to supply a factual basis for evaluating past and future actions related to Willapa Bay and to develop goals for these actions. The preparation of this report was financially aided through a grant from the Washington State Department of Ecology with funds obtained from the United States Depart- ment of Commerce and appropriated for Section 305 and 306 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (G-75-025D and G-76-025B and G-77-025B). Prepared by J. A. Shotwell, Planning Division Department of Public Works Pacific County TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I Tidelands 1-20 Part II Water 21-61 Part II I Recreation 62-72. Part IV Natural Disasters 73-74 WILLAPA BAY TIDELANDS TABLE OF CONTENTS Tides ----------------------------------------------------- I .Tidal Wetlands -------------------------------------------- 6 Reduction of Wetlan-d Area --------------------------------- 7 Pacific County Zoning Ordinance #41 ---------------------- 14 Pacific County Shorelines Master Program ----------------- 14 Section 404 PL 92-500 ------------------------------ ----- 17 Evaluation of Existing Protection of Wetlands ------------ 20 FIGURES 1. Tidal Day, Willapa Bay ----------------------- I------------ 2 2. Common Tidal Terms --------------------------------------- 3 3. Tidal Datum Localities ----------------------------------- 5 4. Exposed Tidelands -------------------------------- Fo.llows 5 S. Diking and Drainage Districts --------------------------- 8 .6. Raymond, Original Slough-Pattern -------------------------- 9 7. Raymond viewed from the North about 1910 --------- Follows 9 8. Raymond looking West down Ellis Street ----------- Follows 9 9. Raymond viewed fron Northwest about 1910 --------- Follows 9 10. Wetlands removed, Willapa Bay --------------------------- 13 11. High Marsh Willapa Bay -------------------------- Follows 13 12. High Marsh Willapa Bay ------------------------ @--Follows 13 13. High Marsh Willapa Bay -------------------------- Follows 13 TABLES 1. Tidal Datum Planes --------------------------------------- 4 2. Wetland Inventory of Willapa Bay ------------------------ 11 3. Current Use of wetlands removed from the Estuary--------ll 4. History 'of removal from the Estuary System -------------- 12 TIDELANDS Tides Tidelands are those areas periodically covered by the ebb and flow of the tide. On the west coast of North America the two high tides of each d .ay are of different heights, thus higher and lower high tides. This is also true of the low tides pro- ducing higher and lower low tides. These heights vary from day to day in a cyclic manner so that each has its highest and low- est level and a mean. These are commonly abbreviated, for in- stance; HHHW refers to highest higher high water or LLHW refers to lowest lower high water, etc. The mean of all high tides is referred to as mean high water and the mean of all low tides is referred to as mean low water. Means are computed over extended periods of time when they are to be used in a legalistic sense. The range period is usually 18.6 years. Mean sea level represents the average sea surface level over a 18.6 year period of observations. At least sixteen tide levels are recognized. Only a few are in general use. For example zero tide level is mean lower low water. Mean sea level is the datum or zero point for up- land elevations and in Willapa Bay represents approximately a five foot tide level. In Washington second class tidelands 0 extend from mean high tide (ordinary high tide)down to lowest lower low water (extreme low tide). A major factor in the environment of the intertidal area .is the ebb and flow of the tide. Plants and animals are lim- ited in their distribution vertically by the amount of immer- 0 sion in salt water which they require or can tolerate. For instance organisms which can not tolerate exposure to the air more than once a day are limited to areas below the lowest higher low tide. This is close to mean lower low water in. Willapa Bay. Or organisms which must be exposed to the air at least once every day and must also be covered by the tide once a day are restricted to an area between HLLIV (highest lower low water) and LHHW (lowest higher high water). Or organisms which cannot tolerate tidal submergence.more than once a day are limited to areas above the HLHIV (highest lower high water).-The net effect is that the limits of various attached organisms in the intertidal area appear as horizon- tal bands orzones where exposure to salt water or air is the controlling factor in their distribution. Figure 1 &, 2 illustra- tes the. various tide level terms superimposed on a tide curve for a typical aimmer day in Willapa Bay. Because of the size and configuration of Willapa Bay. tidal effects do not reach all areas at the same time or effect each area to the same degree. Tide levels may vary as much as two feetfrom one area to another. Table 1 indicates the TIDAL DAY WILLAPA BAY SUMMER 10 HIGHER HIGH WATER 8- LOWER HIGH WATER Lj 6- w U- 4- z HIGHER LOW WATER 0- 2 LOWER LOW WATER 0.-00 4-00 8:00 12:00 4,00 8:00 12800 AM -PM Figure 1 2 COMMON TIDAL TERMS APPLIED TO WILLAPA SAY ENTRANCE 1976 HIGHEST TIDE 12.0 cl) HIGHER HIGH WATER 8.9 _REM LAI.GFiER BiGH _WPJE_R_-== 8.8 HLHW MEAN HIGH WATER- 8.0 LHLiW- 6.7 LOWER JGH WATER 5.2 MEAN SEA LEVEL- 5.0 HHLW < 3.5 _j HIGHER LOW WATER ------- HLLW__ 2.0 (n U) MEAN LOW WATER- 1-3 Li < U) w < 0 _j _j U MEAN 0.0 w _WWF_J_Wj@lAVAT - . - _E: R-z-=-0.2 w LHLW 0 z LOWER W WATER z 0 l____LLLW_ < 0 __ 1.9 Li w to LOWEST TIDE- 3.5 H=HIGHEST, HIGHER,OR HIGH L =LOWEST, LOWER, OR LOW MEANS AND EXTREMES COMPUTED OVER 18.6 YEAR PERIOD Figure 2 3 140 40 Table 1 TIDAL DA"I PLk"-S i rokeland ',ailboat Raymond illapa Bay Center South Fork Nahcotta Sunshine Parpala Tarlatt SlouFh Palix Point Ranch Slough Datum LLX 1JSL "LU4 MSL KLLW 145L !.ULW MSL MLLV? MSL PILLI-1 MSL MLLW M3L NLIX MSL MLLW YSL MLIX MSL Hi,7hest 14.0 -9.78 13.0 15.5 -10-1E 15.5 12.5 12.5 13.5 -8-38 14.5 14.5 12.5 Tid-! Kind 8.9 -4. N, 9.6 9.9 -4-58 10.3 8.9 9.3 10.2 -5.o8 10.2 10.8 9.4 KV 8.1 -3.8E 8.8 9.2 -3-88 9.6 8.1 8.5 9.4 -4.28 9.4 10.0 Mean Half 4.7 -0.4E 5.1 5.3 0.02 5.5 4.7 4.9 5.4 -0.28 5.4 5.65 4.65 lide 0.00 Mean Sea 4.22 0.00 0.00 5.32 0.00 0000 0.00 5.12 0.00 0.00 0100 0.00 Level M,i.Ln Low 1.30 2.92 1.4 1.4 3.92 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 3.72 1.4 1.3 0.7 '-daler Mean Low-3r 0.00 4.22 0.00 0.00 5.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 5.12. o.oo o.oo 0.00 L *R' a t.1 r o", Low", t 4.o 8.22 -3.5 -3.8 9.12 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 8.62 -3.5 -3.5 @-3-5 Tide C.,@.Datum @0.21 h.43 -0.74 6.86 MLLW qevation referred to MLLW MSL Constant to convert MSt elevation to datum shown 111.1) Maps -Shoreline -Mean Hi7.h 'Water Ordinary HiCh Water - Mean '.ii;,h Water Shoreline Desi-nations MWof Ordinax7 Ifigh Water (Shorelines Management Act) XL gal 41 ic CA. Is Z- Ir _1110 i IT .4 Vr 11 so- TIDAL DATUM LOCALITIES t FIGURE 3 It 30 to 24 30 so 3 3 1 Cape tor 5 Shoal- A ToPotand Take 4 T 34 EN otter Pt O)doo LO W 12 9 3 13 4 ff, Pat,, % Fbfk b, 2 21 & 13 34 31 35 34 wa- A 3- A Loki -Espj Lak@ Is 1@ if 'Vorth 24 21 2 Itz Otto Oce It rk 11M IS Jf mi 36 32 34 A\ .6"v 4: m 4 So o 12 0 1 12 fill 10 11 Iz Lost L Is to 15 11L rn 0 Lok*22 N& 'k U) 2 so EY rope L 6&ZT 2.8 Lake 7T, m A 33 6:1 0) 32 1 35 36 a 33 34 36 0 i ,n rn m ;u 8"3coeL A 4 aDeer (A M 0 PO Ific L 3 6 P r k .C F L Clfor L 1 9 Ofi v 9 NAS I T,lke"L 11 L AIL H r L-0 NG J1 r L + 23 2. 20 2 A-@i 21 r 0 Seaview u LL ell 401 u 26 25 29 e@ t 810C* L nature of the differences at ton sites in Willapa Bay and figure 3 illustrates the location of those sites. In addi- tion the predicted tide levels differ from the observed levels, on a short term basis because of the effects of run-off during and @fter heavy rains and the effects of wind on the tide dur- ing storms. Features of the bay which reflect tidal action occur atslightly different elevations in different areas of the bay because of the variations in the tide from place to N place. Tidal Wetlands A significant feature of the tidelands are the marshes. In Willapa Bay they begin at about mean high tide level and extend to thelighest areas affected by the tide. The plants of the marshes are a wide variety of salt dependent and salt tolerant forms. Those lower portions of the marsh which are covered by the tidal waters at least once, most days, charac- teristically have stands of pickleweed (Salicornia), worts (Glaux), arrowgrass (Triglochin)and rushes (Juncu's). Inter- m ---T-withthe upper range of these forms an ixe d7fi-igher are the tideland greens (Plantago) and some true grasses. Still high- er the marsh is cH-aracterized by almost pure stands of grass. All of these plants put on foliage from spring into summer and die back in the fall. The dead foliage:reduces to detrital 40 fragments whcih form part of the nutrient base for the bay. The cover provided by the plants and their root systems creates the habitat for a wide variety of organisms, many of which con- vert.detritalnaterial and natural wastes into useful inorganic or simplified organic compounds. The marshes occupy the flood plain areas in the estuary and in this capacity can absorb large volumes of water over their surfaceduring storm run off periods. The attached fol- iage acts as a filter and traps silt from the waters which pass over the marsh. In this way the marshes, which are primarily located on the tributaries to the bay, reduce the amount of sediment entering the bay to be deposited there. They also slow run-off flow to the bay and thus limit the effects of run- off on the hydrologic regime of the bay. The salt marshes are essentially large mats of vegetation which convertsolar energy to food, convert natural wastes to a usable form and act as shock absorbers and filters during periods of high run-off. They have both an important role bio- logically andphysically in the food chain, hydrology and sed- imentation of the bay. 6 Reduction of-Wetland Area Early settlers in the area found the tideland grasses to provide good summer pasturage. Low hand dikes were erected to hold off the summer high tides and to protect farm buildings. Higher dikes which could withstand winter high tides and allow drainage and improvement of pasture areas were constructed by some individual land owners but the diking district provided the basis for highdikes in most areas. Legislation provided diking districts with considerable power and the opportunity to spread the first cost of construction over a number of properties. (S.L. '95) Powers granted diking districts included: the right of eminent domain within the district boundaries; the right to straighten, widen, deepen, and improve rivers, watercourses or streams withinthe boundaries of the district and-acquire the right-of-way to do so; the right to acquire the State's rights to wetlands and tidelands within the district boundaries; and the right to contract work and to issue bonds to cover costs of construction and acquisition of land. Five diking districts were formed along the borders of Willapa Bay. District No. 2 was established in 1912 on the Bay Center Peninsula, District No. 3 was formed at the same time in the Stuart's Slough area. District No. 4 was formed in 1919 along the Naselle River, and District No. 5 was established in 1920 along the north side of the Willapa River. These districts were all formed to protect and develop agricultural land. District No. 6 was established in 1950 on the Bone River but the dike constructed failed and has not been replaced. The bulk of the 3500 acres of former wetland now existing as diked pastureland was developed by means of the diking district. Construction of roads around the borders of the bay re- quired raising of the grade above highest tide level and effec- tively.blocked off 330 acres of wetland from tidal exchange. Some of this land has been used as unimproved pasture but most has never been put to any higher use. The early development of towns and industry on Willapa Bay extended over wetlands by the use of piling. This re- flected the early dependence of the area on the bay as a trans- portation system and the lack of large areas of level land above the highest.tide and flood levels. As industry and the population increased, wetlands were filled to provide more area and to provide support for structures previously on pil- ing. A largeportion of the City of South Bend and the area occupied by its early industry was developed in this manner. Nearly all of the City of Raymond and its industry was devel- oped over wetlands. About 6SO acres of wetland now proVides the land area for urban and industrial facilities. 7 -A. W. IT x V`i DIKING j@ry I YG to, 0, 3 4YISTRICT P4 L S b T Ri tv VL t ST- D'Z INAGE@@ 'I @f IG@--'Q Filaure 5 FZ I RAYM10 ORIGINAL SLOU '71 L --i I--- L j JL J L---I L-.J L CD "-J L I- L L J r- r -.1 n L J L J I- -JL i--.j L-J oft J L '4 4 L-i L-i 44 S4. &G C7 tAl. . 1 711 1 f "I j ts 4A, p 1@%" VIN "v pi- V", t A "" f "T CA co 1-i C+ 0 0 F1 r_ (D P. C-9 (D AN 1A (D H. FH CD la. & P. W CD U e-A ci- a 0 0 Cf- v CD H 17' Vtll, m e+ (D' cr @31 w H. 0 .14 (D W (D C+ I jF!vr 0 .3 34; H. Fj A! fs gm- 2 W M LA C+ ill En M 0 bi :+ (D 0 (D 1H- �,E c.+ FJ 1@kt @, 'S OR ED tl A) Ewa -N . . . . . . JE M. A) CD 4r, f r'-M H. 0 -A 5@M- . . . . . . . . . . Ar f C+. 171 ,r CA P. W If, 2 OAR w (D C+ . . . .... 2K A 2, Nd' tp JA NIP 1Z N kl@ X @,O I @ A `@ R,11.11@1,,,3@ sy "Ry @,. t@q,, SM 4 ci-0 & (D 0 R, P, ov IF Fl A, lk GQ 09 Cl) C* (IQ P. 41, +:..'.., . . ........ . CD LO lift ci- Pj CD CD (D M@ F-J C+ 0 ::r P N_j Flo clF gf- r po. 0 NO En R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @R K AYR-. .. . .. . .. Rf ,Av VS 'Ja "AIM m 1, Ql O@ IFAT X m "Q. q', "0 4 no AV .4 A* 'S "V, w", @v,k R@o 4% it 0 Cf ::r P. (D IMP P. ww 0 C+ Nor M 0 CL Nll N V, (D N z" wtv! F'gx A' SM. -"g P'A @-l CD ARWOR yl i.@ 4, sn cf- t4 C+ M q, N PLI cr Q t-j 0 jL W ci lZl W,@ 34 SIM c4- \40 NO CD (D r+ 3W ca H Ard jmq I gg `9A @2,@ 1A CD 0 M C+ l-n- NKW ML 6 F-J CD C+ . . . . . . . . . . . .. (D CD .. .. . .... . 4l, Fir The material needed to fill wetland-areas was acquired by dredging in the tributaries of Willapa. Bay. The purpose of some of the dredging was to supply the fill materials while some was a combination of the purposes of navigational im- provements and development of urban and industrial sites. Later dredgingwas solely for the purpose of channel deepening and alignment changes. The spoils from this dredging, no longer needed for site development, were deposited on wetlands diked for this purpose. Over 800 acres of wetland have been covered by dredge spoils beyond that currently occupied by urban or industrial development. Willapa Bay serves as an important stop over and breeding ground for many waterfowl. Federal and'State game management agencies have in the past felt that the development of domestic grains rathe'r than a dependence on those of native wetland grasses would provide the best food source for waterfowl. To rear these upland grasses 570 acres of wetland were diked and drained and thus removed from the estuary system. Early removal of wetlands from the estuary system was largely for the purposes of the development of farmland, and to a lesser extent for urban and industrial sites. Later re- moval of wetlands has been for game management and spoils disposal from navigational improvement and maintenance programs. Table 2 is an inventory of the wetlands of Willapa Bay indicating by area the proportion of wetlands removed for all purposes. Table 3 indicates the current use of the wetlands removed from the estuary system by acreage and proportion of the total removed. Table 4 breaks wetland removal into ten year periods by specific area. Figure-10 illustrates the rate of remo 'val of wetlands as percentages of the total removed to date in ten year periods. Maps (Figs.11_,12@1@ illustrate the original wetland area of the bay and that portion now removed from the estuary system. The maps also illustrate.the degree of channel confinement which has resulted in the Willapa. and Naselle Rivers and as a corallery theieduction of the capacity of these areas to ab- sorb flood waters.due to the elimination of flood plain. The removal of tidal marshes reduces the productive capa- city of the bay. Sediments loosened by upland land practices are carried out into the bay because of the lost floodplain and filtering capabilities of the tidal marshes. The diking and filling of tidal marshes has thus had a serious effect on the bay and undoubtably'is a major factor in the decline of the Pyster industry. 10 Table 2 W:-@',TLAND INVENTORY OF WILLA-P.k BAY krea Diked 2 Undiked Total 0/0 Removed North Cove 375 375 .0 Kindred Slough- Cedar River 519 510 1029 50 North River 420 245 665 63 Lower Willapa 688 300 3a88 75 South'Bend 1630 18 1648 99 Raymond 438 915 1353 32 Porter Point 691 6ho 1331 52 Yaselle River 532 643 1175 45 Nemah River 158 405 563 28 Palix River 548 575 1123 49 Niawiakum. iiver 295 295 0 Wilson Point 42 8 50 '84 Bone River 2o8 208 0 11. Stony Point 8 8 0 Lon- Island '143 318 461 31 Stanley Peninsula 4o 10, 50 80 Long Island Slough 32 32 0 Long Beach Peninsula 128 787 915 14 Totals 6177 6292 12469 50 1. Hetlands re--"--rred to here are areas between mean hi@--h and highest high tide levels. 2. Diked includes; Dikes, undiked fill, road :---rades and other structures @ihich effectively remove wetlands from the estuary system, . Table 3 CjTR'-,'1:,NTT USE OF, W-:'TLANDS R]@IIJVET) FR03M 'Ill ]l @STT UARY SYSTEM Acrea-e CV otal Removed Unused 565 9% Dredge Spoils 820 13% Pasture 3579 58% Gwie Manar, ,ement 572 9% Urbxi D(3velopni ent 454 7e Industrial Development 192 3/17 Table 4 'STUARY SISTEM HISTORY OF REMOVAL OF WETLUDSFROM iME Z; Area 1906-1? 1916-25 1926-35 1936-45 1946-55 1956-65 1966-75 Palix River 457 13 52 26 Nemah River 107 51 Lower ",lillapa 627 161 21 28 51 South -Blend 621 901 82 26 Raymond 33 128 70 3 56 46 102 South Bay 101 590 Peninsula 128 Naselle River 501 31 ',,,Llson Point 32 10 North River 415 5 Kindred Slough 510 9 Long Tsland 40 143 Totals 1845 1763 213 679 574 924 179 CiLmulative totql 1845 3608 3821 4500 5074 5998 6177 CiLmulative Percent 15 29 31 36 41 48 50 of total available WETLANDS REMOVED WILLAPA BAY CUMULATIVE PER GENT OF ORIGINAL 50- 40- 30 % 20- 10- I@Ors 1@16 1426 19636 446 1@56 19'6 6 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 10 YEAR INTERVALS Figure 10 13 0 14 22 23 IIW RIOW 27 26 34 RIOW R9W 31 32 5 36 1 T15M T14N 6 5 4 3 4 CAPE SHOALWA R HAWKS POINT 00 Tok.lo,d TOKE POINT',_ L A PA 13 A Y 4 23 STONY POINT P. 7 C7 00 5 HIG TJ4H T13M LEADBETTER POINT 3 WILL GOOSE POINT Bo Center C. 10 0 17 16 20 SANDY POINT v .5rACKPOLE ROOR 27 34 0 T 2N WIL L A PA BA Y 3 OY 10 22 27 DIAMOND HIGH MARSH POINT 25 WILLAPA BAY -Oc-p" d4 AREA REMOVED 34 36 Cj REMAINING (@DIPAOMONO "IT 6 Hl E POINT 4 JENSEN POINT 10 12 7 is 18 16 'V4.S 22 WIL L A PA 19 20 21 29 30 27 28 HIGH POINT QMtARA POINT 34 ROUND ISLAND 0 32 PORTER POINT wi Qt d* Long Beoch le 17 The protection of tidal wetlands would appear to be of the highest priority in any effort to maintain a strong com- mercial fishery in Willapa Bay. The economic benefits derived from tidal wetlands are directly related to the free ebb and flow of the tide over these lands and the functioning of the processes dependent on these conditions which are inherent aspects of the estu- ary system. The economic value is indirect in that the ben- efits of the tidal wetland are not harvested or incurred on the site of their origin. This is a natural process which is basic to the broad value of the estuary as a food production system. This is a case where the natural state of the land provides the highest and best use of that land. Removal of tidal wetlands from the estuary system consist of a change.of use and deprives the public of the benefits realized and ex- pected from these wetlands. Past practicehas been to view tidal wetlands in terms of upland values. As a result they have been regarded as waste- land. Improvements have been considered to be anything that allowed the wetland to be put to upland use. However general awareness of the values of wetlands in their unaltered state has resulted in the development of policies and laws to pro- tect them. A certain amount of protection is intended in the following ordinances and laws: Pacific County Zoning Ordinance #41 Tidal wetlands are included in the Aquaculture use dis- trict in zoning ordinance #41. The maps indicate the upper limit of Aquaculture use districts to be the highest annual tide. However maps have been approved for only townships eleven through fifteen in range ten under the ordinance. Thus only the eastside of Willapa. Bay from Round Island (Baby Island) in the south to the North River flats is covered by the aquaculture use regulations. These regulations are repro- duced on page 18 . Conditional uses allow diking and fill- ing andother destructive modifications of the tidal marshes. A public hearing is required to make a conditional use. Pacific County Shorelines Master Program Tidal wetlands are defined in the shorelines master pro- gram in Section 2.49 as "those tidal marshes, tidal mudflats and other tidelands which are inundated by the normal extreme high tide (High Water Elevation) as defined in official tide tables. 1.4 Nearly all of the tidelands below M]iHW in the bay itself are included-in the conservancy environment. Much. of the ad: jacent shoreline is also in the conservancy environment. Uses which are permitted under the shorelines master program in areas of conservancy environment are as follows; 5.40 Agricultural and aquacultural uses are permitted on 6.40 conservancy shorelines provided that they do not in- volve major construction of other activities which sub- stantially change the character of the environment. It should be noted however that under policies in ag- ricultural uses it states that "The creation of add- itional agricultural lands by diking and filling of tidelands and tidal marshes shall be controlled by the permit system." and un(@er aquaculture policy "its the policy of this program to give a*high priority to 41, aquaculture whenever other uses come into conflict with or.threaten it". 7.40 Timberharvestingand any tree-felling, vegetation- removing, road building or other forest management operation is permitted anywhere on conservancy shore- 0- lines. Only notification is required. Forest manage- ment regulations apply. Culvert installation require- ments apply only to streams used by andromous fish. There are no limitations on placement of grade on tidelands. There is no protection of tidal marshes in this section. 0 8.40 Commercial uses are prohibited on conservancy shorelines except low intensity recreational development or ac- tivities which do not substantially change the char- acter of the environment. Permit is required. 10.40'.Mining operations which do not substantially change the character of the environment are permitted on conser- vancy shorelines. Permits are required. 11.40' Marinas shall be prohibited on conservancy shorelines. 12.40 Multifamily and single family residences are permitted on conservancy shorelines. No residential structure shall be closer than 100 feet from ordinary high water which is MHHIV in the master program. No parking fac- ilities permitted shoreward of upland side of a resi- dential structure. 13.4.0 Public roads and bridges are permitted. Permit required. Filling of tidelands or tidal marshes for road right of way permitted on conservancy shorelines. is 14.40 Utility systems are permitted on conservancy shorelines. 15.50 Deep-draft p orts or water-related*industries other than those covered in other sections shall be prohibited on conservancy shorelines 15.41 Log storage is permitted on conservancy shorelines 16.40 Shoreline works and structures such as bulkheads, 5 breakwaters, jetties groins, piers and dikes are per- mitted on conservancy shorelines . where they do notsubstantially change the character of that environ- ment and where they are a necessary part of a project which is clearly dependent on a location near or adja- cent to a body of water. 17.40 Dredging operations or landfills shall be prohibited on conservancy shorelines except where they do not sub- stantially change the character of the environment and where they are a necessary adjunct to a project which is clearly dependent on a location near or adjacent to a body of water. 18.10 Solid waste disposal sites are prohibited on conser- vancy shorelines. 20.40 Low intensity recreation uses are permitted on a con- servancy shoreline if they do not.change the character of the bcal environment... 22.14 Soil absorption systems (drain fields) shall be pro- hibited on conservancy shorelines closer than 100 feet from ordinary high water (MHHW this ordinance). Set- backs greater than 100 feet may be required in order -to adequately protect water supplies or waters used for-,,pr -dudn- 0 _g shellfish or seafoods. 0 Tidal wetlands which occur along the Willapa River and several smaller areas adjacent to Willapa Bay are classed as urban or ruralshorelines. No specific protection is offor- ded in these areas for tidelands One of the goals of the shoreline master program is stated to be; (3.70.01) Substantial effort must be made to preserve and/or restore areas of unusual natural productivity, such as shallow.waters, tidelands, marshes and swamps. 16 Section 404 PL 92-500 Under section 404 of public law 92-SOO the Corps of Engi- neers requires a permit for dikes, any impoundment structure, causeways or road fills, riprap, groins, seawalls, breakwaters and bulkheads, and fills. The most se'vere environmental impact covered by the guide- lines (sec. 404), from a national perspective, is the degra- dation of aquatic resources by filling operations in wetlands. The guidelines state--"the guiding principle should be that destruction of highly productive wetlands may represent an irreverseable loss of a valuable aquatic resource." The district Engineer determines if there should be-a public hearing on a permit application.. 17 PACIFIC COUNTY ZONING ORDINANCE #41 SECTION 8 AQUACULTURE USE DISTRICT (AQ) 8.01 INTENT: The purpose of this District is to assure continued development of the County's marine resources for food production and regulated outdoor recretional experiences. 8.02 PERMITTED USES: .01) Marine-life raising or production area, including all fish/shellfish culture, and activities incidental to said aquacultural practices. .02) Marine research and laboratory facilities, provided that said research and laboratory facilities are used exclusively for activities related to marine-life farming or enhancement. .03) Wildlife or marine-life sanctuary or preserve, including recreational activities compatible with said use, such as regulated fishing, clam digging, hunting, boating, hiking, and tent camping. .04) Pasturing of livestock, provided that no change is made in the natural characteristics or existing vegetation of the area used for pasture. 8.03 CONDITIONAL USES: .01) Exploratory drilling for natural mineral resorces. .02) All park and recreational developments not specified. .03) Public boat launches. .04) Dredge spoils disposal. Diking and/or filling. .05) Open construction docks, such as pilings or similar construcion, where not in conflict with navigation. 8.04 PROHIBITED USES: .01) All industrial uses not specified. .02) All commercial used not specified. .03) All residential uses not specified, including trailer parks and house boat communities .04) Woodwaste fills. .05) All public facilities not specified. 8.05 GENERAL PROVISIONS: The provisions of this Chapter shall apply provided that the right of navigation and corollary rights incidental thereto shall not be impaired. 18 PACIFIC COUNTY SHORELINES MASTER PROGRAM SECTION 24-TIDAL WETLANDS OF WILLAPA BAY POLICIES 24.01 The protection of existing tidal wetlands, as defined in provision 2.49, from developments or uses which would change their natural character is thought to be essential to maintaining the marine productivity of the Willapa Bay estuary and neighboring ocean waters. Such protection is thought to be necessary for a healthly economy in Pacific County through the maintenance and growth of a thriving seafood industry as well as for providing of wildlife, and esthetic values, to the public at large. 24.02 The protection of existing tidal wetlands, while providing the public benefits described in provision 24.01, may under some public benefits described in provision 24.01, may under some circumstances limit uses of the wetland which would provide a greater return to the landowner. Also, variations in the elevation, vegetation, location and other natural characteristics of tidal wetlands may result in variations in their value relative to providing those public benefits. Therefore, there should be a balancing of the relative benefits and costs to the public and the landowner of modifying tidal wetlands. 24.03 The public, private and environmental considerations given in provisions 24.01 and 24.02 cannot be resolved for the Willapa Bay estuary on the basis of existing information. Study of the relevant biological, physical, economic and social factors should be carried out prior to establishing permanent policies and regulations relating to permitted uses of tidal wetlands. While these studies are being made, it is necessary to protect the existing character of the tidal wetlands so that a decision can be made in the future on how they should best be used. The study period would also allow public action to be taken to acquire property rights in tidal wetland areas using federal monies, such as those appropriated for acquiring estuarine sanctuaries under Section 312 of the Coastal Zone Manage- ment Act of 1972, and state monies as they become available 24.04 In view of provisions 24.01, 24.02 and 24.03, there should be a moratorium on diking and/or filling of tidal wetlands for a period long enough to allow the policies of those provisions carried out. REGULATIONS 24.20 There shall be a moratorium until July 7, 1976, on all diking and/or filling of undiked tidal wetlands which have not previously been used as disposal areas for dredge spoils. 24.21 By the end of the moratorium period, this section shall be amended or completely replaced by action of the BOARD and approval of the Department of Ecology according to the procedures prescribed in the Act and in light of the circumstances existing at that time. 19 Evaluation of,existing protection of wetlands Tidal wetlands have been. removed from the estuary system in the past by diking and filling to "create agricultural land", diking and disposal of dredge spoils, deposition of dredge spoils, placement of grades for roads and various other shorelines structures. One of the basic intents of the Shore- lines management legislation was to protect wetlands through recognition of their value as an aquatic resource. The Pacific County Shorelines Master Program reflects this intent in a num- ber of policy statements which occur throughout the program. However every practice which has in the past been the.means of destruction of tidal wetlands in Willapa Bay is still allowed under the Pacific County Shorelines Master Program in the des- ignated areas where these wetlands occur. All apparent pro- hibitions are qualified with the phrase "except where they do 0 not substantially change the character of the environment". Since the terms of this disclaimer are not defined in the program they are likely to be of little value in prohibitions. The basic intent of the legislation and the policy statements of the local program were to recognize the high public value of wetlands. The regulations do not reflect this intent in 0 their present form, and in fact contradict the intent and policies. The Pacific County Shoreline.s Master Program provides little protection for the tidal wetlands in Willapa Bay. The Pacific County zoning ordinance addresses tidal wet- lands under the. aquaculture use district section. Maps indi- cating this designation have been prepared and adopted for only about one half of the perimeter of Willapa Bay. Areas for which maps designating Aquaculture use district boundaries 0 have not been.adopted have no protection under the zoning ordinance. In those areas where maps have been adopted diking and filling and dredge spoil disposal is allowed as a condi- tional use in the aquaculture use district. Conditional use permits are granted by the board of adjustment. Notice of public hearings for conditional use permits are required to 0 be sent only to adjacent property owners. It is not possibleto evaluate the federal permit system governing the activities in tidal wetlands since it has only recently been announced. However the fact that public hearings are not required and that general permits have been prepared Z> 0 for other 404 permit areas suggests that additional protection for tidal wetland areas'will not be forthcoming from this pro- gram. The administrative agency is the corps of engineers which has been responsible for much of the wetland filling in the northern portion of Willapa Bay,under their navigational improvement projects. 20 WATER TABLE OF CONTENTS Water'Quality Willapa Bay ------------------------------------ 21 Drainage Area ------------------------------------------------ 23 Forestry ------------------------------------------------ 23 Agriculture --------------------------------------------- 23 Population Concentrations ------------------------------- 23 Dumps --------------------------------------------------- 23 Industrial ---------------------------------------------- 24 Highways ------------------------------------------------ 24 North Cove - Grayland ------------------------------------- 24 Tokeland Kindred Slough -------------------------------- 24 Cedar River --------------------------------------------- 24 North River Smith Creek ------------------------------- 26 Willapa River - Willapa Flats --------------------------- 26 Palix - Niawiakum Bone River -------------------------- 26 Nemah River ------------------------- ---------------- 26 Naselle River ------------------------------------------- 27 Bear River ---------------------------------------------- 27 0 Parker Slough ------------------------------------------- 27 Long Beach Peninsula ------------------------------------ 27 Southern Peninsula --------------------------------- 27 Freshwater Lake - Bayshore Area -------------------- 29 Nahcotta - Skating Lake Pauls.Lake Bayshore Area ------------------------- 29 Oysterville Bayshore Area ------------------------ 29 Goulters Slough Stackpole Slough ------------------ 29 Stream Runoff ------------------------------------------ ----- 31. Water Transportation and Storage of Logs --------------------- 33 Sedimentation ------------------------------------------------ 34 Chemicals ---------------------------------------------------- 37 Herbicides ----------------------------------------------- 37 Insecticides and Fungacides ----------------------------- 39 Sanitizers and Purifiers -------------------------------- 40 Fertilizer ---------------------------------------------- 40 Controls on Chemical Useage ---------------------------------- 41 Re.quired Application of Pesticides -------------------------- 41- Records of Chemicals in Bay --------------------------------- 44 Marine Flow ------------------------------------------------- 46 Standards and Regulations ------------------------------------- 46 Water Quality Standards (Extract) ------------- ---------------- 48 Point Sources ---- --------------------------------------- 48 Municipal Wastes ---------------------------------------- so Industrial Wastes --------------------------------------- so Nonpoint Sources ----------------------------------------- so Water Quality Planning -------------------------------------- 55 Current Evaluation of Water Quality -------------------------- 61 FIGURES 1. North Cove Tokeland Drainage ------------------------- 25 2. Long Beach Peninsula Drainage -------------------------- 28 3. Willapa Bay Drainage ------------------------------------ 30 4. Willapa Bay Drainage, Runoff and Stream Flows ---------- 32 S. Splash Dam -------------------------------------- Follows 33 6. Splash Dam open -------------------------------- Follows 33 7. Log transportation in small streams ------------ Follows 33 8. Log jam ---------------------------------------- Follows 33 9. Log Storage, Willapa River --------------------- Follows 33 .10. Willapa Bay, Erosion and new marsh ------------- Follows 35. 11. Clear-Cut Logging Pacific County ---------------- Follows 35 12. Forest Stand-Size and Condition Class Pacific County -------7 -------------------- Follows 35 13. Productive Oysterlands lost to Sedimentation ----------- 36 14. Stream Segment Designations, Willapa Bay Drainage ----------------------------------- S4 TABLES 1. Drainage Runoff Estimates ---------------------------- 31 2. Herbicides ------------------------------------------- 38' 3. Insecticides ----------------------------------------- 39 4. Fungacides ------------------------------------------- 39 S. Chemical Useage Controls ------------------------------ 42 6. DDT Occurences Willapa Bay --------------------------- 45 7. Summary of Water Quality Criteria -------------------- 49 8. Nonpoint Source Categories ---------------------------- 51 9. Institutional and Sewerage Water Pollution Problem Areas --------- -------------------- 56 0 10. Other Water Pollution Problem Areas ------------------ 58 WATE R Water Quality Willapa Bay In the undisturbed natural state the waters of an estuary such as Willapa Bay, are a mixture of the fresh water flowing from its tributary streams and those of the sea entering as the tide. There is a large variety of salts in this mixture of waters. Some in relatively high concentrations but most in very low to trace amounts. These salts have their origi n in the solution of erosional products of the land and the chemical and biological processes carried on in the water or on the lands it periodically-covers. The biological processes produce wastes from plant and animal metabolism which become an integral part of the water. All of the plants and animals which occupy the estuary throughout their life history die and produce waste which in turn become part of the food chain and adds through their decomposition more compounds in the form of soluble salts or gases to the estuary waters. Gases in estuary waters include; carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and oxy- gen. Oxygen plus other gases from the air may become a part of the water through surface agitation and turbulence.-. A' fundamental. element of these waters is the microorganisms the bacteria.,algae and..single celled animals which combine and con- vert the many c'ompounds of the estuary waters into living matter 41 and more compounds. Because of their small size, usually poor-cap- abilities of locomotion and direct relationship to the chemical constituents of the estuary waters, they must be considered to be a part of the water itself. The water of the estuary is thus, in actually,not only a complex solution of chemicals but more accurately a living system. It is almost impossible to consider only the chemical aspects of estuarine 40 waters. The living elements are too much a functional part of these brakish waters. The energy which maintains this system is derived'from the sun, (photosynthesis and heat), tides and winds. Physical characteristics of the waters of an estuary may vary in easily measureable ways such as temperature, salinity, acidity and clarity. Currents, winds, tides and other hydrologic factors supply movement of the waters to allow mixing and disbursement of the -constituent-5 of the waters. 21 In the natural state seasonal differences of weather, tidal cycles, various geological processes and.other natural events produce var- iations in the characteristics of estuary waters, both chemical and biological. Change is thus another characteristic of these waters as well as the ability of the system to adjust. The waters of the estuary act as a living media which pro- duces and transports nutrients and treats the natural wastes which enter or are produced by the system. Although the physical, chemi- cal, and biological attributes of the system vary considerably there are linits to these variations beyound which the system no longer performs its usual functions. Under these conditions the system becomes another type of system or if the conditions which caused the initial upset return to normal the system will eventually re- establish itself. These recoveries may be long term processes dependent on the nature of the causitive event. These disruptions may be natural from short or long term geologic or climatic changes or may be a result of the activities of man. 22 Drainage Areas The tributaries which enter Willapa Bay drain an area of a little over 900 'square miles. Most of this area is within Pacific County, however a large portion of the drainage of North River is in Grays Harbor County and a small part in Lewis County. The Naselle River drains a small area in Wahkiakum County. (See Figure 4 ) Not all of Pacific County is drained by the tributaries of hTillapa Bay. The coastal areas drain to the ocean. Grays River and Deep River tributaries of the Columbia, drain the.southeastern portion of the county and east central portion of the county is drained by the Chehalis River. Three major stream drainages enter Willapa Bay. These are the North River (including Smith Creek), Willapa River and the Naselle River. Lesser streams entering Willapa Bay are; Cedar River, Bone River, Niawl.akum River, Palix River, Nemah River and Bear River. The peninsula and north coast area drain into the bay by means of a number of ditches and small streams. Details of the drainage of the Long Beach Peninsula and the North Cove - Tokeland area are shown in figures 1 and 2 The various activities in the uplands drained by the tributaries of Willapa Bay effect the character of the Bay, 40 its waters, bottom and shoreline and even the circulation within the bay. Aspects of the major activities which may potentially effect the character of the bay are as follows: FORESTRY Siltation from road building and clearcutting Spraying to remove unwanted broadleaf vegetation Fertilizer application to promote growth of young trees 'Log storage in or adjaecent to the water. AGRICULTURE 40 Cattle and dairying Spraying for noxio.us weeds Animal waste concentration Cranberries Spraying Flow control in ditches POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS Treated and untreated domestic waste Storm runoff modification DUMPS Leachate production 23 INDUSTRIAL Water quality degradation HIGHWAYS Roadside spraying to remove unwanted vegetation Flow modification in streams and marshes by grades and structures Sedimentation from maintenance and construction Some of thes e activities, such as forestry occur in most of the drainage sub-basins to Willapa Bay while others, such as population concent 'rations or cranberry bogs are localized. The net effect that one drainage may be expected to have on .the bay may be quite different than that of another. In order to anticipate what and where these effects may occur it is helpful to attempt to characterize each of the sub- drainages in terms of the upland activities peculiar to it. North Cove-Grayland Most of the area, about four thousand four hundred acres behind the dunes in the north beach area., forms a single drainage basin. It is included in drainage district number one and is highly modified by ditches. Outfall from this area enters the bay by means of a ditch emptying into North Cove. The drainage area has a rather well disbursed population of about four hundred. Most of the area is occupied by cranberry bogs which represent the major activity. There is a small amount of forestry along the eastern boundary of the sub-basin. An open dump occupies a small branch drainage near the mouth of the main ditch. There are 16.1 miles of improved state and county roads in the area. 40 Tokeland-Kindred Slough Kindred Slough and Teal Slough drain an area of three thousand one hundred and fifty acres east and north of Tokeland. The lower drainage has been diked to produce a considerable area 0 of pasture land. There is a small amount of forest land in the northern part of the basin. A population of about 200 is concentrated in the Tokeland area. There is a fish and crab processing plant in Tokeland. There are 5.5 miles of improved state.and county roads in the area. OR Cedar River Cedar River drains an area of eight thousand andi! fifty acres on the north side of Willapa Bay. The area is primarily forest land with some pasture land. There are less than ten people living in the drainage and the only improved road is that which crosses the mouth of the river. 24 qu 4 ROVER CEDAR w 0 a . IFI 0 7@,- L m r--iFn (D 0. %% NORTH % COYE % It I% NORTH COVE - TOKELAND ORAINAGE. SEE LONG SEAGA PENINSULA LEGEND 104E W I L L A P A BAY North River Smith Creek Smith Creek enters Willapa Bay at the mouth of North River so that their drainage areas are considered here as a single sub-basin to Willapa Bay. This large east-west oriented basin includes a little more than two hundred thousand acres. Forest land accounts for the bulk of the area. A population of about 350 is widely dispersed along the upper North River drainage. A small amount of pasture land is present. There is an open dump high in the North River drainage. About 52 miles of state and county improved road are present in the eastern portion of the drainage. Willapa River - Willapa Flats The Willapa River drains an area of about one hundred sixty five thousand acres. It has a high concentraion of population in its lower reaches. Most of the 8000 people in the drainage are concentrated in the South Bend - Raymond area with lesser concentrations up river. About sixty percent of these people are served by three sewage treatment plants located low in the drainage. There is an open dump located low in the drainage and a number of wood processing and seafood processing plants. There is a significant amount of forest and pasture land in the drainage area. Much of the pasture land is diked tideland. One hundred and sixteen miles of improved state and county road serve the area outside the cities. Palix-Niawiakum-Bone Rivers These three small drainages 'include thirty three thousand acres of primarily forest land. The Palix River drainage is the largest. All have their mouths in close proximity. A population of about 450 is concentrated in the Bay Center area. Pasture land has been developed on the Bay-Center peninsula from diked tideland. Seafood processing plants are located low in the drainage area. Twenty three miles of improved state and county roads serve the area. Nemah River Forest land makes up the majority of the thirty thousand acres included in the Nemah River drainage. Pasture land is located along the North Nemah River as well as a dispersed population of about 100. A seafood processing plant is locat"ed low in the drainage basin. Sixteen miles of state and county improved roads serve the area. 26 Naselle River As in the adjacent Nemah River drainage, forest land makes N up the bulk of the eighty thousand acres of the Naselle River Drainage. There is also a significant amount of pasture land, most of which is derived from diked tideland in the lower drainage. The population of a little over one thousand is concentrat,ed in the area of the town of Naselle. A small sewage treatment plant serves an institution west of the town. An open dump is located low in the drainage. Fifty two miles of improved state and county roads serve the area. Bear River This small drainage including fourteen thousand acres is almost entirely forest land. Fewer, than 10 person live in the area and three miles of state and county improved road pass through the lower drainage area. Parker Slough Parker slough drains about two thousand acres in the south end of Willapa Bay. The area is equally divided between forest land and agricultural land. The agricultural land consists of pasture and growing areas for migratory bird feed and largely occupies diked tidelands. Less that 50 people live in the area. Long Beach Peninsula The natural drainage of the Long Beach Peninsula is controlled by a series of long north-south oriented stabilized dunes. The gradients involved are low and lakes are a common feature of the many depression areas. This natural drainage has been highly modified by artificial drainage elements which has accelerated the drainage rates and interconnected many of the natural drainage ar&as. Figure 2 shows the nature of this artificial system and the outlets, both natural and artificialP to Willapa Bay. A series of highly modified drainages are thus recognized along the east side of the Long Beach Peninsula and are described below: Southern Peninsula An area of sixty six hundred acres at the south end of the peninsula drains into Willapa Bay by means of Tarlatt Slough but some may be alternately drained by way of Giles Slough or an outfall ditch in between them by manipulation of various gates in the drainage system. This area-includes much of Drainage District Three. It is primarily cranberry bogs. There is a significant amount of housing in the area. The sewage treatment plant for Long Beach outfalls in this drainage and thus the effective population is about twelve 27 P A C I F I C 0 C E A N ------------------- 1 Tir ii, mt T-.. ------------------- A V 'Tj FJ. 00 P A F1 -------------------- Mg ........... L----------- inn ------------ ---------------- -------------- W IL L A P A .8 A Y hundred even though some of the housing involved is not actually located within the drainage area. About seventy five percent of the population in the area is served by this sewage treatment plant. There is an open dump low in the drainage. The area is served by twenty miles of state and county improved roads outside the urbanized area. Freshwater Lake and Bayshore Area This small drainage of twelve hundred acres includes a minor amount of cranberry bogs and a population of about 150. It enters the bay by means of Freshwater Creek,- a ditch and several small streams. Four miles of improved state and county roads traverse the area. Nahcotta-Skating Lake-Pauls Lake-Bayshore area This is primarily an area of dispersed housing with the exception of Nahcotta. A population of about 1000 resides in the area. A minor amount of cranberry bogs occurs and several seafood processing plants are located at the edge of the bay. The area includes thirty two hundred acres. Seven miles of state and county improved roads serve the area. Oysterville-Bayshore area Most of the nine hundred acres of this drainage has no well defined entrance to the bay. In the northern portion a seyies of-ditches drains directly to the bay. The area is one of dispersed housing including about 200 persons. Three and one half miles of state and county improved roads serve the area. Goulters Slough-Stackpole Slough There is very little housing or other activity in the twenty five hundred acres of this drainage. However the westerly.portion has been heavily modified by drainage ditches emptying just north of Goulters Slough. There is no improved road in the area. 29 NORT IVER SUIT EK A 03 LL R ALIX Li R ER oftcr --co", EMA RIVER LL WILLAPA BAY -,N SE@ C E IVER DRAINAGE at "x -'-11144GE AREA RIV S"7ARE4 BOUNDARY a uns'. W/l, A6*tCULTUpr 'OPEN OUAAP 0 CLOS 'D ED DUMP A OMCSTlC WASTE PLANT INDUS lAt W,STj OUYI@ALLS FigUre 30 Stream Runoff Runoff from an area is a function of precipitation, topography, soil characteristics, ground water recharge areas, and vegetation. Stream flows from the various drainage basins are measured by gaging stations. However only a few streams in Pacific'County have such stations and none of the drainage basins has all the stream flows measured. Runoff in inches per year has been determined and is pre- sented in figure 4. Estimates of the total stream flow from a given basin may be made by refering to the available stream flow data and Z estimating the remainder of the flow from the area by comparing the additional area involvedl its topography and runoff characteristics. Such estimates along with the total relief within the basin are pre- sented in table 1. The runoff is also graphically presented in fig- ure 4 by the relative size of the arrows depicting the outflow to the bay. The total stream runoff to Willapa Bay is thus estimated to be about 3,OOD,000 arce feet per year. These are rough figures but serve to give an idea of the relative effect each of these drain- age areas may have on Willapa Bay. TABLE 1 DRAINAGE RUNOFF ESTIMATES Drainage Relief Estimated acre ft/yr in feet runoff to Willapa Bay North Cove 300 14,000 Kindred Slough 390 10,000 Cedar River 480 37,000 North River-Smith Cr. 2200 1,000,000 Willapa River 2600 800,000 Bone River 365 Niawiak-um. River 350 16S,000 Palix River 1080 Nemah River 1950 200,000 Naselle River 2600 600,000 Bear River 1620 85,000 Parker Slouah .350 10,000 Long Beach Peninsula 72 60,000 31 40 14-RIVER- SMITF CREEK CEDAR NOR V\ 160 WILLAPA P -AQ IL) too NE AH 120 WILLAPA BAY It DRAINAGE DRAINAGE AREA BOUNDARY -10 --60-- RUNOFF IN INCHES PER YEAR --- 80 ANNUAL STREAM FLOW TO WILLAPA BAY 60 Figure 4 \ @'60 @ \-'O WILLAPA I 32 Water Transportation and Storage of Logs The tributaries of Willapa @ay and the Bay itself were used in the past as means of transportation and storage of logs. Smaller streams were used as conduits for the movement of logs. Flows in streams both large and small were augmented with the use of the splash dam. A head of water was allowed to develop behind these dams then large sections of the dam,, sometimes the whole structure were opened to release the water and logs stored behind the dam into the'stream bed. At the mouths of the tributary streams booming grounds were developed to sort the logs and organize them into rafts to be towed to areas near the mills. Storage in sloughs and along the channels of the larger streams was a common practice until recently. Very little log transportation and storage in water is carried on today. The photographs on the following pages illustrate some of these early practices in Pacific County. Log jams have resulted from the use of streams as transportation systems as well as from the collection of logging debris. Sli des, blowdowns and other natural events also produce concentrations of debris. A recent inventory of the tributaries of Willapa Bay by the Department of Fisheries found 8 dams, 6 of which were barriers to salmon and 88 long jams, 15 of which were barriers to salmon. N atural stream barriers, such as falls and beaver dams are also identified in the inventory (see WDF, "A Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization" Vol. 2) Drainage No. Log Jams Barriers No. Dams Barriers N. River-Smith Cr. 33 1 1 1 Willapa River 13 2 4 3 Palix, Niawiakum Bone 3 1 0 0 Nemah River 17 3 1 1 Naselle River 18 5 2 1 Bear River 4 3 0 0 Total 88 is 8 6 33 Im A ""'N "'mvxg@ 16 MR. W." @@" .1, 'nf 'g@\M\ 1\\ IRI\ R A'l M :R1111 i C'MIRM RVINNI @g RRIM ggr IA x,"w"N A- ...... I . .. gp .......... .. @2 e RE" A, a WE\ RIN 0, 01 V- 'I"EVIaw.".. -4 X w .0 x mm rum a-WiR. 4@ RMFM 17 U. IN -A - - P R NO, ul I @@R .g EPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NANO" WA -4 10 J" A :"o @C btN I%, N!.`R:@t"@':"@'-@'I a'li 2RLI. A. v b- A@'\ @xo'k WE, @0 nt 'k 4@i @A; it $ 14' A v, 6 &K A '�'\N A yt. 1, r @"-A k, .I . @ .. . @@@@ .16 1 I,@@,I@.',.,@W"";, - -- [email protected] @MI-I-..., 0.1 7 1 @@ @@-Ii .., @@@,,@.,t@,_- @ ... 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NA W@ -NN, N u 4 ,VN I,, , 6 1,\,"\@\ "%" I " @@ai,@,:N`,I' o, " @,@ %N 'g I IN 94 PRION"'v" k " N P', 'A I ",V" [email protected] 1@ & @,NOIIN, , V " "N' P "0 A, W J, y 'v"WW, %0 j", oc 46, IF @0, 0 Sedimentation Large quantities of sediment enter Willapa Bay.and are de- posited there. The major source of the sediments is from the 0 erosion ofuplands. These sediments are transported to the bay by the various tributary streams which empty into the bay. Other sources include the erosion of the shores of the bay it- self, bay disposal of dredge spoils, and suspended loads brought 0 in from the ocean. Erosion of the shores of the bay is pri- marily a result of wave action and is localized in are as exposed to long fetches of winter and summer wind generated waves. Some erosion results from changes in channel alignment. Ocean 0 sediments are derived from the plume of sediment leaving the mouth of the Columbia River and Grays Harbor and from the season- al coastal transport of sand. Figurelo illustrates the location of the more significant areas of erosion in the bay. One of 0 the primary sources of sediment from the upland is logging, r.oad construction, the transportation of logs and clearcuttifta which expose large areas of soil to erosion. Figurell illustrates the area clearcut between 1950 and 1974., Much of the drain- 0 age area of the bay has been clearcut in the last 25 years as shown in fi.gurell.. Figure12 illustrates the-available saw log resource as of 1950. Comparison of figurel '1 and figure12 indi- cates that most of the area of saw-log timber available in 1950 has subsequently been cut. The removal of the flood plains in the lower reaches of the drainage areas by diking and filling also removes the natural depositional area for sediments carried by the streams during high runoff periods. The extent of diking ahd filling of flood plain areas is described and illustrated elsewhere in the dis- cussion of tidelands. A high percentage-of the flood plain in 0 the lower reaches of the Willapa River has been removed. As a result sediment formerly deposited in the flood plain area is now carried on to the bay. 0 The deposition of sediment in the bay is a natural phenomenon. However when excessive amounts enter the system changes in the character of the bay occur. Tidelands are raised to a level which will not allow the culture of oysters (see oysterlands 0 34 section), the toxture of the bottom may change and the hyrology of the bay must shift to accomodate a new set of condit.ions. Accumulation of sediment results in faunal and floral changes with the loss of the existing orgainisms. As the elevation of the bottom is raised sufficiently intertidal plants pioneer the area developing new grasslands as the process continues (see figure 10. Suspended sediment requh:es filter feeders, such as oysters, to expend significant portions of their energy expelling the silt particles and thus impair.s growth rates. Considering only the northern portion of Wi.llapa Bay, over two thousand acres of productive oysterland was lost due to sedimentation in the period 1959-1970 (see oysterlands section). Figure I-3identifies the specific areas lost during that period. Where landmarks are available in the outer Stony Point area, there has been an elevation increase of 16 inches in the beds. The deposition of sediment in the tributaries of Willapa Bay has destroyed many spawning areas for salmon. The fine sediment prevents the necessary aeriation. of the eggs while they are incubating. 40 35 G Q0 -7 m so lab X61. J.t Copa gp.wmlw "WAS P@ 410, o T Tok* Pf p Pt 0 0 v3p Pt 36 ND t,wdb*tlw Pt EROSION 31 Pt Ba c4m 12 NEW HIGH At MARSH C, at Z3 to z, 33 T t Lckg III- Loki, a I rth 24 21 a Nahca"o f--V-O"d Park 39 333 1p, Jeosen P4 CIO 4- o Jog Lm tslaw :r Lak*22 'p, END go, @T H.; Pt as IS F 'T1 F IS omea'a Pt c: 32 35 so 54 3 m war t P0,to, It Pacif Vier Po,ni c pa clear L 0 VIA -NASELILE c@ LO NG BEACH 6 it 13 24 10 12 ALI -7 4 Aw JIM CLEAR-CUT LOGGING PACIFIC COUNTY AM 1950-1974 EARUER by J A Shol-11 + FIGURE 11 FOREST STAND-SIZE AND CONDITION CLASSES PACIFIC COUNTY, WASHINGTON 1950 "A. Eli ,4pA WILL Z= 4, _;f4 411 -RE TE:f Oy9te Lco 4:i4- 7.,., LL N. LEGEND Long 3ea Old nonstocked cutovers and burns Saw-timber starids 77: Pofe-timber, seedling Noncornmercicl area Iwoc* and sapling stands Recent clear-cut arealF, Montorest (and nonstocked z 1 0 10 MILES Meow 5 C A L E - FIGURE 12 7 d'J @`T N 30 1@ 114 rf 4/6' r Y, a Toke P 70erond R-24JI 1, 07f, 0 Ov @p T_ W _Y1 ED., I jz Ti 1 34 IX-7 I k. . J7 T Cl, N LeadWile, PI :j _4@ \1 r to i 34 Location of Productive Oysterlands lost to Sedimentation in Northern Willapa Bay botween 19,159 an@; 1970 Figure 13 36 7 Chemicals Many activities adjacent to Willapa Bay involve the use of chemicals. These chemicals may be sprays used as Herbicides, Insecticides and Fungacides, or chemicals used in processing and sanitation 'operations or chemical fertilizers. The effect these chemicals have on the character of the waters of the bay depends on the toxicity of the chemical, its access to the streams draining into the bay, the longivity of its effective- ness, the amounts used and the care used in their handling. Chemicals are employed as an economic benefit to the user) except in sanitation. Their use appears as the cheapest way to control weeds, brush, pests, plant diseases etc.. However their effects, if not confined to the area where they are ap- plied often results in an economic loss to other activities. A bay is particularly susceptible to such loss because it is the recieving water for stream drainages and waste outfalls and the basic elements of the food chain are particularly sensitive to most toxicants at very low concentrations. Chemical useage in the drainage to Willapa Bay is as follows: Herbicides Weed and brush control are the major uses of herbicides. The largest volume of chemicals used are herbicides because of the large areas involved. They are used in noxious weed control on agricultural land, weed control in cranberry farms, brush control 0 in forestry, right of way clearing and maintenance along county and state roads and power lines, and by house holders. Since they are most effective during growing periods the bulk of the herbicides are applied in spring and early summer. Table 2 out- lines the specific forms applied. 37 TABLE 2 HERBICIDES C-h.emical Use User Rate Time Amitrol BK64 mix Brush Killer Forestry .5 gal / Acre Apr-June .75 gal 2)4,D mix Brush Killer Bonneville Banvel, Tansy Ragwort Noxious weed 41b./Acre May-June 2,4,D M'X Brush Killer County Roads May-June Z, 4 -,S T Brush Killer Otate Highway Mar-June Sept. Tansy Ragwort Noxious Weeds 41b./Acre May-June Brush Killer Forestry 41b./Acre Apr-June 2,4,D Weed Control Cranberry 41b./Acre Nov-Dec Tansy Ragwort Noxious Weeds 31b./Acre Apr-May CIPC Weed Control Cranberry Dalapon Weed Control Cranberry 1-8lb/Acre Nov-Jan Evitan Weed Control Cranberry LV4 Tansy Ragwort Forestry Apr-June Trinoyal Dormant Spray Forestry .5 gal Acre Feb-Mar Diesel 9.5 gal Ureabor Bonneville 38 Insecticides and Fungacides Insecticides and fungacides are used for pest and disease control. Ordinarily they are used only when there are symptoms of infestation and then in only limited areas. Their use is outlined in the follow- ing tables: TABLE 3 Insecticides Chemical Use User Rate Time Guthion worm & scale control Cranberry 2 lb./Acte May-June & mid July Malathion worm & scale control Cranberry 3 pt./Acre May-June @ mid July Parathion worm & scale control Cranberry 11/2 Pt/Acre May-June & mid July Seven shrimp worm Oystermen 10 lb/Acre July TABLE 4 Fungacides chemical Use User Rate Time Captan Blight and Rot Cranberry 6 lb./Acrea April and August Diathane Blight and Rot Cranberry 4 lb./Acre April and August Malachite Fungus Fish Hatch- Sept-Nov green eries Wescodine Fungus Fish Hatch- September. eries 39 Sanitizers and Purifiers. Strong oxidizing agents are used in a number of applica- tions. Chlorine is the most common. Water treatment and sewage treatment plants use large amounts of chlorine in water purifi- cation. Food processors use chlorinated water in plant sanitation and in the production of ice. Fishermen use chlorine and other cleaning agents in the removal of marine growth from fish gear and boats. Nearly all of these uses dipose of their waste directly into the lower drainages to the bay. Fertilizer Chemical fertilizers are used extensively in reforestation. 40 Controls on Chemical Useage The handling and application of chemicals is under the con- trol of the state department of agriculture thru the noxious weeds control act (RCW 17.10), the Pesticides Control Act (RCW 15.58), and the Pesticides Application Act (RCW 17.21). Regulations pro- mugated under these acts provide the specific rules for handling and application of chemicals. The Forest Practices Act (RCW 76.09) and Forest Insect and Disease Control Act (RCW 76.06) supply the basis for regulations developed by the Department of Natural Re- sources governing the handling and application of pesticides in forestry. Local controls are provided in the Pacific County Shore)ine Master Program. The level of controls varies considerably in the different useages. These levels consist of no control in useage, notifica- tion of intent to use, permits, supervisidn and licenses. Table 6 outlines the controls for the application of pesticides. There are no controls governing the amount of area.or total galo.nage of pesticides applied. The existing controls govern only the manner ILI in which the chemicals are handle 'd and applied. There is no mono- toring-of effects. Only the application of seven by oystermen has. supervision b_y a regulatory agency during the actual application. Required Application of Pesticides 41 The control of pest or weeds may be required under the Forest Insect and Disease Control Act or the Noxious Weed Control Act. The Forest Insect and Disease Control Act is admin istered by the Departmento'[email protected] Resources. The Noxious Weed Control Act is administered by a local board. The members of the board are appoint- ed by the County Commissioners. 41 0 It 10 @O C@ 0 0 0 Op 0 (n ::@ - w .,-t $= (D rt (D 0 @L f-. (A @-I 0 V) H n 0 F1 rt PV z (D r+ 0 @J @z F@ (D r+ 0 t-a 1-1 @-h (A Ln aq @-h (D (D (D 0 V) F-h (D + wner pplicati License Require n r+ --4 Commercial Appl H. 1-4 x >4 Licenses Requir 0 Notification to x @gency INotification by Publication x Permit Required x Agency Supervis Required The county noxious weed control board has authority to: 1. Name the noxious weeds (RCW 17.10.090) 2. Adopt rules and regulation (RCW 17.10.060) 3. Require land owners to control noxious weed (RCW 17.10.140) 4. Enter on property to inspect and take specimens without the consent of the owner (RCW 17.10.160) S. Remove noxious weeds at the expense of the owner (RCIV 17.10.170) 6. Place liens on property for the expense of weed removal (RCW 17. 10.170) 7. Quarentine infested'lands and deny the owner access or use of the land (RCIV 17.10.210) 8. Prosecute the owner if he resists weed board entry or fails to control noxious weeds. (RCIV 17.10.230) 9. Use county funds for operation of the program (RCTV 17.10.240) 43 Record of Chemicals in Bay In the period of 1965-1972 the EPA carried out studies on the occurence of organochlorine compound residues in fish, wildlife and. estuaries. The results of these studies were published by Phillip Butler in the Pesticides Monitoring Journal (Vol. 6 No. 4, 1973, pp 238-362). Samples urer.e taken in Willapa Bay at Stackpole, Olson Slough (Tarlatt Slough) the channel of the Bear River, the mouths of Naselle, Nemah and Willapa Rivers and off-Stony Point. Each sample consisted of 15 oysters from each site. Butler found in laboratory experiments that: "Oysters detect DDT in the ambient water supply at levels as low as 10 parts per trillion. By the process of biomagnificationY residues of DDT as high as 25 ppm accumulate in oyster tissues within 96 hours at a level of environmental contamination on only 1.0 ppb. Oysters tolerate tissue residues of DDT at least as-high as 150 ppm without apparent ill effect provided residues are accumulated slowly. However, as little as 0.1 -,)pm of DDT in the oyster's water supply terminates feeding activities and at summer water temperatures (31'C) will cause death." Butler also found that: "Organchlorine residues are flushed rapidly from molluscan tissues when the water supply is no lonaer contaminated. In one experimental series, for example, DDT residues of about 25 ppb in oysters and soft clams, Mya arenaria, 'diminished 50-90% after a week of flushing in clean water. Consequently it is possible to learn much about the periodicity of organochlorine pollution in estuaries from samples of sedentary species collected at appropriately brief intervals." Samples were taken in Willapa Bay from 1965-1968. At that time sampling was terminated because detectable DDT residues were no longer found in most samples. Monthly samples were. taken in Willapa Bay and totaled 261 for the period involved Over.seven hundred-determinations were run on these samples. DDT residues, the metabolites DDE and TDE and Dieldrin were found in Willapa Bay Samples. Butler commented that: "The large percentage of the parent compound DDT in resi- dues from Washington mollushs does imply a direct contamin- ation of the esturarine environment, perhaps for insect control. But in*general, the percentage distribution of DDT metabolites in these samples revealed little about the 44 k'nietics of DDT in the estuary." Table 5 summarizes the occurences in Willapa Bay.- Site Percent of Distribution of Pos'itive results N total sam- Sppb or 10ppb or Both DDT & Metabolites ples greater greater present (percent) (percent) (percent), Stackpole 15 19 14 9 Tarlatt 10 23 52 45 Bear River is 8 5 9 Naselle R. is 1 5 0 Nemah R. is. 7 10 18 Stony Point ls@ 24 29 Willapa R. is 18 14 18 Only 9% of the total determinations produced positive results. The highest concentration of DDT (1SO ppb) was recorded at Stony Point, August, 1967. A high concentration (120 ppb) of Dieldrin was re- corded at the mouth of the Naselle River in July of 1968. No other positive records of Dieldrin were noted. Although positive deter- minations were made in all months the higher frequencies were in March through July. No samples were taken in the spring of 1966 off Tarlatt Slough. The highest occurences"in all categories was at Tarlatt Sloucrh-. This coupled with the fact that fewer samples were taken there indicates that the source probably was from the drain- ages empting into the bay in that area (see drainage maps). Stack- pole and the site off Stony Point also show significant occurences. The frequency of positive results dropped off significantly after 1966 when there were 21 samples with one or more of the organo- chlorine compounds present. In 1967 and 1968 there were 7 and 6 positive samples respectively. The occurences .suaaest that the cranberry bogs might be the source of the contamination recorded if the source is from the south bay areas. However the experiment station indicated that their records show no DDT in use after 1966. Ocean Spray Company at Markam believe that all useage had stopped by 1969. Other agricul- tural uses have not been recorded. This record,indicates the contamination of the bay from an upland use which can be harmful to adult bay organisms and'probably is many times. more harmful to embryonic stages which would be in the bay in the spring and early summer. There is no current moni- toring system which can detect contaminates of this type. 45 Marine Flow Tidal action exchanges the bay waters with those of the adjacent ocean. The number of tidal cycles necessary to com- pletely exchange the water from the bay cannot be determined from the information now available. The Army Corps of Engineers has estimated the total volume of the bay to be 56.5 x 109 cubic feet and the amount of water which flows in and out of the bay during a tidal cycle from MHHW to MLLW to be 22.5 x 109 cubic feet. (Corps of Engineers, personal communications) The incoming tidal waters are made up of marine waters from a variety of sources; some of the water which comes in on the tide is that which flowed out of the bay on the previous ebb, some is ocean water which may be largely surface or be derived from upwellings along the coast, a portion of the incoming water may be from the outflow from the Columbia River carried north by currents or outflow carried south from Grays Harbor. The proportion each of these sources is of the total inflow in any given tide is dependent on local and regional wind and current patterns at the time, the character of the tidal cycle and the runoff conditions in the rivers feeding into the Columbia and Grays Harbor estuaries. The incoming water then may vary con- siderably in its source and character. Examples of unique mater- ials which enter the bay with the marine inflow are sulfite waste liquor and nuclear by-products. Standards and Regulations Man uses the estuary for the production of food, transportation, waste disposal-and r-ecreation. He uses the adjacent shoreline and tributary streams for habitations, industrial sites, farming, forestry, etc. His activities have a profound effect on the estuary and can seriously alter the ability of the estuary to serve his needs. The water of the estuary is often measured in terms of its tempera- ture, acidity, disolved oxygen content, bacterial characteristics and clarity. These are simple measurements which do not indicate 46 the actual character of the system but indicates something of its condition. They are often used to characterize the quality of the water. These measurements do not indicate the nutrient levels of the estuary, the sediment bed load of the streams entering the estuary or circulation patterns within the estuary. They thus serve only to provide an indication of the quality of the waters in terms of those uses to which the waters are to be subjected by man.. They are thus useful as a basis for regulation. 40 47 0 C waters with uses that require a water of 9 lesser quality. Class C criteria are therefore least restrictive. Class AA waters generally exist in upper stream reaches where waters are cold, turbu- lent, and fast. Here a stream's self-purification capacity is at its highest level. It is highly Water Quality Standards* potable water, and fish spawning . occurs naturally. The use,.quality, and consequently The Washington State Department of Ecology the class change naturally as it proceeds to- is responsible for maintaining water quality ward lower elevations. standards which preserve and enhance existing In some cases, low water quality may result water quality in the State to provide for primarily from natural occurrences, e.g. present and future uses. Standards were first stream channel scouring during high runoff written by a predecessor agency, the Washing- periods causes muddy water; ivarm water ton Water Pollution Control Commission, and is sometimes traced to natural hot springs, were adopted October 8, 1945. etc. Natural conditions are recognized in some criteria by such phrases as "when associated Althouah the standards have been amended with a fecal source - from human activities - several times since 1945, the only major re- above natural conditions." In addition to vision occurred during 1967-69 in response specific references to natural conditions, the to the Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, water quality standards contain a general pro- which required the State to substitute numer- vision stating, "Whenever the natural con- ical values and specific requirements for the ditions are of a lower quality than the criteria broad statements contained in the original assigned, the natural conditions shall consti- standards. tute the water quality criteria." Washington State surface waters are currently General Pollution Control classified by a system which identifies present Problems and potential uses and attaches specific water 0 quality criteria to protect those uses. The State has five use classes: Class AA waters, Point Sources Class A waters, Class B waters, Class C waters, and Lake Class waters. Point source pollution enters receiving waters throu-,h a channel, outfall, pipe, or other b As shown in Table 2, Class AA waters in- fixed point of entry. There are approximately clude uses that dcniand very high water 785 municipal and industrial, discharges in .quality, so these criteria are ti-fe most re- Washington State, ranging from over 100 strictive. At the opposite extreme are Class million gallons to just a few gallons each day. Fxtract froza State of Washington Water Quality Assessment Report Vol.I 75-8 June 1.975 48 Table 7 Summary of Water, Quality Crifteria it) (2) (2) (3) (2) Dissolved Total T0%3l COlifo,M Oxygen Temperature DiFsolved Gas Turbidity (median valves) Class Designation Typical Uses (mg/1) (0 F) I% of Saturation) PH OTU) (organismsMDO ml) CLASS AA Exceeds requirements for substan- Potable Water supply; fishing swimming; tially all uses fish and shellfish reproduction and rearing Fresh Water 9.5 60 110 6.5-8.5 5 50 Marine Water 7.0 55 110 7.0-8.5 5 70 (Var. 0.10) CLASSA Meets or exceeds requirements for Potable Water supply; fishing; swimming; substantially all uses fish and shellfish reproduction and rearing Fresh Water 8.0 65 110 6.5-8.5 5 240 Marine Water 6.0 61 110 7.0-8.5 5 70 (Var. 0.25) CLASSB Meets or exceeds requirements for Industrial and agricultural water supply; most uses fishing; shellfish reproduction and rearing Fresh Water 6.5 70 110 6.5-8.5 10 1.000 Marine Water 5.0 66 110 7.0-8.5 10 1,000 (Var. 0.5) CLASS C Meets or exceeds requirements of Cooling water; fish passage' commerce selected and essential uses and navigation Fresh Water 5.0 75 110 6.5-9.0 10 1.000 Marine Water 4.0 72 110 7.0-9.0 10 1.000 (Var. 0.5) LAKE CLASS Meets or exceeds requirements for Potable Water supply; fishing; swimming; (4) (4) 110 (4) 5 240 all uses fish and shellfish reproduction and rearing (1) Shall exceed the values shown. (3) Shall not exceed the values shown beyond naturally occurring concentrations. (2) Shall not exceed the values shown. (4) No measureable change from natural conditions. Municipal Wastes Municipal wastewater consists of sanitary discharges, many of them extremely difficult wastes, household chemicals, and often in- to treat. Sometimes primary and secondary dustrial- chemicals, oils, and solids from com- waste treatment are sufficient to effect the munity businesses. Municipal sewage treat- desired quality of effluent, but toxic wastes, ment plant waste usually contains suspended colored wastes, etc., must have advanced and dissolved solids, chemical nutrients, and waste treatment. bacteria and other microorganisms, although The I potential for significant ecological many other pollutants can sometimes be pre- sent. Generally, there are three .levels of damage by industrial discharges far exceeds municipal waste treatment. Primary treat- that for municipal discharges. ment removes most of the suspended solids; Nonpoint Sources secondary treatment removes nearly all sus- pended and most dissolved solids; while ad- Construction of more and better treatment vanced waste treatment (sometimes called facilities has reduced the impact of municipal tertiary)'removes still more suspended and and industrial waste discharges, so that we can dissolved solids and may in addition remove a more clearly see the importance of nonpoint substantial portion of one or both of the wastes (wastes which enter streams as runoff, nutrients found in municipal wastewater, drainage or seepage and not via pipes, drains which are the phosphates and nitrogen com- or, channels) in controlling receiving water pounds. All treatment levels use a chemi- quality. We now know that even after present cal to kill bacteria and microorganisms - waste treatment facility construction pro- usually chlorine. Initial cost and operating grams are completed, over one-half the State's expenses increase substantially between' pri- waters will not meet established criteria. How mary, secondary, and advanced waste treat- much of this reduced water quality can be ment. attributed to nonpoint source wastes and how much is due to naturally-occurring conditions The State still has water quality problems is generally unknown at this time. To separate caused by municipal discharges. Sometimes natural and nonpoint water quality impacts is water quality impact may be reduced 6y usually very difficult. For instance, it is diffi- better plant operation or a relatively small cult or impossible to determine what percent- facility improvement. In cases of antiquated age of stream sediment is caused by man's or undersized facilities, new plants must be acti%ities and how much by natural stream built. The -necessary improvements are re- channel scouring or what portion of waterway quired by the waste discharge permit issued minerals (including nutrients and metals) re- to each municipality. sults from man's activities and what portion from dissolution of naturally-occurring Industrial Wastes minerals. Washington's diversified industries (forest When investigations involve groundwater, dis- products, food products, aerospace, and many tinguishing- man-induced constituents from other supporting industries) all generate waste natural constituents is even more complex. so It is imperative to study those waters made Nonpoint wastes originate from human activ- substandard by nonpoint and natural sources ities, including agriculture, domesticity, for- and' to determine which waterways have esty, dredaing, recreation, and mining. The lowered water quality caused primarily by cause and effect relationships and a general nonpoint wastes. This knowledge will permit identification of solutions are listed in Table 3. design and implementation of effective waste abatement programs. Table 8 Nonpoint Source Categories Category Activity Waste Affect Solution AGRICULTURE Tillage, fertilization. Sediments & pesticides Inundation of fish Use of sound farm manage- irrigation, spraying, transported either by spawning beds and ment practices, care in the animal feedlot wind or water, excess smothering aquatic quality and method of operation fertilizer, manure insects by sediments, chemical application, acceleration of weed technical assistance to and algae growth by farmers through the Dept. fertilizers and manure, of Ecology, US Soil Conser- killing aquatic life by vation Service, Soil pesticides, suffocation Conservation Districts, of fish and other Irrigation Districts, W.-, organisms through re- State Farm -Extensicip moval of oxygen by Service & others manure, reduction of sanitary quality by manure DOMESTICITY General domestic Litter, household & Reduction o f aesthet- Efficient municipal refuse activities, construc- industrial chemicals icsdue to paper, rags, and street cleaning pro- tion, operation of (washing compounds, tires etc. being carried grams. Adherence to septic tanks, col- oils, fertilizers, toxi- by wind, rain or being sound septic tank installa- lection and dis- cants etc.), sediment dumped into water- tion practi-ces, careful posal of solid due to removal of ways, reduction in selection of solid waste wastes ..protective vegetation, potability of ground- sites to reduce or eliminate sanitary wastes water due to contami- the possibility of leaching nation by bacteria & chemicals from septic tanks and solid waste sites, other effects similar to the above for sediments, ferti- lizers, pesticides (toxi- cants) and manure (domestic animals, sanitary wastes and wastes from s6lid waste sites 5 1 Table 3 Nonpoint Source Categories (Cont.) Category Activity Waste Affect Solution FORESTRY Road construction, Sediment, debris from Debris transported to Use of sound logging cutting and handling road construction the streams during practices, care in the logs, spraying, trimming trees and storms can produce quantities and method fertilization handling logs, insec- log jams, change of chemical application, ticides, fertilizers stream channels and storing logs on land (cold eventually reduce the decking) rather than in stream's oxygen, waterways, reforesting cut Debris from moored lands immediately log rafts can adversely affect oxygen concen- trations and aquatic organisms. Effects from sediment, insec- ticides and fertilizers are similar to those stated under agriculture. DREDGING Dredging sediment, Materials contained Waterway Oxygen can Sediment samples should depositing dredging in the bottom de- be depleted, toxicants be collected before spoils posits are brought into can be released, and dredging to ascertain solution or suspension settling of suspended oxygen demand and sedi- solids can effect ment toxicity. Plan work bottom dwelling & deposition site to organisms. Effects minimize environmental can occur at the damage dredging site or deposition siie RECREATION Boating, picnicking, Sediment, sanitary Effects similar to Efficient refuse collection hiking, fishing wastes, litter, oil domesticity but programs. Effective anti- generally to a lesser litter campaign, portable extent sanitary facilities' to per- mit boat waste disposal on land MINING Deposition of mine Sediment, toxic Similar to other Selection of site to tailings (after ore metals categories where minimize or eliminate extraction) sediment or toxi- leaching from tailings pile, cants are involved operate a land reclamation program .52 Willapa Bay and its tributary streams are all Class A waters. The waters of the state are divided into seaments. The segments indicated for Willapa Bay and its tributaries are illustrated in the.map which is figure 14 These segments are classified in terms of th-eir relationship to current water quality standards. These classifications are described below: Effluent Limited Segments - Those in which the 'present water quality is meeting, and will continue to meet, the applicable water quality standards or can meet water quality standards after the application of secondary and BPT effluent limitations to the segment's point source dischargers. Water Quality Limited Segil - Those in which the present @nts water quality is below state standards and will continue be- low the standards even after the application of secondary or BPT levels of discharge to the segment's point discharges. If the violations in the water quality limited (WQ) segment are due to point sources, the segment is designated (IVQ-PS), if the violations are due to nonpoint sources, the designa- tion becomes (1%'Q-NPS) and, if they are due to nitrogen super- saturation) then the segment is designated (WQ-PS-GAS). Classification of lVillapa Bay waters is as follows: Willapa Bay EFF Willapa River-from mouth to extent of tidal influence WQ-NPS Willapa River-from tidal influence to headwaters WQ-NPS Willapa Bay Tributaries WQ-NPS 53 ... ...... WHIA xS Alto 9 zo 04 @__" /rcl7 4-8 IFILWA, IIAT I U lot Ill U. E ka.4 WIL LAPA BAY r1o CrA V V* WRIA @ ,,LAPAKATOONAL, LOWE ROUGE "i FOREST q *,we -.4 A it ro PA CIFIC WRIA OCEAN IACI F. X 90 ._777@Zz 'EXPLANATION WRIA 24 Boundary Z @' @\k@ 11-24-01,Willopo Bay,EFF 4 'pe 000000 Segment -24-02, Willopo River and Tribs.-mouth C' govease Segment 11 to tidal influence, WQ-NPS. 1300000 Segment 11-24-03, Willapa River andTribs.- tidal influence limit to headwolers, WQ-NPS. Fioure 14 - Segment 11-24-04,Willopa Bo@Tribs.,WQ-NPS **X*X*X- Segment 11-24-05, Pacific Oceon,EFF Segment 11-247-100, Lakes ZZZZZZZ Segment 26-24-99, Columbia RiverTribs. aw =8 Ala as Segment 26-01 -00, Columbia River, WQ-PS-GAS 2 Dividing Zone -see notes. Segment 11-24-99, Pacific Ocean Tribs. 54 Water Quality Planning In December 1973 the Pacific County Regional Planning Council completed a Water Quality Management Plan for Willapa Bay. This plan was prepared to meet Federal and State requirements for lo- cal planning to control and prevent water pollution, paricularly from municipal and industrial wastewaters. The plan was adopted by the Department of Ecology in October of 1974. An addendum was prepared by the Department of Ecology to meet further Federal requirements and adopted at a public meeting August 26., 1975. Table II-I of the WQMP lists the Water Quality Management plan program elements and recommends means of implementation of the, plan. The WGMP also contains a Sewage Drainage Basin Plan which indicates the steps necessary to update and provide adequate municipal waste treatment in the planning area. Industrial waste sources are described with emphasis on point sources of pollution. The Forest Practices act was in the legislature at the time the plan was developed so that some aspects of the forest industry effects on water quality were expected to be considered in the pending legislation. Material presented here will augment data previously presented in the Water Quality Management Plan and not repeat the information unless it is required because of the different context of the pre- sent plan. It will also concern itself with non-point sources which were not a prima.ry concern of the WQN1P. 55 14 Table 9 VATER (@JALITY MANAGEMENT PRO" Part AND SEWERAGE WATER POLLUT104 PROSLEM AREAS Sec- Water Pollution Recommendations for Trnplementation of the Time Schedule tion(s)y Problem Area Water Pollution Control and Ahate7,-ent Plan Responsible Agencies 8"in Ccrplete- I-A Lack of an approved Review, revise and formally adopt the Water Quality Council, River Basin 1974 1974 Water- Qualit@ Management Plan for the Willapa Bay Basin Coordinating Committee, Management Plan as described in the report to which this table is County, Cities, To,@ms, attached and according to the schedule in Table 1-1. SSD, DOE, EPA Amend the Plan as necessary to conform to changed condi- (same as above) CTG CTG tions and the resulting sewer system proposals and designs. Revise and update the Plan at 5-year intervals or less. (same as above) 1978 1978 I-A Lack of a permanent Organize a citizen's advisory group to act as a permanent Council 1974 CTG River Basin body overseeing implementation of the Plan and other Coordinating plans.such as the Solid Haste Management Plan and Shore- Committee line Master Program,in order to replace existing ad-hoc committees. V_C & Inadequate or non- Proceed to develop or upgrade sewer systems in conforTnance County, Cities, Towns, 1974 CTG existent sewage with the Plan as outlined in Table V-23 and on Plates SSO, port and water V-4 collection and V-1 through V-15, including the study of a regional districts treatment system in the lower Willapa River valley, the development facilities of systems in high construction priority areas. and the upgrading and/or expansion of existing systems to meet Federal requirements and population growth. V-L Complex problems Carry out comolex facilities-planning effort (following Raymond, South Bend, 1974 1974 in providing fac- federal guidelines) to identify the nost cost-effective County, Willapa ilities to lower approach to developing and vpgrading sewage collection Valley Water District Willapa River and treatment facilities in Raymond, South Send, East Valley Raymond, WillaDa and other adjacent unincorporated areas. Y Need for sewerage Adopt a resolution to develop ( or take over responsibility County 1974 1974 agency in unin- for) and operate sanitary systems in unincorporated areas corporated areas remote fron existing cornnunity systems; this is to be done alone or in conjunction with port or water districts 56 Table 9 (cont.) Part 1--VISTIVITIMAL AND SEWERAGE WATER POLLUTION PROOLE)i AREAS (CONTINUED) Appendix Immediate need Begin Implementation of the above resolution by taking County 1974 CTG F-13 for sewage the actions outlined in the appendix according to the systems In some construction priorities given in Table V-23--i.e.. con- areas sidering Chinook or Ocean Park as first priority. V-0 Lack of staff for Employ a staff engineer part-tire to begin action on County 1973 CTG irple',ientation rstablishing sewer system(S). Establish 8 sewer division in the County Public Works Department. V-T Need for control Adopt regulations limiting the use of on-site seviage disposal Health District 1974 1974 and over provision systems (septic tanks) to rural areas. Require that minimum Appendix of sewage facil- lot sizes for on-site disposal systems be determined by F_1Z ities to land soil characteristics and type of water supply, approximately developments. as specified in the Proposed.Rules and Regulations of the State Board of Health for such facilities. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances to enforce lot County Planning 1974 1974 size requirements as established by the Health District Com-ission,County for proposed developments utilizing on-site disposal Board of Cornissioners systems. Require that proposed -high density developments be served County Planning Commission by a conventional sewage collection system and a permanent County Board of treatment facility; except that an interim treatment facility Cornissioners, Health may be allowed if an existing or [email protected] designed District regional facility can be connected to within seven years or SO. V-G, V-T Need for accept- On the Peninsula and in similar coastal areas, require that County or other 1974 CTG and able method of new permanent treatment plants provide an advanced (tertiary) responsible local Appendix disposing of level of treatment adequate to'allow long term disposal government F-9 treatment plant of the effluent to drain fields or through spray irrigation effluent on the of vegetated areas. Accept responsibility for operating Peninsula and maintaining only those systems meeting the preceding requirements. :% Part 1--INSTITUTIONAL AND SEWERArE WATER POLLUTION PROBLEM AREAS (CONTIfPJED) IV_B Lack of data on Investigate condition and failure rate of existing on'-site Hea I th District 1974 CTG effects of on- disposal systems (septic tanks). Investigate extent of site disposal contamination of domestic ground-water supplies by systems. such systems. IV-A Inadequate sewage Maintain daily treatment plant records of sewage flow.- Cities, SSO 1974 CTG treatment plant ten.1perature, settleable solids Y, dissolved oxygen V.7 operating records 5-day SOD V , PH ?/,.chlorine residual and total coliform. 111-8 Need for water supply Explore ground and surface water supply sources on and Council, County. State 1974 1977 exploration and near the Peninsula and set up organizational and finan- and Federal Agencies, development on cial means for developing and administering a water Printe Water Utilities the PeninSL,a supply utility to meet future Peninsula water needs. SOURCE: Delta Engineering 7 County - Pacific County Board of Commissioners Council - Pacific County Regional Planning Council SSD - Seaview Sewer District See last page of Part 2 of table for additional abbreviation3. NOTES: Y See the given section in the Stnyiary or the complete text of the Plan for further Infonmtfon. ?J These substances are to be measured both In the raw sewage and the effluent. 57 Table lo WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN (1973-1903) Part 2--OTHER POLLUTION PROBLEM AREAS Responsible Age-cy(s)2/ Time Schedule S Water Pollution ReCommendations for Implementation of the Problem Area Water Pollution Control and Abatement Plan q9 - Other Begin Complete Logging (q1) Analyze the effects of forest management and harvest qX qNOTEq?qJ 1973 q1974 H q0 Practices operations on other forest values, especially water resources. and define forest practices w@ich p,@rmit optimum use of tfinter resources while protecting those values; those practices to serve as County rccorTr-rda- tions to the forest practices advisory connittee (if the present forest practices bill is pased) or similar body and also to be implemented an shorelines coning under the jurisdiction of the Shoreline Management Act. (2) Assist and cooperate in the administration of programs qX MR, Fish- q7973 CTG H established under (1) above. cries. Game (3) Continue and exoand investigations Into the effects of qX EPA, State 1974 CTG H Basin logging practices on the quality of both fresh Agencies, Wood and estuarine water resou.rces. Industry,Univ. (4) EstablIsh an educational program on good logging Extension 1974 CTG M practices for the small woodlot oDerator. 5,2rvfce, ONR Log (1) Make the recornrendations listed in Log Storace and X X 1973 CTG H Storage qEafti_rqq in Public @:aters. Pacific Northwest Pollution and Control Council, ccriditions of shoreline management Handling pernits granted for projects of this nature, UNLESS. the Department of Natural Resources makes those same recoTnendations (in substance) a condition of all booming and rafting leases. (2) Monitor precipitation and sprinkler leachate in runoff X 1974 CTG from land log storage areas and advise on the need for M. treatment. . . . and make qleachate treatment or recir- X qX 1974q�q1 CTG culation, if needled, a condition of shoreline manage- ment permits granted for the establishment or expansion of log storage areas. (3) Prepare req@orrranded practices on land log storage. X X NOTEqZqI 1973 1974 H and inplement those practices through shoreline X X 1974 CTG. management permit conditions. Agricultural (1) Provide matching funds for assisting farmers to Carry Federal 1974 CTG H Wastes out environmentally protective practices, as was & State formerly done undeq@ the REAP program. Gov'ts. (2) Recommend guidelines on the management of livestock X q7973 1974 L wastes in Western Washington. (3) Develop an animal waste element as part of the SWCD X SWCO 1974 CTG M long-range program; county government to participate in the process of doing so. (4) Determine the reasons for the relatively high nitrate X 1974 1977 L levels in the Willapa and Naselle Rivers. Chemicals (1) Provide a suitable place for the disposal of connon X 1974 CTG It! Usage pesticides and other containers through implementing proper disposal procedures at the proposed central sanitary landfill site, those procedures to meet the mininum criteria described in the Vlishirqton Pest Control Handbook, W.S.U. and Department of Agriculture, November 1971. pp. 75-76. and applicable state requ-; lations. OR. if. local conditions are not suitable for disposal q@Tf such wastes, provide collection facilities and shipment to an approved disposal site. (2) Investigate and assess the magnitude. character 'and qX DqURq. Fish- 1974 CTG qH water quality effects of existing chemicals usage on cries. Game forest lands and of future changes associated with intensive forest qcqranaqgeqnqent practices. (3) Continue qtq,_q'q,qeqarch on the side effects of the use of Fisheries CTG CTG Sevin on oyster beds and on non-cheqmical or biological means for controlling qghoqst'shrimqp. (4) Stop routine herbicide spraying on portions of rights- qX qX State q& 1974 CTG qM of-way within buffer zones established along streams County and estuarine waters and preferably use mechanical means Highway of weed control instead; any spraying within buffer qDept'qs. Zones to be allowed only on a cqase-bqy-case approval qCq%q*Rq. BPA, basis and to be done selectively usiqnqq hand equipment. AGqf8qfqIC. The spraying agencies to decide upon buffer widths in conjunction with the qDqeqpqartmqonts of Agriculture qand Ecology. If possible, the same agencies to discontinue spraying altoq3qetheqr. SOURCE. AqBqOR. ANqD NOTES SEE LAST PACE OF TABLE 58 Responsible Any() Time Schedule Section 1, Water Pollution Recommendations for Implementation of the Problem Area Water Pollution Control and Abatement Plan S Other Begin Complete VI. (5) Investigate the effects on water quality of surrace X 1974 CTG L drainage from agricultural lands, Including hay crop- l4nd and cranberry-bogs. after pesticide applications. (6) Establish an educational program on proper chemicals Extension 1974 CTG usage for farmers. snall forest land owiiers and home Strvice owners, includinn education on non-chemical alternatives. '74 Dredging (1) Apply conditions protective of water uality to shore- X X 19 CTG line management permit,. granted for dredge spoil dis- posal sites; those conditions to reuire, if necessary, complete dike enclosure, adeuate outlet structures, data on the characteristics of the material dredged. and so on. (2) Advise the local governnents on the necessary conditions X Corps 1974 CTG to be applied in (1) and help inspect the dredging operations for compliance with those conditions.* (3) Continue monitoring water uality in the vicinity of X Corps 1974 CTG N dredging activities and disposal site outlet struc- tures and publish the results. Solid (1) Implement a version of the comprehensive solid waste X X 1974 NA Waste nanagamment plan which calls for a central sanitary and landfill site with leachate treatment meeting federal Waste and state standards. Oil (2) Issue water pollution control guidelines relating to X X NOTE?J 1973 KA the location and management of industrial wood-waste disposal sites; those guidelines to be implemented X X PHO 1974 CTG through the disposal site pernit reuired by the health department, or through the shoreline management permit system for those proposed sites coming under the jur- isdiction of the Act. (3) Develop methods for disposing of or utilizing industrial Wood CTG 19776Y N wood-wastes which do not result in the discharge of Industry leachate to ground or surface waters in sufficient amounts to cause violations of state water uality criteria. (4) Implement the solid waste management plan X X 1974 CTG 14 on schedule. Wastes (I ) Provide sewage pump-out and treatment facilities within X Port 1972a' 197 &S8J 'I from two years of the establishzient of the USCG regulation Districts Water- on marine sanitation devices. craft (2) Make the provision of sewage pump-out and treatment X X 1974 CTG facilities as scheduled in (1) a condition of shoreline management permits granted for the construction or expansion of moorage facilities. (3) CTG Reuire houseboats to meet the local sewage treatment X X PHO 1974 standards applied to new residential units, enforcement being through shoreline management permit conditions and/or public health regulations. Erosion (1) Continue to inventory roadside erosion sites and estab- X State 1973 CTG and lish priorities for stabilization treatment. Hwy. Dept. Siltation (2) Cooperate In carrying out treatment measures for areas X SCS 1974 CTG i identified in (1). (3) Carry out treatment measures for areas identified in (1). State 1973 CTG t Hwy. Dept. (4) Continue to inventory logging roadside erosion sites, Wood Industry, 1973 CTG I establish priorities for stabilization treatrent, and DUR carry out treatment measures. (5) Carry out stream bank protection measures, provided Corps, SWCD. 1974 CTG they do not conflict with the Shoreline Management Act Private Guidelines on shoreline protection. Entities Urban (1 ) Investigate the relative effects of urban and non- X EPA 19756W NA Runoff urban'runoff in areas sirtilar to the Basin and prepare guidelines for the control of any significant.uantities of pollutants in urban runoff. (2) Continue and expand street cleaning programs with X 1974 CTG efforts being directed toward more freuent cleaning during the dry months. (3) Investigate the need for and feasibility of a street X 1974 1974 cleaning program dur0in0) the dry months for selected unincorporated connunitics. (4) Include in subdivision regulations perforynance stand- X 1974 1974 ards desigiied to reduce oic i:.-*unt of sediment trans- ported from soils cKposed as a result of urban devel- oprresit activities. SOURCE, AS8N. AND NOTES SEE LAST PAGE OF IABLE Responsible Agency(s) 3/ Time Schedule Water Pollution Recommendations for Implementation of the Problem Area Water Pollution Control and Abatement Plan Other Begin Complete Reservoirs (1) If the Willapa and/or A'Chote Project should go ahead. Bureau of NA NA L carry out a thorough investigation of the effects on Reclamation downstream and estuarine water uality of reservoir or Other construction and operation; the investigation to include Implementing both an analysis of the effects of flow augmentation Agency and an estuarine study detailed enough to allow on assessment of the potential effects of waste discharges from any new industry attracted to the area by the res-. ervoir's assured water supply. Water (1) Increase the sampling freuency and the number of loca- X EPA. USGS, 1974 CTG H Resources tions sampled for the water uality sampling programs Fisheries Data carried out in both streamnd estuarine waters. (2) Assess the extent of contamination due to subsurface PHD 1974 1975 H sewage disposal of ground-water used for domestic supplies in coastal and other disposal problem areas. (3) investigate and determine the causes of water uality X X EPA, Wood 1973 CTG H problems in the lower Willapa River. Industry Oyster Industry (4) Carry out a comprehensive physical and biological X X State and Fed- 1974 CTG H study of Willapa Bay and the watershed draining eral Natural Re- into it, Including the effects of non-point and source Agencies, point sources of pollution an Say water uality Private Industry and productivity. Universities SOURCE: Complete text of Plan. AR CTG Continuing action on the recommendation Fisheries -Department of Fisheries A -Not applicable Game -Department of Game AGRIC -State Department of Agriculture Pilo -Grays Harbor-Pacific Public Health District R -Burlington Northern Railroad REAP -Rural Environmental Assistance Program BPA -Bonneville Power Administration SCS -Soil Conservation Service Corps -U. S. Army Corps of Engineers SCD -Soil and Water Conservation District MIR -Department of Natural Resources USCG -U. S. Coast Guard DOE -Deparcnent of Ecology USGS -U. S. Geologica1 Survey EPA -Environmental Prote,@;tion Agency UNIV -Universities YM !J For the present status of and future trends in a given water pollution problem area. see the given section in either the Summary or the complete text of the Plan. @JTo be done with the assistance of the U. S. Forest Service staff member on loan to the Pacific County 'and Grays Harbor County regional planning bodies. Agenc y(s) suggested as having major responsibility for imVlementation. VDate set to meet 1972 Federal water uality legislation reuirements. YAssuming USCG regulations are issued in 1974; otherwise, two years after issuance. �11'reatment may be reuired by 1977 to meet Federal reuirements. Yprio,rity based on Importance to protecting water uality and on ease of implementatiork: H-High; H=Medium; L-Low. 60 Current Evaluation of Water Quality Municipal and industrial wastes in the Willapa River provide the major water quality problem recognized in Willapa Bay. Failure of the sewage collection systems in Raymond and South Bend during periods of hi gh. rainfall along with discharges from the mills and processing plants results in high bacterial counts in the lower river and adjacent bay. Areas for growing oysters for market are certified as to their sanitary condition by the Department of Social and Health Services. At present a health line exists at the mouth of the Willapa River east of which no oyster beds are certified. In the winter of 1975 the Department of Social and Health Services decertified beds, tem- porarily westward from the health line to Bruceport, because of ex- pected high bacterial counts resulting from flooding in the South Bend-Raymond area. Social and Health Services predicts that if additional outfalls are established in the bay the result will be further reduction in oyster growing areas. Sulfite waste liquor concentrations in the bay run rather con- sistently between 5 and 10 mg/l. However, when deeper samples are taken the concentrations are over three times that level. The level of chemical polluntants and radiological products in Willapa Bay is not regularly monitored. Short term sampling in the past has revealed the presence of both sources of pollution. An oyster hatchery in the Nahcotta Basin reports frequent oc- curences of high concentration of microscopic fibers in bay waters. These havelbeen identifi'ed as manufactured rather than natural fibers. Oystermen probably have the most intimate day to day contact with bay waters and report much slower growth rates in oysters, slower recovery of fatness after spawning and less frequent successful oyster sets in recent years. These, in part, reflect a reduced pro- ductivity in Willapa Bay, which in turn indicates conditions which inhibit nutrient generation low in the food chain. This also re- flects both salt marsh reduction and conditions of water quality.un- favorable to full development of waste utilitzation organiz ms. 61 RECREATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction --------------------------------------------- 62 Ownership of Shoreline ----------------------------------- 64 Current Recreational Uses -------------------------------- 66 Fishing --------------------------------- : -------------- 66 Claming ----------------------------------------------- 66 Crabs ------------------------------------------------ 66 Oysters ---------------------------------------------- 66 Beach Activities ------------------------------------- 67 Hunting ---------------------------------------------- 67 Camping ---------------------------------------------- 67 Boating ------------------------------------------------ 67 Conflicts of Recreation and Commercial use of the Bay ------------------------------------------- 69 Agencies involv ed ----------------------------------------- 72 Public Facilities ------------------------------------ 72 Private Facilities ----------------------------------- 72 0 0 0 FIGURES 1. State owned Tidelands reserved for recreation ------------------------------- 63 2. Recreational Facilities ------------------------------ 71 TABLES 1. Shorelines Ownership --------------------------------- 64 RECREATION INTR6DUCTION At high tide Willapa Bay has one hundred twenty two square miles of surface area. As the tide receeds fifty square miles of tidelands are exposed. The shoreline around the bay and its major island, Long Island., is one hundred twenty seven miles long. Ten large streams or rivers enter the bay, primarily on its east and north shores. Willapa Bay is oriented north-south in itb longest dimension of twenty five and one half miles. It is slightly over six miles in width. Summer winds) which are generally from northwesterly direction, and winter winds, gener- ally from southeasterly to southwesterly, have long fetches due to the orientation and configuration of the bay. Easterly winds develop in very warm summer weather and very cold winter weather. Rainfall in the bay varies from 70 to 90 inches per year, most of which falls between October and June. Tidal ranges are from seven to ton feet. Runoff to the bay from its freshwater tribu- taries reaches approximately three million acre feet per year. Summer winds are usually strong steady winds developing through the morning hours and slacking after sunset. Winter storms often reach gale force and may come up suddenly. In clear weather fog may build up in the morning and late afternoon. The coldest weather occurs in January, February and early March. The fresh- water streams may freeze over and usually the borders of the bay have a buildup of ice during very cold winters. In the summer the incoming ocean water is cooler than the freshwater from the tributary streams while in the winter the opposite condition is often the case with the ocean water being-warmer than that from the rivers and streams. Water temperature of seventy degrees may be reached in the summer in 1,%Tillapa Bay dropping to thrity five to forty in the colder months. Deepwater shorelines are available only in the tributary areas where river channels are found close to the banks. Access to the bay water from dry land is available only at high-er tides around the perimeter of the bay itself except where artificial basins or docks have been developed. Such facilities are found at Nahcotta on the west shore of the bay and at Tokeland on the north shore of the bay. Public deep water access to the bay by way of the tribu- tary streams is developed along the Willapa River, and at Bay Center on the Palix River on the east side of the bay. Shoreline profiles are low along the west side of the bay but are abrupt on the east side due to the nearly continuous terraces developed there with elevations of about twenty feet. Highway 101 borders the bay in the southeastern portion from Bear River to Naselle River and from Bone River to Bruceport. From North River 62 -A Sol RESERVED ,tto from 7 SALE or LEASE @"R AE ILI LJ@k4 --4 STATE OWN@D SECOND CLASS FIGURE I TIDELAND@ RESERVED FOR RECREATiou 'J 63 to Cedar River, along the north side of the bay, access is possible from. Highway 10S. A total of approximately ten miles of shoreline of the bay is directly accessable from public highways. A few additional miles provide vistas of the bay but not access. Very few areas are developed for parking off the highway at points where the bay is visible or accessible. OWNEI@SHIP OF SHORELINE Thirty three miles of the upland bordering Willapa Bay is in public ownership. Of this public upland only one and one half miles does not have abuting publicly owned second class tidelands. In addition about the same amount of second class tidelands is in public ownership but with private upland owner- ship. Of the total seventy six miles of public tidelands along the shores of Willapa Bay thirty miles has been withdrawn from sale or lease and reserved for recreation. Table 1 indicates the mileages in various types of private ownership of both abut- ing second class tidelands and upland shoreline. Figure I illu- strates the location of publically owned second class tidelands bordering the shoreline and also identifies those reserved for recreation. Second class tidelands extend to extreme low tide after 1911 or to deeded oysterland boundaries or Oyster Reserve boundaries. Because of the highly variable distance from the shoreline to the waterward boundaries it is simpler, for compar- ative purposes, to refer to the linear shoreline extent of owner- ship rather than to use acreage. TABLE 1 Shorelines Ownership Willapa Bay in Miles 2nd Class Upland Ownership Tidelands Shoreline Ownership Public 76 33 Public Oystermen 29 ----------- Individuals 18 69 Small Private Lumber Co.s 4 25 Large Private TOTALS 127 127 The 1927 legislature withdrew a large area at 'the mouth of the bay from sale or lease, this includes the northern tip of the Long Beach Peninsula. In 1933 the legislature reserved se.- cond c iass tidelands on the west side of the Bay Center Penin- 0 sula for recreational park purposes. A large area north of the mouth of the Nemah River was withdrawn from sale or lease by the 1955 legislature and reserved as public areas for recreational use and for the taking of fish and shellfish for personal use. The Hawks Point area appearing in Figure 1 was reserved from sale or lease by order of the Land Commissione-f in 1961. A use deed to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service reserves the second class tidelands around Long Island and along the easterly side of Long Island Slough for recreation. The recreational tidelands of Long Island and the Long Island 64 Slough are only readily accessable by boat. The tidelands along tho Bay Center Peninsula are accessable by county road. The beach area at the north end of the bay west of Hawks Point is accessable from the State Highway (105). 65 CURRENT RECREATIONAL USES FISHI@G Marina Facilities near the mouth of the bay serve sport fishermen bound for ocean fishing. The Tokeland small boat harbor is the best situated for this purpose and has been recently expanded. Ocean fishing is primarily directed to- ward salmon, Chinook and Silvers, but does include some bot- .tom fish. Salmon are also fished in the tributary streams. Access to these streams is by boat landings which are situated on most of the larger rivers. Steelhead are probably the most sought after fish in the tributaries. Cutthroat are usually trolled for low in the drainages in the brackish water areas. Perch, flounder and cutthroat are caught from docks in the salt water areas. This attracts many people but space and access to docks is very limited. A number of quiet freshwater areas have been created through diking or small dams. These have been planted with bass and provide another element in the sport fishery of the area. Fishing in the bay itself is limited to early season va- grant chinook which move into the bay following food but will not spawn in the Willapa Bay tributaries since their-home is in the Columbia River drainage or other coastal areas. CLAMING Razor clams occur primarily outside the bay on the ocean 'fronts but are found on some of the spits in the mouth of the bay. Bay clams consist of the gapper and littleneck clams native to the area and the Eastern or softshell and Japanese Littleneck which have been introduced with oyster transfers or oyster seed imports. CRABS Crabs are abundant in Willapa Bay. Personal use crabs are usually taken by the short term visitor with crab rings from docks or boats. Crab pots are also used for catching crabs for personal use but require a larger boat because of their greater size and weight. Pots are usually fished continually rather than on a short term, part of a tide, basis. OYSTERS Both the native and the introduced Pacific Oyster occur in 66 Willapa Bay. Their abundance on public tidelands is very low. BEACH ACTIVITIES Few areas along the shoreline of Willapa Bay.provide 'a typical recreational beach situation. Before the ocean beaches were readily accessable Rhoadesia Beach on the Bay Center Penin- sula and the.beaches at Cape Shoalwater were used as bathing beaches. These areas are still used for this purpose. Most beach areas along the shoreline of the bay do not provide walk- ing or bathing conditions because of their soft character or lack of access. HUNTING Willapa Bay is a 'major stopover area for migratory ducks and geese. The Fish and Wildlife Service has established a major refuge for migratory birds in the bay and have established public hunting areas. These areas are indicated on Figure 2. Other areas are also available around the bay. CAMPING A number of public and private campgrounds have been developed, many of which are located adjacent to the bay. Figure 2 indicates the location of these areas which vary considerably in the facilities available. The bay and its fauna and flora provides an attraction to those 0 who wish to enjoy viewing the area. This includes those who come to the area for this purpose and those who pause on their way through to some other destination. BOATING 0 With its large area and varied shoreline Willapa Bay would appear to be highly attractive to boaters. However much of the bay is very shallow with over half the areas exposed at low tide. Unless a boater is familiar with the position of the deeper channels and the action of the tide there is a considerable risk that he will be stranded on tidelands by the receeding tide. Since many of 0 these tidal areas are isolated from the mainland by sloughs or soft ground a boater stranded by the tide will often have no al- ternative but to wait for the returning tide. If.he has had the bad luck of going aground in a high area or on the higher of the two daily high tides he may have to wait at least twelve hours to get off. In the extreme if he goes aground during the higher tides 0 of the month his boat could be there for a month or longer, although lie and his passengers would probably be noticed and removed long be- fore then. The tide presents a real risk to the casual boater in Willapa Bay. Because of the long fetches present in the configuration of the bay and its exposure to strong summer'and winter winds the surface can become very rough, even for commercial vessels, and 67 may do so in a relatively short time. There is little in the 'way of protected areas other than the various tributaries and the two protectdd boat basins at Nahcotta and Tokeland. A boater may well find himself several miles from a'protected area when a sudden storm hits. Sailboats and motor boats do use the bay for pleasure and those that are well prepared can do so in reasonable safety. Recreational boaters should be aware of the risks involved. At least one is lost each year on the Bay. Boat landings are located at a number of sites around the bay and in the tributaries. Figure 2 illustrates the.location of these facilities. 68 CONFLICTS OF RECREATION AND COMMERCIAL FISHERY USE OF THE BAY Willapa Bay supports a major commercial fishery. Salmon and Sturgeon are caught by gillnet from June through Novem- ber, Crabs from January through April or May and to a lesser extent to September, and Oysters which are worked all months of the year with harvesting concentrated from October through May. At all times of the year there is a considerable amount of commercial activity on the bay and various fishing gear in .the bay. Conflicts with recreational use of the bay may develop just for use of the surface area. ob Twenty five thousand acres of the tidelands in the bay are privately owned and set aside for the commercial culture of shellfish. These areas are not identified other than by the presence of oyster stakes. Oysters are the primary crop raised on these beds with a much smaller areas used for the culture of clams. The oysters are the introduced Japanese Oyster referred to as the Pacific Oyster and are planted by the oystermen. Some natural set occurs in the bay and may occur on suitable substrate in the public tidelands, however these sets are rather rare so that few oysters are to be found on the public lands. Conflicts occur when oysters are removed from private land in the mistaken belief that they are public. Many of the public tidelands are 0 adjacent to private oysterlands. Visitors to the area thus are encouraged to take private oysters when they find none on the public lands. Some private oyster beds are also easily accessable from public roads. As a result of these two factors a considerable amount of oysters and clams are taken from private shellfish beds by recreationists unaware of the difference and by those who come prepared to "gunnysack" considerable amoun-ts of private shellfish. Several areas are particularly susceptable to these problems. They include, Stackpole Harbor, Stony Point, West side of Long Island, Nemah Flats, Goose Point and Hawks Point. In some areas oystermen have had to cease culturing oysters because of the losses encurred 0 from pilfering from the beds. The Department of Natural Resources and the Dep'artment of Fisheries control most of the state owned public tidelands.in Willapa Bay. In Puget Sound they have instituted a program for the designation Of these areas by signs and planting clams and oysters for the removal by tourists. This program is usually referred to as "Put and Take". Oystermen have discouraged this type of program in Willapa Bay because of the losses from their beds which have resulted without any encouragement. Any shellfish recreation program will have to-take into qP account the problems and concerns which are involved in the past without a program. 69 Recreational opportunities related to the fishery have histroically been developed at the expense of the existing commercial fishery. This has been particularly true in the case of salmon and razor clams. Two types of resource are involved; one which is public including salmon and shellfish Q on public tidelands while the other is private consisting of shellfish on private tidelands. It is in the public resource area that competition for the use of the resource has developed. Moorage facilities for commercial boats generally require larger slips and must be available year round wheras recrea- 0 tional boats require small slips and short term storage. Facilities designed for one use are not likely to be sutiable for the other. There is then some competition for shore based facilities between recreational and commercial boat owners. Conflicts between recreational use of the bay-and the com- mercial fishery are likely to develop or have devloped concern- ing the use of the surface area of the bay, losss of shellfish from private beds, competition for species in the public resource and the development of adequate shore-based facilities. 70 '5 X11 - @7r 0z, j q/ tr,- 7_ '0 . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7, Jv, 7<k F7A k RECREATIONAL FACILITIES -J, 0 MOTEL p A CAMPGROUND OR v TRAILER PARK S BOAT LANDING IA PUBLIC HUNTING A@. Adoptsd from PACIFIC TRIBUNE, USFWS and others FIGU RE 2 71 AGENCIES INVOLVED PUBLIC FACILTIES Federal agencies involved in recreation and.recreational developments in Willapa Bay include the Fish and Wildlife Service. In addition to the migratory bird refuge and public hunting areas previously referred to the Fish and Wildlife service maintains campgrounds on their portion of Long Island in the southern portion of the bay. A recent contract of the service with the owners of the remaining private property on Long Island will lead to ownership of most of the remainder of the Island in the future. Additional recreational facili- ties will be developed there. The State Parks and Recreation Commission, State Game Department, State Department of Fisheries and the Department of Natural Resources all administer state lands related to Willapa Bay and all have recreational interests. Plans for the development of these interests have not been available. Pacific County operates three parks. Two of these are sit- uated on the bay, one at Bruceport and one at Bay Center. These are day use parks with limited overnight camping facilities. PRIVATE FACILITIES Campgrounds, motels, trailer parks, and resturants have been built by private interests either adjacent to the bay or in areas which may serve recreationists with interests in Willapa Bay. Figure 2 shows the general distribution of these facilities. 72 NATURAL DISASTERS NATURAL DISASTERS INTRODUCTION In recent years three natural disasters have struck in the Willapa Bay area. Each of these has had significant effect on the bay. Other natural events have been less spectacular but cannot be overlooked as contributors to some of the present problems. Since the oyster industry works privately owned tidelands and always has crops at some stage of development on these beds they are most likely to suffer from-such events. Damage is described in terms of the losses to the oyster industry but it should be recognized that other activities depending on the public resource also suffered losses but these are difficult to access. 1933-34 FLOOD High runoff following heavy rains in December of 1933 compounded by the failure of a large splash dam on North River resultedin extensive flooding. Most of the recorded damage Z@ was to agricultural lands, improvements and crops. Failure of dikes allowed the inundation of fields by salt water which 0 caused much of the damage. OCTOBER 12, 1962 STORM High southerly winds reaching 120 miles per hour hit Willapa Bay late in the day at low tide. Waves in Willapa Bay generated by the wind caused a great deal of turbulence on the oyster beds. As a result a high proportion of the 1962 seed planting in the bay south of Bay Center was carried away or buried. Older oysters on growing beds were also lost. Published accounts at the time estimated the loss between $200,000 and $300,000 largely repre- sented by direct seed loss. The accounts also indicated that there was severe scouring in the tidelands by the waves generated by the high winds. Available accounts indicate that the damage was largely limited to the bay south of Bay Center. MARCH 28, 1964 SUNAMI A sunami generated by an earthquake in Alaska hit at Willapa Bay at about 12:30 A.M. March 28, 1964. The initial wave was high enough to dislodge the Moore Oyster Cannery at the itouth of Bone River and drive it into the nearby highway bridge. Succeeding waves were observed at 6:00 A.M., 9:00 A.M., 10:30 A.M. and 1:00 P.M. Draw-downs in the bay preceeding each of these waves .and magnified their effects. The resulting turbulence scoured much of the bay bottom, particularly in the north'end of the Bay. 73 Oysters were transported or buried by the waves, many ending up in windrows on the beaches. Many oysterlands were scoured clean while others were sanded in. Losses to the oyster industry were estimated to be between $400,000 and $900,000. Subsequent production drops in the Tokeland area and Nemah correlate with this event. (See figure 15 and Table 9 of the oyster section, Vol. I) The long term losses were probably several times the estimates made at the time of the event. 74 a 0 0 0 0 0 c I 1 1* 111118111111111mv @ 3 6668 14108 5391 i