Saltonstall-Kennedy Grant Program fisheries research and development : report 1982-1986

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

The Saltonstall-Kennedy

Grant Pro, ram: Fisheries
Research and Development

REPORT
1982-19,86

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SH National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
221 National Marine Fisheries Service
.S25
1988

AMOS
The Saltonstall-Kennedy
Grant Program: Fisheries
Research and Development

REPORT
1982-1986

COASTAL ZONE
February 11, 1988 INFORMATION CENTER

US Department of Commerce

NOAA Coastal Services Center Library
2234 South Hobson Avenue
Charleston,SC 29405-2413

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
C. William Verity, Secretary
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
J. Curtis Mack, 11, Assistant Secretary
National Marine Fisheries Service
William E. Evans, Assistant Administrator

THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE
Washington, D.C. 20230

*?ArES 0*

February 11, 1988

Chairman, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science
and Transportation
Chairman, House Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries

Dear Sirs:

I am pleased to submit the report of the
Department of Commerce regarding the Saltonstall-
Kennedy (S-K) Grant Program for the period 1982
through 1986, as required by Section 713c-3(d)(2)
of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of 1954, as
amended. The report discusses problems and
opportunities in the U.S. fishing industry and how
the S-K Program has addressed many of them.

Appendix II of the report lists the S-K projects
which were funded. However, because of the
volume, unfunded proposals were not listed. If
there is an interest in unfunded proposals,
inquiries may be directed to the National Marine
Fisheries Service.

Sincerely,
10

Secretary of Commerce

Enclosure
V, Cb.-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. THE SALTONSTALL-KENNFDY ACT ......................... 1

II. THE U.S. FISHING INDUSTRY ........................... 3

Description .................................... 3

Growth: Potential and Problems ................ 4

III. ROLES OF GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY .................... 6

IV. THE S-K GRANT PROGRAM ... ........................... 8

V. THE S-K PROCESS ..................................... 9

VI. RECIPIENTS ......................................... 10

VII. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS - PROBLEMS, OPPORTUNITIES,
AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS ................................ 11

Alaska ........................................ 11

Groundfish ................................ 11

Other Species ............................. 181,

Washington, Oregon, & California .............. 19

West Coast Groundfish ..................... 19

West Coast Coastal Pelagics ............... 22

Marine Recreational Fisheries ............. 23

Albacore Tuna ............................. 24

western Pacific ............................... 25

Tropical Tuna ............................. 25

U.S. Pacific Island Fisheries ............. 26

Southeast ..................................... 28

Latent Resources ........................... 28

Menhaden .................................. 31

Shrimp ..................................... 32

Molluscan Shellfish ....................... 33

Marine Recreational Fisheries ............. 35

Other Fisheries ........................... 36

Northeast .......................I .............. 36

Atlantic Demersal Finfish ................. 36

Squid ..................................... 38

Mackerel .................................. 40

Coastal and Estuarine Fisheries ........... 40

marine Recreational Fisheries ............. 41

Great Lakes Fisheries ..................... 41

Generic/National Projects ..................... 42

Seafood and Nutrition ..................... 43

Product Quality and Safety ................ 43

New Product Concepts ...................... 44
Domestic Marketing ......................... 44

Export Marketing .......................... 45

Vessel Safety and Insurance ............... 45

Marine Recreational Fisheries ............. 46

VIII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS .................................. 46

LIST OF CHARTS

1. Processing of Non-Traditional Species, in the U.S. EEZ

2. U.S. Fishery,Imports and Exports, 1976-1986

3. The Distribution of S-K Funding, by Recipients, 1982-1986

4. The Distribution of S-K Finding by Category, 1982-1986

5. U.S. Supply and Demand of Raw Surimi, Actual and Estimated

LIST OF APPENDICES

T. Addresses of National Marine Fisheries Service offices

List of S-K Projects, 1982-1986

THE SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY GRANT PROGRAM:

FISHERIES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

1982 - 1986

I. THE SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY (S-K ACT)

The Saltonstall-Kennedy Act, as amended (15 U.S.C.
713c-2 - 713c-3), is administered by the National marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce. The Act
provides that a fund (known as the S-K fund) will be used to
provide grants for fisheries research and development projects
and to implement a national fisheries research and development
program. The fund is capitalized through annual transfers by
the Secretary of Agriculture to the Secretary of Commerce in
amounts equal to 30 percent of the gross receipts collected
under the customs laws on imports of fish and fish products.
As a budgetary matter, Congress has limited funds in recent
appropriations to provide only for industry grants and not for
a national research and development program. However, a
portion of the S-K fund has been used to offset some of NOAA's
costs related to operations, research, and facilities (ORF).

The following table indicates the total receipts in the
S-K fund from 1982 - 1986, and the amounts appropriated for
grants and the ORF off set.

Saltonstall-Kennedy Funds
1982 19,86-

Total
ORF
Fiscal, Receipts S-K Appropria-tions offset
Year (in millions.) (in millions) (in millions)

1982 $26.2 $16.2*
$10.0

1983 $3 0.. 6 8.0 $22.6

1984 $3 3 .6 $10.0
$2.3.6

1985 $34.9 '9-0- @$25-9

1986 $43,.7 $ @@7 .7** $34.1***.

*$8.1 million for industry grants and $8.1 million for National
Marine Filsher.ie.s. Service.'s research and development program.

**does not include $0.3 million withheld for Gramm-Rudman-Hollings
(G-R-H).

***does not include $1.6 million withheld for G-R-H.

II. THE U.S. FISHING INDUSTRY

Description

Fishing was America's first industry, and continues to
make significant contributions to our country's economic
vitality. Using conservative multipliers, the fishing industry
contributes over $16 billion to the economy each year about
equally divided between commercial and recreational activity.

The commercial sector of the industry is composed of
harvesting, processing, and marketing segments, with associated
infrastructures. In 1986, 238,000 commercial fishermen worked
on over 24,000 licensed fishing vessels. Although most of
these vessels are under 100 tons gross weight, in the last
decade there has been a tendency in some fisheries to invest in
larger, more efficient and sophisticated harvesting vessels.
Processing and wholesaling employed an additional 112,000
persons. The U.S. commercial catch was an estimated 6.0
billion pounds (2.7 million metric tons).

Over-the-side sales by U.S. fishermen to foreign
processors through joint venture arrangements have contributed
to the productivity of U.S. fishermen, particulary in the North
Pacific. In 1986, almost three billion pounds (1.35 million
metric tons) of fish were delivered to foreign processors,
worth about $155 million, constituting nearly 50 percent of the
U.S. commercial fishermen's catch by volume and about six
percent by value.

The total number of marine recreational fishermen is
.estimated at 17 million. These fishermen-caught an estimated
699.2 million pounds of finfish in 1986 on about 72.4 million
fishing trips. The recreational catch comprised about 30
percent of total U.S. landings of finfish used for food.

Although the variety of species in the U.S. catch is
great, both commercial and recreational fishermen naturally
tend to concentrate on the high-value species which yield good
profits,(and labor income) or are attractive as recreational
fishing targets. In 1986, nine species accounted for 75
percent of the U.S. harvest (compared to 10 in 1980), and four
species accounted for 40 percent of the value of U.S. landings
(compared to 60 percent in 1980). A large portion of the catch
is taken in near-shore, coastal waters--about 55 percent by
volume and value.

Compared to other industrial sectors, the U.S. fishing
industry is small, disaggregated, and entrepreneurial. It also
differs from other food production industries because it
depends upon diverse natural resources for which total catch is
limited, variable, difficult to predict, and not subject to
control by individual firms.

Characteristics, interests, and problems of commercial and
recreational fishermen, processors, marketing entities, and
consumers vary greatly from one region of the country to
another.

Growth: Potential and Problems

In 1976, with passage of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation
and Management Act, the U.S. moved aggressively to gain
domestic fishing industry use of the fisheries resour 'ces off
its coasts. Jurisdiction to conserve and manage these
resources was applied by the U.S. to secure the greatest
overall benefit to the Nation by promoting the development of
the commercial and recreational fishing sectors of U.S.
industry.

The industry initially responded with remarkable growth.
During the last half of the 1970's, the volume and value of
U.S. catch grew significantly with the volume of processed
products growing by 50 percent as investment increased.
Currently, high valued resources are fully harvested and in
some cases the industry has over capitalized in vessels and
gear to harvest these species. In 1986, U.S. per capita
consumption of fishery products was a record 14.7 pounds.
Increasing attention is being paid to the importance of fish
and fish oils for a healthy diet. other promising signs
include the growth of surimi-based products and aquaculture.

However, the commercial fishing industry as a whole has
not exhibited significant economic growth in the past five
years. Some segments of the industry have suffered because the
catches have been flat despite increasing demand. This is
mainly because high value stocks are fully exploited while
there is a lack of markets for low value species. Thus,
significant quantities of lower-valued fish have gone
unharvested, been allocated to foreign countries, or sold over-
the-side to foreign processing vessels in joint ventures. As
shown in Chart 1, U.S. processing of non-traditional species
increased only slightly between 1978 and 1986, whereas joint
venture processing has become the major activity.

Chart 1

PROCESSING OF NON-TRADITIONAL
SPECIES IN, THE U.S., EEZ
Thousand metric tons

Foreign
Prooewdirk
588
(28%)

L" P,
U.S.
44
AlAALAIMA x box x W x WX"&
U.S. Prooessing
Prooesling 235
118 (lix)
Foreign, (7X)
Proo"Mins
Iq 9t..
1495 Lv.
(93%) Proce"Ins
1310
(81X)

1978 1986

Source: Fisheries of the United States.

The U.S, harvest has increased from 27 percent in 1978 to
70 percent in 1986 of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
total. However, high risks, sharp competition, lack of
technological know-how and established markets still limit
investment in many.fisheries. In addition, recreational demand
is limited to a'few predominant species. The gross value of
commercially processed U.S. fisheries products has leveled off
during the past five years after a decade of significant
growth.

The increased demand for fisheries products has been met
by imported products, which have igrown in both value and .
volume. Although U.S. exports are growing, imports continue to
grow at an equal or greater rate. Many potential markets are,
closed to U.S. exports as a result of tariff and non-tariff
barriers.' In 1986, the U.S. imported a record $7.6 billion in
seafood products but exported only $1.3 billion, resulting in a
trade deficit of $6.3 billion, as shown in Chart 2.

Many opportunities for: growth continue to exist.
Realizing this growth potential is complicated by regional
differences. What is needed in one region is often far''
different from what is needed in another.

,Although great potential exists for fishing indust ry
growth, there are problems which inhibit and in many cases
prevent this growth from occurring. Perhaps the most
significant problem is the basic structure of the fishing
industry. Many firms are too small to be able to justify their
own researchand development programs to support significant
industry growth. The highly competitive nature of the
industry, in turn, has made difficult the pooling of research
and development resources on an industry-wide basis to apply to
common needs. Effectively dealing with these problems requires
tailored solutions, appropriate to the needs of each fishery.
This is critical because of the highly technical nature of the
research that will be required to achieve the next increment of
growth. Much.applied research is also needed.

III. ROLES OF GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY

The clearly-'stated policy of'the U.S. under the Magnuson
Act and the American Fisheries Promotion Act (AFPA) is to
promote the development of an industry that will use our
Nation's fisheries resources. President Reagan reemphasized
this policy when he issued the Proclamation of the EEZ. In
such circumstances, the Federal Government can effectively act

Chart 2

U. S. FISHERY IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
1976@ 1986

VALUE (BILLION
10

IMPORTS
8

EXPORTS
2

01. p
1976 1977- 1978 1979 1,980 198.1 :1982 '1983.11984. 1985 1986-

YEAR,

as the catalyst in partnership with@industry, State agencies,
trade associations, and private research and development
foundations to assume the high risk through financing the
initial and -.longer term research and development. The S-K funds
provide a vehicle for government participation in a meaningful
way.

The full use and Americanization of the fisheries
resources of the U.S. involve coordinating essential government
actions with industry's own fisheries development efforts.

A broad range of activities that are uniquely governmental
contribute to fisheries development. For example, trade
negotiations to resolve and-remove barriers to U.S. fisheries
exports must be conducted on a government-to-gover Inment
basis. The overall fisheries conservation and management
process is sensitive to the opportunities for use of resources
to achieve optimum benefits for the Nation from fisheries
management programs. Much information needs to be collected by
government to perform these tasks competently. Fiscal policies
designed to achieve national economic goals will also affect
trade in fish just as in other products.

The industry, on the other hand, must address its
structural needs, identify opportunities and priorities, and
take steps to develop and market fisheries products and
recreational opportunities domestically and internationally.

IV. THE S-K GRANT PROGRAM

The purpose of the S-K Grant Program is to stimulate and
support commercial and recreational fishing industry efforts in
developing fisheries in situations where the industry is unable
to underwrite these expenses itself.' This purpose was
established in the AFPA.

In 1980, Congress viewed the fishing industry in the post-
extended fisheries jurisdiction world and determined that the
fishing industry needed assistance if it was to realize the
full potential from development of fisheries resources off our
coasts. The result was the AFPA which amended the Saltonstall-
Kennedy Act to provide for the use of S-K funds to support an
industry/government partnership to stimulate commercial and
recreational fishing industry efforts in developing fisheries.

The Secretary of Commerce was instructed to make grants
annually to assist in carrying out research and development

projects addressed to U.S. fisheries. Specifically included
were projects addressing harvestinge processing, marketing, and
associated infrastructure. This was-to be an industry-driven
program to the greatest extent possible, with industry having
the initiative in determining the pace and direction of
fisheries development. The industry is required to provide a
percentage of the cost of any project funded. This cost-
sharing requirement has served to ensure that the industry
considers the projects funded to be those that are most needed
and worthy of its own investment.

The S-K Grant Program enables the fishing industry to
determine its development needs, establish priorities, plan for
the future, and implement those plans in a coordinated fashion.
Under the program, the industry can initiate development
strategies which are particularly suited to industry action,
but probably could not take place as quickly without S-K
support., In this regard, the S-K Grant Program is a catalyst
for industry development. For the most part, projects involve
high risk efforts that no single company could afford to fund
but produce tesults that individual companies can use. For
example, the government conducted the bench-level research on
surimi development, whereas the industry is taking the lead in
new product and market development of surimi.

Generally, except for the Western Pacific, Puerto Rico,
and the U.S. Virgin Islands, S-K funding is not provided for
projects primarily involving the following activities: (1)
infrastructure planning and construction; (2) port and harbor
development; (3) aquaculture research and development; (4)
resource enhancement; (5) research evaluating the ability or
extent to which fish are attracted to fish aggregating devices;
and (6) extension activities such as-newsletters.

V. THE S-K PROCESS

A number-of fisheries-have been identified by industry
and government which show the greatest opportunities for
development. A long range plan has been developed which
describes the problems and opportunities in these fisheries,
and identifies possible uses of S-K funding to address them.

Each year NOAA canvasses the industry for suggested
funding priorities within the framework of the S-K long range
plan. The recommendations of the industry are considered in
developing the annual S-K solicitation for proposals, usually
published in the spring. The funding priorities are listed by

region and nationally. After proposals are received, they
undergo both technical and industry reviews. The Regional
Fishery Management Councils and the public are also invited to
comment. All of these reviews and comments are considered by
NOAA in making funding decisions. Generally, over 200
proposals are received each year and about 50 are funded.

The S-K Program is unique in that it is.well suited,to
responding to the dynamic nature of the industry. For example,
when high costs or unavailability of vessel insurance became a
critical problem in the industry, the S-K Program funded
several projects which addressed the problem of vessel safety
and insurance.

NOAA maintains mailing lists in the NMFS Regional and
Washington offices for those who wish to receive the S-K
solicitation. The addresses of these offices are at Appendix
I. The "Bibliography and Abstract of S-K Project Results" is
also maintained and updated by NOAA and is available from these
offices.

VI. RECIPIENTS

One concern for administering S-K grants has been the best
way of getting the fishing industry as a whole to review its
needs and articulate its priorities. This is particularly
difficult given the fragmented nature of the industry. .
Although their role is not exclusive, the Regional Fisheries
Development Foundations and other industry organizations have
played a central role in this process. Such institutions
provide a coordinating mechanism which can reach an industry
consensus on issues that are essential to the success of any
industry-based research and development program. The
Foundations provide an interface between the industry in each
region and the government to target development funds on those
projects and programs which, by industry consensus, are..of the
highest priority.

For the most part, unlike the commercial fishing industry,
the recreational community has not established organized
institutions to provide a focal point for identifying needed
research and development and handling S-K grants. Efforts are
being made to encourage improved recreational fisheries
coordination.

other recipients of S-K funds are universities, State and
local governments, private firms, and individuals. Charts 3
and 4 show the distribution of"S-K funding by recipient and
category for the years 1982 - 1986.

VII. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS PROBLEMS,
OPPORTUNITIES, AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Appendix II contains a complete listing of S-K projects,,
recipients, and funding for the years 1982 - 1986. The
following section gives S-K Program highlights--problems and
opportunities in the fishing industry, and how the S-K Program.
has addressed many of them.

Alaska

Groundfish. Groundf1sh resources within the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) off Alaska represent one.the largest and
most valuable remaining development opportunities available to
the U.S. fishing industry. While salmon, shellfish, and
halibut have long been mainstays of the Alaska fishing
industry, groundfish are now rapidly becoming an impor,tant new
seg-ent for both harvesting and processing sectors. The advent
of the Magnuson Act in 1976, coupled with the virtual collapse
of Alaska's major shellfish stocks and significant market
problems for salmon during the 1980's, created a need and
provided an alternative opportunity for the U.S. industry to,
begin utilization of the 2 million metric tons of groundfish
resources available off Alaska. As a result, groundfish
resources have been the focus of the Alaska S-K development'"'
program since 1980 and S-K funding has been viewed as,a k-ey
element in implementing the Alaska groundfish development
policy expressed by the Magnuson Act.

Foreign fishing nations have dominated the use of these
groundfish stocks for years. Even today, these interests.,
strongly influence the use of the groundfish resources through
directed fishing, process ing, and marketing activities. The
foreign interests have continued to lose directed fishing
privileges, down from 1.3 million metric tons in 1982 to
approximately 492,000 metric tons in 1986. During this'same
period, U.S. harvesters began selling over the side to foreign
processing vessels, fish which were previously harvested
directly by foreign countries. U.S. vessels delivered over
904,000 metric tons to foreign processors in 1986.

Chart 3

The Distribu'tion.:@of -SI-K Funding
By..,I.Recipients, *19.8 2 1.1 9 8 6"

FisheryDevelopment Univeridtieti
Fouh,datious 8%
6 3 tr
State & Local
X.@p Governments
4%

XLX x DOX x
dustry
Associations
23%
Other
Applicants
2%

Oiart 4

THE DISTRIBUTION OF S-K FUNDING
BY CATEGORY, 1982-1986

Millions of Dollars
15

12.5

11.4

4 3.9

2.2

0
Domestic Export Harvesting. Processing Infra- Other
Marketing Marketing structure

The potential economic contribution of full domestic
utilization of the Alaska groundfish resources-has been
estimated at several billion dollars annually. This estimate
presumed that the industry would develop in a balanced manner
with the domestic processing capacity increasing at a rate
comparable to that experienced by the harvesting sector. This
balanced development has not occurred. At the present fleet
level, most of the available Alaska groundfish resources are
being harvested by U.S. vessels, but additional processing
capability and market access are required. Approximately 18
new factory trawlers have come on line since 1981 and there
have been construction and conversion of approximately half
that number of shoreside processing facilities. The shellfish
and salmon problems mentioned earlier have adversely affected
the shoreside industry's ability to attract,necessary new
capital for plant conversions.

To capture the full, value-added potential of the Alaska
groundfish resources for the domestic economy will require
investments in excess of a billion dollars. Bankers,
investors, and other sources of capital have been reluctant to
supply these funds because of the newness of this kind of
activity for the U.S. industry, its inexperience in large scale
processing of groundfish, concern about the.competitive
position of the U.S. in the international groundfish
marketplace, the existence of trade barriers, and uncertainty
about the fishery management regime likely to be imposed on
fishing activities in Alaska.

A study funded by S-K, has produced a strategy for the
Americanization of the Alaska groundfish fisheries which could
dramatically improve the role of U.S. processors and
harvesters. Included in the study are the results of the
comparative cost analysis of U.S. processing and harvesting
operations vis-a-vis other major groundfish producing countries
in North America, Europe and Asia; a summary of the major
market opportunities for processed Alaska groundfish in the
U.S., Europe, Korea, and Japan; strategic recommendations as to
how those markets can best be penetrated, taking into account
the comparative cost position of the U.S. processing sector;
and various policy alternatives which must be considered by the
government and the industry if the U.S. policy environment is
to be supportive of the Americanization goal for Alaska
groundfish. This study focused on Alaska pollock, the most
important species-available in large quantities and still
underutilized by the U.S. processing sectcr. The use of this
species has long been dominated by foreign interests.

Pollbck is the key species utilized by Japan in the
production of sUrimi, a frozen semi-processed wet fish protein
utilized as a base for a wide range of analogue seafood
products as well as an ingredient in other food products. The
U.S. food industry is showing substantial'interest in surimi.
The lean, white flesh of pollock also lends itself well to
block, stick, fillet, and portion production. Millions of
pounds of these product forms are annually imported to the U.S.
from nations fishing within the EEZ off Alaska. A new U.S.
industry operating on Alaska groundfish has the potential to
replace 75 million pounds of pollock surimi products and 600
million pounds of whitefish fillets and blocks currently
imported at a primary wholesale value of nearly $1 billion.

A model whitefish project at,Akutan, Alaska, supported by
S-K funds, addressed the vast information needs of the newly
emerging domestic groundfish shore-based processing industry.
This project successfully explored the required operational
strategies and financial risks of Americanizing the Alaska
groundfish fishery. Information developed on@processing
technology, product forms, marketing, production costs,
financing, and plant designs paved the way for today's
operational groundfish processors.

A great deal of S-K support has been focused on pollock
surimi, which has proven to be the single greatest opportunity
for seafood industry development in the Nation'and represents
an unqualified S-K success story. Through a series of S-K
surimi development projects over the past several years, the
first shore-based pollock surirni plant in the U.S. was set up
in Alaska and demonstrated that surimi can be produced
successfully on shore in the U.S. Equally important has been
the gradual understanding of the surimi processing technology
and acceptance of its potential.

Armed with a working understanding of- the Japanese surimi-
making technology and the results of handling and storage
studies, these projects focused on quality, consistency,
technological improvements and production economics. More than
1.2 million pounds of surimi samples have been produced and.
made available for testing by prospective food industry users
across the country. The surimi industry development projects
have been touted in more than a hundred magazines and
newspapers, including Business Week, Newsweek and the Wall
Street Journal. For the first time, U.S. food companies have
been encouraged to use Alaska surimi in non-seafood dishes,-
opening up a billion-pound, billion-dollar market segment never
before available to seafood processors. S-K projects are now
concentrating on developing new market forms for Alaska surimi
and pollock by-products within the U.S. food industry.

A spin off of the S-K Program saw other industry funds
used to support industry needs in surimi production
development. A manual, "Introduction to Surimi Manufacturing
Technology," was developed and a training school was held in
Alaska to transfer the technology in a uniform manner to -,
production and quality control personnel of 20 U.S. processing
firms planning to become involved with surimi. Thousands of
requests for surimi-rela.ted information have been fielded.-

The potential.'deVel.opm6nt,,.of.th"e U.S. surimi industry is
enormous. A recent-NOA-A-91tudy"has identified seven
private U.S. firm s which are currently operational, will be
producing soon, or which have commitments from U.S. or foreign
banks. These firms,should.all be producing surimi by 1988. In
addition, three other firms show a high potential for
constructing surimi manufacturing facilities over the next few
years. As shown " i'p,@Ch.art-`5-, estimates are that if all these
become operdtionaL.,"@th,e U,.S.. will produce 25,000 to 30,0.00
metric tons of surim'i In"1987 and about 50,000 metric tons in
1988. The results will be far-reaching in terms of the Alaskan
economy and the entire seafood industry.

Marketing by,the U.S. industry of the products to be
produced [email protected]@Alaska pollock resource is recognized as a
large and expensive undertaking. As U.S. production.began to
climb, the first domestic Alaska pollock promotional-efforts
were initiated with the help of S-K funds. Projects promoting
Alaska pollock in retail and institutional trade markets.were
funded in 1983-1986. over this four-year period, promotions
were held in San Franciso, Denver, Minneapolis,.Chicago, St.
Louis, and Milwaukee. The S-K funds were combined with those
of the private sector and the State of Alaska to maximize
benefits.

Product quality was identified as a key consideration by
the newly emerging groundfish industry. As a result, the
industry has undertaken a sizeable education prog ram at all.
levels to improve the image of both traditional'and new
fisheries products from Alaska. S-K projects related to
education and seafood quality assurance from th6"catcher vessel
to the consumer have been a part of the industry-.effort.
Seminars, workshops, news releases, processing manuals,
promotional materials, video tapes, and handling demonstrations,',`@
produced from these projects have contributed-to@-improved
quality of U.S. fisheries products going to domestic and export
markets.

Chart 5

U.S. SUPPLY AND. DEMAND OF RAW SURIMI
1984-1985 - ACTUAL
1986-1988 ESTIMATED

Metric Tons (thousands)
70

.50

40 -

30 -

20--

Ax Ax III
0
1984 1985 19.86 1987 1988
Years
Em h4 o"rts flu Tj.,g. bemand U.S. Production.

A significant portion of-the U.S. fleet.h 'arves,ting
groundfish off Alaska is based in the Seattle,,are.a.. S-K
projects supporting some needs of this group are administered
by the Northwest Region of NMFS. The focus of these projects
has also been on pollock, including new-product development,
domestic and export marketing, and evaluation of alternatives
to the use of pollock other than sbrimi. This evaluation
included analysis of the operational and economic.aspects of
maintaining product quality during processing..and storage, and
using several methods of processing reconstituted fillets and
portions from fresh and-frozen minced pollock., This research
demonstrated that high quality minced pollock could be
maintained for long periods of time if freezing occurred
immediately after production. In addition, the versatility of
pollock was shown through its successful use in other food
products, such as pizza, chili and soups.

A current S-K project is addressing the international
competitiveness of the North Pacific seafood industry and will
identify tariff and non-tariff barriers,prevent,i ng or impeding
exports of pollock and other Northwest products. Another will
analyze the relationship between foreign fishing allocations of
Alaska pollock and the competition faced by U.S. harveste -rs and
processors of Alaska pollock products in the U.S. and in key
markets in Europe and the Far East.

Two other major @S-K efforts are also underway. The first
is to reduce and minimize the by-catch of king and tanner crab
in trawl fisheries directed at demersal groundfish in the
Bering Sea through gear test evaluations and commercial
trials. The second involves the development of new technology
to use automated optical processes to.detect and.remove
parasites from pollo.ck. Current practices are imprecise and
inefficient and require manual procedures. The new technology
being explored includes1both X-ray and hydroacoustic techniques
to identify parasities coupled with computerized systems using
either laser.or water-jet removal processes.

Other@peci@s. S-K funds have been targeted on other
Alaska species, including salmon, sablefish, octopus, and razor
clams. U.S. industry needs during and following the salmon
botulism problem in 1983 were supported in part by S-K
funding. Market research to profile consumer habits,
preferences, and attitudes regarding U.S. salmon products was
conducted, followed by a consumer information program to build
awareness and stimulate demand for Alaska salmon.

Canned seam integrity, the cause of the botulism problem,
initially became an area of multi-year research under S-K for
development-of detection equipment to assure safety of canned@
salmon products.,

A project to expand domestic marketing opportunities for
Alaska sablefish was carried out in 1984 and 1985. This
species is now fully utilized by U.S. fishermen and domestic
market opportunities provide alternatives-to the total reliance
on export markets for this species.

The first directed work at development of the valuable
octopus resource@in the'Aleutian Islands was carried out
through S-K-funding.' Useful information on gear, fishing
depths, and habits 'of octopus, is now available to fishermen
for this species.

Development of the very large Alaska razor clam resource
has for a number of years been dependent upon creation of a
mechanical or hydraulic dredge capable of operating under
extreme Alaska tidal conditions. S-K funding supported the
development of the first successful hydraulididredge in the
Cook Inlet area,and a new fishery for the razor clam resource
was initiated.

Washington, Oregon & California

West Coast Groundfish. The domestic harvest of West Coast
groundfish increased from 60,000 metric tons in 1977 to 164093
metric tons in 1986. of the 1986 total, about 82,238 metric
tons were processed by U.S. shore-based processors, and 81,855'
metric tons of Pacific whiting were sold at'sea by U.S.
harvesters to foreign floating processors. The estimated
acceptable biological catch of groundfish species in 1986,
413,560 metric tons, was made up largely of Pacific whiting and
shortbelly rockfish which are not fully used. Most other
species are fully used or cannot be caught without taking other
fully used species. Some species, such as Pacific ocean perch,
sablefish, widow r6ckfish and the Sebastes complex of rockfish,
are under strict management to prevent overf ishing and/or to
rebuild the stocks.

The number of commercial trawl vessels, the predominant
gear type in the West Coast groundfish fishery, has increased
from about 280 vessels in 1976 to about 310 in 1986.
Production from the present fleet is unlikely to increase and
may well decline with time as a consequence of overexploitation

of rockfish'. !The fleet -@9,only alternat@ive'would be to become
involved'in f"ishi6g.'fdr"nontraditional groundfilsh, such as
Pacific whiting, shortb@olly r6ckfish',, or pollock off Alaska.

Pacific whiting has a flaw, however, which has impeded its
development. It'ehas.a parasite which produces an enzyme that
routinely deteriorates the flesh of the fish unless -specially
handled,,held,-process6d,, or cooke'd. Although the commercial
incidence of such deterioration is less than eight percent, the
public.perception'of Pacific whiting@flesh has been that it is
"soft" and "mushy" and difficult,to use in-ttaditional
products.

The' processing sector of-the West.Coa@st industry has not
developed at the same pace as the harvesting sector. The
perceived high risk, fluctuations in landings, lack of capital
and attractive financing, and-the high investment associated
with processing plants have slowed the growth of this sector.
Foreign competition in markets for groundfish has also been
a factor. Thust achievement of full domestic use of the
species not currently' used, 'by U.S. fishermen-and processors is
impeded by (1) lack of access to domestic and foreign.markets;
(2) lack of public'acceptance of whiting and shortbelly
rockfish; and (3) inadequate methods for efficient handling and
processing.

@The S-K Program has addressed many@of these problems. New
Pacific whiting and other groundfish product concepts have been
developed and tested for market acceptance. Quality, shelf
life, and continuity of delivery were addressed. Major domestic
and,foreign marketing-activities were.undertaken. Domestic
market efforts'included@development of point-of-sale materials;
repres@entation"at major retail and merchandising trade shows
and seafood expositions; coordination of media, wholesalers and
retailers into integrated market promotions;'and dissemination
of information through'publications, news,releases, conferences,
workshops, and other special events*
Extensive market r"esearch-on Pacific whiting was conducted
on the Los Angeles area'Hispanic-market. The optimum package
design and nomenclatureto position whiting-as a discernable
commodity,to Rispan .ic consume rs were-developed. An advertising
and promotional effort followed. The result of this S-K
investment was that whiting, traditionally a commodity of low,
value, was transformed into a desirable 'consumer product.
Orders have beemplaced by key accounts in Southern California
retail chains. Industry members remain committed to this new
market and believe consumer acceptance will continue to grow.

An,S-K supported seafood promotion and education program
was established in:Southern California to educate and train
food service workers about seafood basics and stimulate
interest and enthusiasm for seafoods and their versatility,
convenience., and profit potential. During a two-year period,
over 65 seminars were,presented.to college food service '.
students and-educators,-.and restaurant.and hotel employees.
This program no dQubt,contributed to the increase of seafood
restaurant franchises in California,by providing training and
education to the individualsAnvolved in handling, prepari,ng
and serving seafood,to the public.

An industry planned and directed prototype retail training
school is also be,'ing@developed in California with the use of
S-K funds. This two7ypar project will train retail outlet
personnel (clerks,,depa.rtment managers and corporate
executives) on every phase of seafood harvesting, preparation.
and marketing.

Another West Coast,groundfish marketing effort targeted
Denver, Minneapolis and Phoenix, whose.citizens did not,consume
much West Coast seafood. Producers and wholesalers were..
organized to.promote and market West Coast rockf.ish and other
West Coast species. These'efforts resulted i-n sharp in.crea ses
in consumption of these products in the target cities. Other
targets of successful West Coast seafood promotional efforts
were military-and other government institutional markets. West
Coast processors also participated in successful foreign trade
shows.

Another major problem facing Northwest and other fishermen
is the rising costs,of vessel insurance. The current-range of.
insurance.for many vessels based in Sea'ttle, for example,'is,
between $60,000 and $100,000. Such costs eliminate profit
margins and competitiveness in foreign and domestic markets.
High insurance cost.'s-.have.,' been directly related to safety on
the@vessel. In conjunction with the U,.S. Coast Guard and ,
marine underwriters, S-K projects'were funded in the Northwest
which produced a vessel safety manual and video tapes designed
as operational safety recommendations for fishing vessel
skippers and crews. The manual.organizes and presents
voluntary safety standards for U.S. fishing vessels. The
manual and the.,Coast Guard's Navigation-and Vessel Inspection
Circular (NVIC),5-86, are now,recognized as the latest and best
information ava-'ilable on fishing vessel safety, and are
regarded'as national standards-by the Coast Guard,.the fishing

industry and marine insurance.underwriters. Courses using the
manual are now being privately funded and conducted throughout
the Pacific Northwest. Clearly, with a little S-K seed money,
a major industry problem has been confronted and the private
sector is now directly addressing the issue.

West Coast Coastal Pelagics. West Coast coastal pelagics
species (mackerel, anchovy, sqU-I'd, bonito, etc.) have a total
potential harvest in excess of 400,000 metric tons per year
with an exvessel value of over $60 million. These-fisheries,
however, are currently being harvested far short of this
potential. In recent years total exvessel revenues have fallen
about 42 percent (from $22.9 million in 1981 to $13.4 million
in 1986). Large fluctuations in resource abundance and
availability and poor market conditions are the most
significant impediments to achieving maximum commercial and
recreational benefit from these fisheries. Mackerel has been
identified as 'having great potential for development. This
potential is presently limited by its low exvessel value and
limited demand for use as a canned product.

In addition to their commercial importance, the coastal
pelagic species serve as both targets and bait for growing
marine recreational fisheries which annually contribute more
than $40 million to the Southern California economy.

An S-K funded project focused on the distribution and
abundance of squid in areas and seasons not traditionally
fished off California. In addition, investigations were
conducted on squid preservation methods aboard vessels. The
project did not locate any significant new quantities of squid
(Loligo opalescens), probably due to the presence of warm water
conditions caused by El Nino. The project did, however,
disseminate information to potential squid fishermen thoughout
the Northern California region and contributed to existing
knowledge of squid movements and behavior. Because no
significant quantities of squid were found, the preservation
research phase of the project was cancelled.

S-K funds were used to investigate the feasibility of
developing technology to automatically sort squid by size and
sex (female squid with roe have high export value). Current
practice involves manual sorting. Both the physical properties
of squid and two automated sorting systems were examined. A
sex and size sorting system using a digital camera linked to a
computer was found most sucessful. The system operates at
sufficiently high rates to be useful in industrial
applications. The system is ready for test applications in
processing facilities.

The squid fisheries off Washington and Oregon have also
been the subject of S-K funded research. Studies which
estimated squid biomass in major spawning areas off the Oregon
coast resulted in the State of Oregon now having state-of-the-
art hydroacoustic technology to assess location and biomass of
squid and other related species. In the Washington squid
fishery, methods to avoid incidental catches of salmon and
herring were examined. These studies have provided more precise
information on the cost effectiveness and prof itably of
harvesting squid (L61igo 2palescens) in the Pacific Northwest.

To promote squid, point-of-purchase materials were
developed including cleaning instructions and recipes. A
symposium was conducted in which squid processors and fishermen
from California and the Northeast shared their expertise with
those in Oregon and Washington interested in developing a local
fishery. The symposium proceedings were provided to hundreds
of industry members.

Marine Recreational Fisheries. Recreational fishing in
Washington and Oregon suffered an economic downturn because of
the decline of the salmon resource. Because-of severely
reduced salmon fishing seasons, the recreational fishing
industry has successfully sought to develop new fishing
opportunities for more plentiful non-salmonid species. A major
impediment to developing these fisheries was the public's
attitude that only salmon could provide a satisfactory
recreational fishing experience. Through the S-K Program, six
projects were conducted in Washington and Oregon to redirect
fishing effort toward non-salmonid species. Evaluation of the
results of these marketing efforts has shown that fishing
effort and expenditures for non-salmonids increased during the
marketing period and thereafter. These programs also developed
better information regarding public attitudes and motivational
factors with respect to deep sea fishing. This information is
being used by the industry to evaluate and restructure
marketing strategies.

A black rockfish stock delineation study was funded in
Oregon. In this project, 5,000 black rockfish were tagged and
released by charterboats. The preliminary tag returns have
been helpful in determining movements of this stock.

S-K funds also supported development.of a forecasting
model which predicted the economic effects of recreational
species availability on angler purchases and retail sales in
California. The model can now be used to forecast the economic
effects (at the regional and State level) of changes in marine
recreational fisheries resources.

Albacore Tuna. In recent years, upwards of 750 vessels
have participated on a regular basis in the U.S. albacore
fishery which occurs.almost entirely in the Pacific Oc.eannorth.,
of the equator and seaward from the West Coast to approximately
180 degrees longitude.

The albacore fishery is seasonal, and catch is dependent
upon both environmental and economic conditions. Between 1981
and 1986, total catch for Washington, Oregon and California
fluctuated from a high of approximately 13,000 metric tons in
1981 and 1984 to a low of approximately 5,300 metric tons in
1982 and 1986. The average catch and value for the six-year
period,. 1981-1986, was 8,800 metric tons per year worth $12.8
million to the fishermen of the three States.

Traditionally, the dominant product form for albacore has
been canned, white meat tuna. Virtually all albacore caught by
West Coast fishermen was sold to canneries. Between 1981 and
1984, volatile market conditions, caused in part by an influx
of canned tuna imports and high domestic labor costst resulted
.in the closure,of three tuna canneries in California and one in
Hawaii. During this period the price paid to fishermen dropped
from a high of $1,800 per ton to a low of $1,000 per ton.

Beginning in 1982, a series of S-K projects have focused
on developing both alternative market forms and alternative
markets for Pacific albacore.. one project was designed to
produce a high quality fresh/frozen product using techniques
very different@from those used for fish harvested for
canneries. The technique included bleeding the fish
immediately, heading and gutting it, washing, then vacuum
packing it. Vacuum-packed 'fish were then blast frozen and kept
at minus 22 degrees F. until unloading. As a result,
additional boats have become involved in on-board processing
and vacuum-packing albacore, and fishermen are getting a higher
price for their quality products than they could for fish
delivered to the.cannery.

Another,project developed and implemented a marketing plan
for fresh and frozen albacore. Included were development of
quality standards,for on-board handling, point-of-sale
materials, food editor releases, and in-store demonstrations.
By early 1986, a growing market for fresh albacore had been
established.

Although the fishery for albacore on the West Coast is
seasonal, it has not been shown to be limited in resource
abundance. In order to reach the objective.of greatly
increased catches and maintain the developing fresh and frozen
markets, however, year-round supplies must be found and

maintained. The fishery must be expanded into areas not
presently fished... Through the @S-K Program, the industry
evaluated, with@positive results, the potential for
establishing a,@U.S,. fishery on albacore tuna during the winter
months between the U.S. West Coast and Hawaii and in,the
Southwest Pacific area.

Western Pacific-

Tuna,. U.S.. tuna canneries, in an effort to meet
Tropical
'foreign-caught-tuna which amounted to
domestic demand, imported
268,944 metric tons in 1986. Increased catches of tropical
tuna fisheries by the U.S. fleet could reduce this dependence
on foreign imports and i'mprove the U.S.' fisheries balance of
trade.

The U.S. tuna-fleet in the Eastern7ropical Pacific has
been faced with numerous'problems, including uncertainty about
access to tuna re'sources'. spiraling costs, stagnant catch
rates, vessel seizures, increased foreign competition,
relocation of U.S. canneries out of California, and government
restrictions on porpoise kills.

With S-K support, U.S.@ purse'seiners have explored
selected regions of the'Western Pacific and collected vital
data on developing Western Pacific surface school fisheries for',
skipjack and yellowfin tuna. This effort-contributed to a
major relocation of the U.S. tuna fleet to the Western Pacific
and the development of the most productive@tuna fishing area.,-
for U.S. vessels. About 35 U.S. seiners caught an estimated,
130,434 metric tons of tuna in the region during 1986,
accounting for 56'.percent of total domestically caught U.;S.
cannery receipts and U.S. exports of raw 'tuna. Total
domestically caught deliveries from this area increased eight
percent over 1985. The Western Pacific was also the area from
which most of the raw tuna'imports originated in 1986, 23
percent of total U.S.,imports. Recent surveys in waters of the
South Pacific have been very successful in demonstrating the
presence of a surface fishery for albacore tuna. The excellent
catch rates experienced in two years of exploratory fishing are
likely to attract a growing fleet of U.S. albacore troll
vessels in the South Pacific.

While the new Western Pacific tuna fisheries were taking'@
hold, the small-scale tuna fisheries ih Hawaii, American Samoa,
Guam, and the Commonwealth of.'the Northern Mariana Islands
continued to operate and land tuna and billfish, much of which

was targeted for consumption i'n the fresh fish market. In
Hawaii,.,,pole-and-line fishing remains the principal harvest
method for sk.ipjack. In American Samoa, Guam, the Northern
M,ariahas,-:and' the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands' the
principal-fishing method is trolling from small vessels, a fuel
Antensive and h-igh cost method of fishing. Although catches
from these',@isheri'es` have-never been large, and indeedl@have
declined, growing demand for sashimi quality tunas makes them
extremely valuable to small scale fishermen.

A nuffiber of S-K funded projects have been carried out'in
an effort to expand small scale tuna fisheries in-the Pacific
Islands. Several projects were carried out in Hawaii'and Truk
State to explore ways of increasing the availability@of live
bait to locally based pole and line tuna vessels. Other
projects in the Pacific demonstrated alternative techniques
(e.g., longline, hand-line fishing) to harvest high quality
sashimi grade tunas.

In order to help Pacifc Island territories plan for future
participation in the industrial tuna fishery, S-K funded
studies were carried out on tuna transshipment opportunities in
the Pacific and the feasibility of small scale tuna canneries
to supply local consumption.

U.S. Pacific Island Fisheries. Fisheries have assumed an
important role in spearheading economic development in the U.S.
Pacific Islands. The Islands view fisheries as one of the few
resource bases available for economic development to improve
local income, diversify economies, and reduce dependency on
shipments of goods and services from the mainland and from
other countries.

Each island government has prepared a fisheries
development plan to identify opportunities and serve as a guide
for public and private investments in fisheries. The
development of island fisheries will involve balancing economic
growth with biological limits and cultural needs. The island
governments acknowledge that coastal reef fishery resources are
limited, and that uncoordinated growth and new entry in
fisheries could quickly deplete stocks and disrupt established
local fisheries. Significant increases in fisheries production
in the various island fisheries will have to come from a larger
fishing fleet which can operate in remote reaches of the island
archipelagoes. To attract new entry and investments in
fisheries, there is a need to improve infrastructure facilities
such as docks, ice houses, storage and transshipment
facilities. Better product handling techniques and market
development are also needed.

While relatively small in total landed value, the value of
U.S. Pacific Island fisheries on a per capita basis equals or
exceeds the value of landings in many mainland States. Effort,
la-ndings, and value have increased in recent years. More
offshore fishing grounds are being exploited by new, larger
Vessels, some of which have moved to the Central and Western
P'acific from depressed West Coast and Alaska fisheries. Most
nearshore fish stocks in Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, the
Northern Marianas, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands are fully exploited by commercial, recreational, and
artisanal fishermen. However, stocks of offshore pelagics,
b-ottomfish, and crustaceans offer substantial opportunity for
increased harvests. Among the species of primary interest are
deepwater bottomfish (opakapaka, onaga, ehu), shallow water
snappers (uku, taape), reef predators (giant ulua, pig ulua),
and deepwater shrimp.

Island fisheries are the only ones in which S-K funds have
been used for infrastructure planning and development
projects. Because of the highly underdeveloped nature of
island fisheries, as well as the economics of many of the
islands, the industry not only lacks capital resources but also
access to capital. Completed projects include the design of
commercial fishing facilities in Saipan and American Samoa, the
deployment of floating docks in American Samoa, improvements to
a fishermen's cooperative in Guam, and launching ramps in the
Northern Marianas. All of these projects have greatly improved
the support infrastructure for commercial fishery activities in
the islands. Centralized fishery facilities developed in a
number of areas now offer fishermen one stop shopping for basic
services (e.g., moorage, cold storage, fuel, ice) and ready
market outlets for their catch which were previously
unavailable. The design and construction of boat launch ramps
have improved access to offshore fishing areas for commercial
and recreational small boat fishermen. Other infrastructure
projects are underway in Truk, Guam, and Yap.

The S-K Program has also supported several shellfish
reintroduction projects in Palau and Ponape involving the giant
clam and the trochus. The projects in Palau have pioneered
mariculture techniques for giant clams and have resulted in a
hatchery operation capable of producing hundreds of thousands
of giant clam seed per month. As a result, the reefs of Palau
and several other island areas are being sucessfully reseeded
with giant clams, a commerically valuable creature that has
almost reached extinction. Several island governments have
independently started projects modeled on the success of the
Palau project. A current project will conduct a feasibility
study on deep water shrimp in Palau.

Several promotional and market development projects in the
islands have resulted in increased sales and higher prices to
island fishermen.

Resource enhancement projects, including development of
artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices, have also,
offered opportunities for S-K assisted industry development in
the islands.

Southeast

Latent Resources. Waters of the Gulf of Mexico and South
Atlantic support several important, and many undeveloped,
fisheries. Landings from the region total well over 1.0
million metric tons annually. The Southeast accounts for over
35 percent of all U.S. landings, representing 25 percent of the
value of the domestic catch. However, estimates of development
potential of Southeast latent resources are even more
impressive. It is estimated that over 1.2 million metric tons
of edible groundfish go unharvested annually, including about
175 individual species. The groundfish complex includes
primarily the sciaenids, with croaker, spot, drum, and sea
trout being the most important. The sciaenids represent about
95 percent of the groundfish harvest, as well as most of the
finfish discard from the shrimp fleet. Groundfish were
historically used extensively in the production of fish meal
and pet food, but are now being considered for upgrading into
food products for human comnsumption.

There has been rising interest in the region's herring-
like resources, as well as selected migratory coastal
pelagics. There are ll major herring-like species, but unlike
the groundfish, use of these stocks has historically been
minimal. Recent harvests of thread herring, Spanish sardines
and other small, coastal pelagics indicate tremendous interest
in these resources for pet food, fishmeal, bait, and for human
consumption. Estimates currently place the standing stock at
greaterthan 700,000 metric tons.

Another major potential for expansion is a group of fish
currently harvested in the purse seine fishery for both
domestic and export markets. This group includes mullet, blue
runners, drum, bonito, and jack crevalle.

A well coordinated fisheries development effort in
Southeast latent resources is especially appropriate because of
the declining access to traditional target species (king

mackerel, Spanish mackerel,;@grouper, red:.snapper-, red drum,
etc.). Latent stocks of small co.a.stal-pelagi-cs, squid,, and
other species can provide a means of shifting capital
investment and labor away from fully utilized fisheries while
maintaining the,economic health.of the Gulf of-Mexico fishing
industry. Success in.this ende-avor.could reduce the U.S'. trade
deficit since,many.of these:resources are prime-candidates for
export markets.

The S-K Program has played a major role in the development
of Southeast latent resources. Cooperative foreign and domestic
market studies by industry and government have served to expand
both export and domestic marketln'g'o'pportunities. The overall
goal is to bring new, heretofore unused species to the
attention of American consumers and to increase the demand for
these products in export markets. By,creating more dependable
markets and increasing -the amount of products-sold in existing
or new market areas, efficiencies.of scale and continuity
promise to lower the cost of@seafood to@-:consumers while,
enhancing earnings in-the seafood@prodilction,*processing, and,
distribution industries.

over the last,five@ years the -S-K Program has supported the
Southeast fishing industry's participation In over 70 domestic
and foreign trade shows. In addition,)foreign market research
resulted in numerous foreign trade,missions, foreign trade
fairs and related export activities. Indiustry-participants
bore the cost of travel',and other expenses,,a,s well -as
providing most of the samples used in the promotion.. Marketing
specialists were engaged to coordinate these acti.viti'es, using
a combination of industry and government funds-. @Most notably,
international trade missions to the Middle East and African
nations significantly altered the trend, in export.markets.

..During 1983,.,for example, results of the'.international,
trade work,documented,an increase in 62-million@poun-ds of fish
sold into new markets.,via the.-foreign market.research, trade.
shows,.and missions.- Speci.fically@t markets.were opened for
shark in Hong Kong, mullet in the Middle East, and other latent
species in Nigeria and other exportmarket,s.`_A review of
foreign market investigations estimated an increase,of exports
to four targeted countries by 20 percent over a two-year period
in terms of value, and over 30 percent-,-Interms,-of volume.
Southeast figures were particularly,,imp:r.,essive for products
other than shellfish, i.e-., those heretofore underutilized.
Thus, the data suggests that promotional efforts were
beneficial for all fishery exports in general and for
underutilized fish in particulari.@

Promotional strategy using target species, target markets
and a market development"te 'am.concept with a high level of
industry leadership and.invo'lvement-proved 'to be'ver@y
successful. During a one-year period, 2,543 contacts were@made'
with seafood business firms and 952 contacts with media firms
throughout the.midwestern U.S. ISeafood suppliers thr'oughtout
the Southeast exper ienced, both.new and expanded sales in'the
target markets.

Detailed descriptions and evaluations of marketing
programs have been made annually. In addition to the direct
impact on the harvesting sector in terms of demand shifts' for
regional products and reductions in variability in demand,
ancillary benefits were 'also gen'erated by the program.,. these
included renewed market and business c Iontacts,,increased sales
of other seafood products, the establishment of linkages to
more distant markets, and the increased probability of success
f or f uture programs.

The warm waters of the.Gulf and South Atlantic combined
with the small, oily nature of many of the finfish species,
have created unique handling and storage problems for the
commercial industry. Many of these resources were never fished
because of these impediments and little informationo Ir.
experience has, therefore, been available. 'A basic problem in
the production of 'coastal herring, groundfish and nearshore'
species for human consumption is the need to economically
handle and deliver very large quantities of fish in good
condition in high water temperature situations.

The,S-K Program.has funded research to address such
questions as at-sea handling, off loading systems, shelf life
studies, and product development. one example is a project
that developed an integrated handling [email protected],
including design, construction and operation of an on-board
refrigerated seawater system. Development of the brine
refrigeration system allowed fishermen to handle large volumes
of low-value fish while maintaining consistently high product
quality. Moreover, the time and expense of travel to and from
port were reduced substantially, thus increasing the range of
fishing activity and lowering production costs.

It is estimated that approximately 10 new purse seine
vessels have entered the Gulf fishery for coastal herring. The.
resulting increase in dockside value of herring production is..
estimated at approximately $1 million a year. The total effect
on gross regional output using conventional multipliers for
this industry would range from $10 to $12 million. Adoption of
this technology in other fisheries, e.g.j the by-catch of the.
shrimp trawl fishery, has generated further increases over

historic values. .An economic analysis, of these benefits
suggests a net.increase in output of-
-$4 million.in landings and
$10 million.in,.,seafood product,shipm'ents from the Gulf coast.

Menhaden.'' The menhaden purse seine fishery, with landi.ngs
of 2.4,billion po 'unds in 1986 and a doc *kside value of $93.,8
million, is' the single largest commercial fishery resource in
the region. This.fishery accounts for 40 percent of the totaf
volume of 1@.,S. commercial landings annually.

Both,tbe. Atlantic and 'Gulf menhaden stocks are considered
fully utilized in fishmeal and oil production. Fishmeal has
been used both,domestical'ly and internationally as the primary
source of amind'acids in Ilivestock feed rations. The oil is
used primarily in the manufacture of 'oleomargerine in Europe.
y
The development of new products for direct human consumption
for both the U.S. and foreign,markets is considered the key to
declining demand for both fishmeal and oil in traditional
@markets. The S-K Program has played a major role in fostering
research'to modify and upgrade the use of menhaden.

Early results from an S-K funded menhaden surimi project
indicate that a variety of products with desirable functional
properties can be made from menhaden ranging from mince to high
grade surimi. Some of these products may be capable.of
partially or fully substituting for pollock or other
commercially.availabl.e surimi in the manufacture of seafood
analogue products and many other foods. This will depend upon
production cost comparisons and technical considerations that
are currently under investigation. Although further work must
be conducted to assure that consistent quality can be
economically_produceld in commercial quantities, the initial
project results answer affirmatively a major technical'question
as to whether*menh&den might be a suitable species for surimi
production'.@ 'At a' time when the domestic demand for fishmbal
from menhaden has been falling because'animal feed blenders
have been able to formulate feed using cheaper grain protein
.sources@with synthetic amino acid-supplements, menhaden surimi,
appeIars moderately encouraging. A modest increase in the value
from this resource would have 'a significant'impact on the
entire region, given the vast scale of menhaden production.

Surimi research has been conducted on other species in the
Southeast, as well. A surimi processing line funded by S-K was
successfully operated at Bayou La Batre, Alabama, producing the
first commercially acceptable surimi in the U.S. About 250
tons of high quality surimi from croaker was produced, almost
all of which was sold at competitive prices to'Japanese
firms. The high surimi quality@was evident since kamaboko made
from Gulf croaker surimi produced at Bayou La Batre was the

first ever U.S. entry and winner of one of-seven major-prizes
in the annual all-Japan kamaboko contest. Over 400 Japanese
surimi manufacturers were entered. Unfortunately, the
traditionally-abundant,croaker resource collapsed due to
natural causes just as the results of the research became
evident.

The plant was used over a four-year period to'demonstrate
and screen other candidate species by examining their gel
forming ability. Initial results on menhaden, red hake and
other species led to further research to fully test the.
technical and economic feasibility of processing surimi from
these species at near commercial levels.

The use of menhaden oil for human consumption is discussed@
in the "National" section.

Shrimp. The Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic shrimp
fishery is the most valuable in the U.S., producing-almost 327
million pounds in 1986 valued at $622*million at the ex-vessel
level. The industry is plagued, however, by a series of
problems. Biological abundance has varied over the last decade
between 194 and 327 million pounds. High production years
attract new investment in added vessels and in the efficiency
of existing vessels. The annual biological yield is being
spread each year among more vessels with a declining catch per
unit of effort as a result. Also, the U.S. shrimp fleet.has
been excluded from many traditional foreign fishing grounds in
recent years, particularly off the coasts of Mexico and the
north coast of South America. The industry has been
characterized by "boom-or-bust" cycles. Spiraling vessel
insurance costs and high costs of capital on top of sharply
increased fuel costs in the mid to late 1970's reduced the
ability of individual firms to support research,to develop
alternate fisheries or to investigate more efficient harvesting
practices. Another problem plaguing shrimp fishermen is the
incidental catch of sea turtles in shrimp nets.

The recent commercialization of shrimp aquaculture in
Central and South America and the development of successful
analogue products and shrimp substitutes havea growing impact
on the shrimp fishery as well. The expected growth in imports"
of cultured shrimp will add to the U.S. shrimp supply and
depress prices accordingly. To compete with imported shrimp,
the U.S. industry must improve its product quality, marketing
practices, and overall efficiency. The advent of analogue
products made from surimi is also increasing competition in the
marketplace for shrimp. As better shrimp substitutes are
developed, analogue products are certain to have a significant
economic impact on the price of shrimp in the future. Efforts

by the Food and Drug Administration to limit the use of
bisulfites in shrimp processing, as well as other potential
regulatory actions, will further.increasp:.shrimp production
costs.

S-K.funded projects-have-already addressed many of these
issues. A project investigating alternatives to..current
insurance und erwriting practices has been conducted in
cooperation with the fishing industry of the Southeast and
coordinated with related@S-K projects,nationwide,.. Early
results suggest that.voluntary yessel safety programs, in
conjunction with imaginat.ive group insurance schemes, may
provide relief to the problems.of high costs or even
unavailability.of insurance for those willing.to improve risk
management practices. A proj.pct-is also-underway to,produce-a
video educational program for Gulf and South Atlantic shrimp
vessel owners, operators, and crews..

The brine refrigeration system discussed earlier reduced
the average,fuel consumption of. s.hrimp vessels by'15 percent
per day.- Moreover, when markets are available, the.ability to
retain the.entire,shrimp catch,in brine eliminates expensive
on-board grading@and sorting.activities.

S-K f,unds,have- been used to accelerate the,adoption of
turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in the southeast shrimp fleet..,,,.
The primary function of the TED is.,to reduce sea turtle
mortality, but a major side, benef it may be the ultimate
reduction of by-catch and shrimp.trawling costs. To date about
125 TEDs have been distributed. for demonstration purposes-with
S-K funding. Other activities include TED.training workshops
for fishermen and net makers, the provision of various TED
designs for industry education and use, and the testing of
other, additional TED devices.

Other projects.have addressed hazards associated with
bisulfites in preserving.fresh shrimp and in the development,of
alternative preservation-products and practices. An acc.eptable
protocol for determining the net weight [email protected] shrimp was,
also developed with S-K funding, to provide a higher level of
shrimp user protection.

Molluscan Shellfish. The Southeast molluscan shellfish
industry (oysters, clams, and scallops) is.valued,at over $600
million annually and is of major significance to the economies.,
of many rural coastal-communities. The water quality in
shellfish growing areas is the principal-factorinfluencing the
marketability of molluscan shellfish,be'caude.they are often
consumed uncooked. To protect human.health, harvesting,of this
important food supply is permitted by States only from high
quality waters which must,conform to rigid,standards.

With S-K f unding , a ..model was developed to- predjct@ 'the
occurrence of adverse conditions that result in the pollution
of oyster harvest 1. areas. Two different approache 's were
determined to have promise in predicting coliform bacteria
levels. These results should be useful for predicting coliform
levels, the indicator organisms for more serious',virus
diseases, thus improving strategies for oyster harvest,
management.

Shellfish meats are often consumed raw, or only partially
cooked, and, with few exceptions, the entire animalis
consumed. Further, cooking does not eliminate all,potential
human health problems related to concentrations of heavy
metals, pesticides or other contaminants. Using*S-k funds, a
more sensitive assay was developed for hepatitis A virus
detection in environmental samples, including shellfish and
shellfish growing waters. work is also underway ' to'evaluate
depuration systems and their specific operating conditions for
the elimination of hepatitis A virus, other enteric viruses,
and indicator bacteria from experimentally.contaminated Eastern
oysters and hardshell clams.

The Gulf and South Atlantic region supplies between 70 and
80 percent of U.S. oyster production, valued at dockside in
excess of $50 million. Highbacterial counts associated with
warm Gulf waters threatened to prec@ude these oysters from
being shipped in interstate commerce. Routine procedures to
validate the safety of questionable oysters required five
days. Since oysters are highly perishable, delays awaiting
assay results reduced quality and in some cases led to
destruction of products which were, in fact, safe. A 24-hour
test procedure virtually eliminating transportation delays was
developed with S-K funding, saving'producing and receiving
States millions of dollars.

other problems are being experienced in the marketing of
shucked oysters. For example, there is no common understanding
or agre'ement among industry firms, regulatory agencies, and
consumers about the source, quantities, quality, and
significance of free liquid in oyster containers. An S-K study
was conducted to d'etermine the amount of free liquid that
occurs in raw products when packed under good manufacturing
practice, considering such factors as geographic location and
season. Data from this experimental work is now being
analyzed.

Recent large increases in landings of calico scallops have
revealed the lack of specific information on the relationship

between handling, conditions,, product quality and shelf life.
Because of industry and public agency concern, better
definition of these parameters was needed for quality
maintenance as the production of calico scallops grew. A
project on*quality*control in scallop production resulted ifi"a
quality control operations manual for the industry,'along with
a self-inspection guide to direct industry's efforts. An
industry workshop was conducted to help accelerate the transfer',
of this vital information.

Marine Recreational Fisheries. The Southeast boasts
ted
significant marine recreational fisheries. It is estima
that the Gulf and'South Atlantic account for over 55 percent of
all retail purchases associated with marine recreational
f ishing in the U.S.

Recreational -fishermen in the Southeast are heavily
dependent on species which are currently being ovetfished or
fully utilized by all the user groups. As a partial solution
to this problem, arecreational fisheries development program
has been instituted with S-K funding and other funding sources
using the same strategy used in commercial fisheries
development to increase the demand and use of a wider variety
of underut,ilized species.

.A pilot recreational fisheries project using Atlantic
spadefish as a target underutilized species was initiated
first, followed by a larger program with a list of target
species including Atlantic bonito, jack crevalle, croaker, sea
robins, triggerfish, sheepshead, skates, rays, amberjack and
sharks. The best success to date seems to occur when existing'
tournaments are expanded to include one or more of the target
species.

Of benefit to both commerical and recreational fishermen
has been work associated with artificial reefs. Several S-K
funded projects have evaluated the effectiveness of new and old
artificial reef technologies throughout the Southeast region.
Benthic reefs as well as various fish attracting devices were
tested both for effectiveness and potential problems. Lessons
learned from these studies are now being adopted by a wide
variety of public and private reef construction organizations.

Also under S-K funding, a reef siting plan for the Gulf 'of
Mexico is nearing completion. This effort is designed to help
overcome delays in the permitting process while minimizing
potential conflict among the various users of the marine
environment. Conflicts concerned with shrimp trawling and
navigation are receiving special attention.

other Fishe@ies."S-K funding has supported research and
development ih-a number of other fisheries.-Deepwater finfish
and crustacean resources in waters bff'Puerto Rico and''the U.S.
Virgin Islands were investigated, for example. As a result,
small fisheriesI:or'.various deepwater reef species and shrimp
are now underway. @@'Anbthe'r'project explored-the potential for'
initiating a deep sea fishety@for Golden Crab in the Gulf of
Mexico. The work included development of basic-harvesting
techniques and the identification of stocks. A number of'
vessels have already'begun :to pursue this resource. Another
project underway involves the coordination and, monitoring of
the rapidly expanding yellowfin:tuna fishery-.

S-K funding has also supported some highly successful gear
research and development in,the Southeast. Severa-Linnovative
technical changes [email protected] and fishing methods employed in
the long-haul seine fishery have bee'h developed and adopted by
commercial fishermen. Also r a revolutionary bottom long line
fishing system was developed for use in very uneven rocky
bottoms which had heretofore been unfishable. This gear, with
many local,adaptations,, has bee:n widely adopted.

Northeast

Atlant-ic Demersal Finfis h. Examination of estimates of
optimum yield and U.S:. harvesting capacity reveals no
opportunity for increased landings in the Atlantic demersal
finfish fisheries (cod, haddock:-,, hake, whiting, etc). In fact,
total landings have@de,clined drastical-ly-over the past few
years. Today, average'landings' approximate 200,000 metric
tons, of-which current,processing pr-act'ices yield only about 35
percent or 70,000 metrictons'. A portion'ofthe ."wa,ste" is
used@for,products such as fishmeal and@'oil. There -is, however,
the opportunity to"make@greater use of the@fish wastes, namely
in new products such as pharmaceuticals, minced products, and
fabricated foods,such as surimi, to increase-the return on the
dollar.

with s-K assistance, technical and economic feasibility of
red hake surimi production-was,.explored.. It was concluded that
red hake can be-processed into a quality surimi comparable to
pollock surimi. Other undervalued species,can be successfully
blended with redhake. @This results in a-potential raw
material base of 100,000 pounds daily, year round. Other work
included a review of regulatory considerations for labeling new
lines of food products and developm6nt'of a proposed labeling
program for surimi based products. The results of-this project

provided a basis@for the Food and Drug Administration to
implement a uniform policy guideline for.labeling analogues
that is favorab@le'.to the surimi industry.

Fish waste processing has become the Achilles' heel of the
New England seafood industry. As recently as 15 years ago,
there were 11 f.ishmeal plants operating in New England. They
used all the waste material from the.region's fish processing
plants, and produced meal and oil from menhaden as well. In
1986, only the plant in.Rockland, Maine, was still operating.
Primary causesfor the. decline were competition with soy bean
products and importation of large volumes of fishmeal from
foreign countries. Environmental concerns forced closure of
one of the plants. At the Gloucester, PIA, plant the volume of
fish waste exceeded the capacity of the plant. Equipment
failures also occurred, anda special permit for disposal at
sea was requested and received from the Environmental
Protection Agency. It was, however, only a temporary solution
to a growing, serious problem.

To help turn fish waste utilization into a profit making
activity for processors, a multi-year S-K project is
investigating environmentally acceptable methods to convert
fish waste into valuable by-products. Basic conclusions from
the first year and one-half of this three7year resource
recovery study indicate that: (1) Solutions to New England's
fish waste disposal problem will likely involve many different
technologies in many different locations. There is great
variability in fish waste production and utilization from port
to port within New.England and small scale solutions are
appropriate; (2) Profitable potential markets forfish waste-
based products exist in several areas, including blended
seafoods, pet food finisher, aquaculture feed, fertilizer and
weaner foods for young livestock; (3) Individual processors can
profitably convert.a portion-of the fish waste stream to minced
fish. By building facilities geared to the production capacity
of their plants,.processots can economically produce mince for
the blended seafood market; (4) Composting of fish waste with
peat has the potential to be an economic and environmentally
acceptable method of disposal; and (5) Large and profitable
markets may exist for fishmeal as a component in cattle feed
and other ruminant feeds due to its value as a growth
enhancer. Industry members and government agencies in other
parts of the country are benefiting from information developed
by this project. Further scientific studies are being
conducted to,follow up on work started by this fish waste
project.

A great deal of S-K effort has been devoted to seafood
quality projects in New England and the Mid-Atlantic to

introduce higher quality fish handling to reduce.waste and
improve shelf life in a supply'constrained resource. An
example is an innovative quality,program involving 28 New
England draggers who learned state-of-the-art techniqpes-for
bleeding fish, boxing them on board, along with improved
fishing methods. These techniques have long been.,used,by
Icelandic, Norwegian and Danish whitefish producers, helping
them to produce high quality,products and enabling them to.,
dominate the U.S. market for whitefish fillets. The N ew
England fishermen who participated in this S-K effort found,
that the quality technique they learned dramatically increased
yield and shelf life of their catch, and improved their profits
significantly. They were able to compete s,uccessfully.-in a
highly competitive"market.

A quality maintenance program for fresh fis,h products from
the Mid-Atlantic region demonstrated that if fresh fish is,
handled properly, shelf life can be extended up to 12 days and,
Midwest markets can be expanded.

Another project resulted in development of.a manual on the
selection of refrigeration and insulation for fishing vessels
to maintain high product quality. As a guide in "taxonomic"
format, it is easy to read and valuable to fishermen seeking,to
upgrade their vessel capabilities.

Several projects are underway which relate innovative gear,
technology to resource conservation. one project will develop
and demonstrate selective fishing gear to reduce habitat
destruction and provide escapement for juveniles and non-t,arget,.
species by-catch. Other projects will develop.a towed gear-
observation system and demonstrate a prototype shrimp sepc@lrator.
trawl.

Squid. Given an optimum yield estimate of 74,000 metric
tons and a present U.S. harvest estimate of 24,000 metric tons
of squid (Loligo and Illex combined), U.S4 harvesting
capability could theoretically be expanded by 50,000 metric
tons. Some additional increase above.the 24,000 metric ton
level will undoubtedly be realized in the near future with,the:
advent of U.S. catcher/processing vessels.

Major problems impeding squid development have been
related to product quality, gear technology, shoreside
processing, domestic markets, and stock assessment in certain
areas. Product quality is of particular concern to t-he
harvesting of Illex squid, a summer fishery.

Freshly caught squid deteriorates rapidly unless properly
refrigerated, and most vessels do not have adequate holding

f acililties. Shoreside facilities have not been developed with
the proper technology to insure maintenance of high quality,
and the rapid"and consistent processing of the raw product.
Specifically, needs include refrigeration, waste disposal, and
mechanized processing systems, such as those which exist in
other countries.

Markets have developed slowly for squid, and considerable
domestic and export market expansion is needed to support
additional investment in harvesting and processing.

With S-K assistance, procedures were demonstrated to
improve the quality of squid catches through storage in
refrigerated and chilled sea water systems as opposed to the
traditional method of storage on ice. Results indicated that
both systems consistently pi@oduced better quality squid in
terms of physical and sensory properties than did traditional
icing-methods.

Gear technology projects have demonstrated that pair
trawling for squid, butterfish and other species not only
increased catches and productivity, but reduced fuel costs.
Squid jigging was also successfully demonstrated to fishermen
as was squid mid-water trawling.

An S-K project analyzed the feasibility of mechnically
drying Loligo and Illex squid for domestic and export sales.
The findings indi6-a-ted that mechanical dryers work for both
species, tastes comparefavorably with Hong Kong samples, and
species are interchangeable in recipes. Further, profits seem
possible,using mechanical dryers, and there'is a significant
possibility for marketing dried U.S. product.-

Anothe r S-K project provided a financial and marketing
evaluationIor dried squid using a computer model. The
research identified markets for dried squid in far Eastern
countries. Findings were: (1) it is possible to build an
adaptable simulation model of a mechnical drying plant, and
that production rates, profit margins, interest rates,
inventory control and Canadian competition can be successfully
modeled, and (2) there is a potential export market,.for dried
squid.. The report details prices, product quality, financial
considerations for investment in such a facility, and time for
payback of the investment under multiple assumptions.

A project in the Mid-Atlantic concentrated on domestic
marketing of vast quantities of Illex squid tubes and strips.
Work included test marketing of_@`quid products in both
institutional and retail markets.

Squid marketing is also included in a major mixed species
market development project being conducted in the Northeast.
This effort involves working with all sectors of the seafood
industry from fisherman to consumers in developing stronger
markets for abundant yet undervalued species.

One barrier to export of squid products has benn the lack
of international product standards. Through the Codex
Alimentarius, the U.S. is now using S-K funds to develop these
standards. S-K funds were also used to study the Spanish
market for squid, along with Spanish government policies and
regulations relating to squid.

Mackerel. Given an optimum yield estimate of 101,700
metric tons and a 1986 U.S. harvest 9,210 metric tons for
Atlantic mackerel, tonnage avaiable to support U.S. growth
totals approximately 92,490 metric tons. A portion of the
possible increased harvest could be realized by marine
recreational fishing interests.

The increased utilization of mackerel hinges on two
factor, entering existing markets and developing new
markets. Existin markets are primarily in foreign countries,
whereas the development of new markets may be in both foreign
countries and the U.S. Although extensive marketing efforts
have benn directed toward mackerel, the harvest has remained
stable. It appears that hte key to full utilization of the
mackerel resource in the future will depend on development of
new product forms such as surimi.

Coastal and Estuarine Fisheries. The coastal and
estuarine fisheries in the Northeast are important for their
yield and value. For example, in 19.86 total landings of
finfish and shellfish, excluding lobster, taken within three
miles of the shore were 174 million pounds valued at about $143
million

Factors affecting the traditional inshore fisheries
include: decline in stocks, in part related to pollution;
displacement of older, smaller vessels by new freezer trawlers;
movement of the fleet inshore from offshore in New England as a
result of the Georges Bank boundary decision; commercial and
recreational user conflicts; and closure of some fisheries in
some areas, e.g., striped bass in Maryland. Strategies to
resolve the problems must include exploring the possiblility of
quality through education and experimentation with alternative
assure multi-species or alternative operations; and resolving
commercial-recreational user conflicts.

Focusing on both familiar and unfamiliar species in the
Mid-Atlantic, ambitious domestic marketing and comsumer
education projects have been supported with S-K funds.
Activities include more than 500 educational seminars for
teachers, home economists, extension agents, and retail meat
managers, and mor than 300 television and radio programs and
seafood demonstrations. These activities have resulted in more
than $20 million worth of free publicity for seafood. A
directory of Mid-Atlantic seafood processors was also produced
and distributed extensively throughout the Northeas region and
the Midwest.

Another significant accomplishment was an Economic
Prospectus and Five-Year Development Plan for the Mid-Atlantic
region. It is being used to educate the financial community
about the development potential of the fishing industry. It
also serves as a planning document for the entire Mid-Atlantic
region to follow in developing the fishing industry effectively
and realistically.

Several projects have dealt wiht the acute problem of crab
waste in the Chesapeake Bay area. In one case, meal production
was determined to be an economically viable alternative. In
another, the results sucessfully indicated that greater usable
meat yields could be achived by placing the "picked" shell
through a deboning machine and formulating the residue into
several new products.

Ongoing projects will characterize the utilization of
wastes from ocean quahog and surf clam processing plants, and
determine the feasibliltiy of modeling the use of New Jersey
salt marshes to treat clam processing waste waters to reduce
the amount and cost of in-plant conventional treatment
necessary to achieve state effluent standards.

Marine Recreational Fisheries. Several recreational
fisheries projects have been supported by S-K funds in the
Northeast. A notalbe example addressed marketing strategies
for the New England party boat, charter boat, and rental
fishing boat industry. The project included the preparation
and presentation of seminars for the tourism/travel industry
and local governments on the role of the industry; analysis of
current industry marketing methods and strategies; and the
development and presentation of a marketing plan to assist
industry associations and members.

Great Lakes Fisheries. Increased use of underutilized
freshwater species is essential to the stabilization of
economic yield in the Great Lakes because of depleted stocks of

traditional freshwater species. Curtailment of commercial
harvesting of traditional freshwater whitefish species to allow
a rebuilding of the stocks has caused a serious drop in
harvesting, processing and employment in the Great Lakes. The
commercial fisheries of the rivers, inland lakes and
impoundments of the U.S. are the source for millions of pounds
of carp, buffalo, suckers, paddlefish and other:species that
have never@been harvested intensively because of inadequate
markets. For example, a rough fish fishery (principally carp,)
on Lake Winnebago in Wisconsin could probably triple production
(now between six and seven million pounds per year)-if new.
markets could be created.

Emphasis has been placed through S-K on development of
Great Lakes fisheries using a market driven approach.
Promotional and educational compaigns have covered both
domestic and foreign markets. Included have been product
development efforts to identify uses for minced or surimi,
products that are acceptable to consumers and test market the
products.

The first product developed was a "sausage" from the
minced flesh of suckers or freshwater mullet. A series of in-
store demonstrations were conducted to introduce this new
product, which was favorably accepted. Indications are that a
good market can be developed for this product. The retail
price was found to be very competitive and allows the
fisherman, processor, distributor and retailer, respectively,
to make reasonable profits.

In recent years, Fishery Administrators in several Great
Lakes States have promoted the development of sport fisheries
for salmon and lake trout. Each year additional restrictions
were placed on commerical operators to encourage further
expansion of sport fishing. An S-K project focused on efforts
that could be undertaken to ensure a cooperative rather than a
competitive fishery. Identified were 14 projects designed to
lessen tensions between sport and commercial factions and
ensure a continuing supply of fish for the consumer. Progress
is being made on these projects.

Generic/National Projects

many problems addressed by the S-K Program are not species
specific. These have been addressed at the national level
because they are generic by nature in that they cross, cut
regional boundaries and/or relate to more than one-fishery. In

many cases@')-'regional projects have also contributed to solving
generic problems and are included in the following discussions.

Seafood-- and Nutrition. A major generic problem has been a
lack of general acceptance of seafood by U.S. consumers as.a
regular part of their diet, as is the case with most meat and
poultry. Much,of this.has been due to the consumers' lack of
familiarity..with the nutritional value and variety of seafoods
available-and the many ways they can be prepared and enjoyed.
Therefore., a key role of the S-K Program has been to develop,
and disseminate needed consumer information on.seafood
availability, handling, storage, cooking, and nutritional
value. These activities, and the exciting new scientific
J evidence on the-unique health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids
which occur mainly in seafood, all work hand-in-hand towards
increasing consumer acceptance of seafood. A number of S7K
supported studies both regionally and nationally have
contributed to the growing body of evidence that these fatty
acids, play a direct role in the prevention and amelioration of
cardiovsacular disease.

S-K funds'also.made possible a landmark conference on
seafood and health in 1985. That conference, held in Seattle,
brought together for the first time key researchers and
clinicians studying the beneficial effects of seafood on human
health, along with nutrition educators, dietitians,
3ournalists, and representatives.from the seafood industry.
The conterence proceedings were published for distribution.

In another area, significant opportunities exist in the
U.S. for the use of fish oil as an added ingredient in cooking
oils and shortenings. Such direct food use of fish oil will,
however,xequire Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval.
Through S-K assisted.research, fish oil was demonstrated safe
for such use. Market research on the potential demand for fish
oil.was also performed. Based on these S-K studies, the FDA is
currently considering an industry petition for the GRAS.
(generally recognized as safe) affirmation of fish oil in
direct food use.

Product Quality and Safety. Many S-K projects have
successfully addressed a number of concerns regarding the
quality and safety of fishery products which have traditionally
plagued the industry's product image. For example, S-K funds
were used to conduct research to develop an improved,
commercially applicable, automated.inspection system for the
detection of defective cans containing salmon; develop and
field test a detection kit for paralytic shellfish poisoning;
reduce processing requirements to inhibit botulism in vacuum
packed smoked fish; and detect ciguatoxin in fish.

S-K funds also supported' an-'invest-igat.16n 'of the potential.
effects 'of institutd`ng a uniform, national inspection program
for fish and seafood under several options by describing the-
experiences of U.S. and foreign inspection programs and by .
estimating @ the possible costs and benef -its of a U.S.- , seaf bod-
inspection program. T.his'preliminaty analysis will provide
'policymakers@ with obj-ective and,timely information that W*ill be@
helpful in-the-debate over the proper 'roles of Government and@
industry*ih fish@an&s6afbdd inspection.

New Product Conc-epts. As discussed'in@ the regional
sections of this report, new product forms such as minced fish-
and surimi offer tremendous opportunitids for the expansion of'-
the U.S. industry,, 'These opportunities are often@ not limited
to individual fisheries. S-K 'sponsored, research has sbown@that
surimi ca:n be-cost-effectively produced from nearly'a dozen ..
species. Certain generic@aspects of s"Urimi product development_
were addressed as national S-K projects -- an international
symposium on structured seafoods, assessment of hyperfiltration
technology to recover proteins from surimi pr,ocess waters, and
an investigation of the nutritional equivalency-of surimi-based-
products to their natural seafood counterparts.

Excellent progress is being made in a mu.lti.-year project
to develop and implement a Seafood Products Identification'.
System compl-etewith a machine readable Universal Products Cod&"
(UPC) numbering system for random.weight seafoods. @@hen .
completed, the results of this project will: provide industry
with a Seafood Products Identity Manual to facilitate uniform
labeling practices throughout the.industry; provide UPC numbers
for all seafood products foruse by b 'rokers,@and.ret&ilers@; and
provide a-guide of.market names for all finf,ish, shellfish, and
processed seafood products-marketed in the U.S.. for use by
Federal, State, and-local"government agencies.

Domestic marketing. Domestic marketing efforts were
continued from 1982 through 1986@ Seafood exhibits were'
strategically planned, located and conducted at national food
industry shows. Seafood promotional materials were developed
and distributed, and training and1related assistance to
retailers in marketing practices were conducted.

A Unique domestic marketing programiparlayed a few hundred
thousand dollars worth of S-K money into an estimated,@30
million worth of publicity for fish a-nd seafood products. The
program, called "Catch America,".enabled industry and
government to join together in promoting a-wide range of
seafood products,,and, ultimately-, to,-ekpand domestic
consumption of fisheries products. These.efforts included

44,

public service.announceme,nts,,pews editor materials, workshops,
A
in-store demonstrations and.,re.staurant and retail personnel
training.
Export,Marke.ti:ng ImIport/eIxpor.t.ratios of U. .S. seafood
have continued to-increase...0espite.a decrease of, foreign
f i s.h i ng ef f ort i.n..U.,S,. va,ters@, , In part., this Js because U.S.
producers have not.been..export ori 'ented due to their small
entrepreneurial nature. Foreign buyers.have traditionally had
little exposure to U.S. products and both U.S.,producers and
foreign buyer 's have faced in 'consistent and sometimes unknown
international product quality standards. U.S producers have
been..unable to afford the risky ventures necessary to compete
with-foreign importers,of. processed seafoods (e.g., surimi).
opportunities for improvement abound.. Currently, the U.S.
imports twice the.,total U.S., commercial landings of seafood.
TheU.S. fishery pr.oductl@import/export.ratio.was 5.6,to 1 in
1986.

Through S-K f@unding ,.,export marketing efforts were
conducted at the national.level, which were coordinated with
regional export marketing..a,ct,ivities. Included were a
comprehensive analysis of U.S. market opportunities and
development of a basic guide for exporting. This was later
augmented by.pxportzguides to selected European markets. U.S.
seafood exhibits at i,,nternational trade shows were planned and
managed. The benefits,from U.S. participation in these sales
events.have been calculated to exceed 10 times the cost of
participation.

vessel Safety and Insurance. Rising vessel insurance
costs,reached crisis proportions in almost every fishery in the
U.S. in the,early 1980.,Is. @Profit margins were severely
impacted and some vessels,were forced out of business. Closely
linked to insurance costs are vessel safety issues.
Increasingly high:awards and settlements in indemnity claims
for personal losses have been identified as;major factors in-
the rising cost of vessel insurance. In 1986,.an-nual premiums
in excess,of $100,000 per vessel were not uncommon. Many
opportunities exist@both nationally and regionally to promote
vessel safety and reduce-Insurance costs...

S-K funds were.used to@develop safety training programs,
vessel safety codes and.manu:als, establish marine safety and
survival instructors, and study,@the impact of fisheries
management regulations on vessel@safety. 'A multi-year project
to assess alternatives to traditional insurance underwriting
practices, update the statistical data base used by actuaries,
'programs
and coordinate vessel safety' was begun in 1985 with,

some early success. For example, fishery cooperatives@have
been started-in Texas, Florida, North Carolinaii New.jerseyand!'-@
Massachusetts. These have shown pro mise in r e d u c h g' in su' r" 'an & 0,
costs for their members.

marine Recreational@ Fisheries. Many opportun,ities 1ot
exi hin the marin6 recreational fishing 'indds .t ry.,
growth ist wit
which is generally constrained:by its lack of 6rganitation@and
central business focus. The manufacturing component is one of
the few organized entities of the entire-industry. Currently,
,the fishing tackle import/export ratio,, however, is,elght.t.0
one. A real opportunity-exists to'increase current.exports--:@,-
(about $130 million in 1986) with a focused, assertive expoit@'-''.,
program by U@S. companies. Through S-K funding, a-practical : '
guide to fishing tackle exporting*was developed and dist,ributed
to manufacterers. Analysis of export opportunities in Westetn@
Europe, Japan and Australia is.also in.progress.

Artificial reefs heve been .demonstrated as both-ef fective
.the past,, reef-'"
fish aggregrators and as biomass enhancers. In'
location and construction have been relatively.piecemeal,-
localized, and poorly planned. Through the use of S-K funds,
a National Artificial Reef Development Center was developed.
The Center serves as a national focal point for:artificial reef@
development. Coordination and development of reeftactivities.
through the Center offers the promise of'significant growth in:@
amount and accuracy of information di,sseminated on reefs,,-catch@
per unit of effort, reduction of commercial and recreational'@@
conflict, and better planned location of reefs in proximity to
anticipated growth of support services and facilities.

VIII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS

In the past, the S-K Program has addressed marketing.and
promotion activities which are essential to the fisheries
development process. Indeed, much of the fishing industry's
success in developing our Nation's vast underutilized fisheries
resources has been due to S-K.supported marketing efforts.
However, a new mechanism has been established to fund fish and
seafood marketing activities.

The National Fish and Seafood Promotion Act of 1986 (FSPA)
created a National Fish and Seafood Promotional Council which
will develop annual plans and budgets for generic marketing and
promotion of fisheries products, including consumer education,
research, and other activities of the Council, such as funding
referenda to establish any product-specific councils formed

under the,Act, and.coordinating their activities. Funding for;
this-Council will be primarily,through monies..transferred from,
the.S.altonstall-Kennedy.,Fund,($750,QQO in FY.1987; $3,million
each in FY 1988 and FY 1989; and $2 million in,FY 1990).-,,.These-.
funds are separate from those in the S-K Grant Program. The
Council consists of the Secretary of Commerce or his-designee,
who is@a non-voting member,.and 15 voting members appointed by
the,:)Secretary for aterm.of four years..

@The FSPA also provides-for the establ,ishment,of product-
specific seafood marketing councils to-conduct product-specific
promotion, in cluding consumer education and.'research. They may
also develop seafood quality standards for fish@orjish
products. These councils will be funded through assessment,of
segments of the industry represented on the councils. These
councils,-will be established through: (1) application of
particular segment(s), of the industry to the Secretary for a
charter; (2) favorable review of the charter by the Secretary,
and (3) successful conduct of a referendum by the Secretary;on
the proposed charter. The appointments to the product-specific'
councils will bemade by the Secretary.

NOAA will continue to work with thefishing industry,in
the future to develop funding priorities for the S-K Program-
that will,address,problems,,and opportunities in fisheries
research and development. -The.focus will be on long-term, high
risk.research that@the industry would have difficulty
conducting without-government@assistance.

APPENDIX I

Information regarding the Saltonstall-Kennedy Grant Program may
be obtained from the following offices of the National Marine
Fisheries Service:

Director, Office of Trade and Industry
Services
National Marine Fisheries Service
Washington, DC 20235
Telephone: (202) @73-5371

Chief, Industry Services Staff
National Marine Fisheries Service
P.O. Box 1668, 709 West Ninth Street
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Telephone: (907) 586-7224

Chief, Fisheries Development Division
National Marine Fisheries Service
BIN C15700, 7600 Sand Point Way, NE
Seattle, Washington 96115
Telephone: (206) 526-6117

Chief, Fisheries Development Division
National Marine Fisheries Service
300 South Ferry Street
Terminal Island, California 90731
Telephone: (213) 514-6686

Chief, Fisheries Development Division
National Marine Fisheries Service
9450 Koger Boulevard
St. Petersburg, Florida 33702
Telephone- (813) 893-3271

Chief, Services Division
National marine Fisheries Service
P.O. Box 1109
Gloucester, Massachusetts 01930.
Telephone: (617) 281-3600

APPENDIX II

1982 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

A
aska Region
l

1. Model Whitefish Processing Alaska Fisheries $548,825 $195,000
Plant Development Foundation
Anchorage, AK

2. Demonstration Longliner - Alaska Fisheries 123,825 95,200
Processor Aleutian Mistress Development Foundation
Anchorage, AK

3. Sablefish Market Alaska Fisheries 186,325 123,500
Develcpment Development Foundaticn
Anchorage, AK

4. Octopus Fishery in the Alaska Fisheries 70,825 22,000
Aleutian Area Development Foundation
Anchorage, AK

5. Hydraulic Clam Dredge Alaska Fisheries 123,325 76,000
Development Foundation
Anchorage, AK

6. Quality and Preservation Alaska Fisheries 85,725 21,000
of Alaska Groundfish Development Foundation
Anchorage, AK

7. Canned Pollock Marketing Alaska Fisheries 93,225 19,100
Test Development Foundation
Anchorage, AK

8. Atka Mackerel Product Alaska Fisheries 187,825 130,600
Evaluation Development Foundation
Anchorage, AK

9. Pacific Salmon Export Alaska Seafood Marketing 302,825 254,000
Development Program Institute
Juneau, AK

1982- S-K' A@ards

Fu"nding
Recipient Federal Match
P@oject'Title

Northwest Region
10. Design and Demonstrate West C.oast Fisheries $5@rOOO' `$53,56.2
a High Pressure Injection Development Foundation
Machine Portland, OR

'30 000
11. Utilization of Minced West Coast Fisheries .31,500,
White-Fleshed Fish as an Development Foundation
Ingredient in Baby Foods Portlandr OR

12. West Coast Domestic West Coast Fisheries 577,000 -259,000
marketing Program Advisory/ Development Foundation
Extension Activities Portland, OR

13. Fishermen'.s Wives Consumer West'Coast Fisheries 65,000 43'125.0
Education and Marketing Development Foundation
Project Portland, OR

14. Evaluation of Fish Silage Washington State' 171214
for Irrproving the University
Nutritional Value of Low Pullman, WA
Quality Feeds for Cattle
15. Fish' Waste Utilization Fruit Builder, Inc. 50,000 34,000
Fish Oil/Fertilizer Entiat, WA

16. Increasing Per Capita Newport Fishermen's Wives 42,000 421000
ConsLurptian of Locally Newport, OR
Caught Trawlfish through
School Lunch Programs and
In-School Education

17.-Development of a Puget Washington State 45,000 19,285-
Sound Scallcp-Fishery 'Departm ,ent of Fisheries
Olynpia, vq@

18. Disposal of Seafood Waste Oregon Department of 95,000 50,000
to Enhance Recreational Fish and Wildlife
Fisheries on the Umpqua Portland, CR
River Estuary, Oregon

19. Commercial Fishing' 8outhern Oregon Community ..45,000 35,000
Technology Prog ram coos Bay, CR

1982 S-K Awards

Funding
Project title Reci2ient Federal Match

20. Public Education Program State of Washington $45,000 $19,286
for,the Recreational Department of Fisheries
Shellfish Fishery 01)Wia, WA

21. Evaluation of Habitat State of Washington 50,000 34,803
Enhancement and Fish Department of Fisheries
Aggregating Technologies' Olympia,,WA
in Washington's Developing
Coastal Recreational
Fisheries

Southwest Region

22.'Pur''se Seine operations in Pacific Fisheries 717,400 167i530
the Northwest Hawaiian Development.Foundation
Island Chain, Ponape Honolulu, BI
and Truk, and the Federated.
States of Micronesia

23. Fresh Fish Market Pacific Fisheries 35,000 40,271
orientation and Fish Development Foundation
-Handlers Training, Guam Honolulu, HI

24. Trochus Reseeding for Pacific Fisheries 34,350 35,972
'Commericial Exploitation, Development Foundation
Palau Honolulu, HI

25. Saipan Commercial Fishery Pacific Fisheries 75,000 31,572
Facility Project Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

26. Static Fishing on Pacific Fisheries 32,000 -47,071
Aggregation Devices Development Foundation
Honolulu,.HI

27. Truk Lagoon Bait Production P@cific Fisheries 36,500
Industry Develcpment Foundation
Honolulu, HI.

28.,,,Ec.orpmics of Ba-itfish Department of Economic 350,000 35,000
Production of Economic Development
Development Maui County Kahului, HI

1982 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

29. Development of a U.S. .:American Fishermen's $150,000 '$150,000
Albacore Fishery Research Foundation
San Diego, CA

17,152 5,825
30. Small-Scale Tuna Frank@Cushing ard Son-
Longlining Around Guam Enterprises
Agana, Guam

50,000 is, 000
31. Seafood Market Development West Coast Fisheries
in California Development Foundation
Portland, OR

Southeast Region

32. Exploratory Fishing and- Gulf and South Atlantic 505,000 320,000
FL-source Studies Fisheries Development
Foundation.
Tanpa, FL

33. Handling, Storage, and Gulfand South Atlantic 100,000 40,000
Technology Studies Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tarrpa, FL

34. Product and Market Concept Gulf@and South Atlantic 150,000 130,000
Develcpment Fisheries..Development
Foundation
Tanpa,, FL

35. Floreign and Domestic Market Gulf and South Atlantic 250,000 200,000
Investigations Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tanpal FL

36. Advisory/Extension Gulf and South Atlantic 80,000 10,000
Activities Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tanpa,.FL@'

37. Surimi Plant, Northern Nichibei Fisheries, Inc. 110,000 110,000
Gulf of Mexico Bayou La:Batre, AL

1982 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

38. Virgin Island Fishery Government of the $50,000 $50,000
Develcpment:and. Virgin Islands
Demmstration Project St. Thomas, VI

39. Evaluation of Existing MACENr, Inc. 47,200 22,475
Artificial Reefs, Enhanced
Ft. Lauderdale, FL
by Means of Mini-Fish
Aggregating Devices

40. Evaluati6n:of Fishing Piers MACEW, Inc. 59,950 34,850
Enhanced with Fish Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Aggregating Devices

Northeast Region

4l.,Develcpment,6f:Sur1=' New England Fisheries- 91,200 90,000
2 Based on Red Hake. Development Foundation
Boston, MA

42. Upgrade and maintain New England Fisheries' 355,200 350,000
Fish Quality Development Foundation
Boston, MA

43. Intensive Market Program New England Fisheries 240,400 200,000
-for New England Development Foundation
Boston, MA

44. Market Information Sysbems Development Planning and 191,013 86,928
and Services, Frozen Fishery Research Associates
Products - Western Europe --Manhattan, KS

45. Feasibility of Cormercial Mid@-Atlantic Fisheries 70,370 69,700
Fishing Operations in the Development Foundation
Mid-Atlantic Continental Annapolis, MD
Slcpe

46. Mid-Atlantic Domestic Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 214,972 207,000
Consumer Education and Development Foundation
Export Marketing Annapolis, MD

47. Program to Develoo New Great Lakes Fisheries 40,000 10,000
Markets for Underutilized Development Foundation
Species of Freshwater Fish Great Haven, MI

1982 S-K Awards

Funding.
Project Title Recipient Federal Match,,-

48. Recreational Fishery for New Jersey Bureau of $32,000 $8,000
Large offshore Pelagic Marine Fisheries
Fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Trenton, NJ
Coast

National Projects

49. Development Opportunities, Sport Fishing Institute 133,866 33,466
in Recreational Fisheries Washington, DC

50. Ciguatera Impact on Medical University of 245,950 61,488
Fisheries South Carolina
Charleston? SC

51. Increase Consumer Awareness National Fisheries 280,000 70,000
Concerning Health and Education and Research
Nutritional Aspects of Fish Foundation
and Seafood Products Washington, DC

52. Fish Oil for Human National Fish Meal and 266,000 117,000
Consumption Oil Association
Washington, DC

53. Audio-Visual Seafood National Fisheries 62,000 35,000
Training Program for Education and Research
Retailers Foundation -
Washington, DC

54. Analysis of Seafood Pennsylvania State 63,858 l5r965
Consumption Patterns University
University Park, PA

55. U.S. Seafood Exhibit Alaska Fisheries 183,120 195,000
at the 1983 ANUrA Trade Development Foundation
Show Anchorage, AK

56. Basic Guide to Seafood Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 14,500 14,000
Exporting Development Foundation
Annapolis, MD

1982 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

57. Quality Assurance and National Food Processors $171,676 $78F324
Product.Safety - Salmon Association
Washington, DC

58. Competition and Robert J. Harmon 89,300 28,000:
International Seafood and Associates, Inc.
Markets: An Analysis Washington,, DC
of Unfair Trade
Practices

1983 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title. Recipient Federal Match

Alaska Region
1. Pollock Industry Alaska Fisheries $1,644,123 $l'i67,500
Development Develcpmeht@ Foundation
Anchorage, AK

2. Minced Pollock Pilot Alaska Fisheries 143,715 105,000
Project Development Foundation
Anchorager AK

3. Groundfish (Whitefish) Alaska SeaCfood Marketing 100,000 99,675
Marketing Institute,
Juneau,.AK

4. Sablefish Market Alaska Longline 132,500 52,215
Development Fishermen's Association
Anchorage, AK

Northwest Region

West Coast Seafood West Coast Fisheries 540,000
Marketing Program Development Foundation
Portland, CR

6. White Fish in the West Coast Fisheries 12,000
Diet & Plasma Cholesterol Development Foundation
Level Portland, dR

7. Assessment of Fishery West Coast Fisheries 60,000 17,467
Potential for Lol@qo Development Foundation
Opalescens Portland, OR

8. Development of an Oregon Southwestern Oregon 70,000 65,000
Squid Fishery Market Community'College
Coos Bay, CR

Development of'a Washington Washington State 17F603
Squid Fishery Department of Fisheries
Olympia, WA

10. Public Education Program Washington.State 26,060 11,200
for Recreational Shellfish Department of Fisheries
Fishery Olympia, WA

1983 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match
11. Evaluation of Habitat Washingbon State $67,900 '@51,8GOI@','
Enhancement and Fish Department of Fisheries
Aggregation Technology Olynpia, WA
in Washington's Develcping
Coastal Recreational
Fisheries

12. Seafood is Heart Food American Heart Association 70,000 37,812
Seafood Education Project of Washington
Seattle, WA

13. Evaluation of the Haul National Environmental 36,580 14,000
Seine for Camvercial Service, Inc.
Shad Harvest - Columbia Lancaster, PA
River

14. Economic Viability of Oregon State University 40,982 12,000
Harvesting Red and Purple Corvallis, CR
Urchin

Southwest Region

15. Trochus Reseeding and Pacific Fisheries 90,000 57,000
Production of Giant Claw, Develcpment Foundation
Palau Honolulu,, HI

16. Western Pacific Pacific Fisheries 33,368 9,697,
Transshipment Study Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

17. Truk Shipyard Feasibility Pacific Fisheries 36,437 8,401,
Study Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

18. Fish Handling, Processing Pacific Fisheries 50,787 18,169.
and Market Training, Development Foundation
Amer ican Samoa Honolulu, HI

19. Topminnow Test Fishing, Pacific Fisheries 7,000 7,000
Hawaii Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

1983 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal match

20. Squid Exploratory Fishing West Coast Fisheries $90,800 $52,250
California Development Foundation
Portland, OR

21. Alternative Processing and West Coast Fisheries 45,700 45,700
Marketing for Albacore Development Foundation
and Mah i Mah i Portland, OR

22. Develop Alternative West Coast Fisheries 21,820 15FOOO
ProdLuts from Under- Development Foundation,
utilized Species Portland, OR

23. A Machine to Sort Squid West Coast Fisheries. 46,596 31,124
by Sex and Size Development Foundation
Portland, OR

24. Development of U.S. American Fishermen's @24,000 24,000
Albacore Fishery Research Foundation
San Diego, CA

25. Develop Domestic Albacore western Fishboat 100,000 100,000
Markets Owners Association
San Diego, CA

26. California Seafood Lee Associates, Inc. 88,685 26,000
Promotion and Education Western Research Kitchen
Program Los Angeles,, CA

27. Administration/Management Pacific Fisheries 166,426 47,000
Suppor t Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

28. Market Potential for University of California 14,474 6,300
Pacific Roe Herring Santa Rosa, CA

29. Economic Study and User National Coalition 24,540 10,517
Value Safety of the Marine for marine Conservation
Recreational Fishery in San Diego, CA
Southern California

1983 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

30. Hawaii Seafood Promotion B.T. Associates $15,000 $4,350
Program Honolulu, HI

31. Small Scale Tuna Frank Cushing & Son 15,000 10,980
Longlining Around Guam Enterprises
Agana, Guam

32. Abalone Fisheries Research California Sea Farms 80,628 56,000
Santa Barbara, CA

Southeast Region

33-Exploratory Fishing and Gulf and South Atlantic 525,000
Resource studies Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tanpa,, FL

34. Foreign and Domestic Gulf and South Atlantic 350,000 200,000
Market Investigation Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tanpa, FL

35. Product and Market Gulf and South Atlantic 150,000 130,000
Concept Development Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tampa, FL

36. Handling, Storage and Gulf and South Atlantic 100,000 40,000
Transportation Studies Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tampa, FL,

37. Finished Products Made Billy Thrash 40,000 27,867
from Surimi Bayou LaBatre, Al

38. Institutional Food Service Florida Department of 15,000 15,00.0
Use of Seafood -Natural Resources
Tallahassee, FL

39. Development of Atlantic South Carolina Wildlife 1 -1,000 10,009
Spadefish Recreational and Marine Resource Dept.
Fishery Charleston, SC

1983 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

40. A Program to Increase East Carolina University $80,000@- $19,959
Demand for Underutilized Greenville, NC
Species Among Recreational
Fishermen

41. Cleansing Mechanisms University of -691000 35,665
of Florida Shellfish South Florida
Tampa, FL

42. Virgin Islands Fisheries Virgin Islands Division 8801000 56,750
Development of Fish and Wildlife
St. Thomas, VI

Northeast Region

43. New England Seafood New England Fisheries 100,000 84,000
Marketing Program Development Foundation
Boston, MA

44. On-Board Quality New England Fisheries 170,000 170,000
Improvement Development Foundation
Boston, MA

45. In-Plant Quality New England Fisheries 120,000 108'000@
Program Development Foundation,
Boston, MA

46. Better Utilization of New England Fisheries 75,000 75,000
Scallops Development Foundation
Boston, MA

47. Marketing Strategies for PNR & Associates, Inc. 74,983 29,600
the New England Party Boat, Rosslyn, PA
Charter Boat, and Rental
Fishing Boat Industry

48. Policies and Market Andreas A. Holmsen .12,390 12,000
Channels in Spain for University of Rhode Island
Imported Frozen Squid Kingston, RI

49. Process Optimization of Chong M. Lee 70,000 321,749
Surimi manufacturing from University of Rhode Island
Regionally Available Under- Kingston, RI
utilized Species and Frame
Waste

1983 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recil2ient Federal Match

50. market Information Systems Development Planning $70,195
and Services Frozen Fishery and@Research Association
Products Western Europe Manhatten, KS

51. Mid-Atlantic Seafood Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 100,000 90,000
Marketing Program Development Foundation
Annapolis, MD

52. Develop a Squid Fishery mid-Atlantic Fisheries 167FOOO 165,000
in the Mid-Atlantic 'DevelcpmentFoundation
Annapolis, MD

53. Hybrid Refrigeration for White Dove, Inc. 100,000 100,000
Traditional and Non- Cape May, NJ
Traditional Mid-Atlantic
Fisheries
54. Great Lakes Seafood Great Lakes'Fisheries .50,000 .20,000
Marketing Program Development Foundation
Grand Haven, MI

National Projects

55. Development and Field Bio-Metric System, Inc. 55,564 50,000
Testing of Detection Kit Eden Prairie, MN
for Paralytic Shellfish
Poison

56. Detection of Ciguatoxin Medical University 226,061 66,516
in Fish of South darolina
Charleston, SC

57. Hepatitis A Virus Detection Baylor College of 22i4O4
in Shellfish and Shellfish Medicine
Harvest Areas Houston, TX

58. Use of Liquid Smoke in National Fisheries .62,000 22,000@
Fishery Products Education and Research
Foundation
Washington, DC

59. Evaluation of Controlled National Fisheries 100,0.00 25,000
Atmosphere Packaged Seafood Education and Research
Foundation
Washington, DC

1983 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal, Match
60. Develop Process Procedures National Food $140y0.00 $60,855
for.Seafocd@Packed in Processors Association
Retortable Pouches Washington, DC

61. Evaluation of the Harvard Medical School 11,000
Nutritional Value of Fish, Canbridge, MA
and Fish Oils in Prevention
and Treatment of Coronary
Heart Diseases

62. Public Health Evaluation University of Washington 100,000 25,835
of the Effects of Shellfish Seattle, WA
on Cholesterol and Lipo-
protein in Humans

63. Develop a System for Pennsylvania State 47,400 31,600
Removal of Parasites in University
Fish Fillets State College, PA

64. Seafood Exhibit at the Food West Coast Fisheries 540,000 270,000
Marketing Institute Development Foundation
Portland, OR

65. Seafood Exhibit at the New England Fisheries 25,000 17,000
National Grocers' Assn. Development Foundation
NGA Show, 1984 Portland, OR

66. Consumer Education National Fisheries 455,000 115,000
and Promotion Education and Research
Foundation
Washington, DC

67. Fish Oil Market Research National Fish Meal and 24,000 6,000
Oil Association
Washington, DC

68. Market Research Supporting New England Fisheries 100,000 25,000
Development of Surimi Develcpment. Foundation
Based Products Boston, MA

69. U.S. Coordination/ Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 340,000 305f5OO
Participation SIAL Development Foundation
Annapolis, MD

1983 S-K Awards

Funding
@'Project Title Recipient Federal Match
70.'U.S. Seafood Exhibit at New England Fisheries .$13.5,000 $124,000
Alimentaria '84 Development Foundation
Boston, MA

71. Management Strategies Sport Fishing Institute 159,856 39,964
for Artificial Reefs Washington, DC

72. Fishing Piers: What The Waterfront Center 11,900 5,100
Cities Can Do Washington, DC

73. Fi shing Vessel Safety National Council-of 12,000
Program Fishing Vessel Safety
and Insurance
washingtoni, DC

74. Fishing Vessel Safety National Council of 1,140
Monthly Column for Trade Fishing Vessel Safety
Publications and Insurance
washingtonr DC

.19.84 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

Alaska Reg ion

1. Pollock Industry Alaska Fisheries $1,300,000 '$849,200,
Development Development Foundation
Anchorage, AK

2'. Alaska Pollock Promotion Alaska Seafood Marketing 321,000 232,700
and Education Institute
Juneau, AK

Recommended %titefish Alaska seafood Marketing 18,700 11,300
Quality Guidelines Inst *61 tu te
Juneau, AK

4. Americanization of the Pacific Seafood 2501P'000 132,080
Northeast Pacific Fisherie's Processors Association
Seattle,, WA
5. Quality Assurance Edu6ation@ University of Alaska 112,570 49,227
Program./Groundfish Anchorage, AK

Northwest Region

6. Food Service and West Coast Fisheries 250,000 117,500
Institutional Seafood Development Foundation
Marketing Development Portland, OR

7'. Development of method "s for West Coast Fisheries 100,000 .45.,880
Washed Fish Flesh Production Development Foundation
Utilization Portland, OR

8.' Restaurant Training West Coast Fisheries 33,460 .17,000
Module Development Foundation
Portland, OR

9. White-Fleshed Fish in West Coast Fisheries 23,730 13,733
the Diet Development Foundation
Portland, CR

1984 S-K Awards

Funding
'Proj ect T itle Recipient Federal Match

iO. Reconstituted Fillets and The Highliners $240,000 $136,000
Portions of Minced Pacific_ Association
'Pollock - An alternative to Seattle, WA
Surimi Production

11. Pollock Fillet-Processing Tkans-Pacific Seafoods, 60,000 40,000
Inc.
Seattle, WA

1 2. Assessment of the Fishery Oregon Department of 87,,000 32,286
Potential for Loligo Fishand Wildlife
Opalescens Newport, OR

13. Washington Squid Fishery Washington State 77,000 33,000
Development Department of Fisheries
Olympia, WA

l4. Impact of Shellfish University of Washington 90,000 21,912
Consumption on Plasma Seattle, WA
Lipoproteins and Cholesterol
Absorption in Humans

15. Nutritional Composition University of Washington 49,567 15,745
of Shellfish: Fatty Acids Seattle, WA
and Sterols in Shellfish
and in Surimi

16. Seafood is.Heart Food American Ileart 75,000 46,480
Recipe Contest and Guide 'Association of Washington
Seattle, WA

17. Recreational Angling for The Washington Charter 48,000 33,000
Non-Salmonoid Species Boat Association
Westport, WA

18. Stock Delineation Study Oregon Department of 39,982 170,143
of Black Rockfish Fish and Wildlife
Newport, OR

Southwest Region

19. Regional Shellfish Pacific Fisheries 98,820 54,540
Production & Training, Development Foundation
Palau Honolulu, HI

1984 S-'K Awards
Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

20. Pago Pago mooring Docks, Pacific Fisheries $121,009
American Samoa Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

21. Boatyard and Repair Pacific Fisheries 660,400. 65,000
Facilityr Truk Development Foundation:.
Honolulur.HI

22. Topminnow and Baitfish Pacific Fisheries 5,000 5,000
Test Fishing, Hawaii Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI
23. Boat Launching Rampst Pacific Fisheries 63,000 @4,000
Guam Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

24. West Harbor Interim Pacific Fisheries 24rO00- 23fOO.O
Improvements, Yap Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

2S. Hawaii Seafood Promotion Pacific Fisheries 27,500 22,920
Committee Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

@6. Hispanic Marketing West Coast Fisheries 94,940 40,000
Project: Pacific Whiting Development Foundation
Portland, OR

27. Mackerel Fillet Marketing San Pedro Mackerel CompanY 160,000 147,692
Project Los Angeles, CA

28. Seafood Educational Lee & Associates/Western 50,000 19,200
,Program - Southern CA Research Kitchens
High Schools Los Angeles, CA

29. on-Board Handling of Donna R. jacoby 22,000 14,458
Troll-Caught Alabacore Moss Landing, CA

30. West Coast Export Market West Coast Fisheries 91,800 37,000
Development Development Foundation
Portland, OR

1984 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

31. Data Base for West Coast West Coast Fisheries $30,000 $20,000
Fisheries Activities Development Foundation
Portland, OR

32. Launching Ramps,- Commonwealth Government 132,000 53,800
Ccmnmwealth of Northern of Northern Marianas
Marianas Saipan, CNMI

33. Launching Ramps, Guam Government of Guam 68,000 17,000
Tamuning, Guam

34. Administrative Support Pacific Fisheries 208,280 12,000
Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

Southeast Region

35. Southeast Fisheries Gulf and South Atlantic 1,265,000 727,500
Development Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tanpa, FL

36. Developing a Gulf of Mexico Louisiana State University 49,985 37,612
Squid Fishery Baton Rouge, Lh

37. Surimi Plant-Northern Nichibei Fisheries, Inc. 90,000 38,571
Gulf of Mexico Bayou La Batre, AL

38. Finished Products Made Billy Thrash 50,000 33,333
from Suriini/Minced Fish Bayou La Batre, AL

39. Construction and Utilization Alabama Sea Grant Advisory 25,000 10,785
of the Trawling Efficiency Service
Device Mobile, AL

40. Modeling@of Water Quality Louisiana Department of 80,000 20,000
Data for Oysters Wildlife and Fish
Baton Rouge, LA

41. Siting Plans for Mississippi/Alabama 115,000 33,273
Establishment of Artificial Sea Grant Consortium
Reefs in Gulf of Mexico Ocean Springs, MS

1984 S-K Awards

Funding
Pro ect Title Recipient Federal Match

@42. Underutilized Recreational University of North $50,000 $13,368
Fisheries Development Carolina Sea Grant
College Program
Raleigh, NC

43. Marine Fisheries Education University of Miami 301,000 24,236
Technology Transfer Center Miami, FL

44. Handling of Fish and Corporation for 25,000 6,250
Product Quality Development of Marine
Resources
San Juan, PR

45. Conch Enhancement in University of Puerto Rico 35,000 34,25@2
Puerto Rico Mayaguez, PR

461. Virgin Islands Explor abory Government of the Virgin 38,000 12,600
Fishing for Deepwater Islands, Division of Fish
Crustaceans and Wildlife
St. Thomas, VI
41. Virgin Islands Pelagic Honest Fish, Ltd. 30,000 16,250
Fisheries Development St. John, VI

Northeast Region

48. Domestic and Export New England Fisheries 200,000 112,500
Marketing Activities to Development Foundation
Increase Seafood Boston, MA
Consumption

49. Improve On-Board Quality New England Fisheries- 99,000 77,790
on Fishing Vessels Development Foundation
Boston,, MA

50. Plant Personrel Training New England Fisheries 80,000 57,930
to Inprove Quality and Development Foundation
Yield Bos ton, MA,

51. Drprove Two Major Types New England Fisheries 70,000 48,640
of Fishing Gear Development Foundation,
Boston, MA

1984 S-K Awards

Funding
t Recipient Federal Match
Proj ect Ti le

52. New Methods to Process New England Fisheries $75,000 $38,640
Fish Waste Development Foundation,
Boston, KA

53. Development of Semi Pelagic MIT Sea Grant Program 34,000 24,000,
Trawls for Squid and Cambridge, MA
Butterfish

54. New England Trawl Net MIT Sea.Grant Program 75,,000 46,750
Training Program Cambridge, MA

55. At-Sea Dogfish Processing High Seas Corp 99,000 75,000
Demonstration Fall River, nA

56. Hard Clam Management Plan County, of Suffolk 200,000@ 93,06Q
for Suffolk County Waters Hauppauge, NY

57 Fishery Product Inspection Kingsborough Community 26,006 10,859
Training Program College
Brooklyn, NY

58. A coordinated Consumer Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 250000 235,000
Education Domestic and Development Foundation
Export Marketing Program Annapolis, MD
for the Mid-Atlantic
Region

59. Seafood Quality Program Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 200,000 188,000
for the M zid-Atlantic Region Development Foundation
Annapolis.,, MD

60. The Economic Feasibility Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 100,000 73,000
of-Handling Spiny Dogfish Development Foundation
Processing Wastes,and in Annapolis, MD
Maintaining a Viable
Commercial Fishery

61. Feasiblity'and Modeling of Lehigh University 60,000 30,800
of the Use of New Jersey Center for,marine and
Salt Marshes bo Treat Clam Environmental Studies
Processing Waste Waters Bethlehem, PA

62. Market Development for GreatLakes Fisheries 40,000 26,561
the commercial Sucker Development Foundation
Fishery of Saginaw Bay, Grand Haven, MI
Lake Huron

1984 S-K Awards

Funding
Pro ect Title Recipient Federal Match

'Great Lakes Fisheries $60r000 $30,000
63.. Advertising, Education and
Promotional Project to Development Foundation
Develop New markets for Grand Haven, MI
Underutilized Species of
Freshwater Fish

National Projects

64. Detection and Segregation Pacific Seafood 489,000 212,527
of Defective Containers of Processors Association
Canned Salmon Seattle,, WA

@5. Detection of Ciguatoxin Medical University of 85,000 21,300
in Fish South Carolina
Charleston, SC

66. Reduce.Processing National Fisheries 65,000 23,000
Requirement to Inhibit Education & Research
Botulism in Vacuum-Packaged Foundation
Smoked Fish Washington, DC

67. Develop an Alternative to National Fisheries 49r718 121,000
the Use of Bisulfite in Education & Research
Shrimp Foundation
Washingtont DC

$8. International Symposium on National Fisheries 35,100 8,800
Strw-tured Seafood Education & Research
Foundation
Washington, DC

69. Procedures for Calculating National Fisheries 40,400 10,100
Per'Capita Consumption Education & Research
Foundation
Washington, DC

70. Hazard Associated with Use University of Wisconsin 46,947 36,550
of Bisulfite in Shrimp Madison, WI

71. Upgrading the Value of Fish National Fish Meal and 100,000 25,000
Oil Oil Association
Washington, EC

1984 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

72. Tuna Refrigeration and Living Marine Resources, $54,364 $19,200.
Preservation Manual Incorporated
San Diego, CA

73. Industry Position Paper on Brand Group, Incorporated 75,000 75,000
Irradiated Foods Chicago, IL

74. Management of U.S. Seafood mid-Atlantic Fisheries 300,000 465,140
Sales Exhibits at Four Key Development Foundation
International Food Shows Annapolis, MD

75. Seafood Export Guide BBH Corporation 94F865 59,165
Washington,, DC

76. National Seafood Promotion West Coast Fisheries 100,000 85,000
1985 Development Foundation
Portland, OR

77. Seafood Exhibit at the Food West Coast Fisheries 27,100 11,500
.Marketing Institute Development Foundation
Portland, OR

78. National Conference-on West Coast Fisheries 62,600 23,000
Seafood and Health Development Foundation
Portland, OR

79. Biological Stabilization NA"ational Space Tech. 115,000 90,000
of Crab Scrap and Processing Laboratories
Wastewaters Pascagoula, MS

80. Artificial Reef Development Sport Fishing Institute 150,000 37,504
Washington, DC

....81. Export Guide for AFTMA Sport Fisheries 28,'553 .12F575
Recreational Fishing Education Foundation
Arlington Heights, IL

82. Development of a Pilot Massachusetts Lobstermen's 62,538 26,802
Electronic Marketing Association
System for Lobster Marshfield,, MA

1985 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

Alaska Region

1. Quality Assurance Education University of Alaska $50,000 $48,468
for the Alaska Groundfish marine Advisory Program
Industry Anchorage, AK

2. Alaska Pollock Market Alaska Seafood Marketing 250,000 210,600
Development Institute
Juneau, AK

3. Pacific Pollock Protein Alaska Fisheries 1,190,202 752,900
Project Development
Anchorage, AK

Northwest Region

4. impacts of Fish oils on University of Washington 53,297 11,169
Plasma Lipids in Humans Seattle, WA

5. Sablefish Soft Flesh University of Washington 37,818 17,337
Analysis Seattle, WA

6. Cptical Parasite Detection Design System, Inc. 70,000 38,050
System Auburn, WA

7. Seafood and Health: West Coast Fisheries 150,000 37,500
Promotion and Market Development Foundation
Development Portland, OR.

8. Development of Washed Fish West Coast Fisheries 108,750 52,662
Flesh Production and Development Foundation
Utilization Portland, OR

9. Pacific Whiting Industry West Coast Fisheries 100,000 52,000
Development Program Development Foundation
Portland, OR

10. Restaurant Marketing West Coast Fisheries 29,350 15,000
Development of Albacore Development Foundation
Tuna Portland, OR

.1985 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

11. Market Development of Pacific Seafood $220,686 $97,300
Alaska Grourdfish Products Processors Association
Seattle, WA

12. Promotion of Washington Washington Charterboat 75,000 38,300
Charterbcat Bottomfishing Association
Westport, WA

13. Promotion of Oregon Oregon State University 75,000 31,483
Charterboat Botbomfishing Corvallis,, CR

14. NPFVOA Safety Orientation North Pacific Fishing 100,000 63,000
Program, Vessel Owners Association
Seattle, WA

15. Vessel Safety/Accident North Pacific Fishery 45,500 19,500
Reduction through Education Vessel owners' Association
Program Seattle, WA

Southwest Region

16. Model bD Analyze Economic National Coalition for 50,940 21,831
Effects of Species Marine Conservation
Availability San Diego, CA

17. Seafood Processing Plant Tautai Fisheries Company 10,000 4,300
American Samoa
Pago Pago, American Samoa

18. Boat Launching Ramps, Pacific Fisheries 182,003 155,000
Phase II, Guam Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

19. Kosrae Pole and Line Tuna Pacific Fisheries 40,000 35,803
Fishing Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

20. Fish Cannery in Western Pacific Fisheries 70,000 10,000
Pacific to Supply Local Development Foundation
Consumption Honolulu, HI

21. Regional Shellfish Pacific Fisheries 125,320 51,640
Production and Training, Development Foundation
Palau. Honolulu, HI

1985 S-K Awards

Funding
Project ELcj2Lent Federal Match

22. Develop U.S, Pacific Fisheries $100,000 $148,500
Fishery in Sk Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

23. Trochus and Clam Culture Pacific Fisheries ...34,PQO 49,356
at Pohnpei State Hatchery Development Foundation
tionolulu, HI

24. Fisheries Econonuc West Cca.st-Fisheries m,000, 20,000
Assessment Model Development Foundation
Portland, OR

et west coast Fisheries 50, 0100 .23,000
25. Hispanic Mark, k-11-,g,
Pac if ic Wb itilnq? ase III I Development Foundation
Portland, OR

West coast Fisheries 20',000
26. Seafood 0- 39,000
tion
@>velonrnent Founda
@-)[email protected], Oregon

27. Export T,,jest Coast Fisheries 65,800 20,000
fcYr r-@eevelqpment Foundation
PartlarO, OR

28. Develop Alternate ic Western Fishboat Owners 60,000 46,750
Markets for, Albacore Association
San Diego, CA

29. Ocean Dumping as a University of Southern 99,933 25,000
Solution to Seafood California
Waste Disposal Problems Los Angeles, CA

30. Hawaii Artificial Reef University of Hawaii 191,569 58,644
Development Homlulu,,HI

Southeast ,LegLon

31. Guidelines for the E>erging University of Florida, 32,487 18,750
Tuna Fishery in the Gainesville, FL
Southeast

32. Resource Evaluat.-'@,cn of Government of the 46,000 20r161
Bigeve Scad Virgin Islards
"'.i Croix, U.S.V.1

1985 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

33. Development of Modified American Shrimp $23,360 $5,840
AOAC Method for Determining Processors Association
Weight of Block, Frozen, New Orleans, TA
Peeled and/or Deveined
Shrimp

34. Southeastern Seafood Southeastern Fisheries 40,000 36,875
Products Quality Code Association
Tallahassee,, FL

35. Loss Control and Risk Southeastern Fisheries 69,600 33,800
Financing, Gulf and South Association
Atlantic Commercial Fishing Tallahassee, FL
Fleet

36. Molluscan Shellfish Quality Shellfish Institute of 48,000 12,500
and Market Standards North America
Washington, DC

37. Gulf and South Atlantic Gulf and South Atlantic 1,,084,,812 674,188
Fisheries Development Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tampa, FL

38. Seafood.Exhibits at Gulf and South Atlantic 125,000 62,,500
Foreign Trade Shows Fisheries Development
Foundation
Tampa, FL

39. Increase Recreational Use East Carolina University 57,900 14,475
of Underutilized Species Greenville, NC

40. Feasibility of Using FADs old Dominion University 149,597 46,506
to Enhance Sport Fisheries Foundation
in Puerto Rico & U.S.V.I. Norfolk, VA

Northeast Region

41. Quality.Seafood Testing Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 150,000 108,620
Project Development Foundation
Annapolis, MD

42. Consumer Education, Domestic Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 200,000 200,000
and Export marketing Program Development Foundation
Bos ton, MA
27

1985 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient. Federal Match

43. Seafood Quality New England Fisheries $50,000 $21,000
Development Foundation
Boston, MA

44. Fish Waste Resource New England Fisheries 300,000 129,000
Reowery Development Foundation
Boston, MA

45. Feasibility Modeling Use Lehigh University 55,865 31,395
of NJ Salt Marshes to Bethlehem, PA
Treat Clam Processing
Wastewaters

46. Advertising/Educational/ Great Lakes Fisheries 55,000 27,500
Promotional Project to Development Foundation
Develop New Domestic and Grand Haven, M.I
Export Markets of Under-
utilized Species of
Freshwater Fish

47. Mixed Species Market New England Fisheries 300,000 200,000
Development Program Development Foundation
Boston, MA

48. State Supported Fishermen's Clark, Ladner, 66,824 41,000
Mutual Insurance Association Fortenbaugh and Young
Haddonfield, NJ

49. Economics of Small Freezer University of Rhode Island 32,330 14,839
Traqlers Kingston, RI

50. Marketing Package-Harvesting New Jersey Department of 53,300 39,15.0.
Surimi/Analog Production Agriculture
Trenton, NJ

National Projects

51. Preliminary Analysis of a ICF, Inc. 75,137 18,374
National Seafood Inspection Washington, DC
Program

1985 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

52. Fishing Vessel Insurance National Council for $143,514 $37,700
and Safety Programs Fishing-Vessel Safety
and Insurance
Washington, DC

53. Management of Seafood mid-Atlantic Fisheries 87,100 35,000
U.S.A Exhibits Develor-ment Foundation
Annapolis, MD

54. Implement Artificial Reef Sport Fishing Institute 150,000 37,500
Technology for Development Washington, DC
of Marine Recreational
Fishing Opportunity

55. Development & Implementation National Fisheries 110,000 55,000
of Uniform Product Code Education and Research
Foundation
Washington, DC

56. Processing Fish Oil and National Fish Meal 138,000 34,600
Its Derivatives with and Oil Association
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Washington, DC

57. Market Research for Tackle American Fishing Tackle 40,000 15,000
Industry to Enter Export Manufacturers Association
Markets Arlington Heights, IL

58. Industry Nutritional/ National Fisheries 26,100 20,800
Information Support Material Education and Research
Foundation
Washington, DC

59. Fish and Seafoc)d National Fisheries 140,000 35,000
Industry Public Service Education and Research
Announcements Foundation
Washington, DC

60. Fishery Management National Council of $381000 $9,500
Regulation Impact on Fishing Vessel Safety
Safety and insurance
Washington, DC

1985 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

61. management of u.S. Seafood Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 300,000 465,140
Sales Exhibits at Four Key Development Foundation
International Food Shows Annapolis, MD

62. Detection and Segregation Pacific Seafood 559,000 253F678
of Defective Containers of Processors Association
Canned Salmon Seattle, Washington

1986 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

10. Long Term Effect of University of Washington $50,888 $12,751
Modifying the Diet to Department of Nutritional
Include Groundfish Sciences
Seattle, WA

11. At-Sea Quality Standards Alaska Factory Trawlers 50,000 24,200
and Inspection for Trawler/ Association
Processor Vessels Seattle, WA

12. Promotion of Oregon Oregon Coast Association 57,700 29,587
Recreational Bottomfishing Newport, OR

13. Promotion of Washington Washington State 51,500 26,000
Recreational Bottomfishing Charterboat Association
Westport, WA

14. Impacts of Fish oils on University of Washington 44,381 21,220
Plasma Lipids in Humans Seattle, WA

Southwest Region

15. Develop U.S. Albacore Pacific Fisheries 166,800 172,800
Fishery in South Pacific Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

16. on-Board Handling of University of California 32,998 18,875
Albacore Tuna Food Science & Technology
Extension
Dav is, CA

17. Alternative Gear Development Coastal Fisheries 75,000 19,000
Foundation
Sausalito, CA

18. west Coast Groundfish West Coast Fisheries 25,000 8,000
Mesh Size Study Development Foundation
Portland, OR

19. Hawaiian Tuna Handline Pacific Fisheries 76,450 25,000
Fishery Exploration and Development Foundation
Development Honolulu, HI

1986 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match -
20. Federated States of Micro- Pacific Fisheries $19,460 $1,300
nesia Fish Poisoning Development Foundation
Investigations Honolulu, HI

21. Albacore Alternate Tennyson & Associates 90,000 67,200
Market Program Portland, OR

22. Smiling Cove Dock, Saipan Pacific Fisheries 1040,250 65,000
Development Foundation
Honolulu, BI

23. Truth in Seafood West Coast Fisheries 50,000 25,000
Advertising Development Foundation
Portland, OR

24. Develop Alternate Products West Coast Fisheries 25,000 13,500
for Underutilized Species Development Foundation
Portland, OR

25. Palau Deep Water Shrimp Pacific Fisheries 55,6100 20,000
Survey and Feasibility Study Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

26. Fisheries Economic Assessment West Coast Fisheries 52,000 20,000
Model Development Foundation
Portland, OR

27. Increase Use of Under- Sea Grant marine Advisory 19,868 9,633
utilized Recreational Program
Fisheries University of California
Davis, CA

28. Trochus/Giant Clam Hatchery Pacific Fisheries 13,900 4,320
Feasibility Study, Yap Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

29. Clam Reseeding in Yap Pacific Fisheries 38,410 13,600
State Development Foundation
Honolulu, HI

30. Retail Training School West Coast Fisheries 60,000 25,000
Development Foundation
Portland, OR

1986 S-K Awards

Fu nd i ng
Project Title Recipient Federal match

40. Control of Hepatitis A Virus University of $32,000 $8,000
Contamination of Shellfish North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC

41. Molluscan Shellfish Quality Shellfish Institute of 44FOOO 10,,500
and Market Standards North America
Washington, DC

Northeast Region

42. Shrimp Separator Trawl Marine Department of 24,250 13,250
Marine Fisheries
Technology Service
Augusta, ME

43. Coordination of Conservation New England Fisheries 40,000 26,670
Engineering Initiative Development Foundation
Boston, MA

44. Regional Marketing: A New England Fisheries 325,650 217,100
Cooperative Mixed Species Development Foundation
Program Boston, MA

45. Seafood Health and Nutrition, Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 250r000 105,280
Consumer Education, and Development Foundation
Export Program for the Annapolis, MD
Mid-Atlantic Region

46. Feasibility and Modeling of Lehigh University 110,000 45,504
the Use of NJ Salt Marshes to Center for Marine &
Treat Clam Processing Environmental Studies
Plants Bethlehem, PA

47. Characterization and Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 76,900 48,675
Utilization of Wastes from Development Foundation
Ocean Quahog & Surf Clam Annapolis, MD
Processing Plants

48. Advertising Educational and Great Lakes Fisheries 60,000 30,000
Promotional Project to Develop Development Foundation
New Domestic and Export Grand Haven, MI
Markets for Underutilized
Species of Freshwater Fish

1986 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match

49. A Regional Towed Gear MIT Sea Grant Program $1251,0.00 @$1021940
Observation System Cambridge, MA

50. Utilization of Menhaden Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 44,500 30,500
mince and Surimi for Development Foundation
Direct Consunption and use Annapolis, MD
in Further Processed Foods

51. Fish Waste Resource Recovery New England Fisheries 300,000 129,000
Development Foundation
Boston, nA

National Projects'

52. Conplete Economic Analysis Sport Fishing Institute, 111,910' 28,616
of Marine Recreational Washington, DC
Fishing

53. Develop Two Videotape National Fisheries 48,000 12,000
Training Programs for Education & Research
Production and Processing Foundation
Personnel Washington, DC

54. Develop International Mid-Atlantic Fisheries 50,000 12,500
Standards/Processing Development Foundation
Guidelines for Frozen Annapolis, MD
Squid Products

55. Description of Control National Fisheries 98,500 49,600
Points in Harvesting and Education & Research
Processing System of Foundation
Fresh and Frozen Domestic Washington, DC
Seafood Industry

56. Investigations to Determine National Food Processors 125,000 53,565
Nutritional Equivalency of Association
Surimi Washington, DC

57. A National Seafood/Health National Fisheries 195,260 48,815
Nutrition Comunication Education & Research
Program Foundation
Washington, DC

1986 S-K Awards

Funding
Project Title Recipient Federal Match -

58. Byperfiltration Technology National Food $103,560 $25,890
for Recwery/Utilization of Processors Association
Protein in Surimi Process Dublin, CA
Waters

59. Matching Capital to Atlantic offshore 102,821 43,500
Resources in the Fish Fishermen4s Association
Harvesting Industry: Newport, RI
Limited Entry and/or Other
Alternatives

157,500 96,000
60. Develqmmt and Implemen- National Fisheries
tation of Uniform Product Education and Research
Code Foundation
Washington, DC

61. Fishing Vessel Insurance National Council for 150,000 38,320
& Safety Programs Fishing Safety &
Insurance
Washington, DC

62. management of Seafood mid-Atlantic Fisheries 184,000 87,500
U.S.A. Exhibits Development Foundation
Annapolis, MD

US. GOVERNMENT PRIMING 11FICE 1988 201-492 - 265/80013 37

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