[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


                                                              FINAL PRODUCT   FY '94 Task 76
                                                              Cape Charles Wetland Restoration and Public Education on NPS
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                                                    A
                                     CWetiands Park
                                      Conceptual Plan

                                                    for
                        The Town of Cape Charles and Northampton County's
                                Sustainable Technologies Industrial Park




                                              September 30,1995







                                                     AS MO






                                                  q@?-MENT Of




                This plan was funded, in part, by the Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources
                Management Program through Grant # NA470ZO287-01 of the National Oceanic and
                Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, under the
  -2            Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. The views expressed herein are those of
                the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies.
                                                            ci












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                                                               COVER SHEET
              1994 VIRGINIA COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM GRANT


              1. Legal Applicant (Name, organization, Address, Phone):

                              Town of Cape Charles       Northampton County (Joint Application)



              2., Pr iect Marta er:    Billy Mills                        Phone: 804-769-0841
              0   01          .9
                                                                          Fax: 804-769-0841


              3. Project Title: Use of Wetlands for Tertiary Treatment and Public Education (Section 308)

              4. Area of Project Impact: Chesapeake Bay (Side) Watershed           Town of Cape Charles
              S. Proj ect Siart    End Dates: July 1, 1995     September 30, 1995

              6. Project Duration (in months): Three months


              7. Proposed Funding
                              a. Federal (50%):          $5,100
                              b. Match (50%):
                              c. Total (100%)-.          $5,100

              8. Brief Description of Project (Do not simply refer to attached):            Development of a     concept plan for the
              approximately 18-acre wetlands park core element will establish inventory and planning principles for use
              throughout the full acreage of the ecological infrastructure element of the Sustainable Technologies Industrial Park
              in Cape Charles, Virginia. The plan will address site-specific "crossroads linkage" aspects of integrating enhanced
              on-site wetlands to polish sewage effluent, as well as the proposed trail linking adjacent wildlife corridors and
              greenways and connected natural areas into a system of protected natural resource assets intended to complement
              and buffer park site parcels, as per the Master Plan for Cape Charles Sustainable Technologies Industrial Park.

              9. Products/Deliverables: A 24" x 36" color concept plan will be produced, suitable for reproduction, with accom-
              panying narrative guidelines for implementation.

              10. Individual Authorized to Make Application:


                     a. Typed Name and Title                                       b. Signature and Date

                              Richard Barton, Town Manager
                              Town of Cape Charles


                              Thomas E. Harris
                              County Adn-dn., County of Northampton








                                           TABLEOF CONTENTS


                  Page No.


                       1     Cover Sheet
                       2     C2M Grant Cover
                       3     Table of Contents
                       4     Sustainable Technologies Industrial Park
                       5     Quadrangle Map - Cape Charles
                       6     Aerial Photo
                       7     Affected Area Map
                       8     Flood Insurance Rate Map
                       9     Soils Map (Survey)
                      10     National Wetlands Inventory Map
                      11     Parcels Map (Draft)
                      12     Photo Survey Map (Overview)
                      13     Photo Analysis and Introduction
                      14
                  through    Photos and Existing Conditions Narrative
                      38-
                      39     Summary of Existing Conditions
                      40     Proposed Park - Concept Plan
                      42.    EPA Construction Cost Index
                      43     Natural Area Restoration - Cost Worksheet
                      44     Recommended Plantings - Species List
                      45     Plan Implementation - Priorities & Sequence
                      46     Plan Implementation - Schedules
                      47     Plan Implementation - Development Guidelines
                      48-    Development Recommendations - Implementation Strategy
                      49/
                      50     Linkage to the Ecological Infrastructure System

                             Appendices





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                                      NOTES TO THE USER
                                      ï¿½  Wetlands which have been field examined are indicateci
                                         on the map by an asterisk I*).
                                      ï¿½  Dominance type (either vegetative or sedentary anirnal)
                                         can be added to the map by the interested user.
                                                                                                                                           '55
                                         Additions or corrections to the wetland,s inforniaiion
                                         displayed on th's map are solicited. Please torward su@:h
                                         information to the address indicated.
                                                                                                                                                                0,

        WATER REGIME
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                                               SERVICES


                  P1 - 7 Acres
                  P2 - 1.6 Acres










           This diagram does not represent the final alignment of development lines, but is provided as a diagram to establish
           the relationship of the proposed wetlands Park land to adjacent land uses proposed. The area enclosed in-this diagram
           for the park is approximately 7 acres. Area contained in the power easement adjacent to the park tract, and of equal
           length, is an additional 1.6 acres.












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                                                            PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY





        The site inventory for the proposed Wetlands Park is presented in this photographic survey through page 38. Each photo.is identified
        by number (example, P-1) and the numbers are keyed to the narrative description on the page below, and also to the 24'x36'site plan
        that accompanies this report, titled "Wetlands Park: Existing Conditions." The site plan indicates the relative position from which the
        photograph was taken (indicated by a similar white rectangular label) and an arrow points to the direction the camera was facing.

        While the photographs can certainly provide a sense of the site conditions presently (fall 1995), referring to the 24'x36' site plan as you
        review the photographs and narrative can be even more illustrative. At the end of the 28 photographs, the narrative continues in the
        form of text, tables, and appendices.
































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                                                        PHOTO INTERPRETATION




       P-1: This photo shows the view from the northwest reaches of the large wetland pond, looking toward Cape Charles across the
       harbor. This view' establishes the line between the proposed park and the Town, and suggests an excellent future parking area and
       starting point for the trail.

       P-2: This more distant view reveals the road approach to the parking area. The raised concrete platform near the wharf could serve
       as an observation platform and trailhead. Trail users would then walk through the treed area to a safe road crossing to meet an
       expanded perimeter trail that passes in front of the wastewater treatment plant.


       REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
       * Park signage, trail kiosk, parking delineation (PI, P2).
       * Selective pruning of trailway through 1-acre tree buffer, and transition pedestrian rail crossing over abandoned track rails.








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                                                        PHOTO INTERPRETATION





       P-3: This photo, looking more westerly from the wetland upper pool and toward the Chesapeake Bay, reveals the safe road crossing
       near the distant signs, and the treed grass area in front of the wastewater treatment plant to the far left. The trail would go in both
       directions - continuing south toward the utility corridor, as well as east to the wetland viewing platform, where this photo was taken.


       P-4: This photo completes the perimeter view, capturing the fisherman's processing plant immediately across the road from the
       wetland upper pool viewing platform, and eastward along the road approach from Town. This photo also reveals the fairly broad
       road shoulder along the portion of the road that passes the northern park edge (Route 1108). The intersection of the marina basin road
       and Route 1108 represents that point where visitors walking from Town would encounter the park.


       REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
       ï¿½ Park signage, roadway paint on crossing surface, pedestrian crossing sign, trail (P3).
       ï¿½ Park signage, paint on crossing surface, pedestrian crossing sign, trail.
       ï¿½ Desirable: remove debris, inactive storage tanks, etcetera, from fish processing building near road where pedestrians will walk.












                                                       PHOTO INTERPRETATION





       P-5: This view, facing southeast from the proposed viewing platform, reveals the lengthy prospect of the approximately 3-acre
       wetland pool flanked by forest. The extent of the infestation of phragmites is evident here, even in this photo taken at grade
       height (6).


       P-6: This similar view is taken from a viewing height of 12', revealing what a visitor would see if viewing from a platform elevated
       6' above grade. The wetland stream as it courses through the drainage is evident here.




       WETLANDS CLASSIFICATION:
       Palustrine, scrub-shrub wetlands, broadleaved deciduous, seasonally flooded (PSSIC). (Connected to Cape Charles harbor and
       Chesapeake Bay by surface flow through buried culvert.)


       REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
       * Generally, eradication of extensive phragmites infestation throughout the visible 3-acre wetland pool, supplemental plantings on
       shoreline terraces ofwildlife beneficial species of shrubs and small to medium trees.
       ï¿½ Construction and installation of a 10'X 12'treated timber, post-elevated view platform with H/C-accessible ramp and step system.
       ï¿½ Interpretive signage.


       ENHANCEMENTS:
         Nesting boxes, wildlife observation blinds, etcetera.
































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                                                         PHOTO INTERPRETATION





        P-7: This view is taken from the road approximately 30'east of the viewing platform site, again looking in a southeast direction. The
        proximity of the phragmites invasiveness to the road is evident here. This is the view the visitor would experience after leaving the
        platform and walking along the roadway toward where the trail would enter the woodland.

        P-8: This close-up view is of the wetland pool at flood tide, emerging from the culvert that traverses the road before ending in the
        harbor,under the southwest corner of fish processing building. This view is from the same location as P-7, only looking more directly
        downward. Again, note the density of phragmites infestation.


        REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
        ï¿½ Generally, selective pruning and removal of invasive vines. Priority phragmites eradication.
        ï¿½ A significant volume of debris evident in the near-road vicinity should be removed. Concurrent removal of significant large-scale
        debris.at the other end of the culvert under the fish processing building.
         Protective rail adjacent to road to prevent slipping over culvert.


        ENHANCEMENTS:
         Interpretive signage, tidal marker in clear view.

















































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                                                         PHOTO INTERPRETATION




      P-9:   This photo is taken another 40' along the road, heading east/ revealing now the distant break in the trees at the farthest extent of
      the wetland pool area. The broad expansions on both the east and west shorelines reveal excellent sites for wildlife viewing blinds at a
      similar pool width.

      P-10: This photo shows the antenna guy wire access. road for the north guy wire. While this approximately 400-foot access must be
      kept open for service and inspection, the entry to the raod could be realigned to minimize visibility. Note the otherwise dense tree
      canopy and shaded understory on both sides. Somewhat out of sequence, this photo was taken about 350 feet cast of the wetlands
      viewing platform where the access breaks the tree line. Identified invasives here include wysteria.


      REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
      ï¿½ Selective pruning and vegetative removal for vista gain (P-9).
      ï¿½ Careful re-routing of the initial 75 feet of the 250-foot access road would permit ready access, but with the benefit of significant
      screening for roadway site line. Visible impact of road surface could be reduced by grading for grass seed bed (P-10). Access
      gate and lock recommended.
























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                                                          PHOTO INTERPRETATION




        P-11: This photo was taken from a point between the viewing platform and the guy wire access road, and just inside and into the
        forest cover. The photo reveals the lip of the wetland pool in the middle, and the woods and vegetation that characterize the "wet"
        portion of the tract. Note the extensive phragmites population just inside the lip where sunlight breaks through the upper canopy.
        Species present throughout the wetland and woodland include: red maple, black gum, swamp white oak, wild cherry, loblolly pine,
        American holly, sumac, sassasfras, dogwood, and shadbush, as well as wetland fringe species.

        P-12: Leaving the pool lip and moving through the woodland in an east and southeast manner, walking to the southwest corner of the
        landfill /disturbed area, this photo typifies much of the existing vegetation found in the margin area elevations. Clearly, this forest is a
        second generation woodland, having recovered from past timber removal activity throughout much of the site. Species that would
        provide significant understory and mid-level habitat value would include: persimmon, eastern red cedar, bayberry, hightide bush,
        groundsel bush, highbrush blueberry, black cherry, inkberry, winterberry, highbush cranberry, sumac, and blackhaw. Virginia DCR,
        Division of Natural Heritage site survey did not reveal the presence of identified rare or endangered species.


        REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
        * Placement and access to constructed wildlife observation blinds is feasible only after phragmites eradication. Departing from the
        road shoulder and onto a stable and Handicap (H/C)-accessible trail surface will require site-specific grading and construction
        throughout the 8+-acre park woodlands. Selective small caliber tree removal may be unavoidable.
        + Lower and medium height understory shrubs and wildlife beneficial small trees are needed to enhance these habitats for wildlife
        support, again, throughout the woodland areas of the park. (See species list page.)
          Interpretive signage to identify dominant or representative species.










                                                                        21.5-










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                                                            PHOTO INTERPRETATION




       P-13: This photo, taken from the existing road entrance near the northeast corner of the tract, clearly reveals the extent of.the land
       disturbance that this portion of the tract has experienced. The site served as a dumpsite for decades; since the County landfill opened,
       this site has been used primarily for debris, including stone, concrete, timber, mulch, shredded bark, vegetative brush, stumps, and the
       like. Grading operations have pushed substrate material into perimeter bounds throughout the site, as is the case of the vegetated
       rubble pile in the middle-rear of this photo. The woods to the far left in this photo disguise and screen the presence of considerable
       extensive debris, which in many cases has been pushed into the wetland swamp drainage. Identified invasives here include multi-
       flora rose and tree of heaven.


       P-14: This photo reveals a level of debris on site that is characteristic and typical throughout this open part of the parcel. A similar
       level of debris extends into the wooded area and well into the wetlands drainage.


       REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
       * This 5 to 6+-acre disturbed landfill needs to be fully closed and reclaimed, regraded for restored flow to the wetland swamp system,
       tested and analyzed for leachate contamination, and resurfaced with topsoil. Extensive surface debris in and beyond the mounded
       perimeter berms must be removed, as should all surface debris and large metal objects beyond the open area in the wetlands swamp
       drainage.



       ENHANCEMENTS:
       * An excellent candidate site for reforestation with wildlife beneficial species, identified with interpretive signage, perhaps with a
       small open meadow area. Site consideration for future Business Incubator and pedestrian trail link to African-American Heritage
       Center.










































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                                                         PHOTO INTERPRETATION




       P-15: This photo is taken just north of Route 642's intersection with the road leading to the Coast Guard Station and Bayshore that
       skirts the parcel's north boundary (Route 1108). It reveals the dense woodland forest at this end of the property and suggests an ideal
       location for a park sign. The sign would identify the parcel and direct the visitor to either the wharf-side parking lot or to the parking
       area located at the African-American Heritage Center south, southeast of this point, approximately 600 feet south on Route 642.

       P-16: This photo is taken at the approach to the existing north entrance to the old school, slated to become a potential interim business
       Incubator facility and, ultimately, the African-American Heritage Center. You can see that Route 642 turns sharply left, eastward
       toward its terminus at Route 184. Just tothe right is the southeastern corner of the tract where a service road terminates at the Del-
       marva right-of-way and a farm lane continues south in the direction of Plantation Creek.

       P-17: The reverse view from the location of photo P-16 looks back toward the parcel corner on the left, and up "the hump" where
       Route 642 crosses high above the railroad tracks. Beyond the far clump of trees on the right is an athletic field used by Town residents
       for ball games and active play.


       REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
       ï¿½ Primary park signage, directional and safety signage (P-15).
       ï¿½ Center identification signage, landscape management along roadside (P16).
       ï¿½ Right-hand road shoulder signage for visitors approaching from south (P17).
       ï¿½ Directional and identification signage to trail head.


       ENHANCEMENTS:
         All aspects and perspectives in photos would benefit from the replacement of utility poles with buried cable service.












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                                                         PHOTO INTERPRETATION




       P-18: This photo is taken from the same location as P-16, but at a 12-foot elevation and with a wider lens setting. The old school, most
       recently used as commercial refrigeration facility, is shaded by trees planted in front of the building along Route 642. The 2.8-acre
       area, that in this photo is undergoing cleanup activity, has been open and abandoned for a long period of time and is cluttered with
       debris of every sort, including farm machinery, automobile remnants, and a previously-burned mobile home. The wooded area be-
       hind the building, beyond the reddish-brown tree stand, still evidences dump and landfill debris that has spilled into the nearby wet-
       land swamp drainage.

       P-19: This end of the property described in P-16 is the farthest southeast corner under consideration for the Park, and like the school
       property and the radio antenna, represents a small outparcel that must be acquired, leased, or placed under management. Again, this
       corner represents a viable sign location.


       REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS;
       * Restore 100-foot road forest buffer along Route 642 immediately north of the driveway. Delineate parking, road circulation, connec-
       tion to trail at trail head, trail link to adjacent open/disturbed area site for future business incubator.
       ï¿½ Extensive debris removal, including into the tree margin west of structure.
       ï¿½ Essential safe closure or adaptive redevelopment of structure must accompany access to this site by the public.
       ï¿½ Estensive landscape plantings of native species throughout the site with interpretive signage. Careful site planning could yield a
       unique cold winter ice-skating site in and throughout the system of wetland swamp meanders behind the Center.






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                                                            PHOTO INTERPRETATION





        P-20: Upon turning the corner, in the distance to the left is a small 1.1-acre crop field, flanked on the south by a small forest tract and
        on the west by a stream drainage tree buffer. (Beyond the buffer is more cropland on the west side.) You can see the farm lane that
        continues south in the middle of the photo.

        P-21: This photo is taken from the same location as P-20, only facing due west toward the Bay. This entrance to the 2.6-acre Delmarva
        utility corridor is slightly more narrow here, but the corridor widens quickly where the hidden crop field meets the corridor area. The
        crop field begins between the first two utility poles. Primarily a grassland, you can see (even at this distance) how the grass gives way
        to larger shrubs and small trees.

        P-22: This view is south, looking to the end of the smaller crop field where the field meets a stand of forest. The tree to the left is a
        remnant from an old homestead. The tree line on the right is a buffer strip along the headwaters strream that drains into the wetland
        swamp and, ultimately, to the harbor and Bay.


        REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
        * Irregular and undulating raod surface of the 2.6+-acre utility corridor is not currently suitable for pedestrian traffic. The two
        primary drainages that occur between utility poles lands must be bridged by truck-capable structures. The first drainage that connects
        the headwaters stream to the wetland swamp requires that flow be restored by an adequate sized culvert and significant grading.
        Invasive phragmites must be eradicated (P-21).
        * A southernmost trailhead will be required at the end of the wooded area south of the smaller crop field. Extensive interpretive, di-
        rectional, and safety signage.

        ENHANCEMENTS:
          The small crop field is suitable for a demonstration reforestation site featuring native species.































































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                                                          PHOTO INTERPRETATION




        P-23: This photo looks back (to the east) down the utility corridor, and to the right, down the length of the 5.6-acre larger crop field.
        The tree line that dominates the middle of the photo is the stream buffer again, only in this view we see the east side.

        M4: Taken from the P-23 photo location, looking eastward. The larger shrubs and trees in the utility corridor can be seen here, as
        can changes in the elevation.

        P-25: Continuing west along the 50-foot utility corridor approximately 250 feet, the southeast guy wire corridor slices through the
        woodland. You can see not only the tower, but the service building behind it to the left, on the south side.


        REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS:
        * Crop removal from utility corridor and grassland cover restored (P-23). Defined trail location and regraded stable surface essential
        for H/C accessible use on trail system through corridor (P-24). Rerouted entry for access to guy wire maintenance corridor could
        permit effective vegetative screening of objectionable views. Post construction debris (metal, wood) must be removed.


        ENHANCEMENTS:
        * Improved trail surface could be maintained within a larger dedicated vehicle roadbed for service or emergency access by Delmarva.
        Alternatively, separate trail and road surfaces system could be implemented. Medium sized transition trees and shrubs could enhance
        wildlife "edge" benefit on both sides of utility corridor.





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                                                              PHOTO INTERPRETATION



         P-26: This is the view due north from the tower service building. The previous north antenna corridor left this opening in the tree
         cover, shading the wetland swamp drainage that seeks to connect with the wetland pool, out of this picture, to the far left.
         P-27: Approximately 300 feet farther westward along the utility corridor is located the service road to the radio tower and service
         building. Power service to this facility is by poles. Here, you can see the radio tower in the center of the picture, some 200 feet from
         the utility corridor. This view is looking back somewhat. northeast from the edge of the utility corridor.
         P-28: Looking westward from the P-27 location, the uphill grade toward the end of the parcel emphasizes the undulating terrain
         throughout. It is at the top.of the hill that the corridor- road meets the proposed new Industrial Park road and the perimeter linking
         trail that leads back to the wharf site.

         P-29: Within approximately 200 feet of the tower road is the grassed berm that separates the western park from the plant's overflow
         lagoon and treatment plant equipment. A logical trail surface, this pathway accesses a couple of suitable locations on the western edge
         of the wetlands pool to locate and access wildlife observation blinds. The northwest end of this pathway returns the visitor to the
         wetlands overlook. (Alternatively, one can continue to follow the utility corridor as well.)

         REQURIED IMPROVEMENTS:
         * Placement, construction, and installation of the radio tower, the 200' access road, and the guy wire corridors, and timber removal
         operations have contributed to the disturbance of the flow of water downstream into the tidal pool. Restoration of the flow requires
         grading and revegetation at this location (P-26). The service road entry should be screened from view, as well as the tower (P-27).
         * Roadbed (service) and trail system option should be continued to the intersection with the new road and perimeter trail that run
         adjacent to the west fence line of the wastewater treatment plant (P-28).

         ENHANCEMENTS:
         * Wetland restoration site may be suitable as a feature trail stop, with interpretive signage (P-26). Replacement of utility poles with
         buried cable would permit effective landscape screening here (P-27).
         * Trail identification and directional signage should be carried to the distant intersection and continue to the beach and secondary
         dune preserve (P-28).
                                                                                                                               1@0




















          This 800' grassed berm crown, serving as the final return leg on the trail along the western edge of the tidal pool provides good
         access to wildlife observation blind sites. This segment of the trail is suitable for a meandering trail, swee.ping through a canopy of
         shade trees and shrub planted edges.





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                                 SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS


             The approximately 30-acre site under consideration for development into a Wetlands
             Park, and as a core element to the planned Ecological Infrastructure System for the
             Sustainable Technologies Industrial Park at Cape Charles, represents both a unique
             restoration opportunity and a significant implementation challenge.

             Decades of injurious land use and neglect have taken their toll, but not to the extent
             that recovery -and restoration should be dismissed. Virtually every urban U.S. commu-
             nity as old as Cape Charles contains a former landfill that needs to be reclaimed, sealed
             and closed or, at least, cleaned up. Few, however, can justifiably be reclaimed and put
             to a new and beneficial use for community residents and visitors, let alone boast a
             comparably rich combination of wetlands, woodlands, farmlands, and fields. Even
             fewer are sited in the middle or "at the crossroads" of an innovative, world-class, cut-
             ting edge experiment in sustainable technology and development, such as is the case
             here in historic Cape Charles in 1995.

             Viable recovery for this precious land resource is entirely feasible and worthy of the
             effort. The effort required will prove to be sobering in scope, comprehensive and
             laborious in execution, and certainly rewarding to those upon whose shoulders the task
             will fall.. It is difficult for this visitor to imagine a more compelling and satisfying com-
             munity service project for the residents and citizens of Cape Charles and Northampton
             County.















                   THE PROPOSED WETLANDS PARK - A CONCEPTUAL PLAN



              The plan for the new Wetlands Park as presented here is a conceptual plan. As such,.
              the plan attempts to describe a range of activities, experiences, views, and vistas, infor-
              mat.ive exhibits, and interpretive education that this site can support and deliver. Per-
              haps more importantly, this plan is intended to stimulate and energize the imagination
              of the people of Cape Charles.

              A final plan for the Wetlands Park can be developed following significant input, de-
              bate, and discussion between citizens, neighbors, senior citizens, town councilors, town
              staff and employees, civic leaders, and business leaders. This then is the beginning of a
              process to design a community asset for Cape Charles, and only a beginning.

                                                        The Plan


               Imagine a 30-acre woodland natural area with a 2-mile-long walking trail network, open year-
              round for exercise, nature enjoyment, bird watching, wildlife watching, and quiet retreat.
              #Imagine this network of trails as the crossroads, or hub, at the center of a 400-acre high-tech
              and innovative industrial park, with a mid-day stream of workers breaking for a shady lunch
              spot or a brisk walk.
              #Imagine ice skating under the stars on a crisp, cold night through a winding, meandering
              stream course, in a community park, a safe 10-minute walk from the middle of Cape Charles.

              These experiences and more will greet the resident and visitor to this special place. The
              proposed Wetlands Park is essentially designed around three resource restoration
              success stories - a reclaimed landfill, a restored forest buffer along a stream, and of
              course, a dramatically restored wetlands system. An interconnecting set of generous
              and comfortable trails guide the visitor on a tour of tidal wetlands, forested wetlands,
              upland forests, a meadow, grasslands, a hardwood swamp, and a small-scale farm.
              Along the way, visitors encounter numerous educational exhibits, including tree,
              shrub, and vine identification, wetlands and woodland ecology lessons and exhibits, a
              sunny wildflower meadow with its dancing butterflies, and more. Wildlife observation
              blinds, elevated viewing platforms, foot bridges, nesting boxes, and bird houses add
              excitement and promise to the trail experience.,

              A new African-American Heritage Center is planned for the old school on Route 642,
              and nearby, a new Business Incubator facility to help newly arrived industrial park
              tenants and businesses - both facilities accessible by the trail network and, to limited
              extent, by vehicle.







             Innovative, specialty small-scale sustainable agricultural practices can be observed at
             the mini-farm site, and the latest research in forest regeneration is to be displayed and
             demonstrated along the headwaters creek at the southern end of the park. Extensive
             edge habitats, where grasslands or crop land meet forest, provide excellent wildlife
             observation oppportunities, particularly in early morning or late evening.

             Against this backdrop of proposed landscape features, constructed physical improve-
             ments, and education exhibits, the new Wetlands Park promises to become a valued
             community asset for Cape Charles and Northampton County. As the first piece in the
             mosaic that will become the Sustainable Technologies Industrial Park, the Wetland
             Park signals an important step in setting the stage for the emergence of the new Port of
             Cape Charles.





































                                                      4-1






                   A Management Measures                                                                                               Chapter 7



                                                             Table 7-8. Construction Cost Index
                                                                          (Grogan, 1991)

                                    Year                   Annual Average                     Year                Annual Average


                                    1.975                        2212                         1984                       4146


                                    1976                         2401                         1985                       4195


                                    1977                         2576                         1986                       4295


                                    1978                         2776                         1987                       4406


                                    1979                         3003                         1988                       4519


                                    1980                         3237                         1989                       4606


                                    1981                         3535                         1990                       4732


                                    1982                         3825                         1991                       4775


                                    1983                         4066                         1992                       4946


                            Note: Engineering News Record tENR) builds the index as follows:

                                      200 hours of common labor at the 20-city average of common labor fates, plus 25 cwt of standard
                                      structural steel shapes at the mill price, plus 22.56 cwt (1.128 tons) portland cement at the 20-city
                                      .price, plus 1,088 board-feet of 2X4 lumber at the 20-city price.

                                      Example: To compute a construction cost increase from 1985 to 1990
                                                (a) Divide 1990 index by 1985 index: 4732/4195 = 1.128
                                                (b) Multiply 1985 cost by ratio: 1985 cost X 1.128   1990 cost.



                   a. Costs for "Low-Level" Restoration Projects

                   The two sources of wetland and riparian plants that should be used in restoration projects are seed and nursery-reared
                   plant stock. Transplantation of wetland plant materials from other natural ecosystems is not recommended, but
                   transplantation of young trees and shrubs growing in upland areas for riparian area restoration is acceptable, provided
                   no other suitable source of plant stock is available. Transplantation of wetland plants is not recommended because
                   digging up existing wetlands for removal of plant material can cause serious disturbance and dislocation of healthy
                   systems. In addition, pests, disease, and contaminants can be carried along with the transplants and introduced into
                   the area undergoing restoration. For this reason, even though it is possible to locate citations in the literature for
                   transplantation costs, they are not included in the list below.

                        (1) Costs for a 1982 tidal wetlands project in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, included seeding and fertilizing salt
                              marsh cordgrass at $204.85 per acre (Earhart and Garbisch. 1983).

                              Cost in 1990 dollars      ................................................                              S253.42/acre








                   7-44                                                                                       EPA-840-B-92-002 January 1993






                                                                       Natural Area Restoration - Cost Estimate Worksheet (1992-93)



                                                                                                                  Avg. Cost                     Spacing                            Number                                           Maintenance                      Total Cost                      Success
                Materi                                                                                                                                                                                     -@(Ist - --- -
                         a                                                                                         Per Plant               Fect.on Center                        Per Acre                            r cre
                                                 criplion                             Size                                                                                                                                         Cost/Year/Acre            Per Acre Afler 2 Years                  RatLing
               )Veilind                 Seeding ______Pry wi k.@f rile Straw                                      --m'/A.                                                ----301bs.                               $1.950.00                    $900.00                          S3.750.00            Poor
                                                                                                                                                   N/A                               30lbs.                       S3.6GO.00                    $500.00                          S4.600.00            Good
                                                                                                                             A  .
                                                                    Pre-ern innied Hydroseed (EQR MIN)                                  (Includes wateri v)_.                        301hs.                       S6.300.00                    S250.00                          $6.800.00            High

                                        Herbaceous,                 BR.Rool.Tubcr                                            S, so                                     2                         13068          S32.670.00                  $1.633.50                         S35,937.00             Good
                                                                                                                             -.-S--                                                              13068          S39.204.00-                 $1.960.20                         S43.124.40             Good
                                                                    -Quart                                                   S7.00-                                                               61-81         S43.267.00                  $2.163.35                         S47.593.70             _yjgh_

               Welland                  Woodv                       Seedling                                                 S2.00                                     8                           700            S1.400.00                    S500.00                          $2.400.00            Fair
               and                                                                                                                                                                                 700            S6.650.00                    $500.00                          $7.650.00            Fair
                                                                    jVhir, E@R                                               S@ 0                                      1 1                    -
                                                                                                                             12.00                                                            -T56-               S4.200.0                                                      S5.400.00            Hig
                                                                    le.                                                                                                                                                        0               $600.00                                                      h
                                                                        1=4' Cont.
                                                                      gal 24"-30" Coni. Trees                                -5s 9 @ 5 0
                                                                                                                                                                       1. 1-                       350            S6.825-00                    S600.00                          S8.025.00            4ih
                                                                    @_jaf 24"-30" Cont. Shrubs                               S 13 00@.                                 1                           350            S8.050.00                 -S600.00                            S9.250-00            High
                                                                    I ' Cal. BR Trees                                        S35.00                                    15                          200            S7.000-00                    S900.00                          S8.600.00            Poor
                                                                                        - ---- ---'           I--- -----s-45-. 0-0-                                    15                 --2--00        --- S9.000.00                         S800.00                        S10.600.00             Fair
                                                                    I" Cal. B&B Trlic-,,-----
                                                               I          al. Cont. Trees                                    $45.00                                    Is                                         S9.000.00                    $800.00                        S 10. 600.00 1         High
                                                                                                                             I O@0-0-                                  20'1
                                                                                                                                                                                                   100          S10.000.00                     S800.00                        S 11.600.00            F!tLr-_
                                                                    2* Cal. Cont. Trees                                      S100.661                                  -                                        S10.000. 01                    S800.001                       S 11.600.00
                                                                                                                                                                       -26                                                                                                                           k Gigh



              Prices are to lie used to rouphly estimate costs ror proposed activities.
              Cosis include material and labor for installation.
              hininienance includes. replacements, watering if required and pest manip-ement.
              Does not include design. en-incering, permits. sediment control. ,rading, torsoil etc.



                                                                                           Environmental Quality Resources, Inc.
                                                                                           1738 Elton Road, Suite 310
                                                                                           Silver Spring, MD 20903
                                                                                           Tel: (301) 439-2000
                                                                                           Fax: (301) 44.5-3346                                                                                                                                                                         AL








                                   RECOMMENDED PLANTINGS - SPECIES LIST





                 TREES (6):                                                SHRUBS (7):

                 1. Eastern Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana                1. Wax Myrtle, Myrica. cerifera
                 2. Loblolly Pine, Pinus tieda                             2. Inkberry Holly, Ilex glabra
                 3. American Holly, Ilex opaca.                            3. High-tide Bush, Iva frutescens
                 4. Red Maple, Acer rubrurn                                4. Groundsel Bush, Baccharis han-tifolia
                 5. Sassafras, Sassafras albidum                           5. Highbush Blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosurn
                 6. Persimmon, Diospyros virginiana                        6. Bayberry, Myrica pennsylvanica
                 7. Dogwood, Cornus florida                                7. Black Chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa
                 8. Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichurn                      8. Winterberry, Ilex verticillata
                 9. Sweetgum, Liquidambar styracifula                      9. Swamp Azalea, Rhododendron viscosum
                 10. Shadblow, Amelanchier canadensis                      10. Sweet Pepperbush, Clethra alnifolia
                 11. Cockspur hawthorn, Cra taegus crus-galli              11. Blackhaw, Viburnum prunifolium
                 12. Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis                        12. Sumac, Rhus, copallina
                 13. Ironwood, Carpinus caroliniana                        13. Snowberry, Symphoricarpos. orbiculatus
                 14. Black Cherry, Prunus serotina                         14. Elderberry, Sambucus canadensis
                 15. Blackgum, Nyssa sylvatica                             15. Red Chokeberry, Aronia arbutifolia



                 Trees and shrubs listed above are intended to provide wildlife benefit, mid-story and
                 understory structure, protective cover, and seasonal miterest. Samplings of these plant-
                 ings should be located at or near the trail for interpretive and identification signage.








                    PLAN IMPLEMENTATION - PRIORITIES & SEQUENCE



                      PROJECT PLANNING:
                      1 - Review and Acceptance of Conceptual Plan (IDA)
                      2. Public Input - Review and Comment (Community)
                      3. Develop Final Park Plan (IDA)
                      4. Establish Development and Maintenance Budgets (IDA)
                      5. Funding Commitment and Source(s) (IDA)

                      PRE-CONSTRUCTION:
                      Land Transfer (Brown & Root Donation)
                      Land Acquisition (Robberecht & Thibodeaux)
                      Management Agreement (Sinclair)
                      Landfill Closure (per EPA Protocol/ Criteria)
                      Initiate Phragmites Eradication (2-3 Yr. Schedule)
                      Eradicate Invasive Plants
                      Misc. Remaining Debris Removal (to 36" Below Surface)
                      Utility Lines Relocated / Poles Removed
                      Develop Specifications (Grading, Drainage, etc.)
                      Establish Contractor Performance Standards
                      Draft and Distribute Request for Proposals (RFP) and/or Bids
                      Evaluate Bids / Bid Acceptance Contract Award

                      CONSTRUCTION:
                      Secure Site (Gate & Post) and E&S Controls
                      Grading Operations (per Engineering Specifications)
                      Construct Anstall Culverts, as Required
                      Construct/ Install Vehicle Bridges (per NPS)
                      Construct/ Install Foot Bridges (per DCR/VSP)
                      Construct and Install Trail Network (per TNQ
                      Construct and Install Trail Handrail (per TNQ
                      Construct and Install All Signage (per STI Park)
                      Landscaping Operations (Trees, Shrubs, etc., per AAN)
                      Final Road Grading (On-site, per VDOT)
                      Inspection and Acceptance

                      POST-CONSTRUCTION:
                      .Reconcile Budgets and Expenditures
                      Initiate Maintenance Program (per Plan)
                      Develop Promotional Literature/ Publicity
                      Dedication
                      Open Park for Use by Community
                      Regional Promotion








                               PLAN IMPLEMENTATION - SCHEDULES



             PROJECT PLANNING:                                                   TARGET TIME FRAME-
             1. Review and Acceptance of Conceptual Plan (IDA)                   Fall 1995
             2. Public Input - Review and Comment (Community)                    Fall 1995
             3. Develop Final Park Plan (IDA)                                    Winter 1995/96
             4. Establish Development and Maintenance Budgets (IDA)              Winter 1995/96
             5. Funding Commitment and Source(s) (IDA)                           Winter 1995/96

             PRE-CONSTRUCTION:
             Land Transfer (Brown & Root Donation)                               Spring 1996
             Land Acquisition (Robberecht & Thibodeaux)                          Spring 1996
             Management Agreement (Sinclair)                                     Spring 1996
             Landfill Closure (per EPA Protocol/ Criteria)                       Summer 1996 (begin)
             Initiate Phragmites Eradication (2-3 Yr. Schedule)                  Spring 1996 (begin)
             Eradicate Invasive Plants                                           Spring 1996
             Misc. Remaining Debris Removal (to 36" Below Surface)               Summer 1996
             Utility Lines Relocated / Poles Removed                             Fall 1996
             Develop Specifications (Grading, Drainage, etc.)                    Fall 1996
             Establish Contractor Performance Standards                          Fall 1996,
             Draft and Distribute Request for Proposals (RFP) and/or Bids        Fall 1996
             Evaluate Bids / Bid Acceptance / Contract Award                     Fall 1996

             CONSTRUCTION:
             Secure Site (Gate & Post) and E&S Controls                          Fall 1996
             Grading Operations (per Engineering Specifications)                 Fall 1996
             Construct/ Install Culverts, as Required                            Fall 1996
             Construct/ Install Vehicle Bridges (per NPS)                        Fall 1996
             Construct /Install Foot Bridges (per DCR/VSP)                       Fall 1996
             Construct and Install Trail Network (per TNQ                        Fall 1996
             Construct and Install Trail Handrail (per TNQ                       Fall 1996
             Construct and Install All Signage (per STI Park)                    Fall 1996
             Landscaping Operations (Trees, Shrubs, etc., per AAN)               Late Fall 1996
             Final Road Grading (On-site, per VDOT)                              Late Fall 1996
             Inspection and Acceptance                                           Late Fall 1996

             POST-CONSTRUCTION:
             Reconcile Budgets and Expenditures                                  Winter 1996/97
             Initiate Maintenance Program (per Plan)                             Winter 1996/97
             Develop Promotional Literature/Publicity                            Winter 1996/97
             Dedication                                                          Spring 1997 -
             Open Park for Use by Community                                      Spring 1997
             Regional Promotion                                                  Spring 1997








                      PLAN IMPLEMENTATION - DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES


             Development of the Wetlands Park should occur in a manner that is consistent with the
             principles that have shaped the Sustainable Technologies Industrial Park (STIP) concept
             to date.


             Specifically, design specifications for all STIP and Wetlands Park elements, such as
             directional and informational signage, must be uniform and consistent. Paint colors,
             fonts, sign shapes, textures, and overall geometry should serve to complement each of
             the development activities and sites throughout the STIP, even though they may be as
             distinctly different as a wetlands park trail, a newly constructed road, a tree planting in
             Town, or even the renovation of a building under way.

             Similarly, a single standard of construction should apply to foot bridges, vehicle
             bridges, elevated viewing platforms, dune crossings, exhibit kiosks, etcetera. This plan
             proposes to emulate the standard of construction at Kiptopeke State Park to the extent
             possible, and envisions that standard extended to the secondary dune habitat site and
             the Ecological Infrastructure System.

             Native species of trees, shrubs, vines, and groundcovers will be the standard for land-
             scape plant material selection to the extent possible.

             The Industrial Development Authority is to set the standards referenced above in a
             timely manner and within the guiding principles that arose from the Cape Charles
             Design Charette. It will be from those standards of performance and development-
             related protocol for application throughout the STIP, that final specifications may be
             determined and budgets and costs derived for implementing the final Park plan.




















                                                        4(7










                              DEVELOPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS -


                                    IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY



                 There are numerous advantages to putting the development of the Wetlands
                 Park on a "fast track": sustaining the momentum of the project pace to date,
                 enhancing local and regional credibility for the STIP project, considerable price
                 benefit in spending today's dollars, etcetera. It is also important. thatthe IDA be
                 viewed in the context -of "beginning to get things under way" by citizens of both
                 Cape Charles and the County. The Wetlands Park can deliver that signal.

                 But perhaps more importantly, the Wetlands Park lends itself to providing an
                 opportunity for hands-on and instant gratification involvement by community
                 citizens, students, and volunteers of every stripe. With the exception of land
                 acquisition, engineering studies, herbicide applications, and heavy machinery
                 use, there are numerous productive and important tasks that can be performed
                 by volunteers, and that can result in significant cost reductions for development
                 of the Wetlands Park. In fact, much of the debris cleanup requires hand work,
                 and machines would be more destructive than beneficial.


                 Recommendation:
                 Following acceptance of the concept plan for the Wetlands Park by the Town
                 Council and the IDA, a workshop and field day should be convened to solicit the
                 input of the community. A brief morning presentation at Town Hall could be
                 followed by a brisk walk to the Park site by participants. Beginning from a
                 location behind the old school, a "walk about" through the woods along the
                 proposed trail should proceed, with stops along the way to explain and interpret
                 views, proposed exhibits, resources, habitats, and impacts. Throughout the
                 walk-about, participants would be instructed to evaluate and appreciate the
                 potential for the Wetlands Park, and to what extent they might indicate interest
                 in making the park happen by rolling up their sleeves and getting to work.
                 Upon returning to the old school, refreshments would be provided as well as a
                 much needed rest. Walk-about leaders might then ask for input from
                 participants, soliciting ideas, surfacing concerns, and asking for volunteers to
                 assist in establishing the Park. Assuming that a few speak up in earnest support,
                 a volunteer group could be nurtured and motivated to participate as project
                 managers for various aspects of the proposed development.










                With volunteer comn-dtment in place, IDA representatives could actively solicit
                and anticipate support from both the public and private sectors to develop the
                Wetlands Park, and sustain critical momentum for the Sustainable Technologies
                Industrial Park at the same time.

                Ultimately, funding for the project must be viewed as a priority if the IDA is to
                capitalize on the volunteer resource it will have energized into action..

































                                                      4-19








                  LINKAGE TO THE ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM




             The Wetlands Park should be viewed as an important component of the planned
             Ecological Infrastructure System (EIS), but at the same time, its integration into the
             planning for the Sustainable Technologies Industrial Park strategy is critical.

             Concurrent with the development of the conceptual plan for the Wetlands Park is a
             concerted effort to establish a secondary dune beach preserve just south of BayShore,
             and yet another coordinated effort has been set in motion to enhance and restore critical
             habitat for migratory species of birds within the forest land that surrounds the
             Industrial Park.


             Planners and project managers from Virginia's Coastal Program, the Virginia. Depart-
             ment of Conservation and Recreation, and The Nature Conservancy are coordinating
             their efforts to produce a world-class result and a model worthy of duplication
             elsewhere.


             It follows that the Wetlands Park can serve as a crossroads or intersection for the
             movement of people and water and wildlife throughout the Industrial Park. In the
             development of the final implementation plans for the Wetlands Park, linkage to the
             balance of the Ecological Infrastructure System must be factored and duly
             accommodated at every turn.















                                                  APPENDICES



                 1.    Range of Functions of Wetlands and Riparian Areas (EPA)
                 2.    Outdoor Recreation Plan - Virginia's Eastern Shore: Kiosk
                 3.    Outdoor Recreation Plan - Virginia's Eastern Shore: Wayside Exhibits, Boardwalk
                 4.    Outdoor Recreation Plan - Virginia's Eastern Shore: Interpretive Panels, Handrail
                 5.    Cross Section, Stabilizer Trail Surface, Construction Detail, Cedar Handrail (TNQ
                 6.    Kiptopeke State Park, Elevated Walkway/Platform, Elevation (VA-DCR-SP)
                 7.    Kiptopeke State Park, Elevated Walkway Plan View, Section (VA-DCR-SP)
                 8.    Kiptopeke State Park, Elevated Walkway Handrail, Section (VA-DCR-SP)
                 9.    Trees: The Bay's Best, Friend?, American Forest, July 1995
                 10.   Phoenix Plans Wetlands Project, CH2M Hill Article, Water World, Tulsa, OK







                                                                                                                          /1. Management Measures
                         Chapter 7



                                                   Table 7-2. Range of Functions of Wetlands and Riparian            Areas
                                                            (adapted from National Research Council, 1991)

                                                Function                                                  Example

                               Flood conveyance                               Riverine wetlands and adjacent floodplain lands often form
                                                                              natural floodways that convey floodwaters from upstream to
                                                                              downstream areas.

                               Protection from storm waves and                Coastal wetlands and inland wetlands adjoining larger lakes
                               erosion                                        and rivers reduce the impact of storm tides and waves before
                                                                              they reach upland areas.
                               Flood storage                                  Inland wetlands may store water during floods and slowly
                                                                              release it to downstream areas, lowering flood peaks.

                               Sediment control                               Wetlands reduce flood flows and the velocity of floodwaters,
                                                                              reducing erosion and causing floodwaters to release
                                                                              sediment.

                               Habitat for fish and shellfish                 Wetlands are important spawning and nursery areas and
                                                                              provide sources of nutrients for commercial and recreational
                                                                              tin and shellfish industries, particularly in coastal areas.

                               Habitat for waterfowl and other wildlife       Both coastal and inland wetlands provide essential breeding,
                                                                              nesting, feeding, and refuge sites for many forms of
                                                                              waterfowl, other birds, mammals, and reptiles.

                               Habitat for rare and endangered species        Almost 35 percent of all rare and endangered animal species
                                                                              either are located in wetland areas or are dependent on them,
                                                                              although wetlands constitute only about 5 percent of the
                                                                              coterminous United States.

                               Recreation                                     Wetlands serve as recreation sites for fishing, hunting, and
                                                                              observing wildlife.

                               Source of water'supply                         Wetlands are important in replacing and maintaining supplies
                                                                              of ground water and surface water.

                               Natural products                               Under proper management, forested wetlands are an
                                                                              important source of timber, despite the physical problems of
                                                                              timber removal. Under    'selected circumstances, natural
                                                                              products such as timber and furs can be harvested from
                                                                              wetlands.

                               Preservation of historic, archaeological       Some wetlands are of archaeological interest. Native
                               values                                         American settlements were sometimes located in coastal and
                                                                              inland wetlands, which served as sources of fish and
                                                                              shellfish.

                               Education and research                         Tidal, coastal, and inland wetlands provide educational
                                                                              opportunities for nature observation and scientific study.

                               Source of open space and contribution          Both tidal and inland wetlands are areas of great diversity and
                               to aesthetic values                            beauty, and they provide open space for recreational and
                                                                              visual enjoyment.










                          EPA-840-B-92-002 January 1993                                                                                           7-19














                        BEACHES, ISLANDS, MARSHES, AND WOODLANDS




                               OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN ON


                                VIRGINIA'S EASTERN SHORE







                                      Prepared for

                    DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND@ HISTORIC RESOURCES
                            DIVISION OF PARKS AND RECREATION


                                   NORTHAMPTON COUNTY


                                                               Information kiosks,
                                such as this one at Assateague National Seashore,
                                     should be durable and attractively designed.





































                                 A boardwalk leads past an interpretive sign
                                                   to a bird-watching blind,
                                                  all harmoniously designed.























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                                                                       44





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                                            42

































                                                                    A boardwalk trail lays lightly on the landscape
                                                                               and provides access to Interpretive panels
                                                                         incorporated in the handrail at this wetland.









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         -ten spot.                          while and turned to Mr. Hutcheson.                        Alabama bearing three massive Pine i
         w hours of measuring and                    "Let's keep looking."                               donated by Mr. Schutt. The Chesap,
         trees, and extracting slender            As they left for another part of the                Bay Foundation win use the best for a ii-q,
         ach with a boring device to          forest, Mr. Hutcheson noticed a longleaf                  and saw the others into planking for
         examine the annual growth             he'd overlooked before. It was leaning                    skipjack.
         Baugh had several                                                                                                 After each log is tested
         maybes, and one                                                                                               density and strength, one i
         lity                                                                                                           clear winner, but it's no-, -,q-qi
         they came to The            TREES: THE BAY'S BEST FRIEND?                                                     tree Mr. Baugh recalled pick!,q@
                                                                                                                       A cal.1 to Wilmon explaill@
         .d anything.                      e Chesapeake Bay does not generally conjure up                          mystery.
         Clear even to a                     images of lush forests, but research indicates that trees                      Thev had decided to
         s was superior to              are one of its best "natural" friends. Healthy forests,                   The   Tree. They wanted
         had looked at.                                                                                                Baugh to get the very best iq-.
         2ppraight aqnd     particularly those along streams, filter out sediments, nutri-                    possible, having come qalql
                                     ents, and pesticides that would otherwise degrade water qual-                                        r,
         make a mast and                                                                                               way, says a manager [email protected]"
         was growing less           ity in the Bay and its tributaries.                                               telephone in Alabama.
         fro where the                Recognizing this fact, the Chesapeake Bay Program-an                                "I'm kind of sorrv qto
         state champion              EPA-led, interstate partnership that includes federal, state,                     anv tree that nice killed,"
                                     and local agencies, and non-governmental organizations,                           Baugh now says, phi.losophiqL
                                                                                                                                                      I t
         1 Mr. Baugh asked         from Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the District of                        IV. "On the other hand,             h
         on. Hundred and                                                                                           we mav have one of qthe I-
                                     Columbia-has developed policy to "maintain and restore"                           Masts qPqut in a skipjack in qt
         heson laughed,           streamside forests throughout the Chesapeake Bay water-                           cenEur-v.
         Baugh's ethics              shed. Other critical forested areas, including wetlands and                             Tq@e night before rhqeq%-'d
         rouncl there.             adjacent uplands, should also be protected and restored.                          Alabama, the stars had 0qnvinqk
         11 go 250 probably."            American Forests and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service have                       like fireqfqtqies through the top.
         h looked at Mr.                                                                                              the big pines limned black
                                     joined forces to assist in the restoration effort. Projects to
         sely. The forester,                                                                                          massive against the skv-8q1
                                     restore streamside forests, forested wetlands, and critical
          clear, qwas also a                                                                                        the stars   one recalled       shin,
         d trees. He had         uplands will be carried out on private lands and protected                        through the sails of the Stan
         favorites, and              through long-term agreements with landowners. Private lands                       Norman as it plunged throUqh
         metmes I have to          have been targeted because 90 percent of               the strearnside           Chesapeake night.
         d say, 'Hey, quit        properties and many other critical habitats in the Bay's water-                         Perhaps it is ii close to
          beautiful it all is                                                                                       as a felled tree caqn come a                                     shed are privately owned. AMERIcAN FORESTs and Fish &
           work.'                                                                                    pan-          being incorporated into I
                                     Wildlife Service are seeking promotional and funding
         I g to cut this   1                                                                                      mast and deck and tlankink-l
         t take 't"' Mr.         ners among the Maryland business community qaqnd other insti-
                  1                                                                                                    wooden sailing vessel. winds,
                                     tutions to initiate this program at the heart of the Chesapeake.                  ing throuch the rigging ,
         pphis one," Mr.    I    To discuss, contact American FoRest at 202/667-3300, ext. 228.                        instead of the bouqzqhs.
         ")I ed.                                                                                                             And the thousand 2qt
                                                                                            4-KuRT R0mENBo
         pqanqy had told the      I                                                                                      6who    will board the Stanle-
         Bay  Foundation                                                                                               years to come               well. 
         three-fourths of its                                                                                           mighty mast is always one of!
         id longleafs would                                                                                            first things to draw      their auc
         Of the southern      pine bark        badly. He would definitely be cutting it.                  opyion, Mr. Baugh savs.
                                                                                                                                                         
         nqfests and kills older trees. A             It wasn't nearly the tree they've                      Perhaps some fine stories and s 2q.
         beetles ravaged lots of big,          looked at, but the fean disguised the fact                 lively ethics debates will spring from 6qt
         r, and Mr. Hutcheson was           that it was actually pretty straight.                It    search for a magical wood to transfer
         -her cycle of damage.               appeared to be 165 years old, maybe more.                  force into a magical boat. AF
         h began asking questions. In              It would do, Mr. Farley said.
         011 would the forest giant be
         it Ile    to qet it to                              A Giant's Legacy





                          Phoenix Plans Wetlands Project

                                    By JAMES LAUGHLIN                                 3 mgd. with retciltion times ranging from          water flow in the **river."
                                                Editor                            2 to 8 days.                                                The initial phase of the wetlands
                                                                                      The pilot project will use a three-phase             ment process will be a shallow marsh.
                             A
                                    $3 million pilot wetlands project is         system modified to meet tile conditions of             second will be a deep pool to collect
                                    under construction in Phoenix to              the Phoenix metropolitan area. Water for                flow from the first marsh and to provide..
                          determine    the effectiveness of constructed           the wetlands will have been ticated to iqll;-,           open-water habitat for waterfowl.
                          wetlands i providing final polishing
                                      in                                     of   advanced secondary stage at Phoenix's                    third will be a second shallow marsh
                          wastewater effluent.                                    91 st Avenue Waste-water Treatment Plant.              provide final polishing. 
                             Phoenix is considering the construction                  Water discharged from tqhe treatment                     A variety of vegetation will be uses
                          of a wetlands project that would cover                  plant CUrrently has a BOD and TSS level                 each of the three phases to help
                          1,000 to 2,000 acres and bc able to handle              of 5-6, and a turbidity of 2-1 NTIJ. Most               harmful bacteria, chemicals and 
                          100 mgd with 2.5 to 5 days of retention                 of the effluent goes into the Salt River
                          time. The pilot project will treat from 0.8-            channel and provides tqhc only norma!                           See PHOENIX on paqge

                          PHOENIX
                          continued from page I                                        EPA's grant and S16,000 matching"                  reused or sold Nit some continues to qfqi,
                                                                                  funds from Phoenix will be used to liel                 into tile riN.Cr.
                          Bulrush varieties to be used include                    learn how the wetlands, and others like it,                 "I think the environmentalalists wo
                          Scirpus califomicus, S. validus, S. actus               must be operated to comply with current                  have a legitimate gripe if we took it all, I
                          and S. paludosus. Submerged aquatic                     environmental regulations and what reou-                 I can't imagine us putting all the efflu
                          plants, rooted in the bottom of the marsh-              latory changes are needed to encourage                   in the river year round. day after day
                          es, will also he used. They include mem-                other innovative technologies.                           just too valuable, " he said.
                                    of the pond\veed family -                                                                               Phoenix. Glendale, Mesa, Scott-d 
                          Po"Inicactoll 110(qlosus. P. foliosus, R cris-               The wetland's project is one of four                 Tempe      and     the     U.S.     Bureau
                          pa---        and hortwort. Ceratophylqlurn                alternatives Phoenix is considering 10                   Reclamation are involved in tile
                                                                                  meet more stringent discharge standard,                 The cities will        S 1.5 million of the p                                     
                          wetland sites covering a total of about 8              Discharge Elimination System             (NPDES)       lion and the Arizona Department of W
                          acres. One is a riparian area while the sec-                                                                    Resources will pay $150.000.
                          ond is in the normally dry river channel.               permit to be, issued in 1997.
                                                        e'                            Other options include installing addi-
                          Water from both test sites will flow into                                                        
                          the river channel after leaving the wet-               tional processes at its treatment plant, sell-
                          lands.                                                  in,, the plant's effluent to a water broker,
                                                                                or useing 
                             The wetlands will be surrounded by                             all of the effluent for a recharge
                          footpaths and have observation mounds                   and recovery project,
                          allowing the public to view the wildlife            The wetlands project is seen is one way
                          that is expected to use the site.                     to  attain compliance while keeping costs                                     WaterWorld          
                             Water, leaving the wetlands would,                   down. One option for Phocilix would be it)
                                                                                  eliminate discharces into the Salt River                             1421 S. Sheridan Road
                          probably be suitable for groundwater                                         .                                
                          recharge or even diversion into a drinking,             and avoid having an NPDES permit. That                                 Tulsa. OK 74112
                                                                               would leave the river dry most of the year.                               Tel: (918.) 831-9862 Fax: (918) 831-9476
                          water treatment plant, but will be used for                                             
                                                                                  however, and could create a public back-
                          agriCUItUre and landscaping.
                             C8F12M Hill provided 2final design for             lash since effluent flow in tile river has
                          the project. Phoenix engineers                                created a habitat for fish frogs and water-
                                                       are manag-
                          the consturtion project, with CH2M 
                          Hill providing inspection and testing.                                                                                     
                                                                                             Bing Brown, a spokesman for the City              
                             The    U.S.   Environmental Protection                        of Phoenix, said he envisions a balanced
                          Agency has given Phoenix a $350,000                              approach where some of the water is                             
                          grant to develop criteria for permits for                   
                          use of wastewater effluent in the wet-                                              
                          lands. The grant uses funds from the                     
                          Environmental Technology Initiative                                
				  Program. 






                                                                                         NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY



                                                                                         3 6668 14112000 8                    1