[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]



                    MASTER PLAN REPORT



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           M37  iOVE     ASSOCIATES,              I NC.
           1990























































                                This document was prepared in part through financial
                                assistance provided by the Office of Ocean and
                                Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic
                                ano Atmospheric Administration authorized by
                                the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972-













                                                                                  2724 E. MICHIGAN AVE.
                         Gove A&c-ocldes Inc                                      SUITE 200
                           ARCHITECTS/ ENGINEERS IPLANNERS ISURVEYORS             LANSING. MICHIGAN 48912
                                    ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS                      (517) 485-0555







                    February 29, 1990

                    Mr. Robert Bilkie, Planner
                    City of Norton Shores
                    4814 Henry Street
                    Norton Shores, Michigan 49441

                    We are pleased to present for your consideration the final draft of
                    the Master Plan for Little Black Lake Park.              This report has been
                    prepared in accordance with our proposal and includes the written
                    text with accompaning plans and detail              ske'tches of the proposed
                    development.

                    This land parcel       holds real     promise for nature preservation and
                    interpretation and has potential tor passive type recreational acti-
                    vities.    Hopefully this concept can be expanded onto the adjoining
                    private parcels so that future generations may enjoy this fragile and
                    picturesque parksite.

                    We have enjoyed working with you and with fellow staff members.                 The
                    enthusiasm and assistance by all participants has been most welcomed
                    and helpful in the compilation of this report. If the city is inter-
                    ested in future development of the concepts presented or other proj-
                    ects please feel free to contact us.

                    Sincerely yours,

                    GOVE ASSOCIATES INC.




                    Richard S. Schaefer, RLA
                    Landscape Architect

                    RSS:klh

















                                        KALAMAZOO I LANSING I STURGIS I INDIANAPOLIS































                                           CITY OF NORTON SHORES



                                                MASTER PLAN
                                                     FOR
                                             LITTLE BLACK LAKE














                                               FEBRUARY 1990




                                       U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                        Coastal 
                                           SERVICES CENTER
                                       2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                       CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413







          
                                            GOVE   ASSOCIATES INC.
                                           2722 E. Michigan  Ave.
                                                  Suite 200
                                          Lansing, Michigan  48912
     










                                                   TABLE OF CONTENTS



                                                                                                      Page


                  INTRODUCTION    ........................................................             1-2


                  EXISTING SITE FEATURES     ..............................................            3-22


                       Soils  ...........................................................               3
                       Wetland Classification      ..........................................           12
                       Vegetation   ......................................................              13
                       Climate   .........................................................              20
                       Physiography and Drainage      .......................................           21
                       Topography   ......................................................              22


                  EXISTING SITE IMPROVEMENTS/RESTRICTIONS         .............................       23-27


                       Wetland Regulations     ..............................................           24
                       Planning Goals and Policies       .....................................          25


                  ANALYSIS   ............................................................             28-30


                  SITE MASTER PLAN     ....................................................           31-37


                       General   ...................   o .....................................          31
                       Core Area  .......................................................               31
                       Restroom/Shelter Facility      .......................................           32
                       Access/Fencing   .......  o ....o..............   o ......................       32
                       Trails   ..........................................................              33
                       Organization Camp     ...............................................            34
                       Leaf Disposal Site    .......................      .......................       34
                       Future Projections     ..............................................            34
                       Cost Estimate   ....  o ..............................................           35
                       Master Plan   .........................................        o ...........     37


                  APPENDIX    ............................................................            38-53


                       Appendix A   - Plant Species    ......................................           38
                       Appendix B   - Bird Species    ......... o ....o ...................    o....    40
                       Appendix B   - Mammals    ............................................           46
                       Appendix B   - Reptiles & Amphibians      ...........  o ...................     47
                       Appendix B   - Fish   ...............................................            49
                       References   ...................................      o ...................      50
                       Photos   ..........................................................              51











                                                INTRODUCTION



               The City of Norton Shores owns a 70 acre parcel of land situated on the
               east shore of Little Black Lake.        The State of Michigan has allocated
               $10,000 through the Coastal Zone Management Program to develop a park study
               for this land parcel.     Cognizant of good planning the city retained Govp
               Associates Inc. to develop a master plan for this wooded site.       The agree-
               ment with the State calls for a development of a master plan to make inno-
               vative and creative use of the site and to protect the existing natural
               features.



               The Master Plan for this park site has three basic elements:


               1.  Data Collection & Inventory - significant natural features of the
                   site are described and mapped.     These include the soils, vegeta-
                   tion, animals, geology, climate, existing features and surrounding
                   land use.    Past and existing developments on the site, present
                   zoning, access, legal restrictions are to be noted.


               2.  Site Analysis - the relationship of the park to the natural and
                   cultural   elements  are then   explored with special     emphasis on
                   preservation, environmental education, and recreational use.        The
                   city's goals and objectives for this area are analyzed and updated
                   to present needs and existing natural resource base.


               3.  Site Master Plan - concepts for development are mapped out showing
                   the site plan configuration for preservation, interpretation and
                   development.








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               EXISTING SITE FEATURES











                                            EXISTING SITE FEATURES



                The Little Black Lake Par     k site is situated within the jurisdictional
                limits  of   Norton Shores,    Michigan.     The   site  is  located within      the
                following sectional description:     West 1/2 of Section 32, Township 9 North,
                Range 16 West.      The site is remotely situated from the more developed
                portions of the city.     The property is bordered on the west by Black Lake,
                Wood Road on the east, and residential parcels on the north and south.


                Access to this 70 acre park site is afforded by Wood Road which is a public
                right-of-way.   Most visitors come from the north by way of Pontaluna Road.
                Access can be gained by watercraft on the lake side of the property.


                A natural features survey of the Little Black Lake Park site was undertaken
                during  May   and  June   of  1989.     Parameters of the     survey were     soils
                composition, dominant vegetation types, vegetative communities (habitats),
                wildlife species, and wetland systems.


                Soils of the area were determined by using the Muskegon County Soil Survey
                (Pregitzer, 1968), and soil descriptions were supplemented by the Field
                Manual of Soil Engineering [F.M.S.F.] (1970).


                Vegetation types and plant communities were identified by visual surveys
                and general sampling of specimens.      Dominant species were identified using
                taxonomic keys.     Several plant species      could not be identified to the
                species level because they were not flowering during the study period.


                Wildlife was surveyed using tracks, feeding signs, scats, nests, burrows
                and visual observations. Birds and amphibians       are also identified by their
                calls.


                Wetland classification was performed under the guidelines of Cowardin, et.
                al.  (1978).    This is the current system used by the state regulatory
                agencies in identifying wetlands.      Current wetland/regulations which apply
                to Little Black Lake Park are discussed in the wetland section.


                Soils


                The soils of Little Black Lake Park are part of the Rubicon-AuGres-
                Roscommon Association (Pregitzer, 1968) [Figure 11.        They are described in
                the Muskegon County Soil       Survey (1968) as well as drained and poorly
                drained sandy soils that typically occur in the outwash and lake plains of



                                                       -3-






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                                                 SOIL ASSOCIATIONS IN LITTLE BLACK LAKE PARK
                                                                     MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN
                                                  Taken from Soil Survey of Muskegon County
                                                                      (Pregitzer, 1968)


                                                                        FIGUPF 1










                 Muskegon County.     Within the Association, there are seven soil          series
                 represented [Figure 2].     Four of these soil -types are complexes consisting
                 of two different series'.      Both soils have similar profiles and occur in
                 such an intricate pattern that they were mapped together.        The major soil
                 is listed first, followed by the minor series.        All soil descriptions in
                 this text are taken from The Muskegon County Soil Survey (Pregitizer, 1968)
                 and the F.M.S.E. (1970).


                 Soil taps were conducted at various locations throughout the park site.
                 Analysis confirmed the soil data from USDA sources with the exception of
                 the leaf disposal area.      At this particular area material consisting of
                 leaves, grass clippings, stumps, trunks, branches and other miscellaneous
                 organic fill was observed to be deposited. However historically the record
                 indicates that other disposal      from household to commercial      items were
                 deposited at this location.     During this landfill operation this area was
                 excavated to a depth of 15 to 20 feet and then used a disposal area for a
                 number of years.     Following fill operations it was covered with an earth
                 cap and now lawn and tree items form the final layer. Shallow test borings
                 confirm that the soil profile has been disturbed at this landfill site.


                 Other borings conducted revealed that natural soil conditions prevailed.
                 Water table in most holes were at or near the ground surface. It was sandy
                 soils that were encountered in all the test holes.


                 The hydric soils are imperfectly to poorly drained and are saturated part
                 of the year [Table 11.      There are many isolated pools of water in these
                 areas, indicating a high water table during the spring. The surface layers
                 are highly organic, however, the availability of nutrients to plants is low
                 due to the high sand content.       The decomposition of organic material is
                 inhibited by the acidity of the soils, further reducing nutrient availabi-
                 lity.


                 The upland soils are wel    *1-drained and occur in gentle slopes [Table 1].
                 The acidity of these soils reduces the amount of organic material present,
                 thus both nutrient availability and organic content is low.


                         AuGres - Saugatuck Sands - (AsB - hydric)


                         This series consists of somewhat poorly drained soils that developed
                         in sandy outwash at least 66 inches deep.      They occupy large areas
                         in the western part and occur locally throughout.       These soils are
                         common in the wetter parts of outwash areas and lake plains and on
                         the low benches along old river channels and near lakes.



                                                      -5-









                                                     TABLE I



        Soils occuring in Little Black Lake Park, Muskegon County, Michigan. Compiled from Soil
        Survey of Muskegon County (Pegitzer, 1968) and the Field Manual of Soil Engineering
        (197U). S-e-e igure 2 fo-r soils map.



        Soil Series          Drainage         pH        Nutrient    MoisturE Organic         *Hydric
        (map symbol)                          -_ Availabilit_y Capaci           Content              Upland

        AuGres-Saugatuck     imperfect/ acidic           low           low     high surfaCE       Hydric
             (AsB)             poor                                              content

        Roscommon-AuGres     imperfect/ acidic           low           low     high surfaCE       Hydric
             (Ra)              po r                                              content

        Granby (Ga)          poor         slightly       low           low     high surfaCE       Hydric
                                            acidic                               content

        Marsh (Ma)           saturated    acidic         low           ---        peat


        Grayling-Rubicon     well         acidic         low           low        low             Upland
             (GrC)

        Kalkaska-Wallace     well         strongly       low           low        low             Upland
             (KaB)                          acidic

        Rubicon (RsB)        well         acidic         low           low        low             Upland



        *Hydric classification according to National Wetlands Inventory listing of hydric sois.




















                                                         -6-










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                  AsB - AuGres Saugatuck
                  Ga - Granby
                  GrC - Grayling-Rubocon
                  KaB - Kalkaska-Wallace
                  Ra - Roscommon-AuGres
                  RsB - Rubicon
                  Ma - Marsh










                                           SOIL SERIES MAP OF LITTLE BLACK LAKE PARK
                                                             MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN
                                           Taken from Soil Survey of Muskegon County
                                                             (Pregitzer, i968)


                                                                FIGURE 2

                                                                      -7-










                          The surface layer in uncultivated areas is about 5 inches thick and
                          consists of black sand that has granular structure and is very
                          friable.   The subsurface layer is light-gray sand that is about 6
                          inches thick and has subangular blocky structure.


                          The subsoil consists of brownish sand mottled with light yellowish
                          brown.   It is subangular blocky to single grain and very friable in
                          the upper part and loose in the lower part.


                          Underlying the subsoil, at a depth of about 34 inches, is very pale
                          brown sand mottled with light yellowish brown.        It is single grain
                          and loose.


                          The AuGres soils are very permeable to water and have low available
                          moisture capacity and natural fertility.       Mottles indicate periodic
                          wetness.   During spring free water is often within 2 or 3 feet of
                          the surface, but this water recedes during summer, and for extended
                          periods there is not enough moisture available to crops.           Drainage
                          is difficult because     these   soils  are   sandy.    Overdrainage and
                          droughtiness are likely.


                          These soils have a slope of 0 to 6 percent and are naturally acid.
                          In the sandy plains a water table rises close to the surface during
                          part of the year.    In cultivated areas and in areas slightly eroded
                          by wind and water, the surface has a gray salt-and-pepper appearance
                          because the surface layer has been mixed with the grayish subsurface
                          layer.


                          The soils in this complex are low in natural fertility and become
                          very droughty during dry periods.


                          Granby Loamy Sand (Ga)


                          This soil has a 0 to 2 percent slope and occupies the broad, nearly
                          level outwash plain and low wet depressions.         In cultivated areas
                          the surface layer is black loamy sand about 10 inches thick. It has
                          granular structure and is very friable. The material underlying the
                          surface layer. is dominantly gray and brownish sand.          It has very
                          weak subangular blocky structure in the upper part and is single
                          grain in the lower part. Brownish-yellow mottles occur at variable
                          depths.    Granby soils have rapid permeability and low available
                          moisture capacity.     Natural fertility is low.      A high water table
                          saturates these soils in undrained areas.





                                                         -8-










                        The depressions in this soil series are dish shaped, and there are
                        some gently sloping areas near their edges.         The surface layer is
                        high in organic-matter content. Where the soil has been cultivated
                        for some time,    the surface layer is lighter colored than that
                        described in the typical profile.


                        Included with this soil in the mapping were areas that have been
                        eroded by the wind and have a salt-and-pepper appearance and a
                        dark-gray surface layer.     In some cultivated areas all of the dark-
                        colored surface layer has been removed by erosion.          Also included
                        were depressions that have 12 inches of organic matter at their
                        surface.   The AuGres soils are slightly higher and better drained
                        than Granby loamy sand.


                        This soil is wet because its water table is high.           Its supply of
                        plant nutrients is low because the texture is sandy.


                        Grayling-Rubicon Sands (GrC)


                        This soil series has slopes ranging from 6 to 12 percent and con-
                        sists of well-drained sandy soils on the rolling sand hills of the
                        county. The native vegetation consisted of white pine, red pine,
                        aspen, black oak, and white oak.


                        The surface layer is black sand about 1 inch thick. It is underlain
                        by 1-inch layer of dark-gray sand.        Both of these thin layers are
                        single grain and loose.


                        The subsoil is weakly developed and consists of sand about 14 inches
                        thick.   It is yellowish brown in the upper part and light yellowish
                        brown in the lower part.       This layero is single grain and loose.
                        Below the subsoil there is a very pale brown sand that is single
                        grain and loose.


                        Grayling soils have very rapid permeability.          Their natural fer-
                        tility and available moisture capacity are low.           The effects of
                        drought on plants are shown sooner on these soils than on most other
                        soils in the county. These loose, dry soils are susceptible to soil
                        blowing  and water erosion where the vegetation cover has been
                        removed.









                                                       -9-










                          Kalkaska - Wallace Sands (KaB)


                          This sandy soil series has a     slope of 2 to 6 percent.       These two
                          soils are somewhat similar, but the Wallace soil has a cemented
                          layer in the subsoil, and the Kalkaska soil does not.            The unit
                          occupies gently    sloping,   narrow,  land and    low dune-like ridges
                          within areas of the flat, wet outwash plain and lake plain.           These
                          soils are normally moderately well drained, although some higher
                          positions are well drained.


                          Included with these soils in the mapping were eroded areas in which
                          the surface layer consists of brownish former subsoil material and
                          has a few chunks of cemented material on the surface.


                          These soils have low available moisture capacity and natural fer-
                          tility.   The cemented layer in the subsoil retards the penetration
                          of roots in ome places.


                          The surface layer is a mixture of black and gray sand about 4 inches
                          thick. It has granular structure and is very friable. A subsurface
                          layer of - light-gray sand underlies the surface         layer.    It has
                          subangular blocky structure and is very friable.


                          The subsoil is sand about 16 inches thick. It is dark reddish brown
                          in the upper part and yellowish red in the lower part.        The subsoil
                          has subangular blocky structure and is very friable.


                          Underlying the subsoil, at a depth of about 26 inches, is light
                          yellowish-brown sand. This material is single grain and loose.


                          Marsh (Ma)


                          This soil is made up of old bayous and     wet areas along streams that
                          empty into Lake Michigan and of very wet, inland areas.              Slopes
                          range from 0 to 2 percent.       The vegetation consists of cattails
                          sedges, water weeds, and a few clumps of tamarack, willow, elder:
                          and other water-tolerant trees.         The   soil  material   is  a very
                          friable, finely divided peat that is saturated organic material. It
                          is saturated during the entire year.


                          Most Marsh is used only by wildlife. Waterfowl, muskrats, and other
                          water-loving wildlife use the areas of nesting and shelter.






                                                        _10-











                        Roscommon and AuGres Sands (Ra)


                        These soils are nearly level with slopes ranging from 0 to 6 percent
                        slopes.   This series consists of deep, poorly drained, sandy soils.
                        These soils are in nearly level to slightly depressional areas on
                        the outwash plains and the sandy uplands of the county. The native
                        vegetation consisted of elm, ash, aspen, willow, and speckled
                        alder.


                        The surface layer is very dark gray sand about 5 inches thick.            It
                        has granular structure and is very friable


                        Light-gray, pale-brown, or light brownish-gray sand is below the
                        surface layer and extends to a depth of more than 60 inches.            This
                        material is mainly single grain and loose.


                        Roscommon soils are very permeable to water and air and have low
                        available moisture capacity.


                        Roscommon and AuGres sands have a low supply of plant nutrients.
                        They are wet most of the time because the water table is generally
                        high.    In dry periods, when the water table drops, these soils
                        become droughty and are easily eroded by wind.


                        Rubicon Sand (RsB)


                        This soil series has slopes from 0 to 6 percent.         It occupies broad
                        areas of the nearly level to gently sloping sandy outwash plain and
                        lake plain.    It also occurs in nearly level to gently sloping areas
                        of the sandy uplands.     The sandy plain appears flat, but is has many
                        small depressions, swells, shallow pit's, and slightly domed areas.
                        The  shallow depressions      in these plains     are normally oval      and
                        somewhat dish shaped.        They are flat on     the bottom and gently
                        sloping near the edge.      They are elongated    where they occur at the
                        base of slopes in the rolling sandy uplands       and at the base of long
                        gentle wavelike slopes of the sandy plain.


                        The surface layer is black sand about 3 inches thick. It has granu-
                        lar structure and is very friable.        A subsurface layer consists of
                        gray sand about 2 inches thick.









                       The subsoil also is sand, but it is dark brown or strong brown to
                       brownish yellow, subangular blocky, and very friable.      The upper
                       part of the subsoil    is darker and redder than the lower part
                       Below the subsoil there is very pale brown sand that is single grain
                       and loose.


                       These soils are permeable, have a low supply of plant nutrients, and
                       are low in available moisture capacity.   The content of moisture is
                       seldom adequate for optimum growth of crops. Acidity is very strong
                       to a depth of about 19 inches.


                Wetland Classification


                The classification of wetlands for this study follows the guidelines of
                Cowardin et.al. (1979).    The Cowardin system is widely accepted by both
                state and federal regulatory agencies as the standard inventory system.


                To classify an area as a wetland, it must have two or more of the following
                attributes:


                   1.  At   least  periodically,   the   land  supports   predominantly
                       hydrophytes
                   2.  The substrate is predominently  undrained hydric soil and
                   3.  The substrate is a non-soil or  covered by shallow water at some
                       time during the year. (Cowardin et. al., 1979)


                Once these criteria are met, the wetla'nd is then catagorized in a
                hierarchial fashion, transcending from system, subsystem, class, subclass
                to dominance type.


                Four Palustrine systems and a Lacustrine sys-rem was delineated during the
                field review [Figure 41. Each system is fully classified in Table 2, and a
                crosssectional view is included in Figure 3.


                Wetland areas serve a variety of functions, including water retention,
                sediment trapping, filtration of pollutants (before they enter the ground-
                water and lake), and flood control.     They also fulfill important habitat
                requirements for many species of wildlife and plants.     The unique bog/fen
                shoreline harbors a vast array of plants that can only survive is such aci-
                dic environments; such as cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon), northern










                 pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea) and sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp).                 A
                 complete discussion of these habitats, including species composition, is
                 presented in the next section of this report.


                 Vegetation (Habitats)


                 On-site reconnaissance covered the spring season of 1989.             Four vegetative
                 communities and one open water system were identified and mapped on the
                 basis of soil and plant composition and hydrology [Figure 41.                 Community
                 distributions including common and scientific names are listed in Appendix
                 A; wildlife species are in Appendix B.


                 Several areas on the site have been impacted by logging, the parks' use as
                 a landfill, and its current function a leaf disposal site for residents in
                 the area.    Sections in the southeastern portion of the site contain solid
                 waste, apparently dumped by the public.         Because the contents of the land-
                 fill  are unknown, water quality should be tested by the Environmental
                 Protection Agency.


                 The site is not open to the public, however, there are indications that the
                 area is used for fishing, hunting and camping.


                      Forested Wetland


                 The upper canopy of the forested wetlands on this site is dominated by red
                 maple (Acer saccarum) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra).              There are several
                 upland tree species that occur on small ridges and swales, predominantly
                 paper birch (Betula papyrifera), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), black
                 cherry (Prunus serotina) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum).


                 The understory of this community is nearly ho?nogenous, dominated by black
                 cherry.    It is quite dense in the swale and ridge areas, and virtually
                 non-existant in many of the more saturated areas. Other species that occur
                 include staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), sassafras, and red ash (Fraxinus
                 pennsylvanicus).


                 The ground cover at the time of this survey was dominated by sedges (Carex
                 spp),   wild    sarsaparilla     (Aralia    nudicaulis  ),   false    soloman's     seal
                 (Smilacina racemosa), fringed sedge (Carex crinita), and Canada mayflower
                 (Maianthemum canadense).


                 The forested wetlands are composed of Roscommon-AuGres, Granby, and
                 AuGres-Saugatuck soils.




                                                        -13-










                 Wildlife species utilize forested wetland areas for travel lanes between
                 upland sites and water, nesting, rearing, feeding and cover.             Thi s wet
                 environment is inhabitated by amphibians and a variety of other life forms.
                 The site may be utilized as a stopping point for many migrating bird
                 species.


                 The forested wetland habitat is rich in wildlife food sources, attracting a
                 diversity of species.      Seeds from the red maple are eaten by squirrels,
                 birds and chipmunks (Martin, Zim and Nelson         1951).   Birch trees (Betula
                 spp) provide catkins, buds and seeds which are readily           eaten by ruffed
                 grouse (Bonasa umbellicus), and other birds.          Many species of birds and
                 mammals feed on the fruits of the black cherry and gray dogwoods.
                 Sassafras produces a bluish colored fruit eaten by many members of the
                 flycatcher family such as the eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) and the
                 great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus).          The eastern white pine,
                 black and red ashes produce seeds which are eaten by rodents and birds.


                 Cover is provided by the upper canopy trees, dense stands of ferns, and
                 understory trees.      Shallow burrows were found an swales and ridges,
                 however, the seasonal inundation of water creates problems for many ground
                 dwellers.   Dead woody vegetation provides nesting holes for many species of
                 birds and small mammals.      A pair of tufted titmices (Parus bicolor) were
                 observed nesting in a dead tree.


                      .Upland Forest

                 The upland forest habitat is characterized by open clearings, transition
                 zones and borderline forested wetlands.         In the clearings, the dominant
                 plant species is bracken fern (Ptecidium aquilinum).             Transition zones
                 occur on the edges of two-track roads, clearings and along Wood Street.
                 Pioneer species such as quaking aspen (Populu5 tremuloides), northern red
                 oak (Quercus rubra), and big toothed aspen (Populus qrandidentata) occupy
                 these margins.


                 The uplands are similar in composition to the forested wetlands, however,
                 there is a shift in dominant tree species.       Paper birch, black cherry, and
                 eastern white pine now occur in greater densities than the red maples.
                 Major vegetation ranges in size upwards to 3011 caliper.           The   understory
                 consists of red ash, young aspen, black       cherry and sassafras.      There are
                 several   low  spots   within   the  upland   system,   resulting    in  a   higher
                 concentration of wetland species such as gray dogwood (Cornus            latifolia)
                 and speckled alder (Alnus rugosa).        The ground cover consists of Canada
                 mayflower, grasses, false-solomon's seal.





                                                     14-










                 The availability of food for wildlife in this habitat is comparable to the
                 forested wetland due to the similarity in species composition. Aspens pro-
                 vide browse for white-tailed deer and catkins for gamebirds such as the
                 ruffed grouse.    The dense, shrubby growth found in some areas also provide
                 browse for deer, and good cover and nesting grounds for bird species.


                 The soils found in the upland forest zones are the Kalkaska-Wal lace,
                 Rubicon, and Grayling-Rubicon series.


                      Scrub-shrub Wetland


                 The scrub-shrub    wetland forms a narrow band that separates the forested
                 wetland from the   emergent zone. It is a bog ecosystem, and due to the poor
                 soils, has a low   diversity of plant species. Speckled alder, gray dogwood,
                 and meadowsweet (Spirea latifolia) are the dominant shrubs in this
                 community.    Other plant species inhabiting the scrub-shrub ecosystem are
                 sedges   (Carex   spp),  rushes,    royal  fern,   marsh fern,     blue flag     (Iris
                 versicolor), marsh cinquefoil       (Potentilla palustris) and sphagnum moss.
                 Northern pitcher plants are abundant, growing in clusters along the entire
                 lakeside edge.


                 The soils are acidic, nutrient poor peat mats that float on the lake.
                 Pitcher plants, common on open, developing mats, have a unique method for
                 obtaining nutrients from the bog.          Insects are trapped in the pitcher,
                 digested and absorbed by the leaf, providing the plant with essential
                 nutrients.


                 The scrub-shrub and emergent wetlands are defined zones along the lake
                 edge.   As the emergent zone becomes the dominant system, the bog environ-
                 ment changes to an acidic fen dominated by sedges, grasses and spikes.


                 There are many foods available to wildlife in the scrub-shrub ecosystem.
                 The dogwoods provide berries         and browse for deer,       birds   and    rabbits
                 (Martin, Zim, and Nelson      1959).    Seeds from spikes, sedges and rushes are
                 important food sources for many species of waterfowl. Roots and tubors are
                 eaten by geese, muskrats and diving ducks.


                 Waterfowl, muskrats, and songbirds use the scrub-shrub habitat for nesting
                 areas.   Predators can utilize the dense vegetation for cover when stalking
                 prey on the lake edge, conversly, prey species can use it to hide.









                                                     TABLE 2




               Wetland classification of Little B    lack Lake Park in Muskegon County, Michigan.
              Based on the Cowardin system (Cowardin et. al. 1979).         See Figure 4 for wetland
               map.

                    System:    Palustrine
                    Subsystem:    None
                    Class: Forested wetland
                    Subclass: Broadleafed Deciduous
                    Dominance Types: Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
                                        Red Ash (Fr@a'xinus pennsylvanicum)
                    Water Regime: Seasonally        oded   saturated
                   *Map symbol:    PFOIE


                    System: Palustrine
                    Subsystem: None
                    Class: Scrub-shrub
                    Subclass: Broad-leafed deciduous
                    Dominance Types: Speckled Alder (Alnus rugosa)
                                        Gray Dogwood (Cornus racemosa)
                                        Meadowsweet (S-Piraca _aT_ba_T_
                    Water Regime: Seasonally flood-ed --sat-urated
                   *Map symbol: PSS1E


                    System: Palustrine
                    Subsystem: None
                    Class: Emergent
                    Subclass: Persistent emergent
                    Dominance Types: Sedges (Carex spp.)
                                        Rushes CS'c-irpus spp.)
                                        Rushes (Eleocha is spp.)
                    Water Regine: Semipermanently flouJeT-
                   *Map Symbol: PEMIF


                    System: Lacustrine
                    Subsystem: Limnetic/Littoral
                    Class: Open water/Unknown bottom
                   *Map Symbol:    POW


                        taken from National Wetland Inventory Mapping Effort











     LACUSTRINE                      PALUSTRINE                       UPLAND


        Open       Emergent       Scrub           Forested
        Water      Wetland       Shrub            Wetland
                  Persistent





























                                                                     High Water
                                                                    Average Water
                                                                     Low Water





                              WETLAND CLASSIFICATION PROFILE SKETCH
                                     LITTLE BLACK LAKE PARK
                                   MUSKEGON COUNTY, MICHIGAN





                                       FIGURE 3










                       Emergent Zone


                  The emergent zone    is a band of vegetation that occurs on the shoreline of
                  the lake.     It is dominated by sedges (Carex spp), spike rushes (Eleo
                  deris), Olney's bulrush (Scirpus americanus), and rice cutgrass (Leersia
                  oryzoides).    Because of this dominance, it is catagorized as a acidic fen
                  rather than a bog (pers. comm.).


                  The emergent   system is low in nutrients and, therefore, has low plant spe-
                  cies diversity. The substratum is a peat layer that becomes more sandy as
                  the zone ends in the lake.


                  The plant species composition shifts along the southern shore from a fen to
                  a cranberry bog.     There are fewer sedges, rushes and spikes in this area.
                  Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), a plant used by early doctors to treat
                  broken bones, is more common here than in the fen.            The peat mat in the
                  cranberry bog area appears to "float" more than other sections of the
                  site.


                  A diverse number of wildlife species utilize the emergent we-tland system.
                  Birds and mammals find a wide range of foods including seeds, bird's eggs,
                  fish and berries.     Snakes, particularly the Northern water snake (Nerodia
                  sipedon) and easter garter snake (Thamnuphis sirtalis) hunt for frogs in
                  the cover of the emergent      plants.    Wading birds, such as the great blue
                  heron   (Ardea   herodias),    prey   upon  frogs,    snakes   and   other    aquatic
                  organisms.


                  The emergent zone is also      important in th reproductive cycle.        A pair of
                  mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) successfully nested in the protective cover
                  of emergent vegetation as three chicks were observed on one survey day
                  hiding amongst the leaves.       Several old muWat lodges were located, and
                  the feathers found on top of one lodge indicated they were used as nesting
                  places by birds, probably Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Spring peepers
                  (Hyla crucifer) and western chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata) are abun-
                  dant during the spring mating season.


                  According to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources' Natural Features
                  Inventory personnel, there is a state threatened plant that occurs on
                  another   section   of  the  lake.     Atlantic   blue-eyed grass      (Sisyrinchrum
                  atlanticum) has been recorded on Little Black Lake, and it is possible that
                  it occurs on this study        site.    The habitat in the emergent zone is
                  favorable for the species.        The grass blooms in early June and several
                  unsuccessful attempts through 9 June were made to locate it.             A complete
                  threatened and endangered plant survey of this area is recommended.
                                                       _18-                                                    1








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                              WETLAND MAPPING FOR LITTLE  BLACK LAKE PARK
                                      MUSCKEGON COUNTY, MICHIGAN
                                   Based on Cowardin et. al. (1973)

                                            FIGURE 4

                                                _19-









                The bog/fen system Of Little Black Lake Park is very fragile and should be
                protected as disturbance in such a nutrient poor environment can be severe
                and recovery is a slow process.


                      Lake System


                According to personnel from the Department of Natural Resources (ONR),
                Grand Rapids office, Little Black Lake is classified as a typical warm
                water lake.      The maximum depth ranges from five to ten feet, with a
                primarily organic and gravel bottom.       A determination of where each bottom
                type was located in the lake could not be done by this survey and there-
                fore, these types were not included in the wetland classification.           Several
                fish species inhabit the lake (pers. comm.).           A DNR fisheries biologist
                stated several species of pan fish, bass (Micropterus         spp.), and northern
                pike (Essox lucius) inhabit the shallow lake.        During an on site visit, an
                angler was observed with a large number of bluegills.             A northern pike
                skull was found in the emergent zone, and several dead fish were also
                observed, though could not be identified.


                Wildlife use the lake for a drinking water source, food, bathing and repro-
                ductive functions. During fall migrations, waterfowl and some wading birds
                may use the lake for a gathering place before departure (a phenomenom known
                as staging).     Insects, such as the dragonfly group (family: Odonata) lay
                eggs in    the water and     spend   their pre-reproductive     lives   as   aquatic
                dwellers (nymphs).      Frogs, salamanders and toads also use the lake for
                reproductive purposes.


                Climate


                The City of Norton       Shores   has  a quasimarine or continental         climate.
                Because the city borders     Lake Michigan and prevailing winds are westerly,
                much of the time the air reaching the city has passed over a large amount
                of water.     When the wind changes, however, and is from the southeast or
                east, the air moves over a large amount of land and the climate changes to
                continental.     Because of the prevailing westerlies. the influence of the
                lake is strong.     Winters are milder, summers are cooler, and snowfall is
                greater than they would be if the lake were not there.


                In the spring the    waters from Lake Michigan cool the warm air that reaches
                the area.    Growth of plants is therefore delayed until frost is no longer
                likely.   In fall the lake waters, still warm from the summer sun, warm the
                cool air moving into the area and delay the first frost. Plants therefore





                                                     -20-










                 have time to mature.      Sharp contrasts in temperature occur as the air is
                 warmed by contact with the warm water.        This causes heavy snow storms and
                 squalls that are of greatest intensity near the lake.


                 The highest temperature ever recorded was 97 degrees in June 1953, and the
                 lowest was -14 degrees in November 1950.        The latest freezing temperature
                 ever recorded was on May 20.        In fall the average date of the first 32
                 degrees temperature is October 19.


                 Average annual snowfall in Muskegon County is 74 inches, as compared to
                 about 40 inches in central and east-central parts of the Lower Peninsula.
                 This heavy snowfall is a direct result of the influence of Lake Michigan.


                 Physiography and Drainage


                 The physiography of Muskegon County, for the most part, results from the
                 Wisconsin, or latest, glacial period.        The glacial ice that once covered
                 the State melted about eight to twelve thousand years ago.            As this ice
                 melted, a covering of raw soil material was left on the surface of the
                 county.   This glacial deposit ranges from about 150 feet to more than 400
                 feet in thickness.


                 The present surface of the county ranges from nearly level t        o rolling and
                 hilly.  Along the shore of Lake Michigan is a belt of strongly rolling sand
                 dunes.    These dunes are postglacial        in origin but are now generally
                 stationary. After vegetation covers these dunes, a soil profile begins to
                 develop. For several miles inland, smaller dunes are scattered throughout
                 the poorly drained areas of the lake plain.


                 A wide plain with little relief lies east of the dunes.          Rolling to hilly
                 areas are toward the eastern side of the couinty and in the extreme north-
                 western part.     Parts of the central plain are somewhat broken by stream
                 channels and lake basins.


                 The county is drained mainly by three major river systems, but some areas
                 are drained by streams that flow directly into Lake Michigan. The Muskegon
                 River cuts the county into two parts and empties into Muskegon Lake, which
                 is an inlet from Lake Michigan.       The main tributary within the county is
                 Cedar Creek, which receives the drainage waters from the northeast.            White
                 River drains the northwestern part of the county and empties into White
                 Lake,  another inlet on Lake Michigan.          Directly south of Muskegon is
                 another small inlet, Mona Lake, into which Black Creek empties water that





                                                     -21-










               drains from the west-central part of the county.      Little Black Lake basin
               receives water from the Yonkers Drain and several small tributaries one of
               which crosses the south portion of the site.        Little Black Lake empties
               into Lake Michigan via Little Black Creek.


               The lake elevation is regulated at its outlet       as it crosses under Black
               Lake Road.   Here at the northwest corner of the    lake it cascades over two
               concrete headwalls three to four feet in height.        There is an adjusting
               mechanism in this structure which enables the golf course personnel to
               regulate the lake   elevation depending upon their irrigation needs.      It is
               from Little Black  Lake that the course obtains it's water supply for their
               sprinkling system.    Their water rights permit them to adjust lake levels
               according to their need, without D.N.R. permission.


               Topography


               Ground elevations throughout the park site range from the lake elevation
               (water 597.35) up to 609.6 USGS datum.     Higher elevations are found at the
               leaf disposal area (615.5) but most of the park site ranges from 601 to
               605.   Topography would be classified as being flat with constant eleva-
               tions, typical for this portion of the city.        Water elevations fluctuate
               with the seasons and to some degree are effected by levels established at
               the lake outlet.


               Elevations for Wood Road vary from 605 to 606.      These correspond with the
               adjoining natural grade along the road right of way. Lake bottomlands have
               not been completely mapped, but it is a well known fact that lake depths
               are shallow and do not exceed eight feet.     The shoreline beach profile has
               a shallow grade of 1 degree slope at the-park site.
























                                                  -22-




























         IMPROVEMENTS   RESTRICTIONS










                                     EXISTING SITE IMPROVEMENTS/RESTRICTIONS



                 Within the city limits of Norton Shores there is an abundance of undeve-
                 loped land especially in the southern half.           This period is an opportune
                 time  to   plan   for    the  future    development/preservation      of   this    site
                 particularly because       it has   lake frontage.       Future growth along        the
                 Muskegon/Grand Haven corridor will inevitably come making it important to
                 set aside land for public use. These undeveloped land areas present signi-
                 ficant opportunities for preservation and recreational resources.


                 The city has two inland lakes within it's boundaries: Mona Lake and Little
                 Black Lake.     Mona Lake is used extensively for fishing and boating with
                 little swimmer use because of poor water quality. Little Black Lake at the
                 southern edge of the city has not experienced much development on it's
                 shores.    The city and the State of Michigan own a significant portion of
                 the lake shoreline which has helped preserve much of it's natural
                 appearance and character.


                 Historically this area of lake front property has seen little development
                 because of the shallow lake depth and a high water table which limits its
                 potential for intensive use.         Previously the entire site was subdivided
                 small parcels being sold with several resort cabins built on it.               Due to
                 poor site conditions this development was discontinued with the cabins
                 being razed.    In the south portion of the site a residence was established
                 and  land cleared for agricultural          use.     Later   it was    abandoned    and
                 purchased by the city.      This farm was situated on the only large dry upland
                 area on the city parcel.


                 Site access is by either public right of way of or from the lake.                   The
                 right   of  way provides     a half mile of       actessible frontage for motor
                 vehicles, bicycles, foot traffic and other visitor use.               Watercraft can
                 beach at any point along the 2700 feet of shoreline of the park.            Access is
                 difficult since most is composed of marshy wetlands.


                 Temporary access across the abandoned farm parcel has been granted by the
                 city to a land locked property for a private logging operation.               For how
                 long and whether this temporary easement is still needed is unknown but
                 should development take place here this should be resolved before pro-
                 ceeding with improvements.








                                                       -23-









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                                                                           EXISTING PLAT










               There are three gated entrances to the site which control vehicle access
               onto the site.    Access to the leaf disposal are remains open whereas the
               other two entrances are locked to restrict entry only for authorized use.
               Both of these entrances are unimproved roads (two tracks) which provide
               access to the lake and ultimately leading and tying into a road paralleling
               the shore line.


               Most public utilities have not been extended to this portion of the city.
               Pontaluna Road one mile to the north and Grand Haven Road one and a half
               miles to the east have a public water system. Additionally these roads are
               the nearest paved streets.    Sanitary and storm sewer systems do not extend
               into this portion of Norton Shores.    Storm water is accommodated by surface
               runoff ditches and channels located throughout the park site.         The only
               major drain in the south portion of the site is scheduled for retrenching
               and general cleaning.    This should lower the water table in that vicinity
               of the park and improve the surface drainage.


               Presently the center portion of the property is being used for leaf and
               tree disposal.   Leaf mounds ranging from eight to ten feet in height cover
               the majority of the landfill site. As in   dicated earlier this disposal site
               was used for more traditional forms of disposable items and then covered
               with earth.


               Sportsmen and the like find this wooded property useful          for hunting,
               fishing and camping activities.      The natural resource base has provided
               many opportunities for nature study and other forms of non-consumptive

               use.


               Wetland Regulations


               Wetland of Little Black Lake Park (including the lake) is regulated by
               state and federal laws.     This site fits all of the criteria for wetland
               determination.    The following Acts are applicable and permits would be
               required before any development could take place.


               1.  Inland Lakes and Streams Act (P.A. 346,1972)
                   A permit is required for any dredging, filling or construction of
                   a permanent structure below the ordinary high watermark of any
                   inland   lake or stream'. or lake greater than 5 acres in size.      A
                   permit is also required for dredging within 500 feet of a lake or
                   a stream.    It is administered by the Division of Land and Water
                   Management (D.N.R.).





                                                 -24-










               2.  Wetlands Protection Act (P.A. 203,1979)
                   A permit is required for any dredging, filling or draining of a
                   wetland contiguous to a lake or stream, or any isolated wetland at
                   least five acres in size.    It is administered by the Division of
                   Land and Water Management (D.N.R.).


               3.  Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act (P.A. 347, 1972)
                   A permit is required for any earth change greater than one acre in
                   size or within 500 feet of a lake or stream. Permits are obtained
                   from local county enforcing agents.     It is administered by the
                   Division of Land and Water Management (D.N.R.).


               4.  Section 404
                   A permit is required to place 10,000 cubic yards or more of fill
                   in a wetland, relocating a channel 500 feet or more, placing 100
                   feet long culvert or longer with 200 cubic yards or more of fill.
                   404 Authority can be implemented at staff's discretion.       It is
                   administered by the Division of Land and Water Management for the
                   U.S. Army Corps. of Engineers.


               Most of these acts are administered either by a county or state agency.
               Other state and federal    laws might have an impact depending upon what
               determinations can be made regarding the environmental impact past disposal
               operations have had.   A more in depth environmental assessment is required
               before final conclusions are made.



               Planning Goals and Policies


               Little Black Lake is situated in Planning Unit 20 as defined by the Open
               Space and Recreation Plan (City of Norton Shor@s, 1984). In this document
               it outlines the proposed planning and land use for this area being open
               space and recreation as the two main uses. It states:


                    "The major natural feature located here is the Black Lake and
                    surrounding area.   The 'Transportation Corridor Study' calls for
                    a possible expansion of the Hoffmaster State Park facility to
                    include the land area east of Black Lake. Presently, the City of
                    Norton Shores has significant ownership on the east side of Black
                    Lake in an existing platted area.    It seems most appropriate to
                    expand open space and recreation ownership and facilities around






                                                    -25-










                    this lake.    An important open space and recreation opportunity
                    exists in this area; therefore, efforts should be made to assure
                    that development does not occur, which may forclose the open
                    space and recreation opportunities of this area.       The "Transpor-
                    tation Corridor Study'     also calls for the redevelopment of
                    Pontaluna Road into a gateway corridor parkway.        The redevelop-
                    ment of Pontaluna Road into a parkway or gateway entrance to the
                    community and Hoffmaster State Park is seen as having significant
                    aesthetic, environmental and economic benefits to the City.         The
                    redevelopment of Pontaluna as a gateway should be aggressively
                    pursued as the facility is a major link in the City's future
                    transportation network, and will provide the City with an
                    improved visual setting which will benefit the tourist/vacation
                    uses of this area."


              In discussion with state officials little interest was shown in having the
              State assume control over this park site integrating it with Hoffmaster
              State Park. Not being contiguous with state land and of small acreage were
              two factors mentioned for not incorporating this parcel into the state
              system.


              The city consistant with the above stated objections has remained committed
              to establishment of this recreation and open         space corridor along     Lake
              Michigan and southern portion of the city.        It states in the Master     Plan
              report:


                    "The Black Lake-Pontaluna Road area (9d)       is intended primarily
                    for private recreational development. The      area already contains
                    the Elks Club and adjoining golf course        and a riding stable.
                    Also, the City owns some lands on the eastern shore of Black
                    Lake.   The City's primary objective should be to acquire, over
                    time, all remaining shore property to assure complete control of
                    the lake and its fragile shore environment. In the remainder of
                    the area, various kinds of recreation-related land uses should be
                    permitted, e.g., camp grounds, golf shooting ranges, etc.            in
                    addition, farming, garden shops and nurseries, and large lot         (5
                    acre minimum) residential development should also be permitted.
                    In the Zoning Ordinance, this area would be recognized as a spe-
                    cial district with appropriate district regulations."









                                                       -26-









                        and recreation ownership and facilities around this lake.               An
                        important open space and recreation opportunity exists in this
                        area; therefore, efforts should be made to assure that develop-
                        ment does not occur, which may forclose the open space and
                        recreation   opportunities    of  this   area.     The   'Transportation
                        Corridor Study' also calls for the redevelopment of Pontaluna
                        Road into a gateway corridor parkway.            The redevelopment of
                        Pontaluna Road into a parkway or gateway entrance to the com-
                        munity and Hoffmaster State Park is seen         as having significant
                        aesthetic, environmental and economic benefits to the City.            The
                        redevelopment of Pontaluna as a gateway should be aggressively
                        pursued as the facility is a major link in the City's future
                        transportation network, and will provide the City with an
                        improved visual setting which will benefit the tourist/vacation
                        uses of this area."


                  In discussion with state officials little interest was shown in having the
                  State assume control over this park site integrating it with Hoffmaster
                  State Park. Not being contiguous with state land and of small acreage were
                  two factors mentioned for not incorporating this parcel into the state
                  system.


                  The city consistant with the above stated objections has remained committed
                  to establishment of this recreation and open space corridor along Lake
                  Michigan and southern portion of the city.          It states in the Master      Plan
                  report:


                        "The Black Lake-Pontaluna Road area (9d) is intended primarily
                        for private recreational development.        The area already contains
                        the Elks Club and adjoining golf course and a riding stable.
                        Also, the City owns some lands on the"eastern shore of Black
                        Lake.   The City's primary objective should be to acquire, over
                        time, all remaining shore property to assure complete control of
                        the lake and its fragile shore environment. In the remainder of
                        the area, various kinds of recreation-related land uses should be
                        permitted, e.g., camp grounds, golf shooting ranges, etc.               in
                        addition, farming, garden shops and nurseries, and large lot            (5
                        acre minimum) residential development should also be permitted.
                        In the Zoning Ordinance, this area would be recognized as a spe-
                        cial district with appropriate district regulations."








                                                       -27-










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            6


           MASTER                        PLAN

           LAND USE BEYOND 1986

                   URBAN CORE
                   LOW INTENSITY RESIDENTIAL
                   "GH IINTENSITY RESIDENTIAL
                   APARTMENT/ OFFICE COMPLEXES
                   SERVICE COMMERCIAL                                                                                                                              9d
                   MAJOR COMMERCIAL
                   INDUSTRIAL
                       NDUSTftAL PARK
                       SMALL H)USTFKS
                   AGRICULTURE
                   RECREATION &OPEN SPACE
                                                                                                                                                                                                             '4
                                                                                                                                                                                                             OT





























































































                       LAKE MIDICAN SHOFtELAWS
                       BLACK CKEK 8ASW
                    c  HOFFMASTER STATE    AJW
                    .BLACK LAKE GAS14


                   AIRPORT




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                                                   ANALYSIS



                The City has an opportunity to     protect the natural resources as well as
                expand recreational facilities to better serve the needs of the public.
                Through on going land purchase and park/open space improvements many of the
                goals and policies for this recreation corridor can be realized.        Much of
                what has occurred with the establishment of Hoffmaster State Park, Elk's
                Golf Club and horseback riding facility and more recently with the addition
                of Pleasure Island Water Park have made this area ideal for further park
                development not only locally but on a regional and statewide basis as well.


                The major limiting factor to intensive development is the hydric soils
                which comprise the vast majority of park acreage.           These are a mixed
                blessing in that this condition has helped to preserve the park site in
                it's natural   state and has prevented extensive development.          With the
                exception of the leaf disposal site, this property offers an excellent
                resource base for nature interpretation, study and research.          These two
                factors plus several minor components will determine the highest and best
                use for the city parcel.


                A detailed recreational needs assessment is necessary to fully weigh the
                deficiency which exists in park and recreation facilities within the city
                and region.   One survey of Norton Shores residents assigned a high priority
                to natural resource preservation and expansion of recreation and tourism
                facilities  especially in shoreline areas (University of Wisconsin, 1969).
                In a 1971   survey, three-fourths of the residents indicated support for
                recreation oriented resources,     neighborhood playfields,    sports complex,
                cultural  center,   arts and crafts center,      library and adult education
                center.   Much of this park site would not be suitable for some of these

                uses.


                Of the areas suitable for development the dry upland area could support
                roads, building structures and other improvements which require a stable,
                dry base.   Marshy or wet portions of the site would at best support trail
                systems, boardwalks and other low intensive activities.


                Accessibility to the site afforded by Wood Road is excellent.          The most
                sizable upland acreage has good access from the road.             Soils of the
                Kalkaska-Wal lace complex provide excellent stable base for a road and
                parking lot.






                                                       -28-










                   The central portion of the site has been altered severely by the disposal
                   of household waste in the past and of leaf and tree by-products occurring
                   now.   Any hard surfacing or building structures should not be developed in
                   this area.    Open field activities (baseball, football, soccer, etc.) are
                   typical uses for the landfill sites which have been abandoned.               Methane
                   seepage and ground settlement are two difficulties which would persist in
                   the years ahead if improvements did occur.        The nuisance of the grade and
                   elevation of the field changing as settlement occurs would need to be
                   endured during the initial years of use.


                   Leaving this area lying fallow for several years would eliminate the
                   severity of the settlement which is the greatest during the beginning
                   years. Loss of the leaf disposal site for dumping purposes would not cause
                   serious problems, since alternative sites could be found.


                   The shallow shoreline which forms the westerly edge of the park property
                   has limited use.        Fluctuating lake levels, marshy shoreline, inland
                   wetlands and gradual grades for the wet beach makes it unsuitable for boat
                   launch facilities and swimming beach use.       There is need for a public boat
                   launch site since none presently exists and there is heavy boating demand
                   by   fishermen.      Launch facilities for canoes/lightweight motorized
                   watercraft could be established on parcels        north of the park site.       This
                   would require acquisition of private tracts       of land.   Preservation of this
                   natural habitat would provide an exception       resource base for interpretive
                   and aesthetic purposes. Trails and boardwalks would provide needed access
                   into this area especially the bog/fen ecosystem.


                   There  are many unique features of this site that can be utilized in
                   environmental education.       Nature trails can provide park users with a
                   close-up view of a bog ecosystem.             Visitors can experience several
                   different wetland communities in a single teip.          The area also offers an
                   excellent opportunity to watch many different species of birds.                Self-
                   guided trails would enhance the publics' nature experience in Little Black
                   Lake Park.


                   An elevated walkway system will be necessary to provide user access in high
                   water areas along the lake shoreline area and bog/fen environments.                it
                   should be noted that Hoffmaster State Park is the premier interpretive
                   facility for fresh water coastal dunal ecosystems.          The City's Black Lake
                   site offers a completely different natural environment in which to
                   interpret.    Establishment of nature trails for the city site would not
                   duplicate the existing state facility and only enhance the variety of
                   opportunities for nature study and observation.



                                                      -29-










              If and when the site is developed for park use a complete environmental
              assessment is recommended before actual development takes place. An analy-
              sis of the disposal site would determine the potential presence of contam-
              inants. Minimally a preliminary assessment should be conducted to identify
              past uses of the property possible, areas of contamination and types of
              substances disposed of on the site.   If there is uncertainty about hazard-
              ous material   on site then   a site characterization is performed which
              involves soil borings and lab testing.     If contaminants are found to be
              present the last phase of 'the assessment of defining the limits of con-
              tamination is performed.


              Generally speaking this site is more appropriately used for passive recre-
              ation and nature preservation interpretation.    Proposed development would
              include nature trails interpretive signage, shelter/restroom facilities,
              elevated walkways, picnicking, and parking.   To a great extent much of the
              proposed development will depend upon environmental reviews by state and
              federal officials especially regarding wetlands and solid waste disposal.







































                                               -30-




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                                               SITE MASTER PLAN



                In keeping with stated city goals,       limited park development is ideally
                suited for this site.      It's half mile of shoreline and natural resource
                base provides an opportunity to create a recreation area serving the city
                and local region.


                General


                The parksite will be utilized primarily for passive uses as indicated on
                the site master plan.     Main access is provided off of Wood Road and ter-
                minates at a parking lot which serves the picnic area, shelter/restroom
                building, and nature interpretive trail system. Other improvements consist
                of an organization campground, fencing of east property line and upgrading
                of existing service drives.        The leaf disposal site would continue to
                operate until an alternate site is found for that purpose.


                Core Area


                A park area of this size has potential for a great variety of activities.
                A recreation needs analysis has not been made, helping to identify the
                recreation deficiencies of the community, which this parksite would serve.
                It is the city staff's opinion that a open field or hard surface sports
                facilities are not presently needed at this particular location. The high
                percentage of wetland and forested area found on this site also limits the
                amount of space available for this type of use. Passive activities such as
                picnicing, walking and camping are more suitable uses, given the existing
                site conditions. Other supportive facilities, such as restrooms, shelter,
                play structures, would augment the recreation experience and encourage
                greater park use.


                Much of the recreation activity is to be centered around the parking and
                restroom/shelter facility.     The picnic area is comprised of four acres of
                open and semi wooded land requiring approximately 30 tables, 10 grills and
                10 waste receptacles.       These are situated around the perimeter of the
                parking area this assuring good access into the site.


                Clearing, grubbing, turf establishment and additional tree planting are
                needed to enhance the picnic site area.      A play structure having a variety
                of  activities   (climbing,   sliding,   swinging,  etc.)  broadens the picnic
                experience.     Situating these facilities (see master plan) in the open
                upland area minimizes the disruption of the natural environs and provides
                convenient access to Wood Road.



                                                    -31-










                 The park entrance is identified by a park sign locating the only official
                 entrance for the site.       This entry is gated to prevent access during off
                 hours or seasonal use.       Two other points of entry will be maintained for
                 the leaf disposal site and for the service drive in the north portion.
                 Initially the parking lot is graveled and later paved once funds become
                 available and park use is established.         Parking barriers, either curbs or
                 posts, will help control vehicle access to designated areas.                  Handicap
                 accessibility is a design consideration for all park improvements            in terms
                 of ramps, space requirements and absence of barriers.


                 Restroom/Shelter Facility


                 Serving as a focal point for many of the recreation functions is the
                 restroom/shelter building located in close proximity to the parking lot.
                 This facility will be utilized especially during inclement weather con-
                 ditions and other occasions for individual or group use.             This structure
                 can   serve  as   a starting and finishing point for nature trail               users.
                 Various interpretative displays and exhibits can be stored or permanently
                 mounted to provide information regarding the cultural and natural site
                 features.


                 Since public water and sanitary sewer systems are not available to the
                 park, on-site septic and well systems will be established to service the
                 restroom facility.      Soils in this upland area are sandy giving sufficient
                 percolation for a septic field.        Care would need to be exercised in siting
                 the drain field since much of the site has a high water table.


                 The restroom structure is to be constructed of           vandal resistant material
                 while maintaining a natural appearance suitable          for parks.     Many similar
                 structures    such   as   the   one  being    proposed,   have   been    successfully
                 constructed of colored concrete block           (spli't-face)   and wood giving a
                 pleasing natural appearance.


                 Access/Fencing


                 Most park users will approach the parksite via Wood Road either from the
                 north or the east.     A small number gain access by way of Little Black Lake
                 in watercraft or wading the shallow shoreline.             The majority of people
                 will arrive by car or bus since the site is not near a population con-
                 centration making the journey too great for walkers or bikers.             Wood Road
                 being graveled also limits it to motorized vehicle use versus other forms
                 of transportation.





                                                       -32-











               Service roads would continue to serve access needs into the site for main-
               tenance and emergency reasons that arise.      Sections of these unimproved two
               tracks are to be rerouted or upgraded eliminating            sections which are
               impassable due to low, flooded portions of the road.


               Being in a remote section of town park security is at a minimum.           Fencing
               along Wood Road is needed to prevent undesirable trespass and discourage
               off road vehicles from entry.      Three gated entrances are to be maintained
               off of Wood Road.    One would service the proposed parking lot, another the
               leaf disposal site and the third the existing service road in the north
               portion.


               Trails


               Little Black Lake park site has a variety of characteristics which lends
               itself to nature interpretation and study. Extensive and expensive struc-
               tures and facilities are not recommended or essential due to level of
               expected use and amount of operational funds. However, establishment of a
               limited trail system traversing through a variety of plant and animal habi-
               tats is suggested.      A loop trail system originating and ending at the
               parking area will provide on site accessibility to natural features for
               interpretation as well as access for individuals using it for other pur-
               poses.   This trail system would be more than a mile in length and circum-
               vent most of the site.


               It's primary purpose is to provide opportunities for nature study and
               interpretation. Numbered trail markers keyed to corresponding numbers in a
               handout would orient the    user to items of interest such as vegetative com-
               munities, geology, soils, animal life, history, etc. This permitting self
               guided tours to occur.


               Trail alignment follows the edge of bog/fen in the south portion, then
               turns north along the       lakeshore and doubles     back traversing forested
               palustrine and upland areas (see master plan).        Improvements are minimal,
               trail surfacing at ground elevations except for       locations over wet or bog
               areas requiring elevated walkways or bridges.       Observation platforms, con-
               sisting of widen boardwalk sections, have benches and interpretative
               displays   serving  as  surveillance decks directing special        attention to
               points of interest and observation or simply a place to rest.              Minimal
               clearing is required to establish a 3'-4' wide trail. Trail surfacing con-
               sists of wood chips, native.earth or crushed aggregate.






                                                  -33-










                Other user activities such as walking, jogging, X-country skiing can be
                acccommodated on the trails.       It will provide necessary pedestrian access
                to the lake and park interior from the picnic/parking area for campers,
                fishermen, hunters and the like.


                Organization Camp


                Located along the shoreline of Little Black Lake in an isolated portion of
                the parksite is the organization campground.        The camp accommodates youth
                groups and organized club campers such as scouts, 4-H and church groups.
                Three cleared areas a quarter to a half acre in size are established and
                shaped to fit existing open areas and topography.            These will form the
                camping   clusters   having   a capacity of 25 campers each with          a total
                campground capacity of 75.


                Each area requires clearing, grubbing and turf establishment in each sec-
                tion with the surrounding areas being left natural.          Minimal earthwork is
                expected.    Each cluster will have vault-type toilets (one-pair), one well
                and hand pump, and one fire ring.       Well and toilets are required to be 100
                feet apart. Waste receptacles are placed according to user needs.


                Access into the camp area is by way of the service drive, nature trail or
                by watercraft.    It is expected that campers will pack-in whatever supplies
                are needed without the assistance of vehicles.         Motorized access would be
                limited to maintenance and emergency vehicles using the service drive.


                Leaf Disposal Site


                Disposal of leaves, brush, stumps and other tree remains will continue on
                the parksite.    It's operation possess little or no conflict with the pro-
                posed park operations.      it is anticipated thAt disposal operations will
                cease when it's capacity is reach since space is limited for modern dispo-
                sal  techniques.      For effective decomposition      larger for grinding and
                turning of leaves.


                Future Projections


                One expressed need was providing public       boat access to Little Black Lake.
                Size and type of watercraft would be limited to canoes and small motorized
                boats.   Presently these watercrafts are launched at Wood Road and Yonkers
                Drain crossing at which navigation is difficult due to extensive shallows
                at that end of the lake.






                                                   -34-









             To accommodate this need and adhere to wetland requirements, land acquisi-
             tion of a private parcel immediately north of the park site is recommended.
             Use of existing city land would require a long access road and substantial
             fill and earthwork.    Little alteration would be necessary to develop a
             suitable access on the private parcels.


             Cost Estimate


             Cost of development of the city parksite will depend upon when funds are
             available for such improvements.     Other factors such as time of year,
             availability of volunteers, force account labor, etc., effect costs which
             are not projected in the estimate given on the following sheet.














































                                                   -35-










                 Cost estimates for labor and material are as follows:

                     Item                                                            -Cost

                     1    Picnic Area

                             Clearing, Grubbing, Topsoil, Seeding                   $  6,000
                             Tables (30)                                            $  5,400
                             Grills (10)                                               1,000
                             Litter Receptacles (10)                                   1,500
                             Landscaping (20 trees)                                 $  2,000
                             Play Structure                                            8,000

                     2.   Parking Lot/Entry Area

                             Entrance Road and Parking (paved)                         30,400
                             Concrete Walk                                          $  2,200
                             Curbs/Barriers                                         $  2,000
                             Sign, Gate                                             $  1,000

                     3.   Shelter/Restroom Facility

                          . 30'x6O' Structure with    well & septic tank            $  65,000

                     4.   Organization Camp

                          . Clearing, Grubbi  'ng, Seeding                          $  2,000
                          . Vault Toilets (6)                                       $  4,800
                          . Wells & Hand Pumps (3)                                  $  4,200
                          . Misc. (fire rings, receptacles, etc.)                         500

                     5.   Trails

                             Clearing, Grubbing, Wood Chips                         $  3,900
                             Boardwalkds                                            $  20,000
                             Signs                                                  $     600

                     6.   Fencing

                          . 51 high chain link industrial grade     fence           $  8,500

                     7.   Service Roads

                             Upgrading/Relocating                                   $  1,000


                                                      Subtotal                      $170,000

                                                      Engineering (10%)             $ 17,000

                                                      Contingencies (10%)           $ 17,000


                                                                TOTAL               $204,000




                                                    -36-








                           MASTIER PUN
                           LITTLE
                           BLACK
                           LAKE
                           PARK
                           CITY OF         NORTON SHORES


                               GOVE ASSOCIATES, INC.
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                                                    APPENDIX A


             Community distribution of trees, Shrubs, and plants identified at Little Black
             Lake Park, Muskegon County Michigan


             COMMON NAME                  SCIENTIFIC NAME                  COMMUNITY DISTRIBUTIUN

             Trees and Scrubs                                                E     SSI FW     UP
             Tamarack                     Larix l'aricina                          X

             Eastern White Pine           Pinus strobus                                 X     X

             Red Maple                    Acer rubrum                              X    X     X

             Paper Bircn                  Betula papyrifera                             X     X

             Sassafras                    Sassafras albidum                             X     X

             Black Cherry                 Prunus serotina                               X     X

             Black Ash                    Fraxinus nigra                                X

             Red Ash                      Fraxinus pennsylvanic   a                     X     X

             Quaking Aspen                Populus tremuloides                           X     X

             Bigtoothed Aspen             Populus grandidentata                         X     X

             White Oak                    Quercus alba                                        X

             Black Oak                    Quercus velutina                              X     X

             Juniper                      Juniperus virginianus                         X

             Staghorn Sumac               Rhus typhina                                  X     X

             Gray Dogwood                 Cornus racemosa                    X     X    X     X

             Red-osier Dogwood            Cornus stolonifera                       x    X

             Speckled Alder               Alnus rugosa                       X     X    X

             Meadowsweet                  Spiraea latifolia                  X     X

             Swamp Rose                   Rosa palustris                     X     X

             Northern Dewberry            Rubus flagellaris                             X     X


             E = Emergent
             SS = Scrub-shrub
             FW = Forested Wetland
             UP = Upland



                                                       _38-













               COMMON NAME                   SCIENTIFIC NAME                 COMMUNITY DISTRIBUTION

               Plants                                                           E    SS    FW   UP

               Royal Fern                    Osmunda regalis                         x     x

               Marsh Fern                    Thelypteris palustris              x    x     x

               Bracken Fern                  Pteridium aquilinum                           x    x

               Canada Mayflower              Maianthemum canadense                         x    x

               Wild Sarsaparila              Aralia nudicaulis                             x    x

               Jewelweed                     Impatiens capensis                            x

               Periwinkle                    Vinea minor                                   x

               Jack-in-the Pulpit            Arisaema triphyllum                           x    x

               Sedges                        Carex Spp                          x    x     x

               Fringed sedge                 Carex crinita                                 x

               Spikerush                     Eleodaris spp                      x    x

               Olney's Bulrush               Scirpus americanus.                x

               Rice Cutgrass                 Leersia oryzoides                  x    x     x

               Fal se Sol omon's Seal        Smilacina racemosa                            x    x

               Pink Ladies Slipper           Cypri pediom acaule                           x

               Shinleaf                      Pyrola elliptica                              x    x

               Boneset                       Eupatorium perfoliatum"            x    x     x

               Marsh Cinquefoil              Potentilla pallustris              x    x

               Norther Pitcher   Plant       Sarracenia purpurea                     x

               Blue Flag                     Iris versicolor                    x    x     x

               Yellow Flag                   Iris psuedacorus                   x

               Cranberry                     Vaccinium macrocarpon              x

               Water Buttercup               Ranunculus aquaticus               x

               Arrow Arum                    Peltandra virginica                x











                                                 APPENDIX B


            Bird species that may occur in Little Black Lake Park.          Based on range and
            habitat requirements (Scott, ed. 1983).       An asterisks (*) indicates species
            identified during survey-

                COMMON NAME                              SCIENTIFIC NAME



                Common Leon                              Gavin immer

                Pied-billed Grebe                        Podilymbus podiceps

                Least Bittern                            Ixobrychus exilis

                American Bittern                         Betaurus lentiginosus

                Black-crowned Night Heron                Nycticorax nycticorax

                Green-backed Heron                       Butorides striatus

              *Great Blue Heron                          Ardea herodias

              *Canada Goose                              Branta canadensis

              *Mallard                                   Anas platyrhynchos

                American Black Duck                      Anas rubripes

                Northern Pintail                         Anas acuta

                Blue-winged Teal                         Anas discors

                Wood Duck                                Aix sponsa

                Canvasback                               Aythya valisineria

                Redhead                                  AyT-hya"americana

                Ring-necked Duck                         Aythya collaris

                Lesser Scaup                             Aythya affinis

                Bufflehead                               Buceptiala albeola

                Common Merganser                         Mergus merganser

                Hooded Merganser                         Lophodytes cucullatus

                King Rail                                Rallus elegans

                Virginia Rail                            Rallus limicola

                Sora                                     Porzana carolina





                                                 -4n-











                 COMMON NAME                             SCIENTIFIC NAME



                 Common Moorehen                         Gallinula chloropus

                 American Coot                           Fulica americana

                 Spotted Sandpiper                       Actitis macularia

                 Common Snipe                            Gallinago gallinago

                 American Woodcock                       Scolopax minor

                 Herring Gull                            Larus argentatus

                 Turkey Vulture                          Cathartes aura

                 Golden Eagle                            Aquila chrysaetos

                 Bald Eagle                              Haliaeetus leucocephalus

                 Northern Harrier                        Circus cyancus

                 Sharp-shinned Hawk                      Accipiter striatus

                 Cooper's Hawk                           Accipiter cooperii

                 Northern Gosnawk                        Accipiter gentilis

                 Red-shouldered Hawk                     Buteo jamaicensis

                 Broad-winged Hawk                       Buteo platypterus

                 Red-tailed Hawk                         Buteo jamaicensis

                 Rough-legged Hawk                       Buteo lagopus

                 Osprey                                  Pandion   haliaetus

                 American Kestrel                        Falco sparverius

                 Ruffed Grouse                           Bonasa umbellus

                 Wild Turkey                             Meleagris gallopavo

                 Short-eared Owl                         Asio flammeus

                 Long-eared Owl                          Asio otus

                 Great-horned Owl                        Bubo virginianus

                 Eastern Screech Owl                     Otus asio

                 Northern Saw-whet Owl                   Aegolius acadicus




                                                  -41-










               COMMON NAME                             SCIENTIFIC NAME


               Whip-poor-will                          Caprimulgus vociferus

               Common Nighthawk                        Chordeiles minor

               Ruby-throated Hummingbird               Archilochus colubris

              *Belted Kingfisher                       Ceryle alsyon

               Red-bellied Woodpecker                  Melanerpes carolinus

               Northern Flicker                        Colaptes auratus

               Red-headed Woodpecker                   Melanerpes erythrocephalus

               Yellow-bellied Sapsucker                Sphyrapicus varius

               Downy Woodpecker                        Picoides pubescens

              *Hairy Woodpecker                        Picoides villosus

               Eastern Kingbird                        Tyrannus tyrannus

               Great-crested Flycatcher                Myiarchus crinitus

               Eastern Wood-Pewee                      Contopus virens

               Eastern Phoebe                          Sayornis phoebe

               Least Flycatcher                        Empidonax minimus

               Willow Flycatcher                       Empidonax traillii

               Alder Flycatcher                        Empidonax alnorum

               Yellow-bellied Flycatcher               Empidonax flaviventris

               Horned Lark                             Empidonax alpestris

              *Tree Swallow                            Tachycineta bicolor

               Purple Martin                           Progne suDis

               Bank Swallow                            Riparia riparia

               Northern Rough-wing Swallow             Stelgidopteryx serrpennis

               Cliff Swallow                           Hirundo pyrrhonota

               Barn Swallow                            Hirundo rustica

              *Blue Jay                                Cyanocitta cristata





                                                -42-











                     COMMON NAIIE                               SCIENTIFIC NAME


                    *American Crow                              Coruus brachyrnynchos

                    *Tufted Titmouse                            Parus bicolor

                    *Black-capped Chickadee                     Parus atricapillus

                     Brown Creeper                              Certhia americana

                    *White-breasted Nuthatch                    Sitta carolinensis

                     Red-breasted Nuthatch                      Sitta canadensis

                     Marsh Wren                                 Cistothorus palustris

                     Sedge Wren                                 Cistothorus platensis

                     Golden-crowned Kinglet                     Regulus calendula

                     Blue-gray Gnatcatcher                      Polioptila caerulea

                     Wood Thrush                                Hylocichla mustelina

                     Veery                                      Catnarus fuscescens

                     Hermit Thrush                              Catharus guttatus

                    *American Robin                             Turdus migratorius

                     Northern Mockingbird                       Mimus polyglottos

                     Brown Thrasher                             Toxostoma rufum

                     Cedar Waxwing                              Bombycilla cedrorum

                     European Starling                          Sturnus vulgaris

                     Solitary Vireo                             Vireo solitarius

                     Red-eyed Vireo                             Vireo olivaceus

                     Warbling Vireo                             Vireo gilvus

                     Prothonotary Warbler                       Protonotaria citrea

                     Blue-winged Warbler                        Vermivora pinus

                     Nashville Warbler                          Vermivora ruficappilla

                     Black-and-White Warbler                    Mniotilta varia

                     Cerulean Warbler                           Dendroica cerulea




                                                    -43-











                   CUMMON NAME                             SCIENTIFIC NAME


                   Chestnut-sided Warbler                  Dendroica pensylvanica

                   Black-Tnroated Green Warbler            Dendroica virens

                   Yellow Warbler                          Dendroica petechia

                   Canada Warbler                          Wilsonia canadensis

                  *Ovenbird                                Selurus aurocapillus

                   Northern Waterthrush                    Sciurus noveboracensis

                   Common Yellowthroat                     Geothlypis trichas

                   Yellow-breasted Chat                    Icteria virens

                   American Redstart                       Setophaga ruticlla

                  *Rose-breasted Grosbeak                  Pheucticus ludovicianus

                  *Northern Cardinal                       Cardinalis cardinalis

                   Indigo Bunting                          Passerina cyanea

                   Rufous-sided Towhee                     Pipilo erythrophthalmus

                   Vesper Sparrow                          Pooecetes gramineus

                  *Savannah Sparrow                        Passerculus sandwichensis

                   Song Sparrow                            Melospiza melodia.

                   Chipping Sparrow                        Spizella passerina

                   Clay-colored Sparrow                    Spizella pallida

                   Dark-eyed Junco                         Junco hyemalis

                   White-Throated Sparrow                  Zonotrichia albicollis

                   Swamp Sparrow                           Melospiza georgiana

                   Lapland Longspur                        Calcarius lapponicus.

                   Snow Bunting                            Plectrophenax nivalis

                   Red-winged Blackbird                    Agelaius phoeniceus

                   Brewer's Blackbird                      Euphagus cyanocephalus

                   Common Grackle                          Quiscalus quiscula




                                                -44-










                    COMMON NAME                             SCIENTIFIC NAME


                    Orchard Oriole                          Icterus spurius

                  *Northern Oriole                          Icterus galbula

                    Scarlet Tanager                         Piranga olivacea

                    Pine Siskin                             Carduelis pinus

                  *American Goldfinch                       Carduelis tristis

                    Red Crossbill                           Lexia curvirostra

                    Purple Finch                            Carpodacus purpureus

                    Evening Grosbeak                        Caccothraustes vespertinus









            Mainal species which may occur in Little Black Lake Park.          Based on range and
            habitat requirements.    An astrisks N denotes field identification by sight or
               sign. Compiled from Burt (1947).

                   COMMON NAME                               SCIENTIFIC NAME

                   Oppossum                                  Didelphis virginianus

                  *Eastern Mole                              Scalopus aquaticus

                   Starnose Mole                             Condylura cristata

                   MaSKed Shrew                              Sorex cinereus


                   Shorttail Shrew                           Blarina brevicauda

                   Little Brown Bat                          Myotis lucifugas

                   Silver-haired Bat                         Lasionycteris noctivagens

                  *Raccoon                                   Procyon lotor

                   Longtail Weasel                           Mustela frenata

                   Mink                                      Mustela vison

                   Striped Skunk                             Mephitis mephitis

                  *Red Fox                                   Vulpes vulpes

                  *Woodchuck                                 Marmora monax

                  *Eastern Chipmunk                          Tamias striatus

                  *Red Squirrel                              Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

                  *Eastern Fox Squirrel                      Sciurus.niger

                   Beaver                                    Castor canaaensis

                   Woodland Deer Mouse                       Peromyscus maniculatus

                   White-footed Mouse                        Peromyscus leucopus

                   Southern Bog Lemming                      Synaptomys cooperi

                   Meadow Vole                               Mierotus pennsylvanicus

                  *Muskrat                                   Ondatra zibetnica

                   Meadow Jumping Mouse                      Zapus Hudsonius

                   Woodland Jumping Mouse                    Napaeozapus insignis

                  *Eastern cottontail                        Sylvilagus floridanus
                  *Whitetail Deer                 -46-       Odocoileus virginianus








              Reptiles and amphibians that'may occur in Little Black Lake Park.            Based on
              range and habitat requirements.     Compiled from Bebler and King (1979), Hensley
              (date unknown). An astrisks N indicates observation.


                    COMMON NAME                               SCIENTIFIC NAME



              Snakes


                    Blue Racer                                Coluber constrictor

                    Ringneck Snake                            Diadophis punctatus

                    Rat Snake                                 Elaphe obsoleta

                    Milk Snake                                Lampropeltis triangulum

                    Northern Water Snake                      Nerodia sipedon

                    Smooth Green Snake                        Opheodrys vernalis

                    Queen Snake                               Regina septemvittata

                   *Brown Snake                               Storeria dekayi

                    Red-bellied  Snake                        Storeria occipitomaculata

                    Eastern Ribbon Snake                      Thamnophis sauritus

                    Easter Garter Snake                       Thamnophis sirtalis

                    Massasauga Rattlesnake                    Sistrurus catenatus

              Turtles

                    Painted-turtle                            Chyrsemys picta

                    Snapping Turtle                           Chelydra serpentina

                    Stinkpot                                  Sternotherus odoratus

                    Spotted Turtle                            Clemmys guttata

                    Wood Turtle                               Clemmys insculpta

                    Blanding's Turtle                         Einydoidea blandingi

                    Map Turtle                                Graptemys geographica

                    Eastern Bos Turtle                        Terrapene carolina

                    Spiny Softshell                           Trionyx spiniferus







                                                    -A -7










                   COMMON NAME                               SCIENTIFIC NAME

            Salamanaers

                   Eastern Newt                              NOtOphthalmus viriaescens

                   Mudpuppy                                  Necturus maculosus

                   Blue-spotted  Salamander                  Ambystoma laterale

                   Spotted Salamander                        Ambystoina maculatum

                   Four-toed Salamander                      Hemidactylium scutatum

                   Red-backed Salamander                     Plethodon cinerus


             Toads


                   American Toad                             Bufo americanus

                   Fowler's Toad                             Bufo fowleri
             Frogs Cricket Forg                              Acris crepitans
                  *Western Chorus Frog                       Pseudacris triseriata

                   Gray Treefrog                             Hyla versicolor

                  *Spring Peeper                             Hyla crucifer

                  *Greenfrog                                 Rana clamitans

                   Wood Frog                                 Rana sylvatica

                   Northern Leopard Frog                     Rana pipiens

                   Pickerel Frog                             Rand palustris

                   Bullfrog                                  Rana catesbeiana




















                                                 -48-









             Fish species known to occur in Little Black Lake, Muskegon County, Micnigan.
             From a persunal communication with the Department of Natural Resources.

                    COMMON NAAE                              SCIENTIFIC NAME



                    Bluegill                                 Lepomis machrochirus

                    Sunfish                                  Lepomis spp.

                    Bass                                     Micropterus spp.

                    Perch                                    Perca flavescens

                    Black Crappie                            Pomoxis nigromaculatus

                    Northern Pike                            Esox lucius



















































                                                   -49-











                                               REFERENCES


           Barnes, B.V., and W.H. Wagner Jr.,   1985, Michigan Trees, University of Michigan
              Press, Ann Arbor, 384 pp.

           Bauer Engineering, Inc., 1971, Norton Shores Survey, Chicago

           Bebler, J.L. and F.W. King, 1979, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North
              American Reptiles and Amphibians, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 555 pp.

           Biotic Consultants Inc., Midwestern Wetland Flora:       A field office guide to
              plant species, U.S.D.A Soil Conservation Service, Midwest National Technical
              Center, Lincoln, Neb., 394 pp.

           Burt, W.H., 1957, Mammals of the Great Lakes Region, University of Michigan
              Press, Ann Arbor, 247 pp.

           Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet and E.T. LaRoc, 1979, Classification of
              Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
              Se-rvice, Washington D.C., 103 pp.

           Hensley, M.M., An Illustrated Key to the Amphibians of Michigan, Woldumar Nature
              Center, Lansing, Michigan, 16 pp.

           Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim and A.L. Nelson, 1951, American Wildlife and Plants: A
              guide to wildlife food habits, Dover PublistTi'nq Inc., New York, 50U pp.

           Michigan Department of State Highways, 1970, Field Manual of Soil Engineering,
              State of Michigan, 474 pp.

           Niering, W.A., 1985, Wetlands, Alfred A. Knapf, New York, 639 pp.

                        , and N.C. Olmstead, 1979, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North
              American Wildflowers: eastern region, Alfred A. Knapf, N-e-w7-Yo--rT-,-888 pp.

           Peterson, L.A., 1977, A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Eastern and Central
              North America, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston,, 33U pp.

           Petrides, G.A., 1972, A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs, second edition,
              Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 428 pp.

           Pregitzer, K.E., 1968, Soil Survey Muskegon County, U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation
              Service, 89 pp.

           Scott, S.L., ed. 1983, Field Guide to the Birds of North America, National
              Geographic Society, Wa     gton D.C., 463 pp.

           University of Wisconsin Survey Research Laboratory, 1969, Public Opinion Survey
              for Muskegon County Shoreland Policy Study,     Tabulations for City of Norton
              TI-iores, Madison, Wisconsin

           West Michigan Shoreline Regional     Planning Commission, 1972     Open Space and
              Recreation Plan, updated 1984, City of Norton Shores, Michl;an, bl pp.



                                                -50-















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