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MASTER PLAN REPORT 5 ED ED @ 10 ,14 SB 483 D 1 @7 N67 M37 iOVE ASSOCIATES, I NC. 1990 This document was prepared in part through financial assistance provided by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic ano Atmospheric Administration authorized by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972- 2724 E. MICHIGAN AVE. Gove A&c-ocldes Inc SUITE 200 ARCHITECTS/ ENGINEERS IPLANNERS ISURVEYORS LANSING. MICHIGAN 48912 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS (517) 485-0555 February 29, 1990 Mr. Robert Bilkie, Planner City of Norton Shores 4814 Henry Street Norton Shores, Michigan 49441 We are pleased to present for your consideration the final draft of the Master Plan for Little Black Lake Park. This report has been prepared in accordance with our proposal and includes the written text with accompaning plans and detail ske'tches of the proposed development. This land parcel holds real promise for nature preservation and interpretation and has potential tor passive type recreational acti- vities. Hopefully this concept can be expanded onto the adjoining private parcels so that future generations may enjoy this fragile and picturesque parksite. We have enjoyed working with you and with fellow staff members. The enthusiasm and assistance by all participants has been most welcomed and helpful in the compilation of this report. If the city is inter- ested in future development of the concepts presented or other proj- ects please feel free to contact us. Sincerely yours, GOVE ASSOCIATES INC. Richard S. Schaefer, RLA Landscape Architect RSS:klh KALAMAZOO I LANSING I STURGIS I INDIANAPOLIS CITY OF NORTON SHORES MASTER PLAN FOR LITTLE BLACK LAKE FEBRUARY 1990 U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA Coastal SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 GOVE ASSOCIATES INC. 2722 E. Michigan Ave. Suite 200 Lansing, Michigan 48912 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1-2 EXISTING SITE FEATURES .............................................. 3-22 Soils ........................................................... 3 Wetland Classification .......................................... 12 Vegetation ...................................................... 13 Climate ......................................................... 20 Physiography and Drainage ....................................... 21 Topography ...................................................... 22 EXISTING SITE IMPROVEMENTS/RESTRICTIONS ............................. 23-27 Wetland Regulations .............................................. 24 Planning Goals and Policies ..................................... 25 ANALYSIS ............................................................ 28-30 SITE MASTER PLAN .................................................... 31-37 General ................... o ..................................... 31 Core Area ....................................................... 31 Restroom/Shelter Facility ....................................... 32 Access/Fencing ....... o ....o.............. o ...................... 32 Trails .......................................................... 33 Organization Camp ............................................... 34 Leaf Disposal Site ....................... ....................... 34 Future Projections .............................................. 34 Cost Estimate .... o .............................................. 35 Master Plan ......................................... o ........... 37 APPENDIX ............................................................ 38-53 Appendix A - Plant Species ...................................... 38 Appendix B - Bird Species ......... o ....o ................... o.... 40 Appendix B - Mammals ............................................ 46 Appendix B - Reptiles & Amphibians ........... o ................... 47 Appendix B - Fish ............................................... 49 References ................................... o ................... 50 Photos .......................................................... 51 INTRODUCTION The City of Norton Shores owns a 70 acre parcel of land situated on the east shore of Little Black Lake. The State of Michigan has allocated $10,000 through the Coastal Zone Management Program to develop a park study for this land parcel. Cognizant of good planning the city retained Govp Associates Inc. to develop a master plan for this wooded site. The agree- ment with the State calls for a development of a master plan to make inno- vative and creative use of the site and to protect the existing natural features. The Master Plan for this park site has three basic elements: 1. Data Collection & Inventory - significant natural features of the site are described and mapped. These include the soils, vegeta- tion, animals, geology, climate, existing features and surrounding land use. Past and existing developments on the site, present zoning, access, legal restrictions are to be noted. 2. Site Analysis - the relationship of the park to the natural and cultural elements are then explored with special emphasis on preservation, environmental education, and recreational use. The city's goals and objectives for this area are analyzed and updated to present needs and existing natural resource base. 3. Site Master Plan - concepts for development are mapped out showing the site plan configuration for preservation, interpretation and development. !f It UIX uuu uuuuuuiuuuuu r I- kM ftd@ kw NED ROOSEYELT PARK :LN HUG 0000 TIN, 0000 00 Xj 2 qL Lo 4..m uuuuu U W-WOU A j;; V11-0 ;77 MIZ jilaJUN;z -7 u u M-j 7, vo JI-1 th ot4j'4'. woof mu KEGONCOUN" I RNA"ON 4- c", AIRPORT 4PN L N! I-o ou i I T" L7 n ON H 1:]j'11flL I-II I P" Wk Imp 62M 66M F -moo, HOFFMAs'TER,., W E 70M BLACK LAKE STATE PARK frPARK ca" io 7 F,W F. Uh- SITE 19U L -MiL i LOCATION-M.AP EXISTING SITE FEATURES EXISTING SITE FEATURES The Little Black Lake Par k site is situated within the jurisdictional limits of Norton Shores, Michigan. The site is located within the following sectional description: West 1/2 of Section 32, Township 9 North, Range 16 West. The site is remotely situated from the more developed portions of the city. The property is bordered on the west by Black Lake, Wood Road on the east, and residential parcels on the north and south. Access to this 70 acre park site is afforded by Wood Road which is a public right-of-way. Most visitors come from the north by way of Pontaluna Road. Access can be gained by watercraft on the lake side of the property. A natural features survey of the Little Black Lake Park site was undertaken during May and June of 1989. Parameters of the survey were soils composition, dominant vegetation types, vegetative communities (habitats), wildlife species, and wetland systems. Soils of the area were determined by using the Muskegon County Soil Survey (Pregitzer, 1968), and soil descriptions were supplemented by the Field Manual of Soil Engineering [F.M.S.F.] (1970). Vegetation types and plant communities were identified by visual surveys and general sampling of specimens. Dominant species were identified using taxonomic keys. Several plant species could not be identified to the species level because they were not flowering during the study period. Wildlife was surveyed using tracks, feeding signs, scats, nests, burrows and visual observations. Birds and amphibians are also identified by their calls. Wetland classification was performed under the guidelines of Cowardin, et. al. (1978). This is the current system used by the state regulatory agencies in identifying wetlands. Current wetland/regulations which apply to Little Black Lake Park are discussed in the wetland section. Soils The soils of Little Black Lake Park are part of the Rubicon-AuGres- Roscommon Association (Pregitzer, 1968) [Figure 11. They are described in the Muskegon County Soil Survey (1968) as well as drained and poorly drained sandy soils that typically occur in the outwash and lake plains of -3- N- T E. D".O. L -W L BlVe L 3.1 > 4 36 31 31 1 6 1 6 L W. oQd ck A. E A R C L T. 11 '01 lk\ 430201- R 3k 7 31 'd 1 6 9 n 531 IL G ES ON e V S 0 N@ ou us ON R 70RD 6 1 ON "KE MU 86020' 46 7 43010'- PARK SITE .......... 0'rrAWA C111 Rubicon-AuGres Roscommon Association SOIL ASSOCIATIONS IN LITTLE BLACK LAKE PARK MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN Taken from Soil Survey of Muskegon County (Pregitzer, 1968) FIGUPF 1 Muskegon County. Within the Association, there are seven soil series represented [Figure 2]. Four of these soil -types are complexes consisting of two different series'. Both soils have similar profiles and occur in such an intricate pattern that they were mapped together. The major soil is listed first, followed by the minor series. All soil descriptions in this text are taken from The Muskegon County Soil Survey (Pregitizer, 1968) and the F.M.S.E. (1970). Soil taps were conducted at various locations throughout the park site. Analysis confirmed the soil data from USDA sources with the exception of the leaf disposal area. At this particular area material consisting of leaves, grass clippings, stumps, trunks, branches and other miscellaneous organic fill was observed to be deposited. However historically the record indicates that other disposal from household to commercial items were deposited at this location. During this landfill operation this area was excavated to a depth of 15 to 20 feet and then used a disposal area for a number of years. Following fill operations it was covered with an earth cap and now lawn and tree items form the final layer. Shallow test borings confirm that the soil profile has been disturbed at this landfill site. Other borings conducted revealed that natural soil conditions prevailed. Water table in most holes were at or near the ground surface. It was sandy soils that were encountered in all the test holes. The hydric soils are imperfectly to poorly drained and are saturated part of the year [Table 11. There are many isolated pools of water in these areas, indicating a high water table during the spring. The surface layers are highly organic, however, the availability of nutrients to plants is low due to the high sand content. The decomposition of organic material is inhibited by the acidity of the soils, further reducing nutrient availabi- lity. The upland soils are wel *1-drained and occur in gentle slopes [Table 1]. The acidity of these soils reduces the amount of organic material present, thus both nutrient availability and organic content is low. AuGres - Saugatuck Sands - (AsB - hydric) This series consists of somewhat poorly drained soils that developed in sandy outwash at least 66 inches deep. They occupy large areas in the western part and occur locally throughout. These soils are common in the wetter parts of outwash areas and lake plains and on the low benches along old river channels and near lakes. -5- TABLE I Soils occuring in Little Black Lake Park, Muskegon County, Michigan. Compiled from Soil Survey of Muskegon County (Pegitzer, 1968) and the Field Manual of Soil Engineering (197U). S-e-e igure 2 fo-r soils map. Soil Series Drainage pH Nutrient MoisturE Organic *Hydric (map symbol) -_ Availabilit_y Capaci Content Upland AuGres-Saugatuck imperfect/ acidic low low high surfaCE Hydric (AsB) poor content Roscommon-AuGres imperfect/ acidic low low high surfaCE Hydric (Ra) po r content Granby (Ga) poor slightly low low high surfaCE Hydric acidic content Marsh (Ma) saturated acidic low --- peat Grayling-Rubicon well acidic low low low Upland (GrC) Kalkaska-Wallace well strongly low low low Upland (KaB) acidic Rubicon (RsB) well acidic low low low Upland *Hydric classification according to National Wetlands Inventory listing of hydric sois. -6- ASS Ka '9i @4 KaS 38 00NrALUNA00 @@'OURSX 4 -so -.7 Ra- er Grc R11. k"' R alai, V ILA I C.' M'j 'AsB, L Y T 6 *r lets a 4,-1 p A. r Ma a ASS 'J 7 /ZtRsk'.j '@I. 0 AWA C 0 U NTY LEGEND PARK SITE AsB - AuGres Saugatuck Ga - Granby GrC - Grayling-Rubocon KaB - Kalkaska-Wallace Ra - Roscommon-AuGres RsB - Rubicon Ma - Marsh SOIL SERIES MAP OF LITTLE BLACK LAKE PARK MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN Taken from Soil Survey of Muskegon County (Pregitzer, i968) FIGURE 2 -7- The surface layer in uncultivated areas is about 5 inches thick and consists of black sand that has granular structure and is very friable. The subsurface layer is light-gray sand that is about 6 inches thick and has subangular blocky structure. The subsoil consists of brownish sand mottled with light yellowish brown. It is subangular blocky to single grain and very friable in the upper part and loose in the lower part. Underlying the subsoil, at a depth of about 34 inches, is very pale brown sand mottled with light yellowish brown. It is single grain and loose. The AuGres soils are very permeable to water and have low available moisture capacity and natural fertility. Mottles indicate periodic wetness. During spring free water is often within 2 or 3 feet of the surface, but this water recedes during summer, and for extended periods there is not enough moisture available to crops. Drainage is difficult because these soils are sandy. Overdrainage and droughtiness are likely. These soils have a slope of 0 to 6 percent and are naturally acid. In the sandy plains a water table rises close to the surface during part of the year. In cultivated areas and in areas slightly eroded by wind and water, the surface has a gray salt-and-pepper appearance because the surface layer has been mixed with the grayish subsurface layer. The soils in this complex are low in natural fertility and become very droughty during dry periods. Granby Loamy Sand (Ga) This soil has a 0 to 2 percent slope and occupies the broad, nearly level outwash plain and low wet depressions. In cultivated areas the surface layer is black loamy sand about 10 inches thick. It has granular structure and is very friable. The material underlying the surface layer. is dominantly gray and brownish sand. It has very weak subangular blocky structure in the upper part and is single grain in the lower part. Brownish-yellow mottles occur at variable depths. Granby soils have rapid permeability and low available moisture capacity. Natural fertility is low. A high water table saturates these soils in undrained areas. -8- The depressions in this soil series are dish shaped, and there are some gently sloping areas near their edges. The surface layer is high in organic-matter content. Where the soil has been cultivated for some time, the surface layer is lighter colored than that described in the typical profile. Included with this soil in the mapping were areas that have been eroded by the wind and have a salt-and-pepper appearance and a dark-gray surface layer. In some cultivated areas all of the dark- colored surface layer has been removed by erosion. Also included were depressions that have 12 inches of organic matter at their surface. The AuGres soils are slightly higher and better drained than Granby loamy sand. This soil is wet because its water table is high. Its supply of plant nutrients is low because the texture is sandy. Grayling-Rubicon Sands (GrC) This soil series has slopes ranging from 6 to 12 percent and con- sists of well-drained sandy soils on the rolling sand hills of the county. The native vegetation consisted of white pine, red pine, aspen, black oak, and white oak. The surface layer is black sand about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by 1-inch layer of dark-gray sand. Both of these thin layers are single grain and loose. The subsoil is weakly developed and consists of sand about 14 inches thick. It is yellowish brown in the upper part and light yellowish brown in the lower part. This layero is single grain and loose. Below the subsoil there is a very pale brown sand that is single grain and loose. Grayling soils have very rapid permeability. Their natural fer- tility and available moisture capacity are low. The effects of drought on plants are shown sooner on these soils than on most other soils in the county. These loose, dry soils are susceptible to soil blowing and water erosion where the vegetation cover has been removed. -9- Kalkaska - Wallace Sands (KaB) This sandy soil series has a slope of 2 to 6 percent. These two soils are somewhat similar, but the Wallace soil has a cemented layer in the subsoil, and the Kalkaska soil does not. The unit occupies gently sloping, narrow, land and low dune-like ridges within areas of the flat, wet outwash plain and lake plain. These soils are normally moderately well drained, although some higher positions are well drained. Included with these soils in the mapping were eroded areas in which the surface layer consists of brownish former subsoil material and has a few chunks of cemented material on the surface. These soils have low available moisture capacity and natural fer- tility. The cemented layer in the subsoil retards the penetration of roots in ome places. The surface layer is a mixture of black and gray sand about 4 inches thick. It has granular structure and is very friable. A subsurface layer of - light-gray sand underlies the surface layer. It has subangular blocky structure and is very friable. The subsoil is sand about 16 inches thick. It is dark reddish brown in the upper part and yellowish red in the lower part. The subsoil has subangular blocky structure and is very friable. Underlying the subsoil, at a depth of about 26 inches, is light yellowish-brown sand. This material is single grain and loose. Marsh (Ma) This soil is made up of old bayous and wet areas along streams that empty into Lake Michigan and of very wet, inland areas. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. The vegetation consists of cattails sedges, water weeds, and a few clumps of tamarack, willow, elder: and other water-tolerant trees. The soil material is a very friable, finely divided peat that is saturated organic material. It is saturated during the entire year. Most Marsh is used only by wildlife. Waterfowl, muskrats, and other water-loving wildlife use the areas of nesting and shelter. _10- Roscommon and AuGres Sands (Ra) These soils are nearly level with slopes ranging from 0 to 6 percent slopes. This series consists of deep, poorly drained, sandy soils. These soils are in nearly level to slightly depressional areas on the outwash plains and the sandy uplands of the county. The native vegetation consisted of elm, ash, aspen, willow, and speckled alder. The surface layer is very dark gray sand about 5 inches thick. It has granular structure and is very friable Light-gray, pale-brown, or light brownish-gray sand is below the surface layer and extends to a depth of more than 60 inches. This material is mainly single grain and loose. Roscommon soils are very permeable to water and air and have low available moisture capacity. Roscommon and AuGres sands have a low supply of plant nutrients. They are wet most of the time because the water table is generally high. In dry periods, when the water table drops, these soils become droughty and are easily eroded by wind. Rubicon Sand (RsB) This soil series has slopes from 0 to 6 percent. It occupies broad areas of the nearly level to gently sloping sandy outwash plain and lake plain. It also occurs in nearly level to gently sloping areas of the sandy uplands. The sandy plain appears flat, but is has many small depressions, swells, shallow pit's, and slightly domed areas. The shallow depressions in these plains are normally oval and somewhat dish shaped. They are flat on the bottom and gently sloping near the edge. They are elongated where they occur at the base of slopes in the rolling sandy uplands and at the base of long gentle wavelike slopes of the sandy plain. The surface layer is black sand about 3 inches thick. It has granu- lar structure and is very friable. A subsurface layer consists of gray sand about 2 inches thick. The subsoil also is sand, but it is dark brown or strong brown to brownish yellow, subangular blocky, and very friable. The upper part of the subsoil is darker and redder than the lower part Below the subsoil there is very pale brown sand that is single grain and loose. These soils are permeable, have a low supply of plant nutrients, and are low in available moisture capacity. The content of moisture is seldom adequate for optimum growth of crops. Acidity is very strong to a depth of about 19 inches. Wetland Classification The classification of wetlands for this study follows the guidelines of Cowardin et.al. (1979). The Cowardin system is widely accepted by both state and federal regulatory agencies as the standard inventory system. To classify an area as a wetland, it must have two or more of the following attributes: 1. At least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes 2. The substrate is predominently undrained hydric soil and 3. The substrate is a non-soil or covered by shallow water at some time during the year. (Cowardin et. al., 1979) Once these criteria are met, the wetla'nd is then catagorized in a hierarchial fashion, transcending from system, subsystem, class, subclass to dominance type. Four Palustrine systems and a Lacustrine sys-rem was delineated during the field review [Figure 41. Each system is fully classified in Table 2, and a crosssectional view is included in Figure 3. Wetland areas serve a variety of functions, including water retention, sediment trapping, filtration of pollutants (before they enter the ground- water and lake), and flood control. They also fulfill important habitat requirements for many species of wildlife and plants. The unique bog/fen shoreline harbors a vast array of plants that can only survive is such aci- dic environments; such as cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon), northern pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea) and sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp). A complete discussion of these habitats, including species composition, is presented in the next section of this report. Vegetation (Habitats) On-site reconnaissance covered the spring season of 1989. Four vegetative communities and one open water system were identified and mapped on the basis of soil and plant composition and hydrology [Figure 41. Community distributions including common and scientific names are listed in Appendix A; wildlife species are in Appendix B. Several areas on the site have been impacted by logging, the parks' use as a landfill, and its current function a leaf disposal site for residents in the area. Sections in the southeastern portion of the site contain solid waste, apparently dumped by the public. Because the contents of the land- fill are unknown, water quality should be tested by the Environmental Protection Agency. The site is not open to the public, however, there are indications that the area is used for fishing, hunting and camping. Forested Wetland The upper canopy of the forested wetlands on this site is dominated by red maple (Acer saccarum) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra). There are several upland tree species that occur on small ridges and swales, predominantly paper birch (Betula papyrifera), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), black cherry (Prunus serotina) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum). The understory of this community is nearly ho?nogenous, dominated by black cherry. It is quite dense in the swale and ridge areas, and virtually non-existant in many of the more saturated areas. Other species that occur include staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), sassafras, and red ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanicus). The ground cover at the time of this survey was dominated by sedges (Carex spp), wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis ), false soloman's seal (Smilacina racemosa), fringed sedge (Carex crinita), and Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense). The forested wetlands are composed of Roscommon-AuGres, Granby, and AuGres-Saugatuck soils. -13- Wildlife species utilize forested wetland areas for travel lanes between upland sites and water, nesting, rearing, feeding and cover. Thi s wet environment is inhabitated by amphibians and a variety of other life forms. The site may be utilized as a stopping point for many migrating bird species. The forested wetland habitat is rich in wildlife food sources, attracting a diversity of species. Seeds from the red maple are eaten by squirrels, birds and chipmunks (Martin, Zim and Nelson 1951). Birch trees (Betula spp) provide catkins, buds and seeds which are readily eaten by ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellicus), and other birds. Many species of birds and mammals feed on the fruits of the black cherry and gray dogwoods. Sassafras produces a bluish colored fruit eaten by many members of the flycatcher family such as the eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) and the great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus). The eastern white pine, black and red ashes produce seeds which are eaten by rodents and birds. Cover is provided by the upper canopy trees, dense stands of ferns, and understory trees. Shallow burrows were found an swales and ridges, however, the seasonal inundation of water creates problems for many ground dwellers. Dead woody vegetation provides nesting holes for many species of birds and small mammals. A pair of tufted titmices (Parus bicolor) were observed nesting in a dead tree. .Upland Forest The upland forest habitat is characterized by open clearings, transition zones and borderline forested wetlands. In the clearings, the dominant plant species is bracken fern (Ptecidium aquilinum). Transition zones occur on the edges of two-track roads, clearings and along Wood Street. Pioneer species such as quaking aspen (Populu5 tremuloides), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and big toothed aspen (Populus qrandidentata) occupy these margins. The uplands are similar in composition to the forested wetlands, however, there is a shift in dominant tree species. Paper birch, black cherry, and eastern white pine now occur in greater densities than the red maples. Major vegetation ranges in size upwards to 3011 caliper. The understory consists of red ash, young aspen, black cherry and sassafras. There are several low spots within the upland system, resulting in a higher concentration of wetland species such as gray dogwood (Cornus latifolia) and speckled alder (Alnus rugosa). The ground cover consists of Canada mayflower, grasses, false-solomon's seal. 14- The availability of food for wildlife in this habitat is comparable to the forested wetland due to the similarity in species composition. Aspens pro- vide browse for white-tailed deer and catkins for gamebirds such as the ruffed grouse. The dense, shrubby growth found in some areas also provide browse for deer, and good cover and nesting grounds for bird species. The soils found in the upland forest zones are the Kalkaska-Wal lace, Rubicon, and Grayling-Rubicon series. Scrub-shrub Wetland The scrub-shrub wetland forms a narrow band that separates the forested wetland from the emergent zone. It is a bog ecosystem, and due to the poor soils, has a low diversity of plant species. Speckled alder, gray dogwood, and meadowsweet (Spirea latifolia) are the dominant shrubs in this community. Other plant species inhabiting the scrub-shrub ecosystem are sedges (Carex spp), rushes, royal fern, marsh fern, blue flag (Iris versicolor), marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris) and sphagnum moss. Northern pitcher plants are abundant, growing in clusters along the entire lakeside edge. The soils are acidic, nutrient poor peat mats that float on the lake. Pitcher plants, common on open, developing mats, have a unique method for obtaining nutrients from the bog. Insects are trapped in the pitcher, digested and absorbed by the leaf, providing the plant with essential nutrients. The scrub-shrub and emergent wetlands are defined zones along the lake edge. As the emergent zone becomes the dominant system, the bog environ- ment changes to an acidic fen dominated by sedges, grasses and spikes. There are many foods available to wildlife in the scrub-shrub ecosystem. The dogwoods provide berries and browse for deer, birds and rabbits (Martin, Zim, and Nelson 1959). Seeds from spikes, sedges and rushes are important food sources for many species of waterfowl. Roots and tubors are eaten by geese, muskrats and diving ducks. Waterfowl, muskrats, and songbirds use the scrub-shrub habitat for nesting areas. Predators can utilize the dense vegetation for cover when stalking prey on the lake edge, conversly, prey species can use it to hide. TABLE 2 Wetland classification of Little B lack Lake Park in Muskegon County, Michigan. Based on the Cowardin system (Cowardin et. al. 1979). See Figure 4 for wetland map. System: Palustrine Subsystem: None Class: Forested wetland Subclass: Broadleafed Deciduous Dominance Types: Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Red Ash (Fr@a'xinus pennsylvanicum) Water Regime: Seasonally oded saturated *Map symbol: PFOIE System: Palustrine Subsystem: None Class: Scrub-shrub Subclass: Broad-leafed deciduous Dominance Types: Speckled Alder (Alnus rugosa) Gray Dogwood (Cornus racemosa) Meadowsweet (S-Piraca _aT_ba_T_ Water Regime: Seasonally flood-ed --sat-urated *Map symbol: PSS1E System: Palustrine Subsystem: None Class: Emergent Subclass: Persistent emergent Dominance Types: Sedges (Carex spp.) Rushes CS'c-irpus spp.) Rushes (Eleocha is spp.) Water Regine: Semipermanently flouJeT- *Map Symbol: PEMIF System: Lacustrine Subsystem: Limnetic/Littoral Class: Open water/Unknown bottom *Map Symbol: POW taken from National Wetland Inventory Mapping Effort LACUSTRINE PALUSTRINE UPLAND Open Emergent Scrub Forested Water Wetland Shrub Wetland Persistent High Water Average Water Low Water WETLAND CLASSIFICATION PROFILE SKETCH LITTLE BLACK LAKE PARK MUSKEGON COUNTY, MICHIGAN FIGURE 3 Emergent Zone The emergent zone is a band of vegetation that occurs on the shoreline of the lake. It is dominated by sedges (Carex spp), spike rushes (Eleo deris), Olney's bulrush (Scirpus americanus), and rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides). Because of this dominance, it is catagorized as a acidic fen rather than a bog (pers. comm.). The emergent system is low in nutrients and, therefore, has low plant spe- cies diversity. The substratum is a peat layer that becomes more sandy as the zone ends in the lake. The plant species composition shifts along the southern shore from a fen to a cranberry bog. There are fewer sedges, rushes and spikes in this area. Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), a plant used by early doctors to treat broken bones, is more common here than in the fen. The peat mat in the cranberry bog area appears to "float" more than other sections of the site. A diverse number of wildlife species utilize the emergent we-tland system. Birds and mammals find a wide range of foods including seeds, bird's eggs, fish and berries. Snakes, particularly the Northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon) and easter garter snake (Thamnuphis sirtalis) hunt for frogs in the cover of the emergent plants. Wading birds, such as the great blue heron (Ardea herodias), prey upon frogs, snakes and other aquatic organisms. The emergent zone is also important in th reproductive cycle. A pair of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) successfully nested in the protective cover of emergent vegetation as three chicks were observed on one survey day hiding amongst the leaves. Several old muWat lodges were located, and the feathers found on top of one lodge indicated they were used as nesting places by birds, probably Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Spring peepers (Hyla crucifer) and western chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata) are abun- dant during the spring mating season. According to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources' Natural Features Inventory personnel, there is a state threatened plant that occurs on another section of the lake. Atlantic blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchrum atlanticum) has been recorded on Little Black Lake, and it is possible that it occurs on this study site. The habitat in the emergent zone is favorable for the species. The grass blooms in early June and several unsuccessful attempts through 9 June were made to locate it. A complete threatened and endangered plant survey of this area is recommended. _18- 1 g V10 A C-4, P A L L I Si N E'@ N 17-ME-14GENT @@PALUSTRINE/ :% 12FORESTED q3@@ '7 ',,y PALUSTRINE/ SCRUB-SHRUB UPLAND LEAF DISPOSAL LACUSTRINE '@ARE OPEN WATER -k@ UPLAND -7 PALUSTRINE 77 'FORESTED '4@ 4, 4, Nfr- WETLAND MAPPING FOR LITTLE BLACK LAKE PARK MUSCKEGON COUNTY, MICHIGAN Based on Cowardin et. al. (1973) FIGURE 4 _19- The bog/fen system Of Little Black Lake Park is very fragile and should be protected as disturbance in such a nutrient poor environment can be severe and recovery is a slow process. Lake System According to personnel from the Department of Natural Resources (ONR), Grand Rapids office, Little Black Lake is classified as a typical warm water lake. The maximum depth ranges from five to ten feet, with a primarily organic and gravel bottom. A determination of where each bottom type was located in the lake could not be done by this survey and there- fore, these types were not included in the wetland classification. Several fish species inhabit the lake (pers. comm.). A DNR fisheries biologist stated several species of pan fish, bass (Micropterus spp.), and northern pike (Essox lucius) inhabit the shallow lake. During an on site visit, an angler was observed with a large number of bluegills. A northern pike skull was found in the emergent zone, and several dead fish were also observed, though could not be identified. Wildlife use the lake for a drinking water source, food, bathing and repro- ductive functions. During fall migrations, waterfowl and some wading birds may use the lake for a gathering place before departure (a phenomenom known as staging). Insects, such as the dragonfly group (family: Odonata) lay eggs in the water and spend their pre-reproductive lives as aquatic dwellers (nymphs). Frogs, salamanders and toads also use the lake for reproductive purposes. Climate The City of Norton Shores has a quasimarine or continental climate. Because the city borders Lake Michigan and prevailing winds are westerly, much of the time the air reaching the city has passed over a large amount of water. When the wind changes, however, and is from the southeast or east, the air moves over a large amount of land and the climate changes to continental. Because of the prevailing westerlies. the influence of the lake is strong. Winters are milder, summers are cooler, and snowfall is greater than they would be if the lake were not there. In the spring the waters from Lake Michigan cool the warm air that reaches the area. Growth of plants is therefore delayed until frost is no longer likely. In fall the lake waters, still warm from the summer sun, warm the cool air moving into the area and delay the first frost. Plants therefore -20- have time to mature. Sharp contrasts in temperature occur as the air is warmed by contact with the warm water. This causes heavy snow storms and squalls that are of greatest intensity near the lake. The highest temperature ever recorded was 97 degrees in June 1953, and the lowest was -14 degrees in November 1950. The latest freezing temperature ever recorded was on May 20. In fall the average date of the first 32 degrees temperature is October 19. Average annual snowfall in Muskegon County is 74 inches, as compared to about 40 inches in central and east-central parts of the Lower Peninsula. This heavy snowfall is a direct result of the influence of Lake Michigan. Physiography and Drainage The physiography of Muskegon County, for the most part, results from the Wisconsin, or latest, glacial period. The glacial ice that once covered the State melted about eight to twelve thousand years ago. As this ice melted, a covering of raw soil material was left on the surface of the county. This glacial deposit ranges from about 150 feet to more than 400 feet in thickness. The present surface of the county ranges from nearly level t o rolling and hilly. Along the shore of Lake Michigan is a belt of strongly rolling sand dunes. These dunes are postglacial in origin but are now generally stationary. After vegetation covers these dunes, a soil profile begins to develop. For several miles inland, smaller dunes are scattered throughout the poorly drained areas of the lake plain. A wide plain with little relief lies east of the dunes. Rolling to hilly areas are toward the eastern side of the couinty and in the extreme north- western part. Parts of the central plain are somewhat broken by stream channels and lake basins. The county is drained mainly by three major river systems, but some areas are drained by streams that flow directly into Lake Michigan. The Muskegon River cuts the county into two parts and empties into Muskegon Lake, which is an inlet from Lake Michigan. The main tributary within the county is Cedar Creek, which receives the drainage waters from the northeast. White River drains the northwestern part of the county and empties into White Lake, another inlet on Lake Michigan. Directly south of Muskegon is another small inlet, Mona Lake, into which Black Creek empties water that -21- drains from the west-central part of the county. Little Black Lake basin receives water from the Yonkers Drain and several small tributaries one of which crosses the south portion of the site. Little Black Lake empties into Lake Michigan via Little Black Creek. The lake elevation is regulated at its outlet as it crosses under Black Lake Road. Here at the northwest corner of the lake it cascades over two concrete headwalls three to four feet in height. There is an adjusting mechanism in this structure which enables the golf course personnel to regulate the lake elevation depending upon their irrigation needs. It is from Little Black Lake that the course obtains it's water supply for their sprinkling system. Their water rights permit them to adjust lake levels according to their need, without D.N.R. permission. Topography Ground elevations throughout the park site range from the lake elevation (water 597.35) up to 609.6 USGS datum. Higher elevations are found at the leaf disposal area (615.5) but most of the park site ranges from 601 to 605. Topography would be classified as being flat with constant eleva- tions, typical for this portion of the city. Water elevations fluctuate with the seasons and to some degree are effected by levels established at the lake outlet. Elevations for Wood Road vary from 605 to 606. These correspond with the adjoining natural grade along the road right of way. Lake bottomlands have not been completely mapped, but it is a well known fact that lake depths are shallow and do not exceed eight feet. The shoreline beach profile has a shallow grade of 1 degree slope at the-park site. -22- IMPROVEMENTS RESTRICTIONS EXISTING SITE IMPROVEMENTS/RESTRICTIONS Within the city limits of Norton Shores there is an abundance of undeve- loped land especially in the southern half. This period is an opportune time to plan for the future development/preservation of this site particularly because it has lake frontage. Future growth along the Muskegon/Grand Haven corridor will inevitably come making it important to set aside land for public use. These undeveloped land areas present signi- ficant opportunities for preservation and recreational resources. The city has two inland lakes within it's boundaries: Mona Lake and Little Black Lake. Mona Lake is used extensively for fishing and boating with little swimmer use because of poor water quality. Little Black Lake at the southern edge of the city has not experienced much development on it's shores. The city and the State of Michigan own a significant portion of the lake shoreline which has helped preserve much of it's natural appearance and character. Historically this area of lake front property has seen little development because of the shallow lake depth and a high water table which limits its potential for intensive use. Previously the entire site was subdivided small parcels being sold with several resort cabins built on it. Due to poor site conditions this development was discontinued with the cabins being razed. In the south portion of the site a residence was established and land cleared for agricultural use. Later it was abandoned and purchased by the city. This farm was situated on the only large dry upland area on the city parcel. Site access is by either public right of way of or from the lake. The right of way provides a half mile of actessible frontage for motor vehicles, bicycles, foot traffic and other visitor use. Watercraft can beach at any point along the 2700 feet of shoreline of the park. Access is difficult since most is composed of marshy wetlands. Temporary access across the abandoned farm parcel has been granted by the city to a land locked property for a private logging operation. For how long and whether this temporary easement is still needed is unknown but should development take place here this should be resolved before pro- ceeding with improvements. -23- 1 .79 AC. (P) -02,Q -C29 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3j3 4jmoN- -030 326 32, 11 ti 329 20-00 AC. (D) lo@ 17-16 AC.(P) -001 335 338 2.14 AC. (P) Ij- 1 "1 2.16 AC. (P) ITL, L --d !Tt A C12 E09. 1 9, 4.76 AC. (P) 35? 9.00 AC. (P) 3319 -014 -C29 rF r. LR - @-,l EXISTING PLAT There are three gated entrances to the site which control vehicle access onto the site. Access to the leaf disposal are remains open whereas the other two entrances are locked to restrict entry only for authorized use. Both of these entrances are unimproved roads (two tracks) which provide access to the lake and ultimately leading and tying into a road paralleling the shore line. Most public utilities have not been extended to this portion of the city. Pontaluna Road one mile to the north and Grand Haven Road one and a half miles to the east have a public water system. Additionally these roads are the nearest paved streets. Sanitary and storm sewer systems do not extend into this portion of Norton Shores. Storm water is accommodated by surface runoff ditches and channels located throughout the park site. The only major drain in the south portion of the site is scheduled for retrenching and general cleaning. This should lower the water table in that vicinity of the park and improve the surface drainage. Presently the center portion of the property is being used for leaf and tree disposal. Leaf mounds ranging from eight to ten feet in height cover the majority of the landfill site. As in dicated earlier this disposal site was used for more traditional forms of disposable items and then covered with earth. Sportsmen and the like find this wooded property useful for hunting, fishing and camping activities. The natural resource base has provided many opportunities for nature study and other forms of non-consumptive use. Wetland Regulations Wetland of Little Black Lake Park (including the lake) is regulated by state and federal laws. This site fits all of the criteria for wetland determination. The following Acts are applicable and permits would be required before any development could take place. 1. Inland Lakes and Streams Act (P.A. 346,1972) A permit is required for any dredging, filling or construction of a permanent structure below the ordinary high watermark of any inland lake or stream'. or lake greater than 5 acres in size. A permit is also required for dredging within 500 feet of a lake or a stream. It is administered by the Division of Land and Water Management (D.N.R.). -24- 2. Wetlands Protection Act (P.A. 203,1979) A permit is required for any dredging, filling or draining of a wetland contiguous to a lake or stream, or any isolated wetland at least five acres in size. It is administered by the Division of Land and Water Management (D.N.R.). 3. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act (P.A. 347, 1972) A permit is required for any earth change greater than one acre in size or within 500 feet of a lake or stream. Permits are obtained from local county enforcing agents. It is administered by the Division of Land and Water Management (D.N.R.). 4. Section 404 A permit is required to place 10,000 cubic yards or more of fill in a wetland, relocating a channel 500 feet or more, placing 100 feet long culvert or longer with 200 cubic yards or more of fill. 404 Authority can be implemented at staff's discretion. It is administered by the Division of Land and Water Management for the U.S. Army Corps. of Engineers. Most of these acts are administered either by a county or state agency. Other state and federal laws might have an impact depending upon what determinations can be made regarding the environmental impact past disposal operations have had. A more in depth environmental assessment is required before final conclusions are made. Planning Goals and Policies Little Black Lake is situated in Planning Unit 20 as defined by the Open Space and Recreation Plan (City of Norton Shor@s, 1984). In this document it outlines the proposed planning and land use for this area being open space and recreation as the two main uses. It states: "The major natural feature located here is the Black Lake and surrounding area. The 'Transportation Corridor Study' calls for a possible expansion of the Hoffmaster State Park facility to include the land area east of Black Lake. Presently, the City of Norton Shores has significant ownership on the east side of Black Lake in an existing platted area. It seems most appropriate to expand open space and recreation ownership and facilities around -25- this lake. An important open space and recreation opportunity exists in this area; therefore, efforts should be made to assure that development does not occur, which may forclose the open space and recreation opportunities of this area. The "Transpor- tation Corridor Study' also calls for the redevelopment of Pontaluna Road into a gateway corridor parkway. The redevelop- ment of Pontaluna Road into a parkway or gateway entrance to the community and Hoffmaster State Park is seen as having significant aesthetic, environmental and economic benefits to the City. The redevelopment of Pontaluna as a gateway should be aggressively pursued as the facility is a major link in the City's future transportation network, and will provide the City with an improved visual setting which will benefit the tourist/vacation uses of this area." In discussion with state officials little interest was shown in having the State assume control over this park site integrating it with Hoffmaster State Park. Not being contiguous with state land and of small acreage were two factors mentioned for not incorporating this parcel into the state system. The city consistant with the above stated objections has remained committed to establishment of this recreation and open space corridor along Lake Michigan and southern portion of the city. It states in the Master Plan report: "The Black Lake-Pontaluna Road area (9d) is intended primarily for private recreational development. The area already contains the Elks Club and adjoining golf course and a riding stable. Also, the City owns some lands on the eastern shore of Black Lake. The City's primary objective should be to acquire, over time, all remaining shore property to assure complete control of the lake and its fragile shore environment. In the remainder of the area, various kinds of recreation-related land uses should be permitted, e.g., camp grounds, golf shooting ranges, etc. in addition, farming, garden shops and nurseries, and large lot (5 acre minimum) residential development should also be permitted. In the Zoning Ordinance, this area would be recognized as a spe- cial district with appropriate district regulations." -26- and recreation ownership and facilities around this lake. An important open space and recreation opportunity exists in this area; therefore, efforts should be made to assure that develop- ment does not occur, which may forclose the open space and recreation opportunities of this area. The 'Transportation Corridor Study' also calls for the redevelopment of Pontaluna Road into a gateway corridor parkway. The redevelopment of Pontaluna Road into a parkway or gateway entrance to the com- munity and Hoffmaster State Park is seen as having significant aesthetic, environmental and economic benefits to the City. The redevelopment of Pontaluna as a gateway should be aggressively pursued as the facility is a major link in the City's future transportation network, and will provide the City with an improved visual setting which will benefit the tourist/vacation uses of this area." In discussion with state officials little interest was shown in having the State assume control over this park site integrating it with Hoffmaster State Park. Not being contiguous with state land and of small acreage were two factors mentioned for not incorporating this parcel into the state system. The city consistant with the above stated objections has remained committed to establishment of this recreation and open space corridor along Lake Michigan and southern portion of the city. It states in the Master Plan report: "The Black Lake-Pontaluna Road area (9d) is intended primarily for private recreational development. The area already contains the Elks Club and adjoining golf course and a riding stable. Also, the City owns some lands on the"eastern shore of Black Lake. The City's primary objective should be to acquire, over time, all remaining shore property to assure complete control of the lake and its fragile shore environment. In the remainder of the area, various kinds of recreation-related land uses should be permitted, e.g., camp grounds, golf shooting ranges, etc. in addition, farming, garden shops and nurseries, and large lot (5 acre minimum) residential development should also be permitted. In the Zoning Ordinance, this area would be recognized as a spe- cial district with appropriate district regulations." -27- 4, 4' 4 P A @4 d r.p u 0 0- p 0@ 0 0 0 0 o fip 0 00010 0 W, a 0 o -0 "o 0 00 0, 0 0 0o0 0. 0 0. 0-00 T.L@@ 00-0. 0 0 0 @ 0--0000 0000 oo 09 0 o@b 0 or , oo o0 002-4 00 0 0 00 0c.? 00,oo0 0sl 0 000 ao .0; C 0 0 0 0 C, -a Q. a o- 00 -@ 0 00 ,@q aID 00 00 col 0 o a 0() a-o.00000 0o Z0o g;o oo0 o 1 0 C P 00000 0 @0. go op 0. :000000 -0 0 00000 000 00 0 ,Q.Q- Ci --00- 0 0.0 @o 0 "p, 0000 p o oo c 1) 0go o000. 0 000 0 go o :6-00 0 00000 c @@o .0 0 0 cr 0'a Q..Q0n 0 00 jjj@ -0 0od 000 11.1 L-(f--;0 0 a 1000 0 0000 00 o o-47 0 --o00. 00 0 0 A-%A CL-.@j 0 00-@q 0 :000 00 0. 0 00 00 C, 000? 0 00 U009 4 , 0 0 000 00, 00 0 00 0@ 0 0 0- -0 0 0 6 MASTER PLAN LAND USE BEYOND 1986 URBAN CORE LOW INTENSITY RESIDENTIAL "GH IINTENSITY RESIDENTIAL APARTMENT/ OFFICE COMPLEXES SERVICE COMMERCIAL 9d MAJOR COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL NDUSTftAL PARK SMALL H)USTFKS AGRICULTURE RECREATION &OPEN SPACE '4 OT LAKE MIDICAN SHOFtELAWS BLACK CKEK 8ASW c HOFFMASTER STATE AJW .BLACK LAKE GAS14 AIRPORT I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . @ 44 1 A@ 7 pot I I ..40, 1 ANALYSIS I 4 il&@ if .4 ANALYSIS The City has an opportunity to protect the natural resources as well as expand recreational facilities to better serve the needs of the public. Through on going land purchase and park/open space improvements many of the goals and policies for this recreation corridor can be realized. Much of what has occurred with the establishment of Hoffmaster State Park, Elk's Golf Club and horseback riding facility and more recently with the addition of Pleasure Island Water Park have made this area ideal for further park development not only locally but on a regional and statewide basis as well. The major limiting factor to intensive development is the hydric soils which comprise the vast majority of park acreage. These are a mixed blessing in that this condition has helped to preserve the park site in it's natural state and has prevented extensive development. With the exception of the leaf disposal site, this property offers an excellent resource base for nature interpretation, study and research. These two factors plus several minor components will determine the highest and best use for the city parcel. A detailed recreational needs assessment is necessary to fully weigh the deficiency which exists in park and recreation facilities within the city and region. One survey of Norton Shores residents assigned a high priority to natural resource preservation and expansion of recreation and tourism facilities especially in shoreline areas (University of Wisconsin, 1969). In a 1971 survey, three-fourths of the residents indicated support for recreation oriented resources, neighborhood playfields, sports complex, cultural center, arts and crafts center, library and adult education center. Much of this park site would not be suitable for some of these uses. Of the areas suitable for development the dry upland area could support roads, building structures and other improvements which require a stable, dry base. Marshy or wet portions of the site would at best support trail systems, boardwalks and other low intensive activities. Accessibility to the site afforded by Wood Road is excellent. The most sizable upland acreage has good access from the road. Soils of the Kalkaska-Wal lace complex provide excellent stable base for a road and parking lot. -28- The central portion of the site has been altered severely by the disposal of household waste in the past and of leaf and tree by-products occurring now. Any hard surfacing or building structures should not be developed in this area. Open field activities (baseball, football, soccer, etc.) are typical uses for the landfill sites which have been abandoned. Methane seepage and ground settlement are two difficulties which would persist in the years ahead if improvements did occur. The nuisance of the grade and elevation of the field changing as settlement occurs would need to be endured during the initial years of use. Leaving this area lying fallow for several years would eliminate the severity of the settlement which is the greatest during the beginning years. Loss of the leaf disposal site for dumping purposes would not cause serious problems, since alternative sites could be found. The shallow shoreline which forms the westerly edge of the park property has limited use. Fluctuating lake levels, marshy shoreline, inland wetlands and gradual grades for the wet beach makes it unsuitable for boat launch facilities and swimming beach use. There is need for a public boat launch site since none presently exists and there is heavy boating demand by fishermen. Launch facilities for canoes/lightweight motorized watercraft could be established on parcels north of the park site. This would require acquisition of private tracts of land. Preservation of this natural habitat would provide an exception resource base for interpretive and aesthetic purposes. Trails and boardwalks would provide needed access into this area especially the bog/fen ecosystem. There are many unique features of this site that can be utilized in environmental education. Nature trails can provide park users with a close-up view of a bog ecosystem. Visitors can experience several different wetland communities in a single teip. The area also offers an excellent opportunity to watch many different species of birds. Self- guided trails would enhance the publics' nature experience in Little Black Lake Park. An elevated walkway system will be necessary to provide user access in high water areas along the lake shoreline area and bog/fen environments. it should be noted that Hoffmaster State Park is the premier interpretive facility for fresh water coastal dunal ecosystems. The City's Black Lake site offers a completely different natural environment in which to interpret. Establishment of nature trails for the city site would not duplicate the existing state facility and only enhance the variety of opportunities for nature study and observation. -29- If and when the site is developed for park use a complete environmental assessment is recommended before actual development takes place. An analy- sis of the disposal site would determine the potential presence of contam- inants. Minimally a preliminary assessment should be conducted to identify past uses of the property possible, areas of contamination and types of substances disposed of on the site. If there is uncertainty about hazard- ous material on site then a site characterization is performed which involves soil borings and lab testing. If contaminants are found to be present the last phase of 'the assessment of defining the limits of con- tamination is performed. Generally speaking this site is more appropriately used for passive recre- ation and nature preservation interpretation. Proposed development would include nature trails interpretive signage, shelter/restroom facilities, elevated walkways, picnicking, and parking. To a great extent much of the proposed development will depend upon environmental reviews by state and federal officials especially regarding wetlands and solid waste disposal. -30- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I k "*Z @ A , @,- -@, I V, fo@ I .- a"- I SITE MASTER PLAN A ' illV I I SITE MASTER PLAN In keeping with stated city goals, limited park development is ideally suited for this site. It's half mile of shoreline and natural resource base provides an opportunity to create a recreation area serving the city and local region. General The parksite will be utilized primarily for passive uses as indicated on the site master plan. Main access is provided off of Wood Road and ter- minates at a parking lot which serves the picnic area, shelter/restroom building, and nature interpretive trail system. Other improvements consist of an organization campground, fencing of east property line and upgrading of existing service drives. The leaf disposal site would continue to operate until an alternate site is found for that purpose. Core Area A park area of this size has potential for a great variety of activities. A recreation needs analysis has not been made, helping to identify the recreation deficiencies of the community, which this parksite would serve. It is the city staff's opinion that a open field or hard surface sports facilities are not presently needed at this particular location. The high percentage of wetland and forested area found on this site also limits the amount of space available for this type of use. Passive activities such as picnicing, walking and camping are more suitable uses, given the existing site conditions. Other supportive facilities, such as restrooms, shelter, play structures, would augment the recreation experience and encourage greater park use. Much of the recreation activity is to be centered around the parking and restroom/shelter facility. The picnic area is comprised of four acres of open and semi wooded land requiring approximately 30 tables, 10 grills and 10 waste receptacles. These are situated around the perimeter of the parking area this assuring good access into the site. Clearing, grubbing, turf establishment and additional tree planting are needed to enhance the picnic site area. A play structure having a variety of activities (climbing, sliding, swinging, etc.) broadens the picnic experience. Situating these facilities (see master plan) in the open upland area minimizes the disruption of the natural environs and provides convenient access to Wood Road. -31- The park entrance is identified by a park sign locating the only official entrance for the site. This entry is gated to prevent access during off hours or seasonal use. Two other points of entry will be maintained for the leaf disposal site and for the service drive in the north portion. Initially the parking lot is graveled and later paved once funds become available and park use is established. Parking barriers, either curbs or posts, will help control vehicle access to designated areas. Handicap accessibility is a design consideration for all park improvements in terms of ramps, space requirements and absence of barriers. Restroom/Shelter Facility Serving as a focal point for many of the recreation functions is the restroom/shelter building located in close proximity to the parking lot. This facility will be utilized especially during inclement weather con- ditions and other occasions for individual or group use. This structure can serve as a starting and finishing point for nature trail users. Various interpretative displays and exhibits can be stored or permanently mounted to provide information regarding the cultural and natural site features. Since public water and sanitary sewer systems are not available to the park, on-site septic and well systems will be established to service the restroom facility. Soils in this upland area are sandy giving sufficient percolation for a septic field. Care would need to be exercised in siting the drain field since much of the site has a high water table. The restroom structure is to be constructed of vandal resistant material while maintaining a natural appearance suitable for parks. Many similar structures such as the one being proposed, have been successfully constructed of colored concrete block (spli't-face) and wood giving a pleasing natural appearance. Access/Fencing Most park users will approach the parksite via Wood Road either from the north or the east. A small number gain access by way of Little Black Lake in watercraft or wading the shallow shoreline. The majority of people will arrive by car or bus since the site is not near a population con- centration making the journey too great for walkers or bikers. Wood Road being graveled also limits it to motorized vehicle use versus other forms of transportation. -32- Service roads would continue to serve access needs into the site for main- tenance and emergency reasons that arise. Sections of these unimproved two tracks are to be rerouted or upgraded eliminating sections which are impassable due to low, flooded portions of the road. Being in a remote section of town park security is at a minimum. Fencing along Wood Road is needed to prevent undesirable trespass and discourage off road vehicles from entry. Three gated entrances are to be maintained off of Wood Road. One would service the proposed parking lot, another the leaf disposal site and the third the existing service road in the north portion. Trails Little Black Lake park site has a variety of characteristics which lends itself to nature interpretation and study. Extensive and expensive struc- tures and facilities are not recommended or essential due to level of expected use and amount of operational funds. However, establishment of a limited trail system traversing through a variety of plant and animal habi- tats is suggested. A loop trail system originating and ending at the parking area will provide on site accessibility to natural features for interpretation as well as access for individuals using it for other pur- poses. This trail system would be more than a mile in length and circum- vent most of the site. It's primary purpose is to provide opportunities for nature study and interpretation. Numbered trail markers keyed to corresponding numbers in a handout would orient the user to items of interest such as vegetative com- munities, geology, soils, animal life, history, etc. This permitting self guided tours to occur. Trail alignment follows the edge of bog/fen in the south portion, then turns north along the lakeshore and doubles back traversing forested palustrine and upland areas (see master plan). Improvements are minimal, trail surfacing at ground elevations except for locations over wet or bog areas requiring elevated walkways or bridges. Observation platforms, con- sisting of widen boardwalk sections, have benches and interpretative displays serving as surveillance decks directing special attention to points of interest and observation or simply a place to rest. Minimal clearing is required to establish a 3'-4' wide trail. Trail surfacing con- sists of wood chips, native.earth or crushed aggregate. -33- Other user activities such as walking, jogging, X-country skiing can be acccommodated on the trails. It will provide necessary pedestrian access to the lake and park interior from the picnic/parking area for campers, fishermen, hunters and the like. Organization Camp Located along the shoreline of Little Black Lake in an isolated portion of the parksite is the organization campground. The camp accommodates youth groups and organized club campers such as scouts, 4-H and church groups. Three cleared areas a quarter to a half acre in size are established and shaped to fit existing open areas and topography. These will form the camping clusters having a capacity of 25 campers each with a total campground capacity of 75. Each area requires clearing, grubbing and turf establishment in each sec- tion with the surrounding areas being left natural. Minimal earthwork is expected. Each cluster will have vault-type toilets (one-pair), one well and hand pump, and one fire ring. Well and toilets are required to be 100 feet apart. Waste receptacles are placed according to user needs. Access into the camp area is by way of the service drive, nature trail or by watercraft. It is expected that campers will pack-in whatever supplies are needed without the assistance of vehicles. Motorized access would be limited to maintenance and emergency vehicles using the service drive. Leaf Disposal Site Disposal of leaves, brush, stumps and other tree remains will continue on the parksite. It's operation possess little or no conflict with the pro- posed park operations. it is anticipated thAt disposal operations will cease when it's capacity is reach since space is limited for modern dispo- sal techniques. For effective decomposition larger for grinding and turning of leaves. Future Projections One expressed need was providing public boat access to Little Black Lake. Size and type of watercraft would be limited to canoes and small motorized boats. Presently these watercrafts are launched at Wood Road and Yonkers Drain crossing at which navigation is difficult due to extensive shallows at that end of the lake. -34- To accommodate this need and adhere to wetland requirements, land acquisi- tion of a private parcel immediately north of the park site is recommended. Use of existing city land would require a long access road and substantial fill and earthwork. Little alteration would be necessary to develop a suitable access on the private parcels. Cost Estimate Cost of development of the city parksite will depend upon when funds are available for such improvements. Other factors such as time of year, availability of volunteers, force account labor, etc., effect costs which are not projected in the estimate given on the following sheet. -35- Cost estimates for labor and material are as follows: Item -Cost 1 Picnic Area Clearing, Grubbing, Topsoil, Seeding $ 6,000 Tables (30) $ 5,400 Grills (10) 1,000 Litter Receptacles (10) 1,500 Landscaping (20 trees) $ 2,000 Play Structure 8,000 2. Parking Lot/Entry Area Entrance Road and Parking (paved) 30,400 Concrete Walk $ 2,200 Curbs/Barriers $ 2,000 Sign, Gate $ 1,000 3. Shelter/Restroom Facility . 30'x6O' Structure with well & septic tank $ 65,000 4. Organization Camp . Clearing, Grubbi 'ng, Seeding $ 2,000 . Vault Toilets (6) $ 4,800 . Wells & Hand Pumps (3) $ 4,200 . Misc. (fire rings, receptacles, etc.) 500 5. Trails Clearing, Grubbing, Wood Chips $ 3,900 Boardwalkds $ 20,000 Signs $ 600 6. Fencing . 51 high chain link industrial grade fence $ 8,500 7. Service Roads Upgrading/Relocating $ 1,000 Subtotal $170,000 Engineering (10%) $ 17,000 Contingencies (10%) $ 17,000 TOTAL $204,000 -36- MASTIER PUN LITTLE BLACK LAKE PARK CITY OF NORTON SHORES GOVE ASSOCIATES, INC. DLI 0 0 SERV)CE DRIVE L ORSERVA PLATFORM/ BOARDWALK MATURE TRAIL @ co-%@ @@/ Ld% 110AWWALK/ OBSERVATION DECK -FENCE pwo@ on. "Too K IV DRI .4 Aampno @IEWTRANCE To"'rl oRESTRIDOW GIF ORWMZATIO CAMP 9-8n. @ Too PICNC MATURE LffT= snowl .-AT iL TRAIL -ad WA 64-M '@PARKING vto- 0 -ITI c" ITT"" -mc@'.ftm TR*L D1 -Z- BOAWWALK/ Tw& - lol-l OBSERVATIOM PLATFORMS &,AV."* SOMWITAIA OWN 90 TTOTT Tom. r'A. r-c Too .37- I I I I I I I I I I .1 I I I @' c @*q*-' I t 7 pot 4 I - - -- I APPENDIX, I ji@ I 1@- 9 F ql-sj I I APPENDIX A Community distribution of trees, Shrubs, and plants identified at Little Black Lake Park, Muskegon County Michigan COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMUNITY DISTRIBUTIUN Trees and Scrubs E SSI FW UP Tamarack Larix l'aricina X Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus X X Red Maple Acer rubrum X X X Paper Bircn Betula papyrifera X X Sassafras Sassafras albidum X X Black Cherry Prunus serotina X X Black Ash Fraxinus nigra X Red Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanic a X X Quaking Aspen Populus tremuloides X X Bigtoothed Aspen Populus grandidentata X X White Oak Quercus alba X Black Oak Quercus velutina X X Juniper Juniperus virginianus X Staghorn Sumac Rhus typhina X X Gray Dogwood Cornus racemosa X X X X Red-osier Dogwood Cornus stolonifera x X Speckled Alder Alnus rugosa X X X Meadowsweet Spiraea latifolia X X Swamp Rose Rosa palustris X X Northern Dewberry Rubus flagellaris X X E = Emergent SS = Scrub-shrub FW = Forested Wetland UP = Upland _38- COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMUNITY DISTRIBUTION Plants E SS FW UP Royal Fern Osmunda regalis x x Marsh Fern Thelypteris palustris x x x Bracken Fern Pteridium aquilinum x x Canada Mayflower Maianthemum canadense x x Wild Sarsaparila Aralia nudicaulis x x Jewelweed Impatiens capensis x Periwinkle Vinea minor x Jack-in-the Pulpit Arisaema triphyllum x x Sedges Carex Spp x x x Fringed sedge Carex crinita x Spikerush Eleodaris spp x x Olney's Bulrush Scirpus americanus. x Rice Cutgrass Leersia oryzoides x x x Fal se Sol omon's Seal Smilacina racemosa x x Pink Ladies Slipper Cypri pediom acaule x Shinleaf Pyrola elliptica x x Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum" x x x Marsh Cinquefoil Potentilla pallustris x x Norther Pitcher Plant Sarracenia purpurea x Blue Flag Iris versicolor x x x Yellow Flag Iris psuedacorus x Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon x Water Buttercup Ranunculus aquaticus x Arrow Arum Peltandra virginica x APPENDIX B Bird species that may occur in Little Black Lake Park. Based on range and habitat requirements (Scott, ed. 1983). An asterisks (*) indicates species identified during survey- COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Common Leon Gavin immer Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis American Bittern Betaurus lentiginosus Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus *Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias *Canada Goose Branta canadensis *Mallard Anas platyrhynchos American Black Duck Anas rubripes Northern Pintail Anas acuta Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Wood Duck Aix sponsa Canvasback Aythya valisineria Redhead AyT-hya"americana Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Bufflehead Buceptiala albeola Common Merganser Mergus merganser Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus King Rail Rallus elegans Virginia Rail Rallus limicola Sora Porzana carolina -4n- COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Common Moorehen Gallinula chloropus American Coot Fulica americana Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago American Woodcock Scolopax minor Herring Gull Larus argentatus Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Northern Harrier Circus cyancus Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii Northern Gosnawk Accipiter gentilis Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus Osprey Pandion haliaetus American Kestrel Falco sparverius Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Long-eared Owl Asio otus Great-horned Owl Bubo virginianus Eastern Screech Owl Otus asio Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus -41- COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris *Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alsyon Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens *Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Great-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris Horned Lark Empidonax alpestris *Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor Purple Martin Progne suDis Bank Swallow Riparia riparia Northern Rough-wing Swallow Stelgidopteryx serrpennis Cliff Swallow Hirundo pyrrhonota Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica *Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata -42- COMMON NAIIE SCIENTIFIC NAME *American Crow Coruus brachyrnynchos *Tufted Titmouse Parus bicolor *Black-capped Chickadee Parus atricapillus Brown Creeper Certhia americana *White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Veery Catnarus fuscescens Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus *American Robin Turdus migratorius Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum European Starling Sturnus vulgaris Solitary Vireo Vireo solitarius Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora pinus Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficappilla Black-and-White Warbler Mniotilta varia Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea -43- CUMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica Black-Tnroated Green Warbler Dendroica virens Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis *Ovenbird Selurus aurocapillus Northern Waterthrush Sciurus noveboracensis Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens American Redstart Setophaga ruticlla *Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus *Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Rufous-sided Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus *Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia. Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis White-Throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus. Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula -44- COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius *Northern Oriole Icterus galbula Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus *American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis Red Crossbill Lexia curvirostra Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus Evening Grosbeak Caccothraustes vespertinus Mainal species which may occur in Little Black Lake Park. Based on range and habitat requirements. An astrisks N denotes field identification by sight or sign. Compiled from Burt (1947). COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Oppossum Didelphis virginianus *Eastern Mole Scalopus aquaticus Starnose Mole Condylura cristata MaSKed Shrew Sorex cinereus Shorttail Shrew Blarina brevicauda Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugas Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagens *Raccoon Procyon lotor Longtail Weasel Mustela frenata Mink Mustela vison Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis *Red Fox Vulpes vulpes *Woodchuck Marmora monax *Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus *Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus *Eastern Fox Squirrel Sciurus.niger Beaver Castor canaaensis Woodland Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus White-footed Mouse Peromyscus leucopus Southern Bog Lemming Synaptomys cooperi Meadow Vole Mierotus pennsylvanicus *Muskrat Ondatra zibetnica Meadow Jumping Mouse Zapus Hudsonius Woodland Jumping Mouse Napaeozapus insignis *Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus *Whitetail Deer -46- Odocoileus virginianus Reptiles and amphibians that'may occur in Little Black Lake Park. Based on range and habitat requirements. Compiled from Bebler and King (1979), Hensley (date unknown). An astrisks N indicates observation. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Snakes Blue Racer Coluber constrictor Ringneck Snake Diadophis punctatus Rat Snake Elaphe obsoleta Milk Snake Lampropeltis triangulum Northern Water Snake Nerodia sipedon Smooth Green Snake Opheodrys vernalis Queen Snake Regina septemvittata *Brown Snake Storeria dekayi Red-bellied Snake Storeria occipitomaculata Eastern Ribbon Snake Thamnophis sauritus Easter Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis Massasauga Rattlesnake Sistrurus catenatus Turtles Painted-turtle Chyrsemys picta Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina Stinkpot Sternotherus odoratus Spotted Turtle Clemmys guttata Wood Turtle Clemmys insculpta Blanding's Turtle Einydoidea blandingi Map Turtle Graptemys geographica Eastern Bos Turtle Terrapene carolina Spiny Softshell Trionyx spiniferus -A -7 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Salamanaers Eastern Newt NOtOphthalmus viriaescens Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus Blue-spotted Salamander Ambystoma laterale Spotted Salamander Ambystoina maculatum Four-toed Salamander Hemidactylium scutatum Red-backed Salamander Plethodon cinerus Toads American Toad Bufo americanus Fowler's Toad Bufo fowleri Frogs Cricket Forg Acris crepitans *Western Chorus Frog Pseudacris triseriata Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor *Spring Peeper Hyla crucifer *Greenfrog Rana clamitans Wood Frog Rana sylvatica Northern Leopard Frog Rana pipiens Pickerel Frog Rand palustris Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana -48- Fish species known to occur in Little Black Lake, Muskegon County, Micnigan. From a persunal communication with the Department of Natural Resources. COMMON NAAE SCIENTIFIC NAME Bluegill Lepomis machrochirus Sunfish Lepomis spp. Bass Micropterus spp. Perch Perca flavescens Black Crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus Northern Pike Esox lucius -49- REFERENCES Barnes, B.V., and W.H. Wagner Jr., 1985, Michigan Trees, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 384 pp. Bauer Engineering, Inc., 1971, Norton Shores Survey, Chicago Bebler, J.L. and F.W. King, 1979, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 555 pp. Biotic Consultants Inc., Midwestern Wetland Flora: A field office guide to plant species, U.S.D.A Soil Conservation Service, Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln, Neb., 394 pp. Burt, W.H., 1957, Mammals of the Great Lakes Region, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 247 pp. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet and E.T. LaRoc, 1979, Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Se-rvice, Washington D.C., 103 pp. Hensley, M.M., An Illustrated Key to the Amphibians of Michigan, Woldumar Nature Center, Lansing, Michigan, 16 pp. Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim and A.L. Nelson, 1951, American Wildlife and Plants: A guide to wildlife food habits, Dover PublistTi'nq Inc., New York, 50U pp. Michigan Department of State Highways, 1970, Field Manual of Soil Engineering, State of Michigan, 474 pp. Niering, W.A., 1985, Wetlands, Alfred A. Knapf, New York, 639 pp. , and N.C. Olmstead, 1979, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: eastern region, Alfred A. Knapf, N-e-w7-Yo--rT-,-888 pp. Peterson, L.A., 1977, A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Eastern and Central North America, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston,, 33U pp. Petrides, G.A., 1972, A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs, second edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 428 pp. Pregitzer, K.E., 1968, Soil Survey Muskegon County, U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service, 89 pp. Scott, S.L., ed. 1983, Field Guide to the Birds of North America, National Geographic Society, Wa gton D.C., 463 pp. University of Wisconsin Survey Research Laboratory, 1969, Public Opinion Survey for Muskegon County Shoreland Policy Study, Tabulations for City of Norton TI-iores, Madison, Wisconsin West Michigan Shoreline Regional Planning Commission, 1972 Open Space and Recreation Plan, updated 1984, City of Norton Shores, Michl;an, bl pp. -50- CJUDSO@ WOOD ROAD LOOKING NORTH INTERIOR TRAIL PIE 'pF.""o LEAVES ONLY LEAF DISPOSAL SITE ENTRANCE Am@. LEAF DISPOSAL SITE SHORELINE LOOKING SOUTH SHORELINE LOOKING NORTH iisA L@ -53- DATE DUE GAY, No. ?333 P'.,!!T 0 1'. L W 3 6668 14107 9147