    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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                                   THE COASTAL RESOURCES
                          @-IMANAGEMENT PROGRAM OF TEXAS

                                                APPENDICES

                                                   to the

                                             INTERIM REPORT

                                                  Edited by

                                              James T. Goodwin
                                               joc C. Moseley

                              S
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                              1971
                              V. 1

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                                           Members of the Legislature and Fellow Texans:

                                              As Governor of Texas and Chairman of the Interagency Natural Resources Council, a con-
                                           sortium ofState agencies, I am pleased to transmit the Appendices to the Interim Report to
                                           the 62nd Legislature on the Coastal Resources Management Program of Texas. This effort
                                           was authorized by S. C.R. No. 38 passed by the 61st Legislature 1st Session and funded
                                           in the Division ofPlanning Coordination within my Office.

                                              S. C.R. No. 38 directed the Interagency Natural Re-
                                           sources Council to conduct a comprehensive study of                 7 7
                                           the Coastal Zone and the Gulf of Mexico seaward to
                                           our State's territorial boundaries. The resolution
                                           calledfor an Interim Report by December 1,. 1970,
                                                                                            I
                                           and a final report in December, 19 72.

                                              At the Council's direction, within the guide-
                                           lines established by the Resolution, the study
                                           is designed to result in an action program
                                           through which the State can preserve, pro-
                                           tect, and develop our coastal and marine
                                           environment forfuture generations of Tex-
                                           ans, This Administration has consistently
                                           em
                                              phasized the importance of our coastal
                                           resources to the State. Coastal and marine re-
                                           lated activities in Texas have reached a new high                           't
                                           during the past two years.

                                              It is my hope as well as that of the entire
                                           Council that the Coastal Resources Ma-
                                           nagement Program of Texas will assist
                                           the Legislature in coming to grips
                                           with the problems of our
                                           coastal areas. It is also our
                                           hope that this Program will serve
                                           as a model for studying regional en-
                                           vironmental problems as part ofa total
                                           interrelated system to benefit our citizens.

                                              Much work remains to be done by December,
                                           19 72. However, the Program has already identified
                                           specific problems and presents recommendations which
                                           need your immediate attention in the coming session. I
                                           urge your careful consideration and approval of these re-
                                           commendations as the first action in implementing the Coast-
                                           al Resources Management Program for Texas.

                                              The Interagency Natural Resources Council and its member agencies
                                           pledge their continued support in working with you on coastal environmental
                                           problems and other matters related to our invaluable natural resources.

                                                                                               Sin
                                                                                                       y,      4256
                                                                                                     @Smith
                                                                                               Governor of Texas

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                               THE COASTAL RESOURCES

                           MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OF TEXAS

                                      APPENDICES

                                          to the

                                    INTERIM REPORT

                                    Property of CSC-Library

                                         Edi-ted By

                                      James T. Goodwin
                                        Joe C. Moseley
                                    0 , S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                    COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                    2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
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                                    CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

                              THE INTERAGENCY NATURAL

                                  RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                           1971

                                                 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                                                    The Interagency Natural Resources Council wishes to give special acknowledgernents for
                                                 assistance in preparing and reviewing this report to the following organizations and agenct              .es.
                                                       Federal Water Quality Administration, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Soil Conservation Service,
                                                       U.S.D.A., Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Bureau of Re-
                                                       clamation, Office of Water Resources Research, Department of Housing and Urban Development,
                                                       Southern Regional Environment Conservation Council of the Southern Governor's Conference,
                                                       Texas State Department of Health, Sea Grant Program of Texas A & M University, Texas Trans-
                                                       portation Institute at Texas A & M University, Bureau of Economic Geology of the University of
                                                       Texas at Austin, Center for Research in Water Resources at the University of Texas at Austin,
                                                       Institute of Marine Law at the University of Houston, Texas Tech University, Local governments
                                                       along the Coast, Councils of Governments along the Coast, River Authorities, Members of the
                                                       Texas Parts Association, Texas Water Conservation Association, Gulf Coast Waste Disposal
                                                       Authority, Galveston Bay Study Group, Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association, Trans-Continental
                                                       Gas Pipeline Corporation, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Inc., Dow Chemical Co., Inc-, Shell Oil Co.,
                                                       Inc., Central Power & Light Co., Inc., Houston Lighting and Power Co., Inc., Gulf States Utilities
                                                       Co., Inc., Bank of the Southwest, American Society for Oceanography, National Audubon Society,
                                                       Texas Sportsman Club, Houston Sportsman Club, American Society of Civil Engineers, Texas
                                                       Conservation Council, and the Conservation Foundation.

                                                 THE INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL MEMBERS

                                                    Air Control Board                                      Parks & Wildlife Department
                                                           Charles Barden, Executive Secretary                    James U. Cross

                                                    Department of Agriculture                              Railroad Commission
                                                           John H. White, Commissioner                            George F. Singletary, Administrator

                                                    General Land Office                                    Soil and Water Conservation Board
                                                           Robert L. Armstrong                                    Harvey Davis, Executive Director

                                                    Highway Department                                     Water Development Board
                                                           J. C. Dingwall, State Highway Engineer                 Harry Burleigh, Executive Director

                                                    Industrial Commission                                  Water Quality Board
                                                           James H. Harwell, Executive Director                   Hugh C. Yantis, Jr., Executive Director

                                                    Office of the Governor                                 Water Rights Commission
                                                           Preston Smith, Governor                                Judge Otha F. Dent, Chairman

                                                 EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

                                                    The University of Texas                                Texas A & M University
                                                           Dr. Peter Flawn, Vice President                        Dr. John C. Calhoun, Vice President
                                                           for Academic Affairs                                   for Academic Affairs

                                                    This Report was coordinated and written by the following staff in the Office
                                                 of the Governor's Division of Planning Coordination,

                                                           James T. Goodwin: Coordinator of Natural Resources
                                                           Joe C. Moseley, 11: Project Leader - Coastal Resources Management
                                                                                Program
                                                           Bill Stoll: Program Assistant to the Coordinator of Natural Resources
                                                           Paul Lefforge: Graduate Intern
                                                           Sandra Rodriguez and Annelle Pulliam - Secretaries

                                                                                 TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                FORWARD

                                                THE CLIMATE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY                         . . . . . . . . . .             John W. Kane

                                                LAND-USE PATTERNS              . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  Dr. Peter T. Flawn
                                                                                                                                     Dr. Bill Fischer

                                                THE WILDLIFE RESOURCES                   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                Dr. Hans A. Suter

                                                THE STATUS OF PUBLIC HEALTH                       . . . . . . . . . . . .             Nick Classen

                                                INVENTORY OF WASTE SOURCES                        . . . . . . .        Professor Joseph F. Malina

                                                WATERINVENTORY                 . . . . . . . . . . .             Texas Water Development Board

                                                THE TEXAS GULF COAST AS A TOURISM-
                                                         RECREATION REGION                 . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 Dr. Clare Gunn

                                                MINERALS AND MINING                  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                Dr. Peter T Flawn
                                                                                                                                     Dr. Bill Fischer

                                                AGRICULTURE           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      Charles Baker
                                                                                                                                     Jack L. Jones
                                                                                                                                     Jack C. Parker

                                                LAND-OWNERSHIP PATTERNS                    . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 Mike McKann

                                                SPECIAL REPORTS

                                                         TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE                . . . . . . . . . . . .            Howard Drew

                                                         ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE
                                                                  USES OF NATURAL RESOURCES                . . . . . . .          Herbert W. Grubb

                                                         CONSERVATION OBSERVATION                 , ,   *  ,   * *  . . . . .     Edward A. Harte

                                                         ROLE OF MINERAL RESOURCES                . . . . . . . . .           Frank B. Conselman

                                                TRANSPORTATION              . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      John P. Doyle
                                                                                                                                        Jack Keese

                                                ENERGY AND POWER               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     Charles Cooke

                                                FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS                   . . . . . . . . . . . . .                Perry J. Sheppard

                                                INTERAGENCY RELATIONS                    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 William H. Stoll

                                                HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES                           . . . . . . . .           AnnellePulliam

                                                MARINE AFFAIRS IN TEXAS                  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 Dr. Don Walsh

                                                OCEANGRAPHIC REPORT                  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               Rezneat M. Darnell

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                                  INTRODUCTION

                                         Coastal Zone of Texas con-      State. Its problems are complex and
                                  tains the most diverse grouping of     its boundaries are imprecise.  The
                                  valuable   natural resources in the    great rivers of Texas empty their

                                          waters and water-borne wastes into             as those things existing in a state of
                                          the bays and estuaries of the Coastal          nature which are of either actual or
                                          Zone where they react with the wa-             potential economic or social value to
                                          ters of the Gulf. Urban centers in             man. They are often grouped under
                                          this area are attracting an increasing         broad categories such as land, water,
                                          population with resultant demands              air, fish and wildlife, minerals and
                                          on natural resources generating signifi-       vegetation.
                                          cant environment change.
                                                                                            These resources are limited in quan-
                                             Fortunately, much of man's impact           tity and therefore in use. While some
                                          upon the Coastal Zone has been con-            resources such as water are well suited
                                          centrated in nodes of urban develop-           for multiple use, others are not. Cer-
                                          ment such as the Houston-Galveston             tain uses complement each other with
                                          area. Much of the Coastal Zone is              no serious effect on the total environ-
                                          relatively unspoiled.     This fact will       ment and others are mutually exclu-
                                          enable us, through proper study and            sive. The same land resource cannot
                                          action, to safeguard the environment-          be used for suburban development
                                          al integrity of the Coast for future           and a wildlife refuge. It should be
                                          generations of Texans, while fully             recognized that the use of land im-
                                          utilizing coastal resources.                   pacts in different ways upon other
                                                                                         resources. Each link in the chain of
                                             The Coastal Resources Management            natural resource uses must be care-
                                          Program wilt examine the natural re-           fully traced to determine ultimate
                                          source base for undesirable symp-              effects on society.
                                          toms, define problems, and present
                                          solutions within an area of Texas                 Problems of natural resource use
                                          extending from the Sabine River to             are normally related to    the use of the
                                          the Rio Grande and from about 80               land or water resource, Possible solu-
                                          miles inland to the three league boun-         tions, as will be noted    later, indicate
                                          dary in the Gulf. It will not only             that the key to coastal    resource man-
                                          examine each resource separately, but          agement is the proper      understanding
                                          also as each resource related to all           and management of          the land and
                                          others in an environmental system.             water resources of the     Coastal Zone.

                                             The Coastal Zone of Texas is an                State and local governments have a
                                          extremely valuable resource for the            responsibility to insure the preserva-
                                          people of this State. It should be             tion of unique resources, replenish-
                                          conserved, developed and preserved to          ment of renewable resources and con-
                                          serve the goals of the people while            servation of irreplaceable resources.
                                          respecting     individual rights.      The     Man's role in his environment de-
                                          area's value to Texas cannot be mea-           mands income and employment op-
                                          sured by economic benefits alone.              portunities as well as leisure pursuits.
                                          The social value of our coastal en-            Texas can assist man to improve his
                                          vironment is high for those who live           living standard and surroundings in
                                          and work there, as well as for all other       the Coastal Zone while maintaining a
                                          Texans.                                        desirable balance with nature. The
                                                                                         goals of man and nature do not have
                                             Natural resources are defined here          to be mutually exclusive.

                                                                                  Fifteen major problems related to natural resources
                                                                               in  the Coastal Zone have been identified from the 20
                                                                               task force reports conducted by experts in their fields.
                                                                               Those technical reports comprise the remainder of        this
                                                                               volume, and the following problems were extracted from
                                                                                  the conclusions of these reports as being both impor-
                                                                                    tant and requiring immediate corrective steps.
                                                                                                                               i which ap-
                                                                                              The recommendations for actior
                                                                                           pear. later in this Summary touch o
                                                                                           these problems as well as others.      Corrective
                                                                                           action on these urgent problems will impact on
                                                                                           the many other problems in the Coastal Zone.

                                                                                                                 T"

                                                         V@_

                                           IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS

                                            9 Fish and wildlife resources may be              land areas as well as discharge of
                                            and sometimes are destroyed by the                inadequately treated municipal and
                                            runoff from urban and agricultural                industrial wastewaters into the bays,

                                            estuaries and their tributaries. Un-             stood and is not being examined.
                                            wise use and development of water re-
                                            sources can have a similar impact.               *The Coastal Zone's aquatic ecosys-
                                            This presents a potential health hazard          tems are seriously threatened by nu-
                                            and aesthetic eyesore to man.                    merous and diverse physical processes
                                                                                             such as poor drainage, land subsi-
                                            *Ill-defined boundaries coupled with             dence, sedimentation, erosion, accre-
                                            dynamically shifting landforms, un-              tion, dredging, bulkheading, and al-
                                            available public information, and a              teration of estuarine circulation pat-
                                            heretofore poorly defined State po-              terns.   These dangers, while more
                                            licy toward the use of its coastal               subtle than waste discharges, are very
                                            lands results in unwise development              real.
                                            and poor management in the Coastal
                                            Zone.                                            *Discharge of gases and particulates
                                                                                             into the atmosphere creates a health
                                            OWildlife habitat is being destroyed             hazard, presents a nuisance, and cau-
                                            and potential park land lost through             ses property damage.
                                            urban/industrial expansion and en-
                                            vironmental degredation, which adver-            *Improper and. inadequate solid
                                            sely affects recreational opportunities.         waste disposal practices pollute both
                                                                                             air and water and create health ha-
                                            *Limited public access to beaches of             zards from rats, flies, and other di-
                                            the Gulf Coast hampers recreational              sease sources.
                                            pursuits.
                                                                                             *Present methods of extracting min-
                                            *The existing structure of State laws,           erals have adversely altered the envir-
                                            regulations, and governmental man-               onment and will continue to do so
                                            agement is inadequate to deal with               until economically feasible alterna-
                                            the complex, diverse, and dynamic                tives are developed which do other-
                                            problems of the Coastal Zone.                    wise.

                                            OThe 200 million dollar a year com-              *Growth, combined with rapid ad-
                                            mercial fishing industry is in danger            vances in transportation technology,
                                            of collapse due to institutional bar-            necessitates coordinated, long-range
                                            riers, inadequate insurance availabili-          transportation planning,        especially
                                            ty,   international competition, low             concerning super-draft port facilities
                                            utilization of technology, and archa-            and transfer points between various
                                            ic legal regulation, and badly needs             types of transportation.
                                            the State's assistance.
                                                                                             *The heritage of Texas, represented
                                            OLives are lost and property de-                 by its many cultural and historical
                                            stroyed or damaged by severe hurri-              sites, is being lost to unplanned urban
                                            canes on the average of once every               and commercial expansion.
                                            two years.
                                                                                             *Frequent minor oil and chemical
                                            *The effect of diminishing mineral               spills are cumulatively very damag-
                                            resources on the Coastal Zone's eco-             ing to the Coastal Zone environment.
                                            nomic and financial base is not under-

                                                         AN ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

                                                        Approaching the environment as a balanced system is the cornerstone
                                                      of the Coastal Resources Management Program. The system approach
                                                      both ties the parts together and establishes priorities for decisions.

                                            Any attempt to define the complex              ple might be the effect on financial
                                         relationships which form an environ-              institutions of decreased commercial
                                         mental system is doomed to failure.               fisheries catches which stern from the
                                         The system operates under conditions              depletion of fish resulting from water
                                         which are infinitely more complex                 pollution. In this example, the im-
                                         than our minds can comprehend, even               pact of water pollution upon finan-
                                         with the aid of computers. However,               cial institutions is traced through sev-
                                         man makes decisions daily which af-               eral intermediate steps.
                                         fect the environment and he must                     While the previous example in-
                                         attempt to understand their conse-                cludes facets of biology, chemistry
                                         quences.                                          and society, the direct and indirect ef-
                                           The Coastal Resources Management                fects are similar in other types of sys-
                                         Program has attempted to understand               tems. Of course, each task area is a
                                         the environmental complexities of the             system within the larger environment-
                                         Coastal Zone by breaking the environ-             al system. An impact on part of the
                                         ment into the twenty study areas rep-             smaller system can have-direct and in-
                                         resented by the following reports, ex-            direct effects within it and upon
                                         amining them separately and then                  other sub-systems as well.          If we
                                         looking at the ways they react with               affect any link in the biological food
                                         all the other components. In this way             chain, the balance of nature is upset
                                         a simple artificial environment has               and the system changes to a new
                                         been created which is, at least, a                equilibrium condition. Problemsarise
                                         beginning towards understanding the               when the system cannot naturally
                                         complex.                                          cope with the change, in which me,
                                            Both direct and indirect effects of a          the sub-system may be eradicated.
                                         change in an environmental system                 This leaves a void with many attend-
                                         must be understood. A direct effect               ant complex possibilities.       It is in
                                         can be explained as a first order                 hopes of understanding some of these
                                         effect between two or more task                   effects that the environment is being
                                         areas such as the direct effect on fish           studied as a complex system.
                                         of polluted waters. An indirect effect
                                         is the second or third order effect as
                                         the system       change       reverberates
                                         through   the, entire system. An exam-

                                            CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

                                            CONCLUSIONS                                  program that may be developed can
                                                                                         succeed or even begin without the
                                            *The Coastal Zone of Texas repre-            support of the Legislature.
                                            sents an invaluable, and, in many res-
                                            pects, irreplaceable resource to the         *The remainder of the development
                                            State and Nation. Its economic value         phase of the Program should concen-
                                            is great. Greater still is its total social  trate on coastal environmental pro-
                                            and economic value as a living, work-        blems, their solution, and the legal-
                                            ing, and recreational environment for        istic mechanisms necessary for full
                                            man and nature as they interact one          implementation of the Program.
                                            with the other.

                                            *The inevitable pressures of urban,          SPECIFIC ACTION
                                            commercial, industrial, and agricultu-
                                            ral growth are causing a general de-          It is recommended that the 62nd
                                            gredation of the Coastal Zone envir-         Legislature:
                                            onment which will worsen         unless
                                            steps are taken to balance preserva-         *Provide to the individual agencies
                                            tion, conservation, and development          comprising the Interagency Natural
                                            through a Coastal Resources Manage-          Resources Council sufficient funds
                                            ment Program.                                to assure that each agency's activi-
                                                                                         ties in support of the Coastal Re-
                                             If Texas does not move ahead with           sources Management Program might
                                            its own program in coastal manage-           be carried out, and provide the Exe-
                                            ment, the Federal Government will            cutive Office with sufficient funds
                                            develop one for us; Texas cannot             for continuing the coastal activities
                                            afford this because:    (1) State and        of the Council, including the Coast-
                                            local cooperation insures a respon-          al Resources Management Program.
                                            siveness to unique local conditions,
                                            and (2) State and local groups can           *Give careful consideration to the re-
                                            maintain better controls, do a better        commendations of Legislative Interim
                                            job and do it at less cost.                  Committees as those recommenda-
                                                                                         tions relate to the natural resources
                                            *The agencies and institutions of the        and environmental problems of the
                                            State acting in concert through the          Coastal Zone.      Special     attention
                                            Interagency Natural Resources Coun-          should be given to recommendations
                                            cil and armed with the mandate of            with regard to land use and pollution
                                            S.C.R. -No. 38 comprise the logical          controls and interagency cooperation.
                                            team to develop a plan and implement
                                            a program for managing Texas' coast-         9 Continue to define and improve the
                                            al resources.   The participation of         responsibilities and roles of the State
                                            private, local, and Federal interests        agencies pertaining to natural resour-
                                            must be and has been insured. No             ces of the Coastal Zone.

                                         *It is also recommended that the                    ricula and conservation educa-
                                        62nd Legislature direct the Interagen-               tion at all levels;
                                        cy Natural Resources Council to pro-
                                        vide the mechanism through which                  6. Investigate the feasibility of ap-
                                        significant coordination will be a-                  plying procedures of resource
                                        chieved.    Specific tasks to be per-                analysis developed in the Coastal
                                        formed by the Council working with                   Resources Management Program
                                        the appropriate agencies include the                 to other areas of the State;
                                        following:
                                                                                          7. Work with the Texas Water Qua-
                                           1. Delineate the role and respon-                 lity Board, the Parks and Wild-
                                              sibility under existing statutes               life Department, the Texas Water
                                              of each State agency in matters                Rights Commission, the Texas
                                              pertaining to the natural resour-              Water Development Board, the
                                              ces of the Coastal Zone;                       Air Control Board and other con-
                                                                                             cerned agencies in investigating
                                           2. Work with the General Land                     problems associated with power
                                              Office and the Attorney General                plant siting;
                                              in establishing a comprehensive
                                              policy concerning coastal lands,            8. Coordinate with the Texas His-
                                              including: (a) policies on the                 torical Survey Committee and
                                              sale and subsequent use of Texas'              provide through the Coastal Re-
                                              submerged lands, (b) clarification             sources Management Program for
                                              of ownership of lands resulting                preserving culturally and hislo-
                                              from erosion/accretion shifts, (c)             rically significant    sites which
                                              delineation of limits of state and             might be destroyed or affected
                                              private ownership, and (d) equit-              by natural resource    use;
                                              able compensation for all eco-
                                              nomic uses of State lands;                  9. Assist the Governor    in establish-
                                                                                             ing an Interagency     Transporta-
                                           3. Give every assistance to member                tion Council and coordinate with
                                              pollution   control agencies in                that Council on matters related
                                              their continued anti-pollution ac-             to transportation's effect on land
                                              tivities;                                      use and resources in the Coastal
                                                                                             Zone.
                                           4. Work directly with the Institute
                                              of Marine and Coastal Law and
                                              other experts on legal problems          INVESTIGATIONS
                                              of coastal resource management;
                                                                                          During the two years remaining for
                                           5. Work with the Coordinating               development of the final report on
                                              Board for Higher Education,              the Coastal Resources Management
                                              State supported universities and         Program, the Interagency Natural Re-
                                              colleges, the Advisory Council           sources Council should, through its
                                              for Technical-Vocational Educa-          member agencies and other qualified
                                              tion and the Texas Education             parties conduct investigations of:
                                              Agency in encouraging the de-
                                              velopment of marine-related cur-            1. Existing pollution problems in-

                                              cluding those unrelated to waste             as mitigating their destructive
                                              disposal; their sources, long-term           effects;
                                              effects and solutions;
                                                                                         8. Data availability for preparation
                                           2. The environmental effects of                 of a comprehensive sourcebook
                                              proposed    hurricane protection             of existing marine resources in
                                              measures;                                    the Gulf;

                                           3. A legal analysis of institutional          9. Means by which to encourage
                                              authority and responsibility ne-             and support research in marine
                                              cessary for the proper implemen-             culture;
                                              tation of a Coastal Resources
                                              Management Program;                       10.The cost to future Texans of
                                                                                           unnecessarily depleting economi-
                                           4. An inventory of remaining min-               cally important non-replenisha-
                                              eral resources, replenishable or             ble resources, including effects
                                              alternative substitutes for those            on long-term income and em-
                                              resources, and means by which                ployment opportunities;
                                              to extract those resources with
                                              mhurnal environmental losses.             II.Evaluating the economic poten-
                                                                                           tial of resource utilization in the
                                           5. The long-term effect of persist-             Coastal Zone.
                                              ent man-made substances such
                                              as oils, farm chemicals, and pest-
                                              icides upon the natural environ-        PERSONAL ACTION
                                              ment;
                                                                                         Each of us can, through our indi-
                                           6. The use of a multi-disciplinary         vidual actions, impact on the environ-
                                              approach in developing a practi-        ment. In addition to the avoidance
                                              cal and usable method for eval-         of such things as littering, the indi-
                                              uating the consequences of alter-       vidual should take positive steps to
                                              native   environmental manage-          inform his local, State or Federal
                                              ment proposals including the as-        government of action they can and
                                              sessment of consequences of va-         should take to protect the environ-
                                              rying land-use patterns;                ment. The individual citizen should
                                                                                      take special care to work closely with
                                           7. Means of supporting        research     his State legislator. The concerned
                                              leading to a better understanding       citizen should be active, never pass-
                                              of hurricane forecasting as well        ive, when his environment is at stake.

                                                                      CONTINUING EFFORTS

                                              The Interagency Natural Resources Council is proceeding with the develop-
                                           ment of a Coastal Resources Management Program for Texas under renewed
                                           guidance by the 62nd Legislature. S.C.R. No. 38, the original mandate given
                                           to the Council, has been expanded and redirected towards the solution of
                                           specific problems with passage of S.C.R.s 8 and 9 in May of this year. The
                                           November, 1971, Quarterly Progress Report to the Legislature will contain a
                                           detailed work plan for the December, 1972, report to the Legislature as directed
                                           by S.C.R. No. 38. The text of all three resolutions forming the authority for
                                           the Program follows in the next section of this report.

                                                      SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONINO. 38

                                        WHEREAS, The state-owned submerged lands, islands, estuaries, and
                                   estuarine areas in the Texas Gulf Coast Area, including the submerged lands
                                   of the state seaward of the mean of lower low water marks in the Gulf of
                                   Mexico, and the natural resources and the environmental natural beauty
                                   with which they are so richly endowed, constitute an important and valu-
                                   able property right belonging to the Public Free School Fund and to all
                                   of the people of Texas, and they are of immediate and potential value
                                   to the present and future generations of Texans; and
                                        WHEREAS, It is the declared policy of the state that such submerged
                                   lands, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas shall be so managed and
                                   used as to insure the conservation, protection, and restoration of such
                                   submerged lands, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas with resources
                                   and natural beauty and, consistent with such protection, conservation
                                   and restoration, their development and utilization in a manner that ade-
                                   quately and reasonably maintains a balance between the need for such
                                   protection in the interest of conserving the natural resources and
                                   natural beauty of the state and the need to develop these submerged
                                   lands, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas to further the growth
                                   and development of the state; and
                                        WHEREAS, The people of the State of Texas have a primary interest
                                   in the correction and prevention of irreparable damage to or unreasonable
                                   impairment of the uses of the coastal waters of the state and inland
                                   waters of the state in such estuaries and estuarine areas caused by
                                   drainage, waste water disposal, industrial waste disposal, and all other
                                   activities that may contribute to the contamination and pollution of
                                   such waters; and
                                        WHEREAS, The people of the State of Texas also have primary interests
                                   in the value of such lands, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas    as
                                   public property for production and marketing of oil and gas and other
                                   minerals and mineral resources, for the production of living resources,
                                   for shell and other fisheries and fishing, hunting, and other recreation,
                                   for wildlife conservation, and for health and other uses in which the
                                   public at large may participate and enjoy; and
                                        WHEREAS, It is also the declared policy of this state that the
                                   public, individually and collectively, shall have the free and unres-
                                   tricted right of ingress and egress to and from the state-owned beaches
                                   bordering on the seaward shore of the Gulf of Mexico and hence the
                                   people of the State of Texas have a further primary interest in con-
                                   serving the natural beauty of the state's beaches and protecting and
                                   conserving them for the use of the public; and
                                        WHEREAS, A comprehensive study is necessary to prepare the way for
                                   constructive legislation for the present and future protection of the
                                   interests of the people of the State of Texas in such submerged lands  ,
                                   beaches, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas; and
                                        WHEREAS, The United States Government is now conducting similar studies
                                   studies under P.L. 660 of the 84th Congress as amended and under P.L 90-
                                   454 of the 90th Congress and is entitled to receive the full cooperaiion
                                   of the agencies of this state with respect to the lands, beaches, waters  ,
                                   estuaries, and estuarine areas of this state; now, therefore, be it

                                          RESOLVED, By the Senate of the State of Texas, the House of Repre-
                                      sentatives concurring, that the following be accomplished:
                                          Section 1. The Interagency Natural Resources Council, an interagency
                                      planning entity created under the authority of House Bill 276, Acts 1967,
                                      60th Legislature, Regular Session, Chapter 417, in consultation with the
                                      School Land Board and the Submerged Lands Advisory Committee and with all
                                      other appropriate local, state, and federal agencies, is authorized and
                                      directed to make a comprehensive study of the state's submerged lands,
                                      beaches, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas, including but without
                                      limitation coastal marshlands, bays, sounds, seaward areas, and lagoons,
                                      The term "estuary" means all or part of the mouth of an intrastate or
                                      interstate river or stream or other body of water, including, but not
                                      limited to, a sound, bay, harbor, lagoon, inshore body of water, and
                                      channel, having unimpaired natural connection with the open sea and
                                      within which the sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water
                                      derived from land drainage. The term "estuarine areas" means an environ-
                                      mental system consisting of an estuary and those transitional areas which
                                      are constantly influenced or affected by water from an estuary such as,
                                      but not limited to, coastal salt and freshwater marshes, algal flats,
                                      coastal and intertidal areas, sounds, bays, harbors, lagoons, inshore
                                      bodies of water, and channels. For the purpose of the study or studies
                                      of these lands, beaches, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas, the
                                      Council shall consider, among other matters (a) their wildlife, health,
                                      and recreational potential, their ecology, their value as natural marine,
                                      anadromous, and shell fisheries, their value as established marine soils
                                      for producing plant growth of a type useful as nursery or feeding grounds
                                      for marine life and their natural beauty and esthetic value, (b) their
                                      importance to navigation, their value for flood, hurricane, and erosion
                                      control, their mineral value, and (c) the value of such areas for more
                                      intensive development for economic use to further the growth and develop-
                                      ment of the state. The study or studies shall also include (a) studies
                                      of the various problems of coastal engineering such as the protection
                                      of the beaches and bay bluffs from harmful erosion, the design and use
                                      of groins, seawalls, and jetties, and the effects of bay fills, fish
                                      passes, and other coastal works upon the physical features of the shores,
                                      channels, and bay bottoms and upon marine life and wildlife inhabiting
                                      such areas and (b) studies of the effects of waste and drainage water
                                      discharges into the waters of such estuaries and of the Gulf of Mexico
                                      in relation to the reasonable protection and conservation of the marine
                                      environment and the natural resources and natural beauty of these
                                      submerged lands, beaches, islands, estuaries, estuarine areas, and their
                                      overlying waters. In conducting the study or studies, the Interagency
                                      Natural Resources Council shall consider, among other matters, and with-
                                      out limitation as to the generality thereof, the physical and economic
                                      effects of existing and proposed water development projects of federal,
                                      state, and local agencies, and of authorized and prospective drainage
                                      projects of whatever nature upon the coastal waters and the waters
                                      of the state's estuaries and estuarine areas, the feasibility of re-
                                      claiming drainage waters from such projects, the future population
                                      growth and economic development in the area and in areas tributary
                                      thereto, the effects of existing and proposed projects for the filling
                                      and reclamation of waterfront lands upon the waste assimilative capacity
                                      of the coastal waters and the waters of the state's estuaries and estuarine
                                      areas, the possibilities of reclamation and reuse of waste waters and
                                      drainage water from such projects, and the feasibility of flow augmen-
                                      tation through managed releases from upstream reservoirs as an aid to
                                      quality maintenance.

                                          Sec. 2. The Interagency Natural Resources Council may receive
                                     grants and matching funds from and may contract with such state, federal,
                                     or local public agencies or private agencies, entities, or educational
                                     institutions as it deems necessary for the rendition and affording of
                                     such management and technical services, facilities, studies, and reports,
                                     and personal services and operating expenses as will best assist it to
                                     carry out the purposes of this concurrent Resolution.
                                          Sec. 3. The Interagency Natural Resources Council of Texas is
                                     directed to call on the advice, counsel, and guidance, and participation
                                     of appropriate local, state, and federal departments, boards, agencies,
                                     and educational institutions. The council shall, to the fullest
                                     practicable extent, cooperate and coordinate its work with all depart-
                                     ments, boards, and agencies undertaking planning and technical investi-
                                     gations pertinent to this study. The Interagency Natural Resources
                                     Council is directed to coordinate its study and, in order to avoid
                                     duplication of work, shall make maximum use of data 'and information
                                     available from state agencies and boards and federal agencies, inc     Iuding
                                     but not limited to the United States Public Health Service, the United
                                     States Corps of Engineers, the United States Department of Health,
                                     Education and Welfare, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
                                     the United States Soil Conservation Service, the United States Fish
                                     and Wildlife Service, the United States Bureau of Reclamation, the
                                     United States Geological Survey, the United States Department of the
                                     Interior, the member agencies of the Interagency Natural Resources
                                     Council, and the Bureau of Economic Geology of The University of Texas.
                                          Sec. 4. The Interagency Natural Resources Council is authorized
                                     to hold one or more public hearings which it deems necessary or desir-
                                     able for the full development of all facts pertinent to its studies.
                                     City, county and state officials, officers, and employees and those of
                                     any other political subdivision of the state and of the state govern-
                                     ment are directed to furnish the Council, upon its request and within
                                     the limits of their respective facilities, such data, reports, and any
                                     other information it may require in connection with its studies, without
                                     any cost, fee, or charge whatsoever.
                                          Sec. 5. On or before the first day of December, 1970, preceding
                                     the 1971 Regular Session of the Legislature, the Interagency Natural
                                     Resources Council shall submit to the Governor of Texas and to the
                                     Legislature a progress report indicating the status of its studies to
                                     date together with any recommendations for emergency legislation at that
                                     time to carry out the purposes of its studies as herein defined.
                                          Sec. 6. The Interagency Natural Resources Council shall submit
                                     its final report to the Governor of Texas and to the Legislature on
                                     or before the first day of December, 1972, preceding the 1973 Regular
                                     Session of the Legislature, together with its findings and recommendations
                                     for appropriate legislation to carry out the purposes of its studies as
                                     herein defined.

                                                         SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION NO. 8

                                           Authorizing and directing the Interagency Natural Resources Council
                                      to provide the mechanism to promote interagency cooperation and coor-
                                      dination with regard to land use, pollution control and other problems
                                      in the Coastal Zone; working with the appropriate agencies, to delineate
                                      the roles and responsibilities of the State agencies concerned with the
                                      protection, conservation, and development of the State's coastal resources;
                                      to work with the State agencies in solution of certain urgent problems
                                      adversely affecting those resources; and to take certain other actions.
                                           WHEREAS, By Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 38, the 61st Texas
                                      Legislature, Regular Session, authorized and directed the Interagency
                                      Natural Resources Council to make a comprehensive study of the State's
                                      submerged lands, beaches, islands, estuaries and estuarine areas, in-
                                      cluding, but without limitations, coastal marshlands, bays, sounds,
                                      seaward areas and lagoons, and to submit a progress report to the Governor
                                      of Texas and to the Legislature by the first day of December 1970 and
                                      its final report by the first day of December 1972; and
                                           WHEREAS, These coastal resources of the State of Texas are of
                                      great value to the present and future generations of Texans; and
                                           WHEREAS, It is the declared policy of the State that such submerged
                                      lands, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas shall be so managed and
                                      used as to insure the conservation, protection, and restoration of such
                                      submerged lands, islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas with resources
                                      and natural beauty and, consistent with such protection, conservation
                                      and restoration, their development and utilization in a manner that
                                      adequately and reasonably maintains a balance between the need for such
                                      protection in the interest of conserving the natural resources and natural
                                      beauty of the State and the need to develop these submerged lands,
                                      islands, estuaries, and estuarine areas to further the growth and development
                                      of the State; and
                                           WHEREAS, The people of the State of Texas have a primary interest
                                      in the correction and prevention of irreparable damage to or unreasonable
                                      impairment of the uses of the coastal waters of the State and inland waters
                                      of the State in such estuaries and estuarine areas caused by drainage,
                                      waste water disposal, industrial waste disposal, and all other activities
                                      that may contribute to the contamination and pollution of such waters; and
                                           WHEREAS, The Summary of the Interim Report on the Coastal Resources
                                      Management Program submitted by the Interagency Natural Resources Council
                                      pursuant to Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 38, 61st Legislature,
                                      Regular Session, calls attention to a number of urgent and serious
                                      problems adversely affecting the State's coastal resources and the coastal
                                      environment, to the fact that the respective roles and responsibilities
                                      of the several State agencies with respect to the State's coastal resouces
                                      and the coastal environment are not clearly defined in some instances,
                                      that there is need for coordination and cooperation among the State
                                      agencies, and recommends that certain actions be taken as soon as
                                      possible; and
                                           WHEREAS, It is in the best interests of the people of Texas and
                                      the desire of the Legislature that all possible actions be effectively
                                      taken by the Interagency Natural Resources Council and the State
                                      agencies within their statutory powers to protect, conserve and properly

                                                                                                S. C. R. No. 8

                                   develop the State's coastal resources and to improve the coastal environ-
                                   ment pending submission of the Council's final report; now, therfore,
                                   be it
                                        RESOLVED, By the Senate of the State of Texas, the House of
                                   Representatives concurring, that the following be accomplished:
                                        Section 1. The Interagency Natural Resources Council is auth-
                                   orized and directed to:
                                        1. Promote interagency cooperation and coordination in actions affecting
                                   the State's coastal resources;
                                        2. Working with the appropriate agencies, delineate the roles
                                   and responsibilities of the State agencies as set out by statute in
                                   matters pertaining to the natural resources of the Coastal Zone;
                                        3. Work with the General Land Office and the Attorney General in
                                   establishing a comprehensive policy concerning coastal lands, including:
                                   (a) policies on the sale and subsequent use of Texas' submerged lands,
                                   (b) clarification of ownership of lands resulting from erosion/accretion
                                   shifts, (c) delineation of limits of State and private ownership,
                                   and (d) equitable compensation for all economic uses of State lands;
                                        4.  Give every assistance to member pollution control agencies in
                                   their continued anti-pollution activities;
                                        5. Work directly with the Institute of Marine and Coastal Law
                                   and other experts on legalistic problems of coastal resouce management;
                                        6. Work with the Coordinating Board for Higher Education, State-
                                   supported universities and colleges, the Advisory Council for Technical-
                                   Vocational Education and the Central Education Agency in encouraging
                                   the development of marine-related curricula, conservation education,
                                   and marine-related research programs;
                                        7.  Investigate the feasibility of applying procedures of resources
                                   analysis developed in the Coastal Resources Management Program to other
                                   areas of the State;
                                        B.  Work with the Texas Water Quality Board, the Texas Parks and
                                   Wildlife Department, the Water Rights Commission, the Water Development
                                   Board, the Air Control Board and other concerned agencies in developing
                                   a consistent and logical policy for power plant siteing;
                                        9. Coordinate with the Texas Historical Survey Committee and provide
                                   through the Coastal Resources Management Program for the preservation of
                                   culturally and historically significant sites which might be destroyed
                                   or affected by natural resource use; and
                                        10. Coordinate with the Interagency Transportation Council on
                                   matters related to transportation's effect on land use and resources
                                   in the Coastal Zone.
                                        11. Cooperate and coordinate with other advisory bodies established
                                   by the Legislature.
                                        Sec. 2. The Interagency Natural Resources Council is authorized
                                   and directed to meet in open session.at least once every quarter. The
                                   time, place, and agenda of the quarterly meting shall be made known
                                   to the public at least ten (10) days in advance of the meeting.
                                        Sec. 3. The Interagency Natural Resources Council shall report
                                   activities and progress of the Coastal Resources Management Program Ito the
                                   members of the Legislature at least once every three months until the rinal
                                   report is submitted by December 1972.

                                                                                                        S. C. R. No. 8

                                              Sec. 4. The results of the actions of the Interagency     Natural
                                         Resources Council pursuant hereto shall be incorporated in its final
                                         report on the Coastal Resources Management Program, to be submitted
                                         by December 1972.

                                                             SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION NO. 9

                                              Authorizing and directing the Interagency Natural Resources Council
                                         in its Coastal Resources Management Program to conduct certain important
                                         environmental, legal and economic investigations relating to the protection,
                                         conservation and development of Texas' coastal resources and the coastal
                                         environment.
                                              WHEREAS, The Interagency Natural Resources Council is conducting the
                                         Coastal Resources Management Program, a comprehensive study of the State's
                                         submerged lands, beaches, islands, estuaries and estuarine areas, including,
                                         but without limitation, coastal marshlands, bays, sounds, seaward areas
                                         and lagoons, pursuant to Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 38 of the 61st
                                         Texas Legislature, Regular Session; and
                                              WHEREAS, The Summary of the Interim Report submitted by the Interagency
                                         Natural Resources Council to the 62nd Texas Legislature, Regular Session,
                                         pursuant to said Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 38, finds that the
                                         Coastal Zone of Texas, representing an invaluable social and economic,
                                         and in some respects irreplaceable resource to the State and Nation, is
                                         experiencing pressures of urban, industrial, and agricultural growth
                                         that are causing a general degradation of the environment, that such
                                         conditions will worsen unless steps are taken to maintain a balance
                                         of conservation and economic development, and that the Coastal Resources
                                         Management Program during the next two years should concentrate on
                                         coastal enviornmental problems, their solution and the legalistic
                                         mechanisms necessary for full implementation of the Program; and
                                              WHEREAS, It is in the best interests of the people of Texas and
                                         the policy of the Legislature that the coastal environment be upgraded
                                         and maintained at a high level; now, therefore, be it
                                              RESOLVED, By the Senate of the State of Texas, the House of Repre-
                                         sentatives concurring, that the following be accomplished:
                                              Section 1. The Interagency Natural Resources Council in its
                                         Coastal Resources Management Program, working through its member agencies
                                         and other qualified parties, is authorized and directed to conduct
                                         studies of and encourage cooperation in the following:
                                              1. Existing pollution and environmental problems including those
                                         unrelated to waste disposal, including information concerning their sources,
                                         long-term effects and solutions;
                                              2. The environmental effects of proposed hurricane protection
                                         measures and other man-made additions to and modifications of our Coastal
                                         Zone;

                                      3. A legal analysis of institutional authority and responsibility
                                 necessary for the proper implementation of a Coastal Resources Manage-
                                 ment Program;
                                      4. An inventory of remaining mineral resources, replenishable
                                 or alternative substitutes for those resources, and means by which
                                 to extract those resources with minimal environmental losses;
                                      5. The long-term effects of man-made substances such as oils,
                                 farm chemicals and pesticides upon the nautral environment;
                                      6. The use of a multidisciplinary approach in developing a
                                 practical and usable method for evaluating the consequences of alter-
                                 native environmental management proposals including the assessment
                                 of consequences of varying land-use patterns;
                                      7. Means of supporting research leading to a better understanding
                                 of natural meteorological and geological phenomena such as hurricanes, northers,
                                 subsidence, erosion, etc., with a view toward minimizing destructive effects;
                                      8. The availability of data for preparation of a comprehensive source-
                                 book of existing marine resources in the Gulf;
                                      9. The Tektite Program of the Marine Biomedical Institute of the
                                 University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, and various research
                                 programs related to Coastal Zone resources @ith a view toward encouragement
                                 and support of marine-oriented research;
                                      10. The cost to future Texans of unnecessarily depleting economically
                                 important nonreplenishable resources, including effects on long-term
                                 income and employment opportunities; and
                                      11. Evaluation of the economic potential of resource utilization
                                 in the Coastal Zone.
                                      Sec. 2. The Interagency Natural Resources Council will include the
                                 findings of these investigations and studies in its final report on
                                 the Coastal Resources Management Program to the 63rd Texas Legislature.

                                                       T H E C L I M A T E A N D P H Y S 10 G R A P H Y 0 F

                                                                T H E T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                 Prepared by

                                                                        Texas Water Development Board

                                                                     John W. Kane, HydrometeoroZogy Unit

                                                                                October 1970

                                                                                     for

                                                                    COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                    INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                      DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                           OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                                                         CONTENTS

                                                               I.  Overview

                                                              II.  Regional Climatic Patterns

                                                                   A. Upper Coast

                                                                   B. Middle Coast

                                                                   C. Lower Coast

                                                                   Hurricanes

                                                              IV.  Hurricane Destruction

                                                                   A. Tides and Wave Action

                                                                   B. Wind

                                                                   C. Flooding

                                                                   D. Hurricane Tornados

                                                                V. Hurricane Protection.

                                                                   A. Existing Protection

                                                                   B. Future Plans

                                                                   C. Hurricane Warnings

                                                               VI. Characteristic Gulf Currents

                                                                   A. Locations and Directions

                                                                   B. Seasonal Variations

                                                                   C. Performance as Pollutnat Dispersers

                                                              VII. Physiographic Features

                                                                   A. Water Sources and Deltas

                                                                   B. Estuarine and Beach Areas

                                                             Vill. Impacts on Development

                                                                   A. Climate's Impact

                                                                   B. Influence of Physiography

                                                                   C. Air Pollution

                                                                   References

                                                                   Tables

                                                    ... ....... ... ............ .. ...

                                                                     T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                            I. OVERVIEW

                                                         Physiographers (@.2_ Fenneman and Johnson, 1946) have classified
                                                    the entire Coastal Zone of Texas as part of the West Gulf Coast Section
                                                    of the Coastal Plain Province. The immediate Coastal Zone is almost
                                                    uniformly flat and low with a gradual increase both in height and
                                                    relief to the north and west. The Coastal Plain Province terminates
                                                    abruptly at the Balcones Escarpment which generally follows a Del
                                                    Rio-San Antonio-Austin line. North of Austin, the transition is less
                                                    abrupt, but follows approximately a line from Austin through Dallas to
                                                    the Oachita Mountains in Oklahoma.

                                                         A significant feature of the Texas Coast is the line of peninsulas
                                                    and off-shore islands which separates all the major bays, estuaries,
                                                    and lagoons along the coast from the open Gulf of Mexico. These
                                                    embayments are important commercial fishery areas in themselves and in
                                                    addition provide spawning grounds for many commercially important
                                                    species. Because the off-shore islands restrict tidal exchange, the
                                                    quantity and quality of drainage from the land surface is of extreme
                                                    importance to the biota of these bays, estuaries, and lagoons.

                                                         The climate of the Texas Coastal Zone is in general subtropical
                                                    with long warm to hot summers and short mild winters. The average
                                                    annual temperature (Fig. 1) shows a fairly regular decrease with
                                                    latitude from about 74' F. at Brownsville to about 70' F. at Sabine
                                                    Pass. In contrast to the north-South variation of temperature, the
                                                    average annual precipitation varies from east to west from about
                                                    55 inches per year at Sabine Pass to about 26 inches per year at
                                                    Brownsville (Fig. 2). On the basis of the spatial and seasonal dis-
                                                    tribution of temperature and precipitation, Thornthwaite distinguishes
                                                    four climatic belts along the Texas Coast (Fig. 3).

                                                                   II. REGIONAL CLIMATIC PATTERNS

                                                    Upper Coast - The upper coast in this discussion coincides with
                                                    Thornthwaite's humid zone. In Texas, the zone extends from Louisiana
                                                    westward to West Galveston Bay.

                                                         The cZimate is predominantly marine. Humidity is high, and
                                                    precipitation is abundant and fairly evenly distributed throughout
                                                    the year although there is a slight maximum in the summer. This
                                                    summertime maximum may be attributed to local convective activity
                                                    associated with the sea breeze circulation and tropical disturbances
                                                    from the Gulf of Mexico.

                                                         During the summer, afternoon temperatures are typically lowered
                                                    along the coast by the sea breeze which is an on-shore wind resulting

                                                                                  1

                                                   from temperature differences between the land and sea surfaces.
                                                   Frequently convergence in the low-level wind field caused by the
                                                   sea breeze circulation leads to afternoon and evening rain showers.

                                                        Winters are typicaZZy mild. Invasions of cold continental air
                                                   masses usually last only two to three days depending on the intensity
                                                   of the system before the mild southerly air-flow which prevails in
                                                   this season returns bringing waryner temperatures. The climatological
                                                   expectation is for from five to ten days during the winter with
                                                   temperatures 32% F. or below. The mean date of the first freezing
                                                   temperature is December 15, while the mean date of the last freezing
                                                   temperature is February 15. Snow is rare, with the mean annual
                                                   snowfall less than one inch. Spring and Fall in this zone generally
                                                   resemble the summer climate with occasional cooler periods resulting
                                                   from invasions of modified polar air masses.

                                                   Middle Coast - The middle coast extends from western Galveston Bay
                                                   to southern Corpus Christi Bay. Thornthwaite (Fig. 3) distinguishes
                                                   two cZimate types, wet subhwnid and dry-subhurnid, in this zone
                                                   however, this distinction is based mainly on total precipitation. The
                                                   climate in this zone becomes progressively drier and more continental
                                                   toward the west and south. The precipitation regime here is more
                                                   characteristic of that in most of the interior of the State, that is ,
                                                   there is a maximum of precipitation in the late spring with a
                                                   secondary maximum in early fall. The average annual precipitation
                                                   in this zone decreases fairly regularly to the west from about 46
                                                   inches to about 34 inches (Fig. 2).

                                                        Mainly because of the irregularity of the coastline in this zone
                                                   and the barrier islands, the sea-breeze circulation in summer is less
                                                   well developed here than on the upper coast, although it does have
                                                   significant cooling effects near the shoreline. Convective activity
                                                   associated with the sea-breeze circulation contributes less to the
                                                   summer rainfall in the area so that the May-September maxima common
                                                   to the interior are evident in the average annual distribution of
                                                   rainfall.

                                                        Cold air masses traversing this area in late fall, winter, and
                                                   early spring are usually considerably modified by the time they reach
                                                   the coast. Mean annual number of days with temperatures of 32% F.
                                                   or below is about five or less. On the average, freezing temperatures
                                                   occur between December 15 and February 75 in common with the upper
                                                   coast. Snow is rare. The climatological expectation of days with
                                                   temperatures of 90% F. or above rises to about 90 per year in this
                                                   area in contrast with only about 60 days per year in the upper coast
                                                   zone.

                                                   Lower Coast - The lower coast extends from southern Corpus Christi
                                                   Bay to the Rio Grande. Thornthwaite (Fig. 3) classified the climate

                                                                                 2

                                                    @s semi-arid. Average annual precipitation ranges from about 34
                                                    inches along the coast in the north to about 26 inches at the mouth
                                                    Of the Rio Grande (Fig. 2). Precipitation decreases fairly rapidly
                                                    inland to the west so that Mission only about 50 miles from the coast
                                                    along the Rio Grande has an annual average of less than 20 inches.
                                                    The monthly distribution of precipitation in this area exhibits maxima
                                                    in May and September.

                                                        Summers are long, hot, and relatively dry in this zone. The
                                                    slight cooling effect of the sea breeze circulation, and the small
                                                    amount of summer cloudiness in this area are evidenced by the fact
                                                    that the mean annual number of days with maximum temperature of
                                                    90% F. and above is about 90 near the coast but increases to 120 or
                                                    more about 50 miles inland. Spring and Fall resemble Summer here,
                                                    with more rain and slightly more moderate temperatures.

                                                        Winters are short and miZd. The mean length of the freeze-free
                                                    period in this zone is about 330 days. Freezing weather occurs on
                                                    the-average from less than two days in the south to about five days
                                                    per year in the north part of the lower coast. Cold air masses which
                                                    penetrate as far south as the lower coast in winter are much modified
                                                    in passage so that temperature changes in this zone are much less
                                                    pronounced than those in the Austin area for example. Only about
                                                    once in ten years on the average do cold outbreaks severe enough to
                                                    damage winter crops and fruit trees occur in this area.

                                                                         III. HURRICANES

                                                    Histor-icaZ Patterns - Hurricanes have struck the Texas Coast throughout
                                                    history, some with disastrous results. There is no reason to believe
                                                    hat there will be any striking change in either the frequency or the
                                                    pattern of future hurricanes affecting Texas (Fig. 6). The frequency
                                                    with which hurricanes strike Texas shows considerable variation,
                                                    tthere have been hurricane-free periods of up to six years (1903-1908)
                                                    followed by years of higher frequency. In both 1933 and 1942 two
                                                    hurricanes struck Texas. Based on the record from 1900 to the present,
                                                    it can be expected that on the average, a hurricane will strike some-
                                                    where on the Texas Coast about once in two years.

                                                        Hurricanes which affect Texas form in the southern North Atlantic,
                                                    the Carribean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. The most favorable location
                                                    for formation of these hurricanes varies from month to month in the
                                                    hurricane season which extends from June through October. Hurricanes
                                                    occasionally form in the period November through May, but none are
                                                    known to have affected Texas in these months. About two-thirds of the
                                                    hurricanes which have struck Texas have occurred in August and
                                                    September, while the remaining one-third have occurred in June, July,
                                                    and October.

                                                                                   3

                                                        Hurricanes develop from easterly waves in the zone of convergence
                                                  between the northeast and southeast trade winds which is located as
                                                  much as twelve degrees north of the equator in August. Easterly waves
                                                  are common in the tropics. An easterly wave will pass a given station
                                                  in the trade wind belt twice a week on the average. Most easterly
                                                  waves are stable and may travel thousands of miles with no further
                                                  development, but occasionally, when conditions are favorable, an
                                                  easterly wave will become unstable and will intensify further becoming
                                                  a tropical cyclone.

                                                        Tropical cyclone is the generic term for all cyclonic circulations
                                                  developing over tropical waters. Four stages in the development of
                                                  a tropical cyclone are distinguished: tropical disturbance, tropical
                                                  depression, tropical storm, and hurricane. The stages are marked
                                                  by increasing    well organized rotary circulation and higher wind
                                                  speeds (Fig. 7 . A hurricane, for instance, has pronounced rotary
                                                  circulation and maximum winds of 74 miles per hour or more.

                                                        A tropical cyclone on reaching land or recurving over the cooler
                                                  water of the North Atlantic may dissipate, or it may take on extra-
                                                  tropical characteristics and continue its path of destruction far
                                                  to the north. All tropical cyclones have the potential for producing
                                                  extreme rainfall when passing inland; the hurricane, of course, being
                                                  the most intense stage of tropical storm development, poses the
                                                  additional threat of damage from high tides, wind, and tornados.

                                                                    IV. HURRTCANE-DESTRUCTION

                                                  Tides and Wave  Action - By far, the greatest destruction and loss of
                                                  life along the  Texas Coast have resulted from a combination of
                                                  hurricane tide  and wave action. As a hurricane approaches the coast
                                                  water is piled  up to the right of the hurricane's path by the on-sho;e
                                                  wind (Fig. 4). When coupled with astronomical high tide and the rise
                                                  in water level  because of the low atmospheric pressure within a
                                                  hurricane, abnormally hi h tides of the order of 15 feet may be pro-
                                                  duced on the open c      ?Fig. 5). Still higher tides have been
                                                  observed in bays along the coast.

                                                        A particularly destructive feature of some hurricanes is the
                                                  storm surge the explanation of which is not well understood. The
                                                  storm (or hurricane) surge is a rapid rise in water level of several
                                                  feet in a few seconds which coincides approximately with the arrival
                                                  of the center of the storm. During the September 8, 1900, hurricane
                                                  at Galveston in which about 6,000 lives were lost, Dr. I. M. Cline
                                                  who was then in charge of the Weather Bureau at Galveston describes
                                                  a sudden rise of water level of four feet in as many seconds.

                                                  Wind - Representative wind readings during hurricanes are scarce for
                                                  several reasons. Even if wind instruments are installed in an area

                                                                                 4

                                                         where a hurricane strikes they usually fail before maximum wind speeds
                                                         are reached. Most wind instruments which are strong enough to with-
                                                         stand hurricane winds have considerable inertia and do not indicate
                                                         gusts accurately. Tests with specially installed "gust meters" have
                                                         indicated that hurricane gusts may exceed the steady wind by 50 percent,
                                                         thus in a steady III m.p.h. wind, gusts might reach III m.p.h.. In
                                                         spite of the lack of data it seems likely that most hurricanes have
                                                         steady winds of 100 m.p.h. at some time in their life cycle, 150 m.p.h.
                                                         winds are not uncommon, and in some extreme cases winds have exceeded
                                                         200 m.p.h..

                                                              The force exerted by the wind on a structure increases as the
                                                         square of the wind speed. Engineers have estimated that while a
                                                         60 m.p.h. wind exerts a force of 15 pounds per square foot, a 150 m.p.h.
                                                         wind exerts 112 pounds per square foot. Actual force on a structure
                                                         may exceed one and a half times the direct frontal pressure, depending
                                                         on the shape of the structure, because of negative pressure on the
                                                         leeward side.

                                                              Added to the dynamic force of the wind is the energy contained in
                                                         heavy, wind-blown debris which may damage or destroy a building which
                                                         could otherwise withstand the wind pressure.    Flying debris has been
                                                         responsible for many deaths and injuries in past hurricanes.
                                                         Fortunately, the windspeed in most hurricanes decreases rapidly as the
                                                         storm moves inland. Hurricane Celia (August, 1970) was a notable
                                                         exception in that not only did most of the damage in the coastal area
                                                         result from high winds (maximum reported 161 m.p.h.), but it still
                                                         produced 90 m.p.h. gusts as far inland as Del Rio.

                                                         Flooding - Next to wave and tide action, hurricane floods are the
                                                         second greatest source of deaths, injuries, and damage. As a hurricane
                                                         moves inland, the winds tend to be retarded by surface friction and
                                                         to blow more directly inward toward the storm center thus increasing
                                                         low-level convergence and the rainfall rate. When the vertical motion
                                                         induced by the increased convergence is added to lifting by higher
                                                         terrain or a frontal surface, torrential rains can result. noenty
                                                         to thirty inches of rain during the passage of a dissipating hurricane
                                                         are not unusual. While this amount of rainfall in a period of a few
                                                         days may produce long-lasting high water in flat, low flying areas
                                                         near the coast, only water damage to buildings, furnishings, crops, and
                                                         equipment usually result with much inconvenience but little loss of
                                                         life among the inhabitants. But in hilly or mountainous regions
                                                         catastrophic floods may result with heavy flood damage and great loss
                                                         of life. Runoff from hurricane rains may greatly decrease the salinity
                                                         of coastal embayments temporarily.

                                                              Hurricane Beulah (1967) is an example of a hurricane producing
                                                         widespread and extensive damages from flooding. While two other Texas
                                                         storms have produced higher rainfall rates (Hearne, June, 1899 - 24
                                                         inches in 24 hours; and Thrall, September, 1921 - 38.2 inches in 24
                                                         hours), Beulah stands alone when the extent of heavy rains is

                                                                                        5

                                                  considered (Fig. 9). All Texas streams from the Nueces south and west
                                                  to the Rio Grande and streams in northeast Mexico experienced flooding
                                                  following the passage of Beulah. Floods on many of these streams were
                                                  greatly in excess of previous record floods. Fortunately, Beulah
                                                  turned to the south and west after crossing the coast rather than
                                                  following the more normal path to the northeast which would have taken
                                                  it through the more densely populated and highly developed central and
                                                  northeastern portions of Texas in which case damages and loss of life
                                                  would likely have been even greater.

                                                  Hurricane Tornados - Tornados are frequently reported in association
                                                  with the passage of hurricanes. It is likely that many tornado
                                                  occurrences are unobserved amid the general destruction of a hurricane
                                                  passage. Study of hurricane tornados indicates that they occur only
                                                  in the forward semicircle or along the advancing periphery of the
                                                  storm and that they are generally less severe than the usual inland
                                                  tornado with a shorter and narrower path.

                                                        Hurricane Beulah was also unique in the number of reported
                                                  tornados. The  E.S.S.A. State Climatologist for Texas has confirmed
                                                  reports of 115 tornados associated with this storm from areas as
                                                  widely separated as Houston and Austin. The most severe of these
                                                  ?ccurred at Palacios where three persons were killed and five were
                                                  injured.

                                                                    V. HURRICANE PROTECTION

                                                  Existing Protection - Hurricane protection work along the Texas Coast
                                                  has taken the form of protection from storm tides and waves by sea walls
                                                  and levees, and by drainage structures to lessen damage from flooding.
                                                  No protection is offered against hurricane winds and tornados although
                                                  experience in other states has demonstrated that strict building codes
                                                  in hurricane prone areas can reduce wind damage significantly.

                                                       The Galveston Sea WaZZ was the first protective structure to be
                                                  constructed along the Texas Coast. It was constructed following the
                                                  disastrous hurricane of 1900 and has since been improved and extended
                                                  to offer additional protection to the city. Other hurricane protective
                                                  structures are located at Port Arthur, Texas City-La Marque-Hitchcock,
                                                  Corpus Christi, and at Freeport. Other small scale protective works
                                                  exist but are probably inadequate for protection in a severe hurricane.

                                                  Future Plans - Historically, hurricane protective work has had to wait
                                                  on development along the coast line and usually on the passage of a
                                                  destructive hurricane through a highly developed area. However, the
                                                  U. S. Amy Corps of Engineers is presently investigating the feasibility

                                                                                6

                                                     of providing hurricane Protection to Ile entire coast of Texao by
                                                     erecting levees along the beaches and the barrier islands with
                                                     secondary protective structures to protect developed areas along the
                                                     inshore bays. These studies are scheduled to be completed in 1973.

                                                          It seems likely at this time that protection of the entire coast
                                                     of Texas will prove infeasible from the standpoint of expected benefits
                                                     and costs along many thinly populated sections of the coast, but the
                                                     plan could serve as a guide for a future integrated protective system
                                                     of the entire coast as development occurs.

                                                     Hurricane Warnings - Modern communications and surveillance of
                                                     hurricanes by aircraft, radar, and satellites coupled with improved
                                                     forecast techniques have greatly increased the time available to pre-
                                                     pare for a hurricane. Such preparation may include mass evacuation
                                                     of the threatened area, for instance, in Hurricane Carla (1961) an
                                                     estimated 350,000 persons fled inland from the coastal areas of Texas
                                                     and Louisiana. There is no doubt that the evacuation greatly reduced
                                                     the death toll.

                                                          Especially needed in this connection is a foolproof forecast
                                                     technique. Preparation for a hurricane in a highly developed area
                                                     can be very costly, but of necessity, hurricane warnings are issued
                                                     for larger areas than actually prove necessary to allow for last
                                                     minute changes in path thus requiring some areas to prepare unnecessarily.
                                                     Many scientists are studying the problem and better understanding of
                                                     the process of tropical cyclone genesis will probably lead to improved
                                                     forecasts and possibly to reduction of the intensity of hurricanes which
                                                     threaten coastal areas by some form of weather modification.

                                                                   VI. CHARACTERTSTIC GULF CURRENTS

                                                     Locations and Directions - The semi-permanent off-shore currents along
                                                     the Texas Coast are governed by the main stream of the North Equatorial
                                                     Current which enters the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatan Channel.
                                                     The eastern part of this flow turns to the right to flow out through
                                                     the Florida Strait. The western part divides into two currents, one
                                                     of which flows westward along the upper coast of Texas while the other
                                                     flows to the north along the lower coast. These two currents meet
                                                     along the central coast of Texas in a convergence zone which is locally
                                                     known as the whirlpool of the Gulf. The two semi-permanent along-shore
                                                     currents along the Texas Coast as well as the convergence zone remain
                                                     fairly constant from year to year, but shift in location and relative
                                                     strength in response to seasonal changes in the prevailing wind. Winds
                                                     and tides resulting from hurricanes and other tropical cyclones have
                                                     only a transitory effect on these semi-permanent currents.

                                                                                   7

                                                   Seasonal Vay-lations - Off-shore currents off Sabine Pass are to the
                                                   west and those off the Rio Grande are to the north throughout the year.
                                                   Winds influence only intensities and minor changes in direction of
                                                   these currents and the location of the convergence zone.

                                                        During January, February, and March, the westward and southwestward
                                                   current is well developed in response to the prevailing easterly winds
                                                   during this season. The convergence zone is located off Aransas Pass.
                                                   In May the winds shift to southeasterly and the northerly current off
                                                   the lower coast extends further north shifting the convergence zone
                                                   along the coast to the vicinity of the mouth of the Colorado River.
                                                   This condition prevails during the summer with the northerly current
                                                   along the lower coast reaching its greatest development. In September,
                                                   the prevailing winds shift abruptly to the east and the convergence
                                                   zone shifts to the southwest off Corpus Christi Bay. In the winter,
                                                   the southwest nearshore current along the upper coast reaches its
                                                   greatest development at the time when the prevailing winds have their
                                                   most northerly component.

                                                   Perfornance as Pollutant Dispersers - Because the prevailing currents
                                                   along the Texas Coast have an alongshore and in some cases an onshore
                                                   component they function poorly as dispersers of pollutants. Alongshore
                                                   currents carry sediments from the Mississippi, which drains most of
                                                   the interior of the continent, for considerable distances along the
                                                   Texas Coast. In these sediments, one finds much of the waste materials
                                                   produced in the Central United States. Mississippi sediments have been
                                                   identified as far to the west as the continental shelf off Rockport.
                                                   It is reported that Rio Grande sediments are transported as far north
                                                   as the Rockport vicinity, but there is some disagreement as to the
                                                   extent of northward transport.

                                                        Surprisingly, in view of  the importance of the Gulf of Mexico to
                                                   the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, little is known in detail of the
                                                   ocean currents and circulation. Since about two-thirds of the United
                                                   States and more than half of Mexico contribute sediments - and
                                                   pollutants - to the Gulf of Mexico, studies of ocean currents,
                                                   circulation, and the effects of pollutants on the biota of the   Gulf
                                                   should have high priority.

                                                                   VII. PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES

                                                   Water Courses and Deltas - Texas is drained by ten major river systems
                                                   which enter coastal bays, estuaries, and lagoons or empty directly
                                                   into the Gulf along the Texas Coast. In order, from northeast to
                                                   southwest, these are: the Sabine, Neches, Trinity, San Jacinto, Brazos,
                                                   Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio, Nueces, and Rio Grande. In addition
                                                   to these major systems, there are many minor coastal drainage systems
                                                   which feed into the Gulf or the coastal embayments. Of the major

                                                                                 8

                                                      streams, only the Brazos, Colorado, and Rio Grande empty directly into
                                                      the Gulf. The Rio Grande normally has little or no flow at its mouth
                                                      because of heavy demands in its lower reaches for municipal, industrial,
                                                      and irrigation water.

                                                          Little delta building is presently taking place along the Texas
                                                      Coast. There are many factors which influence this lack of delta
                                                      building including the prevailing alongshore currents off the Texas
                                                      Coast and the many upstream dams on Texas streams which considerably
                                                      reduce the sediment load reaching coastal waters. In the case of rivers
                                                      emptying into coastal embayments, the river water tends to ride over the
                                                      denser saline water in the bays so that sediments are well distributed
                                                      within the bays by local currents. The Trinity delta, for example, has
                                                      built forward only approximately three tenths of a mile since 1855.

                                                          The most spectacular delta building episode occurred on the
                                                      Colorado which had been dammed by a log jam prior to 1926 when the
                                                      log jam was gradually cleared. Between 1930 and 1936, the Colorado
                                                      delta built forward four miles across Matagorda Bay cutting the bay
                                                      into two arms. The Colorado now has a direct exit into the Gulf. It
                                                      is believed that the majority of the sediments used in the rapid delta
                                                      building sequence had previously been trapped behind the log jam.

                                                          Estuarine and Beach Areas - The Texas Coast is an almost continuous
                                                      series of bays, estuaries and lagoons from Sabine Lake through the
                                                      Laguna Madre. The central depths of these embayments range from about
                                                      four to thirteen feet except for areas near inlets, where local tidal
                                                      currents may scour holes 30 to 40 feet deep, and dredged channels. The
                                                      average rate of deposition in these bays is on the order of about one
                                                      foot per century so that these embayments may be eliminated in less than
                                                      a millenium unless there is a rise in sea level. Indications are that
                                                      the Brazos River has already filled its bay. It now flows directly
                                                      into the Gulf.

                                                          Texas bays penetrate about 30 miles inside the outer coast to the
                                                      ..bay line" where the gentle slope of the coastal plain limits inland
                                                      progress of the bays. The bays are generally flanked by alluvial plains
                                                      which in their lower ends are marshy in most places. Inside the bays
                                                      there are fluvial plains flanking the river valleys. Seaward of the
                                                      bays, there are barrier islands and barrier spits which protect them
                                                      from the open Gulf. The shores of many bays, as well as the open coast
                                                      and both sides of the barrier islands and spits have many miles of fine
                                                      sandy beaches which provide excellent recreational areas.

                                                                     VIII. IMPACTS ON DEVELOPMENT

                                                      climate's impact - The mild climate of the Texas Coast and the long
                                                      frost free period have favored agriculturaL development. Crops range
                                                      from rice, which requires large quantities of water, along the Upper
                                                      Coast to forage in the drier sections. The Lower Rio Grande Valley

                                                                                    9

                                                   where irrigation water is available produces large and varied
                                                   crops mainly of fruit and vegetables as do other smaller areas
                                                   in the lower and middle coastal zones. The climate of the
                                                   Coastal Zone which permits outdoor activities year-round is
                                                   attractive to industry, and an increasing recreation-based
                                                   development is taking place in the area.

                                                       The main climatic hindrance to development is the threat
                                                   of hurricanes, but the proximity to raw materials in the case
                                                   of the petrochemical industry and other factors have outweighed
                                                   this threat in many cases especially in areas where hurricane
                                                   protection has been provided by sea-walls and levees.

                                                   Influence of Physiography - The coastal environment has led to the
                                                   development of several major deep-draft ports along the Texas
                                                   Coast.  For this reason, among others, many industries which require
                                                   access to world shipping lanes have located on the Texas Coast.
                                                   An important fishing industry has developed in the area, and the
                                                   proximity to both fresh water lakes and the bays and open Gulf
                                                   attracts an increasing number of boating and sports-fishing
                                                   enthusiasts each year. Hunters attracted to the coastal salt
                                                   marshes, which are major wintering and breeding grounds for
                                                   northern waterfowl, provide an important source of revenue.

                                                   Air Pollution - Air pollution along the Texas Coast has not
                                                   previously been a widespread serious problem although local,
                                                   temporary pollution episodes occur. Two factors havc been
                                                   responsible for the relative freedom from air pollution problems
                                                   to date. First is the almost universal use of natural gas by
                                                   industry in the Coastal Zone and little use of other less clean
                                                   burining types of fuel. The other factor is the naturally less
                                                   stable stratification of the lower atmosphere over the Texas
                                                   Coast coupled1with higher average surface winds which cause
                                                   pollutants to be mixed throughout a deeper layer of the atmosphere
                                                   than in air pollution prone areas.

                                                                              10

                                                                              REFERENCES

                                                     Dunn, G. E. & B. I. Miller - "Atlantic Hurricanes" L.S.U. 1964

                                                     Environmental Science Services A&ninistration - National
                                                          Hurricane Research Project Report #5
                                                          National Hurricane Research Project Report #33
                                                          Technical Paper #55, "Tropical Cyclones of the North
                                                          Atlantic Ocean."
                                                          State Climatologist for Texas - "The Climate of Texas
                                                          and Adjacent Gulf Waters."
                                                          Environmental Data Service - "Selected Climatic Maps of the
                                                          United States."

                                                     Fenneman, N. M. & D. w. johnson - "Physical Divisions of the
                                                          U. S.," U.S.G.S. Map. 1946.

                                                     Scripps Inst. of oceanography - "Recent Sediments, Northwest
                                                          Gulf of Mexico." American Assn. of Petroleum Geologists -
                                                          1960.

                                                     Taa Water Development Board - Report No. 19, "Hurricanes
                                                          Affecting the Texas Coast."

                                                     Thorntkiaite, C. W. - "An Approach toward a Rational Classification
                                                          of Climate." Geog. Rev. V. 38, No. 1, 1948.

                                                                                       -AA
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                                                                                                                                                  GRANCE

                                                                                                             Average Annual Mean Free-Air
                                                                                                            Temperature (Degrees Fahrenheit)
                                                                                                                             1931-60

                                                                                                                       FIGURE 1

                                                                                                                  12

                                                                                                                                       RE@

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     A

                                                                                                         K@0    RA     E

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     A

                                                                                                                                                                                                              NECIES-
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                                                                                                                                             Average Annual Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                     in Inches 1931-60

                                                                                                                                                     FIGURE 2

                                                                                                            H u m I D

                                                                             W E T  S    B     A I D

                                                     D R y  SUBHUM      I D

                                                                                                                    >

                                                              4,

                                              S E M     A R  ID
                                                                                           tL)-AAjE BELTS ON THE TEXAS COAST

                                                                                                 After Thornthwaite

                                                                                                     FIGURE 3

                                                                                    14

                                                                                                                                                                                                     FORT ARTHUR
                                                                                                                               0 DIRECTION OF                                                   FFMZ. '7.
                                                                                                                              F RftRO MOTION                                              GALWST
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                                                                                                                                                                                               MODEL
                                                                                                                                                                             Wine SPW4 Adj.tJ              0--tim,
                                                                                                                               20                                            fim, RINRi                   Sp.d

                                                                                                    --Composite Wind-Speed and Direction Pattern, October 3, 1949,
                                                                                        Near the Texas Coast. All times CST. Speeds in mph adjusted to 30 feet
                                                                                        above water.

                                                                                                                                    FIGURE 4

                                                                                                                                            15

                                                                                      7n.

                                                    SOUTHERN
                                                                                             ,2 'v
                                                     TEXAS
                                                     COAST

                                                                                   131

                                                                     '13

                                                               11,3

                                                       -Hurricane Garla, September 7-12, 1961. High water mark chart
                                              for Texas , Shaded area indicate@ the extent of flooding. (Based on data
                                               obtained from the Galveston District of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

                                                                           FIGURE 5

                                                                            16

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                                                                                                                               17

                                                                               61                  la"

                                                   RADAR
                                                      SPIRAL
                                                        RAINBANDS

                                                                    HURRICANE MODEL
                                                                                                      Ci        WIMS940        ---50,000
                                                        Cirrus                                          primary                   40,000
                                                           Secondary
                                                    -------------------       --------         -----       ------------ ----      30,000
                                                                                EY
                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                  10,000

                                                           LEFT SIDE                             RIGHT SIDE

                                                       Primary Energy Coll Not Towers*)  EMConvective, Clouds EMAkostratus =Cirrus

                                                              - The Hurricane Model. The primary energy cell
                                                     (convective chimney) is located in the area enclosed by the
                                                     broken line. (From NHRP Rept. no. 60, Hurricane Esther
                                                     1961.)

                                                                                  FIGURE 7

                                                                                       18

                                                                      -ENE

                                                                                                                                                 EXPLANATION

                                                                                                                              EANS
                                                                                                                                             o@
                                                                          ,sm "-w
                                                                              IS                             27                                       y f -th

                                                                                                                                                                  W

                                                                                                                                                         17

                                                                                                                  26

                                                                                     TAM-0

                                                                                                                                                     LLADOLID

                                                                                                   MAJOR HURRICANES
                                                                                                       1900@1970

                                                                                                        FIGURE 8

                                                                                                             19

                                                                                                                           FAYETTE

                                                                                                                                  COLORADO
                                                                                      E-R

                                                                                                                       -KA
                                                                                                                                  @--@.ARTON
                                                                                                                       -61
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                                                                                 MCMULLE   41. A.

                                                                                                           AN  TNI
                                                                                                     UE-

                                                                                                                                                EXPLANATION

                                                                                        28                                                        ...... 1,

                                                                                                                                                          NM.. A.
                                                                                                                                         TAW.

                                                                                         HIDAL

                                                                                 A.
                                                                                                             AM N@

                                                                                        A

                                                                                 RAINFALL RESULTING FROM HURRICANE BEULAH

                                                                                                     FIGURE 9

                                                                                                     20

                                                                     L A N D - U S E   P A T T E R N S   I N

                                                                   T H E T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                    Prepared by

                                                                            BUREAU OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

                                                                         THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

                                                                         Dr. Bill Fischer, Project Leader

                                                                           Dr. Peter T. FZatin, Director

                                                                                   October 1970

                                                                                        for

                                                                       COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                       INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                         DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                              OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                                                                               CONTENTS

                                                                             I. Introduction

                                                                            II. Specific Use Patterns

                                                                                  A.   Agriculture

                                                                                  B.   Range-ranchland

                                                                                  C.   Woodland-timber

                                                                                  D.   Marshlands

                                                                                  E.   Urban-industrial-residential

                                                                                  F.   Recreation

                                                                                  G.   Formal Wildlife Refuges

                                                                                  H.   Barren Lands

                                                                                  I.   Made Land and Spoil

                                                                                  J.   Water

                                                                                  K.   Hurricane Flood

                                                                                  L.   Shoreline

                                                                                  M.   Canals

                                                                           III.   Physical Processes

                                                                                  A.   Barriers

                                                                                  B.   Tidal Channels

                                                                                  C.   Bays and Lagoons

                                                                                  D.   Bayhead and Estuarine Deltas

                                                                                  E.   Marshes

                                                                                  F.   Fluvial Systems

                                                                                  G.   Folian Systems

                                                                            IV.   Effects of Man's Activity on Coastal Environments

                                                                                  A. Channelization and Dredging

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                                      I                                    B.  Devegetation
                                                                           C.  Land Reclamation

                                                                           D.  Coastal Construction
                                      I                                    E.  Waste Disposal
                                                                           F.  Mineral Extraction
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                                                     L A N D - U S E P A T T E R N S , T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                    I. INTRODUCTION

                                                                  The interface of the sea and the land, inherent in a coastal
                                                              zone, prescribes a variety of land-use patterns. Variations in
                                                              relief (from low coastal marshes and river swamps to upland prair-
                                                              ies), in climate (from temperate-humid along the upper coast to
                                                              semi-arid-subtropical in the lower coastal zone), in soil fertility
                                                              (from fertile organic clays to barren sand), and in original
                                                              vegetation (woodlands, prairies, and marshes) are natural features
                                                              superimposed on the variety of land-use patterns attendant on
                                                              population and industrial concentration. Further, in the dynamic
                                                              and diverse environments of the Coastal Zone, the effects of man's
                                                              use of land and water on natural systems is drawn sharply into
                                                              focus. The result of these several factors is a complex pattern
                                                              of land, water, and submerged-land use. Detailed analyses of
                                                              the several land uses of the Texas Coastal Zone are beyond the
                                                              scope of this report. Data have been derived from a series of
                                                              extensive Coastal Zone maps currently in preparation by the Bureau
                                                              of Economic Geology; at present, these are only partially completed.
                                                              The categories shown on the accompanying map (Plate I) and the
                                                              statistical delineation in Table I have been geneplized and
                                                              derived from several of these more detailed maps.      Principal
                                                              general-use categories shown on Plate I include Agriculture (crops),
                                                              Range-Ranchland (cattle grazing), Woodland-Timber, Marsh (chiefly
                                                              range and wildlife), Swamp (primarily wildlife), Recreation,
                                                              Spoil, Made Land, Formal Wildlife Refuges, and No Principal Use
                                                              Pattern. Industrial, urban, and other cultural features are
                                                              shown on the Army Map Service topographic base (scale 1:250,000).
                                                              These features were adapted for use in Table I from detailed maps
                                                              of the Bureau's Environmental Geologic Atlas Series. Several

                                                                  lAnticipated completion date is the late spring of 1971.
                                                                  2Component maps of the Bureau of Economic Geology Environ-
                                                              mental Geologic Atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone, currently in
                                                              preparation, include (1) geologic-landform map, (2) engineering-
                                                              properties map, (3) topographic map, (4) active physical-properties
                                                              map, (5) land-use map, (6) mineral and energy resource map, (7) vege-
                                                              tation and animal distribution map, (8) man-made features map,
                                                              (9) climatic map, and (10) major depositional systems map. An
                                                              index and map are provided in Attachment A.

                                                                                            1

                                                                                 categories pertinent to land use and land-use patterns, partially
                                                                                 shown on Plate I, are given in the statistical summary of Table I.
                                                                                 These include

                                                                                         1.    total area: includes both land and water; data for five
                                                                                               counties are partial, covering only that portion of the
                                                                                               the county shown on the accompanying map:

                                                                                         2.    agricultural lands;

                                                                                         3.    range-ranchland;

                                                                                         4.    woodland-timber areas;

                                                                                         5.    marshland-swamp (wetlands) areas;

                                                                                         6.    bays (surface-water area);

                                                                                         7.    urban-industrial-residential areas;

                                                                                         8.    natural fresh-water bodies (surface-water area);

                                                                                         9.    artificial reservoirs (surface-water area);

                                                                                       10.     recreational lands (primarily public beaches);

                                                                                       11.     made lands (reclaimed);

                                                                                       12.     formal wildlife refuges;

                                                                                       13.     no existing use (principally wildlife);

                                                                                       14.     subaerial spoil mounds and spoil wash;

                                                                                       15.     hurricane flood areas (areas of inundation by Hurricanes
                                                                                               Beulah and Carla);

                                                                                       16.     bay-shore line;

                                                                                       17.     open ocean-gulf shoreline;

                                                                                       18.     total marAne shoreline;

                                                                                       19.     major drainage and irrigation canals;
                                                                                       20'.    major transportation canals.

                                                                                                                                2

                                                                        Ii. SPECIFIC USE PATTERNS

                                                            Following are brief notes on the patterns and distribution
                                                       of principal land and water uses of the Coastal Zone. These
                                                       cover the 18-county area of the Coastal Zone with the exception
                                                       of Harris, Jackson, Nueces, San Patirico, and Victoria Counties,
                                                       which have not been completely surveyed.

                                                       AGRICULTURE - Agricultural use of land is extensive within the
                                                       18-county area of the Texas Coastal lone, with approximately
                                                       41% of the total land available in the area used for this purpose:
                                                       approximately 5,Z20 square miles are presently under cultivation.
                                                       Concentration is on the original prairie grasslands of the central
                                                       and upper Coastal Zone: agricultural use becomes less extensive
                                                       in the South Texas Coastal Zone with the progressive decrease in
                                                       rainfall. Total income from agricultural crops amounted to $Z64
                                                       million in Z969, with an additional value of $25 million in U. S.
                                                       Government payments, combined to represent about 10% of the total
                                                       State income for these items.

                                                            Land is used principally for the cultivation of rice, with
                                                       60% of the total production of Texas coming from the Coastal
                                                       Zone. Main producing counties, north of the San Antonio River,
                                                       include Brazoria, Chambers, Harris, Jackson, Jefferson, and
                                                       Matagorda. Relatively high rainfall and extensive irrigation
                                                       are main contributing factor,,

                                                            A second important agricultural crop in the Coastal Zone
                                                       is grain sorghums, accounting for about 12% of the total State
                                                       production. Principal yields are centered in the Corpus Christi
                                                       area (Nueces and San Patricio Counties) and in the southernmost
                                                       part of the Coastal Zone (Willacy and Cameron Counties).
                                                            Use of Coastal Zone land in the mduction of cotton is
                                                       significant only in the Coastal Bend Calhoun, Nueces, and San
                                                       Patricio Counties) and in the lower Rio Grande Valley (Willacy
                                                       County). Approximately 8% of the total State production comes
                                                       from the Coastal Zone.

                                                            Use of Coastal Zone land for production of corn and hay
                                                       is relatively minor, resulting in less than 3% of the total State
                                                       production. Concentration of these crops is in the central Coastal
                                                       Zone (Matagorda, Brazoria, and Harris Counties), co-extensive
                                                       with the area of principal beef production in the Coastal Zone.
                                                       Grains such as oats and wheat are grown locally, but not in signi-
                                                       ficant quantities.

                                                            With the exception of the subtropical lower Rio Grande Valley
                                                       (Willacy and Cameron Counties), little land of the Coastal Zone
                                                       is used in the production of fruits and vegetables. Other areas
                                                       with at least limited production of these crops usually surround
                                                       principal population centers.

                                                                                      3

                                                        RANGE-RANCHLAND - Approximately 42Z (4,425 square miles) of the
                                                        total area of the Coastal Zone is devoted to range and ranch sites;
                                                        marshl ands also used as range sites include an additional 760
                                                        square miles. Principal sites include the more arid region of
                                                        South Texas, the low-lying coastal marshes, and the nonwooded
                                                        barrier islands and levees of the.central and upper Coastal Zone.
                                                        The grazing of beef, the production of which accounts for nearly
                                                        10% of the State total, is the principal use of the range land and
                                                        is most significant in Brazoria, Harris, Jackson, Matagorda, and
                                                        Victoria Counties. Cash receipts for livestock, mainly beef,
                                                        from the Coastal Zone amounted to about $83.5 million in 1969.

                                                        wooDLAND-T-TmBER - Woodlands occur throughout the Coastal Zone
                                                        of Texas but are most extensive in Orange County (a southern exten-
                                                        sion of the East Texas Piney Woodlands), in Brazoria and Matagorda
                                                        Counties (along existing and ancestral drainage of the Colorado
                                                        and Brazos Rivers), and in Kenedy County (including vegetated
                                                        dunes of the South Texas sand sheet). Smaller areas of woodlands
                                                        elsewhere in the Coastal Zone occur along streams, including low-
                                                        swamp areas with water-tolerant vegetation, and on certain of the
                                                        abandoned Pleistocene barrier island sands. Total woodland area
                                                        in the Coastal Zone is approximately 1,600 square miles (Table I
                                                        and Plate I). Principal vegetation in the upper Coastal Zone
                                                        woodlands includes pine and mixed hardwoods; in the central Coastal
                                                        Zone, a variety of water-tolerant hardwoods; and in the southern
                                                        Coastal Zone, chiefly oak. Commercial timbering is not significant
                                                        in the Coastal Zone and is restricted primarily to Orange County.
                                                        Some natural woodlands have been cleared for agricultural use in
                                                        the Coastal Zone, but the total acreage for this purpose is small.

                                                        MARSHLANDS - Approximately 760 square miles of the Texas Coastal
                                                        Zone exist as marshlands or wetlands. These include dominantly
                                                        low-lying coastal lands, the back sides of barrier islands, and
                                                        low areas at the ter-minus of major river valleys and associated
                                                        bayhead deltas. Salt marshes, brackish marshes, and fresh-water
                                                        marshes (mapped separately in the Bureau of Economic Geology
                                                        Environmental Geologic Atlas Series) are restricted to areas below
                                                        the 4-feet above mean sea level. Grasses of varying tolerance to
                                                        fresh and salt water are the sole vegetation. Most of the marsh-
                                                        lands are used as ranch and range sites for the grazing of beef
                                                        cattle, although the lowest parts of the marshlands, commonly with
                                                        salt vegetation, are not overly suited for this prupose. Portions
                                                        of some of the coastal marshes have been reclaimed, some by filling
                                                        and others by draining. Conflicting and detrimental uses of marsh-
                                                        lands are considered in another section of this report.

                                                        URBAN-INDUSTRIAL-RESIDENTIAL - General distribution of lands used
                                                        in this category and their relationship with other uses of the land
                                                        in the Coastal Zone are shown as a part of the Army Map Service
                                                        base on the accompanying map (Plate I). Data given in Table I
                                                        were derived from more detailed base maps. Specific breakdowns
                                                        in this category are not given at the scale of the accompanying
                                                        map but have been mapped in the Bureau of Economic Geology Environ-
                                                        mental Geologic Atlas Series.

                                                                                       4

                                                             The principal urban and industrial concentration is in the
                                                        upper part of the Coastal Zone. Highest concentrations are in
                                                        Brazoria (Freeport area), Jefferson (Galveston area), Harris
                                                        (Houston area), and Nueces (Corpus Christi area) Counties. Nearly
                                                        1,000 square miles are included in this use category, based on
                                                        the area covered in the accompanying map. This does not include
                                                        all such land use in the 18-county Coastal Zone area; for example,
                                                        only about 20% of the urban-industrial area of Harris County is
                                                        included in Table I.

                                                        RECREATION - The area designated as recreational use, shown on
                                                        the accompanying map (Plate I) and on Table I, includes primarily
                                                        public beaches of the Coastal Zone. This amounts to a total area
                                                        of about 23 square miles. Not included are a variety of public
                                                        parks and other recreational areas, surface waters, and the National
                                                         eashore of Padre Island.

                                                        FORMAL WILDLIFE REFUGES - Five major National Wildlife Refuges have
                                                        'been designated in the Texas Coastal Zone: Anahuac Refuge in
                                                        Chambers County (69 square miles); two refuges in Brazoria County
                                                        (a total of 43 square miles); Aransas Refuge in Aransas County,
                                                        with a small area extending into Refugio and Calhoun Counties
                                                        (approximately 83 square miles); and Laguna Atascosa Refuge in
                                                        Cameron County, with a small part extending into Willacy County
                                                        (approximately 70 square miles). Total area formally designated
                                                        as wildlife refuge is about 213 square miles. In addition, wild-
                                                          fe use is coestensive with many of the other use categories.

                                                        BARREN LANDS - Barren lands, or land for which there is no existing
                                                        'i

                                                        use other than a limited use for wildlife, comprise nearly 580 square
                                                        miles in the Coastal Zone. Principal distribution of these lands
                                                        is in the semiarid southern part of the Coastal Zone from Klpberg
                                                        County south. Principally, these include extensive wind-tidal
                                                        flats landward of Padre Island, as well as some of the active dune
                                                        fields on the South Texas sand sheet. Smaller areas of wind-
                                                        tidal flats exist on the back side of barriers in Calhoun and
                                                        Aransas Counties. A small area of barren land exists in the coastal
                                                        mudflats of Jefferson County, just south of Sabine Pass.

                                                        MADE LAND AND SPOIL - Made land, or land built up to higher levels
                                                        by grading, represents about 34 square miles in the Coastal Zone.
                                                        These occur principally in metropolitan areas along the coast:
                                                        for example, the city of Galveston and most of Pelican Island are
                                                        both on made land. The areas indicated as subaerial spoil on
                                                        the accompanying table include only dredged sediment presently
                                                        above sea level: the category does not include the extensive areas
                                                        of subaqueous spoil within the bays. Subaqueous spoil generally
                                                        flanks dredged canals either as submarine mounds or as reworked
                                                        spoil flats; subaerial spoil is most extensive in areas where
                                                        the Intercoastal Canal is cut into land. Some of the spoil areas
                                                        have re-established vegetation; other areas are barren.

                                                                                      5

                                                      WATER - The extensive bays of the Coastal Zone comprise the principal
                                                      surface -water bodies, covering approximately 2,100 square miles
                                                      and making up about 13% of the total surveyed area of the Coastal
                                                      Zone (Table I and Plate 1). Principal bays and estuaries include
                                                      Sabine Lake; Trinity-Galveston Bay, including East and West Bays;
                                                      Matagorda Bay, including East Matagorda Bay; Espiritu Santo Bay;
                                                      Lavaca Bay; San Antonio Bay; Aransas Bay, Copano Bay; Corpus Christi
                                                      Bay; Baffin Bay; and Laguna Madre. The bays of the Coastal Zone
                                                      have extensive uses, many of which are conflicting - commercial
                                                      and sport fishing and oystering, recreation, shell dredging, and
                                                      oil and gas production with their accompanying pipeline systems.
                                                      Some of the conflicting uses of the bays are considered in another
                                                      section of this report. Specific features of the mineral industry's
                                                      uses of the bays are considered in the Task Area on Minerals and
                                                      Mining.

                                                           Fresh-water bodies existing either as natural-water bodies
                                                      or as artificial reservoirs comprise the other water areas of the
                                                      Coastal Zone. The surface area of natural-water bodies in the
                                                      Coastal Zone is about 1,700 square miles; artificial reservoirs
                                                      cover about 65 square miles (Table I and Plate I).

                                                      HURRICANE FLOOD - Approximately 3,208 square miles of the lower
                                                      parts of the Texas Coastal Zone have been inundated by salt water
                                                      from surges of Hurricanes Carla and Beulah during the past decade;
                                                      particularly prone to flooding are the low coastal marshes and
                                                      the lower reaches of the main river valleys. Coastal flood areas
                                                      are not specified on the accompanying map (Plate 1); statistical
                                                      data reported in Table I are based on detailed maps of hurricane
                                                      flooding prepared as a part of the Bureau of Economic Geology
                                                      Environmental Geologic Atlas Series (available in the spring of
                                                      1971).

                                                      SHORELINE - Total shoreline in the Texas Coastal Zone amounts to
                                                      slightly over 1,890 miles. of this total, 1,419 miles are bay
                                                      shoreline and 373 miles are open-ocean or gulf shoreline. These
                                                      figures are computed from detailed 715-minute topographic maps
                                                      of the Coastal Zone, most of which were constructed during the
                                                      past decade. The shoreline is a dynamic zone subject to constant
                                                      change in the form of erosion or accretion: it is thus subject
                                                      to change in total length. The main physical processes of the
                                                      shoreline are considered in another section of this report.

                                                      CANALS - An extensive canal system has developed in the Texas
                                                      Coastal Zone, including both transportation canals and irriga-
                                                      tion-drainage canals. Major transportation canals amount to a
                                                      total of 668 miles within the surveyed part of the Coastal Zone
                                                      (Plate I and Table I); this figure includes the portions of the
                                                      transportation canals dredged within bays, as well as the land-
                                                      cut parts of the canals. Approximately 3,120 miles of irrigation
                                                      and drainage canals have been cut in the Coastal Zone, mostly
                                                      coestensive with agricultural lands.

                                                                                    6

                                                                           III. PHYSICAL PROCESSES

                                                              Determining  factors in land use are the degree, variety, and
                                                         nature of physical processes. In the dynamic environments of the
                                                         Coastal Zone, these factors assume prime importance. A distinct
                                                         suite of processes affect the barrier islands, the bays, lagoons,
                                                         and estuaries, and the mainland.   Among the more important processes
                                                         are those that determine rates of erosion or accretion by either
                                                         water or wind, extent and kind of flooding, and transportation and
                                                         dispersal of sediments. Following is a brief outline of the main
                                                         physical processes existing in the Texas Coastal Zone, listed
                                                         in terms of natural systems and their component environments.

                                                              A. BARRIERS

                                                                  1. Shoreface (offshore, 0 to approximately 30 feet)
                                                                       a.  Normal sea conditions - Onshore and lateral trans-
                                                                           port of sand by bottom currents (tidal and wind-
                                                                           generated waves). Some suspension material
                                                                           deposited on the lower shoreface and mixed with
                                                                           sand through organic activity.
                                                                       b.  Storm conditions - Sand and shell are transported
                                                                           onshore as large sand waves. Sand and mud are
                                                                           carried offshore in suspension by turbidity currents
                                                                           and are deposited on parts of the shoreface.

                                                                  2. Foreshore and backshore
                                                                       a.  NormaI sea conditions - Sand is spread in thin
                                                                           sheets on the foreshore by swash and backwash;
                                                                           some of this sand is transported by wind across
                                                                           the berm onto the backshore where it may accumu-
                                                                           late as coppus mounds. Some areas of the back-
                                                                           shore are deflated of sand, leaving a pavement
                                                                           of shell and shell debris.
                                                                       b.  Storm conditions - Under storm conditions the
                                                                           foreshore is eroded and sand is deposited as a
                                                                           storm beach above normal high-tide mark. The
                                                                           beach is reworked by eolian processes.

                                                                  3.   Foredune ridges
                                                                       These ridges accrete under prevailing southeast-wind
                                                                       conditions; sand is derived from the backbeach area.
                                                                       Hurricane tracks passing over the barrier severely
                                                                       erode the foredunes. Vegetation is the main agent
                                                                       of dune stabilization; this may be severely affected
                                                                       by overgrazing. Salt-tolerant plants are the main
                                                                       stabilizers; therefore, exceptionally heavy rainfall
                                                                       may reduce the plant cover, resulting in dune activation.

                                                                  4.   Bea h-accretion ridges
                                                                       Thecse are affected by the same processes that operate
                                                                       on foredunes.

                                                                                       7

                                                                5.  Storm channels and washover fans
                                                                    Channels are scoured during storms; sand is transported
                                                                    by unidirectional currents toward the bay during storm-
                                                                    surge flood. Sand deposition occurs within the channels
                                                                    as bars and sheets that spread radially away from the
                                                                    distal parts of the channel. These bars form a coalescing
                                                                    sand body called a "washover fan." Some sediment returns
                                                                    seaward through storm channels during the ebb surge.
                                                                    Under normal sea conditions, the seaward part of the
                                                                    channel is sealed with sand that is swept along shore
                                                                    and into the channel mouth by longshore drift; this
                                                                    sediment is then transported bayward with the next
                                                                    storm. Once established, storm channels are avenues
                                                                    of high-velocity storm currents.

                                                                6.  Blowouts and dunes
                                                                    Foredune ridges and beach accretion ridges, when
                                                                    barren of vegetation, are eroded by the wind. Sections
                                                                    of foredunes or beach-accretion ridges may be breached
                                                                    when vegetation is removed by fires, overgrazing, etc..
                                                                    Intense local scour by the wind is termed a "blowout."
                                                                    Downwind from blowouts sand migrates as dunes; dunes
                                                                    will continue to migrate downwind until stabilized
                                                                    by vegetation or until they meet with a body of water
                                                                    Likewise, blowouts will remain active until the breac@
                                                                    is vegetated.

                                                                7.  Vegetated barrier flats
                                                                    Sediment accumulation here is chiefly fine sand blown
                                                                    into the area from beach and foredune areas by the
                                                                    prevailing southeast wind. Biologic activity here
                                                                    consists of root-mottling and burrowing by rodents
                                                                    and crustaceans.

                                                                8.  wind-tidaZ flats
                                                                    Wide, barren areas lying between the vegetated barrier
                                                                    flats and the coastal bays receive much of their
                                                                    sediment from the bay. Generally during periods
                                                                    of strong north wind, these flats are inundated and
                                                                    fine sand is moved across the flats by wind-generated
                                                                    currents. Suspension material settles across the flats
                                                                    as the water recedes following cessation of the wind.
                                                                    These flats also receive some sand and mud brought into
                                                                    the area at time of storms; at other times, under
                                                                    normal bay-level conditions, wind-transported sand
                                                                    derived from barriers accumulates here. These are
                                                                    areas of great variation in intensity of physical
                                                                    conditions: temperature fluctuation is extreme, and
                                                                    chemical properties of surface and interstitial water
                                                                    is quite variable.

                                                             B. TIDAL CHANNELS

                                                                  1.  Main channel
                                                                      Main channels are the primary lines of communication
                                                                      between the Gulf and the bays. Tidal range along the
                                                                      Gulf of Mexico is low (1.5-2.0 feet), and tidal currents
                                                                      are of relatively low velocity. Strong, persistent
                                                                      winds either offshore or onshore sometimes increase
                                                                      flow through tidal channels. During flood tide, the
                                                                      highest velocity is attained on the seaward side of
                                                                      the channel; during ebb tide, on the bayward side.
                                                                      Direction of flow through channels reverses itself
                                                                      twice daily with the tides. Deposition occurs at
                                                                      the bayward and seaward ends of channels by vertical
                                                                      accretion and along the channel banks. On the Texas
                                                                      Coast, lateral accretion is along the east bank. Holes
                                                                      are scoured in the channel at points of current conver-
                                                                      gence on the Gulf side and the bay side during flood
                                                                      and ebb tides, respectively.

                                                                  2.  Flood delta
                                                                      Flood deltas, on the bay side of tidal channels, are
                                                                      constructed of sediment largely derived offshore. Jet
                                                                      flow develops at the distal end of the main channel;
                                                                      here, as the flow spreads radially, distributary channels
                                                                      form, and sediment accumulates as sand and mud shoals.
                                                                      Shoals may become emergent, creating new land, with the
                                                                      subaerial part of the delta developing into marshes,
                                                                      beach ridges, etc., that are affected by the same
                                                                      processes that act on similar features on the barriers.
                                                                      This type of land creation is especially significant
                                                                      at the mouth of the Brazos River.

                                                                  3.  Ebb delta
                                                                      Sediment from which the ebb delta is constructed is
                                                                      also derived offshore. The process of deposition is
                                                                      the same as on the flood delta - by a decrease in
                                                                      velocity as the jet moves downcurrent from the channel
                                                                      moyth. Higher physical energy (wind-generated currents,
                                                                      primarily) in the Gulf waters than in the bays redistrib-
                                                                      utes much of the ebb-del.ta sediment and prevents
                                                                      emergence of these features.

                                                             C. BAYS AND LAGOONS

                                                                  1.  Bay perimeter - areas not permanently inundated.
                                                                      Marsh, beach, and tidal-flat environments comprise
                                                                      the bay area above sea level. Processes on marshes
                                                                      and beaches are generally the same everywhere; how-
                                                                      ever, beaches along bay margins are less well developed
                                                                      than those on the seaward side of barriers because
                                                                      of a lower physical-energy expenditure along bay margins.

                                                                                      9

                                                                    Beaches within bays are not affected by astronomical
                                                                    tides; beach construction is by wind-generated waves.
                                                                    Material from which beaches are constructed consists
                                                                    of shell derived from barriers along the seaward-bay
                                                                    margin and of either river-borne sand or sand derived
                                                                    locally by undercutting of the Pleistocene.
                                                                2.  Shoal, marginal deposits
                                                                    In th larger bays, sand shoals occur along both the
                                                                    mainland and barrier shoreline. Sand source is fluvial
                                                                    (along mainland shore), from Pleistocene barrier islands,
                                                                    and from the back side of modern barriers. Distribu-
                                                                    tion is by longshore drift; breaker bars are associated
                                                                    with unvegetated sandflats, particularly in either
                                                                    areas that front the prevailing southeast winds or
                                                                    areas that face into the tract of polar-air masses.
                                                                    Processes here are analogous to those operating on the
                                                                    upper shoreface of barrier islands; however, physical
                                                                    energy is less intense and biological activity relatively
                                                                    greater than along the barrier shoreface. Where
                                                                    bottom drift of sand is less vigorous, marine grasses
                                                                    become established; these plants retard the movement
                                                                    of the traction load and provide an energy baffle that
                                                                    allows deposition of suspension load (muds).

                                                                3.  mud-settling basin
                                                                    Suspension-load material is derived from rivers, from
                                                                    the Gulf, and from undercutting of Pleistocene deposits
                                                                    along the mainland shore. Mud is supplied to bays from
                                                                    the Gulf through storm channels and tidal channels
                                                                    during storm-surge flood. Mud is the dominant sediment
                                                                    in most bays where water depth is 6 feet or more. Under
                                                                    normal bay conditions, transport of sand along the bay
                                                                    floor occurs in water less than 6 feet deep.

                                                                4.  Oyster reef
                                                                    Sedimentation within bays is affected by the larger,
                                                                    laterally extensive oyster reefs. Reefs cause an increase
                                                                    in current velocity by decreasing water depth immediately
                                                                    upcurrent and across the reef crest. As flow passes
                                                                    beyond the reef crest, velocity again decreases and
                                                                    pseudo-feces and suspension sediment are deposited.
                                                                    Oysters themselves build up the bay floor by shell
                                                                    accumulation.

                                                           D.   BAYHEAD AND ESTUARINE DELTAS

                                                                These depositional features are the product of the inter-
                                                                play between fluvial and marine processes. Traction and
                                                                suspension load travel together through the fluvial system
                                                                to the mouth of distributaries. Beyond the mouth, traction
                                                                and suspension load are segregated; traction load (sand)
                                                                is dropped near the distributary mouth as current velocity

                                                                                   10

                                                                   jecreases abruptly. Suspension load (mud) is carried out
                                                                   into the bay, where it accumulates as prodelta muds.
                                                                   Most bayhead deltas front the prevailing onshore wind,
                                                                   which drifts fine sediment into interdistributary and
                                                                   marsh areas. Coarser material, sand, from the delta front
                                                                   I.s spread laterally and onshore by wind-generated waves
                                                                   to form relatively widespread sand sheets and beaches.
                                                                   Delta surfaces are built up from fine grained sediment
                                                                   (predominantly silt and mud) transported to the area
                                                                   through crevasse splays, from overbanking from distribu-
                                                                   taries, and from mud brought in from bays and deposited
                                                                   by wind tides. Much of the traction load accumulates
                                                                   in distributaries at about the point where the fluvial
                                                                   system begins to become shallow and to break up into numer-
                                                                   ous channels. Marshes, lakes, and swamps are integral
                                                                   parts of deltas; these receive mostly fine sediment from
                                                                   suspension. Water in the lakes and marshes ranges from
                                                                   fresh to normally saline.

                                                              E.   mARsHEs

                                                                   Areas permanently inundated by a few inches of water or
                                                                   frequently flooded by astronomical tides are the habitat
                                                                   of salt-tolerant plants. Marshes occur on barriers and
                                                                   along mainland shorelines. Vegetation of these coastal
                                                                   marshes displays zonation with elevation, and the salt
                                                                   marshes are divided into low and high marsh. The low
                                                                   Tarsh is dominated by Spartina alterniflora, which grows
                                                                   in a few to several inches of water and can be seen forming
                                                                   a narrow vegetated band along the bays and tidal creeks.
                                                                   Where marginal areas are very shallow, Spartina alterni-
                                                                   flora forms extensive marshlands. Landward, the low
                                                                   marsh grades into succulent plants       @@, Salicornia,
                                                                   and Suaeda) and finally into Borrichia and Spartina
                                                                   spartinae.

                                                                   Physical processes range from the minimal to the intense.
                                                                   Marsh sediment is disturbed by plant roots and burrowing
                                                                   animals (crustaceans and worms). Sediment deposited in
                                                                   marsh areas is transported into the area by a veriety
                                                                   of processes and is derived from several sources. On
                                                                   mainland sides of bays, sediment deposited in marshes is
                                                                   fluvially derived and is deposited by means of crevasse
                                                                   splays, overbanking, and wind tides. Sediments of marshes
                                                                   associated with barriers are deposited by wind tides,
                                                                   eolian processes, and hurricane washovers. Coastal marshes
                                                                   are areas of intense biological activity and extremes
                                                                   in physical processes. Fluctuations exist in temperature,
                                                                   in aridity, and in soil salinity. Because of their
                                                                   vegetation, marshes are very resistant to erosion, even
                                                                   when subjected to storm-generated currents and breaking
                                                                   waves.

                                                                                      11

                                                          F.  FLUVIAL SYSTEMS

                                                              Most fluvial systems along the Texas Coastal Plain are
                                                              of the fine-grained meander-belt type, e.g, Trinity,
                                                              Brazos and Nueces. The Colorado is a -Eoarse-grained
                                                              meande;_belt type, and the San Bernard is locally braided.
                                                              These stream types result from their particular types
                                                              of discharge. Braided streams have very short-duration
                                                              peak discharge, and fine-grained meander-belt streams have
                                                              relatively long-duration peak discharge.

                                                              Most of the coarser grained sediment of meandering streams
                                                              is deposited as lateral a'ccretionary features - point bars
                                                              adjacent to the convex bank. Levees are constructed
                                                              of both traction- and suspension-load material that is
                                                              deposited along the channel banks at times when the stream
                                                              overflows the channel; relatively coarse material is
                                                              carried beyond the levee when crevasses are scoured through
                                                              them. These deposits are the fan-shaped "crevasse splays."
                                                              Beyond the levees, suspension load accumulates in the flood
                                                              basin; flood waters move very sluggishly and finally
                                                              stagnate. The flood plain is underlain by point-bar,
                                                              levee, and flood-basin deposits. The flood plain is
                                                              characterized by abandoned channel segments and meander
                                                              cut-offs that are later filled with overbank sediment.
                                                              These inactive channel segments show varying degrees of
                                                              sediment fill and occur as linear or oxbow lakes, swamps,
                                                              marshes, or depressions filled with mud. Swamps and
                                                              marshes are best developed on flood plains near channel
                                                              mouths.

                                                          G.  FOLIAN SYSTEMS

                                                              Sand transport is generally toward the northwest under
                                                              the driving force of the prevailing southeast winds.
                                                              Dunes commonly develop downwind from devegetated older
                                                              dunes. Blowouts result from devegetation of older dunes;
                                                              this vegetation is killed or physically removed by over-
                                                              grazing, fires, or storms. In this area, the wind is
                                                              able to remove sand down to the water table. This sand
                                                              moves downwind from the blowouts as parabolic or sief
                                                              dunes. Sief dunes have crests modified by northers, but
                                                              these north winds are not of sufficient duration to alter
                                                              dune shape significantly or to transport a large volume
                                                              of sand to the southeast. Dunes are ultimately stabilized
                                                              by a vegetal cover of grass, mesquite, chaparral, some
                                                              cacti, and, in some instances, live oaks.

                                                              Conditions which favor construction of an eolian plain
                                                              such as that in South Texas are (1) a local sand source
                                                              and (2) arid to semiarid climate. Sand here is derived
                                                              from underlying abandoned deltaic-plain and meander belts.
                                                              Winds blow from the southeast 9 months each year; average
                                                              annual rainfall is generally fewer than 20 inches.

                                                                                   12

                                                             IV. EFFECTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITY ON COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS

                                                               The numerous uses of Coastal Zone lands and waters by man
                                                          result in some use patterns essentially in harmony with natural
                                                          processes and in others that severely jeopardize the natural
                                                          balance:   certain uses are in sharp conflict with other uses,
                                                          especially within the Coastal Zone bays. Proper land and.water
                                                          uses will come only from a greater understanding of the natural
                                                          processes at work in the area and of their relation to man's
                                                          activity.

                                                               The purpose of this section is to outline some of man's
                                                          activity and its relation to the natural environments and
                                                          processes of the Coastal Zone.

                                                          CHANNELIZATION AND DREDGING - To date, the Coastal Zone bays
                                                          have been the site of extensive dredging and channelization,
                                                          involving the construction of transportation canals, access canals
                                                          for specific bay operations, and shell dredging. All these activities
                                                          are deemed a necessary part of the existing Coastal Zone industries,
                                                          yet they affect the natural bay system significantly. Spoil dredged
                                                          from canals and piled along the margins of the canals tends to
                                                          compartmentalize the shallow bays and restrict circulation. Reworking
                                                          of dredged spoil by waves and currents provides the principal
                                                          supply of sediment to the bays. In many areas, marginal grass
                                                          flats - vital components in the bay ecosystem - are being blanketed
                                                          by reworked spoil, converting grass flats to barren sand areas.

                                                               Another type of channelization, construction of artificial
                                                          passes between bays and the Gulf, affects the natural bay systems.
                                                          Every pass cut through the barrier islands decreases the tidal
                                                          surge through the existing passes. Most of the bays of the Texas
                                                          C?astal Zone can naturally maintain only one pass per bay; artifi-
                                                          cial channels have to be maintained by continual dredging. In
                                                          addition, passes, whether natural or artificial, receive the main
                                                          tidal surges during storms. Additional passes make the barriers
                                                          and the protected bay more vulnerable to storm destruction.

                                                          DEVEGETATION - The importance of vegetation in land stabilization
                                                          is obvious when considering the changes in natural landforms along
                                                          the present Texas Coast. The upper Coastal Zone is in a humid
                                                          climate with mostly vegetated landforms; the southern part of the
                                                          Coastal Zone is subtropical, with relatively low rainfall and
                                                          fewer vegetated landforms. This dryness in large measure accounts
                                                          for the extensive inland dune fields and the active dunes on the
                                                          barrier islands of South Texas, as well as the extensive wind-
                                                          tidal flats of Laguna Madre. The devegetation of natural land-
                                                          forms, whether a consequence of development, overgrazing, waste
                                                          disposal, or marsh burning, exposes bare sediment to erosion by
                                                          storm and by normal waves and currents and significantly reduces
                                                          the stability of the land. Vegetated barrier islands afford the

                                                                                        13

                                                      best natural protection from hurricanes and storms.    Devegetation
                                                      in Zandside-drainage systems greatly increases the sediment load
                                                      of streams, resulting in increased infilling of the bays into which
                                                      the streams discharge. For example, the natural and artificial
                                                      drainage system of Gum Hollow, a small stream emptying into Nueces
                                                      Bay, delivered 270,000 cubic yards of sediment into the bay during
                                                      the heavy rainfall accompanying Hurricane Beulah. This resulted
                                                      chiefly because stabilizing vegetation in the stream was killed by
                                                      brine discharge from petroleum production operations.

                                                      LAND RECLAMATION - Artificial filling of bays and marshlands pro-
                                                      vides valuable shorefront development land or room for industrial
                                                      expansion, but it also provides sediment for hurricane erosion and
                                                      redistribution, impedes effective bay circulation, and locally
                                                      reduces bay area, causing additional flooding elsewhere during
                                                      high water.

                                                      COASTAL CONSTRUCT-TON - Construction of numerous groins, piers,
                                                      jetties, and platforms has modified circulation patterns within
                                                      many bays and estuaries. Erosion and deposition within the natural
                                                      system is upset, and entire baylines may become unbalanced, resulting
                                                      in choking deposition in some areas and damaging erosion in other
                                                      shoreline stretches. Necessary coastal construction should be
                                                      planned to minimize alteration of natural circulation, thus preventing
                                                      unmanaged shoreline changes.

                                                           Several factors should be considered when planning coasta  1
                                                      structures designed to prevent destruction of property by hurricanes  .
                                                      Barrier islands are natural barriers to much of the surge effect
                                                      of storms. Some of the storm's energy passes through natural
                                                      passes in the barriers to flush bays and naturally dredge tidal
                                                      channels. Because some hurricanes are of such great magnitude,
                                                      breaching in the form of washover channels permits additional
                                                      amounts of the storm surge to reach bays. Isolating back-bay
                                                      areas by man-made structures may adversely affect flushing of
                                                      these water bodies, a very critical process, since man has already
                                                      restricted the volume of streams entering the bays by construction
                                                      of upstream dams. Reduction of natural flushing processes would
                                                      increase and emphasize the effects of pollution of the bay waters   .

                                                      WASTE DISPOSAL - Most of the problems of waste disposal associated
                                                      with large industrial and metropolitan areas have been well publi-
                                                      cized. An area usually not emphasized is the disposal of waste
                                                      through subsurface media. Areas of permeable substrates should
                                                      be avoided as sites of disposal, since these permeable materials
                                                      directly connect with the ground-water system. Construction
                                                      of septic tanks in loose and permeable spoil should also be avoided.
                                                      Abandoned sand pits may make readily available sites for waste
                                                      disposal from an immediate economic point of view, but they are
                                                      the worst possible sites form the standpoint of protecting ground-
                                                      water supplies. Extensive areas of the Coastal Zone are underlain
                                                      by tight impermeable clays which are ideal waste-disposal sites.
                                                      Unfortunately, these clays support the more fertile soils of the
                                                      coastal area.

                                                                                   14

                                                        MINERAL EXTRA=ON - The bays and estuaries of the Texas Coastal
                                                        Zone are the sites of numerous oil and gas fieZdsj they are also
                                                        sites for the dredging of shell. Both  of these operations are
                                                        potential sources of pollution if production operations are not
                                                        carefully mana,ed,

                                                                                      15

                                                                                T A B L E     I

                                                        ARANSAS         BRAZORIA         CALHOUN             CAMERON      CHAMBERS         GALVESTON
                           USE
                     Total ?Fre-al                       464.0             1520.0          960.0             1200.0          896.0           696.0
                     Total Land Area2                281.0  -  61.0   1443.0  - 95.0   536.0  - 56.0    1082.0 - 90.0   625.0   - 70.0   431.0  -  62.0
                     Total H20 Area2                 183.0  -  39.0     77.0  - 5.0    424.0  - 44.0    118.0  - lo.o   271.0   - 30.0   265.0  -  38.0

                       LAND AREAS
                     A                                21.0  -  7.5    620.0   - 43.0   117.0  - 21.8    704.0  - 65.1   345.0   - 55.2   246.0  -  57.1
                     R                               132.0  -  47.0     84.0  - 5.8    262.0  - 48.9    132.0  - 12.2    51.0   - 8.2     40.0  -  9.3
                     Woodland-Timber3                 ---      ---    502.0   - 34.8    42.0  - 7.8      ---     ---     70.0   - 11.2    16.0  -  3.7
                     Marsh-Swamp3                     22.0  -  7.8      56.0  - 3.9     75.0  - 14.0         0.1-0.0    101.0   - 16.2    55.0  -  12.8
                     Urban Industrial-Residentia13    10.0  -  3.6    128.0   - 8.9     18.0  - 3.4          7.1-6.6     37.0   - 5.9     58.0  -  13.5
                     Recreational3                      1.2 -  0.4        1.8 - 0.1      2.3  - 0.4          1.7-0.2       0.1  - 0.0      3.2  -  0.7
                     Subaerial Spoi13                   1.6 -  o.6       4.8  - 0.3      8.0  - 1.5          8.2-0.8       2.5  - o.4      8.3  -  1.9
                     Made Land3       3               ---      ---        3.2 - 0.2     ---     ---      ---     ---     ---      ---      3.9  -  o.9
                     Wildlife Refuge                  77.0  -  27.4     43.0  - 3.0      4.0  - 0.7      69.0  - 6.4     18.0   - 2.9     ---      ---
                     Barren Land'                     16.0  -  5.6      ---     ---      8.0  - 1.6      96.0  - 8.9     ---      ---      1.0  -  0.2

                       WATER AREAS
                     Bay7-s---                       179.0  -  38.6     42.0  - 2.8    404.8  - 42.2     92.0  - 7.7    243.0   - 27.1   257.0  -  36.9
                     Artificial Reservoirsi               ---               16.0              ---            10.0               4.4             1.2
                     Natural Fresh Water Bodiesi            4.2             19.2              18.9           16.0            24.0               6.4

                      OTHER FEATURES
                     Bay S oreri-ner-                    140.0              54.0           286.0             96.0            63.0            120.0
                     Open Ocean Shoreline4                20.0              30.0              38.0           32.0               1.0           50.0
                     Total Shoreline4                    160.0              84.0           324.0             128.0           64.0            170.0
                     Drainage Channels4                     3.0             372.0          100.0             =730.0          280.0            85.0
                     Transportation Canals4               29.0              68.0              52.0           32.0            44.0             76.0
                     Hurricane Flood AreaS2          135.0 - 48.4     422.0 - 29.2     371.0 - 69.2     120.0 - 21.1    283.0 - 45.3     257.0 - 59.6

                          Imeasured in square miles
                          2measured in both square miles (gothic print) and % of total area (italics)
                          3measured in both square miles (gothic print) and % of total land area (italics)

                          4measured in linear miles

                                                                    T A B L E    I (Continued)

                                                      HARRIS        JACKSON               JEFFERSON   KENEDY          KLEBERG         MATAGORDA
                        USE
                  Total 7Fre-a'                          544.0           576.0            1024.0        1824.0          960.0            1408.0
                  Total Land Area2                522.0  -  96.o   572.0 -  99.o          946.0-92.o  1757.0-96.0     812.0-  85.0   1157.0 - 82.0
                  Total H20 Area2                   22.0 -  4.0     4.0  -  1.0           78.0-8.0    67.0 - 4.0      148.0-  15.0    251.0 - 18.o

                    LAND AREAS
                  Agriculture5                    285.0  -  54.6   250.0 -  43.7          442.0-46.7  ---    ---      32.0 -  3.9     593.0 - 51.3
                  Range-Ranch3     3                ---     ---    257.0 -  44.9          24.0-2.5  1186.0 - 67.5     704.0-  86.7    180.0 - 15.6
                  Woodland-Timber                   56.0 -  10.7    42.0 -  7.3           81.0-8.6    245.0- 13.9     24.0 -  3.0     245.0 - 21.1
                  Marsh-Swamp3                      16.0 -  3.1     13.0 -  2.3           220.0-23.3  ---    ---      2.4  -  0.3     87.0  -  ?.5
                  Urban Industrial-Residential3 160.0    -  30.6    10.0 -  1.7           168.0-17.8  0.5  - o.o      12.0 -  1.5     37.0  -  3.2
                  Recreational3                     ---     - -     ---     ---           2.0-0.2     3.3  - 0.2      1.4  -  0.2       3.6 -  0.3
                  Subaerial Spoi13                  4.8  -  0.9     ---     ---           1.3-0.1     18.0 - 1.o      4.8  -  0.6     11.0  -  1.0
                  Made Land3                        ---     ---     ---     ---           6,1-0.6     ---    ---      ---     ---     ---      ---
                  Wildlife Refuge3                  ---     ---     ---     ---           --- ---     ---    ---      ---     ---     ---      ---
                  Barren Land3                      ---     ---     ---     ---           1.6-0.2     304.0- 17.3     31.0 -  3.8       0.8 -  o.1

                    WATER AREAS
                  B iy-s 2'-             1          15.2 -  2.8     ---     ---           32.0-3.1    64.0 - 3.5      128.0-  13.3    242.2 - 17.2
                  Artificial Reservoirs                  3.0             ---              24.0             ---             ---              ---
                  Natural Fresh Water Bodiesi            4.0             4.0              22.0             3.2             20.4             8.4

                   OTHER FEATURES
                  B ay M o r e R 'ne"                    40 0            ---              17.0             126.0           144.0            129.0
                  Open Ocean Shoreline4                                  ---              33.5             50.0            23.0             62.0
                  Total Shoreline4                       40.0            ---              50.5             176.0           167.0            191.0
                  Drainage Channels4     4               115.0           154.0            320.0            ---             1.0.             340.0
                  Transportation Canals  2               26.0            ---              80.0             54.0            23.0             58.0
                  Hurricane Flood Areas             54.0 - 10.3     78.0 - 13.6           468.0 - 49.5 160.0 - 9.1    90.0 - 11.1     464.0 - 40.1

                        imeasured in square miles
                        2measured in both square miles (gothic print) and % of total area (italics)
                        3measured in both square miles (gothic print) and % of total land area (italics)

                        4measured in linear miles

                                                                    T A B L E     I (Continued)

                                                     NUECFS            ORANGE        REFUGIO       SAN PATRICTO       VICTORIA         WILLACY
                        USE
                    Total -A-re-al                   1024.0               392.0        832.0           600.0            440.0               768.0
                    Total Land Area2               739.0  - 72.0   378.0  - 96.o    792.0 -  95.0  590.0  -  98.0   438.0  -   100.0 717.0  -  93.0
                    Total H 0 Area2                285.0  - 28.0    14.0  - 4.0      40.0 -  5.0    10.0  -  2.0      2.0  -   0.0     51.0 -  7.0
                          2

                    LAND AREAS
                    A g:r-1 -cu I t-u-r-e-3s       450.0  - 60.9    77.0  - 20.4    117.0 -  14.8  363.0  -  61.5   119.0  -   27.1  336.0  -  46.9
                    Rnge_;ach                        86.0 - 11.6    ---     ---     640.0 -  80.8  166.0  -  28.1   240.0  -   54.8  241.0  -  33.6
                    Woodland-Timber3                 22.0 - 3.0    159,0  - 42.1     11.2 -  1.4    12.8  -  2.2      73.0 -   16.7    8.0  -  1.1
                    Marsh-Swamp3                     14.4 - 1.9     71.0  - 18.8     68.0 -  o.9    19.0  -  3.2      3.2  -   0.7     0.8  -  0.1
                    Urban Industrial-Residential3  138.0  - 18.7    69.0  - 18.3     15.0 -  1.9    28.0  -  4.7      3.2  -   0.7     7.0  -  1.0
                    Recreational'                    1.9  - 0.3     ---     - -      ---     ---    ---      ---      ---      ---     0.8  -  0.1
                    Subaerial SpoiJ3                 8.0  - 1.1     16.0  - 0.4      ---     ---    ---      ---      ---      ---     1.8  -  0.3
                    Made Land3                       19.0 - 2.6     ---     ---      ---     ---      1.6 -  0.3      ---      ---     ---     ---
                    Wildlife Refuge3                 ---    ---             ---      1.6  -  c..,   ---      ---      ---      ---     0.8  -  0.1
                    Barren Land3                     ---    ---             ---      ---     ---    ---      ---      ---      ---   121.0  -  26.9

                    WATER AREAS
                    Bays--                         282.0  - 27.5    12.5 -  3.2      33.6 -  4.0      6.0 -  1.0      ---      ---     42.0 -  5.5
                    Artificial Reservoirsi                1.3             1.9             ---             1.5              1.0              0.4
                    Natural Fresh Water Bodiesi           1.4             ---             6.8             2.1              0.6              8.4

                    OTHER FEATURES
                    Bay Shoreline'                        80.0            9.3             32.0            47.0             ---              36.0
                    Open Ocean Shoreline4                 21.0            ---             ---             ---              ---              12.6
                    Total Shoreline4                      101.0           9.3             32.0            47.0             ---              48.6
                    Drainage Channels4                    133.0           154.0           70.0            83.0             80.0             100.0
                    Transportation Canals4                72.0            39.0            ---             ---              ---              15.0
                    Hurricane Flood Areas2           88.0 - 11.9    94.0 - 24.8      42.0 - 5.3     40.0 - 6.7        24.0 -   5.4     18.0 -  2.5

                        'measured in square miles
                        2measured in both square miles (gothic print) and % of total area (italics)
                        3measured in both square miles (gothic print) and % of total land area (italics)

                        4measured in linear miles

                                                                      T A B L E    I (Continued)

                                                         TOTALS
                          USE
                    Total Areal                          16128.0
                    Total Land Area2                 13818.0 -86.0
                    Total H20 Area2                  2310.0  -14.0

                     LAND AREAS
                         u ure                       5117.0  -37.0
                    A -
                    ' 'c
                    R@.rge-Rtar,63                   4425.0  -32.0
                    Woodland-Timber3                 1609.0  -11.6
                    Marsh-Swamp3                      762.7  -  5.5
                    Urban Industrial-ResidentiaJ3     969.7  -  7.0
                    RecreationaJ3                       23.3 -  o.2
                    Subaerial SpoiJ3                    84.7 -  0.6
                    Made Land3                          33.8 -  0.2
                    Wildlife Refuge3                  213.4  -  1.5
                    Barren Land3                      579.4  -  4.2

                      WATER AREAS
                    B aTs 7--                        2075.3  -12.9
                    Artificial Reservoirsi
                    Natural Fresh Water Bodiesi

                    OTHER FEATURES
                    Bay Shoreline'7-
                    Open Ocean Shoreline4
                    Total Shoreline4
                    Drainage Channels4
                    Transportation CanalS4
                    Hurricane Flood Areas2           3208.0 - 23.3

                         imeasured in square miles
                         2measured in both square miles (gothic print) and % of total area (italics)
                         3measured in both square miles (gothic print) and % of total land area (italics)

                         4measured in linear miles

                                                                 LOCAT*N mAp

                                                                                                                                  It

                                                                                                      PLATE I-A.

                                                                          AGRICULTURE: COLTIVATED LANDS

                                                                                      IN THE COASTAL Z@@gE

                                                                                                               20

                                                                            ATION MAP

                                                                                                                                        it

                                                                               r--i

                                                                                                                          PLATE I-B.

                                                                                R A N G E           R A N C H L A N D I N T H E C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                                                            21

                                                               L(XAVON MAP

                                                                                        yw

                                                                                                             PLATE I-C.

                                                                     TIMBER- WOODLANDS IN THE COASTAL ZONE

                                                                                                                 22

                                                                   LOCATION MAP

                                                                          ---------- --

                                                                        - -----------
                                                                        I

                                                                                                               PLATE I-D

                                                                                MARSHLANDS IN THE COASTAL ZONE

                                                                                                                   23

                                                                LOCATION MAP

                                                                         -------------

                                                                                                               PLATE I-E.

                                                                              S W A M P L A N D S I N T H E                    C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                                                   24

                                                                LOCATION MAP                                                                     -----------  I

                                                                        -------------

                                                                       -----------
                                                                    rI

                                                                                                          PLATE I-F.

                                                               R E C R E A T 10 N A L B E A C H E S I N T H E C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                                              25

                                                 LOCATIM MAP

                                                                               NOTE: Those areas shown here
                                                                                   are largely spoil islands
                                                                                   and acretions along the
                                                                                   Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.
                                                                                   Many lesser acretions exist
                                                                                   but canwt be shown at such
                                                                                   a scale.

                                                     - ------------ -

                                                                                 PLATE I-G.
                                                    S P 0 1 L  I S L AINND ST H AEN DC 00ATSHTEARLBZU01NLET - U PL A N D S
                                                                                      26

                                                                         LOCATION MAP

                                                                                                                                           ?

                                                                                                                                                                                1.  10   10
                                                                                                                                                                              -1

                                                                                                                         PLATE I-H.

                                                                                         F 0 R M A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E S I N T H E

                                                                                                                 C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                                                               27

                                                             LOCAnON MAP

                                                                                                                                                           J

                                                                           1.4

                                                                                                          PLATE I-I.

                                                                          B A R R E N L A N D S I N T H E C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                                               28

                                                                                    ATTACHMENT A

                                                            Purpose

                                                                  The Environmental Geologic Atlas is designed to provide
                                                            critical information for planning and land use in the populous
                                                            and i@dustrial coastal zone of Texas and for a better under-
                                                            standing of physical, biological, and chemical environments of
                                                            the coastal zone in order to assess and judge properly the status
                                                            of these resources.

                                                            Approach

                                                                  Detailed mapping and study in the field and by light air-
                                                            craft; geologic environments, sediments, landforims were mapped
                                                            on 1:24,000-scale aerial photographs. Approximately 20,000
                                                            square miles of coastal zone from shoreface to about 50 miles
                                                            inland (see index).

                                                            Status

                                                                  Four geologists and several technicians and cartographers
                                                            have worked for 18 months on the project. All mapping is now
                                                            complete and the maps and report are in preparation for publica-
                                                            tion.

                                                            Contents

                                                                  The Environmental Geologic Atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone
                                                            will consist of a folio of 63 geologic and multi-colored environ-
                                                            mental maps accompanied by text explaining use and interpretation.
                                                            The coastal zone was divided into seven map areas: Brownsville-
                                                            Harlingen, Kingsville, Corpus Christi, Port Lavaca, Bay City-
                                                            Freeport, Galveston-Houston, and Beaumont-Port Arthur. For each
                                                            of the areas, the following maps were prepared:

                                                                  Environmental Geologic Maps: scale 1:125,000; total of
                                                                  125 map units including landforms, sediments, bedrock, and
                                                                  certain plant communities; Bureau-constructed base map
                                                                  includes 5-foot contours, 3-foot bathymetric lines, paved
                                                                  roads, cities, pipelines, and other physical and cultural
                                                                  information. Emphasis has been on mapping basic units from
                                                                  which a variety of data can be derived.

                                                                  Land-Use Maps: Inventory (25 map units) of present use
                                                                  including agriculture, range, woodland-timber, wildlife,
                                                                  spoil and made land, recreation, residential-urban, indus-
                                                                  trial, and sewage disposal.

                                                                                       29

                                                                Water Systems - Man-made Features: Inventory (15 map
                                                                units) of made land, types of spoil land, jetties, piers
                                                                sea walls, rivers, lakes, sloughs, estuaries, reservoirs:
                                                                canals and ditches, channels, and tidal inlets.

                                                                Engineering Properties; Distribution (15 map units) of
                                                                properties such as water-holding capacity, compressibility,
                                                                shrink-swell, drainage, relief, shear strength, plasticity,
                                                                flooding, permeability, mineral content, faults, and other
                                                                features.

                                                                BioZogic-Assembtage map: Approximately 45 subaerial plant
                                                                and subaqueous animal communities.

                                                                Physical Processes map: Hurricane surge and flood areas,
                                                                shoreline erosion, equilibrium and deposition, circulation
                                                                patterns, sediment dispersal, tidal data.

                                                                SaZinity-CZimatic Maps: Contoured salinity in bays and estu-
                                                                aries during droughts and rainy seasons, average salini ty;
                                                                graphs of salinity for each bay and estaury; rainfall data;
                                                                water and sediment discharge for rivers entering coastal zone.

                                                                Mineral and Energy Resources map: Approximately 15 units
                                                                including source of sand and clay, oyster reefs, utility
                                                                lines, pipelines, quarries, oil-gas fields, sulfur fields,
                                                                salt domes, cement plants, power plants, brine wells and
                                                                other data.

                                                                Depositional Systems Map: Display of active or ancient
                                                                genetic units such as fluvial, deltaic, marsh, swamp,
                                                                barrier-cheniers, bay-lagoon-estuary, eolian and off-shore
                                                                systems.

                                                           Publication Date

                                                                The folio will be available during the first half of 1971.

                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                       j;pRANGE
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                                                                                                                                      FORT
                                                                                                                                     ARTHUR
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                                                                  INDEX                                              ES
                                                                                                                            GALVESTON
                                                                                                                          GALVESTON-HOUSTON
                                                                                                         a A   IA                AREA
                                                                                                  'aAy Ciii,\,      -FREEPORT
                                                                                                           BAY CITY
                                                                               ICTORII                           AREA

                                                                                 PORT
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                                                                                   CIL-N
                                                              BEEV       --0
                                                                                          PORT LAVACA
                                                                                              AREA

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                                                              N                ORPUS CHRISTI
                                                              @@Rlus              AREA
                                                                 RISTLI
                                                                                                                    FIGURE I
                                                              Kill SVIL'
                                                          -E-                               INDEX TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                         KINGSVILLE        GEOLOGIC ATLAS, TEXAS COASTAL
                                                                            AREA
                                                   -KS        -NE.                                                  ZONE

                                                                                                          0       20    40     60
                                                                              BROWNSVILLE-
                                                                               HARLINGEN                      Scale  in Miles
                                                                                  AREA
                                                      15MIALLEN I QKARLINGE                             BUREAU OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
                                                                                                     THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
                                                              .10

                                                              BROWNSVILLE

                                                                                                   31

                                                                   T H E W I L D L I F E R E S 0 U R C E S

                                                                         OF COASTAL TEXAS

                                                                                    Prepared by

                                                                                 Dr. Hans A. Suter

                                                                                   January 1971

                                                                                        for

                                                                       COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                       INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                         DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                              OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                            ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

                                                                 @t is a pleasure to acknowledge the help of the following
                                                            individuals in compiling this survey report.

                                                                 Dr. Henry Hildebrand, University of Corpus Christi

                                                                 Mr. Fred B. Jones, Welder Wildlife Foundation

                                                                 Dr. Clarence Cottam, Welder Wildlife Foundation

                                                                 Mr. Ernest Simmons, Texas Parks & Wildlife, Rockport

                                                                 Mr. Gordon Hansen, Aransas National Wildlife Refuge

                                                                 Mr. Russell Clapper, Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge

                                                                 Dr. Alan Chaney, Texas A & I University, Kingsville

                                                                 Without their cooperation in sharing their data, observations,
                                                            and comments this report could not have been written. However,
                                                            I am totally responsible for the conclusions..

                                                    T H E W I L D L I F E R E S 0 U R C E S

                                                          OF COASTAL TEXAS

                                            INTRODUCTION

                                                  Texas has the third longest coastline of the 48 states which
                                            make up the contiguous part of the United States. Only California
                                            in the west and Florida in the east can lay claims to a more exten-
                                            sive boundary between land and sea. In spite of this long coastline
                                            Texas is generally not considered a maritime state. More importantly,
                                            most Texans do not think of themselves as citizens of a maritime
                                            province.

                                                  Governor Preston 5mith is to be commended for being the first
                                            governor in the history of Texas to recognize the maritime nature
                                            of the state. Under his leadership the first conference of Texas
                                            coastal resources and goals was held in Houston on September 10
                                            and 11, 1970. The 61st Texas Legislature is to be congratulated
                                            for appropriating funds to initiate a study of coastal resources
                                            and to commence statewide comprehensive planning for the orderly
                                            development of the coastal resources of Texas.

                                                  The Texas coast bathed by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico
                                            extends for 367 miles from the mouth of the Rio Grande in the
                                            extreme southern tip of the state to Sabine Pass on the eastern
                                            border of Texas with the State of Louisiana. In reality Texas'
                                            coastline is considerably longer than the 367 miles stated, because
                                            our coast is made up of a complex system of bays, lagoons, and
                                            estuaries protected from the open Gulf of Mexico by slender barrier
                                            islands or peninsulas. Taking these indentions into account Texas'
                                            coastline measures 624 miZes.* Texas inland waters which are affected
                                            by the tides cover some 1.3 million acres.

                                            DEFINITION OF WILDLIFE

                                                  Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines wildlife
                                            as: "Living things that are neither human nor domesticated; especially:
                                            the mammals, birds, and fishes that are hunted by man for sport or
                                            food." For purposes of this survey we will select a definition of

                                                  *This figure can vary depending on how far into these inden-
                                            tions one goes.

                                                                wildlife considerably narrower than "living things that are neither
                                                                human nor domesticated" but also broader than "the mammals, birds,
                                                                and fishes that are hunted by man for sport or food."

                                                                     For obvious reasons we cannot discuss all living things (except
                                                                human or domesticated) that occur in the Texas coastal zone. The
                                                                mere listing of species of plants and animals found on our coastal
                                                                zone would far exceed the space and time limitations of this survey.
                                                                On the other hand, to restrict the meaning of "wildlife" to huntable
                                                                species would be too narrow.

                                                                     Modern man is becoming increasingly concerned with species
                                                                of animals that have no direct importance as game. For example
                                                                we might call attention to the increasing number of people who
                                                                are amateur birdwatchers and are just as interested in non-game
                                                                birds as game birds. Shell collectors are another category of
                                                                people who deal with non-game animals which populate the coastal
                                                                zone. Therfore we would like to define "wildlife" as: Those
                                                                species of undomesticated animals which are important to man from
                                                                the point of esthetics as well as economics. Insects as well
                                                                as most invertebrates will not be considered as "wildlife."

                                                                DEFINITION OF COASTAL ZONE

                                                                     The Texas coastal zone, the area to which the present survey
                                                                applies, can be defined in a variety of ways. We have chosen,
                                                                however, to adopt essentially the definition of the "coastal zone"
                                                                given by Dr. Peter Flawn of the University of Texas at Austin
                                                                at the Governor's Conference in Houston in September. Dr. Flawn
                                                                defines the coastal zone as that area occupied by the twelve counties
                                                                which abutt directly on the Gulf of Mexico. Starting at the border
                                                                with Louisiana the following counties are included: Jefferson,
                                                                Chambers, Galveston, Brazoria, Matagorda, Calhoun, Aransas, Nueces,
                                                                Kleberg, Kenedy, Willacy, and Cameron. The area within these
                                                                counties amounts to 9,938 square miles or 3.61% of the total area
                                                                of the state of Texas. Six additional counties, Orange, Harris,
                                                                Jackson, Victoria, Refugio, and San Patricio, have direct access
                                                                to coastal bays and should be included within the coastal zone.
                                                                These additional counties occupy an area of 4,265 square miles
                                                                or 1.55% of the area of the state. Consequently, the coastal zone
                                                                is made up of eighteen counties with a total area of 14,203    square
                                                                miles, or 5.16% of the landlocked area over which Texas has    juris-
                                                                diction.

                                                                CLIMATE

                                                                     The Texas Gulf Coast is located in a variable climatic belt.
                                                                Although average July temperatures are uniformly between 80 to 90
                                                                degrees Fahrenheit, January temperatures average 50 degrees Fah-
                                                                renheit in the eastern extremes of the coast and 60 degrees Fah-
                                                                renheit in the soughern extremes. In between these values the
                                                                average January temperature is recorded as 55 degrees Fahrenheit.

                                                  Creater variability in climatic conditions in the coastal zone
                                                  is manifested by the average yearly rainfall. The following tabu-
                                                  lation (data taken from Texas Almanac: 1970/71 edition) gives an
                                                  idea of the   yearly average rainfall in the eighteen coastal counties.

                                                                COUNTY                                    RAINFALL (inches)

                                                                Orange                                    55.8
                                                                Jefferson                                 53.1
                                                                Chambers                                  51.6
                                                                Harris                                    46.0
                                                                Galveston                                 41.8

                                                                Brazoria                                  49.2
                                                                Matagorda                                 40.6
                                                                Jackson                                   37.9
                                                                Calhoun                                   36.8
                                                                Victoria                                  36.2

                                                                Refugio                                   33.8
                                                                Aransas                                   33.2
                                                                San Patricio                              30.6
                                                                Nueces                                    28.3
                                                                Kleberg                                   26.5

                                                                Kenedy                                    26.6
                                                                Willacy                                   26.5
                                                                Cameron                                   26.1

                                                  No other stretch of    the U. S. Gulf coast shows     as much variability
                                                  in rainfall as that    portion which belongs to Texas.

                                                  PHYSICAL FEATURES AND SOILS

                                                        The Coastal Zone of Texas can be divided into two major por-
                                                  tions: the Coastal Prairie and the Gulf Coast Marshlands. The
                                                  Gulf Coast Prairie is a nearly level, slowly drained plain less
                                                  than 150 feet in elevation, with numerous sluggish rivers, creeks,
                                                  bayous, and sloughs. It is characterized by level grasslands that
                                                  support ranching and farming, low woodlands especially along streams,
                                                  swamps and fresh-water marshes. The Coast Marsh area is limited
                                                  to narrow belts of low wet marsh interspersed with dunes immediately
                                                  adjacent to the coast.

                                                        Soils in the Coastal Marsh area are acid sands, sandy loams
                                                  and clays. The upland prairie soils tend to be heavier textured
                                                  clays or clay loams, although there are some sandy loams. In general,
                                                  soils have slowly permeable profiles. The soil moisture is not
                                                  readily available to the vegetation. Typical range sites include
                                                  blackland, sandy prairie, lowland flats. coastal sands, salt meadow,
                                                  and salt marsh.

                                                                          Most of the marsh is grazed by cattle in large land holdings.
                                                                    Ranches and rangelands of the uplands of the Gulf Prairies are
                                                                    interspersed with farms. The better soils are highly productive
                                                                    under cultivation or as improved pasture or native range. Wildlife,
                                                                    particularly deer, are an important consideration in management
                                                                    of vegetation.

                                                                    VEGETATION

                                                                          The climax vegetation of the Gulf Priaries is largely grass-
                                                                    land (tall grass prairie) or post oak savannah. However, much of
                                                                    the area has been invaded by trees and brush such as mesquite
                                                                    (P  roso is glandulosa), oaks, especially live oaks (Quercus virgin
                                                                    Lana @,
                                                                            prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) and several acacias. The principal
                                                                    climax plants are tall bunch grasses such as big bluestem (Andro
                                                                    pogon Gerardi), seacoast bluestem (Schizachyrium scoarium var.
                                                                    littoralisi, Indian grass (Sorghas rum avenaceum), eastern gamagrass
                                                                    (Tripsacum dactyloides), species of Panicum and others. Some invading
                                                                    plants, other than brush species, include yanl:7cw
                                                                                                                    irgi    U:ed 11upatorium
                                                                    compositifolium)      roomsedge (Andropogon v             ), smutgrass
                                                                    (Schedonnardus p;n@iculatus) and many annual weeds and grasses.

                                                                          The salt marsh areas typically support several species of sed-
                                                                    ges and rushes such as Car@jx, pyperus, Eleocharis, Juncus, and
                                                                    Scir      several cord grasses    (Spartina spp. Tand s5shore salt-
                                                                    graspus')istichlis spicata).

                                                                          Introduced grasses such as Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon) and
                                                                    carpet grass (Axonopus affinis), are common in tame pastures and
                                                                    some have escaped into uncultivated areas.

                                                                          The river bottoms which cross the Gulf Prairies contain a
                                                                    flora quite distinct from the prairies themselves. Here, +rees
                                                                    predominate such as oaks (Quercus spp,), hackeberry (Celtis spp.),
                                                                    willows (Salix spp.), ash trees (Fraxinus spp.), cottonwoods
                                                                    (Populus `sppT, anacua (Ehretia @L_n`a_c_u_aT-and others. Dwarf Palmeto
                                                                    (Sabel minor) is also found in these river bottom lands.

                                                                          Conifers are not an important family in the coastal zone.
                                                                    However, especially in the eastern counties, some representative
                                                                    species occur such as the shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), the
                                                                    longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) as well as the loblolly pine
                                                                    (LM teada). -Th-ebald cypress (Taxodium distichum) is found
                                                                    in swamps and along rivers from Brazoria County eastward.

                                                                          On barrier islands, especially on Padre and Mustang Islands,
                                                                    the predominant vegetation is sea oats (Uniola paniculata), marsh-
                                                                    hay cord grass (Spartina patens) and the creeping vines of morning
                                                                    glory (Ipomoe spp.). Sunflowers (Helianthus spp.) are common
                                                                    on these treeless expanses of sand dunes.

                                                                          Aquatic plants abound in the coastal zone. Among these are
                                                                    parrot's feather (Myriophyllum spp.), pondweeds (Patomogeton spp.),

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                                                                   duckweeds (Lemna spp.), duck meat (Nuphar luteum) and arrowheads
                                                                   (@j        @). The beneficial aquatic plant species as well
                                                                   as open water for fish and wiZife in many of the strecons, canaZs,
                                                                   lakes, and ponds are being threatened by several introduced noxious
                                                                   weedy species. Foremost among these are the water hyacinO ("ch-
                                                                   hornia crassipes) and alligator weed (Althernanthers phil eride@).
                                                                   The native cat-tails (Typha spp.) also belong here. Other species
                                                                   that can and may prove to be troublesome are aquatic species of
                                                                   water-primrose             spp.), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes),
                                                                   common firogbit             spongia) and American-Tea-the-rf-o-i-l-THo-t-
                                                                   tonia inflata). -Tn Tbays and open water along the Gulf Coast are
                                                                   to be found such species as manatta-grass (Cymodocea filiformis),
                                                                                                                       lodule
                                                                   widgeon-grass (Ruppia maritima), shoal-grass (Ha-            Beaudettifl,
                                                                   turtle-grass (Thalassia testudium) and others. Some of these
                                                                   marine grasses Tre -often found washed up on the beaches along the
                                                                   coast.

                                                                   ANIMALS

                                                                        a. General

                                                                        To most people "wildlife" means those animals which are hunted
                                                                   for food or sport. In today's society, wildlife, with the exception
                                                                   of fish and shellfish, supply only an insignificant part of the
                                                                   diet of the average Texan. This becomes especially apparent when
                                                                   we consider that our laws do not allow the sale of meat derived
                                                                   from wild species; again fish and shellfish are excepted. This
                                                                   statement does not imply that wildlife is of little importance in
                                                                   the economy of Texas.

                                                                        Hunting and sport fishing are major hobbies in Texas. The
                                                                   revenue derived from the sale of hunting and fishing licenses is
                                                                   only a minor item in the State's revenue. In the fiscal year
                                                                   which ended August 31, 1968, Texas issued nearly 855,000 resident
                                                                   hunting licenses and over 1.2 million fishing licenses. These
                                                                   amounted to a total income of some 5.2 million dollars. The total
                                                                   income for Texas from hunting and sport fishing is many times this
                                                                   amount derived form taxes on sales of equipment, transportation,
                                                                   food, lodging, etc. The U. S. Census in 1960 estimated that Texans
                                                                   spent in that year $383 million for hunting and fishing. This
                                                                   amount has increased considerably but more up-to-date statistics
                                                                   are unavailable.

                                                                        The number of people whose hobbies are directly related to
                                                                   nature, such as birdwatchers, shell collectors, hikers, wildlife
                                                                   photographers and others is unknown. Their numbers are far more
                                                                   difficult to assess, for no license is required to pursue these
                                                                   activities. But again the amount of cash expended by these falls
                                                                   into the multimillion dollar bracket. An interesting item in this
                                                                   respect is given in the May 1970 issue of Executive's li,est: "In
                                                                   1940 the American consumer spent about $3.7    billion for recreation
                                                                   and leisure living. By 1960, this figure had climbed to $18.3

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                                                         billion. In 1968, a mere eight years later, the figure had increased
                                                         to $32.5 billion. The estimate for 1977 is $62.5 billion." Obvi-
                                                         ously, not all of these expenditures for leisure and recreation
                                                         are related to nature and wildlife but somewhere between one third
                                                         and one half of these monies are spent on outdoor activities.
                                                         Therefore, from straight economics, wildlife is a major resource.

                                                              b. Huntable Species

                                                              A quick glance at the hunting situation in the fall of 1970
                                                         can be obtained from News, published weekly bythe Texas Parks
                                                         and Wildlife Department. The issue published the first week in
                                                         December gives this picture of hunting in coastal Texas:

                                                              Deer hunting in the southeastern portion of the state got
                                                         off to a slow start because of high wind. Clarence Beezley, infor-
                                                         mation and education officer in La Porte, says there seems to be
                                                         plenty of deer, but hunters are having to wait for better hunting
                                                         conditions. Range conditions are good with plenty of water standing
                                                         in the marshes, but it gets drier the farther west one goes.
                                                              Duck hunters are still getting their limits, and Beezley says
                                                         most hunters are happy with the new point system for determining
                                                         bag limits. Beezley says pintail drakes are about the only ones
                                                         unhappy with the new system since they, being 10-point ducks, are
                                                         getting plenty of pressure.

                                                              Squirrel and rabbit hunters have been doing well, but most
                                                         of the interest is in deer and waterfowl.

                                                              Counties which normally have quail are experiencing a drought
                                                         which could mean trouble for quail later on in the year. Dove
                                                         were scattered during the season, and the kill was about average.

                                                              South Texas, where the big deer usually are, has them again
                                                         this year with better than average size in the northern part of
                                                         the region, according to L. D. Nuckles, information and education
                                                         officer in Rockport. But generally the range in all but the most
                                                         southern portion of the region is in poor shape, and the deer,
                                                         although in good shape now, are starting to lose weight. Because
                                                         of the warm weather, the deer are not moving and hunters have had
                                                         only moderate success.

                                                              Turkey populations are generally the same as last year but
                                                         somewhat higher in the north of the region.

                                                              Quail populations are high, but hunters need a good dog to
                                                         find them in the thick brush, according to Nuckles.

                                                              The duck season has been only fair because of the clear
                                                         weather. Nuckles says a good, wet cold front is needed to bring
                                                         the ducks down into gun range.

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                                              An interesting development in the yearly migration patterns
                                         of waterfowl is emerging this year. Blue and snow geese, as
                                         well as mallards, species which breed in Canada and northern
                                         U. S. during the wayn season and seek refuge during the winter
                                         on the Gulf Coast are induced to stop on refuges in the Midwest.
                                         The feeding of these game birds on federal and state refuges along
                                         the flyways is affecting the number of birds along our coast.
                                         Biologists fear that the high concentration of birds on these
                                         small refuges in the Midwest could have disastrous consequences
                                         due to heavy hunting pressure, an outbreak of disease (fowl cholera)
                                         or rigors of the winter.

                                              Clearly, interstate cooperation is necessary in the wise
                                         management of this valuable wildlife resource.

                                              In spite of these attempts to hold water fowl in midwestern
                                         refuges a great number of ducks fly each autumn to the Texas
                                         Gulf Coast. They remain here until early spring when they return
                                         to their northern breeding grounds. in sheer numbers two duck
                                         species predominate in Texas bays and Zagoons: pintaiZs and red-
                                         heads. Although redheads occur in large numbers especially in
                                         the Laguna Madre the species is not in as good shape as the pin-
                                         tail. It has been estimated by Weller (Journal of Wildlife in
                                         Management, 28, (1), 64-103, 1964) that 78% of a1Z redheads
                                         winter in the Laguna 14adre. Manifestly, Texas has a responsi-
                                         bility of maintaining a suitable habitat for this species.

                                              The U. S. Government maintains on the Texas Coast four
                                         refuge areas which are wintering ground for migratory water fowl.
                                         In the lower Laguna Madre in Cameron County is located Laguna
                                         Atascosa National Wildlife Reguge. Mainly in Aransas County we
                                         find Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, famous as the winter home
                                         of the rare whooping crane. On the upper coast two smaller
                                         refuges have been established, Brazoria and Anahuac National
                                         Wildlife Refuges in Brazoria and Chambers Counties, respectively.

                                              In contrast to the federal refuges, the State of Texas has
                                         only one area the purpose of which is management of water fowl:
                                         the J. D. Murphree Wildlife Management Area just outside Port
                                         Arthur in Jefferson County. While federal refuges prohibit hunting
                                         of water fowl within their boundaries, the state wildlife manage-
                                         ment area permits restricted hunting of ducks during the regular
                                         season.

                                              c. Sport Fishing and CommerciaZ Fishing

                                              Generally speak'ng, sport fishing on the Texas Gulf Coast
                                         is more important than hunting as a hobby. The reason for that
                                         is twofold. While hunting is restricted by law to a relatively
                                         short season (from September for white wing and morning doves
                                         through the deer, turkey and water fowl season in November and
                                         December to the quail season which closes on January 31) there

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                                                             is no season on fishing. The mild climate of the Texas Gulf
                                                             Coast permits the pursuit of fishing the year round. An additional
                                                             reason for the preference of fishing over hunting is the fact
                                                             that Texas has very little public land and access to private
                                                             land is obtained only through some kind of lease arrangement
                                                             between the owner of the land and the hunter. In contratt,
                                                             fishing waters are in the public domain and accessible to any
                                                             fishing license holder.

                                                                  On the Texas Gulf Coast two types of fishing are available:
                                                             fresh water and salt water fishing. Generally speaking, salt
                                                             water fishing is far more important than fresh water fishing.
                                                             Here again the decisive factor is accessibility. Especially
                                                             on the lower coast, from San Antonio Bay south, fresh water is
                                                             not readily available. Rivers flow through private land and
                                                             although a stream is in the public domain it can be reached without
                                                             incurring tresspassing charges only where it flows through public
                                                             land such as a highway easement. Even freshwater reservoirs,
                                                             which were constructed with public funds, have restricted access.
                                                             For instance, Lake Corpus Christi, a reservoir with a shoreline
                                                             in excess of 200 miles, has less than 10 miles of shore where
                                                             the public has free access. This injustice ', with the public paying
                                                             for a reservoir but only vested interests having access to its
                                                             shores, has been corrected. Reservoirs built with federal funds
                                                             Corps of Engineers or Bureau of Reclamation - must provide a 300
                                                             foot easement above the high water mark around the entire
                                                             reservoir to which the public has free access.

                                                                  Salt water fishing falls into two distinct categories. The
                                                             bay fishing which can be enjoyed with a modest expenditure of
                                                             equipment and the open Gulf fishing which requires considerable
                                                             investment in a seaworthy craft or payment of sizable charter
                                                             fees on boats for hire. The importance of Texas in the sports
                                                             world of deep sea fishing is recognized by the fact that four
                                                             fishing tournaments are held on our coast. The oldest one is
                                                             off Port Aransas which began in 1932 and has continued annually
                                                             with a short interruption during World War II. Next follow
                                                             the tournaments at Port Isabel, Freeport, and Port Lavaca.
                                                             These yearly events attract a large number of fishermen from
                                                             throughout the state.

                                                                  Fishing, fresh water as well as salt water, is the outdoor
                                                             sport enjoyed by the largest number of people. It does not only
                                                             provide an excellent activity but for the poor a modest invest-
                                                             ment in equipment provides recreation and a chance to supply
                                                             essential protein for their diet. Therefore, the maintenance of
                                                             a good environment for fish as well as shell fish should have a
                                                             high priority when the welfare of the disadvantaged in our society
                                                             is considered.

                                                                  The importance of commercial fisheries in Texas can be
                                                             evaluated from landings of marine species in Texas ports. These
                                                             statistics are compiled by the U. S. Department of the Interior,
                                                             U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

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                                            in cooperation with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. In
                                            1969 the total landings for finfish in Texas ports amounted to
                                            78.5 million pounds. Of this total, 73.2 million pounds were
                                            Menhaden, a fish unsuitable for human consumption, but sought
                                            after for its oil and as a source of animal food. Drum catch,
                                            both black and red (redfish), amounted to 1.7 million pounds
                                            and the spotted sea trout harvest totaled 1.2 million pounds.
                                            Therefore, four species of fish accounted for 97 per cent of
                                            the total commercial finfish landings in Texas.

                                                 More important than finfish landings in 1969, both from
                                            total poundage as well as value, were the landings of shellfish.
                                            The total shellfish landings amounted to 80'9 million pounds
                                            and were distributed in the following fashion:  shrimp (all
                                            species) 70.8 million pounds, blue crabs 6.3 million pounds and
                                            oyster meats 3.8 million pounds. obviously, shrimp is by far
                                            the most important commercial harvest from the sea. The total
                                            value of the fisheries catch landed in Texas ports depends very
                                            greatly whether one multiplies the catch by the price paid to
                                            the fisherman or the price the consumer has to pay at the neighbor-
                                            hood supermarket for some product of marine origin. Equally
                                            important are seasonal fluctuations in market prices.

                                                 It is imperative, however, to realize that the income for
                                            the State and its citizens derived form sport or commercial
                                            fisheries is income derived from a truly renewable natural resource.
                                            If proper management is provided, from a point of view of harvest
                                            as well as maintenance of suitable habitat, this source of income
                                            is inexhaustible. It is like living off the interest of an invest-
                                            ment without drawing on the capital.

                                                 But although many of the Texas landings of finfish and shell-
                                            fish are caught in the waters of the open Gulf, it is important
                                            to keep in mind that some 90 percent of the species spend signi-
                                            ficant parts of their life cycles in the waters of Texas estuaries
                                            and bays. shrimp, for instance, spawn in the Gulf but seek the
                                            nutrient-rich estuaries to change into adult forms. oysters,
                                            a sedentary species, need some salt content in the waters they
                                            inhabit but cannot grow in the salinity of the open Gulf. There-
                                            fore, the maintenance of healthy estuaries, free of pollutants
                                            and supplied with adequate amounts of fresh water, is essential
                                            to the perpetuation of the fishery resources of Texas.

                                                 d. Non-game Birds

                                                 In the words of Roger Tory Peterson, possibly the foremost
                                            modern field orinthologist, Texas is the No. 1 Bird State. More
                                            than 540 species of birds have been recorded in Texas, not counting
                                            subspecies. If subspecies are included the number exceeds 800.
                                            No other state in the U. S. can boast a larger diversity of birds
                                            within its boundaries.

                                                                        The reason for this diversity of bird life lies in the
                                                                  geographic location of Texas.     The Rocky Mountains form a
                                                                  natural barrier along the U. S. but in Texas western species as
                                                                  well as eastern species are to be found. Also, we are located
                                                                  at such a latitude where the birds of the northern plains meet
                                                                  species of birds of Mexico.

                                                                        Although the Texas Gulf Coast does not have records for
                                                                  sighting of all birds species which occur in the state, it is
                                                                  estimated that some 400 species have been seen in the coastal
                                                                  zone. One reason for the variety of birds along the Texas coast
                                                                  is the fact that the coast lies across two major migratory routes
                                                                  of birds. The eastern part of the coast lies within the western
                                                                  limits of the Mississippi flyway and the rest of the Texas coastal
                                                                  zone is crossed by the Central flyway. Consequently, the greatest
                                                                  variety of birds is found during migration, in the spring and
                                                                  again in the fall. Texas, especially the Gulf Coast, is a true
                                                                  Mecca for birders and visitors from all states of the Union as
                                                                  well as from foreign countries seek out our Gulf Coast to observe
                                                                  and study birds.

                                                                        In addition to the geographic location, Texas' Coastal Zone
                                                                  offers a variety of habitat to many birds. The long expanses of
                                                                  mud flats and beaches along our shores attract the shore birds,
                                                                  the low water areas in our bays offer food for many wading birds,
                                                                  and the prairie interspersed with brush and tree motts offer
                                                                  suitable cover for a great number and variety of birds. This
                                                                  habitat exists because the human population along the coast is
                                                                  concentrated in four metropolitan areas separated from each other
                                                                  by sparsely inhabitated expanses of land. The metropolitan areas
                                                                  with high population densities are: Brownsville-Harlingen,
                                                                  Corpus Christi, Houston and Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange. Aside
                                                                  form these metropolitan areas industry is rather rare along our
                                                                  coast.

                                                                        Texas cannot only boast the greatest variety of birds of
                                                                  any of our 50 states, but the Lone Star State can also lay claim
                                                                  to the destinction of being the home of more rare and endangered
                                                                  birds species than any other state in the U. S. Again, the
                                                                  Coastal Zone is permanent or temporary home to many of these
                                                                  endangered species.

                                                                        e. Rare and Endangered Species

                                                                        The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service yearly publishes a list
                                                                  of animal species, not only of birds, which are considered in
                                                                  danger of extinction. The 1968 edition of the Red Book, the
                                                                  list of endangered animals, lists 38 species anU-s-uF_s_pecies of
                                                                  birds which are threatened by extinction. Of these not less than
                                                                  31 either are parmanent residents of the coastal zone or migrate
                                                                  through our coast or establish temporary residence on our shores.
                                                                  Rather than enumerate all these birds we will discuss the condi-
                                                                  tions of only three of these birds.

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                                                              crane The most famous member of the list is undoubtedly the whooping
                                                                   . The only flock of wild whooping cranes in the world (the
                                                              last count revealed 57 birds) spends the winter months in the marshes
                                                              and tidal flats in or around the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge.
                                                              The whooping crane is a migratory bird which breeds in the expanses
                                                              of the Northwest Territories in Canada. The decline of the whooping
                                                              crane was not due to hunting pressure but to destruction of habitat
                                                              wi thin most of its former range. Surprisingly, the birds responded
                                                              well to wise management and are slowly increasing in numbers.

                                                                   The brown pelican, a clown of the bird world, was until the
                                                              early 1950's a common sight along the Texas Coast. Beginning in
                                                              1956 and 1957 a drastic decline in the number of brown pelicans
                                                              did occur and the population has not yet recovered from this down-
                                                              ward trend. It is estimated that about 100 to 150 birds live
                                                              along our coast. In the 1970 breeding season, they raised only
                                                              nine young. The reason for the decline in brown pelican numbers
                                                              is difficult to pinpoint. There is good circumstantial evidence,
                                                              however, that persistent pesticides of the chlorinated hydrocarbon
                                                              family are to bl=e for the reduction of this species.

                                                                   Another bird, the peregrine falcon. a transient visitor to
                                                              our coast is practically extinct. Contrary to the brown pelican,
                                                              the reason for the reduction in peregrine falcons has been shown
                                                              conclusively to be the widespread use of DDT, a persistent chlori-
                                                              nated hydrocarbon pesticide.

                                                                   The plight of three bird species selected are indicative of
                                                              the struggle wildlife faces in today's world. Shrinking habitat
                                                              is a major cause for declining numbers. The introduction of man-
                                                              made poisons into our environment, exemplified by the use of per-
                                                              sistent insecticides, plays an important role in the decimation of
                                                              wildlife species. In some cases it is difficult to pinpoint the
                                                              exact cause of the decline of wildlife populations because the
                                                              species reaches critically low numbers before the danger signal
                                                              is recognized.

                                                                   In addition to the bird species, the red wolf (Canis niger)
                                                              and the American alligator (Alligator mississippjensTs@are among
                                                              those animals which are threatened with extinction. The exact
                                                              status of the red wolf (some authorities do not recognize it even
                                                              as a distinct species) is not quite clear. It appears to inter-
                                                              breed with the coyote and therefore shows a great variability in
                                                              physical features. Although endangered, it is interesting to
                                                              point out that until some two months ago Harris County offered
                                                              a bounty on red wolves. Wolves are still unprotected in the state.

                                                                   As of January 1, 1970, the American alligator is protected in
                                                              Texas. The decline in numbers of the alligator has come about
                                                              through habitat destruction and indiscriminate shooting and killing
                                                              of the alligators. The success of the protection program cannot
                                                              yet be evaluated. From reports I have, extensive poaching sti@Z
                                                              occurs and there is a lively black market for alligator hides.

                                              Effective protection of the species   can only be accomplished by
                                              regulation of the market of articles made from alligator hide,
                                              such as shoes, purses, wallets and other articles of apparel.

                                              CONFLICT OF INTEREST

                                                    It goes without saying that man and wildlife cannot coexist
                                              unless man makes a conscious effort to preserve habitat for wild
                                              animals and enacts laws forbidding the indiscriminate destruction
                                              of wild species. The latter is mainly a process of education and
                                              information.

                                                    Wildlife habitat must possess three elements to support wild
                                              animals.   It must:

                                                         have an adequate fresh water supply,

                                                         provide food,

                                                         and offer cover where animals can seek protection from
                                                         the elements as well as their enemies.

                                              On land these three requirements can be readily detected but in
                                              a marine environment such as a bay or estuary they are more subtle.
                                              The estaury is that zone where fresh water from a river meets the
                                              saline waters of the sea.

                                                    The river waters bring with them nutrients from the land in
                                              the form of inorganic salts containing phosphorous, potassium,
                                              and nitrogen, the three main fertilizer ingredients for plants.
                                              It is essential also that sunlight reaches and penetrates the
                                              water for without sunlight the intricate process of transforma-
                                              tion of inorganic matter into life forms does not occur. In the
                                              presence of sunlight, green plants containing chlorophyll, change
                                              the carbon dioxide contained in the water or in the air into food
                                              stuffs which animal forms can utilize. These plant forms, from
                                              microscopic plankton on to sea grasses and aquatic plants, are the
                                              primary-food source of the animals which inhabit our waters.
                                              Although many animals do not feed on plant material they depend
                                              on prey which derive their food from plants. Therefore, destroy
                                              the plants and you eliminate all animals.

                                                    Shelter in the estuary is afforded to the various prey species
                                              by the shallowness of the water into which the larger predators
                                              cannot follow. Also the shallow areas are effective in diluting
                                              the salt content of sea water and sunlight can penetrate the thin
                                              layers of water and provide an ample food supply.
                                                    Therefore the cutting@off of fresh water influx into an
                                              estuary by daming a river most effectively chokes off one essen-
                                              tiaZ component in the delicate balance of the-estuary.

                                               Estuaries and coastal wetlands (salt and fresh water marshes
                                          and algal mud flats) are also effectively destroyed by diking and
                                          filling to provide land for residential, industrial, or agricultural
                                          uses. The proximity to water is a great inducement for residential
                                          developments.

                                               For esthetics and recreation man has always been attracted to
                                          land close to water and along the Texas coast we are witnessing
                                          the manifestations of this human trait. Although the conflict
                                          between municipal development and wildlife habitat has not yet
                                          reached crisis proportions on our coastal zone, the time to plan
                                          in NOW in order to maintain suitable habitat for wildlife for the
                                          future. Some developments on the lower coast illustrate the point.
                                          Key Allegro near Rockport destroyed a valuable nursery ground for
                                          marine species by filling and bulkheading a shallow bay area.
                                          Dredging boat channels and building up low land for home sites close-
                                          by effectively,eliminated that area as wildlife habitat. On Padre
                                          Island extensive housing developments on both the north and south
                                          ends of the island have drastically changed the nature of these
                                          regions. A county park on the north end of Mustang Island eliminated
                                          the nesting grounds of a colony of seabirds: Sandwich Terns.

                                               Similar but more extensive housing developments have occurred
                                          in the metropolitan areas of Houston and Galveston. Bolivar Penin-
                                          sula northeast of Galveston is practically totally occupied by
                                          private homes.

                                               These developments have been mentioned only to emphasize the
                                          need for careful long-range planning so that growth takes place in
                                          an orderly fashion and assures the coexistance of both man and wild-
                                          life species. without proper habitat preservation the most stringent
                                          protective regulations are valueless in maintaining a healthy wild-
                                          life population. The timely establishment by the federal govern-
                                          ment of Padre Island National Seashore has reserved a large part
                                          of that island as a relatively unspoiled natural tract of land.

                                               It also behooves the State of Texas to set aside certain areas
                                          where man is only a visitor and wild animal species have preference
                                          of occupancy. Areas suited as wildlife sanctuaries, especially for
                                          sea and shore birds, along our coast are the relatively inaccessible
                                          spoil islands and banks in Texas bays and lagoons. These islands
                                          were built up by deposits of spoil from dredging ship channels to
                                          ports, boat channels to oil wells or private developments, and
                                          the Intracoastal Waterway. These islands are in the public demain;
                                          title to them is held either by the State of Texas or by the various
                                          port authorities. Presently, many of these islands are used by
                                          various birds for nesting sites but conflicting human uses occur
                                          also. Among these can be listed: dumping ground for spoil from
                                          maintenance dredging operations (the principal function of these
                                          sites), support for structures used in the petroleum industry,
                                          illegal dumping of all kinds of refuse, and sites where squatters
                                          have erected cabins. Some of these cabins are utilized by commercial
                                          fishermen but the majority of the cabins serve as weekend shelters

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                                          for sports fishermen. On some of the more extensive spoil islands
                                          regular little shanty towns have emerged. Management of these
                                          islands should restrict their use as dumping grounds for spoil
                                          and nesting and roosting sites for birds. Human occupancy should
                                          be limited to primitive camping, and that only at such periods
                                          when the birds are not using them.

                                               Industries are locating more and more in the coastal zone.
                                          The proximity of water offers cheap transportation for raw materials
                                          and finished products alike, the open expanses of water to afford
                                          a ready-made disposal site for undesired by-products. Fortunately,
                                          man has recognized the need of wildlife for water unpolluted by
                                          industrial or municipal wastes and encouraging progress has been
                                          made in abating pollution. However, Texas still permits the dis-
                                          charge of oil field brine into estuaries and bays which demonstrably
                                          damage these areas as nursery grounds for marine species. The tes-
                                          timony presented by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department at the
                                          Texas Railroad Commission hearing on November 4 and 5, 1970 in
                                          Austin, supports this statement. The amounts and the composition
                                          of the salts which make up oil field brine are quite different
                                          from the amounts and compositions of the salts found in seawater.
                                          Experiments by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department are showing
                                          that oil field brine, free of oil, is toxic to marine organisms
                                          even when diluted with seawater.

                                               Drilting operations for gas or oil in Texas bays are creating
                                          additional problems. The establishment of a well often necessitates
                                          the dredging of a channel and the spoil and silt derived from this
                                          operation may cover up feeding grounds for fish or water fowl.
                                          Also the channel changes patterns of ground currents within the bay
                                          and consequently affects the ecology of that area. Careful planning
                                          of drilling operations and locations of wells can greatly minimize
                                          the problems associated with the extraction of oil or gas.

                                               Similarly, the dredging for dead oyeter shell in Texas bays
                                          is affecting the biological balance in the bays. While dredging
                                          operations could be conducted in such a fashion as to minimize
                                          damage or even enhance the bay environment, present dredgfng prac-
                                          tices in Texas are not conducive to these ends.

                                               A healthy, live oyster reef requires for its maintenance an
                                          adequate supply of fresh water to dilute the salinity of seawater,
                                          for oysters can neither live in fresh water nor in sea water as
                                          found in the Gulf of Mexico. The water should be free of silt,
                                          because oysters are sedehtary animals and cannot move from one
                                          spot to another in search of clear water, Silt settling on live
                                          oysters kills the animals. in addition, for the propagation of
                                          oyster reefs the freeswimming larval oysters (spat) must find a
                                          hard surface upon which they can settle to reach maturity. An
                                          excellent bottom for spat to settle upon are the small shell fragments
                                          occuring among the reefs which are being dredged up. These fines
                                          are unsuitable as aggregate for road construction but in Texas

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                                           find a ready market as raw material for cement manufacture. There-
                                           fore, in Texas dredging operations, even the small broken shell
                                           is commercially harvested.

                                                This conflict of interest, which arises f rom the total extrac-
                                           tion of dead oyster shell in preference to a continued harvest
                                           of live oysters, is hard to understand when one considers that
                                           Texas has an abundant supply of an equivalent or even superior
                                           substitute for oyster shell: limestone. Chemically limestone
                                           and oyster shell are made up of Ahe same material: calcium car-
                                           bonate. Large parts of Texas-are giant fossil reefs or nearly pure
                                           limestone. The quarrying of limestone would have a much smaller
                                           adverse effect on wildlife habitat in the state than the dredging
                                           of oyster shell in the bays.

                                                Most of the land in the coastal zone is under agricultural
                                           use. Some of the coastal marshes and the sandy soils of Kenedy
                                           and Kleberg counties as well as the grassy expanses of the barrier
                                           islands are used as ranch land. The heavier prairie soils are
                                           under intensive cultivation for the production of cotton or grain
                                           sorghum. Marshes on the upper coast where rainfall is more abun-
                                           dant have been converted to rice fields.

                                                Ranching probably creates the least conflict between use of
                                           the land by man and wildlife habitat, provided overgrazing is
                                           carefully avoided, some cover for wildlife is maintained, and
                                           marshes are not drained. Cultivation of the land for agricultural
                                           crops, however, necessitates the clearing of the land with subse-
                                           quent destruction of the native vegetation. In addition, agri-
                                           cultural practices today require the widespread use of chemical
                                           pesticides such as insecticides and herbicides.

                                                The widespread use of persistant chemical compounds as control
                                           agents against insects or weeds poses a threat against wildlife
                                           species. Dramatic declines of populations of some wild species,
                                           such as the brown pelican, peregrine falcon, bald eagle and others,
                                           during the last few years have been related to the application
                                           of insecticides in agriculture. Persistant insecticides escape
                                           into the environment through land drainage, through air currents,
                                           during spraying operations, wind carried solid dust particles,
                                           co-distillation with water, and last, but not least, accidental
                                           spillage.

                                                A meticulous and extensive study by the Texas Parks and
                                           Wildlife Department of juvenile trout populations in the lower
                                           Laguna Madre links the decline of this fish species with the use
                                           of the persistent insecticide DDT. The DDT entered the Laguna
                                           Madre environment through run-off from agricultural fields.

                                                During the summer of 19?0 in the rice fields of Brazoria
                                           County significant mortalities of fish and white-faced glossy
                                           ibises were observed. The white-faced glossy ibis is a marsh
                                           feeding bird which comes into the wet rice fields to feed upon the

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                                                               many crustaceans and larval insects found in marshes and rice fields.
                                                               Although no positive proof links these wildlife kills with insecti-
                                                               cides the fish mortality occured after an application to the rice
                                                               fields.of Furadan (Carbofuran). This commercial insecticide loses
                                                               its initially high toxicity two or three weeks after an application.
                                                               In this instance, Furadan was sprayed inadvertently into a little
                                                               creek which flowed into the bay. The dying white-faced glossy
                                                               ibises showed symptoms of insecticide poisoning.

                                                                     In the Guadalupe delta on Kamay Island and on Matagorda Island
                                                               diking and draining of wetlands is taking place to provide improved
                                                               pasture for cattle grazing. These wetlands have been in the past
                                                               good habitat for birds. In these instances ranching is in conflict
                                                               with wildlife by destroying suitable habitat.

                                                                     Another conflict of interests exists in coastal counties which
                                                               arises for political reasons. Six coastal counties: Chambers,
                                                               Galveston, Refugio, Nueces, Kleberg, and Kenedy are outside the
                                                               regulatory authority of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission.
                                                               To more efficiently manage salt water fish resources in Texas greater
                                                               flexibility in regulations is needed than is possible in non-regula-
                                                               tory counties. This is best illustrated in Kenedy County. In
                                                               most summers in a section of the Laguna Madre called the "Hole'.
                                                               or "Graveyard" extensive mortalities - estimated at various times
                                                               from a quarter to three-quarters of a million pounds or even higher
                                                               of marketable fishes occur. These fishes cannot be harvested by
                                                               using troutlines and fishing rods before they succumb to rising
                                                               salinity and oxygen deficiencies. it seems ridiculous for gone
                                                               management officers TO ENFORCE present fishing rules so that most
                                                               of these fishes may rot under the hot summer sun.

                                                                     Hunting or fishing do not seriously conflict with wildlife,
                                                               provided regulations are adhered to. Limits should be obeyed and
                                                               hunters must familiarize themselves with the huntable species to
                                                               avoid killing protected species. Also, hunters should be made
                                                               aware of the intricate systems of checks and balances which makes
                                                               life on this earth possible.

                                                                     As an illustration of this last statement one might consider
                                                               the effect of predatory hawks upon the size of quail populations
                                                               in proper habitat. Hawks DO prey to a limited extent on quail,
                                                               but the main prey are rodents such as rats. The removal of hawks
                                                               from an area allows the rat population to go unchecked and multi-
                                                               ply freely. Although rats do not prey on adult quail, they devour
                                                               quail eggs, thus seriously endangering the quail population.

                                                                     Predators, contrary to widespread public belief, have a bene-
                                                               ficial effect on wildlife species by keeping prey animal populations
                                                               from increasing to such number that food becomes the limiting
                                                               factor and many animals starve to death. But before stravation
                                                               of the prey animal sets-in, the vegetative cover of the land suffers
                                                               severe damage. The experience with the deer on the Kaibab plateau

                                                                 in northern Arizona and with the elk herd on the Isle Royale on
                                                                 Lake Superior illustrate this predator-prey relationship.

                                                                       In Texas through excellent management deer are again quite
                                                                 abundant. Because of climatic conditions this past fall, the
                                                                 range does not have the carrying capacity for the large deer popula-
                                                                 tion and biologists fear that many deer will starve to death. This
                                                                 possibility could have been avoided if enough deer would have been
                                                                 harvested by hunters during the season. Although bioligists recommend
                                                                 a heavy harvest, this goal was not attained because the system of
                                                                 hunting leases and doe permits in Texas gives the landowner effective
                                                                 veto power over directives of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

                                                                       An indirect effect of hunting on wildlife has been shown to
                                                                 exist for many years but recently has reached near crisis proportions.
                                                                 In heavily hunted areas such as around duck blinds lead shot accumu-
                                                                 Zates on bottoms of bays and ponds and many water fowl, especially
                                                                 mallards, are dying form lead poisoning due to swallowing of lead
                                                                 shot. Hopefully, this problem will vanish in a few years by the
                                                                 replacement of the poisonous lead shot by non-poisonous soft iron
                                                                 shot.

                                                                       In the lower Laguna Madre, where most of the world's popula-
                                                                 tion of the redhead ducks winter, large numbers of these ducks are
                                                                 hooked on trotlines and are killed or mortally wounded. (C. A.
                                                                 McMahan and R. L. Fritz, Journal of Wildlife Management 31 (4),
                                                                 783-787 (1967)). This unnecessary kill could be avoided by allowing
                                                                 commercial fishermen other methods of catching fish during the winter
                                                                 when ducks inhabit the Laguna Madre.

                                                                 CONCLUSIONS

                                                                       In general the status of wildlife in coastal Texas is in fair
                                                                 shape. When one considers only huntable species, such as deer,
                                                                 turkey and quail, the status should even be graded good. It is
                                                                 important to remember that deer especially are responsive to proper
                                                                 management and readily coexist in pastures together with cattle.
                                                                 Probably there are more deer today in Texas than at anytime in
                                                                 history. Waterfowl, such as geese and ducks, are decreasing in
                                                                 numbers because of habitat destruction in breeding and nesting areas.

                                                                       Judging from landings of finfish and shellfish, the fisheries
                                                                 industries seem better off than at any other time. But to assess
                                                                 the true conditions of fisheries, population census of species must
                                                                 be used. Landings are greatly influenced by such factors as demand,
                                                                 catching effort, and market price and, therefore, do not reflect
                                                                 the status of populations.

                                                                       Many species of wildlife are still in existance in coastal
                                                                 Texas but their numbers have been greatly reduced since civilization
                                                                 reached the Texas Gulf Coast. Attwater's prairie chicken, a staple
                                                                 of the pioneers, exists only in isolated pockets. Sea turtles

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     to

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Z@i

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    .................

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         A,i

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      .. . .........................                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ............. .

                                              once nested on South Padre Island, but not any more.  Tarpons used
                                              to be caught in Texas bays, but their range today is restricted
                                              to the open Gulf.

                                                   A number of factors are responsible for the decline of truly
                                              wild species. All those factors are related to man.

                                                   One is often asked the question, "Why preserve wildlife?"
                                              The answer is a philosophical one and the noted American naturalist,
                                              John Muir (1838-1914), put it this way:

                                                                            WHEN WE TRY TO PICK OUT ANYTHING BY
                                                                            ITSELF, WE FIND IT HITCHED TO EVERY-
                                                                            THING ELSE IN THE UNIVERSE.

                                                        SELECTED BIBLTOGR4PHY

                                                        AUDUBON FIELD NOTES - The April issue of this monthly publication
                                                                  contains the results of the Christmas Bird Count, an yearly
                                                                  event sponsored by the National Audubon Society.

                                                        Childress, R., Levels of Concentration and Incidence of Various
                                                                  Pesticide Residues in Texas. Testimony presented at
                                                                  Senator Cris Cole's hearing on June 5, 1970 in Austin.

                                                        Correll,  D. S. and Johnston, M. C., "Manual of the Vascular Plants
                                                                  of Texas," Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas 1970.

                                                        Davis, W. B., "The Mammals of Texas," Game and Fish Commission,
                                                                  Bulletin No. 41, 1960.

                                                        Gould, F. W., "Texas Plants - A Checklist and Ecological Summary,"
                                                                  Texas A & M University, 1969.

                                                        Gunter, G. Reef Shell or Mudshell Dredging in Coastal Bays and its
                                                                  Effect upon the Environment. Transactions of the 34th
                                                                  North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference.
                                                                  Washington, 1969 pp. 51-74.

                                                        Masch, F. D. and Espey, W. R., Jr., "Shell Dredging. A Factor in
                                                                  Sedimentation in Galveston Bay." University of Texas at
                                                                  Austin, November 1967.

                                                        Peterson, R. T., "A Field Guide to the Birds of Texas," Houghton
                                                                  Mifflin Company, Boston, 1960.
                                                        Texas Landings U. S. Department of Interior (C.F.S. No. 5207)
                                                                  December 1969.

                                                        TEXAS PARKS & WILDLIFE

                                                            T H E S T A T U S 0 F P U B L I C H E A L T H

                                                               IN THE TEXAS COASTAL ZONE

                                                                                   Prepared by

                                                                                  Nick Classen

                                                                     OFFICE OF COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PLANNING

                                                                             OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                                                  October 1970

                                                                                       for

                                                                      COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                      INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                        DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                             OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                                                 TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                              Foreword and Acknowledgements

                                                              Summary of Problems

                                                          I.  Introduction

                                                              Table I

                                                         Ii.  Environmental Health Considerations

                                                              Plate I

                                                              Table II

                                                              Plate II

                                                              Plate III

                                                        III.  Personal Health Considerations

                                                              Plate IV

                                                              Plate V

                                                              Table III

                                                              Plate VI

                                                              Plate VII

                                                         IV. Hurricane-Created Hazards

                                                          V. Discussion

                                                         VI. Conclusion

                                                              T H E S T A T U S 0 F P U B L I C H E A L T H

                                                                I N T H E T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                           FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                                                                The present day status of public health on the Texas Gulf
                                                           Coast is compounded by the rapid economic growth in that area. The
                                                           great attraction of business and industry to the coastal region of
                                                           our State has caused not only a population increase, but a poputa-
                                                           tion shift . With this influx of people have come public health
                                                           and pollution problems, some of which are unique to this part of
                                                           the State, and others common to all large population centers.

                                                                The purpose of this paper is to report the existing public
                                                           health conditions, both environmental and personal, in the coastal
                                                           region, with emphasis on the problems and problem areas. Attention
                                                           is called to undesirable trends. The area being considered in this
                                                           study includes the 36 counties lying within the five planning regions
                                                           contiguous to the coast (Southeast Texas, Gulf Coast, Golden Crescent,
                                                           Coastal Bend, and Lower Rio Grande Valley).

                                                                This report was prepared for the Coastal Resources Management
                                                           Program, a program of the Governor's Office, Division of Planning
                                                           Coordination, as part of the first phase of that office's Coastal
                                                           Study. The information and material were obtained during personal
                                                           interviews and from the files of the Texas State Department of
                                                           Health and the Texas Water Quality Board. Grateful acknowledge-
                                                           ment is made of the cooperation and valuable assistance given by
                                                           our many friends on the staffs of those two agencies, and by the
                                                           staff members of the Office of Comprehensive Health Planning.

                                                                                SUM14RY OF PROBLEMS

                                                           Environmental Health

                                                                1.    Sanitary facilities in recreation areas and mobile home
                                  7                                   parks are overburdened by a heavy influx of tourists and
                                                                      an increasingly transient society.

                                                                2.    Proliferation of small water and sewerage systems, and
                                                                      inadequate local control of the use of septic tanks.

                                                                3.    Overloaded and inefficiently operated solid waste disposal
                                                                      sites, and almost complete lack of procurement of future
                                                                      sites.

                                                              4.  Incomplete coverage of the area by mosquito control
                                                                  districts and local health units.

                                                              5.  Insufficient sanitary control of estuaries and contig-
                                                                  uous land areas for protection of our marine resources,
                                                                  and insufficient regulation of the seafood production
                                                                  and processing industry (due to the lack of enabling
                                                                  legislation).

                                                              6.  Lack of personnel to provide adequate inspection of
                                                                  food handling and bedding manufacturing establishments.

                                                        Personal  Health

                                                              1.  Lack of health care information and facilities for the
                                                                  transient segment - tourist and otherwise - of the popu-
                                                                  la ti on.

                                                              2.  High incidences of tuberculosis and veneral disease, and
                                                                  a lack of personnel for an adequate case-finding and
                                                                  treatment program.

                                                              3.  A lack of immunization and family planning programs.

                                                                              1. INTRODUCTION

                                                              Health and pollution problems are "people" problems, and an
                                                        analysis of recent census data and population trends quickly points
                                                        out the reason for the health problems in the Texas Gulf Coast
                                                        area. Almost one-third of the people in Texas live in this part
                                                        of the State.

                                                              From 1960 to 1970 there was a 19% increase in population
                                                        'Table 1) in the 36 counties of the study area, as compared to
                                                        a 14% increase in the statewide population. An interesting concen-
                                                        tration-of-population phenomenon is shown graphically in Plate I.
                                                        One half of the State's population lies on each side of the diagonal
                                                        line for the year shown, and it is interesting to note that popu-
                                                        lation concentration toward the coastal area in the last 10 years
                                                        has made as much progress as it made in the preceding 30-year
                                                        period. About 3.4 million people, 31% of Texas' population,
                                                        Live on 33,200 square miles (36 counties), only 12% of the total
                                                        land area of the state. Expressed another way, there are 103
                                                        persons per square mile in the 36-county coastal study area, and
                                                        only 31 persons per square mile in the rest of the state. So as
                                                        not to be misleading, however, it should be pointed out that Harris
                                                        County contains half of the population of the study area.

                                                              In the last decade, the Texas Coastal area has been over-
                                                        run by a highly transient segment of society - the TOURIST.
                                                        Sanitary facilities and health services programs to accomodate

                                                                                   2             1                                    1

                                                                                                              TABLE I

                                                                                                  POPULATION CHANGE IN THE

                                                                                           COUNTIES IN THE COASTAL STUDY AREA*

                                                                       County                 1960                   1970                Change              Percent
                                                                                                          I                     I                      I      Cha "ge
                                                          ARANSAS                             7,006                  "68                 +  1,462             +20.8
                                                          AUSTIN                             13,777                13,243                -      534           - 3.9
                                                          BEE                                23,755                22,161                -  1,594             - b./
                                                          BRAZORIA                           76,204               106,230                +30,026              +-31-.0
                                                          BROOKS                              8,609                  7,732               -      877           -10.2
                                                          CALHOUN                            16,592                17,052                +      460           + 2.8
                                                          CAMERON                          151,098                137,506                -13,592              - 9.0
                                                          CHAMBERS                           10,379                12,030                +  1,651             +15.9
                                                          COLORADO                           18,463                17,155                -  1,308             :-i-.1
                                                          DEWITT                             20,683                17,872                -  2,811             73-.6
                                                          DUVAL                              13,398                11,364                -  2,034             -15.2
                                                          IORT BEND                          40,527                51 410                +10,883              +26.9
                                                          GALVESTON                        140,364                165:669                +25,304              +18.0
                                                          GOLIAD                              5,429                  4,580               -      849           -15.6
                                                          HARRIS                          1,243,158             1,722,533                +479,375             +38.6
                                                          HIDALGO                          180,904                173,715                -  7,189             - 4.0
                                                          JACKSON                            14,040                12,597                -  1,443             -10.3
                                                                                           245,654                                       -
                                                          JEFFERSON                                               242,719                   2,940                   .2
                                                          JIM WELLS                          34,548                32,127                -  2,421             -7-7.0
                                                          KENEDY                                  884                   665              -      219           -24.8
                                                          KLEBERG                            30,052                32,181                +  2,129             + 7.1
                                                          LAVACA                             20,174                17,483                -  2,691             -13.3
                                                          LIBERTY                            31,595                30,565                -  1,030             - 3.3
                                                          LIVE OAK                            7,846                  6,308               -  1,538             -19.6
                                                          MCMULLEN                            1,116                     992              -      124           -Fr.-T-
                                                          MATAGORDA                          25,744                27,630                +  1,856             + 7.2
                                                          MONTGOMERY                         26,839                46,950                +20,111              +74.9
                                                          NUECES                           221,573                233',965               +12,392              + 5.6
                                                          ORANGE                             60,357                70,380                +10,023              +T6-.6
                                                          REFUGIO                            10,975                  9,089               -  1,886                17.2
                                                          SAN PATRICIO                       45,021                44,445                -      576           - 1.3
                                                          VICTORIA                           46,475                52,776                +  6,301             -T2-9.3
                                                          WALKER                             21,475                24,885                +                       15.9
                                                                                                                                         +  1:4 '0            +
                                                          WALLER                             12,071                13,965                       894           +15.7
                                                          WHARTON                            38,152                36,128                -  2,024             - 5.3
                                                                                             20,084                                      -  4,652
                                                          WILLACY                                                  15,432       1                                237-

                                                          TOTALS                          2,885,021             3,440,002                +5549945             �19.2

                                                          STATEWIDE                       9,728,783            11,112,497             +1,383,714              +14.2

                                                          NOTE:     It is interesting to note          that 21 of the 36 counties lost population.
                                                                    Harris County accounted for 86% of the total gain for this coastal
                                                                    region, and Harris and Montgomenj Counties together accounted for
                                                                    90% of the total increase.

                                                            U. S.   Bureau of the Census preliminary releases (August, 1970.)
                                                                                                                3

                                                      this group are overburdened. Litter on the beaches, shallow
                                                      water supply wells, and often inoperable and undersized sewer-
                                                      age facilities (if any) are characteristic of the inadequacies.
                                                      The tourist is the least informed person in our midst; does he
                                                      know where to go for medical help? What facilities do we have
                                                      to serve him while he is in our area?

                                                           In providing for the transient segment of our society, tourist
                                                      or otherwise, one important consideration is the matter of mobile
                                                      housing, the available space for these homes, and the related sani
                                                      tary facilities to serve them. The September 15, 1970 issue of
                                                      the Texas Municipal League newsletter Legislative Policymaking
                                                      Facts states that as of March, 1970, there were 90,474 mobile homes
                                                      registered with the Texas Highway Department, an increase of almost
                                                      23,000 since last year. Roughly 34% of that increase occurred in
                                                      the coastal study area (this area comprises only 14% of the 254
                                                      counties in Texas but 31% of the population). In 1969, more than
                                                      70% of the new homes sold in Texas for less than $15,000 were of
                                                      the mobile type; and nationally, 48% of all single family homes
                                                      sold were of this type. This year, mobile home sales will comprise
                                                      more than 95% of all home sales under $15,000.

                                                           The coastal region is also becoming a very popular retirement
                                                      area; another reason for increasing population. An integrated
                                                      program of geriatric centers and services will be needed. At the
                                                      present time, there are no organized centers, and such services
                                                      are handled on a more or less random basis. The greatest need for
                                                      geriatrics is a motivation and remotivation program.

                                                           Although the state regulatory and advisory agencies - primarily
                                                      the Texas State Department of Health - have carried on active sur-
                                                      veillance programs and have appropriately notified local officials
                                                      of the various problems and hazards, there has generally been
                                                      inadequate environmental hea@th planning at the local level and
                                                      heed taken of these warnings in this part of the state. The
                                                      coastal area is an important food source, both land and estuary,
                                                      as well as an expanding industrial area. It is the drainage basin
                                                      for the entire state, and it needs constant sanitation surveillance,
                                                      more than any other part of the state, because of the subtropical
                                                      climate; it is a prime area for reinfection. Diseases like plagu
                                                      dengue, yellow fever, and malaria - nonexistent at present - could
                                                      be reintroduced through the shipping industry because the vectors
                                                      (flies, fleas, mosquitoes, rats) are still there.

                                                                II. ENVTRONMENTAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

                                                      Water Supply
                                                           There are about 550 water supply systems (Table 11) in the
                                                      study area, over 200 of which are located in the Houston metro-
                                                      politan and suburban areas. The "spawning" of these systems,

                                                                                  4

                                                                                                                     PLATE I

                                                                                                       POPULATION DISTRlBUTION

                                                                                             r -IT

                                                                                                      PMER,CAPSOM  WAY 1MEUR,
                                                                                                         _1Z

                                                                                                            A        L
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                                                                                                                                                                                     MOIM
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                                                                                                                                                                            ZORIA

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                                                                                                      1930
                                                                                                                                     - - - - - -      1AT1111
                                                                                                                                            UVAL WE
                                                                                                   1960

                                                                                                 1970                                -   T
                                                                                                                                        '@T
                                                                      one half of the population of                                     j'5T-A- IDALGb-,
                                                                      Texas lies on each              side of the                                    1W
                                                                                                         -0

                                                                      diagonal line for the year shown.

                                                                                                                         5

                                                       made possible by the availability of an abundance of good quality
                                                       ground water, has occurred in Harris and adjacent counties, espe-
                                                       cially Montgomery County. Consolidation of these systems - a
                                                       master system - is needed in this area, and will increase public
                                                       health protection. This can be accomplished by the large public
                                                       water systems extending services to adjacent small communities.

                                                            Approximately 25% of the systems in these 36 counties hold
                                                       the Texas State Department of Health State Approval status.
                                                       Absence of "State Approval" does not necessarily mean that the
                                                       water is unsafe, but it can be interpreted as an indication of
                                                       the amount of time devoted to operation of the system. State
                                                       Approval indicates not only good quality water, but operator
                                                       competence and safisfactory operation and maintenance. The related
                                                       fact that there are not enough properly trained water utilities
                                                       personnel to oversee the management of the numerous small water
                                                       systems (less than 5,000 population) points to the long-time
                                                       problem of public apathy and a frequent unwillingness on the part
                                                       of many city officials to pay for good operation and maintenance,
                                                       i.e., better salaries for competent personnel. This is a problem
                                                       mainly with the systems serving populations of less than 5,000.

                                                       Sewerage - Water Pollution

                                                            In general, the Texas coastal waters are satisfactory for
                                                       fishing and recreation. Water oriented recreation, including
                                                       water contact sports, is a desirable use of the waters of the
                                                       state everywhere. Water contact activities in natural waters
                                                       are not opposed by the state health agency where routine sanitary
                                                       surveys support such activities, and where, in addition, as a
                                                       flexible guideline to be used in the light of conditions disclosed
                                                       by the sanitary survey, the geometric mean of the number of fecal
                                                       coliform bacteria is less than 200 per 100 milliliters (ml.),
                                                       and not more than 10% of the samples during any 30-day period
                                                       exceed 400 fecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml. This policy is
                                                       advisory only and in no way limits the responsibilities and
                                                       authorities of local health agencies.

                                                            One has to marvel at Nature's seZf-purifying capability
                                                       and assimilative capacity when analyzing the fact that two-thirds
                                                       of the 368 wastewater treatment plants in the coastal area (see
                                                       Table II), most of which discharge eventually to the estuaries,
                                                       are producing a poor quality effluent. Over 150 of these plants
                                                       are located in and around Harris County (147 in Harris County,
                                                       about 50 of these within the Houston city limits), and the same
                                                       problem is being experienced with proliferation of small systems
                                                       as was mentioned for water supplies above. The wastewater plant
                                                       problem, however, is of a more critical nature.

                                                            In addition to this matter, the exposure to effluent from
                                                       septic tanks presents a potential public health hazard in the

                                                                                  6

                                                            coastal region. Soil conditions are generally unsuited for pro-
                                                            per septic tank operation; the effluent standing in roadside ditches
                                                            provides excellent breeding places for mosquitoes; in some loca-
                                                            tions, the bacteriological quality of ground water is endangered;
                                                            there is continual exposure of people to the effluent in many areas;
                                                            in most locations, there is little or no regulation and control
                                                            of these individual disposal systems at the county level. These
                                                            facts have furnished the basis for Texas Water Quality Board action
                                                            in passing several septic tank control orders.

                                                                 The construction of community sewerage systems in the smaller
                                                            urban ized areas will eliminate or greatly reduce septic tanks and
                                                            the health hazard they pose. Prior planning for the development
                                                            of regional sewerage systems and integration of the small urban
                                                            areas into such systems will be a significant step forward toward
                                                            solving health and pollution problems.

                                                            Solid Waste

                                                                 The Texas State Department of Health made a statewide survey
                                                            in 1968 of all the domestic solid waste disposal sites in Texas.
                                                            Only 4.7% (40 out of 875) of the sites surveyed were acceptable
                                                            sanitary landfills. In the coastal study area, the record is not
                                                            much better (see Table 11); 15 out of 171 (8.8%) are acceptable.

                                                                 The survey pointed out several problems, most of which are
                                                            not unique to any particular area, but apply statewide:

                                                                 1.   The people's attitude toward a "dump" site, i.e., land
                                                                      use incompatibility, is unfortunate.

                                                                 2.   Flies and rodents, dust and odors, smoke from open burning.

                                                                 3.   High watertable - common in the coastal zone - leaches
                                                                      contaminants and pollutants out of the garbage into
                                                                      ground water supplies.

                                                                 4.   Manpower; a strike would pose an immediate public health
                                                                      problem.

                                                                 5.   It is very difficult to attract sufficient numbers of
                                                                      qualified personnel to this field of work.

                                                                 6.   Poor waste disposal programs in recreational areas.

                                                                 7.   "Promiscuous" dumping, i.e., into roadside ditches.

                                                                 8.   Lack of financial and a&ninistrative structure and resources.

                                                                 9.   Lack of planning by counties and local entities.

                                                                 Suggestions for solutions and improvements of the general
                                                            situation:

                                                                                         7

                                                                                       TABLE Il

                                                                             ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

                                                                                    TEXAS COASTAL REGION

                                                                       Wastewater                                           Solid Waste
                                                                       Treatment Plants             Water Systems           Disposal Sites
                                                                             Satisfactory                     State             Sanitary
                                                  County          Number      Opera tion        Number     Approved      Number Landfill
                                              Aransas                  3            1               7         1             2
                                              Austin                   4            3               4         2             2
                                              Bee                      4                                      1             3         0
                                              Brazoria                 16           5               25        8             15        0
                                              Brooks                   1                            1         1             1         0
                                              5-1houn                  5  1         3               5         3             3         0
                                              Cameron                  11 1         5               22        6             8         1
                                              Chambers                 5            1               9         3             3         0
                                              To I -orado              4                                      3             6         0
                                              rewi -tt                 5            1               5         2             3         0
                                              Duval                    3  1         1               5         1             3
                                              Fort Bend                14           5                                 -6              1
                                              Galveston                20           4                    --71-              10        0
                                              Goliad                   I            1               1         1             1         0
                                              Harris                147             40         2-00   ---23-                19        5@
                                              M d -ag-o                12           9          2-3           11
                                              J.c                      4                            4         2                       1
                                                . ks on
                                              Jefferson                21           7               18        6             5         1
                                              Jim Wells                3            2               3         3             3         0
                                              Kenedy                   0            -               1         0             1         0
                                              Kleberg                  2  1         1               4         2             3         0
                                              Lavaca                   3            3               3         3             3         0
                                                                       7            2               16        3       1     5         0
                                              Live Oak                 2     -1                               1             2         0
                                              McMullen                 0                            2         0             1         0
                                              Matagorda                6            2               15        2             3         1
                                              Montgomery               4            1               31        1             2         0
                                              Nueces                   16    -4                     10        4       -8              3
                                              Or  ;ugg.                10           5               29        4             6         0
                                              Re                       3  1         1               5                       4         0
                                              San Patricio             8            2               11        6             8         0
                                              Victoria                 5            2               6         2             4         1
                                              Walker                   5            1          -5         -1                2         0
                                              Tal I Der                5     -2-                    3         3             4         0
                                              Wharton                  7            4               6         3             4         0
                                              Willacy                  2            1               8         1             3         0

                                              TOTALS                368             126             540     130          171        15

                                              Percent                               34.2                    24.1                      8.8

                                              one incinerator
                                                                                    3               6

                                                                                                    11
                                                                                                    29

                                                                                         8

                                                                    1.  Public education programs to obtain acceptance of solid
                                                                        waste management programs, publicize the urgent need
                                                                        for proper systems, encourage planning at the local level,
                                                                        and encourage competent peopleAo enter the field.

                                                                    2.  Provide better trainihg for all personnel in the solid
                                                                        waste profession.

                                                                    3.  Upgrade the profession and raise the status and image
                                                                        of the workers by setting higher standards for qualifi-
                                                                        cation and performance, better pay, and better working
                                                                        conditions.

                                                                    Much of industrial solid waste, which is under the regulatory
                                                              jurisdiction of the Texas Water Quality Board, is in aqueous sus-
                                                              pension or in semi-liquid form, and has not presented a significant
                                                              problem as solid waste.

                                                              Vector Control

                                                                    Of the common vectors - fly, rat, tick, flea, mosquito -
                                                              only the mosquito constitutes a significant public health hazard
                                                              in the coastal region. The other vectors are usually controlled
                                                              indirectly through adequate control and management of other environ-
                                                              mental problems, i.e., flies as a part of the sewerage and refuse
                                                              problem, rats - usually - as part of the refuse problem, ticks
                                                              and fleas as part of the control of rats and other animals. While
                                                              rats are often controlled as part of the refuse program, most
                                                              large cities have separate, active rodent control programs in
                                                              operation.

                                                                    The mosquito, which is of great concern in the coastal region,
                                                              is, for the most part, a nuisance. But this insect is also respon-
                                                              sible for periodic outbreaks of encephalitis; yellow fever, another
                                                              mosquito-transmitted disease, has been nonexistent in Texas, and
                                                              malaria has been rare in recent years. It is not known, however,
                                                              how many secondary infections are the result of mosquito bites,
                                                              or how significant a problem the mosquito is in recreational
                                                              areas - how many people go home just to get away from the nuisance?

                                                                    For effective control, every county should have or be part
                                                              of a mosquito control district. There are only seven funded
                                                              districts in the coastal area at present (see Plate II); such
                                                              districts are especially needed from Kingsville to Refugio and
                                                              in the Rio Grande Valley, although during the summer cotton
                                                              spraying, the density of mosquitoes in the Valley area is not
                                                              great.

                                                              Pesticides

                                                                    Even with our best control efforts, insects still destroy
                                                              about one-fourth of everything we raise. The organophosphate

                                                                                             9

                                                                   PLATE II

                                                          MOSQUITO  CONTROL  DISTRICTS

                                                                 >                   -- ----------

                                                      -/SAN@
                                                          llr@v

                                                        ItI

                                                                                     Mosquito Control
                                                                                     District - funded

                                                                                     Mosquito Control District
                                                                                     cr..ted but not funded

                                             ME'VIC0

                                                                      10

                                                          insecticides are the most common ones used in Texas agriculture
                                                          today; few farmers use DDT, and few have found it useful since
                                                          about 1950. So if DDT were banned in Texas, it would not have
                                                          a significant effect on our agricultural program. It is interesting
                                                          to note that Sweden, the first country to ban DDT, is not ready to
                                                          return to the use of this material becuase the pine weevil is
                                                          threatening to wipe out the country's forests. Likewise, the
                                                          use of DDT is being reactivated on the island of Ceylon because
                                                          of one million cases of malaria in the last several years of the
                                                          ban. In the lower Rio Grande Valley, since 1964, occupational
                                                          exposure to organophosphate insecticides has resulted in a sig-
                                                          nificant number of cases Of acute poisoning (over 300 cases).
                                                          All cases have been successfully treated with no known residual
                                                          effects. It appears that as the workers gain knowledge of the
                                                          hazards and experience in handling the materials, the number of
                                                          cases declines.

                                                               The hazards involved with the use of pesticides can be
                                                          summarized as follows:

                                                               1.  Acute poisoning cases

                                                               2.  Possible contamination of potable water (short term)

                                                               3.  Possible runoff of contaminants (NOTE: DDT is highly
                                                                   toxic to fish, although toxaphene is the chemical most
                                                                   commonly involved in fish kills in Texas; DDT is highly
                                                                   insoluable in water, i.e., soluable only to the extent
                                                                   of about 1 ppm.)

                                                               4.  Environmental buildup. The long term effects on the
                                                                   ecology are not completely understood, but they are
                                                                   apparently not critical.

                                                               Some of the hazards of not using certain pesticides are as
                                                          follows:

                                                               1. The entire coastal area is very receptive to an array
                                                                   of vector-borne diseases.

                                                                   a.  Malaria and dengue, which were once prevalent in
                                                                       that area, could be reintroduced

                                                                   b.  Plague, related to introduction of infected rats
                                                                       and fleas

                                                                   c.  Murine typhus (flea-borne)

                                                                   d.  Encephalitis, the most likely vector-borne disease
                                                                       to occur in the coastal area

                                                               2.  Heavy crop damage

                                                                                      11

                                                          In comtemplating the ban of a particular insecticide, there-
                                                     fore, one must take into consideration the Risk-Benefit Equation
                                                     and assign priorities. How much risk are you taking for the amount
                                                     of benefit derived?

                                                     Marine Resources

                                                          A great potential exists in the Texas Gulf Coast's ability
                                                     to produce seafood. In general, the Texas bays and estuaries
                                                     are in good condition, and the acreage open to oyster harvesting
                                                     has remained relatively constant in most of the bays for the
                                                     past 20 years. Lavaca and Galveston Bays are the exceptions.
                                                     Approximately 54% of Lavaca Bay (see Plate III) is closed to
                                                     harvesting because of sanitary (8;500 acres - urban runoff) and
                                                     industrial (11,400 acres - recent mercury findings) hazards. On
                                                     the other hand, Galveston Bay, from whence come 75 to 90% of
                                                     the Texas oysters, has been significantly "enlarged" in approved
                                                     acreage (55,565 additional acres in Galveston Bay proper between
                                                     1951 and 1969). This has been due to improved surveillance tech-
                                                     niques, as well as more information available regarding the con-
                                                     dition and characteristics of the bay.

                                                          The bays and estuaries are not free of environmental hazards,
                                                     however. Some of the more pressing problems/threats are:

                                                          1. Increasing population and industrialization

                                                          2. Large quantities of domestic wastewater placing a heavier
                                                             organic burden on the assimilative capacity of the coastal
                                                             waters.

                                                          3. Rapid changes in technology are creating new waste disposal
                                                             problems and, in turn, a need for additional emphasis on
                                                             monitoring of industrial waste discharges.

                                                          4. Heavy metals, such as mercury (brain, kidney, and nervous
                                                             system damage), cadmium (cardiovascular disorders), and
                                                             lead (miscarriage, damage to vital organs).

                                                          While there is specific legislation covering the oyster and
                                                     crab processing industry, there is no "Wholesome Food Act" that
                                                     places the same emphasis on regulation of seafood processing as
                                                     on red meat. There is little or no specific control, for example,
                                                     over the rate of moving marine produce from boat to processing
                                                     plant, particularly in the case of the "small" operators, with
                                                     the exception, of course, of that exercised over oysters and
                                                     crabs. Marine produce is highly perishable and, therefore, requires
                                                     special handling procedures and techniques between time of harvesting
                                                     and time of processing.

                                                          At the plant, disposal of liquid and solid processing waste is
                                                     a problem, and in general, there is no satisfactory means of dis-
                                                     posaZ provided. The ill-planning of dock facilities has presented

                                                                                 12

                                                                                              PLATE III

                                                                          MARINE RESOURCES - OYSTER HARVESTING
                                                                            Texas State Department of Health
                                                                                        September 1, 1970

                                                                                                          1-ow.

                                                                                                                                      SA
                                                                 -ATIM                                                                 LA@
                                                                                                    14                     -2     sr

                                                                         <X
                                                                                                                     3
                                                                                            L@ACA
                                                                                             &4y.
                                                                                                                    0

                                                                                 mrcffiv

                                                                                y
                                                                                                    0
                                                     ------------- ------ --- 4@7_11-
                                                                    ILI   weces

                                                                                          v         LEGEND: A-Approved, C-Closed
                                                                          @y

                                                                                                    1.    0 Acres-A; 53,728 Acres-C
                                                                                                    2.    166,390 Acres-A; 149,928 Acres-C
                                                                        @y    9                     3.    11,040 Acres-A; 0 Acres-C
                                                                                                    4.    168,900 Acres-A; 12,919 Acres-C
                                                                                                    5.    16,900 Acres-A; 19,900 Acres-C
                                                                                                    6.    101,560 Acres-A; 5,888 Acres-C
                                                                                                    7.    102,300 Acres-A; 26,476 Acres-C
                                                                                                    S.    88,320 Acres-A; 14,720 Acres-C
                                                                                                    9.    403,328 Acres-A; 0 Acres-C
                                                                                                    10.   6,624 Acres-A; 200 Acres-C
                                                              kevco
                                                                                    0
                                                                             South                  Approximate Total Bay Acreage-1,349,121 Ac.
                                                                              Bay

                                                                                                    13

                                                          special sanitation problems, such as inadequate or no toilet
                                                          facilities, inoperable or lack of backflow preventors, and inad-
                                                          equate facilities for washing boats and equipment.

                                                               At the present time, control of these aspects of the marine
                                                          produce industry, by the Texas State Department of Health, would
                                                          be greatly strengthened by the passage of legislation that would
                                                          set forth definitive requirements and authorize the development
                                                          of specific regulations.

                                                          Food and Milk

                                                               Food contamination by insects and rodents and subsequent
                                                          spoilage is an especially critical matter in the coastal zone.
                                                          This is the Number One food control problem in the state, and is
                                                          magnified in the coastal area by the climatic conditions.
                                                          Closer control is needed because the food originating in this area
                                                          (mostly fish) is of a more perishable nature.

                                                               Approximately 50% of the shrimp breeding in the world is
                                                          accomplished in the Texas coastal zone, and activities related
                                                          to this industry - control of bacterial contamination - consti-
                                                          tute a sizeable portion of the Texas State Department of Health's
                                                          Food and Drug Division surveillance effort. This particular pro-
                                                          gram needs about twice the staff to sufficiently do the job.

                                                               The coastal region is not a good dairying area; there are
                                                          very few dairies located there, and consequently, no problems
                                                          of major importance. Pasteurization has, for the most part
                                                          eliminated milk-borne diseases. Many of the cities have their own
                                                          milk inspectors, which has resulted in some duplication of effort
                                                          with the Texas State Department of Health. Updating of laws and
                                                          regulations would eliminate some of this overlap and permit the
                                                          more efficient and effective utilization of personnel.

                                                          Bedding

                                                               This program of the Texas State Department of Health protects
                                                          the public health by regulating the processing and manufacture of
                                                          bedding material and products, and the processing and sale of
                                                          second hand material and products. The big problem is the regu-
                                                          lation (and there is considerable illegal activity in this field)
                                                          of the sale of the second hand bedding. It must be gerTnicidally
                                                          treated to be rendered safe for resale. This problem is unique
                                                          to a Texas coastal location (Houston) only in that there are
                                                          more bedding manufacturers, processors, and related activity in
                                                          that area (Dallas is second behind Houston).

                                                               The solution is more people for regulation and enforcement
                                                          activities, but funds are not available for a larger staff. The
                                                          bedding program is unique in that, by law, it must be fiscally
                                                          self-sustaining through the requirements for registration fees
                                                          and revenue inspection stamps, It gets no revenue from the General
                                                          Fund.

                                                                                          14

                                                          Radiation

                                                               In general, the production and use of radioactive materials
                                                          in Texas does not pose a threat to public health. However, there
                                                          is a significant potential for such a hazard if the program of
                                                          constant surveillance carried on by the Texas State Department
                                                          of Health's Division of Occupational Health and Radiation Control
                                                          is not maintained. About 50% of all the licensees in the State of
                                                          Texas are issued to users in the coastal region; 80% of this
                                                          number (40% of the total) is located in Harris, Galveston, and
                                                          Jefferson Counties.

                                                               The industriaZ and medicaZ utiZization of radiation equip-
                                                          ment and sources seems to be concentrating in the coastal area.
                                                          It is more economical to serve large numbers of people with the
                                                          more sophisticated and expensive devices, and this equipment is
                                                          being "drawn" to the dense coastal population centers from other
                                                          parts of the state. The area is enhanced by a large potential
                                                          in the Coastal Bend region for mining low grade uranium ore. A
                                                          ..glamorous" part of the surveillance effort is centered around
                                                          Tood Shipyards on Pelican Island, Galveston, Texas, where the
                                                          nucZear ship Savannah is serviced and refueled.

                                                               One of the main problems encountered in the radiation control
                                                          program (a problem not especially common to any particular area)
                                                          is that of obtaining the cooperation and compliance of industrial
                                                          radiographers. In general, this somewhat transient group of
                                                          people is careless about instrument calibration and the use of
                                                          proper safety equipment.

                                                               At the present time, the Texas State Department of Health
                                                          is adjusting its program to deal with a new hazard: Non-ionizing
                                                          radiation produced by eZectronic sources, laser and microwave
                                                          devices, and radar. This situation is characterized by improper
                                                          shielding and defective components, and can be remedied, for the
                                                          most part, by stricter standards governing the manufacture of
                                                          the equipment, There has been a legislative proposal to expand
                                                          the definition of radiation, which would give the State health
                                                          agency legislative authority over these radiation sources.

                                                          Air PoZZution

                                                               Because of the high concentration of population and industry,
                                                          and the unique meterology of the area, the Texas Coastal Region
                                                          has the greatest potential for the occurrence of air pollution
                                                          problems. The area is characterized by rapid heating and cooling
                                                          of the land surface, updrafts during the day, and downdrafts at
                                                          night. The localities of prime concern are the Houston-Galveston
                                                          area, Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange area, and Corpus Christi area
                                                          to some extent.

                                                               Air quaZity may have some effect on respiratory disorders
                                                          such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it has been deter-

                                                                                       15

                                                      mined to have no effect on tuberculosis. Some investigators are
                                                      not convinced of the relationship between air pollution and respi-
                                                      ratory diseases.

                                                      Occupational Safety

                                                           Although accidents certainly are not unique to the coastal
                                                      area, most of the effort of the State Health Department's Occupa-
                                                      tional Safety Program (related to the work of the Occupational
                                                      Health Program) is concentrated in this region because the majon
                                                      of the industrial activity in the State is found there. The "hei; y
                                                      areas are Houston, Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange, Corpus Christi, and
                                                      the Rio Grande Valley. Dallas-Fort Worth and San Antonio run a
                                                      close second.

                                                           Plate IV indicates the high-accident areas of the State, and
                                                      is based on numbers of "debit employers." A debit employer is one
                                                      whose accident experience (record) is worse than the average for
                                                      his type of industry.

                                                      Housing

                                                           Housing has an undisputed and profound effect on our daily
                                                      lives. This matter is not reserved for the poor, but is of concern
                                                      to all of society. When considered in relation to the environ-
                                                      ment, housing is usually seen in context with "public" housing
                                                      for the "economically deprived," or is related to '.substandard"
                                                      conditions. Certainly, many of the problems confronting mankind
                                                      in his environment - disease, maternal and infant mortality, juvenile
                                                      delinquency, drug abuse, truancy, sanitation - could be ameliorated
                                                      by providing and maintaining satisfactory housing. This paper
                                                      considers the more direct environmental and personal health problems,
                                                      many of which can be related to housing, rather than placing
                                                      emphasis on housing problems in the Coastal Area.

                                                                  III. PERSONAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

                                                      Local Health Services

                                                           One of the biggest public health problems in our State, as
                                                      well as on the coast, is the cost and delivery of health services.
                                                      There are not enough local health departments and programs, and
                                                      the Texas State Department of Health is working toward the goal
                                                      of complete coverage through the activation of a regional public
                                                      health system.

                                                           Plate V indicates the location of the full-time county health
                                                      departments in the coastal area (50% coverage).

                                                                                   16

                                                                                                                                                                                                  PLATE iv

                                                                                                                                                                  COUNTIES                        WITH THE GREATEST
                                                                                                                                                                      NUMBER OF DEBIT EMPLOYERS

                                                                                                                                                                                                  4UR(C
                                                                                                                                                     DALLAM       WJWW

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                                                                                                                                                                                                        @T t",
                                                                                                                                                                                                  IMMiT    LA SALLEIMMUl.            E
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             L 11.1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   IS

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             DUVAL
                                                                                                                           50            199 Debits                                                            r
                                                                                                                                                                                                             A41 d,'-
                                                                                                                           200             399 Debits                                                                        OGG

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ILC
                                                                                                                          400 Or More Debit                              s
                                                                                                                                                                         I

                                                                                                                                                                                                  MEN

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                October, 1970

                                                                                                                                                                                                  17

                                                                                                             PLATE V

                                                                                               COUNTIES WITH FULL TIME
                                                                                                   HEALTH DEPARTMENT,$
                                                                                                       (Shaded Area      -

                                                                                                                         ....... ... .....

                                                                                                                                                     ............

                                                                                                                   ......... ..

                                                                                                                        ... .. .......

                                                                                 ....... ......

                                                                     ...........

                                                                                                                                                 October, 1970

                                                                                                              18

                                                                 Communicable Diseases

                                                                       It's one thing to be in the "Top Ten" in football, but to
                                                                 be a national leader in the disease field is a somewhat dubious
                                                                 honor. From a review and analysis of the statistics, it is evident
                                                                 that Texas has more than its share of communicable diseases. In
                                                                 a report prepared in October, 1970, by the Texas Office of Compre-
                                                                 hensive Health Planning, the 1968 statistics on 12 selected communi-
                                                                 cable diseases (see Table III) are analyzed. These diseases were
                                                                 chosen because they are believed to be the most accurately reported
                                                                 and thus are better suited for comparison. The incidence rates
                                                                 in Texas for nine out of the 12 were higher than the respective
                                                                 U. S. rates.

                                                                       The rates were also calculated for the Coastal study area
                                                                 (the five planning regions contiguous to the coast) and are com-
                                                                 pared with the Texas and U. S. figures (Table III). The results
                                                                 are shown graphically in Plate VI, and it can be seen that the
                                                                 rates in the coastal region for nine out of the 12 are higher than
                                                                 the U. S. average; seven out of 12 are higher than the U. S. and
                                                                 Texas averages.

                                                                       Tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent diseases in the
                                                                 coastal area, and it is probably the most common among mi@rant
                                                                 farm workers (see section on Migrant Health Program below . The
                                                                 Coastal region has about III of the State's population, but approx-
                                                                 imately 40% of the new active cases in Texas each year are found
                                                                 there (highest incidence areas: Houston and the Texas-Mexico
                                                                 border). The case rates for that part of the state are in the
                                                                 range of 35 to 38, whereas, the rate for the whole state has been
                                                                 in the range of 26 to 30. Climate has no bearing on TB incidence;
                                                                 the significant factor is concentration of people. One-fifth
                                                                 of all the cases in Texas come out of the Houston area (Harris,
                                                                 Montgomery, Brazoria, Fort Bend, Galveston, Waller, Austin, and
                                                                 Walker Counties). The eradication program presently includes
                                                                 case finding, treatment, treatment of "high-risk susceptibles,"
                                                                 following inactive cases for five years after completion of therapy,
                                                                 and prevention through the child-centered testing program.

                                                                       VeneraL disease is a constant problem; the incidence in Texas
                                                                 is higher this year than ever before. There has been a 498%
                                                                 increase in infectious/early syphilis in the State since 1958.
                                                                 A portion of this increase is undoubtedly due to improved case
                                                                 finding. The following statistics should serve to further illus-
                                                                 trate the problem.

                                                                                            REPORTED CASES
                                                                                                                                     Coastal
                                                                                                                          State        Area       I
                                                                 Total syphilis (all stages), 1969                        T,_170     -7-.907  47.1
                                                                 Total syphilis, Jan. - Sept., 1970                       4,871      1,930    39.6
                                                                 Infectious/early syphilis, Jan. - Sept., 1970            3,602      1,307    36.3
                                                                 Gonorrhea, 1969                                          38,405     14,817   38.6
                                                                 Gonorrhea, Jan. - Sept., 1970                            32,689     12,180   37.2

                                                                                                   19

                                                                                   TABLE III

                                                                      REPORTED COMYUNICABLE DISEASES
                                                                                       1968

                                              United States.                Texas             Coastal Region          of UReion': leoreTntage
                                            Number       Rate                                                                S. R,
                                                                      Number     Rate*        Number     Rate'                   at       f  exas Rate
                   Poliomyelitis            ---- F3      -0.03             22    -0-70        --TO-      -678             933.3         --74-0.0

                   Measles                  22,231       11.12        5,204      47.40        1,139      32.20            289.6              67.9

                   Diphtheria                   260       0.13           131      1.19             so     1.41          1 084.6              118.5

                   Leprosy                      123       0.06             40     0.36             24     0.68          1 133.3              188.9

                   Pertussia                  4,801       2.41           802      7.31           147      4.15            172.2                56.8

                   Gonorrhea                464,543      232.43       33,667     306.70       13,158    371.60            159.9              121.2

                   Tuberculosis             42,758       21.39        3,108      28.31        1,289      36.40            170.2              128.6

                   Syphilis                 96,271       48.17        6,208      56.55        2,371      67.00            139.1              118.5

                   Rubella                  49,371       24.70        2,923      26.63           692     19.50              78.9               73.2

                   Typhus                       298       0.15              9     0.08              7     0.20            133.3              250.0

                   Hepatitis                50,722       25.38        2,300      20.95           670     18.90              74.5               90.2

                   Typhoid                      395       0.20             14     0.13              3     0.09              45.0               69.2

                     Rates per 100,000 population

                                                                                                                                           PLATE VI

                                                                                                                  REPORTED COMMUNICABLE DISEASES - 1968

                                                                                                        COMPARING RATES IN U.S., TEXAS, AND COASTAL REGION
                                                                                                                          Rates per 100,000 Population
                                                                              DISEASES                                                                                                                             SCALE

                                                                              Poliomyelitis                                                                                                                        0 -         0.5

                                                                              Measles                                                                                                                              0 - 50

                                                                              Diphtheria                                                                                                                           0 -         5

                                                                              Leprosy                                     ..............................                                                           0    -      I

                                                                              Pertussis
                                                                                                                                                                      ...............                              0    -   10

                                                                              Gonorrhea                                                                                                                            0    -  500

                                                                              Tuberculosis                                                                                                                         0    -   50

                                                                                                                                    ..........
                                                                              Syphilis                                                                                                                             0    -  100
                                                                                                                                    ................. .

                                                                                                                          ...............       .......
                                                                              Rubella                                     .........................................
                                                                                                                                                .......                                                            0    -   50

                                                                              Typhus                                                                                                                               0    -      0.5

                                                                              Hepatitis                                   ..................... ......                                                             0    -   50

                                                                                                                                                                                 U. S.
                                                                                                                                                                                Te-.as
                                                                                                                          ...........
                                                                              Typhoid                                                                                           Region                             0 -         0.5

                                                                                                                                                21

                                                        It can be seen that the incidences for the first nine months of
                                                        1970 are very near the totals for the previous year. Only Dallas
                                                        is on a competitive level in incidence. (NOTE: Bear in mind that
                                                        the reported figures from which these VD statistics are compiled
                                                        only represent approximately 25% of the actual cases).

                                                             Leprosy in Texas is high, and most of the cases come from the
                                                        coastal zone. There has been a vigorous case-finding effort since
                                                        1961, and at present there are 500+ cases under surveillance.
                                                        These cases have always been there, but not until recently have
                                                        they been found and treated.

                                                             The dysenteries, including amoebiasis, are seen mostly among
                                                        the lower socio-economic groups (not an ethnic problem), usually
                                                        as a result Of poor personal hygiene and sanitation. Although
                                                        hepatitis is commonly listed among water-borne diseases, it is
                                                        spread more by not washing hands. An adequately financed environ-
                                                        mental health program can do much in these cases.

                                                             Diphtheria, poliomyelitis, measles, pertussis, and rubella
                                                        are "immunizable" diseases; we shouldn't have them. They crop
                                                        up whenever immunization levels are allowed to become low.

                                                             Mention should be-made of.the zoonoses - diseases transmitted
                                                        from animals to man - such as brucelosis, anthrax, botulism, and
                                                        rabies.  Of these, rabies is a constant menace; present especially
                                                        in wild animals, and prevalent at this time in the Rio Grande
                                                        Valley, West Texas, and Central Texas (the high reservoir in
                                                        Central Texas exists because of the large number of bat caves).

                                                        Migrant Realth Program

                                                             The primary pu'rpose of the Migrant Health Program of the
                                                        Texas State Department of Health, which was coordinated through
                                                        the Division of Sanitary Engineering until 1963, is to improve
                                                        health care and services for migrant agricultural workers. The
                                                        greatest concentration of activity associated with this program
                                                        is in the Lower Rio Grande Valley and the coastal zone. Plate VII
                                                        shows the location of the estimated 156,000 migrants in the coastal
                                                        zone.

                                                             The language barrier and the general unavailability of educa-
                                                        tion and educational programs among the migrant workers are signif-
                                                        icant parts of the cause of the major problems that affect the
                                                        health of these people. These problems, for the most part, are
                                                        environmental in nature: Crowded and substandard housing, inade-
                                                        quate water and sewerage facilities, no insect and rodent control,
                                                        little or no garbage collection. The health problem is compounded
                                                        by the fact that usually the migrant will not seek a doctor until
                                                        he is seriously ill. The Texas Education Agency, as well as the
                                                        State Health Department, takes an active part in the Migrant Health
                                                        Program toward overcoming this problem. Mechanization has also
                                                        compounded the problem by putting many migrants out of work, i.e.,

                                                                                       22

                                                                                                                                   PLATE VII

                                                                                                               LOCATION AND ESTI14ATED NUMBER
                                                                                                                         OF MIGRANT FAMILIES

                                                                                                                                                                      -------- --       $A
                                                                                                                                                                                         LAKF
                                                                                                                                                           :@ k@iif

                                                                            Contingency:               500
                                                                            families in all              the"
                                                                            other counties                                                                                 T

                                                                                                                               LAVACA  1    -G@
                                                                                                                                BAY    i      A,

                                                                            --- ------- -
                                                                            -Z-

                                                                                                                 AN

                                                                                          ..........   .........
                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                         ............... . .......
                                                                            ............. ....... .....
                                                                                             .....r...........
                                                                            ...........

                                                                            ....... ...
                                                                                           .... . .. .. ..
                                                                            ........                                                                Total Families: 48,800
                                                                            ..........
                                                                            ...........
                                                                            ..........
                                                                            ...............
                                                                            ............. *i::@
                                                                            .............

                                                                                                                                                    48,800 x 3.2                  156,160 migrants
                                                                                                    BAY

                                                                                                %

                                                                                                                                                                                 October, 1970

                                                                                                                                       23

                                                      migrants have less money to spend for health care, and more of a
                                                      financial burden is placed on the health care system.

                                                           The "serious" disease most common among these people, and
                                                      certainly most prevalent among them in the coastal zone, is tuber_
                                                      culosis. The greatest number of patients (with all diseases)
                                                      is in the age range of 15 to 44.

                                                           One interesting aspect of the migrant situation that may
                                                      have an effect on the Migrant Health Program is the fact that
                                                      the minimzvn wage law has caused many large land owners in the
                                                      Rio Grande Valley to dry up their fields and move into farming
                                                      operations across the border into Mexico.  The workers, who
                                                      actually have an opportunity to make more money working on a unit
                                                      basis than by the hour, have also migrated south.

                                                      Maternal and Child Health, Nutrition, and FwniZy Planning

                                                           The problems in these areas can be credited to the extreme
                                                      poverty of the high minority group population and the rapi,d growth
                                                      and industrialization of the coastal region. improper and insuf-
                                                      ficient pre- and post-natal care are given, and there are more
                                                      cases needing treatment than there are facilities for treatment.

                                                           This situation is also characterized by a poor nutritional
                                                      state. Many babies are born potentially retarded because of
                                                      poor nutrition.

                                                           There is a high and increasing number of teenage pregnancies
                                                      in the coastal region. The adolescence of the mothers is also
                                                      a major contributing factor to babies being born potentially
                                                      retarded (of abnormally small size). Morbidity increases in both
                                                      mother and child as a result of the mother having too many children.
                                                      It is estimated that there is three times more morbidity in having
                                                      too many children that in taking "the pill."

                                                                    IV. HURRICANE-CREATED HAZARDS

                                                           When an area is devastated by a hurricane, as has been the
                                                      case many times before in the coastal area, special health and
                                                      sanitation problems, mostly of an environmental nature, are
                                                      presented.

                                                      Water Supply

                                                           Power outages, which usually occur, render water system
                                                      pumping equipment inoperable. Pressure on the distribution system
                                                      soon decreases, thus increasing the chances of contaminants entering
                                                      the system. In addition, water cannot be taken from the source of

                                                                                  24

                                                         supply for treatment and delivery. To overcome this situation,
                                                         an auxiliary power source (gasoline engine) is needed. The majority
                                                         of the cities in the coastal area do not have auxiliary power
                                                         facilities.

                                                         Water Pollution

                                                              Sewerage systems are often flooded, and septic tanks are
                                                         underwater. When this situation occurs, there is no collection
                                                         of wastewater and no effective treatment.

                                                         Solid Waste

                                                              A solid waste management and disposal problem of large mag-
                                                         nitude is created; everything that has been destroyed is classi-
                                                         fied as solid waste. To help alleviate the situation, the Texas
                                                         Air Control Board grants an immediate variance for open burning
                                                         of the refuse and litter.

                                                         Vector Control

                                                              Dead cattle and other animals attract and breed fZies; rats
                                                         are displaced and come out to look for food. Heavy rain often
                                                         accompanies a hurricane (Hurricane Celia in August, 1970, was
                                                         relatively "dry," however.), and the mosquito population is
                                                         increased; their presence is detected about the fifth day after
                                                         the storm. High winds blow out windows and screens, and windows
                                                         without screens are opened for ventilation because power outages
                                                         have "knocked out" air conditioners, and the mosquitoes come in.
                                                         A health problem results when a "disease reservior" (encephalitis,
                                                         most commonly) develops.

                                                         ShelZf@sh

                                                              Pollution and contamination of the coastal waters result
                                                         when high tides and heavy rains flood the adjacent country-side.
                                                         A large amount of debris and urban runoff are washed into the bays.
                                                         The oyster harvesting area, must then be closed for two to six
                                                         weeks until sampling and testing can acertain safe bacterial levels.
                                                         This does not happen very often, however.

                                                         Food

                                                              Contamination of food results; directly from wind and water,
                                                         indirectly from spoilage when power goes off. More surveillance
                                                         is needed in salvage operations to insure proper procedures and
                                                         salvage of only the "correct" food products.

                                                                                      25

                                                  Radiation

                                                       Radioactive sources are occasionally blown around and sometimes
                                                  lost. Surveillance teams (Texas State Department of Health) are
                                                  rushed to the area to determine the severity and extent of the
                                                  problem and to confine it and prevent spreading.

                                                                         V. DISCUSSION

                                                       A conservative prediction (and this may be a gross under-
                                                  statement) of growth and development in the coastal region is
                                                  that it will continue, and probably at an increasing rate. This
                                                  is indicated by the influx of industry into the area and corre-
                                                  sponding impact on the economy of our State, access to and develop-
                                                  ment of suitable recreation centers, and the concentration of
                                                  population in that part of the State; especially the Houston area.
                                                  More people mean more problems, and public health is no exception.
                                                  Since the people are what make things happen and keep things
                                                  going, there is the obvious need to keep them healthy. It follows,
                                                  therefore, that the State Legislature and the environmental pro-
                                                  tection agencies, especially the Texas State Department of Health,
                                                  must direct a significant part of their attention and effort to
                                                  the coastal region.

                                                       Texas has more undeveloped (unspoiZed?) coastline than any
                                                  other state. There is still time for productive, thrifty, and
                                                  orderly development to take place - in contrast with the East
                                                  Coast, for example, that is presently trying to "salvage and
                                                  regroup" in many locations - if planning for a healthy environ-
                                                  ment is effected in the relatively near future.

                                                       The present trend of proliferation of small water and sewer-
                                                  age installations must not go unchecked; master water systems and
                                                  regional sewerage systems must be developed for good public health
                                                  protection. It may be well to examine the attitude and philosophy
                                                  regarding water use and needs, water wastage, pollution control,
                                                  and pricing of this product. Will each of us really need 200+
                                                  gallons of water per day by the year 2000? If so, where is it
                                                  going to come from? Is the answer to water quality control the
                                                  construction of more and larger wastewater treatment pZants?

                                                       A change in public attitude toward the water utilities pro-
                                                  fession and the value placed on the services rendered by these
                                                  people is urgently necessary. The quality of public health pro-
                                                  tection in this field is directly proportional to the price paid
                                                  for it, and right now, the amount being spent for salaries and
                                                  facilities is very low. A greens keeper at a municipal golf
                                                  course receives a higher salary than the man responsible for
                                                  supplying safe water to the public.

                                                       There has been very little planning done for solid waste
                                                  management, not to mention improper operation of existing dis-

                                                                               26

                                                             posal facilities- Because of increasing unavailability of land
                                                             for disposal, alternate solutions must be sought to reduce the
                                                             amount of refuse being generated and to dispose of the tonnage
                                                             that is and will be confronting us.

                                                                  Complete area coverage by mosquito control districts operating
                                                             in conjunction with full-time, active local health departments
                                                             will be a necessity to combat vector-borne and other communicable
                                                             diseases that hang as a Sword of Damocles over this subtropical,
                                                             receptive region.

                                                                  In addition to water quality control measures and intensified
                                                             sanitary surveillance of estuary and land areas - necessary to
                                                             protect our marine resources - in the entire coastal zone, stricter
                                                             regulation of the seafood production and processing industry will
                                                             be needed.

                                                                  The general public and public health officials are indeed
                                                             concerned at the present time    maybe "in an uproar" is a better
                                                             @erm to describe the situation    over the diphtheria epidemic
                                                             in our state (San Antonio); about 200 cases with two or three
                                                             deaths. Why is there not the same loud outcry over the syphilis
                                                             epidemic (over 3,000 cases with about 150 deaths in our state each
                                                             year - and bear in mind, again, that these reported figures repre-
                                                             sent only 25% of the actual cases)? is our public health surveillance
                                                             effort properly directed? It might be well for we the people to
                                                             reexamine our attitudes and philosophies toward public health
                                                             practices and standards.

                                                                                     VT. CONCLUSION

                                                                  1.   An intensified public health education program for environ-
                                                                       mental health and communicable diseases.
                                                                  2.   More emphasis on health care deiivery, facilities, and
                                                                       environmental protection for the transient segment Of
                                                                       our population, especially the tourist.

                                                                  3.   Development of regional water and sewerage systems and
                                                                       more rigid control of the use of septic tanks in the densely
                                                                       populated areas.

                                                                  4.   Improved solid waste management techniques and planning.

                                                                  5.   Complete coverage of the area by mosquito control districts
                                                                       and local health units.

                                                                  6.   More intense sanitary surveillance for protection of our
                                                                       marine resources, and additional regulation of the seafood
                                                                       production and processing industry.

                                                                                         27

                                                            7. Additional personnel are needed for such conawner pro-
                                                               tection programs as bedding (regulation of the sale of
                                                               second-hand bedding material) and food and drug surveillance.

                                                           8.  An environmental facilities/land use plan for the entire
                                                               coastal area.

                                                           9.  Intensified effort toward tuberculosis case-finding,
                                                               treatment, and eradication.

                                                         10.   A reinforced program for veneral disease case-finding
                                                               and treatment, and increased state funding for facilities
                                                               and personnel for treating the cases.

                                                         11.   A continuous and concerted effort toward imunization
                                                               of all persons, especially children, for the "immunizable"
                                                               diseases.

                                                         12.   A serious and intense f=ily planning and "zero population
                                                               growth" program with special attention and force directed
                                                               toward young teenagers.

                                                         13.   Reexamination of attitudes, philosophies, and standards
                                                               regarding public health practices, use of natural resources,
                                                               and environnentaZ control techniques.

                                                         14.   It could go without saying that adequate funding, along
                                                               with an enlightened attitude, is needed to implement the
                                                               items listed above.

                                                                                  28

                                                             I N V E N T 0 R Y 0 F W A S T E S 0 U R C E S

                                                                      11 T H E C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                  Prepared by

                                                                          Professor Joseph F. MaZina

                                                                    Center for Research in Water Resources

                                                                                      and

                                                                 Environmental Health Engineering Laboratories

                                                                       The University of Texas at Austin

                                                                                 October 1970

                                                                                      for

                                                                     COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                     INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                       DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                              OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                        I I
                                          I
                                        . I                           Preface              TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                   I. Introduction
                                          I                      II.  Inventory of Waste Sources
                                                                III.  Limitations of Inventory
                                          I                      IV.  Applications of Inventory
                                          I
                                          I
                                          I
                                          I
                                        , I
                                        . I
                                          I
                                          I
                                          I

                                                                            LIST OF TABLES

                                                      Table                        Title

                                                         I         Characteristics of Typical Municipal Wastewater

                                                         2         Industrial Wastewater Characteristics

                                                         I         letro-Chemical Wastewater Characteristics

                                                         4         Wastewater Treatment Plants

                                                         5         Municipal Wastewater Discharges

                                                         6         Industrial Wastewater Discharges

                                                         7         Wastewater Discharges into Injection Wells

                                                         8         Salt Water Discharges (1961)

                                                         9         Classification of Solid Wastes

                                                         10        Composition of Ordinary Municipal Refuse

                                                         ,I        Solid Waste Production

                                                         2         Industrial Air Pollution Emissions

                                                         13        Classification of Industrial Emissions

                                                         14        Registered Vehicles (1970)

                                                         15        Population and Passenger Vehicle Densities (1970)

                                                         16        Characteristics of Automobile Exhausts

                                                         7         Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Exhausts
                                                         118       Characteristics of Aircraft

                                                         11        Cotton linning

                                                         20        Animal Production

                                                         21        Characteristics of Animal Wastes

                                                                      LIST OF TABLES (con'd.)

                                                    TabZe                       TitZe

                                                     22          Feedlots

                                                     23          Pesticides

                                                     24          Pesticides

                                                     25          Radioactive Sources

                                                                            LIST OF FIGURES

                                                      Figure                      TitZe

                                                          1         Wastewater Treatment Plants

                                                          2         Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Flows (1970)

                                                          3         Typical Injection Well

                                                          4         Waste Disposal Wells (1970)

                                                          5         Salt Water Discharge Wells (1961)

                                                          1         Refuse Production (1918)

                                                          7         Industrial Emissions to the Atmosphere

                                                          8         Number of Motor Vehicles Registered Per Person (1970)

                                                          9         Feedlots (1970)

                                                         10         Areal Planning Councils

                                                                                 PREFACE

                                                            This report summarizes the available data which characterizes
                                                       the quality of the environment of the Coastal Zone of Texas. The
                                                       inventory of waste sources is based on existing data compiled by
                                                       the various State agencies. The data were collected during the
                                                       time period, August 15, 1970 through September 15, 1970 and there-
                                                       fore represent the accessible information on record at that time.
                                                       The time limitation also made it almost impossible to include data
                                                       which were on file but not available in a readily usable form. No
                                                       attempt was made to actually collect samples in the field in order
                                                       to supplement the available data.

                                                            The cooperation of the personnel of the various State agencies
                                                       was essential to the completion of the inventory within the time
                                                       frame work. The assistance of the personnel of the following agencies
                                                       is acknowledged:

                                                                       Texas Water Qua@ity Board

                                                                       Texas Water Development Board

                                                                       Division of Planning Coordination. Office of the
                                                                          Governor

                                                                       Texas Air Control Board

                                                                       Texas State Department of Health

                                                                       Texas Highway Department

                                                            The compilation and collection of the data would not have been
                                                       possible without the assistance of Mr. Dennis J. Crowley. The assist-
                                                       ance of Mr. Camilo Guaqueta in reducing the data for use in this
                                                       report is also acknowledged. Mr. Crowley and Mr. Guaqueta are Re-
                                                       search Engineers.in the Environmental Health Engineering Laboratories
                                                       at The University of Texas at Austin. The preparation of the final
                                                       manuscript was completed by the secretarial staff of the Environmental
                                                       Health Engineering Laboratories at The University of Texas at Austin.
                                                       Typing of the final copy for printing was done by Marilyn Purdy.

                                                                        I. INTRODUCTTON

                                                        The use of the resources along the Texas Gulf Coast has
                                                   resulted in changes in the air, water, and land environments.
                                                   The extent and the type of environmental change depends on the
                                                   type of activity. The effect of industrial utilization of
                                                   natural resources is considerably different than the environ-
                                                   mental changes caused by agricultural development. Large scale
                                                   industrialization results in urbanization and the associated
                                                   high population densities. The effects of this urbanization on
                                                   the environment is different than the effects caused by small
                                                   rural communities. Man's activities have left their mark on the
                                                   environment and this report is an attempt to evaluate the extent
                                                   of environmental change caused by man's use and development of
                                                   the naturaZ resources in the CoostaZ Zone of Texas.

                                                   objectives

                                                        The primary objective of this report is to develop an in-
                                                   ventory of the existing sources of waste materials discharged
                                                   into the water and air and deposited onto the land in the Coastal
                                                   Zone of Texas. These sources of potential pollution include
                                                   municipal and industrial wastewaters, solid wastes, and gases
                                                   and particulate material discharged into the atmosphere. A
                                                   second objective is the evaluation of the inventory of waste
                                                   discharges in an attempt to identify those areas where sufficient
                                                   information is not available and to propose methods of obtaining
                                                   the data. The final objective is recommendations of programs of
                                                   action to improve the quality of the environment in the immediate
                                                   future as well as for long-range planning purposes.

                                                   Scope

                                                        The inventory of waste sources and emissions includes the
                                                   more obvious environmental insults caused by improper disposal
                                                   of municipal and industrial solid wastes or inadequate treatment
                                                   of municipal and industrial wastewaters as well as some of the
                                                   more subtle potential pollution sources such as pesticides in the
                                                   bay and estuaries as well as the emissions from motor vehicles.
                                                   This inventory is developed based on existing information from the
                                                   records of the Texas Water Quality Board, Texas Water Development
                                                   Board, Texas Air Control Board, Texas State Department of Health,
                                                   Texas Department of Public Safety, the U.S. Geological Survey and
                                                   the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission, and other published do-
                                                   cuments. In cases where similar data were available from more
                                                   than one source, all attempts were made to reconcile any discre-
                                                   pancies which may have existed among the data.

                                                                                2

                                                      Coastal Zcn

                                                           The inventory of waste sources was limited to those counties
                                                      which are considered to be in the Coastal Zone of Texas. The
                                                      Coastal Zone includes 36 counties and covers an area ranging from
                                                      Orange and Jefferson Counties along the Sabine River down to Hidalgo
                                                      and Cameron Counties along the Rio Grande River.

                                                           The study area includes 33,451 square miles of land plus approx-
                                                      imately 6,300 square miles of submerged Land in the bays. The dry
                                                      land area represents approximately 12 percent of the area of the
                                                      State. The bays and estuaries along the Texas Gulf Coast provide
                                                      the spawning and nursery areas on which much of the commercial
                                                      fisheries industry is dependent. The population for the counties
                                                      included in this study is 3,538,763 people according to the initial
                                                      1970 Census data. This population represents 32.2 percent of the
                                                      total estimated population of Texas for 1970.

                                                           The Coastal Zone provides a contrast. The highly industrialized
                                                      and populated area between Beaumontand Houston is considerably dif-
                                                      ferent than the relatively undeveloped area between Freeport and
                                                      Brownsville, with the exception of the Corpus Christi area*   The
                                                      extent and type of industrial activity as well as concentration of
                                                      population can be related to the sources of waste as well as to
                                                      the efforts and funds expended in attempts to satisfactorily treat
                                                      and dispose of waste materials. The extent of agricultural develop-
                                                      ment can be related in part to the quantity of herbicides and pesti-
                                                      cides that may be found in the bay and estuary system.

                                                           The inventory of waste sources includes:

                                                               municipal and industrial wastewaters
                                                               salt water discharges
                                                               municipal refuse
                                                               refuse disposal practices
                                                               industrial emissions to the atmosphere
                                                               emissions from motor vehicles
                                                               animal wastes and pollution potential
                                                               pesticides in bays and estuaries

                                                           Other actual or potential waste sources which were not included
                                                      in the inventory because of the limited time available for the com-
                                                      pletion of the study include releases of wastes associated with the
                                                      transportation of materials by pipelines and ships; dredging for
                                                      channel improvement or for utilization of mineral resources; and
                                                      titter and debris from recreational activities associated with the
                                                      beaches and waters of the Coastal Zone. Also, thermal discharges
                                                      were not enumerated here since they are dwelt upon at length in a
                                                      separate report on energy and power in the Coastal lone,

                                                                                   3

                                                                Il. INVENTORY OF WASTE SOURCES

                                                       The waste products of man's municipal and industrial activity
                                                  which are discharged into surface water, onto the land, into the
                                                  atmosphere or below ground have been identified where data was
                                                  available. These data are summarized in this section of the re-
                                                  port. This information includes:

                                                       (a) quantity and quality characteristics of municipal and
                                                       industrial wastewater discharged into surface waters;

                                                       (b) quantity of industrial wastewaters disposed of by in-
                                                       jection wells;

                                                       (c) salt water discharges and methods of salt water disposal;

                                                       (d) production of municipal solid wastes and current refuse
                                                       disposaZ practices;

                                                       (e) particulate and gaseous emissions into the atmosphere
                                                       from industrial sources;

                                                       (f) the number of registered motor vehicles and character-
                                                       istics of automobile exhausts;

                                                       (g) animal production, feed lots and potential solid waste
                                                       and water pollution problems;

                                                       (h) pesticides in the water and sediment of bays and estuaries;

                                                       (i) radioactive wastes

                                                  Wastewater Discharges

                                                       The wastewater generated from the use of water for municipal
                                                  and industrial purposes contains suspended and dissolved, organic
                                                  and inorganic materials which can effect the quality of the re-
                                                  ceiving waters. Many of the components of wastewaters are reactive
                                                  and undergo biological decomposition or enter into chemical reactions
                                                  in the aquatic system. The setteable solids will accumulate on the
                                                  bottom of streams and the organic material in the sediments will de-
                                                  compose. The concentration of these materials will decrease with
                                                  time and these substances are nonconservative. Some of these mat-
                                                  erials, however, are nonreactive and persist in the aquatic environ-
                                                  ment for long periods of time. These conservative or refractory
                                                  materials are generally not affected by conventional water and
                                                  wastewater treatment processes and tend to accumulate in the water,
                                                  in sediments, or in aquatic organisms.

                                                       Other components of wastewaters are classified as nutrients
                                                  since relatively low concentrations of these chemical elements are

                                                                               4

                                                         required by algae and have been associated with the occurrence of
                                                         undesirable algal blooms in streams, lakes, estuaries and bays.
                                                         These nutrients are also associated with accelerating eutrophica-
                                                         tion which is a natural process of aging occurring in bodies of
                                                         water Some inorganic ions and some organic compounds are toxic to
                                                         fish, other aquatic animals and algae. At high concentrations these
                                                                         xert acute toxic effects resulting in dramatic results
                                                         such as fish kills. Chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of
                                                         these materials can have more subtle effects on the biota. Algae
                                                         tend to accumulate and concentrate some toxic substances. Predator
                                                         fish feeding on these algae could ingest lethal doses of toxicants.
                                                         Inorganic ions which have toxic effects include syanides, mercury,
                                                         copper, cadmium, chromium, zinc, and nickel to name a few. Some
                                                         other compounds and petrochemicals usually involved in reports of
                                                         acute toxicity are acids, caustics, ammonia, chlorine, phenolic
                                                         compounds, organic solvents, synthetic organic compounds, oil field
                                                         brines, pesticides and detergents to list only a few.

                                                               Most pollutants are characterized by the oxygen demand on the
                                                         receiving streams exerted by the wastewater discharges. Dissolved
                                                         oxygen is required by fish and aquatic organisms. When there is no
                                                         free dissolved oxygen in the water anaerobic conditions result in
                                                         fish kills and are characterized by odors. The lack of dissolved
                                                         oxygen generally upsets the "biodynamic" equilibrium which relates
                                                         the interdependence of various aquatic species on each other and
                                                         the effects of oxygen, nutrients and organic material on the organ-
                                                         isms. Biodynamic equilibrium is characterized by numerous species
                                                         of bacteria, algae, protozoa, crustacea and fish. Each species is
                                                         present in limited numbers. The equilibrium is upset when the
                                                         aquatic environment is changed resulting in the elimination of one
                                                         type of organism and the predominance of another.     Depletion of the
                                                         dissolved oxygen resources changes the environment from aerobic to
                                                         anaerobic and the biodynamic equilibrium which was    established is
                                                         upset.

                                                               The dissolved oxygen balance in the receiving   stream is im-
                                                         portant; therefore, wastewaters must be classified    in terms of their
                                                         effects on the oxygen resources of the stream. Wastes are classified
                                                         in terms of a Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), a Chemical Oxygen
                                                         Demand (COD) or a Total Oxygen Demand (TOD). Wastewaters are also
                                                         characterized in terms of the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content,
                                                         which can be related to one of the oxygen demand parameters.

                                                               The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the quantity of oxygen
                                                         utilized in the microbial oxidation of biodegradable organic material
                                                         in the wastewater in a specific time (usually 5 days) and at a
                                                         specific temperature (usually 68'F). The BOD usually indicates the
                                                         oxygen required for the biological oxidation of biodegradable carbon-
                                                         aceous substances and in some cases for the degradation of nitro-
                                                         genous materials.

                                                                                        5

                                                         The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) represents an estimate of the
                                                    organic and inorganic materials which can be oxidized by a chemical
                                                    oxidizing agent. The Total Oxygen Demand (TOD) is a relatively new
                                                    parameter for which equipment has recently been developed and provides
                                                    an estimate of the oxygen required to satisfy all demands on the
                                                    oxygen resources in the stream. Equipment is also available for
                                                    estimating the amount Of organic and inorganic carbon in the waste
                                                    water. The TOC can be related to the BOD and/or COD.

                                                         The analytical procedures available for evaluating the parameters
                                                    used to characterize the oxygen demand or carbon content of waste  -
                                                    waters have some limitations. A detailed discussion of all the pro-
                                                    cedures is beyond the scope of this report. However, it is important
                                                    to note that extreme caution is advisable in evaluating data relating
                                                    to these parameters.

                                                         The particulate and dissolved substances in wastewaters also
                                                    effect the quality of the receiving stream. Deposition of organic
                                                    and inorganic suspended material on the bottom of streams can cause
                                                    sludge banks to form. The accumulation of dissolved solids in the
                                                    water can limit the use of the water for some purposes. The solids
                                                    in wastewaters are categorized below:

                                                         (a) setteable solids are the suspended matter in a waste which
                                                         will settle by gravity under quiescent conditions in one hour.

                                                         (b) suspended solids are those materials which float on the
                                                         surface or are in suspension in water and which are removed
                                                         by laboratory filtering

                                                         (c) total solids are defined as the residue remaining after
                                                         the water is evaporated from the sample and the residue dried
                                                         to a constant weight

                                                         (d) dissolved solids are therefore the difference between the
                                                         total solids and the suspended solids

                                                         (e) volatile solids are that fraction of the total suspended
                                                         or dissolved solids which are lost upon ignition of the dried
                                                         residue.

                                                         The characteristics of typical municipal wastewater are sum-
                                                    marized in Table 1. The introduction of industrial wastewater into
                                                    the collection system may markedly alter the composition of municipal
                                                    @astewater. The amount of water used and the quantity of infiltration
                                                    into the collection system also effects the characteristics of muni-
                                                    cipal wastewater.

                                                         The quantity of wastewater generated per person in Texas varies
                                                    from less than 70 to 100 gallons per capita per day. The per capita
                                                    wastewater flow increases with the population of the city. This
                                                    increase may be attributed to the fact that larger quantities of water

                                                                                6

                                                                                        TABLE I

                                                                  Characteristics of Typical Municipal Wastewater*

                                                    Characteristic              Maximum            Average               Minimum

                                                    pH Units                         7.5               7.2                    6.8

                                                    BOD (mg/l)**                  276                147                     75

                                                    COD (mg/1)                    436                288                    159

                                                    Settleable Solids (mg/1)         6.1               3.3                    1.8

                                                    Total Solids (mg/1)           640                453                    322

                                                    Suspended Solids (mg/1)       258                145                     83

                                                      Hunter, J. V. , and H. Heukelekian
                                                         "The Composition of Domestic Sewage Fractions,
                                                          journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 37, 1142 (1965)

                                                    **mg/l = milligrams per liter = parts per million

                                                                                          7

                                                    are used for public purposes in the communities. Therefore, when
                                                    the wastewater from public facilities is assessed on a per capita
                                                    basis, this value will increase. The average municipal wastewater
                                                    flow in Texas is 88.9 gallons per capita per day. The average
                                                    contribution of 5-day BOD and suspended solids for people in Texas
                                                    respectively are 0.16 pounds and 0.21 pounds per capita per day.
                                                    These values are considerably lower than those reported for the
                                                    national average values for these parameters which are 135 gallons
                                                    of wastewater, 0.20 pounds of 5-day BOD, and 0.23 pounds of sus-
                                                    pended solids per capita per day, respectively.

                                                         The characteristics of industrial wastewaters are as varied
                                                    as the type of industry producing the wastes. The composition of
                                                    wastewaters from different industries are presented for illustrative
                                                    purposes in Tables 2 and 3.

                                                         Most municipal and industrial wastewaters have been treated to
                                                    some extent to improve the effluent quality before discharge into
                                                    the surface waters. The number of treatment plants in each county
                                                    in the Coastal Zone are presented in Figure I and Table 4. The
                                                    information was obtained from the data maintained in the form of
                                                    an inventory of waste treatment facilities at the Texas Water
                                                    Quality Board for all wastewater discharges for which permits have
                                                    been granted. These permits are required under the State Water
                                                    Pollution Control Act passed by the 57th Legislature of the State
                                                    of Texas in 1961.

                                                         Current technology of wastewater treatment and renovation is
                                                    such that the removal of almost all non-desirable constituents of
                                                    wastewater is possible for some price. Treatment or renovation of
                                                    wastewater is usually classified as primary, secondard or tertiary.
                                                    Primary treatment includes numerous processes required for the re-
                                                    moval and disposal of a portion of the suspended solids in the
                                                    wastewater. Secondary treatment involves the removal of a portion
                                                    of the dissolved organic material in the wastewater by means of
                                                    microbiological oxidation. These processes are aerobic and vary
                                                    in the way in which the bacteria are utilized. Waste stabilization
                                                    ponds contain algae which provide the oxygen for use by bacteria
                                                    in oxidizing the organic material. The effluent BOD is a function
                                                    of the detention time and temperature. The effluent suspended solids
                                                    concentration is between 50 and 100 mg/L. Trickling filters are
                                                    treatment units in which bacteria which oxidize the organic matter
                                                    grow in the form of slime attached to the surface of a rock or
                                                    suitable support. These bacteria oxidize the organic matter with
                                                    which they come in contact as the wastewater passes over the slime
                                                    covered medium.

                                                         Activated sludge is the general name applied to a number of
                                                    similar processes which involve the introduction of oxygen into a
                                                    system containing a mixture of suspended bacterial growths (acti-
                                                    vated sludge) and the dissolved organic material in the wastewater.

                                                                                 8

                                                                                               TABLE 2

                                                                               Industrial Wastewater Characteristics

                                                        Industry               Flow (gal)          BOD (lb)            SS (1b)             Other

                                                        Brewery
                                                          per barrel            370                 1.9                1.03

                                                        Cannery
                                                          per case                 75               0.7                0.8           Total Dissolved
                                                        Dairy                                                                             Solids
                                                          per 100 lb
                                                          Creamery butter       410-1350            0.34-1.68          ---
                                                          Cheese               1290-2310            0.45-3.0           ---
                                                          Condensed and
                                                           evaporated milk 310- 420                 0.37-0.62          ---
                                                          Ice Cream             620-1200                 0             ---
                                                          Milk                  200- SOO            0.05-0.26          ---

                                                        Meat Packing per
                                                          100 live wt. killed
                                                          old technology       2112                20.2                ---
                                                          typical tech-
                                                           nology              1294                14.4                ---
                                                          advanced tech-
                                                           nology              1116                11.3                ---

                                                        Poultry Processing
                                                          per 1000 birds
                                                          old technology       4000                31.7                ---
                                                          typical tech-
                                                           nology              10400               26.2                ---
                                                          new technology       7300                26.0                ---

                                                        Petrochemical Plants

                                                        Petroleum Refining                                                            Phenol Sulfide
                                                          per barrel
                                                          old technology        250                 0.4                ---              0.03    0.01
                                                          typical tech-
                                                           nology               100                 0.1                ---              0.01    0.003
                                                          newer technology         so               0.05               ---              0.005   0.003

                                                                                                   9

                                                                                     TABLE 2
                                                                                     (cont'd.)

                                               Industry              Flow (gal)        BOD (lb)            SS (1b)            Other

                                               Pulp & Paper
                                                 per ton
                                                 Bleached Kraft
                                                 old technology       110,000             200              200
                                                 prevalent tech-
                                                  nology               45,000             120              170
                                                 new technology        25,000             90                  90
                                                 Bleached Sulfite
                                                 old technology        95,000             500              120
                                                 prevalent tech-
                                                  nology               55,000             330              100
                                                 new technology        30,000             100                so

                                               Steel Mill
                                                 per ingot ton
                                                 old technology          9,860            ---              103           Phenols, cyanides
                                                 prevalent tech-
                                                  nology               10,000             ---              125           Fluorides, ammonia
                                                 new technology        13,750             ---              184           oil, acids, emul-
                                                                                                                         sions, soluble
                                               Tannery                                                                   metals
                                                 per 100 lb                  660           6.2               13.0

                                               Textile
                                                 per pound of cloth
                                                 Wool                        63            0.30            ---
                                                 Cotton                      38            0.16               0.07
                                                 Synthetic
                                                 Rayon                   3-  7             0.02-0.04          0.02-0.09
                                                 Acetate                 7-11              0.04-0.05          0.02-0.06
                                                 Nylon                 12-18               0.04-0.06          0.02-0.04
                                                 Acrylic               21-29               0.10-0.15          0.03-0.15
                                                 Polyester               8-16              0.12-0.25          0.03-0.16

                                               The Cost of Clean Water, Volume III, Industrial Waste Profiles, Federal
                                                 Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Washington, D. C.
                                                 (1968).

                                                                      No.    1 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
                                                                      No.    3 Pulp and Paper
                                                                      No.    4 Textile Products
                                                                      No.    5 Petroleum Refineries
                                                                      No.    6 Canneries
                                                                      No.    7 Leather Tanning and Finishing
                                                                      No.    8 Meat Products
                                                                      No.    9 Dairies

                                                                                        10

                                                                                 TABLE 3

                                                              Petro-Chemical Wastewater Characteristics

                                                                    FI                     BOD                COD
                             Chemical Product                      (qXtwon)                (m@"'Jj            (m,:,Xl)        Other Characteristics

                             Primary Petrochemicals:
                                Ethylene                            50-1,500              100-1,000           500-3,000         phenol, pH, oil
                                Propylene                          100-2,000              100-1,000           500-3,000         phenol, pH

                             Primary Intermediates:
                                Toluene                            300-3,000              300-2,500       1,000-5,000
                                Xylene                             200-3,000              500-4,000       1,000-8,000
                                Ammonia                            300-3,000               25-   100          50-   250         oil,nitrogen, pH
                                Methanol                           300-3,000              300-1,000           500-2,000         oil
                                Ethanol                            300-4,000              300-3,000       1,000-4,000           oil, solids
                                Butanol                            200-2,000              500-4,000       1,000-8,000           heavy metals
                                Ethyl Benzene                      300-3,000              500-3,000       1,000-7,000           heavy metals
                                Chlorinated Hydrocarbons            50-1,000               so- 150            100- 500          pH, oil, solids

                             Secondary Intermediates:
                                Phenol, Cumene                     500-2,500           1,200-10,000       2,000-15,000          phenol, solids
                                Acetone                            500-1,500            1,000-5,000       2,000-10,000
                                Glycerin, Glycols               1,000-5,000               500-3,500       1,000-7,000
                                Urea                               100-2,000               50-   300          100-  500
                                Acetic Anhydride                1,000-8,000               300-5,000           500-8,000         pH
                                Terephthalic Acid               1,000-3,000             1,000-3,000       2,000-4,000           heavy metals
                                Acrylates                       1,000-3,000               500-5,000       2,000-15,000          solids, color, cyanide
                                Acrylonitrile                   1,000-10,000              200-   700          500-1,500         color, cyanide, pH
                                Butadiene                          100-2,000               25-   200          100-  400         oil, solids
                                Styrene                         1,000-10,000              300-3,000       1,000-6,000
                                Vinyl Chloride                      10- 200               200-2,000           500-5,000

                                                                                 TABLE 3
                                                                                  (cont'd.)

                                                                     F low                    BOD               COD
                              Chemical Product                      (gal/ton)                (mg/1)             (mg/1)            Other Characteristics

                              Primary Polymers:
                                 Polyethylene                       400-1,600                                 200-4,000           solids
                                 Polypropylene                      400-1,600                                  200-4,000          deashing solvents
                                 Polystyrene                        500-l"000                              1,000-3,000            solids
                                 Polyvinyl Chloride               1,500-3,000                50- 500       1,000-2,000
                                 Cellulose Acetate                   10-     200           500-2,000       1,000-5,000
                                 Butyl Rubber                     2,000-6,000              800-2,000       2,500-5,000

                              Dyes and Pigments:                50,000-250,000             200- 400            500-2,000          heavy metals, color,
                                                                                                                                  solids, pH

                              Miscellaneous Organics:
                                 Isocyanate                       5,000-10,000           1,000-2,500       4,000-8,000            nitrogen
                                 Phenyl Glycine                   5,000-10,000           1,000-2,500       4,000-8,000            phenol
                                 Parathion                        3,000-8,000            1,500-3,500       3,000-6,000            solids, pH
                                 Tributyl Phosphate               1,000-4,000              500-2,000       1,000-3,000            phosphorus

                                                                                            _3
                                                                                            NA

                                                                                            10
                                                                                              -     \    6
                                                                                              6                                8
                                                                                          . ..... 100'
                                                                                       2                          _L7
                                                                              /*  TA                              27
                                                                                              116             3

                                                                                3                                 _L7
                                                                                                                  17
                                                                        NA          -5
                                                                                                16
                                                                                     3    A    -
                                                                                         / '@   6
                                                                    4           4          6
                                                                    RA                     2
                                                                         6

                                                                                             4
                                                              3\,   NA
                                              1 PLA      2                                   6
                                                              2     ;,'                                    . . . . . .
                                                 1       2                            3
                                                                    A V               NA

                                                                    4
                                                  3      A- i
                                                                             3

                                                              NA                            No. of Municipal Treatment Plants
                                                       NA   ! -                      10     No. of Indusirial Treatment Plants
                                                              NA

                                                                                     NA     No Information Available
                                                         14 i
                                                         6  ?.-
                                                              .L NA

                                                                    12
                                                                    3
                                                                                                                  @7
                                                                                                                 , @27

                                                                    WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

                                                                               FIGURE 1

                                                                                 13

                                                                                  TABLE 4

                                                                    WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

                                                                                                           Industrial
                                                                                                       Treatment Plants

                                                                                                      Based On          Total
                                                                        Municipal                    Computer        Print Out &
                                                                        Treatment                    Print Out       TWDB Info.
                                                   County                 Plants                         (1)   -             (2)

                                               Aransas                        3                          NA                  NA
                                               Austin                         2                          NA                  NA
                                               Bee                            3                            2                 2
                                               Brazoria                     16                             3                 6

                                               Brooks                         I                          NA                  NA
                                               Calhoun                        4                            2                 6
                                               Cameron                      12                             2                 3
                                               Chambers                       7                            3                 3

                                               Colorado                       4                            2                 3
                                               DeWitt                         4                          NA                  NA
                                               Duval                          3                            1                 1
                                               Fort Bend                    13                             5                 8

                                               Galveston                    17                           14                  17
                                               Goliad                         I                          NA                  NA
                                               Harris                       100                          88                  116
                                               Hidalgo                      14                             5                 6
                                               Jackson                        4                            0                 1
                                               Jefferson                    17                           18                  27
                                               Jim Wells                      4                            1                 1
                                               Kenedy                       NA                           NA                  NA

                                               Kleberg                        3                            1                 1
                                               Lavaca                         3                          NA                  NA
                                               Liberty                        6                            1                 1
                                               Live Oak                       2                            2                 2

                                               Matagorda                      6                            2                 2
                                               McMullen                     NA                             I                 I
                                               Montgomery                   10                             6                 6
                                               Nueces                       12                           19                  27

                                               Orange                         9                            8                 8
                                               Refugio                        4                            1                 1
                                               San Patricio                   7                            3                 4
                                               Victoria                       6                            1                 3

                                               Walker                         3                          NA                  NA
                                               Waller                         6                            2                 2
                                               Wharton                        5                            1                 3
                                               willacy                        4                          NA                  NA

                                                  NA - No Information Available
                                                                                     14

                                                        The effluent of trickling filter and activated sludge plants contains
                                                        between 15 and 25 mg/L of 5-day BOD and generally less than 20 mg/L
                                                        of suspended solids.

                                                             The destruction of disease causing bacteria remaining after
                                                        primary and/or secondary treatment is generally accomplished by
                                                        adding chlorine to the plant effluent.

                                                             Tertiary treatment of water renovation systems include processes
                                                        which will remove those substances which persist after primary and
                                                        biological treatment. The persistent materials include:

                                                             (a) suspended soZids which are removed by sand filtration or
                                                             microstraining,

                                                             (b) dissolved organic materials which are removed by adsorption
                                                             on activated carbon,

                                                             (c) in rganic substances measured as total dissolved solids
                                                             (TDS) wohich may be removed by ion exchange, and

                                                             (d) nutrients such as phosphorus which may be removed by
                                                             chemical precipitation and nitrogen which may be eliminated
                                                             either biologically or by air stripping.

                                                             The solids removed or generated during the treatment of waste-
                                                        waters also require treatment and disposal. The alternate systems
                                                        or wastewater and sludge treatment and disposal include a myriad
                                                        combination of various unit processes and, therefore, will not be
                                                        attempted at this time. However, improper handling and disposal
                                                        of sludges can result in a oource of water or air pollution.

                                                             The wastewater discharge permit information maintained by the
                                                        Texas Water Quality Board includes quantitative and qualitative data
                                                        as well as the location of the treatment plant. This information is
                                                        provided by the applicant for a permit. In addition to the permit
                                                        data and return flow data which include actual wastewater flow and
                                                        characteristics, data are also maintained for some of the permitted
                                                        discharges. The quality information is based on grab samples of
                                                        waste which do not represent the hourly and daily fluctuations.
                                                        For the purpose of this inventory, the quantity of wastewater was
                                                        expressed as a rate of flow in million gallons per day (MGD) and
                                                        the quality of the wastewater was expressed in terms of those sub-
                                                        stances which exerted an oxygen demand expressed as a Biochemical
                                                        Oxygen Demand (BOD) or the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and as
                                                        Suspended Solids (SS). Phosphate information is also included for
                                                        municipal effluents where information is available. These quality
                                                        parameters were selected because this information is readily available
                                                        for most discharges. The data are summarized for each county in the
                                                        Coastal Zone in Tables 5 and 6 and the flow data for the municipal
                                                        and industrial wastewaters is presented in Figure 2. The Texas Water
                                                        Development Board also provided some of the information regarding the
                                                        total flow of wastewaters in the various counties. The wastewater
                                                        flow information is based on the return flow data provided in the
                                                        form of a computer printout.

                                                                                    15

                                                                              TABLE 5

                                                              Municipal Wastewater Discharges*

                                                                                               Quality
                                                                                                        Suspended
                                                                   Flow               BOD                   Solids        Phosphates
                                               County              (MGD            Pounds/day           Pounds/day        Pounds/day

                                           Aransas                 1.39                564                    867                71
                                           Austin                  0.53                347                    245                83
                                           Bee                     1.30                314                    240               366
                                           Bra zoria               9.89               2902                  2970                977

                                           Brooks                  0.25                250                      94               67
                                           Calhoun                 2.26                707                    693               294
                                           Cameron                 15.18              8705                  8243             1,703
                                           Chambers                0.24                  86                   197                83

                                           Colorado                1.52               1374                  1368                134
                                           DeWitt                  2.81                432                    455               216
                                           Duval                   0.50                200                    218                15
                                           Fort Bend               3.72               1293                  1933                690

                                           Galveston               14.95             16283                  11257            1,788
                                           Goliad                  0.30                   5                   105                30
                                           Harris                  197.44            75443                 128721            26,560
                                           Hidalgo                 18.25              8768                  14752            2,504

                                           Jackson                 0.67                130                    166            ------
                                           Jefferson               65.90             23258                  12575            9,274
                                           Jim Wells               2.60                990                    814            1,002
                                           Kenedy                  ------            -----                 ------            ------
                                           Kleberg                 2.10                685                    633               214
                                           Lavaca                  0.96               2838                  1324                672
                                           Liberty                 0.96                267                    329                35
                                           Live Oak                0.55                102                    274                59

                                           Matagorda               2.72               1215                    440               508
                                           McMullen                ------            -----                 ------               NA
                                           Montgomery              2.05                774                    878               371
                                           Nueces                  28.50             11825                  5980             5,815
                                           Orange                  7.33               4345                  1406                813
                                           Refugio                 0.86                476                    664               199
                                           San Patricio            3.34               1753                  2373                915
                                           Victoria                3.85                951                  3078             2,461

                                           Walker                  2.35                510                    589               650
                                           Waller                  0.32                170                    150                47
                                           Wharton                 1.82                751                    649               663
                                           Willacy                 1.03                  76                     54               61
                                           *Texas Water Quality    Board (1970)
                                            Texas Water Development Board (1970)

                                                                               16

                                                                                            TABLE 6

                                                                             Industrial Wastewater Discharges*
                                                                                                           Quality      Suspended
                                                                                  Flow         BOD           COD          Solids
                                                                County            (MGD     Pounds/day Pounds/day Pounds/day

                                                            Aransas               -------     ------       -------        ------
                                                            Austin                -------     ------       -------        ------
                                                            Bee                      0.2         350          1401           856
                                                            Brazoria              11*31         1111         10141           1111

                                                            Brooks                -------     ------       --------       ------
                                                            Calhoun               20.11         2152         85644         15823
                                                            Cameron               88.11         2636          2114         20678
                                                            Chambers                 3.93        847         30765           462

                                                            Colorado                 2.98          20             67          22
                                                            DeWitt                -------     ------       -------        ------
                                                            Duval                 -------     ------       -------        ------
                                                            Fort Bend             38.60         7750         12593         30878

                                                            Galveston             125*19      112767         950862       300620
                                                            Goliad                -------     ------       -------        ------
                                                            Harris                335.76      554260       1422807        555831
                                                            Hidalgo                  5.36        221          1660           2703

                                                            Jackson               ------      ------       -------        ------
                                                            Jefferson             209.55      183174         643791       130801
                                                            Jim Wells                0.09          66           162           55
                                                            Kenedy                -------     ------       -------        ------

                                                            Kleberg               -------     ------       -------        ------
                                                            Lavaca                -------     ------       -------        ------
                                                            Liberty               -------     ------       -------        ------
                                                            Live Oak                 0.12            2     -------        ------

                                                            Matagorda                6.24       9846         11885           2812
                                                            McMullen                 0.07            1          240           60
                                                            Montgomery               0.41        737          7982           271
                                                            Nueces                196.83        65106        934978        76935

                                                            orange                130.21      151395         341480        91919
                                                            Refugio                  0.04            1             5             4
                                                            San Patricio             0.3           24           495           35
                                                            Victoria              35.78         6755         10088         13010

                                                            Walker                ------      ------       -------        ------
                                                            Waller                ------      ------       -------        ------
                                                            Wharton                  1.59          34           135          336
                                                            Willacy               ------      ------       -------        ------

                                                            *Texas Water Quality Board (1970)
                                                              Texas Water Development Board (1970)

                                                                                              17

                                                                                                                        4

                                                                                                                        7'
                                                                                                                                                                      7.3
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                                                                                                      0 5                                       209.
                                                                  -AT@N MAP                                             197.4
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                                                                                                                        7
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                                                                I FO-
                                                                                                                                0.1
                                                                                                        L-_4
                                                                                                          0
                                                      - ---------            "T 3'@
                                                        A.        i.. -
                                                        0-5           6 (-'c"
                                                          0                  28.5
                                                                      F-@496. 8

                                                                0.3
                                                                -0           0
                                                                                                                            -LEGEND
                                                                ----------i
                                                                                                                  15 MUNICIPAL FLOW (MGD)
                                                                '18.3   ---- -------                              80 INDUSTRIAL FLOW (MGD)
                                                                  5.4
                                                                                                                  - No informMion available

                                                                                                                        Includes 1300 MGD cooling water for
                                                                             88.1                                       power stations
                                                                                                                        includes 223 MGD cooling water for
                                                                                                                        power stations

                                                                  MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FLOWS (1970)

                                                                                                  FIGURE 2

                                                                                                     18

                                                             Much of the information relating to the wastewater quality for
                                                        both the municipal and industrial discharges was not available in the
                                                        return flow data. These data are collected by the staff of the Texas
                                                        Water Quality Board and the lack of some data is a reflection of the
                                                        under-staffing resulting from budget limitations.

                                                             The more recent data, namely that collected after February,
                                                        1970, would have to be obtained from the individual files and for
                                                        each treatment plant which has a discharge permit. A system of self-
                                                        reporting of the quality of the industrial wastewater influent has been
                                                        initiated. However, as of this date, this system of reporting has been
                                                        substantially less than 100 percent effective. As the self-reporting
                                                        system develops and the difficulties eliminated, it would be possible
                                                        to have monthly information regarding the effluent quality of each of
                                                        the industrial discharges.

                                                             It should be pointed out at this time that the quality of the
                                                        effluent from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants is
                                                        affected to a large extent by the characteristics of the incoming
                                                        wastewater, by the operation of the particular plant as well as the
                                                        adequacy of the plant to handle the present day wastewater flows. The
                                                        infiltration of storm water or ground water into the municipal waste-
                                                        water collection systems in the Coastal Zone may also contribute to
                                                        the total amount of flow which must be treated by municipal facilities.
                                                        During periods of heavy rain it is possible that the infiltration of
                                                        storm water into the collection system could result in overloading the
                                                        treatment system thereby resulting in only partial treatment of the
                                                        wastewater. The municipal wastewater flow presented in Table I and
                                                        Figure 2 does not represent the contribution of infiltration into the
                                                        collection systems in most cases. Therefore, these numbers are some-
                                                        what lower than the flow which would result during a period of high
                                                        rainfall.

                                                             Infiltration will also affect the quality of the wastewater
                                                        reaching the treatment plant. The amount of industrial wastewaters
                                                        which are introduced into the municipal wastewater collection system
                                                        will also affect the treatment efficiency of municipal plants. There-
                                                        fore, these factors may account for some of the variations in the
                                                        quantities of potential pollutants discharged by municipal plants in
                                                        the different counties.

                                                             Many of the municipal wastewater treatment plants were not designed
                                                        to treat the quantity of wastewater which now flows into the plant.
                                                        Therefore, they are overloaded and at best can only provide an effluent
                                                         hich is partially treated and of desired quality. Many of the industrial
                                                        wastewater treatment plants require upgrading in order to be able to
                                                        'effectively treat their particular wastewaters to a quality which meets
                                                        water quality criteria.

                                                             It is interesting to note that the discharge of municipal waste-
                                                        water in 30 of the 36 counties is less than 10,000,000 gallons per
                                                        day (10 MGD) and of these 30 counties, 18 counties have municipal

                                                                                    19

                                                    wastewater discharges of less than 3 MGD. Ten counties have a waste-
                                                    water flow between 2 and 5 MGD while the wastewater flows in two
                                                    counties is between 5 and 10 MGD. Three counties produce municipal
                                                    wastewater flows between 10 and 20 MGD per day and the municipal waste-
                                                    water flows in two counties is more than 20 MGD but less than 100 MGD.
                                                    Almost 200 MGD of municipal wastewater is discharged in only one county.

                                                         These data are based on the information available on the waste-
                                                    water discharge permits and the return flow data. In many of these
                                                    counties, only a portion of the population is served by a wastewater
                                                    collection system. The Texas Municipal League has reported the number
                                                    of sewer connections in various cities; however, the population served
                                                    is not directly correlatable to the number of connections. The re-
                                                    mainder of the population in these counties are required to treat and
                                                    dispose of the wastewaters in individual septic tank systems. The
                                                    available information which deals with the number of septic tanks and
                                                    used to treat wastewater in the Coastal Zone is sparse. The proximity
                                                    of the ground water table to the ground surface in the Coastal Zone
                                                    makes it possible for the discharge from the septic tank absorption
                                                    field system to enter the shallow ground water and be carried directly
                                                    into the surface waters with minimal additional treatment.

                                                        The inforTnation available on the number of people serviced by a
                                                    municipal wastewater collection system is far from adequate. The
                                                    results of an inventory compiled in 1968 by the Federal Water Pollution
                                                    Control Administration indicate that 6,819,000 people in Texas were
                                                    served by adequate municipal wastewater facilities. and the waste-
                                                    water of 1,925.000 people had no treatment. The percentage of the
                                                    people in Texas who were served by less than adequate or no treatment
                                                    facilities was 23.2 percent. These numbers are based on the 1960
                                                    Bureau of Census population data. In some cases, an estimate of the
                                                    population served in a particular county exceeds the preliminary
                                                    census estimate of the 1970 population for that county. In other cases,
                                                    the information available on the discharge permit application is not
                                                    complete and an estimate of the population served is not readily
                                                    available. Because of these discrepancies it is almost impossible
                                                    to develop an accurate figure which relates the number of people in a
                                                    particular county who have individual wastewater disposal systems,
                                                    which consist of a septic tank and absorption field. In general, most
                                                    of the municipal wastewater treatment plants in the counties in the
                                                    Coastal Zone require some upgrading in order to discharge effluents
                                                    which meet the water quality criteria established by the Texas Water
                                                    Quality Board. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration in
                                                    their Cost of Clean Water series estimated the projected cost to up-
                                                    grade and construct municipal wastewater treatment facilities in Texas
                                                    for fiscal years 1969-1973 to be $378,500,000. The capital outlays
                                                    needed total $323,600,000 and the operation and maintenance costs
                                                    are estimated to be $72,200,000.

                                                         The industrial wastewater discharges summarized in Table 2 do
                                                    not include the wastewaters from feed lot operations but do include

                                                                                20

                                                        the return flows from power generation.*  Of the 36 counties in the
                                                        Coastal Zone, 14 counties have no industrial discharges. The quantity
                                                        of wastewater discharged from industrial use is concentrated in Harris,
                                                        Jefferson, Nueces, Orange, Galveston, Cameron, Victoria, Brazoria,
                                                        Fort Bend, and Calhoun counties. These ten counties account for 99
                                                        percent of total industrial wastewater discharge in the Coastal Zone
                                                        area. The majority of this industrial wastewater flow is associated
                                                        with the refining and petrochemical industries. The quality of the
                                                        industrial wastewater discharges is based on the information included
                                                        on the permit application and in the return flow data which were made
                                                        available by the Texas Water Quality Board in the form of a computer
                                                        printout sheet. Where information relating the quality of the parti-
                                                        cular discharge to the flow was not available, these flow data were
                                                        not included in calculating the total pollutional load generated in
                                                        the various counties.

                                                             Some industrial wastewaters are difficult to treat and treatment
                                                        to meet regulatory standards is considered to be economically unfeas-
                                                        ible. These industrial wastewaters may be injected into subsurface
                                                        porous strata. These wastes are merely stored below ground in strata
                                                        which are sealed by impervious strata, thus isolated from usable
                                                        underground water supplies or mineral resources.

                                                             Sedimentary rocks in the unfractured state generally can store
                                                        large volumes of wastes. This group of rocks includes sandstones,
                                                        limestones, and dolomites; unconsolidated sands are generally ex-
                                                        cellent disposal formations, Fractured strata should be avoided
                                                        since vertical fissures may exist and the injected waste may travel
                                                        vertically towards usable water supplies.

                                                             Disposal wells vary in depth from a few hundred feet to about
                                                        15,000 feet. The capacity of various wells ranges from less than 10
                                                        to more than 2000 gallons per minute. Waste disposed of in injection
                                                        wells includes streams containing acids, alkalies, chlorides, chromates,
                                                        cyanides, high BOD wastes, nitrates, phosphates, radioactive wastes,
                                                        and others which are difficult or more expensive to dispose of by
                                                        other methods.

                                                             The disposal system consists of a well and surface equipment
                                                        such as pumps and pretreatment equipment which may be necessary to
                                                        remove constituents of the waste which may interfere with subsurface
                                                        disposal. Some of the details of the design of the injection tubing
                                                        and the well are shown in Figure 3. A casing, generally of steel, is
                                                        cemented in place to seal the disposal stratum from the other strata
                                                        which were penetrated during the drilling of the well. An injection
                                                        tube transports the waste from the surface to the disposal stratum.
                                                        An oil or fresh water is used to fill the annular space between the
                                                        injection stratum. By monitoring the pressure of fluid, leaks in
                                                        the injection tube or damage to the casing can readily be detected.

                                                             * The report on Energy and Power includes a detailed discussion
                                                        oncthe environmental effects of the alternate methods of power pro-
                                                        du tion.

                                                                                    21

                                                                                           SURFACC  PIPE

                                                                                           :_"CE.MENT

                                                                                                                              SH WATER SAMIS

                                                                                                                                    LJ  1 71
                                                                                                                                    ,@@j
                                                                                                                                TI-1

                                                                                                                   . .. .... .. ..... . ....................

                                                                                                                             .. . ...........

                                                                                                                             ...................

                                                                                                           FIGURE 3

                                                                                               TYPICAL INJECTION WELL

                                                                                                              22

                                                                The surface installation usually includes a storage pit or tank
                                                           to level out variations in flow, equipment necessary for pretreatment
                                                           of the waste and high pressure pumps. The degree of treatment re-
                                                           quired depends on the characteristics of the wastewater, the com-
                                                           patability of the formation water and the wastewater, and the character-
                                                           istics of the receiving formation.

                                                                Injection wells are located in nine counties in the Coastal Zone.
                                                           A total of 43 injection wells which have been permitted are located
                                                           in the Coastal Zone. Three of these permitted wells have not been
                                                           installed. The number of wells and actual wastewater discharges
                                                           are presented in Table 7 and Figure 4. The formations into which the
                                                           industrial wastewaters are pumped are also listed in Table 7. The
                                                           depth of the wells range from 3400 to 7650 feet below the ground
                                                           surface. The permitted flow exceeds the actual flow being discharged
                                                           into the injection well in some of the counties, This information
                                                           regarding the total quantity of flow discharged into injection wells
                                                           was obtained from the permit data available from the Texas Water
                                                           Quality Board. No attempt was made to characterize the industrial
                                                           wastewaters which were injected into the wells.

                                                                The total volume of industrial wastewaters disposed of in injection
                                                           wells represents only a small fraction of the total quantity of in-
                                                           dustrial wastewater flow which is discharged into surface waters.
                                                           Injection wells are located in those counties where the industrial
                                                           activity is relatively high and where industrial wastewater flows far
                                                           outshadow the amount of municipal wastewater flow which has been
                                                           reported.

                                                                The discharge of salt waters resulting from the exploration for
                                                           natural gas and oil into surface waters and ground waters can cause
                                                           potential problems. The data presented in Table 8 and in Figure 5
                                                           indicate the quantity of salt water which must be disposed of in the
                                                           various counties in the Coastal Zone. The method of salt water dis-
                                                           posal is also shown in this table. These data were obtained from the
                                                           Texas Water Development Board and are based on the result of a 1961
                                                           survey.  Since this 1961 survey, the Texas RaiZroad Commission has
                                                           restricted the discharge of salt water into open pits and surface
                                                           waters. Therefore, based on this restriction, no salt water is
                                                           presently discharged into surface water or into open unlined pits in
                                                           the Coastal Zone. The results of a 1968 survey of salt water dis-
                                                           charges were not available in a form that could be easily summarized
                                                           in the limited time during which this inventory was compiled.

                                                           Solid Waste

                                                                Solid wastes include a broad spectrum of materials which are no
                                                           longer useful to man or for industrial purposes in their present form.
                                                           A general classification of solid wastes which may be generated in a
                                                           municipality is presented in Table 9. Most municipalities collect
                                                           and dispose of "ordinary refuse," "bulky waste," and in many cases,
                                                           "abandoned vehicles." The extent to which municipal service is

                                                                                        23

                                                                           TABLE 7

                                                         Wastewater Discharges into Injection Wells*

                                                                                        Actual     Permitted
                                                                                          Flow         Flow
                                                           County           Number      (MG          (MGD)

                                                     Brazoria                    6      2.34         3.31

                                                     Chambers                    I      ------       2.69

                                                     Galveston                   5      1.065        1.281

                                                     Harris                      9      1.983        1.983

                                                     Jefferson                   5      0.955        0.955

                                                     Matagorda                   4      2.325        2.325

                                                     Nueces                      3      0.019        0.091

                                                     Orange                      6      1.239        1.239

                                                     Victoria                    4      2.18         2.18

                                                         Formation

                                                     Miocene                   22       5.84         7.19

                                                     Pliocene-Miocene            7      2.64         2.64

                                                     Salt Dome                   3      ------       2.694

                                                     Sands                       3      0.5S2        0.552

                                                     Sandstone                   4      2.18         2.18

                                                     Frio                        4      1.151        1.151

                                                     *Texas Water Quality Board

                                                                               24

                                                                                                  7   5

                                                                                     3-3
                                                                                      6

                                                                                2.3
                                                                   .2
                                                                  4

                                                         o--I
                                                          3_.

                                                                                       LEGEND

                                                                              3 TOTAL PERMITTED FLOW (MGD
                                                   wo                           NUMBER OF INJECTION WELLS

                                                               WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS (1970)

                                                                        FIGURE 4

                                                                         25

                                                                                      TABLE 8

                                                                               Salt Water Discharges        (1961)
                                                                              (Million Gallons Per Day)

                                                                 Injection                           Surface
                                                County             Wells          Open Pits          Water           Other         Total
                                             Aransas                --                0.20             0.24                        0.44
                                             Austin                0.56               0.02               --           --           0.58
                                             Bee                   0.43               0.31                           <0.01         0.74
                                             Brazoria              4.62               0.22                           <0.01         4.84
                                             Brooks                <0.01              0.01               --          <0.01         0.02
                                             Calhoun               0.11               0.29             0.08          <0.01         0.48
                                             Cameron                --                0.51               --           --           0.51
                                             Chambers              1.82               0.24             1.19          0.02          3.27
                                             Colorado              <0.01            <0.01                --          <0.01         0.02
                                             De Witt               0.19               0.22                            --           0.41
                                             Duval                 5.19               2.06               --          0.06          7.31
                                             Fort Bend             0.77               0.14             0.01           --           0.92
                                             Galveston             1.07               0.28             1.04          0.02          2.41
                                             Goliad                0.43               0.14               --           --           0.57
                                             Harris                2.08               0.70             2.33          0.01          5.12
                                             Hidalgo               0.04               0.16             0.*32          --           0.52
                                             Jackson               0.26               0.04             0.06          <0.01         0.36
                                             Jefferson             1.76               0.17             0.39          0.01          2.33
                                             Jim Wells             0.30               0.32               --          <0.01         0.62
                                             Kenedy                0.01               --              <0.01           --           0.02
                                             Kleberg                --                0.19             0.02          <0.01         0.21
                                             Lavaca                0.05               0.03               --           --           0.08
                                             Liberty               1.35               0.20             0.06          <0.01         1.61
                                             Live Oak              0.01               0.26               --          <0.01         0.27
                                             Matagorda             1.37               0.14                           <0.01         1.51
                                             McMullen               --                0.60                            --           0.60
                                             Montgomery            1.97               0.09               --          0.21          2.27
                                             Nueces                1.40               1.98             2.64          0.02          6.04
                                             Orange                0.07               0.58             0.92           --           1.57
                                             Refugio               2.68               1.54             0.99           --           5.21
                                             San Patricio          0.88               2.93             7.27          0.02         11.10
                                             Victoria              5.98               1.23               --          0.01          7.22

                                             Walker                 --                --                              --            --
                                             Waller                0.09             <0.01                --           --           0.09
                                             Wharton               0.20               0.01            <0.01          <0.01         0.22
                                             Willacy               0.01               0.06               --          <0.01         0.08

                                                Texas  Water Development Board (1961)

                                                                                      26

                                                                                              i 2.27
                                                                                                                           57
                                                                              0.09                         1. 61
                                                                                                                     2.33-
                                                                                       5 8       5.12
                                                                                                                .27
                                                                                   0.02
                                                                                        // \" 0.                        2.41
                                                                            o 08
                                                                                       0.22
                                                                                                  4.84
                                                                      0 41
                                                                                   0,3      .51
                                                                             7 22
                                                                     0.57
                                                    -- --------
                                                   !--    ,                .                                        r-D
                                                          i                                  0.48
                                                   10.60  i       0.74 -    n
                                                           0.27           No              0.44

                                                    -- -------- ------------

                                                               62,
                                                       7.31         0

                                                               'o 2

                                                                                                 LEGEN
                                                          10.02  0.02
                                                                                   7.0 - Salt Water Discharge (MGD)

                                                                   K' b
                                                          0.52

                                                                    0.51

                                                                     SALTWATER DISCHARGE WELLS (1961)

                                                                                    FIGURE 5

                                                                                      27

                                                                               TABLE 9

                                                                  CLASSIFICATION. OF SOLID WASTES

                                                   A. Ordinary Refuse

                                                       1.  Garbage includes animal and vegetable residue resulting
                                                           from the preparation, cooking and eating of food. This
                                                           material is readily decomposed and is generally the cause
                                                           of the foul odors associated with domestic solid wastes.

                                                       2.  Rubbish or trash includes all other materials which are
                                                           generally discarded by a homeowner, resident, small
                                                           business, commercial establishment or restaurant. A
                                                           portion of this material is burnable.

                                                       3.  Yard trimmings include debris from cutting lawns,
                                                           pruning etc. , but excludes branches longer than 3 feet
                                                           in length and tree stumps.

                                                       4.  Small dead animals includes, dogs, cats, squirrels, etc.
                                                           which are accidentally killed on public streets or roads.

                                                       5.  Street refuse - litter from receptacles.

                                                   B.  Bulky or Oversized Wastes

                                                       Discarded stoves, refrigerators or other large appliances and
                                                       sofa, stuffed chairs or other large pieces of furniture, as
                                                       well as, large branches, fallen trees, and tree stumps.

                                                   C.  Abandoned Vehicles

                                                   D.  Industrial Wastes

                                                   E.  Demolition Wastes

                                                   F.  Construction Wastes

                                                   G.  Hospital Wastes

                                                   H.  Hazardous Wastes

                                                       Include explosive toxic or radioactive liquids and solids

                                                   I.  Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludges

                                                                                28

                                                           provided to small businesses, restaurants, commercial establishments
                                                           and industry is determined by the policy established by individual
                                                           municipality or local government.

                                                                The composition of ordinary municipal refuse is presented in
                                                           Table 10. It is interesting to note that paper and paper products
                                                           constitute about 40 percent of the weight of the refuse and that
                                                           garbage constitutes only ten percent of the weight. The use of
                                                           household disposal units will reduce the quantity of garbage that
                                                           enters the refuse collection system but will increase the load of
                                                           suspended solids which must be handled at the municipal wastewater
                                                           treatment plant. The relative percentage of glass, paper, metals,
                                                           and plastics will depend on the packaging industry, although based
                                                           on present trends an increase in the quantity of paper and paper
                                                           products can be expected.

                                                                The solid waste production data for the Coastal Zone is pre-
                                                           sented in Table 11 and Figure 6. These data were obtained from the
                                                           Texas State Department of Health and represent the results of a
                                                           1968 survey. The quantity of refuse collected by municipal and pri-
                                                           vate vehicles and disposed of in municipal, county, and privately
                                                           owned disposal sites are based on estimates provided by the muni-
                                                           cipal and county official and disposal site operators.

                                                                The amount of industrial solid wastes which are collected by
                                                           private organizations are generally not included in these lists.
                                                           Some of the private collectors can dispose of solid waste in muni-
                                                           cipal or county disposal facilities do not accept sludges, industrial
                                                           solid wastes, or hazardous solid wastes.

                                                                The amount of refuse generated daily per person is also shown
                                                           in Table 11. This number is based on the total estimated quantity
                                                           m
                                                            f refuse  co llected annually divided by the estimated population
                                                           served. Refuse collection vehicles are not routinely weighed in
                                                            ost areas; therefore, the weight of refuse collected is merely a
                                                           guess. Since this per capita production rate is based on two
                                                           estimated figures, the specific value for each county varies con-
                                                           siderably from the next.

                                                                The per capita refuse production varies from a minimum of 0.69
                                                           pounds per capita per day to a maximum of 13.2 pounds per capita
                                                           per day.  The average production rate for the Coastal Zone based
                                                           on the total estimated population served and the total estimated
                                                           quantity of refuse collected is 5.12 pounds per capita per day.
                                                           This value compares well with the value of 5 pounds per capita per
                                                           day which is normally accepted as a reasonable rate of refuse pro-
                                                           duction. Adequate records of the actual weight of the refuse
                                                           collected daily is required in each county if a reasonable estimate
                                                           of the per capita production is to be available for future planning
                                                           of a solid waste management program. Other solid wastes which are
                                                           not included in the ordinary municipal refuse which require disposal
                                                           are also listed in Table 11. Abandoned automobiles pose serious

                                                                                        29

                                                                             TABLE 10

                                                        COMPOSITION OF-ORDINARY MUNICIPAL REFUSE

                                                        Component                              Weight Percen

                                                   Paper                                              40

                                                   Garbage                                            10

                                                   Other Combustibles
                                                       textile
                                                       plastics
                                                       fats, etc.                                     25
                                                       grass
                                                       tree limbs

                                                   Inerts
                                                       glass
                                                       ceramics
                                                       stones                                         25
                                                       metals
                                                       ash

                                                                               30

                                                                                                        TABLE 11

                                                                                                  Solid Waste Production*

                                                                                      Population                                    Quantity
                                                                   County             Served                 Tons/year        Pounds/capita/day

                                                                 Aransas                   9,600                   10,800              6.2
                                                                 Austin                    14,300                  5,000               1.9
                                                                 Bee                       23,500                  17,500              4.1
                                                                 Brazoria                  111,000                 11,111              1,7
                                                                 Brooks                    9,000                   6,902               4.0
                                                                 Calhoun                   20,200                  20,035              5.5
                                                                 Cameron                   134,900                 164,850             6.7
                                                                 Chambers                  12,200                  9,500               4.3
                                                                 Colorado                  18,500                  12,810              3.8
                                                                 De Witt                   19,800                  27,956              7.7
                                                                 Duval                     13,700                  4,900               2.0
                                                                 Fort Bend                 51,300                  30,700              3.3
                                                                 Galveston                 168 , 600               403,600            13.2
                                                                 Go  liad                  5,000                      900              1.0
                                                                 Harris               1,597,800              1 209,150                 4.1
                                                                 Hidalgo                   177,100                 313,100             9.7
                                                                 Jackson                   14,100                  10,320              4.0
                                                                 Jefferson                 247,600                 287,900             6.4
                                                                 Jim Wells                 31,500                  30,110              5.2
                                                                 Kenedy                       700                      90              0.7
                                                                 Kleberg                   30,900                  24,360              4.3
                                                                 Lavaca                    19,700                  5,350               1.5
                                                                 Liberty                   32,500                  23,800              3.7
                                                                 Live Oak                  7,200                   2,800               2.1
                                                                 Matagorda                 31,700                  23,150              4.0
                                                                 McMullen                  1,200                      150              0.7
                                                                 Montgomery                46,400                  16,000              1.9
                                                                 Nueces                    232,500                 183,150             4.3
                                                                 Orange                    72,101                  14,601              4,1
                                                                 Refugio                   10 200                  11,260              6.0
                                                                 San Patricio              47,200                  35,831              4.2
                                                                 Victoria                  56,800                  34,300              3.3

                                                                 Walker                    28,500                  25,185              4.9
                                                                 Waller                    14,700                  11,950              4.4
                                                                 Wharton                   39, 600                 24,400              3.4
                                                                 Willacy                   14,600                  9,600               3.6

                                                                 *Texas State Department of Health (1968)

                                                                                                            31

                                                                 1251 5 i

                                                11950               2      23800              54600
                                                                iH         1.                   6
                                                                            5
                                                 4                                @287 0 X
                                                         ').5000e  1209150  - - --------
                                                                     22                      9500
                                                                                               2
                                                        -'12810
                                                         6       30700              403600
                                                    5350 \\       6
                                                     3      4 4 0 0   110 0           10
                                                       "/^-, 4        15
                                               7956
                                                3       10 3 2
                                                    343003     23150
                                              900   14,-,.
                                                                    20035
                                             6@
                                     @M\175                         _L__LI260
                                  1    2    3                 10800        4
                                                               2
                                             T359*83 1
                                74 o o i-orll 0'-@
                                  3      3 ijlllg@0

                                                         24360
                                                          3

                                    @6902
                                            90

                                                                          LEGEND
                                    313100,'
                                      12   L.-L           9600
                                                            3   100 REFUSE PRODUCTION (TONSiLYEAR
                                            ITM50                2  NUMBER OF DISPOSAL SITES
                                               9

                                                  REFUSE PRODUCTION (1968)

                                                         FIGURE 6

                                                           32

                                                             problems to most municipalities. The results of a 1966 study of
                                                             Solid Waste Production in Selected Texas Cities indicate that 1.6
                                                             passenger vehicles were aband@hed for -each 1,000 people. Therefore
                                                             one could expect that about 1,10,11 autombiles will le abandoned in
                                                             the Coastal Zone during 1970.

                                                                  The sludge and residues resulting from the treatment of water
                                                             for municipal supply and indvstrial use as well as from the treat-
                                                             ment of municipal and industrial wastewaters also present a solid
                                                             waste disposal problem. The quantity of sludge produce during
                                                             treatment of water is affected by the quality of raw water supply,
                                                             the chemicals added, the degree of treatment required to make the
                                                             water suitable for municipal water supply, or for the specific in-
                                                             dustrial purpose. The water treatment sludges generally contain
                                                             chemical precipitate, nI the sludges are difficult to concentrate
                                                             but do not contain sufficient quantities of putrescible organic
                                                             material; therefore, very little offensive odors are associated with
                                                             these sludges. The characteristics of the wastewaters and the de-
                                                             gree of treatment required will effect the quantity of sludge which
                                                             is generated during the treatment of municipal and industrial waste-
                                                             waters. These wastewater sludges generally contain putrescible
                                                             organic material which readily decompose resulting in obnoxious
                                                             odors, Therefore, these sludges require some type of treatment and
                                                             disposal facilities at different treatment plants will vary, The
                                                             residual solids may be buried or placed on the land as a soil con-
                                                                 oning agent.   Therefore the disposal of the solid residue and
                                                             sZudgee from the treatment of wastewaters may result in poUution
                                                             of ground and surface watevs if improperly disposed of on land and
                                                             air poUution if pr,@@per air cleaning is not f4rn-@ehed during in-
                                                             cin@5ration.

                                                                  The characteristics of industrial solid wastes are as varied as
                                                             the industries located in the Coastal Zone. A very limited amount
                                                             of information regarding the characteristics of the industrial solid
                                                             waste Is available, The staff of the Texas Water Quality Board is
                                                             actively engaged in surveying the solid wastes generated at industrial
                                                             facilities. The results of this survey, when completed, should pro-
                                                             vided qualitative and quantitative data for various types of industries.
                                                                  Most industrial plant sites will store the sludges from water
                                                             and wastewater treatment in lagoons on the plant site, if land is
                                                             available, Ithewi,e these residues and otler ,mi-solid residues
                                                             are hauled off for disposal by private collectors. Most of the com-
                                                             bustible residues in solid waste in industrial plant sites are in-
                                                             cinerated at the plant site or collected by a private collection
                                                             agency for disposal at some other site,

                                                                  Pisposal of municipal solid waste in the counties in the Coastal
                                                             Zone is primarily on the land. The number of solid waste disposal
                                                             sites reported in the Coastal Zone totals 175. This total includes
                                                             four incinerator sites, three of which are in Harris County and one
                                                             in Hidalgo County. One compost plant has also been reported in

                                                                                          33

                                                   Harris County. The remaining refuse disposal sites include sanitary
                                                   landfills and open dumps. Of the 175 number of land disposal sites,
                                                   only 13 are considered to be sanitary landfills. The remainder of
                                                   the land disposal sites are considered to be substandard landfills
                                                   generally characterized by uncontrolled burning of refuse, improper
                                                   covering of the refuse at the end of the day, presence of rats and
                                                   flies, drainage of runoff to surface water, blowing paper, and odors .

                                                        It should be pointed out that this information is based on a
                                                   survey which was conducted by the Texas State Department of Health
                                                   in 1968. Therefore, the number of disposal sites may have increased
                                                   during this time and some of the dumps converted to sanitary landfills.
                                                   The information available indicates that none of the incinerators
                                                   plants for the disposal of refuse are presently in operation. The
                                                   one operating compost plant which handled about 350 tons of refuse
                                                   per day for the city of Houston in Harris County, has recently been
                                                   shut down since the market for reclaimed materials was a casualty
                                                   of the economic slowdown.

                                                        A sanitary landfill includes the placement of the refuse on the
                                                   ground or in a prepared trench and compacted with a catepillar bull-
                                                   dozer or similar equipment. The compacted refuse is covered at the
                                                   end of each operating day with about six inches of compacted soil.
                                                   No burning of the refuse is permitted at the landfill site and proper
                                                   drainage of the site is provided.

                                                        The pollution of ground water by refuse in sanitary landfills
                                                   can take place only if the following conditions exist:

                                                        (a) the sanitary landfill is directly above or adjacent to
                                                        an aquifer,

                                                        (b) the refuse in the sanitary landfill becomes supersaturated
                                                        because of percolation of rainfall. pooling of surface water,
                                                        or flow of ground water, and

                                                        (c) leached fluids are produced and the Zeachate enters the
                                                        aquifer.

                                                        The geology, topography and ground water and surface water re-
                                                   sources at the proposed sanitary landfill site should be carefully
                                                   evaluated.* The site which provided the least potential for water
                                                   pollution should be selected.

                                                        Refuse in sanitary landfill can absorb an extraordinary amount
                                                   of water before supersaturated conditions develop and leachate is
                                                   produced. Paper itself can absorb two to three times its weight
                                                   in water. Leachate was produced only after 15 inches of water was

                                                        * The Bureau of Economic Geology has recently completed a study
                                                   of the coastal region in which they identified potential landfill sites.

                                                                               34

                                                        continually applied at the rate of one inch per day to a fill in a
                                                        ten-foot deep bin. The quantity of waste required to produce a
                                                        leachate was about 25 gallons per cubic yard of fill or about 65
                                                        gallons per ton of refuse.

                                                             The overall picture of water pollution from a sanitary landfill
                                                        is quite complex. The chances of water pollution can be minimized
                                                        by locating the sanitary landfill away from ground water aquifers
                                                        and surface water supplies. Proper draining of the site to avoid
                                                        supersaturation of the refuse in the sanitary landfill is also
                                                        necessary to eliminate production of leachate.

                                                             Open burning of refuse at dumps also contributes to the particulate
                                                        and gaseous emissions to the atmosphere which constitute air pollution.
                                                        The organic material in the refuse provides a good breeding place for
                                                        flies, In the warm summer months, the time for flies to develop from
                                                        the egg stage to adult is about 5 to 7 days. Although flies have not
                                                        been directly incriminated with the transmission of diseases from
                                                        refuse to humans, the flies are a nuisance. The garbage in the re-
                                                        fuse also provides a source of food for rats. Therefore, an open
                                                        dump is generally infested with rats which in turn can migrate from
                                                        the dump to adjacent housing. Water that accumulates in discarded
                                                        containers provides a breeding place for mosquitoes which in turn are
                                                        vectors for the transmission of diseases such as encephalities, malaria,
                                                        and yellow fever. Of these diseases, encephalitis is probably the
                                                        most common and of most concern in the Coastal Zone.

                                                        Air Pollution

                                                             The gaseous and particulate emissions from industrial activities
                                                        are presented in Table 12. These emissions to the atmosphere do not
                                                        include the particulate  aterial and gases generated during the un-
                                                        controlled burning of refuse in open dumps, nor the emissions from
                                                        motor vehicles. The data in Table 12 were obtained for surveys con-
                                                        ducted by the Texas Air Control Board and are expressed in terms of
                                                        tons per year. The industrial gaseous emi.ssions into the atmosphere
                                                        include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
                                                        hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, flourides, and other compounds.
                                                        Water vapor is also gaseous but is considered relatively harmless
                                                        and not an air pollutant in the same sense as chemical compounds.
                                                        The particulate and gaseous emissions into the atmosphere are also
                                                        presented in Figure 7. There are not industrial emissions into the
                                                        atmosphere in 14 of the counties in the Coastal Zone. Industrial gases
                                                        are emitted in 21 counties, while particulate material and gases are
                                                        reported to be emitted in only 12 counties.

                                                             The data presented in Table 12 indicate that the industrial
                                                        counties account for the bulk of the atmospheric emissions. On a
                                                        weight basis the industrial gaseous emission exceed the industrial
                                                        particulate emission by a wide margin. More than 11,300,000 tons per
                                                        year of industrial gaseous emissions excluding water vapor and more
                                                        than 92,000 tons per year of particulate emissions have been reported

                                                                                   35

                                                                                         -0

                                                                                           0                            99690
                                                                                         6801
                                                                  7655                   @0-4                           2434-
                                                                    0                    1
                                                                                                  0                    528360
                                                                                         1@80804                        24417
                                                                                         43411
                                                                                         1               0
                                                                          0
                                                                                                              685065
                                                                          0              92-7
                                                                                         - !                  10711
                                                                                         0
                                                                             10
                                                                                         2-86990
                                                                               0         5073
                                                              0
                                                                          0              65
                                                                  2 0 7
                                                                                    65
                                                              0     0
                                                                                         22801
                                                              0
                                           6670    0    0  "1-/.                         0
                                            0      0    0        0                 116205
                                                              A@olllo 1                  7

                                              0                           900603
                                                    0                       5011
                                              0
                                                         -- -------- 1263
                                                                     2

                                                  0      0
                                                        -0                               LEGEND
                                                                              200        Gases emitted (tons/year)
                                                                              10         Particulates emitted (tons/year)
                                              ,5374
                                              1 9

                                                            Industrial Emissions to the Atmosphere

                                                                           Figure 7

                                                                             36

                                                                                         TABLE 12
                                                                        INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS*
                                                                                        (TONS/YEAR)

                                                                County           Gases        Particulates        Water Vapor

                                                             Aransas             116205                 7              532000
                                                             Austin                     0               0                     0
                                                             Bee                        0               0                     0
                                                             Brazorla            211190            1071             15514114

                                                             Brooks                     0               0                     0
                                                             Calhoun              22801                 0            3020000
                                                             Cameron              20860                 0              523000
                                                             Chambers                   0               0                 3716

                                                             Colorado                   0               0                     0
                                                             DeWitt                     0               0                     0
                                                             Duval                      0               0                     0
                                                             Fort Bend               927                0              428008

                                                             Galveston           6685065           10711            13740000
                                                             Goliad                     0               0                     0
                                                             Harris              1580804          43441            296465702
                                                             Hidalgo                 5374               9              439290

                                                             Jackson                    1               0                     0
                                                             Jefferson           528360           24417             19400000
                                                             Jim Wells                  0               0                     0
                                                             Kenedy                     0               0                     0
                                                             Kleberg                 1263               2                13140
                                                             Lavaca                     0               0                     0
                                                             Liberty                 495                0                50000
                                                             Live Oak                   0               0                     0

                                                             Matagorda            21865               65             3417650
                                                             McMullen                6670               0                     0
                                                             Montgomery           68010              104             1892149
                                                             Nueces              900603            5011             21832105

                                                             Orange               99,90            2434             14140481
                                                             Refugio                    0               0                     0
                                                             San Patricio         13403            1700              4124300
                                                             Victoria             20700                 0            5000000

                                                             Walker                     0               0                     0
                                                             Waller                  7655               0            4777936
                                                             Wharton                 1420               0              122000
                                                             Willacy                    0               0                     0

                                                             *Texas Air Control Board '19711

                                                                                            37

                                                     for the Coastal Zone. The relatively low amount of particulate
                                                     material in the industrial emissions may be attributable to the
                                                     fact that most industries burn natural gas which results in fewer
                                                     particles than other fossil fuels. Enforcement of the Air Pollution
                                                     Control legislation relating to particulate emissions may also be
                                                     responsible for the relatively low quantity. Gaseous emissions are
                                                     more difficult to remove and in most cases are not visible; therefore,
                                                     the gases go by unnoticed except for any odors or colors associated
                                                     with the gases.

                                                          Each industry has characteristic emissions which are unique
                                                     to an industrial category or classification. Some typical emissions
                                                     for industrial and agricultural activities are summarized in Table
                                                     13. The quantity and quality of gaseous and particulate emissions
                                                     is related to the raw material used, the process applied and the
                                                     effectiveness of the air pollution control equipment which is in-
                                                     stalled, if in fact any air cleaning devices are used.

                                                          The industrial emissions have the most direct effect on the
                                                     environment immediately adjacent to the source of the emissions.
                                                     In many cases the industrial emissions to the atmosphere are mani-
                                                     fested by visible plumes at plant sites. This dramatic emission
                                                     of colored plumes, particulate materials and chemical mists, etc.,
                                                     may travel some distance and affect the health and property of in-
                                                     dividuals at relatively remote locations. Odors may be the principle
                                                     indicator of industrial emissions when no plume is obvious.

                                                          Motor vehicles also contribute to the emissions to the atmosphere
                                                     An inventory of the number of motor vehicles registered in the various
                                                     counties in the Coastal Zone is presented in Table 14. The motor
                                                     vehicles are classified in the following categories: passenger
                                                     vehicles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and a category including
                                                     truck tractors, tractors, construction machinery, etc. The number
                                                     of vehicles in the Coastal Zone which have exempt registration is
                                                     not included.  The distribution of passenger vehicles among the
                                                     population in the Coastal Zone expressed as registered passenger
                                                     vehicles per person is presented in Table 15 and Figure 8. The ratio
                                                     does not vary significantly and covers a range of 0.28 to 0.49 re-
                                                     gistered passenger vehicles per person. The average for the Coastal
                                                     Zone is 0.40 passenger vehicles per person. The population density
                                                     is higher in the urban industrial counties and the total number of
                                                     passenger vehicles is also high in these counties. Therefore the
                                                     automobile emissions add to the industrial gaseous and particulate
                                                     emissions.

                                                          The major components of automobile emissions are shown in Table
                                                     16 and include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen,
                                                     @xides of sulfur, and particulate material. The particulate material
                                                     includes carbon particles, lead particles, and condensates which
                                                     are discharged in the exhaust. The characteristics and quantity of
                                                     automobile exhaust are a function of the speed of the vehicles and
                                                     data in Table 16 are based on an average speed of 25 miles per hour   .

                                                                                  38

                                                                                         TABLE 13

                                                                     CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS

                                                 Type o                                                                  Emissions

                                                     Chemical Industry

                                                            Ammonia Plant                         Ammonia fumes, carbon monoxide
                                                            Chlorine Plant                        Chlorine, gas, liquid chlorine, mercury
                                                            Nitric Acid Plant                     Nitric Oxide, nitrogen dioxide, acid mist
                                                            Paint and Varnish                     Fumes, aldehydes, ketones
                                                            Manufacturing                         Phenols , terpenes, particulates
                                                            Phosphoric Acid Plants                P205 Acid mist, nitrogen oxides
                                                            Phosphoric Acid                       Gaseous fluorides
                                                            Fertilizer Plant                      Silicon tetrafluoride, hydrogen fluoride
                                                            Sulfuric Acid Plant                   Sulfur dioxide, acid mist

                                                      Food  and Fiber Industry

                                                            Cotton Ginning                        Particulates, dust
                                                            Coffee Roasting                       Particulates, smoke, odors
                                                            Feed and Grain Mills                  Dust

                                                     Metallurgical Industry

                                                            Aluminum Ore Reduction                Particulate alumina, carbon and
                                                                                                  fluorides, gaseous fluorine
                                                            Copper Smelters                       Carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
                                                                                                  oxides and fine particulate fume
                                                            Iron and Steel Mills                  Particulates, fumes, smoke, particulate
                                                                                                  lead fumes
                                                            Lead Smelters                         Lead fumes, sulfur dioxide
                                                            Zinc Smelters                         Particulates, fumes, sulfur dioxide

                                                                                          39

                                                                             TABLE 13
                                                                             (con'd.)
                                               Secondary Metals Industry

                                                     Ferrous Metals                      Particulates

                                                     Aluminum                            Fine Particulates , gaseous chlorine
                                                                                         and fluorine
                                                     Brass and  Bronze Smelting          Particulates, zinc oxide fumes
                                                     Gray Iron foundary                  Particulates
                                                     Lead Smelting                       Particulates, sulfur compounds
                                                     Magnesium Melting                   Particulates
                                                     Zinc Processes                      Particulates
                                                       galvanizing, calcining
                                                       smelting and  sweating

                                               Mineral Products Industry

                                                     Asphalt Roofing                     Particulates , oil mist
                                                     Asphaltic Concrete Plant            Particulates
                                                     Calcium Carbide Plant               Acetylene, sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide,
                                                                                         particulates
                                                     Cement Plant                        dust

                                                     Concrete Batch Plant                Particulates

                                                     Frit Manufacturing Plant            Particulates, condensed metallic fumes,
                                                                                         fluorides
                                                     Glass Manufacturing Plant           Particulates , fluorides
                                                     Lime Manufacturing Plant            Particulates
                                                     Insulation Manufacturing Plants     Asbestos fiber, rock wool fibers

                                               Petroleum Refinery                        Hydrocarbons, particulates, nitrogen
                                                                                         dioxide, carbon monoxide, aldehydes     ,
                                                                                         ammonia

                                               Plastics                                  Ethylene, methacrylate

                                               Petrochemical Plants                      Losses of intermediate and final product

                                               Pulp and Paper Industry                   Particulates, Hydrogen sulfide, methyl
                                                                                         mercaptan, dimethyl sulfur

                                               Dry Cleaning Plants                       Chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloro-
                                                                                         ethylene, petroleum solvents, hydrocarbon
                                                                                         vapors

                                                                                  40

                                                                             TABLE 13
                                                                             (con'd.)

                                               Metal Scrap Yards                         Smoke, soot

                                               Rendering Plant                           Organic vapors, odors

                                               Agricultural Activities

                                                     Crop spraying and dusting           Organic phosphates, chlorinated
                                                                                         hydrocarbons, arsenic and lead
                                                     Field Burning                       Smoke, flyash, soot
                                                     Refuse Incineration                 Particulates, flyash
                                                     Open Dump Refuse Burning            Particulates, odors, hydrocarbons, smoke

                                                                                  41

                                                                                   TABLE 14

                                                                         REGISTERED VEHICLES (1970)-

                                                                                                                          Motor,
                                                    Count                Passenger         Trucks            Buse         Cycles  Others
                                               Aransas                   3432              1027              0            56          49
                                               Austin                    5573              2867              0            60          37
                                               Bee                       8620              2718              0            220         1
                                               Brazoria                                                                               127
                                                                         45085             14984             0            1105        456
                                               Brooks                    2643              378               0            2s          48
                                               Calhoun                   7124              2315              0            165         78
                                               Cameron                   50099             12363             117          957         658
                                               Chambers                  5813              3936              0            53          476
                                               Colorado                  7387              3915              0            88          215
                                               DeWitt                    8705              3406              0            94          139
                                               Duval                     3403              1702              0            38          43
                                               Fort Bend                 18930             6544              0            251         289
                                               Galveston                 70214             15179             96           1514        549
                                               Goliad                    1778              881               0            19          18
                                               Harris                    796310            152919            472          16521    10547
                                               Hidalgo                   62617             19244             4            1029        959
                                               Jackson                   5168              2592              0            72          117
                                               Jefferson                 113815            23968             42           2227        1179
                                               Jim Wells                 12145             4324              2            183         264
                                               Keriedy                   204               102               0            1             2
                                               Kleberg                   11507             2671              0            419         364
                                               Lavaca                    7207              3160              0            417         94
                                               Liberty                   13192             6692              0            263         324
                                               Live Oak                  2435              1507              0            19          49
                                               Matagorda                 10909             4328              7            139         122
                                               McMullen                  398               320               0            a           17
                                               Montgomery                17149             8213              0            497         250
                                               Nueces                    105038            20782             1            2034        1962
                                               Orange                    29012             8161              0            483         118
                                               Refugio                   3863              1562              0            59          68
                                               San Patricio              17691             5664              0            232         247
                                               Victoria                  23502             6129              0            596         425
                                               Walker                    6910              2763              0            155         83
                                               Waller                    4942              2646              0            60          47
                                               Wharton                   14767             6009              0            178         264
                                               Willacy                   4855              2177              0            61          86

                                               *Texas State Highway Department (1970)

                                                                                   42

                                                                                             TABLE 15

                                                                   POPULATION AND PASSENGER VEHICLE DENSITIES (1970)

                                                        County                         Population/Sq.  Mi.             Vehicles/Person

                                                        Aransas                                  33.1                       0.41
                                                        Austin                                   20.9                       0.42
                                                        Bee                                      25.6                       0.39
                                                        Bra zoria                                75.0                       0.42
                                                        Brooks                                    8.2                       0.34
                                                        Calhoun                                  33.8                       0.42
                                                        Cameron                                 144.2                       0.36
                                                        Chambers                                 15.4                       0.48
                                                        Colorado                                 18.2                       0.43
                                                        DeWitt                                   58.0                       0.49
                                                        Duval                                     6.5                       0.30
                                                        Fort Bend                                58.4                       0.37
                                                        Galveston                               415.9                       0.42
                                                        Goliad                                    5.3                       0.39
                                                        Harris                                 1006.0                       0.46
                                                        Hidalgo                                 107.9                       0.36
                                                        Jackson                                  15.3                       0.41
                                                        Jefferson                               254.7                       0.47
                                                        Jim Wells                                36.9                       0.38
                                                        Kenedy                                    0.5                       0.31
                                                        Kleberg                                  38.6                       0.36
                                                        Lavaca                                   19.3                       0.41
                                                        Liberty                                  26.5                       0.43
                                                        Live Oak                                  6.1                       0.39
                                                        Matagorda                                24.7                       0.39
                                                        McMullen                                  0.9                       0.38
                                                        Montgomery                               43.3                       0.37
                                                        Nueces                                  284.2                       0.45
                                                        Orange                                  188.0                       0.41
                                                        Refugio                                  11.6                       0.42
                                                        San Patricio                             59.3                       0.40
                                                        Victoria                                 57.2                       0.44
                                                        Walker                                   30.9                       0.28
                                                        Waller                                   27.0                       0.35
                                                        Wharton                                  33.8                       0.41
                                                        Willacy                                  25.4                       0.31

                                                                                                43

                                                                                              0.37
                                                                             0.35                         0.43          _0.41

                                                                                                                       0.4
                                                                                      42        0.46
                                                                                                                0. 4@
                                                                                                                    J
                                                                                0.43        0.37
                                                                       1 0 41                                     0.42
                                                                                  >,.-"0.41
                                                                                                 0 42

                                                                    0.49
                                                                                0-41

                                                                          0
                                                                          0.44            0.39
                                                                           .44
                                                                  0 3 9

                                                                                          0.42
                                                0.38 0.39"              0 42             -
                                                                                       0.41

                                                               --0.40
                                                           3&
                                                 0.30
                                                              0.45

                                                           !0.3

                                                       0.34i 0.3

                                                       0.36
                                                                0.31
                                                             -.-0.31

                                                                10.36

                                                                       NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES
                                                                     REGISTERED PER PERSON (1970)

                                                                                 FIGURE 8

                                                                                   44

                                                                                    TABLE 16

                                                                  Characteristics ofAutomobile Exhausts*

                                                                                                Quantity
                                                                                  pounds per 1000        vehicle-miles
                                                              Emis sion             1966       1968**       1970**

                                                          carbon Monoxide         165.0       15.0          10.4
                                                          Ilydrocarbons             11,1       1,1            1*0

                                                          oxides of Nitrogen        8.5       -----         ----

                                                          Oxides of Sulfur          0.6       -----         ----

                                                          Particulates              0*1       -----         ----

                                                          *Duprey, R. L. , Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
                                                            National Center for Air Pollution Control, Durham, North
                                                            Carolina, 1968.

                                                          **Air/water Pollution Report, January 29, 1968.

                                                          NOTE:

                                                          1966 - typical emissions of automobiles produced before 1966
                                                          1968 - typical emissions of 1968 model year automobiles with
                                                                 mandatory air pollution control devices installed

                                                          1970 - typical emissions of 1970 model year automobiles with air
                                                                 pollution control devices installed

                                                                                      45

                                                       The information shows typical emissions in the exhaust of automobiles
                                                       produced before 1966 on which no air pollution control devices were
                                                       installed as well as for passenger vehicles on which the mandatory
                                                       air pollution control devices were installed. The air pollution
                                                       control devices installed on the 1970 model year vehicles should
                                                       reduce the quantities of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from 15.0
                                                       to 10.4 pounds per vehicle mile and from 1.5 to 1.0 pounds per
                                                       vehicle mile, respectively.

                                                            The quantity of gaseous emissions from automobile exhausts in
                                                       the Coastal Zone would be about 1,000,000 tons per year. Compara-
                                                       tively speaking, industrial emissions in the Coastal Zone exceed
                                                       11,000,000 tons per year. This estimate is based on the fact that
                                                       one-third of the vehicles in the Coastal Zone were equipped with
                                                       air pollution control devices to meet the standards set during 1968
                                                       and 1970, and the fact that each of the passenger vehicles were driven
                                                       for 10,000 miles during the year. As the number of older vehicles
                                                       are replaced by those vehicles with effective air pollution control
                                                       devices pollutant emissions to the atmosphere will be markedly re-
                                                       duced. However, the disposal of the abandoned vehicles could lead
                                                       to a solid waste handling and disposal problem.

                                                            The gaseous and particulate emissions from those vehicles which
                                                       use diesel fuel must also be included in the inventory. The character-
                                                       istics of the emissions from vehicles burning diesel fuel is summarized
                                                       in Table 17. The emissions to the atmosphere from aircraft also
                                                       contribute to the total air pollution inventory. Typical emissions
                                                       for aircraft are summarized in Table 18.

                                                            The cotton ginning operation is characterized by emissions of
                                                       particulate material and gases into the atmosphere. Cotton gins
                                                       are located in 18 counties in the Coastal Zone. The counties in which
                                                       cotton gins are located and the quantity of cotton processed are        pre-
                                                       sented in Table 19. The quantity of particulate emissions resulting
                                                       from the ginning operation is also presented in this table. Approxi-
                                                       mately 11.7 pounds of particulates are generated from each bale of
                                                       cotton processed. It should be noted, however, that the cotton
                                                       ginning operation has been declining in the Coastal Zone. Therefore,
                                                       cotton gins as sources of air pollution should also be on a decline.

                                                       Animal Waste

                                                            The Droduction of animals such as beef cattle, milk cows, hogs,
                                                       sheep and lambs, chickens, and turkeys present a solid waste manage-
                                                       ment problem and can be the source of water pollution. The number
                                                       of animals produced in the various counties in the Coastal Zone are
                                                       summarized in Table 20. The source of this information is the U.S.
                                                       Census of Agricultural, 1964.

                                                            A number of the counties in the Coastal Zone rank among the top
                                                       ten counties in Texas in the production of particular animals. Five
                                                       counties in the Coastal Zone are among the top ten counties in Texas

                                                                                    46

                                                                                        TABLE 17

                                                                   Characteristics of   Motor Vehicle Exhausts*

                                                                                                Quantity
                                                                                    pounds per 1000 gallons of fuel

                                                                                     Automobile s             Diesel
                                                                Emission               (gasoline)            Engines

                                                          Carbon Monoxide               2300                      60

                                                          Hydrocarbons                    200                    136

                                                          Oxides of Nitrogen              113                    222

                                                          Oxides of Sulfur                  9                     40

                                                          Particulates                     12                    110

                                                          *Duprey, R. L. , Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
                                                             National Center for Air Pollution Control, Durham, North
                                                             Carolina, 1968.

                                                                                        47

                                                                                       TABLE 18

                                                                              Characteristics of Aircraft

                                                                              Exhaust Below 3500 Feet*
                                                                                (pounds per flight")

                                                                              jet
                                                                           Aircraft                                           Piston
                                                                         (per engine)              TurboProp                  Engine

                                                                                      Fan         2          4            2          4
                                               Emission             Conventional      jet      Engine     Engine        Engine    Engine

                                          carbon Monoxide                8.75         5.15 .      2.0       9.0         134.0       326.0
                                          Hydrocarbons                   2.50         4.75        0.3       1.2          25.0       60.0

                                          Oxides of Nitrogen             5.75         2.30        1.1       5.0            6.3      15.4

                                          Particulates                   8.5          1@85        0.6       2.5            0.6        1.4

                                          *Duprey, R. L. , Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, National Center for Air
                                             Pollution Control, Durham, North Carolina, 1968.

                                          **Flight is defined as a combination of a landing and a take-off.

                                                                                        48

                                                                                          TABLE 19

                                                                                    COTTON GINNING*

                                                                                                                    Particulate
                                                                                     Bales Ginned From              Emissions
                                                                County                 -.1966 Crop                    pounds

                                                            Austin                             6,971                       81,561

                                                            Bee                                4,485                       52,475

                                                            Brazoria                           4,504                       52 697

                                                            Calhoun                            5,562                       65,075

                                                            Cameron                           108,805                   1,273,019

                                                            Colorado                           5,934                       69,428

                                                            Fort Bend                         24,006                      280,870

                                                            Hidalgo                           98,867                    1,156,744

                                                            Jackson                            2,886                       33,766
                                                            Jim Wells                          8,113                       94,922

                                                            Lavaca                             7,692                       89,996

                                                            Matagorda                          4,304                       50,357

                                                            Nueces                            66,624                      779,501

                                                            Refugio                            9,586                      112,156

                                                            San Patricio                      59,161                      692,184

                                                            Victoria                           6,632                       77,594

                                                            Wharto n                          30,723                      359,459

                                                            Willacy                           42,217                      493,939

                                                            *U.S. Bureau of Census Reports

                                                                                             49

                                                                                      TABLE 2 0

                                                                              ANIMAL PRODUCTION*

                                                                                Milk                      Sheep
                                                    County        Cattle        Cows         Hogs         Lambs      Chickens      Turkeys

                                          Aransas                   2,392           11          139          130        1,384              3
                                          Austin                  83,498        2,361        6,373        2,270      134,703           2,244
                                          Bee                     37,009           539       1,714           483      29,373           137
                                          Brazoria                98,388        2,149        4,416           839     120,395           393

                                          Brooks                  39,768        1,389           134            72     44,384       40,049
                                          Calhoun                 13,208            76          115          468        6,314          163
                                          Cameron                 25,780        1,771        1,821           290      68,965           422
                                          Chambers                46,879            51          408          330      16,312           ill

                                          Colorado                86,641        1,904        4,434        1,314      235,906       18  '649
                                          DeWitt                  76,859        3,965        7,113        3,669       93,855       173,122
                                          Duval                   47,767        3,844           367          205        4,976          212
                                          Fort Bend               74,451        1,038        5,047           730     104,001           4,837

                                          Galveston               17,711        2,154           447          170     209,453           259
                                          Goliad                  44,670           224       5,978        1,902       17,118           2,389
                                          Harris                  95,829        13,190       4,964        1,259      344,948           575
                                          Hidalgo                 76,296        3,244        5,057           234     115,651           4,147

                                          Jackson                 59,176           355       1,569           739      25,223           627
                                          Jefferson               45,813           533          376          280      15,052           213
                                          JimWells                51,099        9,181        1,479           442      40,872       20,271
                                          Kenedy                  26,787            92             4         ---            43         ---

                                          Kleberg                 72,567           715       4,828           320      18,898           878
                                          Lavaca                  81,670        4,092        10,639       2,542      214,768       144,778
                                          Liberty                 47,502        1,241        1,165           113      50,667           208
                                          Live Oak                40,290           501       3,726           198      25,277           179

                                          Matagorda               75,706           214       1,283           974      13,771           836
                                          McMullen                36,600            41            69            5       1,037              7
                                          Montgomery              37,599        2,874        2,105             93     61,744           338
                                          Nueces                  21,516           161       2,583           576      60,791           2,732

                                          Orange                    9,154          105       1,114           122      12,730             35
                                          Refugio                 39,874            65          893       3 223         4,134          146
                                          San Patricio            36,666            86       1,483           332      50,203           161
                                          Victoria                69,256           620       2,924        2,406       49,598       11,775

                                          Walker                  37,987        1,272        4,558           112      46,694           521
                                          Waller                  46,864        1,397        2,059           589      34,072           1'161
                                          Wharton                 88,655        1,733        2,357        1,067       69,349           2,222
                                          Willacy                 18,533           802       1,255           173      86,107           176

                                          *U.S. Census of Agriculture, 1964

                                                                                        50

                                                      in Ile production of particular animals. Five counties in the
                                                      Coastal Zone are among the top ten in beef cattle production. These
                                                      counties include Brazoria (1), Harris (3), Wharton (6), Colorado (7),
                                                      Austin (8). Harris County also ranks second in the State in the
                                                      production of dairy cattle. Lavaca County ranks seventh in the pro-
                                                      duction of swine and tenth in the production of turkeys, while DeWitt
                                                      County ranks seventh in the turkey production. The characteristics
                                                      of animal waste are presented in Table 21. The information in this
                                                      table show that for beef cattle, each animal produces 60 pounds of
                                                      manure per day and each animal produces wastes which have the same
                                                      strength of the waste produced by 3.5 humans based on the total
                                                      pound, of Biochemical Oxygen Demand 1BOD1 produced. The potential
                                                      for pollution of surface and ground waters as the result of runoff
                                                      from rainfall from those areas where animals have grown in high con-
                                                      centration is quite evident.

                                                          Many of these animals are raised in feed lots. A total number
                                                      of 147 feed lot sites have been reported to be located in 28 of the
                                                      36 counties which are included in the Coastal Zone. The operating
                                                      feed lots number 40 and are located in'14 counties. The reported
                                                      number of sites which have been permanently closed is 45. This in-
                                                      ventory of feed lots was made available by the personnel of the
                                                      Texas Water Quality Board. Data for the Coastal Zone are summarized
                                                      in Table 22 and Figure 9.

                                                          The State of Texas ranks second in the United States in the
                                                      number of cattle marketed from feed lots. In 1968, 1594 cattle
                                                      feed lots marketed 1,970,000 cattle. However, 1,958,000 cattle were
                                                      marketed from 294 feed lots which had a capacity of over 1000 head
                                                      of cattle.

                                                          The effective handling, treatment and disposal of these con-
                                                      centrated wastes must be included in any animal waste management
                                                      program. The disposal methods represent additional costs, therefore,
                                                      a wide variety of systems are employed. The degree of treatment
                                                      ranges from almost no treatment to extensive waste processing.

                                                      Pesticides

                                                          Pesticides for the control of insects which damage crops and
                                                      undesirable weeds enter the surface water during periods of runoff
                                                      of storm water and from agricultural lands. The pesticides are
                                                      transported by the streams and rivers to the bays and estuaries in
                                                      the Coastal Zone. many of these organic compounds are not readily
                                                      assimilated in the aquatic system and persist for long periods of
                                                      time.  The results of a survey conducted by the Texas Water Develop-
                                                      ment Board and the U.S. Geological Survey are presented in Tables
                                                      23 and 24. The data in these tables indicate that the pesticides
                                                      which are commonly found in water samples include DDD, DDE, and DDT.
                                                      The pesticides were found in the waters of lour of the estuaries
                                                      in which the survey was conducted. It is interesting to note that
                                                      in some of the sediment samples these insecticides were detected
                                                      although no pesticides were present in the overlying water at the

                                                                                51

                                                                                       TABLE 21

                                                                        CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTES*

                                                                       Beef         Dairy
                                                                     Cattle         Cattle         Poultry       Swine          Sheep

                                            Animal Weight (lb)         950          1400           5            200             100

                                            Manure Produced (lb/day) 60. 0             80.6        0.4             17.4             7.2

                                            Dry Solids (lb/day)          10.0          10.0        0.1             0.9              1.7

                                            BOD (lb/animal/day)           1.0           1.0        0.02            0.3          -----

                                            Total Nitrogen
                                                 (lb/animal/day)          0.3           0.4        0.003           0.05         -----

                                            Population Equivalent"        3.5       ------         -----           0.90             0.31

                                            *Livestock Industries in Texas as Related to Water Quality, Preliminary Report, Texas
                                             Water Quality Board, June, 1970.

                                           "Population Equivalent is the number of humans required to produce the same amount
                                             of BOD produced by one animal. These numbers are based on the contribution to the
                                             BOD of municipal wastewater attirbutable to the organic material in human excrement.

                                                                                          52

                                                                                          TABLE 22

                                                                                        FEEDLOTS*

                                                                    No. of                No. of                No. of
                                                                Reported Sites       Operating Sites        Closed Sites        No Information

                                             Aransas                                        No information available
                                             Austin                    15                      8                     6                   1
                                             Bee                         2                     NA                    2                 NA
                                             Brazoria                    5                     2                     2                   1

                                             Brooks                                         No information available
                                             Calhoun                                        No information available
                                             Cameron                     6                     3                     3                 NA
                                             Chambers                                       No information available

                                             Colorado                    8                     4                  NA                     4
                                             DeWitt                    16                      5                  NA                   11
                                             Duval                       1                     NA                    1                 NA
                                             Fort Bend                   1                     1                     2                 NA

                                             Galveston                   2                     1                     1                 NA
                                             Goliad                      7                     3                  NA                     4
                                             Harris                      6                     4                     2                 NA
                                             Hidalgo                     8                     1                     4                   3
                                             Jackson                     2                     NA                 NA                     2
                                             Jefferson                   2                     NA                 NA                     2
                                             Jim Wells                   7                     NA                    7                 NA
                                             Kenedy                                         No information available

                                             Kleberg                     3                     NA                    1                   2
                                             Lavaca                    11                      4                  NA                     7
                                             Liberty                     4                     2                     2                 NA
                                             Live Oak                    9                     NA                    7                   2

                                             Matagorda                   I                     NA                 NA                     1
                                             McMullen                                       No information available
                                             Montgomery                  3                     1                     2                 NA
                                             Nueces                      I                     NA                 NA                     I

                                             Orange                      5                     NA                 NA                     5
                                             Refugio                     I                     NA                    1                 NA
                                             San Patricio                5                     1                     1                   3
                                             Victoria                                       No information available

                                             Walker                      2                     NA                 NA                     2
                                             Waller                      I                     NA                    1                 NA
                                             Wharton                   11                      NA                 NA                   11
                                             Willacy                                        No information available

                                              Texas Water Quality Board       (1970)
                                              NA - No Information Available

                                                                                            53

                                                                                       NA

                                                                                       3         4
                                                                                                                       NA
                                                                     0
                                                                                       6
                                                                                                          NA
                                                                             8
                                                                                   \,  4            'NA
                                                                         8
                                                                         4          3
                                                                                                            2
                                                                    -4                                       1
                                                                                         2
                                                                            WA   `/Al
                                                             16                      ?
                                                                         2
                                                          \4a      NA   TA
                                          ---- ---- --       7
                                                                                      NA
                                           NA
                                                                               NA                  ......

                                                   7
                                             0
                                                       '\NA -------- -

                                                 NA    ... RA

                                                 8      --------
                                                       t_ -L-iJA                             LEGEND

                                                              6
                                                                                 S NUMBER OF FEEDLOTS REPORTED
                                                              3                  2 NUMBER OF OPERATING FEEDLOTS

                                                                                NA NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE
                                                  NA

                                                                     FEEDLOTS  (1970)

                                                                        FIGURE 9

                                                                          54

                                                                                               TABLE 23

                                                                                             Pesticides*

                                                                                     Insecticides         A-DDD
                                                                                                          B-DDE
                                                                                                          C-DDT
                                                                                                          D-Dieldrin

                                                                                            Insecticide-
                                                                               Water                 Total              Sediment               Total
                                                       Estuary                                       (PPB)        A     B     ia      D        (PPB)

                                             Arroyo Colorado          X      x                       0.05         N     N     N       N

                                             Arroyo Colorado
                                             Cutoff                                                  ----         x     x             x          3.21

                                             Arroyo  Colorado
                                             (Laguna Madre)                                          ----

                                             Lavaca-Tres
                                             Palacios                               x                0.01         x     x     x                22.80

                                             Lavaca-Tres
                                             Palacios
                                             (Tres Palacios
                                             Bay)                                                                 x     x             x          3.17

                                             Lavaca-Tres
                                             Palacios
                                             (Texas Interco8slal
                                             Waterway)                x      x      x                0.69         N     N     N       N

                                             Lavaca-Tres
                                             Palacios
                                             (Palacios Bay)           -      x                       0,01         x     x     x       x       100*20

                                             Lavaca-Tres
                                             Palacios
                                             (Lavaca Bay)             x      x      x                1.02         N     N     N       N

                                             Lavaca-Tress
                                             Palacios
                                             (Lavaca River)                                                       x     X     x       x          8.16

                                              Texas Water Development Board        (1970)
                                             **(x) indicates compound is present in the       sample
                                               (-) indicates compound is not present in the sample
                                                (N) indicates no sample available
                                                                                                  55

                                                                                      TABLE 23 - Con'd.

                                                                                         Insecticide**
                                                                             Water                Tota I              Sediment             Total
                                                 Estuary           A      B                       (PPB)      A        B    C         D     (PP B)

                                          Guadalupe
                                          (San Antonio Bay)        -      -       x               0.02       x        x    x         x       3.64

                                          Guadalupe
                                          (Guadalupe Bay)          -      -       x               0.61       x        x    x         x       9.14

                                          Guadalupe
                                          (Guadalupe Estuary)      -      -       x               0.01       x        x    -         -       4.30

                                          Guadalupe
                                          Guadalupe River          -      -       x               0.02       x        x    -         -       4.00

                                          Colorado River           -      -       -               ----       x        x    x         -       24.70

                                          East Matagorda
                                          (Matagorda Bay)          -      -       -                          x        x    x         -       2.83

                                          Sabine-Neches            -      -       -                          x        x    -         -       1.40

                                          Laguna Madre
                                          (Baffin Bay)             -      -       x               0.01       x        x    -         -       2.50

                                          Nueces Bay               -      -       -               ----       N        N    N         N

                                          Nueces Estuary           -      -       -                          N        N    N         N

                                          Mission-Aransas          -      -       -                          N        N    N         N

                                          *Texas Water Development Board (1970)
                                          **(x) indicates compound is present in the       sample
                                            (-) indicates compound is not present in the sample
                                            (N) indicates no sample available

                                                                                                56

                                                                                         TABLE 24

                                                                                       Pesticides*

                                                                                Herbicides         A-2,4-D
                                                                                                   B-Silvex
                                                                                                   C-2,4,5,-T

                                                                                      Herbicides**
                                                                                Water              Total        Sediment           Total
                                                          Estuary                                  (PP B)     A       vq           (PPB)

                                                 Arroyo Colorado                                              N       N     N

                                                 Arroyo Colorado
                                                 Cutoff

                                                 Arroyo  Colorado
                                                 (Laguna Madre)                          x         0.01       N       N     N

                                                 Lavaca-Tres
                                                 Palacios                   x       -    x         0.04       N       N     N

                                                 Lavaca-Tres
                                                 Palacios
                                                 (Tres Palacios
                                                 Bay)                       x       -    x         0.22       N       N     N

                                                 Lavaca-Tres
                                                 Palacios
                                                 (Texas Intercoastal
                                                 Waterway)                                                    N       N     N

                                                 Lavaca-Tres
                                                 Palacios
                                                 (Palacios Bay)             x       -    x         0.27       N       N     N

                                                 Lavaca-Tres
                                                 Palacios
                                                 (Lavaca Bay)               x       -    x         0.18       N       N     N

                                                 Lavaca-Tres
                                                 Palacios
                                                 (Lavaca River)                                               N       N     N

                                                 *Texas Water Development Board         (1970)
                                                 **(x) indicates compound is present    in the sample
                                                   (-) indicates compound is not present in the sample
                                                   (N) indicates no sample available

                                                                                           57

                                                                                    TABLE 2 4 - Con'd.

                                                                                       Herbicide**
                                                                                Water              Total         Sediment            Total
                                                            Estuary                                (PPB)      A                      (PPB)

                                                Guadalupe
                                                (San Antonio Bay)            x             x       0.17       N       N      N

                                                Guadalupe
                                                (Guadalupe   Bay)            x             x       0.27       N       N      N

                                                Guadalupe
                                                (Guadalupe   Estuary)                                         N       N      N

                                                Guadalupe
                                                (Guadalupe River)                                             N       N      N

                                                Colorado River               x             x       0.07       N       N      N

                                                East Matagorda
                                                (Matagorda Bay)              x             x       0.08       N       N      N

                                                Sabine-Neches                              x       0.02       N       N      N

                                                Laguna Madre
                                                (Baffin Bay)                               x       0.02       N       N      N

                                                Nueces Bay                                                    N       N      N

                                                Nueces Estuary               N     N       N                  N       N      N

                                                Mission-Aransas              -     -       x       0.13       N       N      N

                                                @Texas Water Development Board (1970)
                                                **(x) indicates compound is present in the sample
                                                  (-) indicates compound is not present in the sample
                                                  (N) indicates no sample available

                                                                                           58

                                                          time of sampling. A typical example is the Arroyo-Colorado Estuary
                                                          at the Cutoff. The insecticides detected in the sediments included
                                                          DDD, DDE, and Dieldrin. These data also indicate that insecticides
                                                          can be concent ated in the sediments of an estuary and bay. This
                                                          fact is pointed out by comparing the concentrations of the insecti-
                                                          cides in the overlying water with that detected in the sediment.
                                                          The concentration of insecticides in the water in the estuaries range
                                                          between 0.01 and 1.02 parts per billion (ppb); however, the concentra-
                                                          tion of insecticides detected in the sediments range from 1.40 to
                                                          110,1 ppb. In fact, the lowest concentration of insecticides in the
                                                          water was detected in the water sample taken at the location in Pala-
                                                          cious Bay in which the sediment concentration was in excess of 100
                                                          ppb. This concentration of insecticides by the sediments can be at-
                                                          tributed in part to the clay particles on which the insecticide is
                                                          adsorbed which are flushed into the bays. Plankton which concentrate
                                                          the insecticides upon dying will fall to the bottom of the bay or may
                                                          be consumed by predators which in turn concentrate the compound. In-
                                                          secticides are also removed from the water and become concentrated
                                                          in the food chain. Relatively high concentrations have been reported
                                                          in plankton and fish harvested from the bays in the Coastal Zone.

                                                               Samples of water from the various bays and estuaries were also
                                                          analyzed for herbicides. The herbicides detected in the water samples
                                                          included 2, 4-D, and 2, 4, 5, -T. The herbicides concentration ranged
                                                          from 0.01 ppb to a maximum of 0.27 ppb. Only one sample of sediment
                                                          was analyzed for herbicides; therefore, no information is available
                                                          which would indicate the ability of the herbicides to persist in the
                                                          environment for sufficiently long periods of time and become concentra-
                                                          ted in the sediments.

                                                          Radioactive Substances

                                                               The release of radioactive materials into the environment can
                                                          be another source of environmental pollution. There are 376 licensees
                                                          for use of radioactive materials in the Coastal Zone. This number
                                                          represents 33 percent of the licensees in the State of Texas. The
                                                          licenseescin the Coastal Zone are found in 17 counties. The location
                                                          of the li ensees for use of radioactive materials is presented in
                                                          Table 25. This information was made available by the Occupational
                                                          Health Division of the Texas Department of Health who monitor all
                                                          possible sources of radiation pollution and regulate the use of rad-
                                                          iation.

                                                               The majority of the radioactive material in the Coastal Zone is
                                                          used in hospitals or in the offices of doctors and radiologists, and
                                                          by well loggers. The radioactive material is used in such a way that
                                                          there is little or no chance of release of this material to the en-
                                                          vironment. The only radioactive regulator located in the Coastal
                                                          Zone is in the N. S. Savanah when this vessel is in port. The N. S.
                                                          Savanah does not discharge any radioactive waste into the bays in the
                                                          Coastal Zone. There are no radioactive dumps reported in the Coastal
                                                          Zone. This data indicates that there are no present problems with
                                                          releases of radiation into the environment.

                                                                                        59

                                                                                  TABLE 2 5

                                                                          RADIOACTIVE SOURCESk

                                                                                                     Number of Licenses
                                                           County                                -For Rad.loactive-Material

                                                         Aransas                                                 1

                                                         Austin                                                  3

                                                         Brazoria                                              10

                                                         Calhoun                                                 2

                                                         Cameron                                                 7

                                                         Colorado                                                I

                                                         DeWitt                                                  7

                                                         Fort Bend                                               1

                                                         Galveston                                             24

                                                         Harris                                               223

                                                         Hidalgo                                               10

                                                         Jefferson                                             38

                                                         Matagorda                                               4

                                                         Nueces                                                28

                                                         Orange                                                  8

                                                         Victoria                                                6

                                                         Walker                                                  3

                                                         *Texas State Department of Health (1970)

                                                                                    60

                                                                           LIMITATIONS OF INVENTORY

                                                              This inventory of waste sources is useful in pointing to sources
                                                        of potential pollution; however, it does not in itself provide any
                                                        information regarding the collective effects of these discharges and
                                                        emissions on the environment of the coastal Zone. The available data
                                                        in many i nstances is incomplete and additional information is necessary
                                                        in order to complete the inventory of waste sources in the Coastal
                                                        Zone and to be able to evaluate the effects of these waste discharges
                                                        on the environment.

                                                              Coordination of data collection, storage and management is
                                                        essential, The result of this study indicates that a number of Itate
                                                        agencies collect and store similar data to be used for different pur-
                                                        poses. Many of the agencies do not upgrade their inventory of data
                                                        as frequently as other agencies; therefore, different conclusions are
                                                        drawn after reviewing what many people consider is the same information.
                                                        Much of the available information is several years old and does not
                                                        reflect any improvement in operation of the treatment or disposal
                                                        facility which may have been completed since the data were collected.

                                                              Data which are necessary to complete the overall inventory of
                                                        water carried pollutants include monthly information regarding the
                                                        quality and fl    of all   uicipal and industrial discharges. The
                                                        self-reporting system of obtaining effluent quality and quantity
                                                        information could provide the necessary information to maintain an
                                                        accurate and current inventory of wastewater discharges. However,
                                                        the seZf-reporting system will be only of limited value if the muni-
                                                        cipaZ and industrial personnel can be convinced that they are not in
                                                        jeopardy of retroactive penalties for not complying with the effluent
                                                        standards. This does not mean that the penalty for non-compliance
                                                        would be eliminated. However, some statute of limitation should be
                                                        established during which time the municipality or industry is subject
                                                        to the penalty for non-compliance.

                                                              The quality of the receiving streams is necessary in order to
                                                        effectively evaluate the effects of municipal and industrial dis-
                                                        charges on the water quality. A system of data collection to provide
                                                        this information would be extremely costly.

                                                              Presently water quality data are collected by the staff of the
                                                        @exas Water Quality Board and of the Texas Water Development Board
                                                        in cooperation with the personnel of the United States GeoZogicaZ
                                                        Survey.   The inventory of water quality is not complete.      Continuous
                                                        monitoring will be necessary to evaluate any improvement in water
                                                        quality resulting from more effective wastewater treatment.

                                                              The cost of collecting this water quality information could be
                                                        markedZy reduced if the data were gathered by the industrial and

                                                                                        61

                                                   municipal personnel who monitor the quality of their respective
                                                   effluents. In other words, by tying the water quality information
                                                   with the effluent quality data on a self-report system the cost of
                                                   collecting the water quality information can be markedly reduced.

                                                        The quality of the surface water in the Coastal Zone was not a
                                                   part of this inventory due to time and information-availability
                                                   constraints; however, this information is essential to any water
                                                   pollution control and water quality management programs.  The effect
                                                   of discharges from power stations which would increase the temperature
                                                   of the receiving stream must also be included in these programs.
                                                   Information of the quantity of water returned to the surface waters
                                                   and the temperature of these returned flows are being collected by
                                                   another task group and is not in this particular inventory.

                                                        The concentration of heavy metals in industrial and municipal
                                                   discharges is also not routinely determined. The concentration of
                                                   coZiform organisms or other fecal organisms or viruses in municipal
                                                   wastewaters and any sanitary waste from industrial plants should also
                                                   be available. This information will provide a means of evaluating
                                                   the treatment efficiency of the plant when considered in connection
                                                   with the other effluent quality data.

                                                        Information relating to the number of septic tanks and absorption
                                                   fields in the Coastal Zone is very sparse. The proximity of the
                                                   ground water table to the surface of the ground on the Coastal Zone
                                                   makes it imperative that the number of septic tanks be determined
                                                   and that the quality of the ground water in the vicinity of the
                                                   septic tank system be evaluated in order to determine the effect of
                                                   the septic tank discharges on the water quality. It is especially
                                                   important that those areas in the Coastal Zone which have high pop-
                                                   ulation densities and where septic tanks are used be identified and
                                                   steps taken to eliminate septic tanks in those areas.

                                                        The infiltration of storm water during periods of heavy rainfall
                                                   can markedly increase the quantity of wastewater which must be treated
                                                   at the municipal treatment plant. The quantity of infiltration into
                                                   the municipal collection system should be determined and proper steps
                                                   be taken to minimize infiltration by proper water proofing of the
                                                   joints in the collection system.

                                                        The quality characteristics of storm waters which flush a wide
                                                   assortment of materials from rooftops, streets, industrial plant
                                                   sites, agricultural lands, lawns and other surfaces must be determined
                                                   in order to completely develop an effective inventory of pollution
                                                   sources.

                                                        The effects of drainage from open refuse dumps which can
                                                   contribute to the pollution load of streams should be evaluated.
                                                   The extent of this pollution is dependent on the quantity and quality
                                                   of flow in the stream as well as in the quantity of runoff from the
                                                   dump. The effect of leachate for dumps on the quality of water in
                                                   the ground water table in the Coastal Zone should also be evaluated.

                                                                               62

                                                          Data which relate to the direct contribution made by the runoff
                                                     or percolation from feedlots to the pollution of surface and ground
                                                     water in the Coastal Zone are not complete at this time. The method
                                                     of waste disposal and the quality of effluents from the operating
                                                     feed lots should be determined. The staff of the Texas Water Quality
                                                     Board are attempting to compile information regarding the operating
                                                     feed lots and their effect on water sources and land.

                                                          The solid waste information available for the Coastal Zone is
                                                     incomplete, The rate of refuse production for the counties in the
                                                     Coastal lone are estimates based on an estimate of the refuse col-
                                                     lected and disposed of in municipal, private, and county facilities
                                                     since very few municipalities actually weigh the collected refuse.
                                                     Therefore, in order to determine the actual amount of refuse produced
                                                     on a per capita basis it is essential that the weights of refuse col-
                                                     lected be recorded and reliable estimates of the population served
                                                     be developed. In many of the counties covered in this study, the
                                                     population served within a county exceeded the population estimated
                                                     by the 1970 Census. The quantity of refuse generated by those
                                                     people who are not serviced by a municipal or private collection
                                                     system must also be determined.

                                                          The number of abandoned vehicles and quantity of bulk wastes
                                                     must be determined for the various counties in the Coastal Zone.
                                                     Information relating to the quantity of water treatment and waste
                                                     treatment plant sludges produced in the Coastal Zone as well as the
                                                     method of disposal of these sludges must be included in any inventory
                                                     of solid wastes.

                                                          There is almost no information available which relates to the
                                                     characteristics and quantity of industrial solid waste generated
                                                     in the Coastal Zone. The characteristics of the industrial solid
                                                     waste are as varied as there are industries since each particular
                                                     type of industry generates a specific type of industrial solid
                                                     waste. Sludges and other residue formed by industrial activity must
                                                     also be included in this inventory of industrial solid wastes. The
                                                     staff of the Texas Water Quality Board has embarked on a program to
                                                     develop quantitative and qualitative data for industrial solid wastes

                                                          The information dealing with the solid waste disposal practices
                                                     in the Coastal Zone is based on the 1968 survey. More current surveys
                                                     must be completed in order to determine what effect the curtailment
                                                     of open burning by legislation has on converting the open dumps to
                                                     sanitary landfills. In many areas the "Rest Areas" provided along
                                                     the highways by the Texas Highway Department have become the dumping
                                                     grounds for household refuse. It is essential that all open dumps
                                                     be converted to sanitary landfills, in order to reduce potential
                                                     water and air pollution which are generally associated with open
                                                     @umps. Conversion of the open dumps to sanitary landfills will also
                                                     improve the overall health of the community and environment by eli-
                                                     minating breeding places for rats, flies, and mosquitoes. The quantity
                                                     of manure generated at feedlots and methods of manure disposal must

                                                                                 63

                                                      also be considered in any overall inventory of solid wastes.

                                                           The sources of industrial air pollution and the Coastal Zone
                                                      have been compiled and the characteristics of the emissions sum-
                                                      marized by the Texas Air Pollution Control Board. Very little
                                                      information is available which indicate the effects of these atmos-
                                                      pheric discharges on the overall quality of the air and     Coastal
                                                      Zone. The surveillance of the individual discharges of      industrial
                                                      air pollutants must be monitored in order to maintain a     current
                                                      inventory of quantity and quality of emissions into the     atmosphere.
                                                      The characteristics of the industrial emissions as well     as the
                                                      quality of the ambient air can be reported on a regular     basis. A
                                                      self-reporting system similar to that proposed for monitoring waste
                                                      water discharges should be developed for air quality monitoring.

                                                           The contribution to the emissions to the atmosphere by auto-
                                                      mobiles also contribute to the overall quality of the air in the
                                                      Coastal Zone. Federal legi   'slation which requires air pollution
                                                      control devices on all new cars will significantly reduce the quan-
                                                      tity of these emissions. The contribution to the overall air pol-
                                                      lution in the Coastal Zone caused by open burning of refuse at open
                                                      dumps must also be included. However, as the open dumps are converted
                                                      to sanitary landfills this source of air pollution will be eliminated.
                                                      An inventory of emissions into the atmosphere from other activities
                                                      such as cotton ginning, grain, drying and storage must also be in-
                                                      cluded in the inventory of air pollution.

                                                           An overall inventory of the quantity of organic pesticides and
                                                      heavy metals which enter the surface waters in the Coastal Zone
                                                      should be completed. The heavy metals and pesticides accumulate
                                                      in the aquatic food chain.     There is considerable evidence,
                                                      based upon Parks and Wildlife data, that these materials build
                                                      up in the sediments, and become concentrated there. Therefore,
                                                      a routine program is needed to determine the concentration of
                                                      these materials in both the tissues of the organisms forming the
                                                      food chain and in the underlying sediments. This information
                                                      could then be used to assess the impact of these materials on
                                                      the entire aquatic community.

                                                                                    64

                                                                     APPLICATIONS OF INVENTORY

                                                            A complete inventory of waste sources in the Coastal Zone of
                                                        Texas is essential to the development and planning of a complete
                                                        program of environmental quality management. The interaction among
                                                        the air, land, and water environments make it necessary that all
                                                        liquid, solid, and gaseous emissions into the environment must be
                                                        included in any plan. The completed inventory can be used for a
                                                        multitude of planning programs.

                                                            On a local level, the officials can have a realistic assessment
                                                        of the emissions into the environment and the overall effects of these
                                                        discharges on the environment. In many cases, the resources of a
                                                        particular municipality or county may not be sufficient to cope with
                                                        the control of pollution. However, if the county was incorporated
                                                        into some type of regional planning program or into some area council
                                                        of governments, financial resources and technical competence can be
                                                        made available to even the smallest community or the least densely
                                                        populated county. There are five area councils in the Coastal Zone
                                                        at the present time. The counties which make up the individual
                                                        planning groups are shown in Figure 10. These groups include all
                                                        but six of the counties. A complete inventory of waste sources for
                                                        the counties in a particular planning council would also assist these
                                                        groups in developing a" effective plan of action for mana, ing the
                                                        quality of the environment. This information can be used to inform
                                                        the public of the overall environmental quality. In this way, the
                                                        public can decide on the steps that must be taken to remedy the
                                                        situation and improve the environmental quality. This information
                                                        can also be used as a basis on which to decide what degree of in-
                                                        dustriaZ development might be permitted to take place in a given area.
                                                        On the other hand, industry can also take advantage of such an in-
                                                        ventory in evaluating the resources of a particular county in the
                                                        Coastal Zone as well as the quantity of emissions and discharges
                                                        already present near the proposed plan site.

                                                            State agencies which have specific responsibilities for various
                                                        aspects of environmental quality maintenance can also benefit from
                                                        a complete inventory of waste sources. Those agencies which are
                                                        responsible primarily for the enforcement of pollution control legis-
                                                        lation and maintenance of environmental quality can use the inventory
                                                        to quantitatively identify those areas which the effluents must be
                                                        cleaned up to a greater extent in order to maintain or improve the
                                                        quality of the air and water resources. By continuous updating of
                                                        the inventory, these agencies can also have available the changes
                                                        in environmental quality resulting from enforcement of pollution
                                                        control legislation. Those agencies responsible for the planning of
                                                        the resources of the Coastal Zone can also benefit from a waste
                                                        inventory. This inventory would immediately provide an indication
                                                        of the pollutional effects or load on the environment resulting from

                                                                                   65

                                                                                          ;-IY

                                                                                    B

                                                           .IT

                                      z
                                              ID                         A South East Texas Planning Commission
                                                                         B Houston-Galveston Area Council
                                                     -----------                                                           I
                                                                         C Golden Crescent Council of Governments
                                                                         D Coastal Bend Regional Planning Commission
                                                                         E Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council

                                                                    FIGURE 10.

                                                            AREAL PLANNING COUNCILS

                                                                        66

                                                       development of the resources of the region. The consequences of
                                                       developing other resources in the Coastal Zone can also be projected
                                                       on the basis of environmental effects of past development.

                                                            An inventory of all of the pollution sources should be developed
                                                       not only for the Coastal Zone, but for the entire state. This state-
                                                       wide inventory is especially important when it comes to developing
                                                       a water resources management program. All of the major Texas rivers
                                                       flow from the inland portion of the state through the Coastal Zone
                                                       and into the Coastal bays. Therefore, persistant organic and in-
                                                       organic constituents of wastewaters can be transported great distances
                                                       in our streams and dumped into the estuary and bay streams. The
                                                       accumulation of toxic materials in the food chain of the aquatic
                                                       organisms of the bays and Gulf waters can reduce the value of the com-
                                                       mercial fisheries in the Coastal Zone. The quality of the water in
                                                       the bays and estuaries of the Coastal Zone can be markedly affected,
                                                       not only by the industrial and municipal discharges of wastewater, but
                                                       also by the regulations of the flow of fresh water carried by the
                                                       rivers which flow from the inland portion of the state into the Coastal
                                                       area. As more stringent effluent standards are required for industrial
                                                       and municipal wastewater discharges, the complete reuse of water by
                                                       industries and municipalities would further reduce the quantity of
                                                       fresh water which is returned to the estuary and bay system.

                                                            The influence of the reduced freshwater flows caused by impound-
                                                       ment of streams coupled with increased reuse of water must be con-
                                                       sidered in any overall water resources management plan.

                                                            Atmospheric emissions effect the i mediate area into which they
                                                       are released. However, these materials may be carried by the wind
                                                       for great distances and may in fact have a detrimental effect on the
                                                       quality of the air in counties in which no industrial emis,!   on, are
                                                       located. Therefore it is essential that an inventory of the atmos-
                                                       pheric emissions for each area of the state be available and that a
                                                       current inventory of the quality of the air in various counties also
                                                       be maintained.

                                                                                     67

                                                                          REFERENCES

                                                    Automobile Dispos
                                                                     Lal - 4 Ilational Problem, U.S. Department of the
                                                    Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. , 1967.

                                          2.
                                                    Control of Cotton Gin Waste Emissions, Texas State Department of
                                                    Health, Division of Occupational Health and Radiation Control, Austin,
                                                    Texas, July 1964.

                                          3.
                                                    The Cost of Clean Water, Volumes 1, 11, 111, U.S. Department of the
                                                    Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Washington,
                                                    D.C., 1967-1968.

                                          4.
                                                    The Cost of Clean Water and Its Economic Impact, Volumes II, III,
                                                    U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
                                                    Adminsitration, Washington, D. C. , January 1969.

                                          5.
                                                    The Economics of Clean Water, Volumes I, II, III, and Summary, U.S.
                                                    Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis
                                                    tration, Washington, D. C. , March 1970.

                                          6.
                                                    Projected Wastewater Treatment Costs in the Organic Chemicals Indus-
                                                    try, U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
                                                    Administration, Washington, D. C. , June 1968.

                                          7.
                                                    Refuse Collection and Disposal Practices, Texas Municipal League,
                                                    Austin, Texas, October 1965.

                                          8.    -
                                                    Sewer Service in Texas Cities, Texas Municipal League, Austin, Texas,
                                                    December 1967.

                                                    A Statistical AndlYSiS,of Data on Oil Field Brine. Production and Dis-
                                                    posal in Texas for the Year 1961 from an Inventory Conducted by the
                                                    Texas Railroad Commission (Summary), Texas Water Development
                                                    Board, Austin, Texas, February 1963.

                                                                              68

                                                      @Yater Quality Standards Summary, Texas Water Quality Board, Austin,
                                                      Texas, September 1969.

                                                      Water Service in Texas Cities, Texas Municipal League, Austin, Texas,
                                                      July 1968.

                                           12. Chow, C. S. , J. F. Malina, Jr. , and W. W. Eckenfelder, Jr.
                                                      Effluent Quality and Treatment Economics for Industrial Wastewaters,
                                                      Technical Report EHE-08-6802, CRWR 29, Ce-nter for Research in Water
                                                      Resources, Environmental Health Engineering Laboratory, The Univer-
                                                      sity of Texas at Austin, August, 1968.

                                           13. Curington, 11. W. , D. M. Wells, F. D. Masch, B. J. Copeland, E. P. Gloyna,
                                                      Return Flows - Impact on Texas Bay Systerns Texas Water Develop-
                                                      ment Board, Austin, Texas, January 1966.

                                           14. Dupuy, A. J. , D. B. Manigold, J. A. Schulze,
                                                      Biochemical Oxygen Dema nd, -Di s solved Oxygen, Selected Nutrients,
                                                      and Pesticide Records of Texas Surface Waters, 1968, Texas Water
                                                      Development Board, Report 108, Austin, Texas, February 1970.

                                           15. Espey, W. H. , R. J. Huston, W. D. Bergman, J. E. Stover, G. H. Ward,
                                                      Galveston Bay Study Phase I - Technical Report, Tracor Sciences
                                                      and Systems Division, Austin, Texas, October 1968.

                                           16. Floyd, B. A. , E. G. Fruh, E. M. Davis,
                                                      Limnological Investicrations of Texas Impoundments for Water Quality
                                                      Management Purposes, Technical Report to the Office of Water Resources
                                                      Research, U.S. Department of the Interior EHE-12-6801, CRWR-33,
                                                      University of Texas at Austin, January 1969.

                                           17. Gazda, L. P. , J. F. Malina, Jr. ,
                                                      Land Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes in Selected Standard Metro-
                                                      politan Statistic@l Areas in Texas, Technical Report to the U.S. Public
                                                      Health Service, EHE-69-13, University of Texas at Austin, April 1969.

                                           18. Gloyna, E. F. , and D. L. Ford,
                                                      Petrochemical Effluents Treatment Practices, U. S. Department of the
                                                      Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Washington,
                                                      D. C. , February 1970.

                                           19. Hahl,  D. C. , K. W. Ratzlaff,
                                                      Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Water in Estuaries of Texas,
                                                      September 1967-September 1968, Texas Water Development Board,
                                                      Report 117, Austin, Texas, May 1970.

                                                                                69

                                         20. Martin, B. F. , J. F. Malina, Jr. ,
                                                     Lower Rio Grande Valley Regional Solid Waste Disposal Plan Utilizi
                                                     Rail-Haul, Technical Report to the U.S. Public Health Service, EHE-
                                                     70-01, University of Texas at AustJn, January 1970.

                                         21. Moseley, J. C. , J. F, Malina, Jr. ,
                                                     Relationship Between Selected Physical Parameters and Cost Responses
                                                     for Deep-Well Disposal of Aqueous Industrial Wastes Technical Re-
                                                     port EHE-07-6801, CRWR-28, Center for Research in Water Resources,
                                                     Environmental Health Engineering Research Laboratory, The University
                                                     of Texas at Austin, July 1968.

                                         22. Pittman, D. , and P. Harris,
                                                     Livestock Industries In Texas as Related to Water Qualit , The Texas
                                                     Water Quality Board, Austin, Texas, june 1970.

                                         23. Smith, M. L. , and J. F. Malina, Jr. ,
                                                     Solid Waste Production and Disi)osal in Selected Texas Cities, Tech-
                                                     nical Report to the U.S. Public Health Service, EHE-08-6801, Environ-
                                                     mental Health Engineering Laboratory, The University of Texas At Austin,
                                                     August 1968.

                                                                               70

                                                                  A W A T E R I N V E N T 0 R Y 0 F

                                                                T H E T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                 Prepared by

                                                                        Texas Water Development Board

                                                                                October 1970

                                                                                     for

                                                                    COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                    INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                      DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                           OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                                                                CONTENTS

                                                                     I.  Introduction

                                                                    II.  Water Supplies in the Coastal Zone, Present and Future

                                                                         A.  Southeast Texas Region

                                                                         B.  Table I

                                                                         C.  Gulf Coast Region

                                                                         D.  Golden Crescent Region

                                                                         E.  Coastal Bend Region

                                                                         F.  Lower Rio Grande Valley Region

                                                                   III.  Tables (Water Availability)

                                                                         A. Table 2

                                                                         B. Table 3

                                                                         C. Table 4

                                                                    IV.  Figures (Water Availability)

                                                                         A.  Figure I

                                                                         B.  Figure 2

                                                                         C.  Figure 3

                                                                         D.  Figure 4

                                                                         E.  Figure 5

                                                                  A W A T E R I N V E N T 0 R Y 0 F

                                                                T H E T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                              I. INTRODUCTION

                                                             The present demand for water, availability of water supplies,
                                                        and future water-supply potential and water-use conflicts within
                                                        the Texas coastal zone are perhaps as diverse as all of the princi-
                                                        pal coastal areas of the U. S. compared with one another.

                                                             The large industrial and agricultural sectors of the dynamic
                                                        economy of the coastal zone require and use vast quantities of
                                                        water. Large population centers which have developed, principally
                                                        in the heavily industrialized areas such as Orange-Beaumont-Port
                                                        Arthur, Houston-Baytown, and Corpus Christi have also created large
                                                        local demands for fresh water. Collectively, municipalities, indus-
                                                        try, mining, agriculture, and maintenance of adequate environmental
                                                        conditions for continuing productivity of the estuaries make the
                                                        coastal zone the most "water-demanding" area of Texas. Through
                                                        the use of saline water by industry, where feasible, avaiable water
                                                        supplies have generally been adequate to meet the progressively
                                                        increasing demands of the region, although heavy overdraft of
                                                        ground water aquifers in localized areas has substantially contri-
                                                        buted to an increasingly menacing pair of problems - land subsidence
                                                        and saZine-water intrusion. However, even without considering the
                                                        fresh water needs of the estuaries, some areas of the coastal
                                                        zone are fast approaching, or have already reached, critical short-
                                                        ages of fresh water.

                                                             The distribution of existing and projected water supplies
                                                        and demands within the 400 mile-long coastal zone presents a tremen-
                                                        dous challenge to long-range water resource planning. Alternative
                                                        methods, and combinations thereof, for meeting future shortages
                                                        which have received intensive study include, among others, convey-
                                                        ance of water from surplus areas in East Texas, desalting, and
                                                        wastewater renovation and rausa. Owing to the relatively high
                                                        cost of desalting and wastewater renovation, particularly as such
                                                        relate to agricultural supplies, redistribution by conventional
                                                        methods is presently considered the most feasible solution.
                                                        Desalting does offer considerable potential for meeting both interim
                                                        and long-range municipal and industrial water supply problems
                                                        in various parts of the coastal zone, however. Likewise, waste-
                                                        water renovation is technically feasible and offers promise as a
                                                        su pplemental source of industrial, agricultural, and possibly
                                                        even municipal supplies in some areas. The NUPLEX concept has
                                                        also created considerable interest as it would appear to be parti-
                                                        cularly applicable to coastal areas such as the Texas coastal zone.

                                                                                       1

                                                         This concept, presently under intensive investigation by Texas
                                                         A&M University, involves the use of nuclear power for large scale
                                                         desalting plants, in the loo mgd-pZus capacity range, coupled
                                                         with highly advanced agricultural techniques which could potentially
                                                         result in production of specialty crops, under rigidly controlled
                                                         environmental conditions, using only a fraction of the water required
                                                         by conventional irrigation practices. Such concepts will require
                                                         many more years of research and demonstration, however, before
                                                         inclusion in long-range water supply plans for the coastal zone
                                                         which must be implemented to meet the needs of critical water
                                                         short areas in time to avoid economic detriment. Detailed feasi-
                                                         bility studies, design, state and/or federal authorization, and
                                                         construction of water supply and conveyance projects require many
                                                         years for completion.

                                                              The main thrust of comprehensive long-range planning for    ter
                                                                                                                          M
                                                         development and management in Texas has thus been oriented toi.
                                                         equitable distribution of all available supplies, implementation
                                                         of economically feasible projects in time to meet projected short-
                                                         ages, and resolution of use-conflicts so that increasing develop-
                                                         ment and upstream use of fresh water supplies will have the least
                                                         possible adverse effect upon Texas' coastal zone.

                                                              Present demands for water, sources of supply, principal water
                                                         users, and projected fresh water demands within the coastal zone
                                                         are given in Table 1. Figure I illustrates the location of existing,
                                                         proposed, and alternative major reservoirs, as set forth in the
                                                         Texas Water Plan, for meeting fresh water demands in the coastal
                                                         zone to the year 2020. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the distribution
                                                         of major and minor ground water aquifers in Texas as they relate
                                                         to the coastal zone. Figure 5 illustrates the configuration of the
                                                         proposed Texas Water System to the year 2020, including various
                                                         alternative water conveyance routes for supplying projected water
                                                         deficient areas of the coastal zone.

                                                         II. WATER SUPPLIES IN THE COASTAL ZONE, PRESENT AND FUTURE

                                                         Southeast Texas Region

                                                             The Southeast Texas Region, encompassing Orange, Jefferson,
                                                         and Chambers Counties, includes the highly industrialized Orange,
                                                         Beaumont, and Port Arthur urban complex as well as vast areas of
                                                         irrigated agriculture, principally rice. Petroleum refining, manu-
                                                         facturing of chemicals and allied products, rubber and plastics,
                                                         paper and allied products, sulphur mining, and electric power
                                                         generation require the largest quantities of water used in the
                                                         region. Most of the area is supplied by water diverted from the
                                                         Sabine and Neches Rivers and their tributaries, although many
                                                         refineries and chemical plants, as well as power generating plants,
                                                         utilize saline water from the Sabine Lake estuarine complex.
                                                         The Gulf Coast aquifer supplies small amounts of ground water for
                                                         municipal, domestic, and agricultural use in the region, although
                                                         practically none for industrial use.

                                                                                     2

                                            TABLE 1. REPORTED MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER USE WITHIN THE TEXAS
                                                        COASTAL ZONE, 1968.4

                                                                                   (Acre-Feet)
                                                 Region               Surface Water                    Ground Water           Saline Water
                                              and County         Municioal      Industrial.     Municipal      Industrial        Industrial

                                          Southeast Texas
                                              Orange                                28,525          4,753          13,777        1,058,562
                                              Jefferson           @_8, 2Q4         163,548               26          7*,798               705
                                                 Total            28,284           192,073          4,779          21.,575       1,909,267

                                          Gulf Coast
                                              Chambers                -              7,718             538           2,905           -
                                              Liberty                 -              5,289          1,962                33
                                              Walker                  -                 -           3,298                -
                                              Montgomery              -                 -           2,977            1,336           -
                                              Harris              33,315           154,322        195,005          163,364          650,834
                                              Galveston               -             47,017          22,881           9,020          432,51(
                                              Brazoria                -            159,034          2,368          10,139        2,678,99@5
                                              Ft. Bend                -            522,227          3,437          14,511            -
                                              Waller                  -                 -           1,119            3,192           -
                                              AusLin                  -                 -              626               18          -
                                              Colorado                -              1,667          1,316            3,739           -
                                              Wharton                 -              6,068          2,350            6,802           -
                                              Matagorda               -              5,050          2,320            4,740           -
                                                 Total            33,315           908,392        240,197          219,799       3,762,345

                                          Golden Crescent
                                              Lavaca                  -                 -           1,370                123         -
                                              Jackson                 -                 -           1,209                268         -
                                              Calhoun                 -             15  235         1 629            2   601         18,855
                                              Victoria                -            248:764          5:944            4:530           -
                                              De Witt                 -                 -           1,121                146
                                              Gol4ad                  -                 -         -259                     2         -
                                                 @.tal                -            263,999          11,532           7,670           18,855

                                          Coastal Bend
                                              Refugio                 -                 -              720               487                 4
                                              Bee                     -                 -           2,240                619               28
                                              San Patricio          2,813            7,159          1,111                169
                                              Live   Oak              286               -              144               297         -
                                              Nueces              28,438            33,773             233           1,641          269,135
                                              McMullen                -                 -                44              358         -
                                              Jim Wells             1,940               -              796           1,202
                                              Duval                   -                 -              878           1,544
                                              Kleberg                                   -           4,355            3,514                 78
                                              Brooks                                    -              831               424               90
                                              Kenedy                                                      7,             12
                                                 Tota-            33,'@77           40,932          11,359         10,267           269,335
                                                        I
                                               See footnote at end of tabZe.             3

                                                Table 1 (continued)              (Acre-Feet)
                                              Region                Surface Water                    Ground Water            Saline 'Water
                                           and County         Municipal       Industrial      Municipal_ Industrial             Inci-us-rr-J-a-I

                                       Lower Rio Grande
                                       Valley
                                           Willacy                4,311               -                83                2
                                           Hidalgo               31,672             5,101          3,663               948                37
                                           Cameron               30,032             3,818          1,501                72      -__?38,80_Q
                                               Total             66,015             8,919          5,247            l-,022         238,837

                                       Coastal Zone
                                       Total                    161,091        1,414,,5-15      -273,114         260,333         6,198,639

                                          Figures are based on annual inventory by Texas Water Development Board
                                          of all municipalities of 5,000 population or more and industries using
                                          a minimum of 100,000 gallons per day of water.

                                                                                      4

                                                                      During calendar year 1968, demands for municipal use amounted
                                                                 to more than 33,000 acre-feet. of which about 28,000 acre-feet
                                                                 was supplied by surface water. The demand for fresh water for
                                                                 industrial use in 1968 amounted to about P14,000 acre-feet. while
                                                                 an aldition1l 2,010,100             .1 saline water was tili,    'I
                                                                                                                                  L
                                                                 in industrial processes and as cooling water in steam-electric
                                                                 power generation. Most of the non-saline surface water presently
                                                                 used for municipal, industrial, and irrigation purposes in.the
                                                                 Southeast Texas Region is obtained from the Sabine River Authority
                                                                 of Texas' diversion system and the Lower Neches Valley Authority
                                                                 canal system, Some irrigation water is supplied from the Trinity
                                                                 River, through the existing facilities of the Devers Canal Company
                                                                 and the Chambers-Liberty County Navigation District,

                                                                      The use of water for irrigation in the region historically
                                                                 has been          ,tirel, fr tle product@o, f     rio,   The   comlina-
                                                                 tion of the soil types, level terrain, and the high rainfall rate
                                                                 make this area well suited for rice production. According to the
                                                                 1969 irrigation inventory conducted by the Soil Conservation Service,
                                                                 126,5586 acre,,- of rice were grown in the region that year, mostly
                                                                 in Chambers and Jefferson Counties. The gross water requirement
                                                                 for this production reportedly was 315,064 acre-feet of surface
                                                                 water and 1,118 acre-feet of ground water, Since ground water in
                                                                 most of the region is generally saline, very little is presently
                                                                 being used for irrigation and only minor use of ground water for
                                                                 irrigation is anticipated in the future.

                                                                      Through a Compact with ths, State of Louisiana, ratified by the
                                                                 53rd Texas Legislature in 1953 and approved by the Louisiana Legis-
                                                                 lature and Congress in 1964, the waters of the Sabine River between
                                                                 the point where downstream flows first touch both State lines
                                                                 and Sabine Lake are equally divided between the two states, The
                                                                  erage annual discharge of the Sabine River near Raliff, about 23
                                                                 river miles above the City of Orange, for the 44 year period 1924-
                                                                 1968 was 8,187 cfs (cubic feet per second) or 6.927,000 acre-foet
                                                                 av

                                                                 par year. There have of course been "drought" periods, when flows
                                                                 have been less than 200 efs, as well as floods when maximum discharges
                                                                 have exceeded 111,1111 cf,,

                                                                     Toledo Bend Reiqervoir, constructed jointly by the States of
                                                                 Texas and Louisiana and closed in late 1966, now provides regulation
                                                                 of the flow of the Sabine River in the Southeast Texas Region,
                                                                 This giant reservoir, with a total capacity of more than 6 miUion
                                                                 acre-feet of water is operated for hydroelectric power generation
                                                                 as well as providing a firm water supply for downstream demands.

                                                                     The Neches River also furnishes large quantities of water for
                                                                 municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses in the region, The
                                                                 ower Neches Valley Authority canal system diverts water primarily
                                                                 from the main stem Neches River, although some water is also obtained
                                                                 periodically from Pine Island Bayou - a principal tributary of the
                                                                 Neches in the Southeast Texas Region. The flow of the Angelina
                                                                 River, the major tributary 6f the Neches River, is now largely

                                                                                               5

                                                       regulated by Sam Rayburn Reservoir, completed in 1965. This reservoir,
                                                       with a total capacity of more than 5,600,000 acre-feet, is presently
                                                       operated for flood control and hydroelectric power generation,
                                                       although more than 2,800,000 acre-feet of its capacity is presently
                                                       allocated to conservation storage (while still operated for power
                                                       generation). B. A. Steinhagen Reservoir, a 124,700 acre-foot
                                                       capacity reservoir located just below the confluence of the Angelina
                                                       and Neches Rivers, was completed in 1951 and also partly regulates
                                                       the flow of the lower Neches River as well as providing municipal,
                                                       industrial, and agricultural water supplies for the area.

                                                            Ground water of suitable quality for municipal, agricultural
                                                       and certain industrial uses occurs in the Gulf Coast aquifer only
                                                       in the northern part of the region, with the best quality water
                                                       occurring in northern Orange County. The City of Orange obtains
                                                       its water supply from the aquifer, as do several industrial plants
                                                       in the region. Ground water pumpage has, however, contributed to
                                                       the problem of land subsidence locally, particularly in Orange
                                                       County.

                                                            The demand for municipal and industrial fresh water supplies
                                                       in the Southeast Texas Region is projected to reach approximately
                                                       750,000 acre-feet annually by the year 1990 and about 1,667,000
                                                       acre-feet annually by the year 2020.

                                                            Some increase in rice production is expected to develop in
                                                       the region, although it will be limited by the competition for land
                                                       due to increasing urbanization and industrialization. Improved
                                                       rice varieties and farming techniques may, however, increase per
                                                       acre yields without a significantly increasing water demand.

                                                            By 1990 the irrigation water requirements of the region  are
                                                       estimated to increase to approximately 533,500 acre-feet annually
                                                       and by 2020, the demand is expected to reach 564,500 acre-feet
                                                       annually. Surface water will continue to supply most of the demand.

                                                            Existing and proposed reservoirs in the Sabine and Neches
                                                       River Basins are expected to more than adequately supply projected
                                                       demands in the region and will also create surplus supplies which
                                                       will be available for use in other areas of the State. Under the
                                                       Texas Water Plan, after all projected demands in the region are
                                                       satisfied, a portion of these surplus surface water supplies would
                                                       be diverted into the Coastal Canal of the proposed Texas Water System
                                                       for conveyance to areas of projected shortages within the coastal
                                                       zone. An alternative possibility set forth in the Plan would involve
                                                       diversion of future surpluses developed in the Neches River Basin
                                                       westward into the Trinity River Basin, thence southward into the San
                                                       Jacinto River Basin to supply part of the Houston metropolitan
                                                       area's projected future needs.

                                                            Although the Southeast Texas Region is endowed with abundant
                                                       surface water resources, maintenance of the natural high quality

                                                                                    6

                                                         of these resources through well planned and implemented water-
                                                         quality problems identified in this paper must and are being corrected
                                                         as much as possible. Full development of the surface water resources
                                                         of the Sabine and Neches River Basins, essential to satisfy projected
                                                         needs of this area and other regions of the coastal zone, must be
                                                         accompanied by maximum waste-treatment efficiency and project
                                                         operation criteria which will result in optimum beneficial use for
                                                         the State.

                                                              FuLL development of these basins' resources will also require
                                                         construction of salt water barriers on the lower reaches of the
                                                         rivers to prevent upstream migration of saline water during periods
                                                         of low flow. The consequences of possible alteration of the environ-
                                                         ments of these estuaries, and Sabine Lake, as a result of project
                                                         development need thorough study. Any potentially adverse affects,
                                                         in terms of productivity of these areas, must be fully defined by
                                                         rigorous benefit-cost analyses, including consideration of the
                                                         future demands for fresh water in other parts of the coastal zone.

                                                         Gulf Coast Region

                                                              The Gulf Coast Region, extending westward past the Colorado
                                                         River and northward into the heavily pine-forested area of Walker
                                                         County in the San Jacinto and lower Trinity River Basins, includes
                                                         the vast Houston urban complex and is by far the most diverse
                                                         sooio-economic area of Ile Texas coastal zone.

                                                              Petroleum refining and related industries and production of
                                                         chemicals and allied products, centered largely in the Houston-
                                                         Baytown-Texas City industrial complex, are by far the largest water
                                                         demanding industrial sectors in the region, followed by electric
                                                         power generation (which largely uses saline water), production of
                                                         paper and allied products, primary metals, and sulphur mining.
                                                         In 1968, industrial demands for fresh water were reportedly approx-
                                                         imately 2,188,000 acre-feet, of which about 968,000 acre-feet was
                                                         supplied by surface water resources and the remainder by ground water.
                                                         An additional reported 3,762,000 acre-feet of saline water was
                                                         used, primarily in the production of chemicals and allied products,
                                                         petroleum refining, primary metals (more than 2,995,000 acre-feet),
                                                         and electric power generation (about 776,000 acre-feet). Much of
                                                         this was used for cooling water, although it should be mentioned
                                                         that a reported 2,678,456 atre-feet of the total saline water demand
                                                         was by a single plant (Dow Chemical at Freeport) which extracted
                                                         elemental bromine and magnesium from sea water. The facility for
                                                         bromine extraction at this plant has subsequently been closed,

                                                              Municipalities and communities of the Gulf Coast Region reported
                                                         use of 273,512 acre-feet of fresh water in 1968. Of this total,
                                                         approximately 240,000 acre-feet was supplied by ground water pumped
                                                         from the Gulf Coast aquifer. The City of Houston reported use of
                                                         180,394 acre-feet of water in 1968, of which 147,079 acre-feet
                                                         was ground water. The Cities of Houston, Baytown, Bellaire, Clear
                                                         Lake City, Galena Park, Jacinto City, South Houston, and Pasadena
                                                         collectively pumped approximately 170,500 acre-feet of ground water
                                                         during 196B.

                                                                                      7

                                                            The region is currently producing over fifty percent of the
                                                       rice produced in Texas. Rice is by far the major irrigated crop
                                                       grown in the twelve county region, with lesser acreages of other
                                                       irrigated crops, mainly cotton and grain sorghum, being grown
                                                       primarily in the delta soils along the Colorado and Brazos Rivers.
                                                       In 1969, according to the irrigation inventory conducted by the
                                                       Soil Conservation Service, 394,156 acres were irrigated within
                                                       the region using 1,215,943 acre-feet of water. Of this water demand,
                                                       approximately 57 percent was from surface water sources, and the
                                                       balance derived from ground water pumped from the Gulf Coast aquifer
                                                       (Figure 4).

                                                            Municipal, industrial, and some agricultural fresh water supplies
                                                       in the Gulf Coast Region are presently supplied primarily by Lake
                                                       Houston, in the San Jacinto River Basin, and by ground water.
                                                       Irrigation demands are also supplied by diversions from the Brazos
                                                       and Colorado River Basins through canal systems owned and operated
                                                       by the Brazos River Authority, Lower Colorado River Authority, and
                                                       several privately-owned companies. Facilities are presently under
                                                       construction to supply additional water to the Houston area with
                                                       diversions from the lower Trinity River. Regulation for such
                                                       diversions will be provided by recently-completed Livingston Reservoir
                                                       on the main stem of the Trinity River. WaZlisviZle Reservoir, presen@ly
                                                       under construction near the mouth of the Trinity River, will make addi-
                                                       tional supplies available when completed, as will Conroe Reservoir
                                                       which is presently in preliminary stages of construction in the upper
                                                       San Jacinto River Basin. Diversions from the Trinity River through
                                                       the conveyance and storage facilities presently under construction
                                                       to the Houston area are intended primarily to serve industrial
                                                       plants along the Houston Ship Channel. This "transition" to a more
                                                       evenly distributed combined ground- and surface-water supply will
                                                       reduce present localized heavy overdraft on the Gulf Coast aquifer
                                                       in this particular area.

                                                           The demand for fresh water for municipal and industrial use
                                                       in the Gulf Coast Region of the Texas Coastal zone is projected
                                                       to reach more than 2,000,000 acre-feet annually by 1990 and approx-
                                                       imately 3,800,000 acre-feet annually by 2020. Although urbanization
                                                       and industrialization will compete strongly with agriculture for
                                                       remaining land resources in the region, agricultural water demands
                                                       are expected to increase to approximately 1,570,000 acre-feet
                                                       annually by 1990 and about 1,803,000 acre-feet annually by the year
                                                       2020.

                                                           Full development of the surface water resources of the San
                                                       Jacinto River Basin, diversion from the Trinity River Basin (Living-
                                                       ston and Wallisville Reservoirs), and ground water in the Gulf
                                                       Coast aquifer should be capable of supplying these projected demands
                                                       to about the year 2000 or beyond, assuming that pumpage of ground
                                                       water from the aquifer is properly managed and is held to the "safe
                                                       yield" of the aquifer. Additional supplies from other sources
                                                       will be required to meet longer-range needs of the region, however.

                                                                                    8

                                                                  Provision s of the Texas Water Plan for satisfying these long-
                                                            range requirements include interbasin transfer of projected sur-
                                                            Pi uses in the Neches River Basin into the region and increased
                                                            diversions from the Brazos Ri  ver Basin. Alternatives for conveying
                                                            surface water from the Neches River Basin to the region include
                                                            (1) diversion directly into the proposed Coastal Canal of the Texas
                                                            Water System, (2) enlargement and extension of the existing LNVA
                                                            canal system into the area, and (3) routing through proposed Bedias
                                                            Reservoir in the Trinity River Basin (and also utilizing the yield
                                                            of this reservoir) and thence into the San Jacinto River Basin.

                                                                  Major problems relating to water supply in the Gulf Coast
                                                            Region include zuter-quaZity management, land subsidence, and
                                                            saline ground water intrusion in the Gulf Coast aquifer. Fresh
                                                            water inflow needs of the Galveston Bay System under alternative
                                                            management plans for this important estuary are presently under
                                                            intensive study. As inland fresh water supplies are progressively
                                                            developed and used, fresh water inflows to Galveston Bay will be
                                                            correspondingly diminished. Provisions of the Texas Water Plan
                                                            include an allocated firm annual supply of fresh water from the
                                                            proposed Coastal Canal. UnZe5o such a firm supply is avaiZable
                                                            and cost criteria and repayment procedures established as quickly
                                                            as possible, the existing ecological structure of Galveston Bay
                                                            will no doubt be altered as a result of reduced fresh water inflows.

                                                                  Land subsidence, resulting largely from localized intensive
                                                            ground-water pumpage and also withdrawals of petroleum, natural
                                                            gas and brine from hydrocarbon reservoirs, is already a very severe
                                                            problem in the Gulf Coast Region. Areas along the Houston Ship
                                                            Channel and in the Baytown vicinity are most critical. Heavy
                                                            ground-water pumpage has caused saline-water intrusion in the
                                                            Texas City and Baytown areas, Proper well spacing and ground
                                                            water management is absolutely essential to minimize further land
                                                            subsidence and to protect this valuable aquifer.

                                                            Golden Crescent Region

                                                                  The Golden Crescent Region, which encompasses much of Lavaca
                                                            River Basin and the lower part of the Guadalupe River Basin between
                                                            the Colorado and San Antonio Rivers, is centered around the City
                                                            of Victoria. The economy of the area is based principally on
                                                            agriculture (largely cotton and rice) and livestock and poultry
                                                            farming, although production of hydrocarbons, petroleum refining
                                                            and related industries, production of primary metals, and manu-
                                                            facutring of chemicals and allied products contribute substantially
                                                            to the economy and represent the major water users of the region.

                                                                  During 1968, approximately 290,500 acre-feet of water was
                                                            used for industrial purposes in the region, of which about 283,000
                                                            acre-feet was derived from surface water sources and the remainder
                                                            from the Gulf Coast aquifer. A reported 18,855 acre-feet of this
                                                            total was saline surface water. Approximately 177,000 acre-feet
                                                            of the total industrial demand was cooling water used in the genera-

                                                                                           9

                                                        tion of electric power; thus, actual consumptive use for industrial
                                                        purposes in the region is presently comparatively small.

                                                             Municipal water demands during 1968 amounted to only a reported
                                                        11,532 acre-feet, virtually all of which was ground water pumped
                                                        from the Gulf Coast aquifer. The City of Victoria was the largest
                                                        municipal water user, reporting a total of 5,795 acre-feet of
                                                        ground water used during 1968.

                                                             Irrigation in the Golden Crescent Region is primarily for the
                                                        production of rice. Very little water is presently being used for
                                                        production of other crops. In 1969, the demand for irrigation
                                                        water totaled approximately 198,000 acre-feet. Ground water from
                                                        the Gulf Coast aquifer presently supplies most of the agricultural
                                                        requirements in Jackson, Lavaca, and Victoria Counties. Calhoun
                                                        County is the major user of surface water. In 1969, about 37,000
                                                        acre-feet was diverted from the Guadalupe River to irrigation
                                                        projects in Calhoun County through facilities owned and operated
                                                        by the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority. Small amounts of water
                                                        are diverted from Garcitas Creek and the Lavaca River for agricultural
                                                        use in western Jackson County.

                                                             Municipal and industrial fresh water demands of the Golden
                                                        Crescent Region are projected to increase to about 300,000 acre-
                                                        feet by 1990 and approximately 436,000 acre-feet annually by the
                                                        year 2020. Most of this projected increase is expected to occur
                                                        in the Victoria area and in Calhoun County, where industrial @ater
                                                        demands are expected to increase markedly. Irrigation is expected
                                                        to expand in the region, particularly in view of the projected
                                                        increase in demand for rice on the world market and the availability
                                                        of suitable soils and yet undeveloped ground- and surface-water
                                                        resources of the region. By 1990, irrigation water demands are
                                                        estimated to increase to approximately 233,600 acre-feet annually@
                                                        Competition for land by increased urban and industrial deveZopme;'
                                                        is expected to keep irrigation at approximately this level through
                                                        the year 2020. Most of the increased irrigated acreage is projected
                                                        to be supplied by ground water, although a significant increase
                                                        in use of surface water for irrigation is also projected.

                                                             Although there are presently no existing major reservoirs
                                                        in the region to meet these increased demands, the Gulf Coast
                                                        aquifer is capable of supplying some additional water to partially
                                                        meet future needs. Congress has authorized construction of Stage
                                                        1 of Palmetto Bend Reservoir (Navidad River arm) and land acquisition
                                                        for Stage 2 (Lavaca River arm) of the reservoir. This reservoir,
                                                        as presently designed, would have a conservation storage capacity
                                                        of more than 230,000 acre-feet and a firm yield of approximately
                                                        105,000 acre-feet, which will provide additional municipal, industrial,
                                                        and agricultural supplies for the region as well as adjacent are    as
                                                        of the coastal zone. In addition to Palmetto Bend Reservoir, Ga"itas
                                                        Reservoir is a potential reservoir in the Texas Water Plan which
                                                        could provide additional fresh water supplies for the region if
                                                        ultimately needed.

                                                                                     10

                                                                  The major problems facing this area of the coastal zone are
                                                             (1) intrusion of saline ground water if the Gulf Coast aquifer
                                                             is improperly developed or overdeveloped, as well as potential
                                                             land subsidence which commonly results from heavy overdraft of
                                                             the Gulf Coast aquifer, and (2) impending dimunition of inflows
                                                             to Matagorda and San Antonio Bays as a consequence of progressively
                                                             increasing demands for water in the rapidly developing urban areas
                                                             of the San Antonio, Guadalupe, and Lavaca River Basins. In order
                                                             to avert an impending critical municipal water supply problem
                                                             projected to develop in the San Antonio area about 1181-11, the
                                                             Texas Water Plan proposed construction of Cuero and CiboZo Reser-
                                                             voirs in the Guadalupe and San Antonio Basins, respectively, to
                                                             supplement ground water supplies now used. The heavily pumped
                                                             Edwards aquifer presently furnishes a large part of the municipal,
                                                             industrial, and agricultural water supplies in these basins, and
                                                             also sustain s the flow of the many important springs which feed
                                                             streams of these basins. Provisions of the Plan also provide
                                                             for construction of Goliad and ConfZuence Reservoirs. which would
                                                             provide water supply and re-regulation, respectively, for the
                                                             proposed Coastal Canal of the Texas Water System. Reduced fresh
                                                             water inflows as a result of upstream development would be offset
                                                             by regulated releases of fresh water into San Antonio and Matagorda
                                                             Bays from the Coastal Canal.

                                                             Coastal Bend Region

                                                                  The Coastal Bend Region, extending from the San Antonio River
                                                             sou thward to the Lower Valley, has both a highly diversified climate
                                                             and economic base. Surface water supplies available to the region
                                                             are principally confined to the northern part of the region. G.'ound
                                                             water of suitable quality for a municipal, agricultural, and most
                                                             industrial uses is largely confined to northwestern corner of the
                                                             region, where comparatively large quantities are pumped from the
                                                             Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer largely for irrigation.

                                                                  Industrial development and associated population centers
                                                             are principally confined to the Corpus Christi-Kingsville area.
                                                             Agriculture (cotton, grain sorghum, and vegetables), cattle ranching,
                                                             and production of hydrocarbons constitute the basic economy of the
                                                             region, although petroleum refining and related industries, manu-
                                                             facturing of chemicals and allied products, and primary metals
                                                             industries contribute substantially to the economy and represent
                                                             major industrial water users of the region. The principal indus-
                                                             trialized areas and the largest demands for water are in Nueces
                                                             and San Patricio Counties. Very little agricultural land is irri-
                                                             gated because of inadequate water supplies to support irrigation
                                                             projects.

                                                                  Reported industrial water demands within the region in 1968
                                                             totaled approximately 320.000 acre-feet, of which a reported 269,335
                                                             acre-feet was saline water. A reported 184,575 acre-feet of this
                                                             total saline water use was for cooling in the production of electrical
                                                             power.

                                                             Ground water supplied slightly more than 10,000 acre-feet
                                                        of the reported 51,200 acre-feet of fresh water utilized by industry
                                                        in the region in 1968. Most of this was pumped from the Gulf Coast
                                                        aquifer. Industrial surface water supplies, exclusive of saline
                                                        water, are obtained primarily from the Nueces River Basin.

                                                             Municipal water demands in the region during 1968 reportedly
                                                        amounted to about 45,000 acre-feet, of which a reported 11,359
                                                        acre-feet was ground water obtained principally from the Gulf
                                                        Coast aquifer. Corpus Christi, the largest city of the region
                                                        used a reported 29,627 acre-feet of water during 1968, all of which
                                                        was supplied from Lake Corpus Christi, while Alice, also partly
                                                        supplied by diversions from the Nueces River into Lake Alice,
                                                        used approximately 2,000 acre-feet of water. Principal cities
                                                        presently relying on ground water for municipal supplies include
                                                        Beeville, Refugio, Sinton, and Kingsville. Both the quantity and
                                                        quality of ground water in the Gulf Coast aquifer in the Coastal
                                                        Bend Region vary widely, and in many areas the ground water is
                                                        unsuitable or of marginal quality for municipal and many industrial
                                                        uses. As an example, some of the supplies used from this aquifer
                                                        are of inferior quality and exceed U. S. Public Health Service
                                                        recommended drinking water standards.

                                                             During 1969, 20,941 acre-feet of water was used for irrigation
                                                        in the region, 16,851 acre-feet of which was ground water pumped
                                                        primarily from the Gulf Coast aquifer.

                                                             Lake Corpus Christi, completed in 1934 and later enlarged
                                                        in 1958, is located on the Nueces River above Corpus Christi and is
                                                        the only existing major reservoir in the region. This reservoir,
                                                        with a total capacity of about 308,000 acre-feet, was constructed
                                                        by the City of Corpus Christi and provides municipal and industrial
                                                        water supplies for Corpus Christi as well as Alice, Aransas Pa  ss
                                                        and Port Aransas, and cities and communities in San Patricio County .
                                                        Supplies for Corpus Christi and adjacent areas are released from
                                                        the reservoir and diverted from the Nueces River at Calallen 35
                                                        miles downstream. Distribution systems to serve Port Aransas
                                                        and areas of San Patricio County have only recently been enlarged
                                                        and extended. The yield of Lake Corpus Christi has generally been
                                                        sufficient to meet the industrial and major municipal demands of
                                                        the users holding existing permits for supplies from the reservoir.
                                                        Phe Coastal Bend Region, however, has great potential for economic
                                                        development, including irrigated agriculture, industry, and expanded
                                                        tourism and recreation, if additional water supplies could be made
                                                        available to the area. Some of the most fertile and potentially
                                                        productive soils in Texas occur in the central part of the region
                                                        which could support greatly expanded agricultural development
                                                        if irrigation water was available.

                                                             Even without development of the vast irrigated agriculture
                                                        potential of the area, however, parts of the Coastal Bend Region
                                                        will become one of the more critical water-short areas of the State
                                                        with normal projected economic growth. Municipal and industrial

                                                                                    12

                                                            fresh water requirements of the region are projected to increase
                                                            to approximately 266,200 acre-feet annually by 1990 and about
                                                            526,500 acre-feet per year by the year 2020. The surface water
                                                            resources of the Nueces River Basin will support one additional
                                                            major reservoir in the region. Two potential projects, R&M and
                                                            Choke Canyon Reservoirs, have received extensive study, and are
                                                            included in the Texas Water Plan as alternative projects to be
                                                            decided upon by local interests. Based on recent local decisions,
                                                            the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation is completing detailed feasibility
                                                            studies of the 1111 project, Should this project be subsequently
                                                            constructed, the combined dependable yield of Lake Corpus Christi
                                                            and R&M Reservoirs would be about 293,000 acre-feet annually, which
                                                            may meet projected municipal, industrial, and limited agricultural
                                                            demands largely in the Corpus Christi area onl  y to about the year
                                                            1985-1990. Supplemental supplies are thus essential to the future
                                                            of this region.

                                                                 The Texas Water Plan provides for deliveries of supplemental
                                                            municipal, industrial, and agricultural water supplies to the region
                                                            through the Coastal Canal of the Texas Water System. Ultimately,
                                                            at least 113.000 acre-feet of municipal and industrial supplies
                                                            would be delivered to the Corpus Christi -Kingsvil 1 e areas to meet
                                                            future demands. Additionally, under the Plan approximately 700,000
                                                            acro-feet of water would be delivered to irrigable areas lying
                                                            north and south of Corpus Christi for project irrigation. Cotton,
                                                            grain sorghum, numerous specialty crops, forage, and other feed
                                                            crops would respond to irrigation in this area. Staging of the
                                                            Coastal Canal to provide for early construction of water supply
                                                            projects in the Guadalupe and San Antonio River Basins and the Canal
                                                            from the Guadalupe River to the Lower Rio Grande Valley as proposed
                                                            by the Plan could thus avert impending water shortages in the region.
                                                            Studies of the potential for desallin, for meetin, part of the
                                                            future water requirements of the Corpus Christi area have been
                                                            conducted, and are continuing. The feasibility and costs of
                                                            renovating and reusing municipal wastewater at Corpus Christi as
                                                            a means of supplementing existing local supplies are also presently
                                                            under study by the Water Development Board in cooperation with the
                                                            U. S. Department of the Interior and private consultants.

                                                                 In addition to municipal, industrial, and agricultural water
                                                            supply problems facing the region, full development and use of the
                                                            fresh water resources of the Nueces River Basin will further reduce
                                                            river inflows to Corpus Christi Bay and will affect the estuarine-
                                                            dependent life and productivity of this bay system. Careful water-
                                                            quality management - that is, strict waste effluent control, will
                                                            be essential to gain optimum benefits from the estuarine environment
                                                            that will prevail. Provided the Texas Water Plan features can be
                                                            implemented, the proposed Coastal Canal would ultimately provide
                                                            for regulated releases of fresh water into Corpus Christi Bay to
                                                            replace reductions of natural inflows into Corpus Christi Bay that
                                                            will result from impending upstream development.

                                                                                         13

                                                        Lower Rio Grande Valley Region

                                                             The Lower Rio Grande Valley Region, which includes Hidalgo,
                                                        Willacy, and Cameron Counties, is basically an agricultural economy,
                                                        although petroleum and natural gas production is an important economic
                                                        segment in part of the region. Fish and shellfish processing,
                                                        navigation port facilities at Harlingen and Brownsville, and manu-
                                                        facturing of chemicals also contriubte greatly to the economy.
                                                        Although irrigated agriculture is by far the leading water-demanding
                                                        sector of the region's economy, municipal and industrial demands
                                                        are significant in the urban concentrations. The Lower Rio Grande
                                                        Valley region of Texas has a great potential for healthy, vigorous
                                                        growth due to its semi-tropical climate, fertile soils, port facilities,
                                                        and proximity to the Gulf of Mexico. An adequate supply of suitable
                                                        quality water is the limiting factor in such growth, however, and
                                                        one which will become more critical in the future unless supple-
                                                        mental supplies become available.
                                                             A reported 248,788 acre-feet of water was utilized by industry
                                                        in the region in 1968, of which about 1,000 acre-feet was ground
                                                        water and almost 239,000 acre-feet was saline water. The major
                                                                                                                        li?n
                                                        demands for industrial water use were for cooling in the general.
                                                        of electric power (699 acre-feet of surface water) and manufacturing
                                                        of chemicals (239,000 acre-feet of saline water from the Brownsville
                                                        Ship Channel). Most of the demand for cooling water is, of course,
                                                        non-consumptive.

                                                             Municipal water demands of the region during 1968 totaled
                                                        a reported 71,262 acre-feet. of which approximately 5,200 acre-
                                                        feet was ground water pumped from the Gulf Coast aquifer. The
                                                        Cities of Brownsville, Harlingen, and McAllen are the principal
                                                        municipal users, requiring approximately 12,000, 5,700, and 4,700
                                                        acre-feet of fresh water respectively in 1968.

                                                             During 1969, 775,460 acres were irrigated utilizing 1,072,661
                                                        acre-feet of water, all but 31,000 acre-feet of which was surface
                                                        water diverted from the Rio Grande. Ground water supplies in the
                                                        Gulf Coast aquifer and Rio Grande alluvium are generally saline and
                                                        unsuitable for continuous irrigation except in Hidalgo County,
                                                        where supplies are locally of reasonably good quality.

                                                             A Treaty between the United States and Mexico encompassing
                                                        the Rio Grande and the Colorado and the Tiajuana Rivers was ratified
                                                        by both countries in 1945. This Treaty provides for allocation
                                                        of the waters of the Rio Grande from Fort Quitman, Texas (near
                                                        El Paso) to the Gulf of Mexico, between the two countries and
                                                        also for joint construction of up to three major reservoirs on the
                                                        main stem for water supply, flood control, and hydroelectric power
                                                        generation, if needed. The International Boundary and Water
                                                        Commission administers provisions of the Treaty. In addition, a
                                                        Compact covering the Rio Grande Basin above Ft. Quitman, Texas
                                                        was approved by the States of Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado and
                                                        the Congress in 1939. Since the Compact provides for specific

                                                                                     14

                                                          water delivery schedules from Colorado to New Mexico and from
                                                          New Mexico to Texas, if affects to some extent the amount of water
                                                          in the river which reaches t4e Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas.

                                                               Although scheduled deliveries of water under Compact provi-
                                                          sions have not been met and the flow of the Rio Grande entering
                                                          Texas has progressively diminished over the past two decades,
                                                          completion of International Falcon Reservoir in 1953 and Amistad
                                                          Reservoir in 1969 has improvad the water supply problems of the
                                                          basin and resulted in a firm, regulated supply for the lower Valley.
                                                          The extensive irrigation which has developed in the Valley has,
                                                          however, resulted in the shortage of a firm water supply to meet
                                                          existing permits granted by the Texas Water Rights Commission.
                                                          Adjudication of water rights in the Rio Grande Basin is presently
                                                          underway by the Water Rights Commission; however, in any event the
                                                          existing agricultural economy cannot be sustained or expanded
                                                          and fresh water demands which might be created by increased indus-
                                                          trialization and popuZation growth cannot be met unless suppZementa@
                                                          supplies oan be made available for this iMpOrtant area of the
                                                          Texas coastal zone.

                                                               In order to provide additional fresh water supplies to "rescue"
                                                          existing irrigation, which does not always have a firm supply, and
                                                          to provide additional water for new irrigation of the vast poten-
                                                          tially irrigable lands of the region, the Texas Water Plan provides
                                                          for ultimate delivery of 700,000 acre-feet of water annually for
                                                          irrigation and 150,000 acre-feet for municipal and industrial use
                                                          to the region through the proposed CoastaZ Cana@. Through early
                                                          development of certain elements of the Texas Water System facilities,
                                                          previously described under the Coastal Bend Region, some supplemental
                                                          supplies could be provided the region possibly by 1990-95.

                                                               The flow of the Rio Grande entering the Lower Valley has,
                                                          however, also been frequently saline largely as a result of irri-
                                                          gation return flows returned to the river from both Texas and
                                                          Mexico. Nutrient loads and agricultural chemical residues also
                                                          contribute to a generally poor quality of the river in the region.
                                                          Although significant improvement in the quality of the river has
                                                          been accomplished through a recently completed agricultural return
                                                          flow diversion project in Mexico, the water quality and supply
                                                          problems remain critical to the region's future. As both an interim
                                                          and relatively long-range solution to meeting part of the municipal
                                                          land to a limited extend inlustriall water supply needs of the
                                                          region, detailed feasibility and costing studies are presently
                                                          underway for a 8.0 million gallon per day desalting plant in the
                                                          Brownsville area. This study is being conducted jointly by the
                                                          U. S. Department of the Interior and Texas Water Development Board
                                                          in cooperation with the City of Brownsville. Reconnaissance-grade
                                                          studies of the feasibility of regional desalting plants to serve
                                                          large areas of the Lower Rio Grande Valley have previously been
                                                          conducted by the Department of the Interior and the Water Develop-
                                                          ment Board during formulation of the Texas Water Plan. Provided

                                                                                       15

                                                       desalt effluent disposal and related potential environmental problems
                                                       are resolved, the potential for desalting as a means of providing
                                                       supplemental fresh water for the region is presently considered
                                                       highly favorable.

                                                                                    16

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                                      I                                               TABLES
                                      I                                         Water AvailabilitY
                                      I
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                                      1
                                                                                         17
                                      1

                                                    TABLE 2. 1968 MAJOR MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL USERS

                                                                      (Acre-Feet)
                                                           - Surface Water                    Ground Water              Saline
                                 County                    Municipal      Industrial    Municipal      Industrial     Industrial

                    Orange County
                       Allied and Matador Chemical Co.                          672                        1,221
                       City of Orange                                                       3,580
                       Equitable Bag Co.                                                                      960          9,280
                       E. 1. DuPont DeNemours Co.                            15,931                        3,184        155,782
                       Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.                          2,191                        1,908
                       Goodrich-Gulf Chemical Co.                                                          1,510
                       Gulf Oil Corp.                                                                      2,240
                       Gulf States Utilities    Sabine
                         Station                                                253                        1,047        893,505
                       Owens-Illinois                                         8,744

                    Jefferson County
                       Gulf States Utilities    Neches
                         Plant                                                                             4,793        288,993
                       City of Beaumont                       10,421
                       City of Port Arthur                     6,191
                       Mobil Oil Co. - Beaumont
                         Refinery                                            25,472                                       81,019
                       Beaumont Industrial                                    3,979
                       Ameripol Inc. (Goodrich-Gulf)                          3,066
                       Atlantic Richfield Co.
                         (B and P Oil)                                        3,659                                        1,043
                       E. I DuPont DeNemours Co.                              9,032
                       Goodyear Rubber Co.                                    5,984
                       Gulf Coast Machinery                                     137
                       Gulf oil Corporation                                  31,404                                     112,321
                       Houston Chemical Corporation                           2,716                                        4,603
                       Jefferson Chemical Company                            11,048
                       Mobil Chemical Company                                 9,735

                                        Table 2 (continued)

                                                                (Acre-Feet)
                                                           surface Water                Ground Water              Saline
                            County                    Munic ipal    Industr               )al    Industrial     Industrial
                Jefferson county Cont'd:
                  Neches Butane Co.                                     2,799                                     282,625
                  Texas U.S. Chemical Co.                               2,316
                  Olin Mathieson chemical  Co.                            493
                  Sinclair-Koppers Co.                                  1,921
                  Texaco Co. - Port Arthur Refinery                    17,800                                     42,964
                  Texaco Co. - Port Neches Plant                          682                                     25,779
                  Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. -
                    Spindletop Plant                                    7,633
                  Texas Gulf Sulphur  Co. -
                    Fannett Plant                                       3,781
             ;Z   Union Oil Co. - Beaumont Refinery                     5,524                                     11,355

                Chandiers County
                  City of Houston                                       6,471
                  Kole Farms - (Fish Farm)                              1,000
                  Diamond Shamrock Co.                                                              1,610
                  Warren Petroleum Co.                                                              1,290
                  City of Anahuac                                                      189
                  cities of Winnie-Stawell                                             229
                  Hu,dble Oil Co. - Anahuac Plant                         248

                Liberty Count
                  City of Liberty                                         737
                  Lone Star Cement Co.                                    884
                  Texas Gulf Sulphur Co.                                4,406

                                         TabZe 2 (continued)

                                                                  (Acre-Feet)
                                                             Surface Water                Ground Water              Saline
                              CountV                   Municipal      Industrial     Municipal     7ndustrial     Industrial

                 Walker County
                   City of Huntsville                                                  3,111

                 Montgomery Count
                   City of Conroe                                                      1,622
                   Humble Oil Co.  - Conroe Plant                                                       300
                   Jefferson Chemical Co.                                                               443
                   Midland Gas Corporation                                                              267

                 Harris Count
              CD   Ashland Chemical Co.                                     209                         956
                   Trinity Portland Cement Co.                                                          346           1,534
                   Gulf Oil Corp. - Cedar Bayou
                     Plant                                                2,885
                   Olin Mathieson Chemical Co.                                                         5,242        19,334
                   City of Houston                       33,315          77,942       147,079
                   City of Baytown                                                     4,969
                   city of Bellaire                                                    2,864
                   City of Clear Lake City                                             1,087
                   Phillips Petroleum Co.
                     Adams Terminal                                       2,370
                   Houston Power & Light -
                     San Bertron Plant                                                                  385         243,700
                   Houston Power & Light -
                     Deep Water Plant                                                                   966         58,400
                   Houston Power & Light -
                     Webster Plant                                                                      123         142,300
                   Armco Steel Corp.                                                                  10,399        36,696

                                        TabZe 2 (continued)

                                                                (Acre-Feet)
                                                            Surface Water                Ground Water              Saline
                            County                    Municipal      Industrial     Municipal     Industrial     Industrial

                 Bay-port Water System                                                               1,415
                 Champion Papers, Inc.                                 42,721                        7,248
                 crovin central Petroleum Co.                                                        3,032
                 Diamond, Shamrock Corp. -
                    Greens Bayou Plant                                                               1,228
                 Diamond Shamrock Corp. - Deer
                    Park Plant                                                                       8,435        135,405
                 E. I DuPont DeNemours Co.                                                           5,026
                 Ethyl Corp.                                                                         6,472         13,465
                 Houston Liqhting & Power -
                    Hiram 0. Clarke Plant                                                            1,425
                 Houston Lighting & Power -
                    Greens Bayou Plant                                                               2,296
                 Houston Lighting & Power -
                    T. H.,Wharton Plant                                                              4,888
                 Humble Oil and Refining Co. -
                    Baytown Refinery                                                                 8,972
                 Ideal Cement Co. - Houston
                    Division                                                                         1,253
                 Lubrizol Corp.                                                                      5,242
                 Petrotex Chemical Corp.                               12,597                        2,175
                 Phospnate Chemicals Inc.                                                            1,412
                 Rohm and Haas Co.                                                                   5,370
                 Shell chemical Co. - Deer
                    Park Plant                                                                       8,363
                 City of Galena Park                                                  1,292
                 Shell Oi2 Co. - Houston
                    Refinery                                           10,205                        6,083
                 Signal Oil & Gas Co. -
                    Houston Divisicn                                                                 8,639

                                          TabZe 2 (continued)

                                                                    (Acre-Feet)
                                                               Surface Water                 Ground Water                Saline
                               CountV                    Municipal      industrial      Municipal      Industrial     Industrial

                   Sinclair-Koppers Chemical Co.                                                          3,422
                   Atlantic Richfield Co.                                                                 1,897
                   Arco Chemical Co. - Lyondell
                     Plant                                                                                6,963
                   Southland Paper Mills, Inc. -
                     Houston Plant                                                                        18,294
                   Stauffer Chemical Co. -
                     Harrisburg Station                                                                   2,459
                   Stauffer Chemical Co. -
                     Industrial C1 iemicals Div.                                                          1,443
                   Tenneco Hydrocarbon -
                     Ciiemicals Div.                                                                      5,100
                   U.S. Industrial Chemicals
                     Co. - Deer Park Plant                                                                1,859
                   Eastex Oaks                                                            1,029
                   City of San Jacinto City                                               1,055
                   Memorial Village                                                       1,398
                   N.A.S.A.                                                               1,368
                   City of  South Houston                                                 1,651
                   City of  West University Place                                         2,076
                   City of  Pasadena                                                      7,734

                  Galveston County
                   City of  Galveston                                                     12,923
                   City of  LaMarque                                                      1,514
                   City of  Texas City                                                    4,934
                   Gulf Chemicals and    Metallurg-
                     ical Corp.                                                                           1,069

        == = = M                                                                                             M M M M

                                          Table 2 (continued)

                                                                  (Acre-Feet)
                                                              Surface Water                 Ground Water              Saline
                              County                    Municipal      Industrial     Municipal      Industrial     industrial

                  Marathon Oil Co.                                                                      2,256
                  Texas City Refining, Inc.                                                             3,020
                  Houston Lighting & Power
                    P.H. Robinson Plant                                                                   639         332,200
                  Panerican Oil Co.                                       22,972                          754
                  Monsanto Chemical Co.                                   8,470                              3         98,972
                  Borden Chemical Co.                                     1,087
                  Todd Ship Yards Corp.                                                                   149           1,344
                  Union Carbide Corp.                                     21,421                          535

                Brazoria County
                  City of Alvin                                                         1,138
                  City of Angleton                                                      11061
                  City of Freeport                                                      1,879
                  City of Lake Jackson                                                  1,077
                  Dow Chemical Co.                                       144,260                        2,069      2,678,456
                  Mojisanto Chemical Co.                                  7,693                           169
                  Pan American Petroleum Corp.
                    Old Ocean Plant                                          315                          723
                  Phillips Petroleum Co. -
                    Sweeney Plant                                         6,355                                           539

                Fort Bend County
                  City of Rosenberg                                                     1,080
                  City of Sugarland                         908
                  Duval Corp.                                                                           4,215
                  Jefferson Lake Sulphur Co. -
                    Long Point Dome Plant                                                               4,910

                                         Table 2 (continued)

                                                                 (Acre-Feet)
                                                            Surface Water                Ground-Water              Saline
                             County                    Municipal     Industrial     Municipal     Industrial     Industrial

                  Fort Bend Utility Co.                                 12,620                      1,125
                  Imperial Sugar Co.                                      707
                  Phelan Sulphur Co.                                                                2,411
                  Houston Lighting and Power
                    Co. - W.A. Parish Plant                            508,900                          432

                Waller Count
                  Humble Oil and Refining Co.
                    Katy Plant                                                                      3,192              24
                  Prairie view A&M                                                       588
                  City of Hemstead                                                       306

                Austin CountV
                  City of Bellville                                                      314

                Colorado County
                  Shell Oil Co. - Houston
                    Central Plant                                                                   1,130
                  Lone Star Cement Corp. -
                    Altair Plant                                          884                       1,326
                  City of Columbus                                                                     515
                  City of Eagle Lake                                                                   405
                  Superior San and Gravel Co.                             783

                Wharton Countv
                  City of El Campo                                                    1,127

                                        TabZe 2 (continued)

                                                                  (Acre-Feet)
                                                            Surface Water                 Ground Water              Saline
                            CountV                    Municipal      Industrial     Municipal     Industrial      industrial

                 Texas Gulf Sulphur Co.
                   Wharton Co. Plant                                    6,068
                 May Aluminum Corp.                                                                    819

               Matagorda Count
                 City of Bay City                                                     1,603
                 Texas Gulf Sulphur Co.
                   Old Gulf Plant                                                                    3,334
                 Celanese Chemical Co.                                  5,050                           46
                 Coastal States Gas Producing
                   Co. - Bay City Plant                                                                995

               Lavaca County
                 City of Yoakum                                                         806
                 Spoetzl Brewery Inc.                                                                   91

               Jackson County
                 Mobil oil Corp. - Vanderbilt
                   Gas Plant                                                                           222
                 City of Edna                                                           758

               Calhoun Count
                 City of Port Lavaca                                                 L, 33!4
                 Alcoa                                                  2,217                        2,564
                 union carbide Corp. -
                   Seadrift Plant                                      12,779

                                         Table 2 (continued)

                                                                   (Acre-Feet)
                                                              Surface Water                 Ground Water             Saline
                              County                    Municipal     Industrial     Municipal      Industrial     Industrial

                 Victoria County
                   South Texas Electric Co-op, Inc.                      24,913                           13
                   City of Victoria                                                     5,795
                   E. I. DuPont DeNemours Co.                             8,175                        1,255
                     Victoria Plant
                   Central Power & Light Co.
                     Victoria Steam Power Station                       176,888                        2,852

                 De Witt. County
                   City of Cuero                                                          812
                   Coastal States Gas Producing Co.
                     De Witt County Plant                                                               123

                 Golied CountV
                   City of Goliad                                                         259

                 Refugio County
                   Town of Refugio                                                       503
                   Humble Oil & Refining Co. -
                     Tom O'Connor Plant                                                                 285              4

                 Bee Count
                   City of Beeville                                                    1,641
                   Getty Qil Co. - Normanna Plant                                                       101

                                          Table 2 (continued)

                                                                     (Acre-Feet)
                                                               Surface water                  Ground Water                Saline
                              CountV                      Municipal      industrial      Municipal     Industrial       industrial

                  Pan American Petroleum Corp. -
                     Burnell - N. Pettus Plant                                                             436

                San Patricio Count
                  City of Sinton                                                            663
                  City of Aransas Pass                        836
                  City of Portland                            801
                  Reynolds Metals Co.                                      7,083

                Live Oak County
                  City of Three Rivers                        286
                  Mobil Oil Corp. - Kittie Plant                                                           206

                Lue cE@,- unt
                  Nueces County WCID -No. 3
                     (Robstown)                             1,331
                  City of Corpus Christi                   29,627
                  City of Corpus Christi                                   40,932
                  American Smelting and Refining
                     Co.                                                   2,056
                  Celenese Chemical Co.                                    7,089                           731
                  Centex Cement Corp.                                         389                                       1,615
                  Ceatral Power & Light   Co. -
                     Nueces Day Plant                                          34                                     184,575
                  Central@ Power & Light  Co. -
                     Lcn C. H4-11 Plant                                    2,219
                  Coastal States Petrochemical Co.                         3,318

                                        Table 2 (continued)

                                                                    (Acre-Feet)
                                                               Surface Water                 Ground Water               Saline-
                              CountV                     Municipal      Industrial     Municipal      Industrial      Industrial

                    CPC International Co.                                   1,534                                        9,207
                    Hess oil and Chemical   Corp.                           2,018
                    PPG Industries, Inc.                                    2,762                                       73,653
                    Pontiac Refining Corp.                                  2,007
                    Southwestern Oil & Refining Co.                         1,395
                    Suntide Refining Co.                                    3,860

                 McMullen CountV
                    Trzin-scontinental Pipeline
                       Corp.                                                                                 358
              00

                 Jim Wells  County
                    Citv of Alice                           1,940
                    MoL,il Oil Corp. - LaGloria
                       Plant                                                                               1,105

                 Duval Count
                    City of San Diego                                                       366
                    P.P.G. Industries, Inc.                                                                1,444

                 KLeber2_Eaunt
                    City of Kingsville                                                    3,448
                    Humble Oil & Refining Co.
                      King Ranch Gas Plant                                                                 3,346

                                            Table 2 (continued)

                                                                     (Acre-Feet)
                                                                Surface Wat                                               Saline
                               County                     Municipal      Industrial      Municipal      industr4al      industrial

                  Brooks County
                    City of Falfurrias                                                       831
                    Humble Oil and Refining Co. -
                       Kelsey Gas Plant                                                                      251

                  Willacy county
                    City of.Raymondville                        815                             83

                  Hidalgo Count-.y
                    City  of Pharr                              131                          1,937
                    City  of Donna                           1,249
                    City  of Edcnberg                        1,967
                    City  of Mission                         1,480
                    City  of McAllen                         4,747                              16
                    City  of Weslaco                         1,850
                    Central  Power &  Light Co.
                       J. L. Bates Plant                                      3,852

                  Cameron Count
                    City of Brownsville                      12,056
                    City of San Benito                          396                            695
                    City of Harlingen                        5,757
                    Central Power & Light Co.
                       La Palma Plant                                           699
                    Union.Carbide Corp.                                         737                                      238,800
                    United Foods, Inc.                                          431

                                              TABLE 3. REPORTED AGRICULTURAL WATER USE AND IRRIGATED ACREAGE IN THE
                                                        TEXAS COASTAL ZONE, 1969.*

                                     Region and County          Surface Water         Ground Water                  Total
                                                               -(Acre-Feet)           (Acre-Feet)         (Acres)     (Acre-Feet)

                                     Southeast Texas
                                        Chambers                     128,457                   0          51,383         128,457
                                        Jefferson                    177,425                   0          70, 970        177,425
                                        Orange                          9,182              1,118            4,232        .10,300
                                            Total                    315,064               1,118          126,585        316,182

                                     Gulf Coast
                                        Austin                           107               8,129            4,697           8 '236
                                        Brazoria                     196,080             21,988           69,560         218,068
                                        Colorado                     126,075             49,665           42,741         175,740
                                        Fort Bend                     24,483             61,386           33,540          85,869
                                        Galveston                     19,383                 379            6,571         19 762
                                        Harris                        14,824            106,703           36,619         121:527
                                        Liberty                       68,868             32,960           43,556         101,828
                                        Matagorda                    187,942             28,108           55,400         216,050
                                        Montgomery                          35               100              135             135
                                        Walker                           745                   0            1,325             '745
                                        Waller                           335             28,580           17,759          28 915
                                        Wharton                       48,770            190,298           82,253         239  ,068
                                            Total                    687,647            528,296           394,156       1,215,943

                                     Golden Crescent
                                        Calhoun                       37,035               1,544            8,832         38,579
                                        De Witt                          225                 564              891             789
                                        Goliad                          1,076                200            2,695           1,276
                                        Jackson                         1,442           114,975           33,750         116,417
                                        Lavaca                              77           23,618             8,242         23,695
                                        Victoria                            0            17,338             5,385         17,338
                                            Total                     39,855            158,239           59,795         198,094

                                     Coastal Send
                                        Bee                                 0              2,106            4,170           2:106
                                        Brooks                              0              1,025            1,970           1 025
                                        Duval                               10             2,359            4,111           2,369
                                        Kenedy                           200                   0              400             200
                                        Kleberg                          311                 329            1,505             640
                                        Live Oak                         430               1,679            4,923           2,109
                                        McMullen                            0                  0                 0               0
                                        Nueces                          2,630                802            6,301           3,432
                                        Refugio                             0                  0                 0               0
                                        San Patricio                     156               6,097          13,839            6,253
                                        Jim Wells                        353               2,454          -6,385            2,80-/
                                            Total                       4,090            16,851           43,604          20,941
                                           See footnote at end of table.         30

                                               Table 3 (continued)

                                      Region and County       Surface Water      Ground Water               Total
                                                              -(Acre-Feet)        (Acre-Feet)      (Acres)___l @e-Fe@,t)

                                      Rio Grande Valley
                                          Cameron                     414,528              0       287,445        414,528
                                          Hidalgo                     477,865         31,000       450,292        608,865
                                         Willacy                       49,268              0         37,723        49,268
                                             Total                  1,041,661         31,000       775,460     1,072,661

                                      Coastal Zone Total
                                                                    2,088,317        735,504      1,399,600    2,323,821

                                       *Figures based on Z969 irrigation inventory conducted by the U. S. Department
                                        of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.

                                                                             31

                                     TABLE 4. PROJECTED MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND AGRICULTURAL FRESH WATER DEMANDS
                                              IN THE TEXAS COASTAL ZONE, 1990 and 2020.*

                                                                     (Acre-Feet)

                                           Region         Municiual and Industrial         Agricultural
                                                              1990          2020         i990          2020

                                     Southeast Texas        749,690       1,667,213        533,500    564,500

                                     Gulf Coast            2,017,106      3,802,227      1,570,000   1,803,000

                                     Golden Crescent        300,000         435,647        233,600    229,600

                                     Coastal Bend           266,211         526,406        575,200    934,500

                                     Rio Grande Valley      136,959         213,422      1,745,500   1,745,500

                                      Coastal Zone.Total 3,469,966        6,644,915     4,657,800    5,277,100

                                     Projections from the Texas Water Plan, Texas Water Development Board, 1968.

                                                                        32

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                                     I

                                                                                       FIGURES
                                     I                                          Water Availability
                                     I
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                                     I
                                     I
                                     1                                                  33

                                                                       Existing and Under Construction Reservoirs
                                                                       Proposed and Alternate Reservoirs

                                                                                                                                                 HE HES-
                                                                                                                                                 TRINITY

                                                                                                                                        TRIN Y-
                                                                                                                                        SAN AC NTO
                                                                                                                                            SC:UTHEAST
                                                                        >
                                                                                                                                              TEXAS
                                                                                                                                   SAN JACINTO-
                                                                                                                                   BRAZOS        REGION
                                                                                                                         0
                                                                                                                            BRAZOS-     GULF
                                                                                                                           COLORADO        COAST
                                                                                                                                            REGION
                                                                                                               \COLORADO-
                                                                                                                 LAVACA
                                                                                                         I.AvAcj@GOLDEN CRESCENT REGION
                                                                                                         GUADALUPE

                                                                                                   SAN ANTONIO-
                                                                                                     UEGES
                                                                                                         COASTAL BEND REGION
                                                                                                            STATE OF TEXAS
                                                                                   P                       Texas Water Development Board
                                                                                                                      Austin, Texas
                                                                                             NUECES-
                                                                                             RIO GRANDE               . . . . . .

                                                                                                                              1968

                                                                                                 LOWER RIO GRANDE        VALLEY REGION

                                                                                                                  Figure 1

                                                                                         SURFACE-WATER DEVELOPMENT
                                                                                                    TEXAS WATER PLAN
                                                                                               34

                                                                                                                      ALLUVIUM
                                                                                                                                                                                 -A-

                                                                                                                                                                         GULF    COAST

                                                                                  CARRIZO-WILCOX

                                                                                                                                                                        =as-

                                                                                                                                                     xGU,--e

                                                                                                                                                          STATE OF TEXAS
                                                                                                                                                         Texas water eve  mnt Board
                                                                                                                                                                       Tt@

                                                                                                                                        Figure 2

                                                                                                                  MAJOR AQUIFERS IN TEXAS

                                                                                                                                35

                                                                        NO MINOR AQUIFERS OCCUR IN

                                                                        THE STUDY AREA

                                                                                                               STATE OF TEXAS
                                                                                                              T.. Wft, D-lopmw Bwrd
                                                                                                                     -- T.-
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                                                                                       MINOR AQUIFERS IN TEXAS

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                                                                                                                             TO THE YEAR 2020

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                                                          N 0 T E S 0 N T H E T E X A S G U L F C 0 A S T

                                                         A S A T 0 U R I S M - R E C R E A T 1 0 N R E G 1 0 N

                                                                                   Prepared by

                                                                                Dr. CZare Gunn

                                                                         PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT

                                                                            TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY

                                                                                  October 1970

                                                                                       for

                                                                     COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                       INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                       DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                            OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                       NOTES ON THE TEXAS GULF COAST

                                                       A S A T 0 U R I S M - R E C R E A T 1 0 N R E G 1 0 N

                                                       INTRODUCTION

                                                            The purpose of this paper is to provide a cursory assessment
                                                       of the present resource management of the Texas Gulf coast for
                                                       tourism and recreation. Although tourism and recreation are not
                                                       synonymous, both involve many of the same land resources, manage-
                                                       ment systems, and groups of users. Both arise from similar factors
                                                       of human behavior - the desire to carry on pleasurable non-work
                                                       activities near and away from home. For purposes here, the binomial
                                                       tourism-recreation is construed to include the full range of activity
                                                       from the most active to the most passive, from the lowest-priced
                                                       to the most costly, from those heavily natural resource-based to
                                                       those mostly man-contrived, from indoor to outdoor, and from park
                                                       and resource "conservation" to exploitation for profit   *

                                                            Society now demands management of all coastal land for both
                                                       short and long-range protection of the resource base at the same
                                                       time it expects greater and greater opportunity for leisure use of
                                                       the resources. It is no longer willing to accept the role of the
                                                       terrestrial-marine interface as one great waste system that precludes
                                                       many uses equally as vital to human life as industrialization.

                                                            In the past, tourism and recreation - just as was true of
                                                       forestry and mining - were assumed to be "free goods," placed at
                                                       oF   disposal by Nature for the taking. Items such as scenery, water,
                                                       fish ,mountains, and clean air were gifts and if an area had them
                                                       it was blessed with opportunities to enjoy them; if not, it had no
                                                       tourism or recreation.

                                                            Now we are recognizing that water, of and by itself, does not
                                                       cre@te recreation even though it may provide a base for reureation
                                                       activities. Having a resource asset does not automatically provide
                                                       for recreation any more than iron ore produces automobiles. Modern
                                                       tourism and recreation are dependent upon the technology and managerial
                                                       principles that will create the complexes that provide for the human
                                                       experience sought by people at leisure. Thus, if the resources of
                                                       a region, such as the Texas Gulf coast are to be husbanded adequately,
                                                       sound policies of resource evaluation, protection and development
                                                       must be formulated.

                                                            Nationally, there is nothing to suggest a lessening or even
                                                       leveling of pressure for use of ocean coasts for recreation and tourism.
                                                       One nationwide study projects an increase of "direct" ocean recreation

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                                                    activity occasions (swimming, fishing, boating, water skiing, surfing,
                                                    skin diving) from 689 million in 1965 to 1,121 million in 1980.
                                                    Many forces now contribute to the desire to make greater use of the
                                                    Texas Gulf coast in the immediate and long-range future.

                                                    USER PRESSURE ON COASTAL RESOURCES

                                                         There are several reasons to believe that the coast will continue
                                                    to be a population growth region. This trend is already clear for all
                                                    coastal regions of the United States. The total population of the
                                                    18 counties along the Texas Gulf coast grew by 549,869 between 1960
                                                    and 1970, an increase of 23.6%. Increases in development of manu-
                                                    facturing, shipping, mining and tourism hold promise of continued
                                                    growth of population. Others point to great growth due to processing
                                                    imported ores.

                                                         The development of more tourism and recreation attractions
                                                    is increasing the lure of the region. Already complexes of vacation
                                                    homes, theme parks, and public parks are being added to the volume
                                                    of recreational opportunity. Future plans for the region include the
                                                    installation of several new reservoirs. These will increase the
                                                    attractiveness of the coast for recreational use, particularly for
                                                    freshwater activities not now available.

                                                         The influential activities of promotion, advertising and publicity
                                                    continue to increase. The Texas Tourist Development Agency has stepped
                                                    up its national advertising; a new organization of attractions, The
                                                    Discover Texas Association, has been formed; and the several coastal
                                                    cities are increasing their promotional efforts. The publicity
                                                    accompanying the formation of Padre Island National Seashore has already
                                                    heightened the public's stepped up awareness of this national attraction.

                                                         Recently, there has been a slight increase in the use of spring
                                                    and fall periods for recreational purposes. This may be a clue to
                                                    greater use in the future as more people in less favorable climates
                                                    learn of the generally pleasurable weather during these periods.
                                                    As these vacation times are promoted, there may be even greater in
                                                    interest in the coast of Texas.

                                                         The image and acceptability of the South as a destination tourism-
                                                    recreation region is improving, largely due to more widespread instal-
                                                    lation of air conditioning and the development of new lures, such
                                                    as Astrodomain. As the interstate highway system is completed, access
                                                    from populous regions beyond the coastal region will be made easier.
                                                    In spite of the recent damaging effects of hurricanes, the attitude
                                                    toward such natural hazards on the coast does not appear to be negative,
                                                    as evidenced by the amount of reconstruction and continued growth.

                                                         It should be emphasized that these growth pressures are concen-
                                                    trated in specific locales rather than widely or evenly dispersed over
                                                    the Texas Gulf coast. Geographically, recreational growth pressures
                                                    appear to be following industrial and settlement growth - primarily
                                                    at two focal points; the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria area and the

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                                                     Corpus Christi area. Other nodes are located at Brownsville, Port
                                                     Lavaca, and Beaumont. Vast stretches of the Texas Gulf coast are
                                                     yet "undeveloped" in the sense that few permanent structures or land
                                                     improvements lave been installed. Many of these counties actually
                                                     lost population in the last decade.

                                                     A REGION IN TRANSITION

                                                          Following a long period of relative stagnation or even reduction
                                                     in tourism-recreation development, several shifts are now appearing.

                                                          Both Corpus Christi and Galveston had at one time a number of
                                                     large hotels catering primarily to resort destination use. This
                                                     was comparable to the steamboat-railroad era of resorting in America
                                                     popular in New York and the Great Lakes region. Although some of
                                                     these remain, a new resorting expression is appearing as motel,
                                                     motor inn, and vacation home developments along the coast.

                                                          Traditionally, the prime lure of the coast for recreation has
                                                     been fishing. Although this continues to be the greatest use, there
                                                     is a growing response from non-fishing activities: surfing, beach
                                                     lounging, camping, picnicking, shelling, and wildlife appreciation.

                                                          As water pollution, oil production, shell dredging and shipping
                                                     increase, certain locations are experiencing drastic reduction in
                                                     quality of resource and therefore quality of recreational experience.
                                                     Some localities are now denied any recreational experience at all.

                                                          Gradually, there appears to be increased interest in clustered
                                                     or packaged types of recreational developments. For example, the
                                                     county parks, the National Seashore, the theme parks, and historic
                                                     clusters are becoming more important offerings in the total supply
                                                     of attractions. In fact, there is growing interest in man-organized
                                                     and created attraction complexes (either natural resource-based or
                                                     not) rather than undeveloped raw resources for recreation. For example,
                                                     the Padre Island natural resources have been there a long time but did
                                                     not have great visitation until the National Seashore was identified,
                                                     publicized, managed, and provided with auto access, trails, services
                                                     and facilities, even though they are now only a fraction of the total
                                                     planned development.

                                                          Internal coastal social changes must be recognized. As minority
                                                     groups (particularly Latin and Negro) gain status, they become greater
                                                     participants of recreational areas. This results in some shifts and
                                                     stratification of use in some of the established recreational areas,
                                                     especially in city parks.

                                                     THE NATURE OF COASTAL RECREATION

                                                          If coastal recreation is to be understood, two questions must
                                                     be dealt with:

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                                                             What is unique about coastal recreation generally?

                                                             How does the Texas Gulf coast compare with others?

                                                         Coastal recreation may be classified three ways: (1) exclusively
                                                   coastal, (2) general water-oriented, and (3) other. Coastal recreation
                                                   is like none other by virtue of the land-sea amalgam. The land
                                                   edge against a major water body represents a special leisure activity
                                                   base. Here one can participate in such exclusively seacoast activities
                                                   as surfing, skin diving, underwater exploration, spearfishing, beach-
                                                   c?mbing, coastal lounging and swimming, coastal hunting, coastal
                                                   fishing, and general coastal aesthetic appreciation.

                                                         Although it has not been documented, it would appear that the
                                                   latter is a major reason for seeking out coastal areas for recreation,
                                                   Obtaining the long vistas, watching for ocean-going vessels, feel i ng
                                                   the ocean breezes, contemplating the historic past and legends of the
                                                   sea, and possibly seeing porpoises or whales on the horizon are some
                                                   ?f the lures of seacoast recreation. These are not possible along
                                                   inland waters.

                                                         In addition, coastal waters (including the bays and estuaries)
                                                   frequently provide many of the same recreational opportunities as do
                                                   other water bodies: swimming, boating, motor-boating, sailing, canoeing,
                                                   waterskiing, and fishing. Because these are not exclusively coastal,
                                                   they can take place on waters near or somewhat distant from the sea-
                                                   shore. For example, wherever a new reservoir is built, it may provide
                                                   these activities as well as (or better than) the seashore.

                                                         It must also be recognized that a coastal region can and often
                                                   does support many of the same kinds of recreational activity as
                                                   elsewhere, such as hiking, sunning, bird watching, horseback riding,
                                                   M
                                                    icnicking, camping, photography, sketching, painting, sightseeing
                                                      enic, scientific, historical), and nature study (biological, geolog-
                                                   ical, botanical) as well as many indoor activities, such as nightlife,
                                                   @onventioneering, visiting friends and relatives, vacation home use,
                                                   indoor sports, theater and many other urban-oriented leisure activities.

                                                   THE TEXAS GULF COAST

                                                         The basic natural resource characteristics for exclusive coastal
                                                   recreational activities are abundant along the Gulf Coast of Texas.
                                                   Waterfront resources generally are of a quality that would support
                                                   lounging, beachcombing, and general aesthetic appreciation. Although
                                                   the topographic, vegetative, aquatic, climatic, and wildlife factors
                                                   are not spectacular (as compared to other U. S. or world coasts)
                                                   they are of sufficient quality to offer a reasonable degree of
                                                   recreational satisfactions when so developed. For populations within
                                                   Texas and nearby states who are unable to travel to exotic coasts,
                                                   the Texas Gulf coast represents the only seacoast available to them.

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                                                         Hunting, fishing and contact marine recreation activities, such
                                                    as skin diving, underwater exploration, spearfishing and swimming
                                                    would be possible along much of the coast, bays and estuaries with
                                                    some notable exceptions. In portions of Galveston Bay, for example,
                                                    the water quality is so poor that none of these recreational activities
                                                    can take place.

                                                         Extensive stretches of the seacoast consist of such gradual
                                                    changes in elevation and such finely divided soils that they are mud
                                                    flats or wetlands for most of the year. These regions are poorly
                                                    suited to many recreational developments but are well adapted to wild-
                                                    life types of recreation. Those recreational activities not demanding
                                                    shoreline resource assets are supported by much of the coastal lands
                                                    and are already developed to some extent.

                                                         On the whole, one can engage in several types of recreational
                                                    ictivity if he seeks it out. The total economic significance of
                                                    investments, trade, and employment oriented to recreational coastal
                                                    activities is substantial when one considers the public lands,
                                                    recreation-oriented roads, vacation homes, motels, hotels, restau-
                                                    rants, and marine facilities.

                                                         Actually, the unifying characteristics of the Texas Gulf coast
                                                    as an overall region are weak compared to the strength of subregional
                                                    entities. The dominant characteristic of the sea provides linkage
                                                    throughout but historically, economically, and socially, this soon
                                                    breaks down into segments, generally oriented along river watersheds.
                                                    The linkage between ocean, bay, estuary, port, port city, river system,
                                                    and the watershed with its special topographic, climatic, and vege-
                                                    tative characteristics is stronger than is the lateral linkage paral-
                                                    leling the coast. Therefore, any assessment of the Gulf Coast of
                                                    Texas must recognize the strength of water-based fingers reaching
                                                    from the coast into the hinterland.

                                                    RECREATION AND TOURISM PROBLEMS

                                                         Because no major objective study of the Texas Gulf coast has
                                                    been made to properly assess the limitations or problems of tourism
                                                    or recreation to date, the following is subject to revision and
                                                    correction as new information is found. There appears to be a number
                                                    of situations today that suggest the need for detailed scrutiny of the
                                                    region to ameliorate or eliminate some of its tourism-recreation
                                                    difficulties. It is obvious that much is needed to guide the
                                                    onslaught of growth in this field.

                                                         1.  The variety of activities now available appears to be
                                                             extremely low. The simpler and more natural-resource
                                                             oriented activities such as sports, fishing and boating have
                                                             dominated to date. At many coastal areas it is difficult
                                                             to find development that allows nature interpretation,
                                                             industrial tours, recreation vehicle camps, resorts, water-
                                                             oriented tours, scenic drives, trails, visiting historic
                                                             sites, obtaining entertainment, and high quality food service
                                                             and lodging.

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                                                         2.  Generally, where the resource quality has degenerated the
                                                             most, the demand for recreation-tourism activity is greatest.
                                                             The demand is concentrated in the very place where other
                                                             demands - manufacturing, shipping, oil drilling, dredging -
                                                             are increasing pollution both of water and of air. And
                                                             resource degredation is increasing. In other words, one
                                                             cannot assume that the great length of the coast and the
                                                             abundance of shoreline resources are necessarily of equal
                                                             strength in supporting development and use.

                                                         3.  Because there has been no concerted effort toward relating
                                                             population centers (either coastal or outside) with the
                                                             coastal resources for tourism-recreation, transportation
                                                             and access are difficult. The relatively few public parks
                                                             and commercial facilities (resorts, motels, marinas) make
                                                             it difficult for a person to find access to the basic natural
                                                             resources, particularly the waterfront. One assumption has
                                                             been misleading - that of "open beach." Prevalent is the
                                                             fallacy that allowing promiscuous driving and multiple use
                                                             along the beach is solving access. In affect, the develop-
                                                             ment of a shoreline thoroughfare creates serious internal
                                                             conflict among those who wish to enjoy the waterfront.

                                                         4.  There is little evidence that plans for development have
                                                             been integrated between separate decision-makers. There-
                                                             fore, the juxtaposition of development tends to be chaotic,
                                                             lacking in functional relationship, and aesthetically cluttered.
                                                             This characteristic of course, occurs dominantly in those
                                                             areas of the more intense development. But, even in some of
                                                             the more sparsely developed locations this lack of functional
                                                             interrelationship is also true. The application of good
                                                             planning, good site design, good structural design and
                                                             good management is limited rather than.widespread.

                                                         5.  There is evidence that no overall guidelines are available
                                                             to accept the new growth which is inevitably on its way.
                                                             if the difficulties of resource erosion and lack of tourism-
                                                             recreation functionalism are to be corrected and if the
                                                             opportunities offered by the remaining undeveloped resource
                                                             base are to be tapped, some overall direction and order
                                                             must be developed. This is no criticism of present planning
                                                             forces or those who have already declared an interest in
                                                             better development of the coast. It is merely a statement
                                                             of need above and beyond the present effort, particularly
                                                             directed toward tourism and recreation interests.

                                                    SPECIAL STUDY NEEDS

                                                         The above review of the situation reveals need for certain
                                                    special information and insight in order to protect the future
                                                    valuable resource assets of the unique Texas Gulf coast and assure
                                                    their wise management for tourism and recreational uses. At least
                                                    the following four are important at this time.

                                                                                nA

                                                   1.   Assessment of Tourism-Recreation Management Roles

                                                        Today, a multiplicity of owners-managers-developers control
                                                        the use of lands throughout the Texas Gulf coast region.
                                                        Little is known about their policies and practices. Needed
                                                        is a cataloging and critical review of the many private,
                                                        public, and non-profit organizations and their management
                                                        of the present lands and physical plant for leisure use.
                                                        Only with such data can any overall plans be laid for improve-
                                                        ment of the present management. Only with such data can the
                                                        voids, overlapping, and duplication of management be under-
                                                        stood. Only with this information can long-range policies
                                                        toward resource conservation and protection be developed.

                                                    2.  Evaluation of the Potential of the Resource Base

                                                        Needed is an evaluation of the natural and cultural resource
                                                        base of the Texas Gulf coast for tourism-recreation purposes.
                                                        A great variety of environmental factors are important to
                                                        recreation activity. The extent to which these exist on the
                                                        Texas Gulf Coast has not been determined.

                                                        Such a study would provide the foundation for future planning,
                                                        both by public agencies and by private enterprise. It would
                                                        not produce a plan but the basis for'planning. Such a founda-
                                                        lion would identify locations where resource assets clustering,
                                                        according to tourism-recreation purpose, might suggest strong
                                                        or weak support, (Following this, it would be possible for
                                                        owner-developer   public as well as private) to prepare
                                                        individual project feasibilities.

                                                    3.  Location of Areas of Critical Need: Protection, Redevelopment

                                                        Because present development of the resource base is not
                                                        homogeneous, there now exist two types of areas in most
                                                        critical need for action; those that have not yet been
                                                        developed and may be of critical value in the future and
                                                        those that already have reached crisis proportions of
                                                        resource abuse.

                                                        No critical review of the coast has been made to identify
                                                        those lands that now need to be held from scattered and
                                                        intensive development in order for them to be available
                                                        in the future or to maintain a reasonable balance with
                                                        intensive development. Whether or not such lands are now
                                                        in public or private hands and the nature of slated develop-
                                                        ment should be determined.

                                                        More than emotion is needed to identify clearly those lands
                                                        (defined to include air, water and land resources) that now

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                                                            have reached crisis proportions of resource degradation.
                                                            A qualitative measure should be applied to rank and locate
                                                            the most critical areas so that this evaluation can be
                                                            placed against others for future management planning.

                                                        4.  Interrelationships and Social Costs of Alternatives

                                                            Just now we are beginning to recognize the social costs
                                                            of specific investment and utilization of resources. It
                                                            is now becoming clear that the disposition of waste products
                                                            of manufacturing, for example, is a soical cost above and
                                                            beyond that now included in the balance sheets of manu-
                                                            facturing accouting.

                                                            Proposed is the examination of pilot sites and locations
                                                            and the development of models that identify the external
                                                            as well as internal costs of several likely alternative and
                                                            interrelated land uses. This type of calculation can be
                                                            applied to recreational and touristic uses as well as to
                                                            agriculture or manufacturing. This device can then be used
                                                            to evaluate alternative sites for alternative uses as well
                                                            as alternative uses of the same site.

                                                            From such a study could be derived an economic base for making
                                                            changes in controls and management of land uses along the
                                                            Texas Gulf coast.

                                                    CONCLUSIONS

                                                        This brief examination of recreation and tourism along the Texas
                                                    Gulf coast indicates that these uses are tightly intermixed with
                                                    other uses of the basic resource assets of the region. There is some
                                                    homogeneity along the coast because of its relationship with the sea.
                                                    Other factors, however, support development and management policies
                                                    that are along subregional watershed lines, running perpendicularly
                                                    to the coast.

                                                        The present level of investment in facilities and services along
                                                    the coast for tourism and recreation indicate that there is still a
                                                    chance of redevelopment and restoration as well as new planning that
                                                    can increase greatly both the quantity and the quality of human
                                                    experience at leisure. This involves a dedication to reconstruction
                                                    and guided growth that may not yet exist in the region or at the state
                                                    level. As a beginning step toward gaining greater foundations and
                                                    understandings, a minimum of four studies are recommended at the
                                                    present time: assessment of present management roles; evaluation
                                                    of the potential of resource base; identification of locations of
                                                    critical need; and an assessment of land use alternatives as related
                                                    to social costs.

                                                        It should be clear that resource abuse is no longer tolerable
                                                    and that this coastal region has long ago reached the turning point.
                                                    If quality settlement for local residents is to continue and if quality
                                                    experience for visitors is to be attained, new management policies
                                                    for tourism and recreation must be exercised and soon.

                                                                   M I N E R A L S A N D M I N I N G

                                                                                  Prepared by

                                                                            BUREAU OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

                                                                      THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

                                                                       Dr- BiZZ Fischer, Project Leader

                                                                         Dr. Peter T. FZawn, L@lrector

                                                                                September 1970

                                                                                      for

                                                                    COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                    INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                      DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                           OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                                                            CONTENTS

                                                            I. Overview

                                                           II. Specific Mineral Resources and Cormnodities

                                                                 A.    Petroleum and Related Products

                                                                       Table 1

                                                                       Table 2

                                                                       Table 3

                                                                       Table 4

                                                                 B.    Chemical Raw Materials

                                                                       Table 5

                                                                 C.    She11: Chemical and Constructional Material

                                                                       Table 6

                                                                 D.    Constructional Raw Materials

                                                                 E.    Imported Raw Materials

                                                                       Table 7

                                                          .TI1.  Suprnary
                                                                 A. Plate :-A
                                                                 B.    P1ate -B

                                                                 C.    Plate I-C

                                              M I N I N G   A N D   M I N E R A L S      T E X A S   C 0 A S T A L   Z 0 N E

                                                                                 I OFERVIEW

                                                          Minerals and mining figure very heavily in the total economy of
                                                      the State. This is especially true of the Texas Coastal Zone, an
                                                      area richly endowed with natural mineral raw materials, noteably
                                                      petroleum (oil and natural gas) and chemicals (salt, sulfur, and shell).
                                                      In the 18-county area bordering marine waters in Texas, direct value
                                                      of minerals produced amount annually to about $1.3 billion or 23 percent
                                                      of the total State mineral.value; the coastal area includes less than
                                                      6 percent of the total area of the State. The Coastal Zone of Texas
                                                      c
                                                      ontributes nearly $4 billion annually in manufactured products, about
                                                      35 percent Of the total State value. Minerals provide the overwhelming
                                                      base for these manufacturing industries, including petroleum refining,
                                                      etrochemicals, heavy and industrial chemicals, metals and metal products,
                                                      and primary metals. The mining and manufacturing of minerals in the
                                                      Coastal Zone and the industries they in turn attract and support
                                                      result in a concentration of 1/4 of the State's population, accounting
                                                      for 1/3 of the State's total employment and wages. The Coastal Zone
                                                      of Texas (18 counties bordering marine waters) accounts for 113 of
                                                      the total economy of the State concentrated in 1/20 of its total area.
                                                          The mineral endowment of the Coastal Zone is enhanced by its
                                                      geography. Ocean ports permit import of a variety of mineral raw
                                                      materials attracted by abundant sources of relatively cheap fuel and
                                                      power. The same ports permit extensive export of both raw and manu-
                                                      factured mineral products. On the other hand, the geography of the
                                                      Coast is a limiting factor. Twenty percent of the Coastal Zone has
                                                      been inundated by salt water from major storm surges in the past decade;
                                                      low-lying land and marshes pose special problem$ in engineering,
                                                      drainage, and waste disposal; salt water encroachment affects the
                                                      water supply; natural constructional aggregates (consumed at an annual
                                                      per capita rate of about 7 tons) are virtually lacking; transportation
                                                      canalization, waste disposal, and dredging alter the physical, chemical,
                                                      and biologic environment of the bays and estuaries. Problems of noise,
                                                      air pollution, surface excavation - common to mineral and other indus-
                                                      tries also exist. Thus, exploitation and utilization of the Coastal
                                                      Zone's vast meneral endowment is not without limitations.
                                                          The Coastal Zone of Texas, for the statistical purposes of this
                                                      section, include the 11 counties of he Texas coast that border marine
                                                      waters (bays, inlets, and offshore). These include: Aransas, Brazoria,
                                                      Calhoun, Cameron, Chambers, Galveston, Harris, Jackson, Jefferson,
                                                      Kenedy, Kleberg, Matagorda, Nueces, Orange, Refugio, San Patricio,
                                                      Victoria, and Willacy Counties. Also included in the Coastal Zone,
                                                      as here used, are submerged areas of Texas bays, estuaries, and offshore
                                                      regions.

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                                                                                                AfrIfico

                                                                                                                  COUNTIES COVERED BY MINING AND MINERAL SURVEY

                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                 II SPECIFIC MINERAL RESOURCES AND COMMODITIES

                                                           The principal mineral resources of the Coastal Zone include (in
                                                      approximate order of value of production): crude oil, natural gas,
                                                      sulfur (native and secondarily recovered), salt, chemicals extracted
                                                      from sea water (magnesium and bromine compounds), shell, constructional
                                                      aggregates and fill materials, and common clay. Value of production
                                                      of these materials in the 18-county area of the Coastal Zone with
                                                      listing by county and minerals produced is given in Table 1. Distri-
                                                      bution and occurance of major mineral resources and existing mineral
                                                      industries are shown on an accompanying map (Plate I).

                                                      A. PETROLEUM AND RELATED PRODUCTS

                                                      Oil and natural gas: Oil and natural gas constitute the major energy
                                                      and raw material source for the present and future development of the
                                                      Coa5tal Zone. Value from the production of these minerals figure
                                                      paramount in the area's economy, accounting for more than 90 percent
                                                      of the $1.3 billion in annual mineral value of the area. In addition
                                                      to direct economic contribution, oil and gas support numerous other
                                                      industries in providing feedstock or fuel supply. A large number of
                                                      industries exist in the area that supply materials and equipment to
                                                      the oil and gas industry.
                                                           Crude oil is produced from all counties of the Coastal Zone, with
                                                      present production coming from more than 3,200 fields and pools (Tables
                                                      leand I and Plate I). The 18-county area of the Coastal Zone has
                                                      a counted for nearly 20 percent of the total crude oil production
                                                      of the State with cumulative production through Z968 of about 5.7
                                                      billion barrels. Daily production from the Coastal Zone amounts to
                                                      approximately 561,000 barrels, ranging from as little as about 30
                                                      barrels daily in Cameron County to as much as 7,300 barrels daily
                                                      in Refugio County. Nearly half the counties of the Coastal Zone have
                                                      more than 200 presently producing fields. Brazoria, Chambers, Harris,
                                                      Jackson, Kleberg, and Refugio Counties have daily production in excess
                                                      of 50,000 barrels; Galveston, Jefferson, Matagorda, Nueces, San Patricio,
                                                      and Victoria Counties exceed 10,000 barrels in daily production.
                                                           Principal production of crude oil is from the Frio trend running
                                                      approximately parallel to the present coast. The intersection of
                                                      this trend and large salt domes account for the most prolific produc-
                                                      tion. Most of the major fields produce from salt dome structures.
                                                      Of the 97 fields in the State with actual or estimated ultimate recovery
                                                      of 100 million barrels of oil or more, 23 occur within the 18-county
                                                      area of the Coastal Zone.
                                                           The crude oil production of the Coastal Zone supports an extensiV4
                                                      oil refining industry. of the 47 petroleum refineries in the State,
                                                      31 are located in the Coastal Zone. These are especially concentrated
                                                      in the Houston and Beaumont-Port Arthur areas. Approximately 120
                                                      oil field equipment and machinery plants exist in the area to support
                                                      the oil industry.
                                                           Natural gas is produced from approximately 4,900 fields and pools
                                                      in the Coastal Zone, and from all counties (Tables 2 and 3 and Plate I).

                                                                                  3

                                                         Table 1. VALUE OF MINERAL PRODUCTION, TEXAS COASTAL ZONE
                                                                     (from Bureau of Economic Geology, Mineral Res. Circ. 51,1969)

                                                                   (Thousands)

                                          County              1967         1968         Minerals produced in 1968 in order of value

                                          Aransas             $ 9,304      $ 14,260     Petroleum, natural gas, natural gas
                                                                                        liquids, shell.

                                          Brazoria             218,312      232,265     Petroleum, natural gas liguids, natural
                                                                                        gas, salt, magnesium chloride, bromine,
                                                                                        magnesium compounds, lime, sulfur, sand
                                                                                        and gravel.

                                          Calhoun               28,638        21,451    Natural gas, petroleum, natural gas
                                                                                        liquids, lime, shell, sand and gravel.

                                          Cameron                 1,137       1,641     Natural gas, petroleum.

                                          Chambers              99,403        89,064    Petroleum, natural gas, salt, shell,
                                                                                        natural gas liquids, clays.

                                          Galveston             59,261        57,437    Petroleum, natural gas, natural gas
                                                                                        liquids, shell, clays, sand and gravel.

                                          Harris               130,694      127s514     Petroleum, cement, natural gas liquids,
                                                                                        natural gas, salt, lime, sand and
                                                                                        gravel, clays.

                                          Jackson               77,363        82,461    Petroleum, natural gas, natural gas liquids.

                                          Jefferson             87,098        74,864    Petroleum, sulfur, natural gas, natural
                                                                                        gas liquids, salt, sand and gravel,
                                                                                        shell, clays.

                                          Kenedy                11,888        18,170    Natural gas, petroleum, natural gas liquids.

                                          Kleberg              136,068      171,248     Petroleum, natural gas, natural gas liquids.

                                          Matagorda             81,913        81,459    Natural gas, petroleum, natural gas liquids,
                                                                                        shell, sulfur, sand and gravel.

                                          Nueces                87,594        98,536    Natural gas, petroleum, natural gas liquids,
                                                                                        cement, lime, shell, sand and gravel.

                                          Orange                12,778        10,979    Petroleum, cement, natural gas, clays,
                                                                                        natural gas liquids.

                                          Refugio              108,936      102,866     Petroleum, natural gas, natural gas liquids.

                                                                                    4

                                                   Table 1. (continued)

                                              County             1967         1968        Minerals produced in 1968 in order of value

                                              San Patricio         43,075       44,107    Petroleum, natural gas, natural gas
                                                                                          liquids, sand and gravel stone, clays.

                                              Victoria             32,530       25,229    Petroleum, natural gas, sand and gravel,
                                                                                          natural gas liquids.

                                              Willacy              10,228       12,173    Petroleum, natural gas, natural gas liquids.

                                              Coastal Zone Total -
                                                            $1,236,220 $1,265,724

                                              State Total -
                                                            $5,406,371 $5,505,831

                                                                                       5

                                                  Table 2. OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION, TEXAS COASTAL ZONE*

                                                                      Cumulative Production of
                                           County                     Oil Through 1968 (bbls)        Number of Producing Fields

                                                                                                     Oil             Natural Gas

                                           Aransas                       57,556,324                  114                159

                                           Brazoria                     817,957,191                  162                221

                                           Calhoun                       62,390,411                  106                230

                                           Cameron                            117,834                   2                 29

                                           Chambers                     576,563,200                  264                274

                                           Galveston                    301,595,685                   94                136

                                           Harris                       931,668,035                  164                215

                                           Jackson                      361.512,673                  337                463

                                           Jefferson                    383,451,069                  160                230

                                           Kenedy                        13,217,938                   90                144

                                           Kleberg                      178,451,710                  315                269

                                           Matagorda                    177,441,111                  321                371

                                           Nueces                       439,999,223                  495                778

                                           Orange                       100,101,693                   41                  30

                                           Refugio                      645,771,416                  223                452

                                           San Patricio                 369,856,574                  319                366

                                           Victoria                     178,971,955                  233                439

                                           Willacy                       64,681,703                   54                101

                                           Offshore  State                 3,667,831

                                           Offshore  Federal               5,260,164

                                                  TOTAL                5,669,233,740                3,236             4,907

                                             Source: Texas Mid-Continent Oil and     Gas Association and Texas Railroad
                                                       Commission

                                             includes cumulative production through 1969

                                                                                       6

                                                   Table 3. PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN TEXAS COASTAL ZONE, 1969

                                                                                                      Marketed Natural Gas
                                                  County               Petroleum (bbls)                      (Mcf)

                                              Aransas                       1,633,920                       40,323,680

                                              Brazoria                     21.694,736                      280,318,871

                                              Calhoun                       2,150,006                       74,271,541

                                              Cameron                           10,074                      18,413,765

                                              Chambers                     21,967,788                      130,741,005

                                              Galveston                     9,440,711                      119,081,201

                                              Harris                       21,526,338                       99,792,151

                                              Jackson                      27,512,024                       86,161,677

                                              Jefferson                     99004,512                      136,961,456

                                              Kenedy                        2,557,608                       85,729,989

                                              Kleberg                      22,897,028                      478,910,945

                                              Mataqorda                     7,847,184                      233,196,100

                                              Nueces                        8,489,154                      320,271,905

                                              Orange                        1,681,395                       12,498,432

                                              Refugio                      30,347,546                      132,661,108

                                              San Patricio                  9,491,089                       58,249,670

                                              Victoria                      4,316,958                       53,150,500

                                              Willacy                       2,410,184                       35,020,332

                                                    TOTAL                  204,978,255                    2,395,754,328

                                                Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines and Texas Railroad Commission

                                                                                                                           10
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                                                          CUMULATIVE OIL PRODUCTION (millions of bbls) THROUGH 1968

                                                                                       8

                                                     Approximately 200 fields produce natural gas in excess of 1 million
                                                     bic feet daily. Principal concentration is in the central part of
                                                     the Coastal Zone extending from Nueces north through Brazoria Counties.
                                                     A significant part of the total production of natural gas from the
                                                     cu

                                                     Coastal Zone is exported out of State. Natural gas is processed at
                                                     50 plants in the area; products include natural gasoline, liquid
                                                     petroleum gas, cycle condensates and derived liquids.
                                                        Recent years in the Coastal Zone of Texas have been marked by a
                                                     general decline in exploration and developmental activity, although
                                                     variations in amount of activity vary from year to year. During 1968
                                                     a total of 923 wells were drilled in the 18-county area of the Coastal
                                                     Zone and offshore areas (Table 4). More than 60 percent of the total
                                                     wells drilled were development wells in proved fields. Approximately
                                                     70 percent of all development wells drilled were successes; about
                                                     18 percent of exploratory wells drilled were completed as commercial
                                                     wells. Seismic activity has been variable in recent years, but generally
                                                     within the range of 400 to 500 crew weeks per year. Recent extensive
                                                     seismic activity in the Texas offshore is down at present. In overall
                                                     context, seismic activity is, along with drilling activity, in general
                                                     decline. Declines in exploration are expected to continue within
                                                     the present price structure for oil and gas.
                                                        The extent of oil and gas reserves is a matter of paramount
                                                     importance not only to the State as a whole, but particularly to the
                                                     Coastal Zone where the existing economy is strongly geared to oil
                                                     and gas prod uction. Accurate determination of reserves for the specific
                                                     area of the Coastal Zone is not possible here, but through utilization
                                                     of existing figures of various sources, reserves of crude oil (including
                                                     natural gas liquids) are on the order of 3.5 billion barrels in the
                                                     18-county area of the Coastal Zone and contiguous offshore areas.
                                                     Reserves of natrual gas (including dissolved gas) in the same area
                                                     are on the order of 50 trillion cubic feet. Throughout most of the
                                                     history of oil and gas operation in the Coastal Zone, discoveries have
                                                     added to reserves in amounts equal to or in excess of production.
                                                     In recent years there has been a general decline in both oil and gas
                                                     reserves owing to decline in exploration. Considering future demand
                                                     and barring several significant discoveries which can come only through
                                                     more extensive exploration, the general decline in reserves will continue
                                                     until ultimate depletion of these vital mineral raw materials.
                                                        Although the oil and gas trends of the Coastal Zone are mature,
                                                     chances for additional large discoveries are possible. Potential
                                                     for the Texas offshore area is not generally felt to be as great as
                                                     once assumed. Oil and gas will continue to be the principal resource
                                                     base of the Coastal Zone for several years to come. Decline and uZti-
                                                     mate exhaustion is inevitable, and eventual adjustment of the area's
                                                     economy will be necessary.

                                                     Carbon Hack: Carbon black, manufactured by burning of hydrocarbon
                                                     1iquids or natural gas enriched with oil, is produced at three plants
                                                     in the Coastal Zone - at Echo, Baytown, and Aransas Pass (Plate I).
                                                     These three plants produce about 30 percent of the total State production
                                                     of carbon black; remaining production is chiefly in West Texas.
                                                     Principal use of carbon black is in rubber products.

                                                                                  9

                                                    Table 4. COASTAL ZONE (18-County Area and Offshore) DRILLING
                                                              AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY*

                                                                                                         1968          1967

                                                                                   Oil  -                265           324

                                                         Proved Fiel d Wells       Gas                   136           176

                                                                                   Dry                   166           137

                                                                                   Oil                     30            42

                                                         Exploratory Wells         Gas                     46          104

                                                                                   Dry                   280           361

                                                         TOTAL                                           923          1,145

                                                         Seismic Crew Weeks                              500           400

                                                    Source: Bureau Economic Geology Min. Res. Circ. 51, based on
                                                              data from American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Inc.

                                                                                         10

                                                    B. CHEMICAL RAW MATERIALS

                                                    sulfur: Sulfur occurs within the Coastal Zone as a native sulfur
                                                    and as sour gas. Native sulfur is the more significant resource of
                                                    the two in this area; it occurs within the caprock of certain salt
                                                    domes. Of the 31 major salt domes at relatively shallow depths in
                                                    the Coastal Zone, 9 contain or contained commercial sulfur deposits
                                                    (Plate I). Principal concentration is in the upper part of the coast,
                                                    with 5 sulfur-bearing domes in Brazoria, 2 in Jefferson, and I each
                                                    in Galveston and Matagorda counties.
                                                         Native sulfur is produced from caprock deposits by the Frasch
                                                    Solution Mining Process; heated water is injected into the ore body,
                                                    the sulfur melted, and recovered through return wells, It is shipped
                                                    either as molten sulfur or allowed to solidify and shipped as solid
                                                    ore. Sulfur production began in 1912 at Bryan Mound in-Brazoria
                                                    County. Cumulative production since that date is on the order of
                                                    130 million long tons; about 30 million tons have been produced in
                                                    the 18-county area of the Texas Coastal Zone with the remaining amount
                                                    from immediately adjoining inland counties. (Table 5)
                                                         Sulfur is not commonly used directly by individual consumers,
                                                    but is used or employed in the manufacture of more than 70 different
                                                    products. Greatest use is in the production of sulfuric acid.
                                                    rincipal industrial uses of sulfur and sulfuric acid, in approximate
                                                    order of importance are: fertilizer, chemicals, petroleum refining,
                                                    paint, metallurgy, rayon and film, pulp and paper, insecticides, rubber,
                                                    and explosives.
                                                         The unit value of sulfur has shown considerable variation in
                                                    recent years, with fluctuations according to variations in demand
                                                    and production on the world market. Presently the price of Texas
                                                    Frasch sulfur is markedly declining, dropping from an average value
                                                    of about W per long ton in 1968 to about W per long ton in 1969.
                                                    Yearend prices in 1969 and at present are below the 1969 average.
                                                         Specific information on Frasch sulfur reserves is confidential
                                                    andfnot available i Estimates of 170 million long tons for the entire
                                                    Gul Coast area (Texas, Louisiana, and Mexico) have been reported.
                                                    Certainly less than half this amount is indicated for Texas, and
                                                    possibly as little as 35 million long tons. A much smaller reserve
                                                    is indicated in the 18-county area of the Texas Coastal Zone. With
                                                    the exception of some yearly increases, Texas production of native
                                                    sulfur has been steadily declining since 1958. Estimated life of
                                                    existing known sulfur deposits, assuming a continuation of the produc-
                                                    tion pattern of recent years, is between 10 and 20 years. Secondary
                                                    recovery of sulfur from sour gas is increasing substantially in
                                                    recent years on a State-wide basis and presently accounts for about
                                                    20 percent of the total State production. Although some secondarily
                                                    recovered sulfur is produced in the Coastal Zone, principal districts
                                                    lie outside the area.
                                                         Additional reserves in the Coastal Zone must come from known
                                                    domes with undeveloped deposits; detailed exploration may expand
                                                    existing reserves. Another possibility lies with unprospected off-
                                                    shore domes; however, only 5 offshore Texas domes are at sufficient
                                                    depths for prospecting. Initial exploration of the caprock deposits
                                                    in certain of these domes has not shown commercial deposits. If
                                                    discovered offshore, increased cost of production will be a limiting
                                                    factor.

                                                 Table 5. SULFUR DOMES OF TEXAS COASTAL ZONE*

                                                                                                                 (long tons)
                                                                                                               Cumulative Produc-
                                                 County         Dome               Producing History          tion Through 1967

                                                 Brazoria    Bryan Mound        Freeport Sulphur (1912-35)            5,001,068
                                                                                Hooker Chemical (1967-68)                  1,620

                                                 Brazoria    Clemens            Jefferson Lake (1937-60)              2,975,828

                                                 Brazoria    Damon Mound        Standard Sulphur (1953-57)               139,618

                                                 Brazoria    Hoskins Mound      Freeport Sulphur (1923-55)            109895,090

                                                 Brazoria    Nash               Freeport Sulphur (1954-56)               153.115
                                                                                Phelan Sulphur (1966-69)                  54,944

                                                 Galveston   High  Island       United States Sulphur (1960-62)           36,788
                                                                                Pan American (1969-

                                                 Jefferson   Spindletop         Texas Gulf (1952-                     6,854,393

                                                 Jefferson   Fannett            Texas Gulf (1958-                     1,942,607

                                                 Matagorda   Gulf Hill          Texas Gulf (1919-36)                  12,349,597
                                                                                Texas Gulf (1952-                        212,922

                                                 Source: Principally from Myers (1968), in Fourth Forum on Geology of
                                                          Industrial Minerals, Bureau of E-conomic Geology, University
                                                          of Texas at Austin.

                                                                                   12

                                                     Salt: The numerous salt domes of the Coastal Zone provide an almost
                                                     zimitles resource of high-grade sodium chloride. These domes are
                                                     concentrated chiefly in the upper part of the Texas Coast (Plate I).
                                                     With the exception of salt mining in West Texas and from two inland
                                                     domes, all of Texas salt production is from the 18-county area of the
                                                     @oastal Zone. Salt is mined by solution methods - water injected
                                                     into the salt mass and returned to surface by brine wells - at Barbers
                                                     Hill (Chambers County), Bryan Mound (Brazoria County), Spindletop
                                                     (Jefferson County), and Pierce Junction (Harris County). Salt is
                                                     mined as a solid ore by underground mining at Hockley Dome in Harris
                                                     County, Salt recovery operations are principally near industrial
                                                     complexes and in areas accessible to water transportation.
                                                          Most of the salt production in the Coastal Zone is as brine and
                                                     used chiefly as chemical feedstock in the manufacture of chlorine,
                                                     @oda ash, and other chemicals and soap. A relatively small percentage
                                                     is used in water-softening products, food processing, agriculture,
                                                     and home use.
                                                          Total production of salt in Texas during 1969 amounted to about
                                                     8.6 million tons, at an average value of $4.64 per ton. More than
                                                     90 percent of the total State production comes from the Coastal Zone.
                                                          In addition to direct value as a mineral resource, salt domes
                                                     provide, in associated caprocl deposits, most of the Coastal Zone
                                                     production of sulfur, and in stratigraphic and structural traps
                                                     resulting from salt.intrusion, a significant percentage of the oil
                                                     and gas reservoirs of the Coastal Zone. Since 1951, cavities created
                                                     in the massive salt of Coastal Zone salt domes have been used for
                                                     underground storage of LPG, with domes of the area accounting for
                                                     about 60 percent of the total underground storage of LPG in the U. S.
                                                     Of the 10 domes of the Texas Gulf Coast currently being used for
                                                     LPG storage, 7 are in the 18-county area of the Coastal Zone (Plate I).
                                                     Two of the largest operations in the nation are at Barbers Hill in
                                                     Chambers County; these two operations are equivalent to 117 of the
                                                     total underground liquid hydrocarbon storage in the U. S.
                                                          The future of salt production in the Coastal Zone is directly
                                                     tied to the chemical industry. Reflecting growth of the Coastal
                                                     Zone chemical industry has been an annual increase in salt production
                                                     on the order of 6 to 8 percent. Reserves of salt at relatively shallow
                                                     and accessible depths are practically unlimited in the upper part
                                                     of the Coastal Zone or from Matagorda County north. In the southern
                                                     part of the Coastal Zone, shallow salt is limited to inland domes
                                                     in Brooks and Duval Counties.

                                                     Bromine: Elemental bromine was extracted from sea water at the
                                                      reeport plant of Ethyl-Dow Chemical for 28 years. The facility was
                                                     closed late in 1969 as Dow plans to process ethyl dibromide from
                                                     Arkansas brines. Most of the former Texas production went into
                                                     production of ethylene dibromide, chiefly for use in antiknock com-
                                                     pounds in leaded gasoline.

                                                                                   13

                                                 C. SHELL: CHEMICAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL

                                                      The scaricty of two conventional resources necessary to an
                                                 industrial complex - constructional aggregates and limestone for
                                                 cement and lime - has led to extensive dredging of shell from Coastal
                                                 Zone bays and estuaries. Dredged shell is a locally available substi-
                                                 tute for these resources with physical properties suitable for use as
                                                 aggregate and road base and chemical properties suitable for lime,
                                                 cement, and chemical use. If shell were not used, import of these
                                                 materials would be necessary.
                                                      Shell occurs in the shallow bays of the Coastal Zone from Corpus
                                                 Christi north to Sabine Lake, either as discrete reefs or banks or
                                                 as shell mixed with bottom sand and mud (Plate 1). Principal shell
                                                 is oyster (Ostrea) with smaller amounts of the clam (Rangia). Parts
                                                 of certain reefs support living oysters; other reefs consist of dead
                                                 shell. The dead reefs occur either at the surface or buried in mud
                                                 at varying depths. Generally reefs are within 10 feet of the water
                                                 surface and from 5 to 25 feet in thickness.
                                                      Shell utilization in the Coastal Zone is a basic part of the
                                                 existing coastal industry. Initial use began in the late 1800's
                                                 as a road base. It was first used in the manufacture of cement in
                                                 1916 and for lime manufacture in 1929. In the mid-thirties shell
                                                 was first used in the manufacture of caustic soda, in turn used in
                                                 petroleum refining and manufacture of aluminum; this use was followed
                                                 shortly by use of shell in manufacture of glass, soap, plastics,
                                                 acetate rayon, and glycols. In the early forties 3hell was burned
                                                 to lime for reaction with sea water to produce magnesium compounds.
                                                 All the above uses resulted in increased production. Since the 1940's
                                                 shell production has increased steadily.
                                                      Shell production from Texas bays increased markedly during the
                                                 1950's reaching peak levels in the past 15 years, during which average
                                                 annual production has been on the order of 11 million cubic yards.
                                                 During the past two years a decline in production has occurred with
                                                 1969 production at about 8.5 million cubic yards. Cumulative production
                                                 during the past 50 years is about 275 million cubic yards. About
                                                 one half of the present total production of shell is u ed as aggregate
                                                 and constructional base materials. The other half is used in the
                                                 manufacture of cement and lime. During 1969 shell was used in the
                                                 manufacturing of more than 13 million barrels of cement valued at nearly
                                                 $44 million. In the same period shell was USed in the manufacture
                                                 of 0.8 million tons of lime valued at more than $13 million; lime
                                                 was used by the chemical industry and as constructional lime.
                                                      During most of the history of shell production, GaZveston-Trinity
                                                 Bay provided nearly 80 percent of the total, with the remainder coming
                                                 from Sabine Lake, Matagorda Bay, San Antonio Bay, Nueces Bay, and
                                                 Corpus Christi Bay. At present prinicpal dredging is in San Antonio
                                                 Bay which accounts for about 75 percent of the total production.
                                                 Most of the remaining current production is from Matagorda Bay with
                                                 minor amounts from Nueces Bay and Sabine Lake.
                                                      All shell within the submerged waters of the Texas bays is the
                                                 property of the State. Current royality is 13 to 15 cents depending
                                                 on shell size. During the past decade the State has collected about
                                                 $10 million in royalities from dredging operators.

                                                                               14

                                                  Table 6. SHELL RESERVES     OF TEXAS COASTAL ZONE

                                                                              Currently              Live                 Commercial
                                                    Bay                       Reserves               Dredged              Reefs        Oysters

                                                  Sabine Lake                 small                     Yes               No           ---

                                                  Galveston-Trinity           good                      No                Yes          Yes

                                                  Lavaca                      good                      No                Yes          Yes
                                                                                                (past dredging)

                                                  Matagorda                   good                      Yes               Yes          No

                                                  San Antonio                 good                      Yes               Yes          Yes

                                                  Copano                      modest                    No                Yes          No

                                                  Aransas                     modest                    No                Yes          Yes

                                                  Nueces                      depleted                  Yes               No           ---

                                                  Corpus CIristi              small                     No                No           ---

                                                                                         15

                                                     No adequate study to determine shell reserves of Texas bays
                                                has been made, though individual dredgers have reserve figures within
                                                their immediate areas of concern. Most surveys have been based on
                                                probing with a stick or steel rod. Needed for adequate determin-
                                                ation of reserves is a combination of acoustical profiling and coring.
                                                Several factors preclude even a reasonable estimate of reserves:
                                                (1) inadequate field investigation (profiling, coring, and probing);
                                                (2) variations in political situations and changes in regulations
                                                as to what parts of bays will ultimately be open to dredging; and
                                                (3) changes in recovery techniques which may make present uneconomic
                                                deposits recoverable in the future. The only reasonable good survey
                                                of shell reserves has been in Galveston-Trinity Bay, nevertheless,
                                                reserve estimates for this bay range from 40 to 90 million cubic
                                                yards. Table 6 lists in qualitative terms possible reserves, along
                                                with present dredging operations, and occurrence of live reefs, and
                                                commercial oyster production. Regardless of what the total reserves
                                                of Texas shell may be, these reserves are finite and at present rates
                                                of consumption will be depleted in the not too distant future.
                                                Substitute materials at that time will have to be imported. The
                                                nearest source of chemical lime raw materials is central Texas;
                                                also the possibility of barge import exists. Constructional aggregate
                                                substitutes can be'manufactured from clay and other raw materials or
                                                imported from inland sources; however, the nearer inland sources of
                                                natural aggregates (chiefly gravel) are rapidly being depleted. At
                                                present shell contributes a basic raw material to Coastal Zone industry .
                                                An adequate survey of reserves and occurrence is needed so that best
                                                use can be realized.

                                                D. CONSTRUCT-TONAL RAW MATERIALS

                                                Natural aggregates and bulk constructional materials: The Coastal
                                                Zone of Texas, as in most low-lying coastal areas, is noteably lacking
                                                in natural aggregates and bulk constructional materials (sand, gravel,
                                                and crushed stone). The Coastal Zone of Texas accounts for nearly
                                                113 of the total State consumption of these materials but only about
                                                1/10 the total State production. A partial substitute for aggregate
                                                exists in local shell deposits and local supplies of fine grained
                                                fill sand are plentiful, but gravel and crushed stone must be imported.
                                                Most of the gravel supply of the Coastal Zone is from sources up to
                                                50 miles inland along certain of the major streams; crushed stone
                                                must be imported from Central Texas. In the southern part of the
                                                Coastal Zone caliche is a local substitute for crushed stone but its
                                                production and utilization is limited. The existing sources of
                                                coarse aggregate (local shell and inland gravel) are rapidly becoming
                                                depleted; future supplies.must come from farther inland sources.
                                                Unit value for aggregate and bulk constructional materials is low,
                                                generally no more than $1.00 per ton; transportation costs, commonly
                                                about $0.05 per ton mile greatly increase delivered costs. Such
                                                materials are absolutely essential to the large construction associated
                                                with industrial and urban areas; their availability at the lowest
                                                possible cost is desirable.

                                                                              16

                                                         Approximately 4 million tons of aggregate and fill material,
                                                    valued at about $4.5 million, was produced from the 18-county area
                                                    of the Coastal Zone during 1969. This total consisted chiefly of fill
                                                    sand obtained from old stream deposits in the vicinity of the larger
                                                    urban areas. Reserves of fill sand are large in all areas of the
                                                    Coastal lone except in the low-lying marshes.
                                                         A possible substitute for natural aggregates can be obtained
                                                    by the artificial manufacture of aggregates from clay. Such clay
                                                    deposits are numerous within the area. The process involves'calcining
                                                    or partial calcining of the clay ''o give an indurate material. The
                                                    artificial product is obtained at a higher cost than natural materials,
                                                    but will become more and more competitive in price as longer distance
                                                    imports become necessary.

                                                    Industr,,*aZ sa,,ds: Inventory has been completed recently by the
                                                    Bureau of Economic Geology on possible specialized or industrial uses
                                                    of sand deposits of the Coastal Zone. Such specialized uses as in
                                                    the nanufacture of glass, use as foundry sand, blast sand, chemical
                                                    feedstock, etc. command much higher unit price than ordinary construc-
                                                    tional fill sand. At present markets exist in the Houston, Beaumont,
                                                    and Corpus Christi areas for foundry, glass, and chemical silica
                                                    sands. These are currently imported from inland sources. Most local
                                                    deposits of sand in the Coastal Zone will require upgrading and
                                                    beneficiation to qualify for special industrial use. Modern beach
                                                    a@d dune sands of the Texas coast have been locally analyzed for heavy
                                                    mineral content as possible local sources of ilmenite, magnetite,
                                                    rutile, etc., but known concentrations are low. More detailed sampling
                                                    and analysis are needed.
                                                    Common cZa,@. Approximately 1 million tons of common clay, valued
                                                    at about $1.3 million is mined annually in the 18-county area of the
                                                    Texas Coastal Zone. Thirteen clay mining operations exist at present,
                                                    with local'clays used in the manufacture of portland cement and as
                                                    raw material for brick and ceramic products. Principal concentration
                                                    is in the Houston area.
                                                         Reserves of common clay within the Coastal Zone are essentially
                                                    limitless. - Most of the clays are unsuitable for the manufacture of
                                                    high-grade structural clay products or fine grade ceramic products,
                                                    owing to relatively high content of carbonates, iron, and other
                                                    impurities and to high plasticity. They are of only marginal value
                                                    for special nonceramic uses such as bleaching clays and drilling muds.
                                                         Local cZay3 of the Coastal Zone have been used for manufacture
                                                    of lightweight aggregate though no plants are operating in the Z8-county
                                                    area at present. The process involves rapid firing with expansion or
                                                    Iloaling of the artly vitrified clay to give a lightweight aggregate
                                                    for such uses as in concrete blocks and precast concrete. At present
                                                    such use is limited to certain areas just outside the immediate Coastal
                                                    Zone. Clays are also potential raw materials for artificial aggregates,
                                                    although cost of manufacture commonly exceeds costs of natural aggre-
                                                    gates. As the local natural aggregate supply is exhausted and longer
                                                    hauls are required, manufacture of clay aggregates from local clays
                                                    should become more competitive than at present.

                                                                                 17

                                                 Gypsum: Gypsum, a hydrated calcium sulfate used chiefly as a construc-
                                                 tional raw material, occurs in caprock deposits of many of the salt
                                                 domes of the Coastal Zone. Gypsum is not ammenable to solution mining
                                                 and must be recovered by underground operations. The occurrence of
                                                 ground water in strata above and around the deposits along with
                                                 hydrogen sulfide gas severely limit underground mining. Gypsum has
                                                 been mined from two domes within the coastal area - at Hockley Dome
                                                 in Harris County and at Gyp Hill in Brooks County (Plate 1). About
                                                 15,000 tons of gypsum were recovered at Hockley Dome in operations
                                                 from 1928-30 and 1944-47. Water problems forced abandonment of
                                                 operations in 1947. Intermittant production between 1929-41 yielded
                                                 about 350,000 tons from Gyp Hill.
                                                      Reserves of gypsum at HockZey and other deeper domes of the
                                                 Coastal Zone are large and a local market for sizeable production
                                                 exists. Unless satisfactory methods of underground mining are developed,
                                                 significant production in the Coastal Zone is unlikely.

                                                 E. IMPORTED RAW MATERIALS

                                                 Primary metals and metallic ores: No metal ore deposits exist in
                                                 the Coastal Zone other than the use of sea water and potential use
                                                 of brines in metal extraction. Ocean facilities for import and export,
                                                 relatively cheap and readily available fuel for power source, and
                                                 an existing market for metal products, result in a diverse primary
                                                 metals industry in the Coastal Zone based chiefly on imported ores.
                                                 Primary metal smelters, refineries, and reduction plants in the
                                                 Coastal Zone are listed in Table 7 and Plate 1.
                                                      Bauxite is processed to alumina and in turn reduced to metallic
                                                 aluminum by Alcoa at Point Comfort and by Reynolds at Ingleside;
                                                 the two companies have a combined annual capacity of 1.1 million
                                                 tons. American Smelting and Refining smelt zinc from imported ores
                                                 and concentrates, and recover cadmiun as a by-product at Corpus
                                                 Christi in a plant with annual capacity of 108,000 tons. Manganese
                                                 and iron ores are smelted at Houston by Tenn-Tex and Armco; tin
                                                 and tungsten ore are treated at Texas City by Lenway in a smelter
                                                 originally built by the Federal Government in 1942. Magnesium metal
                                                 is recovered from sea water by a chemical and electrolytic process
                                                 at two plants of Dow at Freeport; combined capacity of the tw6 plants
                                                 is 100,000 tons per year.

                                                 Barite: Barite, imported from out-of-State sources was processed
                                                 (ground and crushed) at two plants in Houston, one in Corpus Christi
                                                 and one in Brownsville. No natural occurrences exist in the Coastal
                                                 Zone. Use is as an additive in oil- and gas-well drilling muds.
                                                 Production and output are directly related to demands of the drilling
                                                 industry.

                                                 Pevlite and Vermiculite: Perlite and Vermiculite are natural raw
                                                 materials which upon heating expand to give a lightweight product
                                                 used as a lightweight aggregate in concrete, plaster aggregate, fillers,
                                                 and insulation. No deposits of these materials occur in the Coastal
                                                 Zone, although imported raw materials are processed at plants in Houston.

                                                 Table 7. PRIMARY METAL SMELTERS, REFINERIES, AND REDUCTION PLANTS,
                                                            TEXAS COASTAL ZONE

                                                                                            County              Material Treated

                                                 ALUMINUM

                                                     Aluminum Company of America
                                                          Point Comfort (alumina)           Calhoun             Bauxite (imported)
                                                          Point Comfort (reduction)         Calhoun             Alumina
                                                     Reynolds Metals
                                                          Sherwin Works (alumina)           San Patricio        Bauxite (imported)
                                                          San Patricio (reduction)          San Particio        Alumina

                                                 CADMIUM

                                                     American Smelting and Refining         Nueces              Flue dust
                                                 IRON Armco Steel (Houston)                 Harris              Ore (imported) and scrap

                                                 MAGNESIUM

                                                     Dow Chemical (Freeport plants)         Brazoria            Sea water (local)

                                                 MANGANESE

                                                     Tenn-Tex                               Harris              Ore (imported)

                                                 TIN AND TUNGSTEN

                                                     Lenway (Texas City)                    Galveston           Ore (imported)

                                                 ZINC

                                                     American Smelting and Refining         Nueces              Ore (imported) and
                                                                                                                  concentrates

                                                                                     19

                                                                      III SUMMARY

                                                    The Coastal Zone of Texas contains a variety of mineral resources
                                               which contribute massively to the economy of the area either directly
                                               in value of produced raw materials or indirectly through the industries
                                               they support, supply, and attract. Mineral resources range from
                                               those naturally scarce or nearing depletion such as aggregate, shell
                                               and sulfur, to those present in almost limitless supply such as salt,
                                               common clay, and fill sand. Reserves of oil and natural gas remain
                                               large, though addition to reserves has not kept pace with production
                                               in recent years. The decline and ultimate depletion of these basic
                                               raw materials will call for fundconental adjustment of the Coastal
                                               Zone industrial complex.

                                                                            20

                                                                          LOCATION MAP

                                                                                                                                                       4  49

                                                                                                                           PLATE I-A.

                                                                                  0 1 L F I E L D S I N T H E T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                                                              21

                                                           LOCATtON MAP

                                                                                                                                             Cl/

                                                                                              Z.,

                                                                                                        PLATE I-B.

                                                                    G A S F I E L D S i N T H E T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                                         22

                                                                                                                         A

                                                                                                            L

                                                                                                                  LEGEND

                                                                                                     A  Cement Plants

                                                                                                        Lime Plants

                                                                                                     N  Carbon Black Plants

                                                                                                        Primary Metal Processing Plants
                                                                          %                          0

                                                                                                     Mg Magnesium Compound (Extracted
                                                                                                        from Sea Water)
                                                                r

                                                                   L-------

                                                                                                PLATE I-C.

                                                    I ti E R A L P R 0 C E S S I N G P L A N T S I N T H E T E X A S C 0 A S T A L Z 0 N E

                                                                                                     23

                                                                                                                         4FG 4 1b
                                                                                                                                     S

                                                                                                                                     PG
                                                  LOCATION MAP                                                                     iLp

                                                                                                                                  S
                                                                                                 S

                                                                                                                              d,
                                                                                                      e,       S
                                                                                                          S
                                                                                            &LPG

                                                                                                        LEGEND

                                               S                                                salt Domes

                                                                                                Salt Mines

                                                                                          S     Frasch Sulfur

                                                                                         (3)    Secondary Recovery Sulphur

                                                                                                Sulphur (Depleted Dome)

                                                                                         LPG    LPG Storage Domes

                                                         ----------                             Gyps- Mine (abd)

                                                                                                Major Oyster Reefs

                                                                               L 0 C A T 10 N 0 F M I N E R A L D E P 0 S I T S

                                                                                 IN THE TEXAS COASTAL ZONE

                                                                                       24           PLATE I-D.

                                                                           A G R I C U L T U R E      I N   T H E

                                                                                   COASTAL          Z 0 N E

                                                                                           Prepared by

                                                                              TEXAS AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION

                                                                                               AND

                                                                                        SEAGRANT PROGRAM

                                                                                          Charles Baker

                                                                                          Jack L. Jones

                                                                                         Jack C. Parke

                                                                                          October 1970

                                                                                               for

                                                                              COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                              INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                                DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                                     OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                   Introduction

                                               I. Existing Agricultural Practices

                                              II.  Shrinw :arMing

                                            III. Marine Commercial Fisheries

                                             IV.   Appendices: Details of Agricultural Production

                                                   A.  Gulf Coast Study Region

                                                   B.  Farm Characteristics of the Texas Coastal Zone, 1949-1964

                                                   C.  Land Available for Food, Fiber and Forestry Products in

                                                       the Texas Coastal Zone, 1967

                                                   D.  Farm Production Trends in Texas Coastal Zone: Value of

                                                       Farm Products 1949-1967

                                                   E.  Agricultural Cash Receipts in the Texas Coastal Zone;

                                                       Estimates for 1968-69, Projections for 1975-76

                                                   F.  Population Changes in the Texas Coastal Zone, 1960-1970

                                                   G.  Agricultural Employment in the Coastal Zone of Texas

                                                   H.  ASCS Program Data for the Texas Coastal Zone, 1969

                                                   I.  Livestock Production in the Texas Coastal Zone

                                                   J.  Cotton Production in the Texas Coastal Zone

                                                   K.  Grain Sorghum Production in the Texas Coastal Zone

                                                   L.  Dairying in the Texas Coastal Zone

                                                   M.  Poultry Products in the Texas Coastal Zone

                                                   N.  Specified Farm Expenditures in the Texas Coastal Zone, 1964

                                                   0.  Irrigated Rice: Value at Farm-Level of Expenditures for

                                                       Production Imports Normally Included in Budgets

                                                        A G R I C U L T U R E       I N     T H E     T E X A S     C 0 A S T A L      Z 0 N E

                                                                      INTRODUCTION

                                                                            Agriculture in the Coastal Zone is very diverse, especially
                                                                      if one considers the many developments which may arise as the
                                                                      result developments in mari-culture. This brief report will
                                                                      consist of 4 sections:

                                                                            I. Overview of Existing Agricultural Production and
                                                                                Expected Trends

                                                                            II. Shrimp Farming

                                                                        III. Marine Commercial Fisheries

                                                                         IV. Appendices: Details of Agricultural Production

                                                                                  1. EXISTING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

                                                                            Traditionally, Agriculture has been the major economic force
                                                                      in the Texas Coastal Zone. In 1969, total cash receipts from
                                                                      agricultural marketings totaled $550,9S3,000 and Government
                                                                      payments under agricultural programs added $56,570,837 for a
                                                                      total gross return to farmers and ranchers of $607,523,837.
                                                                      Cash receipts are expected to increase more than 30 percent by
                                                                      1976.

                                                                            Further impact on the economy is made through purchase by
                                                                      farmers and ranchers of over $400 million ef production supplies.
                                                                      About $595 million of value is added to Coastal Zone Agricultural
                                                                      Commodities in processing and distribution operations. The total
                                                                      income from agribusiness in the Zone was about $1,046 billion in
                                                                      1969.

                                                                            Nineteen million acres or about 90 percent of the total
                                                                      land area in the Zone is classified as agricultural. This land
                                                                      and   its improvements were valued at more than $3 billion in the
                                                                      1964 Census of Agriculture. Off-farm agribusiness facilities
                                                                      are numerous as evidenced by the 202 cotton gins, 88 grain
                                                                      elevators and 10 cotton-oil mills. The cotton gins alone were
                                                                      valued at over $24 millioh in 1959.

                                                                            The most important measure of the importance of agriculture
                                                                      to the Coastal Zone of Texas is its people. The rural population
                                                                      of 1,715,283 in 1970 is about 50 percent of the total population.
                                                                      Of this number, 71,620 are agricultural workers on the 33,000
                                                                      farms and ranches. Off-farm agribusiness fi ms are a larger
                                                                      part of the remaining working forces in the Zone.

                                                                                                     I

                                                       Agriculture in the Coastal Zone is more diverse than in
                                                  any other 36 county areas of Texas. This diversity is influenced
                                                  by soil, water, climate, urbanization, and the petrochemical and
                                                  ocean shipping industries. The eastern section contains the
                                                  rice bowl of the State and the southwestern section contains       most
                                                  of the citrus and vegetable production. Cotton, grain sorghum
                                                  and beef cattle have important production areas in the Zone and
                                                  some areas are notable for agricultural diversification.

                                                       Rice production in the Zone during 1969 was 21,561,000 cwts,
                                                  returning an estimated $103,EOI,000 to farmers. Acres planted
                                                  to rice numbered about 547,000. An estimated $66.5 million in
                                                  farm-level expenditures were required to produce this crop.
                                                       Cotton production in 1969 totaled 372,035 bales from
                                                  560,310 acres with farm value of $61,159,200. Expenditures
                                                  at farm-level in producing this crop were about $74.6 million.
                                                  Government payments to cotton farmers in the Zone amounted
                                                  to $45 million.

                                                       Grain Sorghum production was 81.3 million bushels from
                                                  1.4 mill ion acres during 1969, Cash receipts of $68.5 million
                                                  were augmented by $8 million in government payments. Farm
                                                  level expenditures in producing this crop were about $43.3
                                                  million.

                                                       Corn production in the Zone during 1969 was about 4.9
                                                  million bushels which returned $6,390,500. Farmers spent
                                                  about $4 million to produce the crop.

                                                       There is a significant amount of animal production in
                                                  '.,@_,e Coastal Zone, There are an estimated 1,830,000 farm
                                                  animals, of which 53,500 are milk cows, 1,161,000 are beef
                                                  cattle, 70,000 are beef calves, 100,000 are hogs, 12,000 are
                                                  sheep, and 5,000 are ewes. As of 1969, 43 feedlots are
                                                  operating and they marketed 206,000 head in 1969. Also,
                                                  63,000 pounds of wool and 7,000 pounds of mohair were sold.
                                                  The 53,500 milk cows produced 3,844,700 cwt valued at $25,794.
                                                  other receipts from farm animals included: hens and pullets
                                                  $1,166,000; eggs - $14,633,000, broilers - $3,250,000 and
                                                  turkeys - $1,658,000.

                                                       One citizen elected from each of the 15 counties contiguous
                                                  with Texas coastal waters act as a Coastal Land Resources
                                                  Advisory 'o-i  ttee to the Agricultural Extension Service.
                                                  This committee Identified the following agricultural problems9
                                                  opportunities and research necessary for the development of
                                                  the coastal land and marshes of Texas on September 10, 1970,
                                                  at Houston, Texas.

                                                       1. Shoreline stabilization research needed.

                                                       2. Investigation and selection of vegetation with high

                                                                                 2

                                                                       nutritional value adaptable to saline conditions of
                                                                       the coastal marsh.

                                                                   3.  Identification of the effect of agricultural insecti-
                                                                       cides on estuarine waters, waterfowl, fish and
                                                                       crustaceans of bay waters.

                                                                   4.  Identification relative to effect and cost of drainage
                                                                       of coastal marsh for maximum economic utilization.

                                                                   5.  Investigation needed to identify methods to eliminate
                                                                       brush and noxious weeds, such as Ratama, McCartney Rose,
                                                                       Star Thistle.

                                                                   6.  Investigations needed to determine methods of abating
                                                                       the blowing salt dusts from the Laguna Madre.

                                                                   7.  Feasability of desalination of bay waters for agri-
                                                                       cultural use.

                                                                   8.  Effects of the dredging of bays on prime habitat of
                                                                       fishes and crustaceans.

                                                                   9.  Investigation of land use controls for maximum orderly
                                                                       development.

                                                                   10. Investigation of effects of industrial wastes disposal
                                                                       on coastal fish habitat.

                                                                   11. Identification of new cash crops needed.

                                                                                   11.  SHRIMP FARMING *

                                                                   Shrimp farming may have a future in Texas and thus add to
                                                              the economic value of the coastal lowlands. Researchers will
                                                              soon find out through Texas A&M University's Sea Grant Program
                                                              which will study the economic potential in raising the delicacy
                                                              on Texas' coastal marshlands and bay shores.

                                                                   Combined efforts of the Texas Agricultural Extension Service,
                                                              Agricultural Research Station at Angleton, Brazoria County
                                                              Mosquito Control District, Commissioner's Court, Texaco and Dow
                                                              Chemical Company have made possible examination of the feasibility
                                                              of shrimp farming in Texas on a commercial basis.

                                                                   There is more enthusiasm for the possibiZities of commerciaZ
                                                              cuZture of crustaceans than of any other kind of seafood. The
                                                              market demand for shrimp in the United States, for example,
                                                              seems insatiable. In 1968 the United States imported 209.5
                                                              million pounds of shrimp, almost 30 million more pounds than it

                                                                      Jack C. Parker

                                                                                           3

                                                   produced. In Japan there is a high and growing demand for
                                                   shrimp, and the Japanese are buying large quantities from many
                                                   parts of the world.

                                                         This strong demand has raised the price of shrimp to high
                                                   ZeveZs-   In 1969 the retail price of edible shrimp in Texas
                                                   ranged from about $7.20 to $1.70 per pound (heads off) and for
                                                   live bair -om $3.00 to $4.50 per pound. Consistently high
                                                   market .aiue encourges the hope that profitable culture operations
                                                   r-.,- be possible.

                                                   FARM ESTABLISHED

                                                         Funds were made available to the Texas Agricultural
                                                   Extension Service in September 1968. Texaco provided the site,
                                                   a marshland area on the West Galveston Bay shore in Brazoria
                                                   County. Construction of pond levees began in February 1969
                                                   with equipment provided by the Brazoria County Commissioner's
                                                   Court under the direction of J. C. McNeill III, Director of
                                                   the Brazoria County Mosquito Control District. Natural marsh
                                                   ponds or "potholes," as well as small reservoirs ranging from
                                                   1/2- to 2 112- acres, will be used in the study.

                                                         Texas' 200,000 acres of coastal lowlands and marshes are
                                                   especially suited for pond culture because of the high clay
                                                   content in the soil. Using bulldozers or draglines, ponds can
                                                   be leveed which will hold water, allowing very little seepage.

                                                         Research shows enough shrimp can be raised in ponds of
                                                   this type for commerciaZ production.      However, pond construction
                                                   costs and harvest techniques, so far, have hindered production.
                                                   This new program will attack these problems and evaluate stocking
                                                   rates and food supplements, while looking for economically
                                                   sound shrimp farming practices.

                                                         Initially, ponds will be stocked with postlarvae shrimp
                                                   (about 1/4- to 1/2-inch long) at a rate of 20,000 per acre.
                                                   From 80 to 120 days are required to produce a marketable crop.
                                                   In that time, the shrimp grow to between 5 and 6 inches (25
                                                   to 30 shrimp per pound) and yields in experimental ponds in
                                                   Louisiana have ranged as high as 800 pounds per acre. The
                                                   .,growing season" is expected to last from late March through
                                                   early November. Ponds, therefore, can be stocked at least
                                                   twice during the year.

                                                   POTENTIAL GOOD

                                                         Three species of shrimp are harvested commercially on the
                                                   Texas coast: brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus; white shrimp,
                                                   Penaeus setiferus; and pin@ shrimp, Penaeus duorarum. All
                                                   have farming potential, are marine species and require salt
                                                   water. With proper acclimation, however, waters of low salinity
                                                   are suitable for farming.

                                                                                   4

                                                                    All three species spawn in the Gulf. The eggs hatch there
                                                               and pass through three larval stages before emerging as post-
                                                               larvae which are essentially miniature adults. The postlarvae
                                                               move into the bays in the early spring. They utilize these
                                                               waters as a "nursery area" and return to the Gulf to mature.

                                                               SEED STOCK PRODUCTION

                                                                    Postlarvae seed shrimp for experimental farming purposes
                                                               are provided by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries at Galveston
                                                               from female shrimp spawned under artificial conditions in the
                                                               laboratory. One female shrimp may produce as many as 200,000
                                                               postlarvae. Harchery-reared postlarvae are not presently avail-
                                                               able on a commercial scale; however, a pilot hatchery operated
                                                               by the Dow Chemical Company should be producing seed stock for
                                                               experimental purposes this year. It is hoped that this hatchery
                                                               will be the forerunner to our first commercial operation.

                                                                    Many pond culture experiments have been conducted using
                                                               small shrimp captured from the bays, but this method of obtaining
                                                               seed stock would not be commercially practical because of the
                                                               necessity to conserve the natural stock for the perpetuation of
                                                               future generations.

                                                               NEW RESEARCH

                                                                    Most studies now in progress in shrimp culture are intended
                                                               primarily to facilitate relatively low-density practices for
                                                               use on inexpensive coastal land--synonymous to pasture grazing
                                                               practices in the beef industry. In order for industry to parti-
                                                               cipate profitably, however, techniques for a high-density
                                                               (intensive) culture system--along the lines of a beef cattle
                                                               feeder lot--are needed. Both low- and high-density rearing
                                                               practices are presently employed successfully in catfish culture,
                                                               and with additional research, techniques for intensive shrimp
                                                               culture should also be developed. In order to augment the
                                                               present field efforts of the Texas Agricultural Extension
                                                               Service, a cooperative project with the Dow Chemical Company
                                                               will explore the feasibility of an intensive shrimp culture
                                                               system. Extension personnel presently involved in the mari-
                                                               culture program will cooperate with Dow in this effort and
                                                               have access to the results of this research.

                                                                    The possibilities look good to those associated with
                                                               research in this field. Undoubtedly, many problems will arise
                                                               as research progresses, but success in these initial experiments
                                                               could lead the way toward development of a new means of food
                                                               production and an additional means of utilizing our coastal
                                                               marshlands.

                                                                                            5

                                                             III. MARINE COMERCIAL FISHERIES

                                               INTRODUCTION
                                               State Marine organisms that inhabit the seas around the United
                                                    s constitute some of our most valuable renewable natural
                                               resources. Just how lonq these resources have been harvested
                                               by man is unknown, but because of advances in technology and
                                               harvesting techniques, the United States in 1968 placed fifth
                                               in the total world production of fishery products. Countries
                                               that exceeded the United States in fishery production were
                                               Norway, China (Mainland), U.S.S.R., Japan, and Peru.. Never
                                               theZess in 1968, United States fishermen harvested approxi-
                                               mately L4 billion pounds or about 4 percent of the world
                                               catch of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, etc.

                                                    The United States catch in 1968 was made up of numerous
                                               marine species, but dollarwise the five most important in
                                               decreasing value were shrimp, salmon, tuna, crabs, and oysters.
                                               Of these, shrimp, crabs, and oysters were of considerable
                                               importance in the Gulf of Mexico and, more specifically, to
                                               the fishing industry of Texas.   For example, the Gulf States
                                               accounted for 73 percent of the total United States shrimp
                                               production in 1967. Texas, the   greatest producer dollar-
                                               wise, was followed by Louisiana  and Florida. Louisiana
                                               produced the greatest volume of  shrimp, but because they
                                               sanctioned the harvest of shrimp at a smaller size than did
                                               Texas, the dollar value was considerably less.

                                               TEXAS SHRII@T HARVEST

                                                    Three species of shrimp--brown, white, and pink, comprise
                                               the bulk of the shrimp harvest from the Gulf of Mexico.
                                               Landings from Texas waters, however, are made up of white and
                                               brown shrimp, with the browns predominating. These shrimp
                                               are harvested from offshore waters (those over the continental
                                               shelf) and inshore or estuarine waters.
                                                    Between 1961 and 1967, the total harvest 1 of shrimp
                                               offshore increased from 22.3 million pounds (heads off) worth
                                               13.3 million dollars to 55.4 million pounds valued at 38.6
                                               million dollars (Fig. 1). Despite the slight decrease in
                                               landings, in 1968, to 38.6 million pounds worth 33.1 million
                                               dollars the trend over the 8-year period from 1961 to 1968
                                               showed an overall increase in shrimp landings from Texas waters.

                                                       Jack Parker

                                                       During this period, catches of pink shrimp did not
                                                       exceed 42,000 pounds.

                                                                            6

                                          400-             Total Value

                                          300

                                          2W-

                                     .3   100-

                                          S00-
                                                                Total Landings

                                                                                                                    white
                                          300-                                                                      shrbnp
                                     8

                                                                                                                    brown
                                     A    100                                                                       shrimp

                                                     '61     '62      '63      '64     '65      '66      '67
                                                                                   Year

                                              Figure 1. Total pounds, value, and catch composition of shrimp harvested from offshore Texas waters, 1961-1968.

                                                         Despite this increase, which is also reflected in total
                                                    United States shrimp landings, the consumer demand was not met.
                                                    The increasing demand for shrimp was reflected by United States
                                                    shrimp imports that increased from 134 million to 209 million
                                                    pounds between 1961 and 1968.

                                                         Shrimp taken from inshore or estuarine waters are used for
                                                    two purposes: bair shrimp for the sportsfisherman, and food.
                                                    There are a number of Texas estuaries from which shrimpare
                                                    harvested, yet limited landing statistics are available only
                                                    for Galveston Bay, an area estimated to produce approximately
                                                    50 percent of the total inshore shrimp harvest. The yearly
                                                    value of shrimp taken from this area for bait and food in-
                                                    creased gradually from 3.6 million dollars in 1966 to 5.8
                                                    million in 1969 (Table 1).

                                                    Table 1. Yearly Landings of Shrimp from Galveston Bay, 1966-1969.

                                                                   heads on              heads off
                                                              Bait Shrimp Catch       Food Shrimp Catch        Combined

                                                    Year       Weight      Value      Weight        Value         Value

                                                             Pounds        Dollars   Pounds       Dollars      Dollars

                                                    1966      785,900      872,900   3,677,300    2,8035400    3,676,300

                                                    1967    1,087,800   1,271,800    6,200,600    3,581,600    4,853,400

                                                    1968    1,102,600   1,336,800    4,740,100    3,767,100    5,103,900

                                                    1969    1,007,500   1,259,375    5,629,500    4,579,000    5,838,375

                                                    TEXAS OYSTER HARVEST

                                                         Oysters are harvested from a number of Texas bays, but the
                                                    single greatest producer has been Galveston Bay. Landings from
                                                    this area have accounted for at least 80 percent of the total
                                                    catch between 1961 and 1968. In 1965 Galveston Bay oysters
                                                    accounted for 95 percent of the states's landings.

                                                         Total landings from Texas waters increased from about 1.0
                                                    million pounds in 1961 to 4.8 million pounds in 1965 (Fig. 2).
                                                    In the succeeding years, however, landings decreased gradually
                                                    to 3.3 million pounds in 1968. Values followed a similar trend,
                                                    but peaked in 1966 rather than in 1965.

                                                    TEXAS CRAB HARVEST

                                                         As opposed to  definite trends in shrimp and oyster landings
                                                    between 1961 and 1968, there is no clear-cut trend in crab landings

                                                                                   8

                                                                                       So-
                                                                                       40-                                                                                                                      Total "ruling,                     40

                                                                                       30-                                                                                                                                                         30

                                                                                       20-                                                                                                                       Value                             20

                                                                                       10-                                                                                                                                                         to.

                                                                                                           '6'1            '6'2             '6'3            '6'4             '6'5            '6'6             67              '6'1             '69

                                                                                                                                                                   Year

                                                                                              Figure 2. Undings (pounds) and value (dollm) of oysters harvested from Texas waters, 1961-1968.

                                                                                                                                                                      9

                                                 from Texas waters (Fig. 3). The greatest number of pounds
                                                 (4.4 million) were harvested in 1962, but the value of the
                                                 catch was greatest in 1968 when 329 thousand dollars were
                                                 paid for a harvest of4.0 million pounds.  The only definite trend
                                                 associated with the harvest of blue crabs has been the gradual
                                                 increase in processing plants from 4 in 1963 to 12 in 1968.

                                                      The reason for the fluctuations in yearly landings is not
                                                 apparent, but it seems probable that in certain states, part-
                                                 icularly Texas, fishermen prefer shrimping to crabbing because
                                                 of the greater remuneration.

                                                                             10

                                                                                            Total Landings
                                                        40-

                                                        30-

                                                                                                                                                         Value

                                                                      '61         '62         '63         '64         '65         '66         '67        '68

                                                                                                               Year

                                                            Figure 3. The harvest (pionds) and value (dollars) of blue crabs front Texas waters, 1961-1968.

                                                              IV APPENDICES: DETAILS OF AGRICULTULAL PRODUCTION

                                                                             GULF COAST STUDY REGION

                                                                                Aransas           4
                                                                                Austin            8
                                                                                Bee             13
                                                                                Brazoria        20
                                                                                Brooks          24
                                                                                Calhoun         29
                                                                                Cameron         31
                                                                                Chambers        36
                                                                                Colorado        45
                                                                                DeWitt          62
                                                                                Duval           66
                                                                                Fort Bend       79
                                                                                Galveston       84
                                                                                Goliad          88
                                                                                Harris          101
                                                                                Hidalgo         108
                                                                                Jackson         120
                                                                                Jefferson       123
                                                                                Jim Well a      125
                                                                                Kenedy          131
                                                                                Kleberg         137
                                                                                Lavaca          143
                                                                                Liberty         146
                                                                                Live Oak        149
                                                                                McMullen        155
                                                                                Matagorda       160
                                                                                Montgomery      169
                                                                                Nueces          177
                                                                                Orange          180
                                                                                Refugio         195
                                                                                San Patricio    204
                                                                                Victoria        234
                                                                                Walker          235
                                                                                Waller          236
                                                                                Wharton         240
                                                                                Willacy         244

                                                                                   12

                                                      FARM CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEXAS COASTAL ZONE, 1949-L964

                                                               1949                     1954                     1959                     1964

                   Number of Farms                                49,807                   46,101                   38,393                    33,529

                   Average Acres per Farm                           354.0                    388.4                    470.9                     532.1

                   Total Land in Farms                       17,633,590                17,907,530               18,079,930                17,841,267

                   Value of Land and Buildings
                      per Farm                                   $20,470                  $34,437                  $57,771                   $92,079

                   Total Value of Farm Land and
                      Buildings                          $1,229,755,300            $1,587,592,814           $2,218,018,904           $3,087,318,217

                   Agriculture  Census, 1949, 1954, 1959, and 1964

                                                         Land Available for Food, Fiber and Forestry Products in the Texas
                                                                                   Coastal Zone, 1967

                                                   Land Use Classification                      Dry          Irrigated          Total
                                                                                              (1,000)           (1,000)         (1,000)

                                                  All Row Crops:                              2,131                608          2,739

                                                  Close Grown Crops                             175                564            739

                                                  Sumer Fallow                                      1                 0              1

                                                  Rotation Hay and Pasture                      589                560          1,149

                                                  Hayland                                       137                   0           137

                                                  Conservation Use only                           65                  0           65

                                                  Temporary Idle Cropland                       281                   9           290

                                                  Orchards, Vineyards, Bush Pruit                   8               87            95

                                                  Dryland Formerly Cropped                      285                   0           285

                                                  Total Crop Land                             3,624              1,877          5,501

                                                  Pasture                                     29545                 34          2,579

                                                  Range, Dry                                  7,382                   0         7,382

                                                  Forest!

                                                    Commercial                                1,842                   0         1,842
                                                    Non-Comercial                             1,197                   0         l'IL97
                                                    Total                                     3,039                   0         3,(
                                                    Comnercial Grazed                         1,261                   0         1,:
                                                    Non-Co=ercial Grazed                        956                   0           956
                                                    Total Grazed                              2,217                   0         2,217

                                                  Other Land

                                                    In Farms                                    239                   0           239
                                                    Not tn Farms                                450                   0           450
                                                    Total                                       689                   0           689

                                                  Total Land Available for Production
                                                  of Food, Fiber and Forestry Products: 17,279                   1,911          19,190

                                                                                       14

                                                     Farm Production Trends in Texas Coastal Zone: Value of Farm Products
                                                                                      1949-1976

                                                     Year                      Cash Receipts ($1000)             Percent Change

                                                     1949-1'                           357,798

                                                     19547                             368,951                          + 3
                                                     1959 l/                           389,184                          + 5
                                                          l/
                                                     196,@-                            421,175                          + 8
                                                     1969-2/                           528,072                          + 25
                                                     Projected 197J/                   690,997                          + 31

                                                          U. S. Census of Agriculture
                                                     V    Texas Crop and Livestock Reporting Service

                                                     3/
                                                          Texas Agricultural Extension Service, "3.76 in '76" Program,
                                                          unpublished data

                                                                                         15

                                                              AGRICULTURAL CASH RECEIPTS IN ME TEXAS COASTAL ZONE;
                                                                   ESTIMATES FOR 1968-69, PROJECTIONS FOR 1975-76

                                                                                                                 Projected       Projected
                                                                         Covmty Cash Receipts                     Increase     Cash Receipts
                                                                                                   1968-69       1968-69 to       Average
                                              Commodity            1968            1969            Average         1975@76       1975-1976
                                                                  $1000           $1000             $1000           $1000         $1000

                                            Cotton              49199.4         53094.6            51147.0         10609.9       61756.9
                                            Cottonseed          9177.7           8064.6            8621.1           1006.7        9627.9
                                            Wheat                 231.1           155.6             193.3             80.3         273.6
                                            Oats                   76.5            97.4               87.6            53.1         140.1
                                            Sorghum             56147.5         68450.1            62298.8         26295.3       88593.9
                                            Corn                6053.9           6390.5            6222.2           2118.7        8340.9
                                            Soybeans            1509.2           1065.6            1287.4             696.5       1983.9
                                            Peanuts             1232.1           1018.1            1125.1             533.9       1659.0
                                            Cowpeas               107.0           109.0             108.0             50.8         158.8
                                            Broomcorn             381.5           282.9             332.2               0.1
                                            Flaxseed            1169.4           1838.4            1503.9             317.9       1 ---
                                            Bay                 8020.4           7583.1            7801.7          .4848.7       12650.4
                                            Nursery             2859.0           3606.0            3232.5           2094'.5       5327.0
                                            Sweet clover             0.0             0.0               0.0            41.0            41
                                            Vetch seed               7.0           10.0                8.5            12.0            2. :5
                                            Rice               136695.7         103501.5          120098.6         17733.9       137832.4
                                            Peaches                14.0            15.0               14.5            75.0            89.5
                                            Figs                  108.0           115.0             111.5             10.0         121.5
                                            Pecans              2,790.0           294.9            1542.4             982.8       2525  2
                                            Grapefruit          9775.4          12252.4            11013.9            810.0      11823  9
                                            Oranges             8145.3           5286.3            6715.8             493.0       6222.8
                                            Vegetables          42718.0         52289.3            47503.6         20630.3       68133.9
                                            Other crops           412.0           446.0            . 429.0         .  286.0        715.0
                                            TOTAL ALL CROPS   336830.          325966.           331398.           88794.        420192.

                                                                                             16

                                                                                                                  Projected       Projected
                                                                               County Cash Receipts                Increase    Cash Receipts
                                                                                                     1968-69      1968-69 to   Avg. 1975-76
                                                 Commodity               1968          1969          Average        1975-76
                                                                        $1000         $1000          $1000           $1000          $1000

                                               Honey                        90.0         22.5            56.3           8.7             64.9
                                               Eggs                     11139.0       12097.0        11618.0         3014.5         14632.5
                                               Broilers                  1725.8        1987.4          1856.6        1393.5          3250.1
                                               Turkeys                   1661.2        1481.7          1571.4           86.1         1657.5
                                               Milk                     23842.4       25794.0        24818.2         4075.0         28893.2
                                                                          145.7          143 9           144.8          0 .1           144.9
                                               Mohair                        1.7           1:5             1.6          0:0              1.6
                                               Fed beef                 23165.7       26262.4        24714.0         5768.4         30482.4
                                               W00their beef            111544.0      124960.8       118252.4       41942.2         160194.4
                                               Beef cows                 2000.0        2500.0          2250.0         750.0          3000.0
                                               Milk cows                 2300.5        2360.0          2330.3         347.0          2677.2
                                               Hogs                      4422.8        5425.8          4924.3        4134.0          9058.3
                                               Sheep                      109.3          117.0           113.1          5.1            118.2
                                               Goats                         9.1         13.1            11.1           6.1             17.2
                                               Hens and pullets           801.2          861.6           831.4        334.4          1165.8
                                               Horses                    2924.1        3698.1          3311.1        1901.1          5212.2
                                               @ther livestock           2206*3        2201,3          2201*3        1101*2          3307*5
                                                 cockers                  800.0        1120.0            960.0        790.0          1750.0
                                               TOTAL LIVESTOCK
                                               & LIVESTOCK
                                               PRODUCTS                201516.       224987.         213251.        77102.          290354.
                                               Forestry                  7694.5        8057.2          7875.8        4361.8         12237.6
                                               Fish farming                 92.0         315.0           203.5       2828.5          3032.0
                                               Hunting (leases)          4521.0        5239.1          4880.0        2808.8          7688.8
                                               Fishing (leases)             68.0         69.0            68.5         147.0            215.5
                                               Recreation                 252.1          254.1           253.1       1299.0          1552.1
                                               TOTAL CASH RECEIPTS     538346.       550953.         544650.       165896.          710546.

                                                                                                17

                                                       POPULATION CHANGES IN THE TEXAS COASTAL ZONE, 1960-1970

                                                                           1960            .1970     Percent Change

                                                   Urban                 1,435,423       1,715,283       19.5

                                                   Percent Urban                50              50

                                                   Rural                1,449,603        1,725,702       19.0

                                                   Percent Rural                50              50

                                                   TOTAL                2,885,026        3,440,985       19.3

                                                                                  18

                                                       Agricultural Employment in The Coastal Zone ol Texas               1915-1119

                                                                                      1965       1966       1967      1968       1969

                                                     Operators and Family
                                                     workers in Labor Force           24,980    24,165     23,560    23,155     22,960

                                                     Regular Hired Workers            18,215    18,250     18,275    18,295     18,320

                                                     Seasonal Hired Workers           33,210    32,460     32,260    28,970     30,360

                                                     TOTAL Agricultural Workers       79,845    74,775     74,990    70,420     71,620

                                                                                            19

                                                             ASCS PROGRAM DATA FOR THE -XAS COASTAL ZONE, 1969

                                             Number of      Cropland    Number of     Number of      Allotment       Diverted        Number of       Units Amounts
                                             Total          Acres        Allotment    Partici-       Acres in        Acres in            Loans       Under Disbursed
                                             Farms                        Acres       pating         Partici-        Partici-                        Loan
                                                                                      Farms          pating Farms    pating Farms

                  All Farm Data                62,805      6,496,063                                                                                            56,570,837

                  Agricultural Con-
                  servation Program                          587,977                     6,746                                                                  2,774,801

                  Crop Land Adjust-
                  ment Program                                 28,430                      193                                                                     444,440

                  Soil Bank Con-
                  servation Reserve                             4,244                       31                                                                       53,957

                  Peanut Acreage
                  Allotments                                 178,229                       524         223,839

                  Rice Allotments
                  and Supports                               545,470                     1,973         548,391                           1,975     6,128,012    28,947,479
                                                                                                                                                     (Cwt)
                  Upland Cotton
                  Program                       27,103                      955,947     22,005         939,033           12,322A'                               45,025,731

                  Feed Grain Program            31,154                   1,719,082       7,508         583,136          267,915                                 8,233,803

                  Wheat Program                     83                           344          6               56              25                                        266

                  Corn Price Supports                                                                                                         4        5,195          5,752
                                                                                                                                                         (bu)
                  Sorghum Price Supports                                                                                                    176      646,077    1,194,512
                                                                                                                                                       (cwt)
                  Honey Price Supports                                                                                                        6      74,349           9,789
                                                                                                                                                       (lbs)
                  Soybean Price Supports                                                                                                      2      16,506          36,583
                                                                                                                                                         (bu)
                  Cotton Price Supports                                                                                                  1,004       22,950     2,372,775
                                                                                                                                                     (bales)
                  Wool and Mohair Program                                                                                                   475      168,233         29,964
                                                                                                                                                       (lbs)

                                                                    LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN THE TEXAS COASTAL ZONE

                                                                                                  Inventory of Farm Animals
                                                                                             January 1, 1969     January 1, 1970

                                                                                                  (head)              (head)

                                                        All cattle                             1,878,000            1,830,000

                                                        Milk cows,  2 years and over               54,800             53,500

                                                        Beef cows,  2 years and over           1,105,000            1,161,000

                                                        Beef calves on feed                         77,000            70,000

                                                        Hogs                                      125,000             100,000

                                                        Sheep                                       13,000            12,000

                                                        Ewes, I year and over                        6,000              5,000

                                                                               Feed Lot Capacities and Livestock Product Marketings
                                                                                                  1968                1969

                                                        Number of feed lots                       48                   43

                                                        Feed lot capacity (head)               152,000                139,000

                                                        Fed beef marketings (head)             178,000                206,000

                                                        Wool (pounds)                             74,000              63,000

                                                        Mohair (pounds)                           12,000                 7,000

                                                                                              21

                                                                  COTTON PRODUCTION IN THE TEXAS COASTAL ZONE

                                                                                               1968            1969

                                                        ACREAGE

                                                          Planted                           475,330          560,310

                                                          Harvested                         425,440          516,750

                                                        YIELD PER ACRE

                                                          Planted                                256              331

                                                          Harvested                              285              360

                                                        PRODUCTION (500 # BALES)            242,450          372,035
                                                        CASH RECEIPTS ($1000)2f             169,857          141,291

                                                            Includes cotton lint and cottonseed

                                                                                      22

                                                                  Grain Sorghum Production in the Texas Coastal Zone

                                                                                                        1968          1969

                                                          Acreage:

                                                            Planted                                   1,299,700    1,427,300

                                                            Harvested                                 1,180,800     1,314,700

                                                          Yield per Harvested Acre                           48            62

                                                          Total Production of Grain (1,000 bu.)          56,802       81,270

                                                          Value of Grain Produced ($1,000)               56,148       68,450

                                                             Value of grain production in 1976 is projected at $88.6 million.

                                                                                              23

                                                                        Dairying in the Texas Coastal Zone

                                                     Number of Milk Cows (2 years and over)

                                                         January 1, 1969                                          54,800

                                                         January 1, 1970                                          53,500

                                                     Milk Production (cwt)

                                                          1968                                                  3,870,890

                                                          1969                                                  3,844,700

                                                      Cash Receipts from Milk Sales ($1,000)

                                                          1968                                                    23,842
                                                          1969                                                    25,794
                                                          Projected 1976                                          28,893

                                                                                      24

                                                                        Poultry Products in the Texas Coastal Zone.

                                                                                              1968          1969            1976

                                                           Hans and Pulletr 11,000 hd,I       1,757         1,411

                                                             Cash Receipts ($1,000)              801           862         1,166

                                                           Eggs (1,000 dozen)                32,649         24,569

                                                             Cash Receipts ($1,000)          11,139         12,097        14,633

                                                           Broilers (1,000 hd.)               3,025         2,694

                                                              Cash Receipts ($1,000)          1,726         1,987          3,250

                                                           Turkeys (1,000 hd.)                   569           490

                                                              Cash Receipts ($1,000)          1,661         1,482          1,658

                                                                                             25

                                                            Specified Farm Expenditures in the Texas Coastal Zone, 1964

                                                                   Item                        Expenditure($1,000)

                                                                   Feed for Livestock and Poultry
                                                                       Feed grains                           8,715
                                                                       Co=ercial feeds                     28,813
                                                                       Hay and Roughage                      5,568
                                                                       Total                               43,096
                                                                   Purc base of Livestock and Poultry
                                                                       Livestock                           25,227
                                                                       Poultry                               2,362
                                                                       Total                               27,589
                                                                   Seeds, Bulbs, Plants and Trees          10,940
                                                                   Fertilizer                              20,746
                                                                   Fuel and Oil                            23,165
                                                                   Machine hire                            18,820
                                                                   Hired Labor                             45,495

                                                                   Total Specified Expenditures            189,851

                                                                   U.S. Census of Agriculture, 1964.

                                                                                       26

                                                               Irrigated Rice: Value at farm-level of expenditures for production
                                                                    ITEM       imports normally included in budgets       VALUE
                                                                                                                       (Mil. Dol.)

                                                                    Seed:

                                                                       Home Produced                                      1.44
                                                                       Pr based                                           4.33
                                                                    'u.utoc Service:

                                                                       Irrigation                                         5.45
                                                                       Aerial Application                                 2.73
                                                                       Drying                                             8.25

                                                                    Fertilizer                                            8.44

                                                                       Pesticides and Herbicides                          4.44
                                                                       Fuel and Oil                                       3.59
                                                                       Tires                                                .37
                                                                       Batteries                                            .09
                                                                       Repairs and Farm Machinery                         3.63
                                                                       Gas Companies                                      2.01
                                                                       Electricity                                          .46
                                                                       Repairs to Electric Motors                           .19
                                                                       Interest on Operating Capital                      1.72
                                                                       Depreciation on Machinery and   Equipment          9.27
                                                                       Hired Labor                                        7.07

                                                                    TOTAL                                                 66.51

                                                                                               27

                                                                 L A N D 0 W N E R S H I P P A T T E R N S

                                                                                   Prepared by

                                                                         Mike McKann, Research Assistant

                                                                                  October 1970

                                                                                       for

                                                                      COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                      INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL

                                                                        DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                             OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

                                                                                         CONTENTS

                                                                 Foreword

                                                             I.  Synopsis

                                                                 A.   Objectives

                                                                 B.   Assumptions and Methodology

                                                                 C.   Limitations

                                                                 D.   Summary of Findings

                                                                 E.   Problems and Recommendations

                                                            Ii.  Swmary of Data of Categories

                                                                 A. Introduction

                                                                 B. Total Acreage by Category

                                                                 C. Maps

                                                           III.  Data by Counties

                                                                 A.   Tables

                                                                 B. Maps - Not included - available for inspection at Division
                                                                      of Planning Coordination, Office of the Governor.

                                                                     I N  LTAHNED  C0 0WANSETRASLH IZP0 N E

                                                                                    FOREWARD

                                                               In May of 1970, the Interagency Natural Resources Council
                                                          initiated the Texas Coastal Resources Management Program. The
                                                          initial objective was the production of an Interim Report for the
                                                          62nd Legislature by December, 1970, identifying existing conditions
                                                          and problems in the State's Coastal Zone.

                                                               The overall task was broken down into twenty-one study areas,
                                                          each one assigned to some qualified group for preparation of a
                                                          brief summary report. Land Ownership in the Coastal Zone repre-
                                                          sents one of those areas and has been performed by staff provided
                                                          by the Governor's Division of Planning Coordination, with the
                                                          cooperation of many other governmental groups.

                                                               An inventory of land ownership patterns in the Coastal Zone
                                                          is needed as an essential planning tool for the Coastal Resources
                                                          Management Program. Such an inventory has never been undertaken
                                                          in a systematic and comprehensive fashion. This report is only a
                                                          preliminary step in that direction, since time constraints permitted
                                                          only a general picture of Coastal Zone land ownership.

                                                               The Report is made possible only through the full cooperation
                                                          of the State agencies and commissions, counties, and other parties
                                                          who contributed of their time and knowledge. A special thanks is
                                                          extended to the staffs of the General Land Office and the Texas
                                                          Parks and Wildlife Department, and to the County Tax Assessor-
                                                          Collectors of Bee, Brazoria, Cameron, Chambers, Kleberg, Lavaca,
                                                          Nueces, Victoria, Walker and Waller Counties for their assistance.
                                                          Objectives              1. SYNOPSIS
                                                               A record of ownership of the uplands and submerged lands along
                                                          the Texas Gulf Coast has never been compiled in a single file. In
                                                          some cases, State agencies have an inventory of land ownership which
                                                          falls within their particular area of interest. However, to plan
                                                          effectively, a total mosaic of land ownership is essential. It is
                                                          hiped that eventually a Program can be developed which will culminate
                                                          in a complete index of land ownership in the Coastal Zone.

                                                                                      1

                                                   This report sets forth only general patterns of land ownership.
                                              It is not intended to be detailed. In many cases it was necessary
                                              to approximate tract sizes and many categories of ownership suffer
                                              from incomplete information, although the major categories are
                                              adequately covered. The data are complete enough to give an overview
                                              of land ownership in the Texas Coastal Zone.

                                              Asswnptions and Methodology

                                                   It was necessary in this survey to define a boundary for the
                                              study area. In past planning efforts by the State of Texas, the
                                              State had been divided into twenty-one planning regions. Five of
                                              these regions border the Gulf of Mexico and are composed of several
                                              tiers of counties inland. Since these inland counties are within
                                              the sphere of coastal influence and have been included in previous
                                              coastal planning efforts, the study area was defined to include the
                                              five coastal planning regions (see enclosed figures).

                                                   The task was approached by dividing the ownership into four
                                              basic groups:

                                                   1. Federal Government

                                                   2. State Government

                                                   3. Local Government, and

                                                   4. Private Owners.

                                              As the work of collecting data progressed, it became necessary to break
                                              these categories down further. Only the private ownership group was
                                              left as one figure. At a later date, perhaps the private ownership
                                              could be broken down as to the size of land parsels owned by an
                                              individual.

                                                   To get the most up-to-date information, each county tax assessor-
                                              collector was asked for specific land ownership data in his county.
                                              They were to supply the number of acres and the location of the land
                                              parcels owned by each sub-group in the four basic categories. The
                                              information which was received proved very useful. Unfortunately only
                                              partial coverage was obtained in this manner. The remaining needed
                                              data was obtained from State agencies and from the various landowners
                                              themselves.

                                                   The General Land Office and the Parks and Wildlife Department
                                              provided the majority of the information on State and local government
                                              land ownership. The General Land Office had published total acreage
                                              figures for the land area, submerged lands and islands, and river beds
                                              acreage in each Texas county. Due to the inconsistency of information
                                              sources, these figures were used throughout the report when conflicts
                                              arose to achieve a uniform degree of accuracy.

                                                                         2

                                                                 Some explanation of the method of calculating the number of acres
                                                            should be made. In the three categories of public ownership - federal,
                                                            State, and local - each figure was derived from official sources. To
                                                            calculate the total land area under private ownership in each county,
                                                            the other categories were totaled, then subtracted from the grand total
                                                            of acres in the county, the remainder being that area under private
                                                            ownership. By this method, it must be understood that as the other
                                                            categories become more complete, the "private" category will have an
                                                            equivalent decrease in acres.

                                                            Limitations

                                                                 The report was limited by three major factors, two being time
                                                            and manpower. The eqivalent of two man-months was spent gathering
                                                            and compiling the information presented herein. The third limitation
                                                            was the availability of information. In some cases, as with the
                                                            school districts, there has never been a list of the amount of land
                                                            owned by them. So, to collect this information each of the school
                                                            districts in the 36-county study area would have to be contacted
                                                            individually. Also, much of the material which has been collected
                                                            is out-of-date, and where there are two or more sources available
                                                            a difference in total acreage is not uncommon. This discrepancy will
                                                            necessitate a more thorough and exhaustive inventory involving
                                                            personal investigation at the local level.

                                                            Summary of Findings

                                                                 The uplands and submerged lands and islands in the Texas Coastal
                                                            Zone cover a total of 25,394,003 acres. Of this, the Federal government
                                                            owns about 2%, the State of Texas 16%, local governments 2%, and the
                                                            private owners 80%.

                                                                 The majority of the Federal lands falls under the sub-category
                                                            "Parks and Refuges" with "Military Installations" comprising most of
                                                            the remainder. The only other basic category falling below two
                                                            percent of the total is that of the local governments. However, this
                                                            category will see an increase as more information becomes available.

                                                                 The two major landholders are the private owners and the State
                                                            of Texas. The private landowners hold approximately 2031-@ million acres
                                                            of our Coastal Zone and the State about 4 million acres. However,
                                                            nearly 93% of the State-owned lands are submerged lands and islands.

                                                            Problems and Recommendations

                                                                 The history of Texas has been relatively short, but fast-changing
                                                            and colorful. In the forty years prior to 1860, the people of this
                                                            area experienced the rule of Spain and Mexico, sovereignty as an
                                                            independent nation, and Statehood in the United States of America.
                                                            Land ownership through this period and up to the present has undergone
                                                            similar turmoil and all the problems which accompany it. As the future

                                                                                       3

                                                 unfolds and population increases, our Land laws will need to be more
                                                 definitive. Some of the problems related to land ownership will
                                                 be presented here with possible solutions.

                                                      The first area of concern is that of keeping an inventory of
                                                 Texas land ownership. The General Land Office is the logical agency
                                                 to keep such an inventory and does so already, to an extent. How-
                                                 ever, the present records cannot be read and interpreted by the layman.
                                                 The information should be depicted on maps having common landmarks
                                                        Texas Highway Department county maps) and be readily avail-
                                                 able to the public and to other State agencies. This would provide
                                                 a much needed planning tool for resource planners, and others inter-
                                                 ested in knowing ownership patterns.

                                                      The Coastal Zone is in constant natural change in addition to
                                                 the changes man has caused. The phenomenon of acretion and erosion
                                                 has caused many disputes over who gained and who lost land area.
                                                 The present Laws have invariably Left some questions unanswered.
                                                 For example, the courts ruled (Lutes v. State) that if acretion was
                                                 built up from the land seaward, the individual possessing riparian
                                                 or littoral rights was the owner, but if the new land built up from
                                                 the bottom of State-owned land then it belongs to the State. How-
                                                 ever, it is a scientific fact that all areation builds up from the
                                                 bottom, and this was overlooked by the courts. Also, acretion is
                                                 being caused artificially by dams and other constructions of man.
                                                 There is frequently disagreement on determining the cause of acretion.
                                                 So, in summary, how should acreted Land be divided between the Littoral
                                                 property ownere and the state? It seems a possible solution to
                                                 freeze present boundaries leaving new acretions under State owner-
                                                 ship. The adjoining owner could make use of the land, but without
                                                 the right to restrict its use by others or building any permanent
                                                 structures which would obstruct passage through it. This could
                                                 be a potential source for recreation lands.

                                                      On the other hand is erosion. The law of erosion is the
                                                 reciprocal of the law of acretion, as would be expected. The land-
                                                 owner is deprived of land subject to natural and imperceptible
                                                 erosion. "Submersion" of an owner's land, however, does not deprive
                                                 him of his right to the land and he may reclaim it by land filling.
                                                 This decision (Fitzgerald v. Boyles) has been used to the advantage
                                                 of developers who are filling in land well out into Galveston
                                                 Bay.1 To prevent this misuse stricter definition and policing
                                                 at the local level are needed.

                                                      Another problem in boundary location is that of actually
                                                 defining the boundary between Littoral property and State-owned
                                                 submerged lands. Due to the diversity of the shoreline topography

                                                      1"Footprints... on the Sands of Time," Report of the Interim
                                                 Beach Study Committee, 1970, p. 28.

                                                                           4

                                                           along the 1,08 1 mi les of Texas Gulf Coast, it is difficult to apply
                                                           one universal set rule in locating a boundary line. The present
                                                           method of establishing the mean high-tide line as the boundary is
                                                           expensive and time consuming. This problem has existed many years
                                                           and many solutions have been proposed. Thus, a solution drawn from
                                                           so cursory an investigation would prove unfruitful, and should,
                                                           therefore, be studied more comprehensively in the long run.

                                                                Another closely related area which needs clarification is
                                                           property rights of the individuals owning land along the waters
                                                           of Texas. "Riparian rights" has been used widely to refer not only
                                                           to the lands adjacent to rivers but lakes, ponds, and tidal waters.
                                                           Texas landowners have littoral rights - those accrued to landowners
                                                           along the coast - but these have not been defined. There is also
                                                           no indication that Littoral rights include all the privileges of
                                                           riparian owners. A particular privilege in question is the right
                                                           to build a pier out into the water - one which is held by riparian
                                                           owners. There have only been two restrictions, and only one speci-
                                                           fically mentioning piers, which have had any affect on the littoral
                                                           right to build piers. The Corps of Engineers must approve all
                                                           piers built into the Gulf of Mexico. The Reagan de Za Garza Act
                                                           provides for the leasing and development of submerged lands for
                                                           industrial purposes only, which lays some doubt on the rights of
                                                           littoral owners. A statement of public policy must be given on
                                                           this situation. Perhaps the State should require an application
                                                           and fee to obtain an easement for a pier over State-owned waters.

                                                                The concept of compensating the State of Texas for use of its
                                                           public lands could and should be carried further. Many of the
                                                           State-owned natural islands and spoil islands are dotted with small
                                                           fishing shaC ks. It is a fact pointed out in the Interim Beach
                                                           Study Committee's Report, Footprints... on the Sands of Time"2
                                                           and the Department of Interior's report on Laguna Atascosa National
                                                           WiZdZife Refuge.3 Continuing this practice would fulfill a recrea-
                                                           tional need and make use of a valuable recreation resource. How-
                                                           ever, such use of State property is unlawful by present statutes.
                                                           Legislation could be drawn up requiring an application and rental
                                                           fee for an easement on which to build. Building codes would have
                                                           to be imposed to insure quality in respect to safety and esthetics,
                                                           and a policing force would have to be funded.

                                                                2"Footprints... an the Sands of Time," Report of the Interim
                                                           Beach Study Committee, 1970, p. 26.
                                                                3Laguna Atascosa Wi@derness Study Area," Department of the
                                                           Interior, Fish and WiZdlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
                                                           and Wildlife, 1970.

                                                         Finally, a major problem related to planning in the State
                                                    agencies has become evident in the course of the land ownership
                                                    inventory. There is not enough coordination between the agencies
                                                    to get a good overall effect in planning. A pipeline easement
                                                    may be made without a ny regard to what other elements exist in
                                                    the area. Furthermore, in the granting of such an easement it     is
                                                    impossible to refer to a collective source to find out what must
                                                    co-exist in a given area. Within the General Land Office, records
                                                    and maps should be kept showing every element and activity which
                                                    exists in and on the State-owned lands and waters. This would include
                                                    telephone, telegraph, and power lines, oil, gas, and sulphur pipe-
                                                    lines, irrigation and water pipelines, shell dredging areas, shipping
                                                    lanes, and the numerous other activities. Major activities
                                                    industry) in adjacent areas should be included if they have signi-
                                                    ficant influence on the environment. With such a facility at the
                                                    disposal of planners, the effects of their planning could be much
                                                    more thoroughly analyzed beforehand and hopefully fewer environ-
                                                    mental blunders would be made.

                                                         Certainly these are not all the problems which must be solved
                                                    in the Coastal Zone, but they are the most urgent at present relating
                                                    to land ownership. Their successful solutions are essential to
                                                    insuring a balance between the economic development and conservation
                                                    of the resources of the Texas Coastal Zone.

                                                                   11. SUMARY DATA OF CATEGORIES

                                                    Introduction

                                                         The material presented in this section summarizes the Federal,
                                                    State, Local, and Private land ownership quantitatively and pictor-
                                                    ially. The maps show at a glance the location of ownership in
                                                    each category within the total study area.

                                                    Total Acreage By Category

                                                                              Acres           Percentage 2f Total

                                                         FEDERAL              450,532                  1.77%

                                                         STATE             4,156,735                  16.36%

                                                         LOCAL                388,803                  1.53%

                                                         PRIVATE          20,398,433                 80.32%

                                                         TOTAL ACREAGE    25,394,003

                                                         NOTE: of the  4,156,735 State-owned acres, 3,858,522 acres
                                                         or 92.83% are  submerged lands and islands.

                                                                               6

                                                                                                                                                  '71 JWFFER@N

                                                                       LOCATION

                                                                                                                                 A

                                                                                                                                r

                                                                                                                            j

                                                                                         TT

                                                         ---- ----- -
                                                                   U.
                                                                                         /Ii- 0

                                                                                                                                             1.  0

                                                        ------------
                                                                 ---------- - -
                                                                     JIM W-19)
                                                                            j'.E

                                                                                8AY
                                                                              ---- --- ----

                                                                 AWKS     IKENEDY

                                                                              LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LAND OWNERSHIP

                                                                                              WITHOUT SCHOOL DISTRICTS PROPERTY

                                                                                                         7

                                                                                                                                  'A.I           IXFFE@
                                                                                                                                    -) - - --------
                                                                  LOCATtM M@
                                                                                                                                 %

                                                                                        LA-
                                                                                                        ILJ@

                                                                                     TT

                                                    jW-EN      U. IK'
                                                                                    .//iE D

                                                                        -cEs

                                                         j----------

                                                                        -----------
                                                                         -y

                                                                                        STATE LAND OWNERSHIP
                                                                                         Ao

                                                                                          WITHOUT ROADS AND HIGHWAYS PROPERTY

                                                                                                 OR RIVER BEDS ACREAGE
                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                    /A                 -1. ;FFE-N

                                                                                        LOCATI@ MAP

                                                                                                         '- WITT

                                                                                                             N@l

                                                                        ---------- -
                                                                                                                '@@EF_@_O

                                                                              --------- --------

                                                                                               -CES

                                                                                                    BAr
                                                                                                 ---- --- ---- -

                                                                                             - -----------

                                                                                                     Ro.

                                                                                                              F E D E R A L L A N D 0 W N E R S H I P

                                                                                  III. Data by Counties

                                                                               LAND OWNERSHIP

                                                COUNTY:    Aransas

                                                                                                                      A C R E A G E
                                                                                               WATERFRONTAGE     SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                I.   FEDERAL                                                                      -

                                                     A. Corps of Engineers                          .2 mile            100
                                                     B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                    -2L&-mile -S        54,423
                                                     C.    Military Installations                 8.5 miles            --
                                                     D.    Other

                                               II.   STATE

                                                     A.    Public Free School Land                                     137
                                                     B.    Roads & Highways                                           1,048
                                                     C.    State Prison Lands                                          --
                                                     D.    State Parks, etc.                      3.1 miles            313
                                                     E.    Submerged Lands &  Islands                             -235,337
                                                     F.    River Beds Acreage                                            50
                                                     G.    University & College Campuses
                                                     H.    Other

                                              III.   LOCAL                                                                          -2,768

                                                     A.    River Authorities
                                                     B.    Navigation Districts                                       1,623
                                                     C.    Water Districts
                                                     D.    Counties
                                                           1.  Parks                               1.0 mile              67
                                                           2.  Roads                                                   467
                                                           3.  Airports                                                600
                                                           4.  Junior Colleges
                                                           5.  Other
                                                     E.    Cities
                                                           1. Parks
                                                           2. Airports
                                                           3.  Other
                                                     F.    School Districts
                                                     G.    Other

                                               IV. PRIVATE                                                                           106,763

                                                                                                                  Grand Total      -IQQ- @39

                                                                                         10

                                                                                     L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                      COUNTY:    Austin

                                                                                                                               A C R E A G E
                                                                                                      WATERFRONTAGE -S.UB-TOTAL                   TOTAL

                                                       1.  FEDERAL                                                                                 0

                                                           A. Corps of Engineers
                                                           B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                           C. Military Installations
                                                           D. Other

                                                      Il.  STATE                                                                              4,804

                                                           A,    Public Free School Land
                                                           B.    Roads & Highways                                            3,340
                                                           C.    State Prison Lands                                            --
                                                           D.    State Parks, etc.                                             664
                                                           E.    Submerged Lands &   Islands                              ------ 7--
                                                           F.    River Beds Acreage                                            800
                                                           G.    University & College Campuses
                                                           H.    Other

                                                     III.  LOCAL                                                                              2,757

                                                           A.    River Authorities
                                                           B.    Navigation Districts
                                                           C.    Water Districts
                                                           0.    Counti.es
                                                                 1.   Parks                                                    --
                                                                 2.   Roads                                                  2,743
                                                                 3.   Airports
                                                                 4.   Junior Colleges
                                                                 5.   Other
                                                           E.    Cities
                                                                 1. Parks                                                       14
                                                                 2. Airports                                                   --
                                                                 3.   Other
                                                           F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                           G.    Other

                                                      IV*  PRIVATE                                                                          397,483

                                                                                                                         Grand Total

                                                                                                 11

                                                                              LAND OWNERSHIP

                                               COUNTY:    Bee

                                                                                                                       A C R E A G E
                                                                                               WATERFRONTAGE     SUB-TOTAL                TOTAL

                                               I.   FEDERAL

                                                    A. Corps of Engineers
                                                    B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                            --
                                                    C. Military Installations                                        1,809
                                                    D. Other

                                              II.   STATE                                                                              5,243

                                                    A.    Public Free School Land                                      351
                                                    B.    Roads & Highways                                           3,742
                                                    C.    State Prison Lands
                                                    D.    State Parks, etc.
                                                    E.    Submerged Lands &  Islands
                                                    F.    River Beds Acreage                                           700
                                                    G.    University & College Campuses
                                                    H.    Other                                                        450

                                             III.   LOCAL                                                                              2,224

                                                    A.    River Authorities                                            --
                                                    B.    Navigation Districts
                                                    C.    Water Districts
                                                    D.    Counties
                                                          1. Parks                                                     --
                                                          2. Roads                                                   1,912
                                                          3. Airports
                                                          4. Junior Colleges                                           100
                                                          5. Other
                                                    E.    Cities
                                                          1. Parks                                                        52
                                                          2. Airports                                                  160
                                                          3. Other                                                     --
                                                    F.    School Districts                                        Incomplete
                                                    G.    Other

                                              IV. PRIVATE                                                                           544,986

                                                                                                                 Grand Total       554 2-62

                                                                                         12

                                                                                    LAND OWNERSHIP

                                                     COUNTY: Brazoria

                                                                                                                             A C R E A G E
                                                                                                    WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                      1.  FEDERAL                                                                            21,311

                                                          A.   Corps of Engineers                                               12
                                                          B.   Parks, Refuges, etc.                    29,5 miles         21,299
                                                          C.   Military Installations                                        --
                                                          D.   Other

                                                     II.  STATE                                                                             272,351

                                                          A.   Public Free School Land                                       104
                                                          B.   Roads & Highways                                           5,440
                                                          C.   State Prison Lands                                         37,429
                                                          D.   State Parks, etc.                        5.4 miles         1,141
                                                          E.   Submerged Lands &   Islands                               223,837
                                                          F.   River Beds Acreage                                         4,400
                                                          G.   University & College Campuses
                                                          H.   Other

                                                    III.  LOCAL                                                                                5,516

                                                          A.   River Authorities
                                                          B.   Navigation Districts
                                                          C.   Water Districts                                               --
                                                          D.   Counties
                                                               1.   Parks                                                    461
                                                               1*   R?ads                                                 4,329
                                                               3.   Airports
                                                               4.   Junior Colleges                                          177
                                                               5.   Other
                                                          E.   Cities
                                                               1. Parks                                                      549
                                                               2. Airports
                                                               3.   Other
                                                          F.   School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                          G.   Other

                                                     IV.  PRIVATE                                                                           830,042

                                                                                                                       Grand Total

                                                                                               13

                                                                            LAND OWNERSHIP

                                             COUNTY:    Brooks

                                                                                                                    A C R E A G E
                                                                                            WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                             1.   FEDERAL                                                                               0

                                                  A. Corps of Engineers
                                                  B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                  C. Military Installations
                                                  D. Other

                                            II.   STATE                                                                             1,695

                                                  A.    Public Free School Land                                     --
                                                  B.    Roads & Highways                                           1,695
                                                  C.    State Prison Lands                                          --
                                                  D.    State Parks, etc.
                                                  E.    Submerged Lands & Islands
                                                  F.    River Beds Acreage
                                                  G.    University & College Campuses
                                                  H.    Other

                                           III.   LOCAL                                                                               779

                                                  A.    River Authorities
                                                  B.    Navigation Districts
                                                  C.    Water Districts
                                                  D.    Counties
                                                        1.  Parks                                                   --
                                                        2.  Roads                                                   569
                                                        3.  Airports                                                164
                                                        4.  Junior Colleges
                                                        5.  6ther
                                                  E.    Cities
                                                        1. Parks                                                      46
                                                        2. Airports                                                 --
                                                        3.  Other
                                                  F.    School Districts                                        Incomplete
                                                  G.    Other

                                            IV. PRIVATE                                                                          603,724

                                                                                                               Grand Total      606 1-98

                                                                                      14

                                                                                      L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                       COUNTY:    Cal houn

                                                                                                                               A C R E A G E
                                                                                                       WATERFRONTAGE       SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                        1.  FEDERAL                                                                           lc),qon

                                                            A. Corps of Engineers
                                                            B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                           1,100
                                                            C. Military Installations                                        is-son
                                                            D. Other

                                                       II.  STATE                                                                            447,478

                                                            A.    Public Free School Land                                      149
                                                            B.    Roads & Highways                                            2,464
                                                            C.    State Prison Lands                                           --
                                                            D.    State Parks, etc.                        1.0 mile            351
                                                            E.    Submerged Lands &   Islands                              444,214
                                                            F.    River Beds Acreage                                           300
                                                            G.    University & College Campuses
                                                            H.    Other

                                                     III.   LOCAL                                                                             51,291

                                                            A.    River Authorities                                            --
                                                            B@    Navigation Districts                                       50,188
                                                            C.    Water Districts                                              --
                                                            D.    Counties
                                                                  1.  Parks                                1.6 mile              40
                                                                  2.  Roads                                                    766
                                                                  3.  Airports                                                 200
                                                                  4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                  5.  Other
                                                            E.    Cities
                                                                  1. Parks                                                       22
                                                                  2. Airports
                                                                  3.  Other                                                      75
                                                            F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                            G.    Other

                                                       IV.  PRIVATE                                                                          299,312

                                                                                                                           Grand Total      817 @981

                                                                                                 15

                                                                            L A N D     0 W N E R S H I P

                                              COUNTY:   Cameron

                                                                                                                   A C R E A G E
                                                                                            WATERFRONTAGE     SUB-TOTAL              TOTAL

                                              1.  FEDERAL                                                                        45,690

                                                  A.   Corps of Engineers                                            28
                                                  B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                     25.0 miles        45,147
                                                  C.   Military Installations
                                                  D.   Other                                                       565

                                             11.  STATE                                                                         336,534

                                                  A.   Public Free School Land                                     --
                                                  B.   Roads & Highways                                          7,083
                                                  C.   State Prison Lands                                          --
                                                  D.   State Parks, etc.                       1.5 miles           720
                                                  E.   Submerged Lands &   Islands                             326,753
                                                  F.   River Beds Acreage                                        1@900
                                                  G.   University & College Campuses
                                                  H.   Other                                                         78

                                           III.   LOCAL                                                                          49,208

                                                  A.   River Authorities                                           --
                                                  B.   Navigation Districts                                     32,699
                                                  C.   Water Districts                                           5,229
                                                  D.   Counti.es
                                                       1.  Parks                             -1.0 mile             164
                                                       2.  Roads                                                 5,186
                                                       3.  Airports                                                826
                                                       4.  Junior Colleges                                           45
                                                       5.  Other
                                                  E.   Cities
                                                       1. Parks                                                    250
                                                       2. Airports                                               3,241
                                                       3.  Other                                                   568
                                                  F.   School Districts                                          1,000
                                                  G.   Other

                                            IV. PRIVATE                                                                         520,652

                                                                                                              Grand Total       952,084

                                                                                     16

                                                                                      L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                      COUNTY:    Chambers

                                                                                                                               A C R E A G E
                                                                                                      WATERFRONTAGE       SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                       1.  FEDERAL                                                                             24 rns

                                                           A.    Corps of Engineers                                        14,269
                                                           B.    Parks, Refuges, etc.                    6.5 miles         10,336
                                                                 Military Installations                                   ------
                                                           D.    Other
                                                           C'

                                                      11.  STATE                                                                               136,946

                                                           A.    Public Free School Land                                          36
                                                           B.    Roads & Highways                                            3,289
                                                           C.    State Prison Lands                                            --
                                                           D.    State Parks, etc.                                             --
                                                           E.    Submerged Lands &   Islands                              130,221
                                                           F.    River Beds Acreage                                          3,400
                                                           G.    University & College Campuses
                                                           H.    Other

                                                     III.  LOCAL                                                                                80,825

                                                           A.    River Authorities
                                                           B.    Navigation Districts                                      36,813
                                                           C.    Water Districts                                                  I
                                                           D.    Counties
                                                                 1.  Parks                              1,900 feet             285
                                                                 2.  Roads                                                  1 098
                                                                 3.  Airports                                                  21
                                                                 4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                 5.  Other                                                 20,297
                                                           E.    Cities
                                                                 1. Parks
                                                                 2. Airports                                                   --
                                                                 3.  Other
                                                           F.    School Districts                                              201
                                                           G.    Other                                                            13

                                                      IV.  PRIVATE                                                                             340,009

                                                                                                                          Grand Total

                                                                                                 17

                                                                                L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                 COUNTY:    Colorado

                                                                                                                         A C R E A G E
                                                                                                 WATERFRONTAGE -SUB-TOTAL                   TOTAL

                                                 I.   FEDERAL                                                                                0

                                                      A.    Corps of Engineers
                                                      B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                      C.    Military Installations
                                                      D.    Other

                                                II.   STATE                                                                              6-227

                                                      A.    Public Free School Land                                        31
                                                      B.    Roads & Highways                                           3,696
                                                      C.    State Prison Lands
                                                      D.    State Parks, etc.
                                                      E.    Submerged Lands &  Islands
                                                      F.    River Beds Acreage                                         2,500
                                                      G.    University & College Campuses
                                                      H.    Other

                                               111.   LOCAL                                                                              3,658

                                                      A.    River Authorities                                       Incomplete
                                                      B.    Navigation Districts
                                                      C.    Water Districts
                                                      D.    Counties
                                                            1.  Parks                                                    --
                                                            2.  Roads                                                  3,201
                                                            3.  Airports
                                                            4.  Junior Colleges
                                                            5:  Other                                                    --
                                                      E.    Cities
                                                            1. Parks                                                     232
                                                            2. Airports                                                  215
                                                            3.  Other                                                      10
                                                      F.    School Districts                                        incomplete
                                                      G.    Other

                                                IV. PRIVATE                                                                           593,440

                                                                                                                   Grand Total        603,325

                                                                                          18

                                                                                          L A N D       0 W N E R S H I P

                                                          COUNTY:    Dewi tt

                                                                                                                                      A C R E A G E
                                                                                                            WATERFRONTAGE        SUB-TOTAL                TOTAL

                                                         1.   FEDERAL                                                                             -        0

                                                              A .    Corps of Engineers                                          -------
                                                              B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                              C.     Military Installations
                                                              D.     Other

                                                        II.   STATE                                                                                   5,254

                                                              A.     Public Free School Land                                          --
                                                              B.     Roads & Highways                                               4,354
                                                              C.     State Pri son Lands
                                                              D.     State Parks, etc.                                           -------
                                                              E.     Submerged Lands &   Islands                                 --------
                                                              F.     River Beds Acreage                                               900
                                                              G.     University & College Campuses
                                                              H.     Other

                                                      III.    LOCAL                                                                                   3,585

                                                              A.     River Authorities                                           Incomplete
                                                              B.     Navigation Districts
                                                              C.     Water Districts
                                                              D.     Counties
                                                                     1.  Parks                                                        --
                                                                     2.  Roads                                                      3,345
                                                                     3.  Airports
                                                                     4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                     5.  Other                                                        --
                                                              E.     Cities
                                                                     1. Parks                                                         165
                                                                     2. Airports                                                        75
                                                                     3.  Other                                                        --
                                                              F.     School Districts                                            Incomplete
                                                              G.     Other

                                                        IV. PRIVATE                                                                                 558,337

                                                                                                                                 Grand Total       -9L-l 7 6

                                                                                                      19

                                                                         L A N D     0 W N E R S H I P

                                            COUNTY:   Duval

                                                                                                               A C R E A G E
                                                                                        WATERFRONTAGE     SUB-TOTAL             TOTAL

                                            1.   FEDERAL                                                                           0

                                                 A.   Corps of Engineers
                                                 B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                 C.   Military Installations                                   --
                                                 D.   Other

                                           II.   STATE                                                                        6-933

                                                 A.   Public Free School Land                                2,760
                                                 B.   Roads & Highways                                       4,173
                                                 C.   State Prison Lands                                       --
                                                 D.   State Parks, etc.
                                                 E.   Submerged Lands & Islands
                                                 F.   River Beds Acreage
                                                 G.   University & College Campuses
                                                 H.   Other

                                          III.   LOCAL                                                                        2J61

                                                 A.   River Authorities
                                                 B.   Navigation Districts
                                                 C.   Water Districts                                     Incomplete
                                                 D.   Counties
                                                      1.  Parks                                                --
                                                      2.  Roads                                              2,355
                                                      3.  Airports
                                                      4.  Junior Colleges
                                                      5.  Other
                                                 E.   Cities
                                                      1. Parks                                                   6
                                                      2. Airports
                                                      3.  Other
                                                 F.   School Districts                                    -Incom-plete
                                                 G.   Other

                                           IV. PRIVATE                                                                    1,119,472

                                                                                                          Grand Total     I-jM 76-6

                                                                                   20

                                                                                      L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                      COUNTY:    Fort Bend

                                                                                                                              A C R E A G E
                                                                                                      WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL                TOTAL

                                                       1.  FEDERAL                                                                               7-699

                                                           A. Corps of Engineers                                            7-699
                                                           B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                              --
                                                           C. Military Installations                                            --
                                                           D.    Other

                                                      11.  STATE                                                                                12,00c)

                                                           A.    Public Free School Land                                         17
                                                           B.    Roads & Highways                                           4,512
                                                           C.    State Prison Lands                                         10.g6n
                                                           D.    State Parks, etc.
                                                           E.    Submerged Lands & Islands
                                                           F.    River Beds Acreage                                         2.600
                                                           G.    University & College Campuses
                                                           H.    Other

                                                     III.  LOCAL                                                                                 3-9ng

                                                           A.    River Authorities                                        Incomplete
                                                           B.    Navigation Districts
                                                           C.    Water Districts
                                                           D.    Counties
                                                                 1.  Parks
                                                                 1,  Roads                                                  3,425
                                                                 3.  Airports
                                                                 4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                 5.  Other                                                      --
                                                           E.    Cities
                                                                 1. Parks                                                        83
                                                                 2.  Airports
                                                                 3.  Other
                                                           F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                           G.    Other

                                                      IV.  PRIVATE                                                                             534,273

                                                                                                                          Grand Total

                                                                                                21

                                                                                L A N D     0 W N E R S H I P

                                                COUNTY: Galveston

                                                                                                                        A C R E A G E
                                                                                                WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                I.   FEDERAL                                                                           2 - 4 59

                                                     A. Corps of Engineers                         6.6 miles          2.458
                                                     B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                            --
                                                     C. Military Installations
                                                     D. Other

                                               II.   STATE                                                                           560,156

                                                     A.   Public Free School Land                                       409
                                                     B.   Roads & Highways                                            3,437
                                                     C.   State Prison Lands                                            M:,-                           I
                                                     D.   State Parks, etc.                                           1,922
                                                     E.   Submerged Lands &    Islands                             553,988
                                                     F.   River Beds Acreage                                            400
                                                     G.   University & College Campuses
                                                     H.   Other

                                              III.   LOCAL                                                                              6,815

                                                     A.   River Authorities
                                                     B.   Navigation Districts
                                                     C.   Water Districts                                          Incomplete
                                                     D.   Counties
                                                          1.   Parks                              10.0 miles          1-797
                                                          2.   Roads                                                  1,800
                                                          3.   Airports
                                                          4.   Junior Colleges                                          114
                                                          5:   Other
                                                     E.   Cities
                                                          1. Parks                                                      683
                                                          2.   Airports                                               1,766
                                                          3.   Other                                                    655
                                                     F.   Scho
                                                               ol Districts                                        -Incomplete
                                                     G.   Other

                                               IV. PRIVATE                                                                            240,192

                                                                                                                   Grand Total      809 @621

                                                                                          22

                                                                                               L A N D       0 W N E R S H I P

                                                             COUNTY:     Gol i ad

                                                                                                                                            A C R E A G E
                                                                                                                 WATERFRONTAGE         SUB-TOTAL                 TOTAL

                                                             I.   FEDERAL                                                                                         0

                                                                  A. Corps of Engineers
                                                                  B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                                  C .    Military Installations                                        ------
                                                                  D.     Other

                                                            II.   STATE                                                                                      4,714

                                                                  A.     Public Free School Land
                                                                  B.     Roads & Highways                                                 3,089
                                                                  C.     State Prison Lands                                                 7--
                                                                  D.     State Parks, etc.                                                  225
                                                                  E.     Submerged Lands &     Islands                                 ------- 7--
                                                                  F.     River Beds Acreage                                               1,400
                                                                  G.     University & College Campuses
                                                                  H.     Other

                                                          III.    LOCAL                                                                                      1,460

                                                                  A.     River Authorities
                                                                  B.     Navigation Districts
                                                                  C.     Water Districts                                               Incomplete
                                                                  D.     Counties
                                                                         1. Parks                                                           --
                                                                         2. Roads                                                         1.460
                                                                         3. Airports
                                                                         4. Junior Colleges
                                                                         5. Other
                                                                  E.     Cities
                                                                         1. Parks
                                                                         2. Airports
                                                                         3. Other                                                      Incomplete
                                                                  F.     School Districts                                              Incomplete
                                                                  G.     Other

                                                            IV. PRIVATE                                                                                   r
                                                                                                                                                           .,46-212

                                                                                                                                       Grand Total

                                                                                                           23

                                                                              L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                               COUNTY:    Harris

                                                                                                                       A C R E A G E
                                                                                              WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL                TOTAL

                                               I.  FEDERAL                                                                              30,126

                                                   A. Corps of Engineers                                            26,306
                                                   B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                             --
                                                   C. Military Installations                                        3,820
                                                   D. Other

                                              II.  STATE                                                                                11-060

                                                   A.     Public Free School Land                                      152
                                                   B.     Roads & Highways                                          7,365
                                                   C.     State Prison Lands                                           295
                                                   D.     State Parks, etc.                                         2-974
                                                   E.     Submerged Lands & Islands
                                                   F.     River Beds Acreage                                        1,600
                                                   G.     University & College Campuses                                329
                                                   H.     Other

                                            III.   LOCAL                                                                                29,897

                                                   A.     River Authorities                                       -1,407
                                                   B.     Navigation Districts                                      3,769
                                                   C.     Water Districts                                              --
                                                   D.     Counties
                                                          1. Parks                                                  3,071
                                                          2. Roads                                                  8,483
                                                          3. Airports
                                                          4. Junior Colleges                                           193
                                                          5. Other
                                                   E.     Cities
                                                          1. Parks                                                  4,370
                                                          2. Airports                                               8,604
                                                          3. Other                                                  12,240
                                                   F.     School Districts                                        Incomplete
                                                   G.     Other

                                              IV. PRIVATE                                                                           1-026-962

                                                                                                                 Grand Total

                                                                                         24

                                                                                      L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                       COUNTY:    Hidalgo

                                                                                                                               A C R E A G E
                                                                                                       WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL                TOTAL

                                                        1.  FEDERAL                                                                               1,981

                                                            A. Corps of Engineers
                                                            B.    Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                            C.    Military Installations
                                                            D.    Other

                                                       11.  STATE                                                                                10,961

                                                            A.    Public Free School Land
                                                            B.    Roads & Highways                                          9,228
                                                            C .   State Prison Lands
                                                            D.    State Parks, etc.                                            588
                                                            E.    Submerged Lands & Islands                                    --
                                                            F.    River Beds Acreage                                        1,100
                                                            G.    University & College Campuses                                45
                                                            H.    Other

                                                     III.   LOCAL                                                                                10,539

                                                            A.    River Authorities                                        Tnrnmplptp
                                                            B.    Navigation Districts                                         --
                                                            C.    Water Districts                                           -4,277
                                                            D.    Counties
                                                                  1.  Parks                                                 1,026
                                                                  2.  Roads                                                 19,098
                                                                  3.  Airports
                                                                  4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                  5.  Other
                                                            E.    Cities
                                                                  1. Parks                                                     449
                                                                  2. Airports                                                  966
                                                                  3.  Other                                                    --
                                                            F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                            G.    Other

                                                       IV.  PRIVATE                                                                          1,002,466

                                                                                                                          Grand Total       1 025_947

                                                                                                 25

                                                                            L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                              COUNTY: Jackson

                                                                                                                   A C R E A G E
                                                                                            WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                              1.  FEDERAL                                                                               n

                                                  A. Corps of Engineers
                                                  B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                  C. Military Installations
                                                  D. Other

                                            II.   STATE                                                                           12,625

                                                  A.   Public Free School Land                                         20
                                                  B.   Roads & Highways                                           3,784
                                                  C.   State Prison Lands
                                                  D.   State Parks, etc.
                                                  E.   Submerged Lands & Islands                                  6,821
                                                  F.   River Beds Acreage                                         2,000
                                                  G.   University & College Campuses
                                                  H.   Other

                                           III.   LOCAL                                                                             3,413

                                                  A.   River Authorities
                                                  B.   Navigation Districts                                       1,083
                                                  C.   Water Districts                                               --
                                                  D.   Counties
                                                       1.  Parks                                                       35
                                                       2.  Roads                                                  2,219
                                                       3.  Airports                                                    70
                                                       4.  Junior Colleges
                                                       5.  Other
                                                  E.   Cities
                                                       1. Parks                                                        6
                                                       2.  Airports
                                                       3.  Other
                                                  F.   School Districts                                         Tnromplptp
                                                  G.   Other

                                            IV. PRIVATE                                                                           518,657

                                                                                                               Grand Total      534 6-95

                                                                                      26

                                                                                      L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                       COUNTY: Jefferson

                                                                                                                              A C R E A G E
                                                                                                       WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                        I.  FEDERAL                                                                           1,165

                                                            A.    Corps of Engineers                    10.0 miles          1,165
                                                            B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                           --
                                                            C.    Military Installations                                      --
                                                            D.    Other

                                                       II.  STATE                                                                           281-081

                                                            A,    Public Free School Land                                     838
                                                            B.    Roads & Highways                                          3..92
                                                            C.    State Prison Lands                                          =:--
                                                            D.    State Parks, etc.                                         8,403
                                                            E.    Submerged Lands &   Islands                             266,245
                                                            F.    River Beds Acreage                                        1,500
                                                            G.    University & College Campuses                               174
                                                            H.    Other

                                                      III.  LOCAL                                                                            17,541

                                                            A.    River Authorities                                       Incomolete
                                                            B.    Navigation Districts                                          64
                                                            C.    Water Districts                                             --
                                                            D.    Counties
                                                                  1.  Parks                                                   --
                                                                  2.  Roads                                                 1,802
                                                                  3.  Airports                                              1,139
                                                                  4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                  5.  Other
                                                            E.    Cities
                                                                  1. Parks                                                  3,005
                                                                  2. Airports                                                 276
                                                                  3'  Other                                                 11,255
                                                            F.    School Districts                                        Incomplete
                                                            G.    Other

                                                       11*  PRIVATE                                                                         587,761

                                                                                                                          Grand Total

                                                                                                 27

                                                                              L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                               COUNTY:    Jim Wells

                                                                                                                      A C R E A G E
                                                                                               WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                               1.   FEDERAL                                                                                   n

                                                    A. Corps of Engineers
                                                    B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                    C. Military Installations                                     Tnrnmplptp
                                                    D. Other

                                              II.   STATE                                                                                 3,947

                                                    A.    Public Free School Land                                     157
                                                    B.    Roads & Highways                                          3,690
                                                    C.    State Prison Lands
                                                    D.    State Parks, etc.
                                                    E.    Submerged Lands &  Islands
                                                    F.    River Beds Acreage                                          100
                                                    G.    University & College Campuses
                                                    H.    Other

                                             III.   LOCAL                                                                                 3,894

                                                    A.    River Authorities
                                                    B.    Navigation Districts
                                                    C.    Water Districts                                             880
                                                    D.    Counties
                                                          1.  Parks
                                                          2.  Ro  ads                                               2,287
                                                          3.  Airports
                                                          4.  Junior Colleges
                                                          5:  Other
                                                    E.    Cities
                                                          1. Parks                                                    171
                                                          2. Airports                                                 556
                                                          3   Other                                                   =--
                                                    F.    S@hool Districts                                        -Incomplete
                                                    G.    Other

                                              IV. PRIVATE                                                                               548,491

                                                                                                                  Grand Total           556,332

                                                                                        28

                                                                                     L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                      COUNTY:    Kenedy

                                                                                                                               A C R E A G E
                                                                                                      WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                      I.   FEDERAL                                                                           93-646

                                                           A.    Corps of Engineers                                            --
                                                           B.    Parks, Refuges, etc.                   47.5 miles          93,646
                                                           C.    Military Installations                                        --
                                                           D.    Other

                                                     11.   STATE                                                                            441,196

                                                           A.    Public Free School Land
                                                           B.    Roads & Highways                                              678
                                                           C.    State Prison Lands                                            --
                                                           D.    State Parks, etc.                                             --
                                                           E.    Submerged Lands &   Islands                               440,438
                                                           F.    River Beds Acreage                                             80
                                                           G.    University & College Campuses
                                                           H.    Other

                                                    III.   LOCAL                                                                                  29

                                                           A.    River Authorities
                                                           B.    Navigation Districts
                                                           C.    Water Districts
                                                           D.    Counties
                                                                 1.  Parks
                                                                 2.  Roads                                                      29
                                                                 3.  Airports
                                                                 4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                 5.  Other                                                     --
                                                           E.    Cities
                                                                 1. Parks
                                                                 2. Airports
                                                                 3.  Other
                                                           F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                           G.    Other

                                                     IV. PRIVATE                                                                            868,398

                                                                                                                         Grand Total     1

                                                                                                 29

                                                                         L A N D    0 W N E R S H I P

                                            COUNTY: Kleberg

                                                                                                              A C R E A G E
                                                                                        WATERFRONTAGE    SUB-TOTAL             TOTAL

                                            1.  FEDERAL                                                                     35,183

                                                A.   Corps of Engineers
                                                B.   Parks, Refuges, etc.                 20.0 miles        31,423
                                                C.   Military Installations                                  3,760
                                                D.   Other

                                           II.  STATE                                                                    221 464

                                                A.   Public Free School Land                                  --
                                                P.   Roads & Highways                                        1,988
                                                C.   State Prison Lands
                                                D.   Siate Parks, etc.
                                                E.   Submerged Lands &  Islands                           218,013
                                                F.   River Beds Acreage                                       200
                                                G.   University & College Campuses                           1,263
                                                H.   Other

                                          III.  LOCAL                                                                        2,145

                                                A.   River Authorities                                    ------ zz-
                                                B.   Navigation Districts
                                                C.   Water Districts                                          --
                                                D.   Counties
                                                     1.   Parks                            0-7 milp           260
                                                     2.   Roads                                               681
                                                     3.   Airports                                            263
                                                     4.   Junior Colleges
                                                     5.   Other
                                                E.   Cities
                                                     1. Parks                                                   11
                                                     2. Airports
                                                     3.   Other                                               930
                                                F.   School Districts                                     Incomple
                                                G.   Other

                                           IV. PRIVATE                                                                     509,322

                                                                                                         Grand Total       768,114

                                                                                  30

                                                                                    LAND OWNERSHIP

                                                     COUNTY: Lavaca

                                                                                                                            A C R E A G E
                                                                                                    WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                      I.  FEDERAL                                                                               0

                                                          A.   Corps of Engineers
                                                          B.   Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                          C.   Military Installations
                                                          D.   Other

                                                     II.  STATE                                                                            5@849

                                                          A,   Public Free School Land                                          0
                                                          B.   Roads & Highways                                            4,266
                                                          C.   State Prison Lands                                               0
                                                          D.   State Parks, etc.                                                0
                                                          E.   Submerged Lands &   Islands                                      0
                                                          F.   River Beds Acreage                                          1,500
                                                          G.   University & College Campuses                                  83
                                                          H.   Other

                                                    III.  LOCAL                                                                            4,787

                                                          A.   River Authorities                                                2
                                                          B.   Navigation Districts
                                                          C .  Water Districts
                                                          D.   Counties
                                                               1.   Parks
                                                               1,   Roads                                                  3,886
                                                               3.   Airports
                                                               4.   Junior Colleges
                                                               5.   Other                                                   180
                                                          E.   Cities
                                                               1. Parks                                                     364
                                                               2. Airports                                                  151
                                                               3.   Other                                                      91
                                                          F.   School Districts                                             113
                                                          G.   Other

                                                     IV*  PRIVATE                                                                        568,101

                                                                                                                       Grand Total      578 @737

                                                                                              31

                                                                               L A N D     0 W N E R S H I P

                                               COUNTY:    Li berty

                                                                                                                       A C R E A G E
                                                                                               WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                               1.   FEDERAL                                                                               n

                                                    A.   Corps of Engineers                                       Incomplete
                                                    B.   Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                    C.   Military Installations
                                                    D.   Other

                                              Il.   STATE                                                                             9,586

                                                    A.   Public Free School Land                                       464
                                                    B.   Roads & Highways                                             5,022
                                                    C.   State Prison Lands                                            --
                                                    D.   State Parks, etc.
                                                    E.   Submerged Lands & Islands
                                                    F.   River Beds Acreage                                           4,100
                                                    G.   University & College Campuses
                                                    H.   Other

                                             III.   LOCAL                                                                             2,497

                                                    A.   River Authorities                                        Incomplete
                                                    B.   Navigation Districts
                                                    C.   Water Districts                                          Incomplete
                                                    D.   Counties
                                                         1.  Parks                                                     --
                                                         2.  Roads                                                    2,367
                                                         3.  Airports
                                                         4.  Junior Colleges
                                                         5.  Other                                                     --
                                                    E.   Cities
                                                         1.  Parks                                                       13
                                                         2. Airports                                                   117
                                                         3.  Other                                                     --
                                                    F.   School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                    G.   Other

                                              IV. PRIVATE                                                                           727,308

                                                                                                                  Grand Total       739.391

                                                                                         32

                                                                               L A N D     0 W N E R S H I  P

                                                  COUNTY: Live Oak

                                                                                                                    A C R E A G E
                                                                                              WATERFRONTAGE     SUB-TOTAL             TOTAL

                                                    I. FEDERAL                                                                         0

                                                       A. Corps of Engineers                                    Incomplete
                                                       1, Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                       C. Military Installations                                    --
                                                       D. Other

                                                   II. STATE                                                                       5,258

                                                       A.   Public Free School Land                                 235
                                                       B.   Roads & Highways                                    --4-,-39-
                                                       C.   State Prison Lands                                      --
                                                       D.   State Parks, etc.                                         31
                                                       E.   Submerged Lands & Islands                               --
                                                       F.   River Beds Acreage                                      640
                                                       G.   University & College Campuses
                                                       H.   Other

                                                  III. LOCAL                                                                       2-in3
                                                       A.   River Authorities                                   Tnromplptp
                                                       B.   Navigation Districts
                                                       C.   Water Districts                                     Incomplete
                                                       D.   Counties
                                                            1.  Parks                                               --
                                                            2.  Roads                                              2,055
                                                            3.  Airports                                              12
                                                            4.  Junior Colleges
                                                            5.  Other
                                                       E.   Cities
                                                            1. Parks                                                  36
                                                            2. Airports
                                                            3.  Other
                                                       F.   School Districts                                    Incomplete
                                                       G.   Other

                                                   IV. PRIVATE                                                                   651-529

                                                                                                                Grand Total      M29-0

                                                                                         33

                                                                              L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                               COUNTY:   Matagorda

                                                                                                                      A C R E A G E
                                                                                              WATERFRONTAGE       SUB-TOTAL              TOTAL

                                               1.  FEDERAL                                                                                  7S

                                                   A.    Corps of Engineers                                             75
                                                   B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                   C .   Military Installations
                                                   D.    Other

                                              II.  STATE                                                                              571,918

                                                   A.    Public Free School Land                                       502
                                                   B.    Roads & Highways                                           M96
                                                   C .   State Prison Lands
                                                   D.    State Parks, etc.
                                                   E.    Submerged Lands & Islands                                564,820
                                                   F.    River Beds Acreage                                         2,300
                                                   G.    University & College Campuses
                                                   H.    Other

                                             III.  LOCAL                                                                                6,651

                                                   A.    River Authorities                                        -Incomplete
                                                   B.    Navigation Districts                                       2,118
                                                   C.    Water Districts                                          Incomplete
                                                   D.    Counties
                                                         1. Parks                               1,200 fppt        Incomplete
                                                         2. Roads                                                   2,554
                                                         3. Airports
                                                         4. Junior Colleges
                                                         5. Other
                                                   E.    Cities
                                                         1. Parks                                                      301
                                                         2. Airports                                                1,678
                                                         3. Other
                                                   F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                   G.    Other

                                              IV.  PRIVATE                                                                          707,978

                                                                                                                  Grand Total       1,286@622

                                                                                        34

                                                                                      L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                      COUNTY:     McMul 1 en

                                                                                                                               A C R E A G E
                                                                                                       WATERFRONTAGE       SUB-TOTAL              TOTAL

                                                       I.  FEDERAL                                                                                 0

                                                           A. Corps of Engineers
                                                           B.     Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                           C.     Military Installations                                       --
                                                           D .    Other

                                                      II.  STATE                                                                              2,561

                                                           A.     Public Free School Land                                        64
                                                           B.     Roads & Highways                                            2,027
                                                           C.     State Prison Lands                                           --
                                                           D.     State Parks, etc.
                                                           E.     Submerged Lands &  Islands                                   --
                                                           F.     River Beds Acreage                                           470
                                                           G.     University & College Campuses
                                                           H.     Other

                                                     III.  LOCAL                                                                                 777

                                                           A.     River Authorities                                        Incomolete
                                                           B.     Navigation Districts
                                                           C.     Water Districts                                          Incomplete
                                                           D.     Counties
                                                                  1.  Parks                                                    --
                                                                  2.  Roads                                                    777
                                                                  3.  Airports
                                                                  4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                  5.  Other                                                    --
                                                           E.     Cities
                                                                  1. Parks
                                                                  2.  Airports
                                                                  3.  Other                                                Incomplete
                                                           F.     School Districts                                         Incomi)lete
                                                           G.     Other

                                                       IV. PRIVATE                                                                          737,557

                                                                                                                           Grand Total      2AaM L-

                                                                                                 35

                                                                               L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                               COUNTY:    Montgomery

                                                                                                                       A C R E A G E
                                                                                               WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                               1.   FEDERAL                                                                             46,324

                                                    A.    Corps of Engineers                                      Incomplete
                                                    B.    Parks, Refuges, etc.                                      46,324
                                                    C.    Military Installations                                       --
                                                    D.    Other

                                              II.   STATE                                                                                8,767

                                                    A.    Public Free School Land                                      358
                                                    B.    Roads & Highways                                          4,692
                                                    C.    State Prison Lands                                           =--
                                                    D.    State Parks, etc.                                         1,709
                                                    E.    Submerged Lands &   Islands
                                                    F.    River Beds Acreage                                           600
                                                    G.    University & College Campuses                             1,408
                                                    H.    Other

                                             III.   LOCAL                                                                               25,750

                                                    A.    River Authorities                                         20,985
                                                    B.    Navigation Districts                                         --
                                                    C.    Water Districts
                                                    D.    Counties
                                                          1. Parks                                                     ---
                                                          2. Roads                                                  3,464
                                                          3. Airports                                               1,277
                                                          4. Junior Colleges
                                                          5. Other
                                                    E.    Cities
                                                          1. Parks                                                       24
                                                          2. Airports                                                  --
                                                          3. Other
                                                    F.    School Districts                                        Incomplete
                                                    G.    Other

                                              IV. PRIVATE                                                                              61J.451

                                                                                                                 Grand Total        -0@.292

                                                                                         36

                                                                                       LAND OWNERSHIP

                                                       COUNTY: Nueces

                                                                                                                                A C R E A G E
                                                                                                        WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                         I. FEDERAL                                                                             3,054

                                                            A.    Corps of Engineers                       0.2 mile-            110
                                                            B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                             --
                                                            C.    Military Installations                   8.5 miles          2,944
                                                            D.    Other

                                                        II. STATE                                                                             274,013

                                                            A.    Public Free School Land
                                                            B.    Roads & Highways                                            5,793
                                                            C.    State Prison Lands                                            --
                                                            D.    State Parks, etc.                                                 5
                                                            E.    Submerged Lands &    Islands                               267,875
                                                            F.    River Beds Acreage                                            340
                                                            G.    University & College Campuses
                                                            H.    Other

                                                      III.  LOCAL                                                                              29,428

                                                            A.    River Authorities                                             --
                                                            B.    Navigation Districts                                        20,022
                                                            C.    Water Districts                                               --
                                                            D.    Counties
                                                                  1.   Parks                              3,900 feet            686
                                                                  2*   Roads                                                  3,650
                                                                  3.   Airports                                                 220
                                                                  4.   Junior Colleges                                          159
                                                                  5.   Other
                                                            E.    Cities
                                                                  1.   Parks                               3.0 miles            923
                                                                  2. Airports                                                 2,075
                                                                  3.   Other                                                  1,693
                                                            F.    School Districts                                          Incomplete
                                                            G.    Other

                                                        IV. PRIVATE                                                                          .513,845

                                                                                                                           Grand Total

                                                                                                  37

                                                                               L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                COUNTY: Orange

                                                                                                                       A C R E A G E
                                                                                                WATERFRONTAGE     SUB-TOTAL                 TOTAL

                                                 I. FEDERAL                                                                                 n

                                                    A. Corps of Engineers
                                                    B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                    C.    Military Installations

                                               11.  STATE
                                                    D.    Other

                                                                                                                                       6.034

                                                    A.    Public Free School Land                                         45
                                                    B.    Roads & Highways                                           2,537
                                                    C.    State Prison Lands                                           --
                                                    D.    State Parks, etc.                                            --
                                                    E.    Submerged Lands & Islands                                  1,852
                                                    F.    River Beds Acreage                                         1,600
                                                    G.    University & College Campuses
                                                    H.    Other

                                              III.  LOCAL                                                                              1,286

                                                    A.    River Authorities                                        Incomplete
                                                    B.    Navigation Districts                                            3
                                                    C .   Water Districts
                                                    D.    Counties
                                                          1.  Parks                                                    --
                                                          2.  Roads                                                  1,181
                                                          3. Airports
                                                          4. Junior Colleges
                                                          5.  Other                                                    --
                                                    E.    Cities
                                                          1. Parks                                                     102
                                                          2. Airports                                                  --
                                                          3.  Other
                                                    F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                    G.    Other

                                               IV.  PRIVATE                                                                          234-193

                                                                                                                  Grand Total

                                                                                         38

                                                                                    L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                     COUNTY: Refugio

                                                                                                                            A C R E A G E
                                                                                                    WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                      I.  FEDERAL                                                                             240

                                                          A. Corps of Engineers                                             --
                                                          B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                           240
                                                          C. Military Installations                                         --
                                                          D. Other

                                                     II.  STATE                                                                            21-480

                                                          A*   Public Free School Land                                      100
                                                          B.   Roads & Highways                                            2,680
                                                          C.   State Prison Lands                                           --
                                                          D.   State Parks, etc.                                            --
                                                          E.   Submerged Lands &    Islands                               16,800
                                                          F.   River Beds Acreage                                          1,900
                                                          G.   University & College Campuses
                                                          H.   Other

                                                    III.  LOCAL                                                                                823

                                                          A.   River Authorities
                                                          B.   Navigation Districts
                                                          C.   Water Districts                                           Incomplete
                                                          D.   Counties
                                                               1.   Parks                             1.500 feet         Incomplete
                                                               2.   Roads                                                   781
                                                               3.   Airports                                                --
                                                               4.   Junior Colleges
                                                               5.   Other
                                                          E.   Cities
                                                               1. Parks                                                       42
                                                               2.   Airports
                                                               3.   Other
                                                          F.   School Districts                                          Tnrnmplptp
                                                          G.   Other

                                                     11*  PRIIATE                                                                         495@219

                                                                                                                       Grand Total       517 7_62

                                                                                               39

                                                                               L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                COUNTY: San Patricio

                                                                                                                       A C R E A G E
                                                                                               WATERFRONTAGE       SUB-TOTAL                TOTAL

                                               I.   FEDERAL                                                                                 0

                                                    A.    Corps of Engineers
                                                    B.    Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                    C.    Military Installations
                                                    D.    Other

                                              II.   STATE                                                                             19,892

                                                    A.    Public Free School Land                                      971
                                                    B.    Roads & Highways                                            4,267
                                                    C.    State Prison Lands                                           --
                                                    D.    State Parks, etc.                                          14,188
                                                    E.    Submerged Lands & Islands                                      66
                                                    F.    River Beds Acreage                                           400
                                                    G.    University & College Campuses
                                                    H.    Other

                                             III.   LOCAL                                                                              3,535

                                                    A.    River Authorities
                                                    B.    Navigation Districts                                         230
                                                    C.    Water Districts                                          Incomplete
                                                    D.    Counties
                                                          1.  Parks                                                    --
                                                          2.  Roads                                                   2,828
                                                          3.  Airports                                             -
                                                          4.  Junior Colleges
                                                          5:  Other                                                    --
                                                    E.    Cities
                                                          1. Parks                               1,200 fppt            242
                                                          2. Airports                                                  235
                                                          3.  Other                                                    --
                                                    F.    School Districts                                         InCOMD]ete
                                                    G.    Other

                                              IV. PRIVATE                                                                            456,811

                                                                                                                   Grand Total     480 @238

                                                                                         40

                                                                                    L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                    COUNTY: Victoria

                                                                                                                            A C R E A G E
                                                                                                    WATERFRONTAGE -SUB-TOTAL                    TOTAL

                                                    1.     FEDERAL                                                                               4

                                                           A. Corps of Engineers
                                                           B.  Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                           C.  Military Installations                                           4
                                                           D.  Other

                                                   II.     STATE                                                                             5,330

                                                           A.  Public Free School Land                                       146
                                                           B.  Roads & Highways                                            3,384
                                                           C.  State Prison Lands
                                                           D.  State Parks, etc.
                                                           E.  Submerged Lands & Islands
                                                           F*  River Beds Acreage                                          1,800
                                                           G.  University & College Campuses
                                                           H.  Other

                                                  III.     LOCAL                                                                             6,024

                                                           A.  River Authorities
                                                           B   Navigation Districts                                          335
                                                           C'  Water Districts                                                  6
                                                           D.  Counties
                                                               1.   Parks
                                                               2.   Roads                                                  2,978
                                                               3.   Airports                                               2,104
                                                               4.   Junior Colleges                                             60
                                                               5.   Other                                                       21
                                                           E.  Cities
                                                               1. Parks                                                      421
                                                               2. Airports
                                                               3.   Other                                                    180
                                                           F.  School Districts                                          Incomplete
                                                           G.  Other

                                                   IV. PRIVATE                                                                             578,818

                                                                                                                        Grand Total

                                                                                               41

                                                                             L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                              COUNTY:    Wal ker

                                                                                                                      A C R E A G E
                                                                                              WATERFRONTAGE     SUB-TOTAL                TOTAL

                                              1.   FEDERAL

                                                   A. Corps of Engineers
                                                   B. Parks, Refuges, etc.                                         53,461
                                                   C. Military Installations                                          --
                                                   D. Other

                                             11.   STATE                                                                            20-180

                                                   A.    Public Free School Land                                         17
                                                   B.    Roads & Highways                                           3,993
                                                   C.    State Prison Lands                                        11,616
                                                   D.    State Parks, etc.                                          2,369
                                                   E.    Submerged Lands &  Islands                                   --
                                                   F.    River Beds Acreage                                         11000
                                                   G.    University & College Campuses                              1,185
                                                   H.    Other

                                            III.   LOCAL                                                                              3,986

                                                   A.    River Authorities                                          1
                                                   B.    Navigation Districts
                                                   C.    Water Districts
                                                   D.    Counties
                                                         1. Parks
                                                         2. Roads                                                   1,825
                                                         3. Airports
                                                         4. Junior Colleges
                                                         5. Other                                                        5
                                                   E.    Cities
                                                         1. Parks                                                     --
                                                         2. Airports                                                     99
                                                         3. Other                                                     629
                                                   F.    School Districts                                             100
                                                   G.    Other

                                             IV. PRIVATE                                                                           438,957

                                                                                                                Grand Total       516 5-84

                                                                                        42

                                                                               L A N D     0 W N E R S H I P

                                                  COUNTY: Waller

                                                                                                                    A C R E A G E
                                                                                              WATERFRONTAGE    SUB-TOTAL              TOTAL

                                                  1.  FEDERAL                                                                          0

                                                      A. Corps of Engineers
                                                      B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                      C .  Military Installations
                                                      D.   Other

                                                 11.  STATE                                                                       5,694

                                                      A.   Public Free School Land                                     0
                                                      B.   Roads & Highways                                        2,886
                                                      C.   State Prison Lands                                         --
                                                      D.   State Parks, etc.
                                                      E.   Submerged Lands & Islands
                                                      F.   River Beds Acreage                                      1,400
                                                      G.   University & College Campuses
                                                      H.   Other

                                                III.  LOCAL                                                                       6,057

                                                      A.   River Authorities
                                                      B.   Navigation Districts
                                                      C.   Water Districts
                                                      D.   Counties
                                                           1*   Parks
                                                           2.   Roads                                              2-140
                                                           3.   Airports
                                                           4.   Junior Colleges
                                                           5.   Other
                                                      E.   Cities
                                                           1. Parks                                                    17
                                                           2. Airports                                                --
                                                           3.   Other                                              3,900
                                                      F.   School Districts                                      Tnromplptp
                                                      G.   Other

                                                 IV. PRIVATE                                                                     319,372

                                                                                                                Grand Total

                                                                                        .43

                                                                              L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                               COUNTY:    Wharton

                                                                                                                      A C R E A G E
                                                                                              WATERFRONTAGE       SUB-TOTAL              TOTAL

                                               1.  FEDERAL                                                                                n

                                                   A.    Corps of Engineers
                                                   B. Parks, Refuges, etc.
                                                   C.    Military Installations
                                                   D.    Other

                                             11.   STATE                                                                             8,571

                                                   A.    Public Free School Land                                      313
                                                   B.    Roads & Highways                                           5,073
                                                   C.    State Prison Lands                                           --
                                                   D.    State Parks, etc.
                                                   E.    Submerged Lands &   Islands                                  --
                                                   F.    River Beds Acreage                                         2,000
                                                   G.    University & College Campuses                              1.185
                                                   H.    Other

                                            III.   LOCAL                                                                             4,694

                                                   A.    River Authorities                                        Incomplete
                                                   B.    Navigation Districts
                                                   C.    Water Districts
                                                   D.    Counties
                                                         I.  Parks
                                                         2.' Roads                                                  4-qn2
                                                         3.  Airports
                                                         4.  Junior Colleges                                            82
                                                         5.  Other
                                                   E.    Cities
                                                         1. Parks                                                       11
                                                         2. Airports                                                    99
                                                         3.  Other                                                    7@                               1
                                                   F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                   G.    Other

                                             IV. PRIVATE                                                                           672,074

                                                                                                                  Grand Total

                                                                                        44

    0

                                                                                      L A N D      0 W N E R S H I P

                                                      COUNTY: Willacy

                                                                                                                               A C R E A G E
                                                                                                       WATERFRONTAGE      SUB-TOTAL               TOTAL

                                                      1.   FEDERAL                                                                             7,278

                                                           A.    Corps of Engineers                                       Incomplete
                                                           B.    Parks, Refuges, etc.                    13.5 miles         7,278
                                                           C.    Military Installations                                        --
                                                           D.    Other

                                                     II.   STATE                                                                             164,039

                                                           A.    Public Free School Land                                          0
                                                           B.    Roads & Highways                                           2,697
                                                           C.    State Prison Lands                                            --
                                                           D.    State Parks, etc.                                             --
                                                           E.    Submerged Lands &   Islands                              161,242
                                                           F.    liver leds Acreage                                            100
                                                           G.    University & College Campuses
                                                           H.    Other

                                                    III.   LOCAL                                                                               5,692

                                                           A.    River Authorities
                                                           B.    Navigation Districts                                       3,249
                                                           C.    Water Districts                                          Imcomplete
                                                           D.    Counties
                                                                 1.  Parks                                800 feet        Incomplete
                                                                 2.  Roads                                                  2.440
                                                                 3.  Airports
                                                                 4.  Junior Colleges
                                                                 5.  Other
                                                           E.    Cities
                                                                 1. Parks                                                         3
                                                                 2. Airports
                                                                 3.  Other
                                                           F.    School Districts                                         Incomplete
                                                           G.    Other

                                                     IV. PRIVATE                                                                             388.246

                                                                                                                          Grand Total        565,255

                                                                                                 45

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