:project plan/prepared by the Coastal Georgia RC&D project sponsors ... ; assited by U.S. Department of Agriculture and other cooperating agencies. United States.Soil Conservation Service. Athens, Ga.:U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,1973. Coastal Zone Information FEB 3 1975 Center COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE COASTAL ZONE CONSERVATION INFORMATION CENTZ-2 & DEVELOPMENT PROJECT GEORGIA BRYAN LIBERTY %% LONG Mc INTOS GLYNN CAMDEN GUIDELINES For DEVELOPMENT ASSISTED BY S U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 952 SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE C63 AND OTHER 1973 COOPERATING AGENCIES 1973 LISDA-11CS-FORT WQWTN. T6X. 1874 Property of CSC Librazy C 0 A S T A L G E 0 R G I'A RESOURCE CONSERVATION ANTD DEVEL-OFMENT PROJECT PROJECT PLAN Prepared by the Coastal Georgia RC&D Project Sponsors Bryan County Commissioners Camden County Commissioners Glynn County Commissioners Liberty County Commissioners Long County Commissioners McIntosh County Commissioners, Coastal Area Planning and Development Commission Coastal Soil and Water Conservation District Satilla River Soil and Water Conservation District U - S - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413 Assisted by U.S. Department of Agrici;Citure and other Cooperating Agencies Prepared under Authority of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1962 (P.L. 87-703) U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Athens, Georgia 1973 13 Attallta -111--la,' Xrnnk Acarp GOVERNOR February 15, 1974 EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Mr. Charles M. Jones, Chairman Coastal Georgia RC&D Project Post Office Box 184 Hinesville, Georgia 31313 Dear Mr. Jones: I wish to commend the diligent efforts and the forward looking leadership exhibited by the-Executive Committee and the sponsors of the Coastal Georgia Resource Conservation and Development District. I have reviewed and am prepared to endorse your program as described in Guidelines for Development. The thoughtful assessment 0-F-p-r-ou'lems and opportunities in the Coastal area, the establishment of worthy objectives and a workable.plan of action represents the type of responsible planning needed to secure a con- tinuing high quality of life for coastal Georgians. It is my understanding that this endorsement enables the Secretary of Agriculture to approve planning assistance, in accordance with the Food and Agriculture Act of 1962, for further development of your program. I would like to go on record as u-rging the Secretary to approve such funding as soon as possible. While the program includes many projects of obvious merit, the State reserves the right and anticipates the opportunity to review and comment on individual projects at the-time of their funding application. A genuine offer of cooperation is extended to the project sponsors in developing the best pro- grams for the good of the citizens and the natural resources of Georgia's coast. I personally regret any delays and misunderstandings during the review process. If I can be of assistance in the future processing of your application, please inform me. Sincerely, ----------- 7-- 0 41mmy -Tter JC:js COASTALGEORGIA 010 t/UE SOURCE (eONSERVATION & cof-I/EVELOPMENT PROJECT LIBERTY COUNTY COURTHOUSE - P. 0. BOX 184 . HINESVILLE. GA. 31313 - AREA CODE 912 @ 876-6485 F 0 R E W 0 R D We have developed and prepared at the request of our sponsors a program for the conservation and development of the many and varied resources of our area. In arriving at the program -we have developed, we have received major assistance from county and city agencies, local groups, individuals, and Federal and State agencies, as well as the Coastal Area Planning and Develop- ment Commission. We are grateful to all who have participated for their valuable assistance, and wish to acknowledge that the plan -we have developed could not have come into being without the help of those many participating groups and agencies. We have discovered, in preparing our development plan, that there are many and varied problems, the most basic and pressing of which is an inadequate income due to unemployment and sub- marginal employment of major segments of our population. In most instances the income of a large segment of the area's population is inadequate to sustain a decent level of living. This situation has adversely affected, and unless corrected will continue to plague, the economic condition of the area's business operations. This quite naturally leads to limited job opportunities, requiring many of our raost promising young people who constitute our most valuable resource to leave the area in order to seek employment elsewhere. If uncorrected, this condition will result in a definite lack of concerned and intelligent leadership in fature years; therefore, one of our major goals is to develop our resources of all kinds in such manner as to improve and increase opportunities for our young people. The program we propose hopefully will result in the intelligent and systematic development, utilization and conservation of our human, water, soil, plant, and recreational resources in order to bring about a much improved economic status for all persons in our area. It is our intention to implement the program by means of established priorities incorporated into annual -work plans whereby specific projects are implemented, and in which financial arrangements and working agreements are established. We realize that the development plan-we have formulated is by no means an end to all ills, and that further and more extensive investigations will be imperative in ascertaining the feasibility of many of the project proposals. Therefore, we have hopefully formulated a plan which does not foreclose the possibility and probability of the addition of future proposals as they are identified; and we intend to implement additional project proposals upon their identification and isolation. As stated, we have received much support from various individuals and governmental agencies in preparing the plan. But the plan itself will mean very little, if anything, unless posi- tive action is taken toward the accomplishment of the objectives stated. If the past can be any guide to the future, we believe that -we are able to anticipate the unselfish and diligent efforts of all these groups and agencies in assisting in the future with the implementation of the plan. arles M. J Executive Board BRYAN - CAMDEN - GLYNN - LIBERTY - LONG - McINTOSH V ACKNO@LEDGEMENTS The sponsors of the Coastal Georgia Resource Conservation and Development Project gratefully acknowledge the assistance received in preparing this Guidelines For Development. The cooperation and assistance provided by representatives of the local organizations and agencies listed below have been particularly helpful. We anticipate the continued assistance and support of these and other groups during the course of project operations. Our combined efforts will be essential to achieve the improvements which will meet the needs and earn the gratitude of the people of Coastal Georgia. Loca Area News Media Brunswick-Golden Isles Chamber of Commerce Brunswick Ports Authority Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company Brunswick Recreation Advisory Board Coastal Area Planning and Development Commission Coastal Georgia Audubon Society Coastal Utilities, Incorporated Continental Can Company County Steering Committees County Technical Advisory Committees Glynn-BrunswickPlanning Commission Glynn County Recreation Board Glynn Farms Company I.T.T. Rayonier Company International Paper Company St. Mary's Kraft Pulp and Paper Company St. Regis Pulp and Paper Company Thiokol Chemical Company Union Camp Corporation State: Department of Education Department of Natural Resources Division of Earth and Water Division of Game and Fish Division of State Parks Department of Transportation Georgia Forestry Commission Soil and Water Conservation Committee University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Division of Research Marine Institute Federal: Department of Agriculture Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Farmers Home Administration Forest Service Soil Conservation Service Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census National Marine Fisheries Service National Weather Service Department of Defense Corps of Engineers Fort Stewart Army Garrison Department of the Interior Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife National Park Service vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SECTION I --- COASTAL GEORGIA RC&D PROJECT Summary SECTION II --- A LOOK AT COASTAL GEORGIA Physical Setting 5 Social Setting 6 Economic Setting 8 Climatic Setting 9 SECTION III --- RESOURCES OF COASTAL GEORGIA People 11 Land 13 Water 17 Geology-Soil 21 Agriculture 26 Forestry 30 Fish and Wildlife 35 Marine 39 Recreation 42 Tourism 45 Industry and Business 47 Communication and Transportation 49 Community Facilities and Services 51 SECTION IV --- THE PLAN OF ACTION Objectives of the Project 55 Implementing the Plans 56 SECTION V --- RC&D MEASURES Proposed RC&D Measures 59 The Short Term Plan 72 Signatures of Sponsors 84 SECTION VI --- APPENDIX Supplemental Data (Tables) ix MAP INDEX Following Page Land Use 16 Surface Water 20 Ground Water 20 Geology 21 General Soils 24 Forest Type 33 Wildlife 38 Recreation and Tourism .44 APPENDIX INDEX Table Number Approximate Acreage and Major Land Use Distributions 1 Population Data 1970 2 Population of County Subdivisions 3 Total Income With Personal Income Percentage 4 Distribution by Major Sources 1969 5 Occupation by Number and County 1970 5 School Attendance and Expenditures 1970-71 6 Water and Sewer Inventory 1972 7 Supplemental Wildlife Wetlands Habitat Data 8 Wildlife Wetlands Distribution by Type 9 Commercial Forest Land by Ownerships in Project Area 10 Project Total Growing Stock (cords) 11 Woodland Suitability Group Distribution 12 Soil Groupings According to Woodland Suitability 13 Public Recreation Management Areas--Existing and Needed 14 Appraisal of Outdoor Recreation Potential 15 X oecit ton C@OASTAL GEOiR-@GIA RC-.,&,,D PRO CT J--E- SUMMARY I11troductio --"Come over here; Ihavefound The Coastal andtheSatilla River Soil and a paradise." These are the words James Ogle- Water Conservation Districts joined the Coastal thorpe used in 1733 to describe Georgia to the Area Planning and Development Commission and English House of Commons. Indeed, it is still the commissioners of the six countiesin filing a landof great promise--many of the 97,000 in- an application for planning assistance in Jan- habitants of Coastal Georgia would agree with uary, 1971. The Coastal Georgia Resource Con- his words even today. servation and Development Project was authorized for planning by the Secretary of Agriculture But Coastal Georgia is also a land of in -November, 1971, withtheagencies filing the Freat contrasts. Some of its people have high application becoming the legal sponsors. incomes; others have very low incomes. Some of its greatest resources go virtually untouched Steering committees, representing a broad by human activity; others are destroyed by range of resource interests, were appointed in abuse. Water is one of the greater resources; each county by the sponsors. The steering it is also perhaps the greatest limitation to committees, utilizing a numberof advisory com7 normal utilization of other resources. Some mittees, have responsibility for presenting the areas have superb scenery; other areas have RC&D measure proposals made by the people in become trash piles of community neglect. The each countytothe executive board and providing ocean is at the very door of the entire popu- leadershipforaccomplishing approved measures. lation; the public has only limited access to it. A century and a half ago one of the more The steering committees selected represen- advanced agricultures in the country existed tatives for the RC&D executive board which has here; today agriculture is of relatively minor major responsibility for establishing the ob- economic importance. The list could go on and jectives, policies, and priorities for the on. sponsors. The executive board requested and obtained commitments of full participation from Summary of Project Organization--Many in- a numberof technical agencies and other groups formed local leaders predictthata great demand having mutual interest in developing and exe- willbe made upon Coastal Georgia's natural re- cuting the project plan. sources as the region develops in the decades ahead. Perhaps the greatest opportunity Of The primary objective.fthe project spon- these years will be for local people to engage sors is to develop and conserve the natural in the planning process f ol- orderly development resources of the area in a manner which will of area resources. The RC&D concept--that local improve area living conditions. Population people utilizing state and federal assistance growth or economic exp ans ion which diminish the can achieve this goal of creating a better en- quality of the environment will be considered vironment for living by resource conservation undesirable. All project actions will be and development--appealed to the progressive measured by this standard. leadersin Bryan, Camden, Glynn, Liberty, Long, and McIntosh Counties. ENTERING COASTAL SOIL & WATER CONSERVA11ON P@ 1 1 DISTRI wo @w The Coastal and Satilla River Conservation Districts include all counties in the project area. Summar'y of Area Settin --Coastal Georgia has had a long history, recordingmajor thrusts of European colonization since the 16th century by a succession of Spanish, French, and English colonists. Several decisive events have occurred within the project area which determined the eventual course of American history. The Coastal Georgia Resource Conserva- tion and Development Project is located in the sou',heastern corner of Georgia and con- sists of Camden, Glrnn, McIntosh, Liberty, and Bryan., Counties, which lie along the Atlan- tic Ocean, plus Long County which is situated one tier inland. The project area embraces an area of 1,941,100 acres of which 73.4 per- cent is non-bidal land area, 19.0 percent is tidal laiid area, and 7.6 percent is water area. The non-tidal land area is utilized primarily as commercial forest, agricultural- land, and for urban or public use.,3. Fivemajor rivers enter the Atlantic in the project area and exert a major influence on economic development, land transportation routes, and land and water relationships. The climate is warm and temperate to sub- 4. tropical; the major factor of influence is proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Average X maximum temperatures range from about 63 de- grees during winter months to about 91 degrees during bhe simraer. Annual rainfall averages about `2 inches, irith most frecuent rainfall ing between June and September. occurr 1970 population of the project area The was 97,087 -- 52 percent of which resided in -Cr, Glynn County. Only Long County has failed to record population increases in recent decades. F Continued increases in population are peo- jected. for the project area. The socio-eco- nomic problems of the people can be summarized -J A as being unemployment, underemployment, low educational achievement, family instability, and low family income. Two distinct, economies function in the 74N- .7 ar ea. The first is located along the coast and is ba6ed largely on commercial and indus trial activity. The second is located inland U and is primarily based on the production of forest products - The overall economy has been P-, steadily changing from agriculture to industry, with corresponding shifts in population and and use. The contribution of agriculture to the total economy has declined to the point Z_ 1,47 that only timber production is of great sig- 4 __A;L nificance. Oak, pine, and palms abound on large areas of flatland and off-shore islands. 2 Summary of Resource Characteristics--- The The physical location, accessibility, and area is very young geologically; this immaturity natural resources conducive to recreational is a dpmingnt fact in topographic features and activities create an excellent opportunity for soils formALtion. Soils are deposits of marine Coastal Georgia to develop as a playground for origin, mad about 92 percent of the project resident and visitor alike. area is comprised of soils which have problems related to seasonal high water tables. The principal. artesian aouifer has tradi- tionally supplied all water reouirements, and A majority of the inland landscape is ample surface water is available Cor all fore- characterized by a repeating pattern of relic seeable needs if it becomes necessary to re- beaches and abandonded islands separated by 8trict ground water piuTpage. The complete broad, level flatwood plains. The terrace-like developmentof the project area's water resources opography and other natural characteristics is a major key to future growth and economic result in freque-nt flooding and excess surface development. wtater problems. Coastal Georgia resources provide adequate The presence of this excess surface water living standards for many of the residents. is the dominant resource problem reflected in For others, the quality of living leaves much severe limitations on land use andthedegrading to be desired Ln terms of employ@iient, income, of agriculture, forestry, community health, and housing, public facilities, recreation, and general living conditions. @other amenities of modern civilization. Theareais blessed with significant human, Population wnd economic projections point forest, marine, wildlife, recreation, scenic, to rapid development of several of the area historic, water, and business resources. None resources and a corresponding responsibility of these resources has been developed to full of the local people to determine the course of potential, and the areaisin fact quite under- this development in order to protect the quality developed in many respects. of living. The completion of Interstates 16 and 95 is expected tohavea significant impact on land use and economic development. T z zr Shrimp boats dock at Darien. 3 Summary Of Project OiDerations--A fundamen- natural resource development,is also essential tal principle of RC&D is that community living for improving living standards in Coastal Geor- standards can be improved if local leadership gia. Project operations will support the efforts is committed to common objectives of resource of other organizations engaged in activities management. The RC&D projectisone instrument which achieve RC&D sponsors' objectives. for defining and implementing these objectives, while retaining for local people the responsi- The local RC&D leadership has established bility for making decisions and providing lead- high priorities on forestry, recreation and ership. wildlife development, solid waste disposal, water management, land use planning, and agri- Because landowners--fanners, industrial cultural problems. RMD measures which address managers, developers, foresters, businessmen-- these problems have been adopted by the sponsors have primary responsibility for resource conser- for the initial stages of project operations. vation and development decisions, amajor thrust Future priorities and courses of ac-tion will be of RC&D operations will be directed toward ac- established by the RC&D executive boardin pre- celerating technical and financial assistance paring annual plans of work based on county to this group. Perhaps the greatest opportunity RC&D steering committee priorities. for achieving the sponsors' objectives lies in influencing private decisions which will result Benefits from completed RC&D measures are in more effective resource utilization for the expected to accrue primarily in the from of mutual benefit of owner and general public. improved conditions for area residents; but secondary benefits may be expected to result in Another primary mission of project opera- accelerated expansion of the local economy as tions will be to secure the technical and f inan- resources are utilized, new enterprises devel- cial assistance needed by local governments to oped, and new jobs created. develop natural resources for public use and to solve resource problems which require community Additional planning will be necessary action. The collective decisions of private during the course of project operations, tore- landowners and local governments will largely flect changing conditions in keeping with the determine the future conditions of Coastal "open-ended" concept of RC&D. Additional RC&D Georgia's natural resources and influence the measure proposals will be considered by the welfare of the area residents. county steering committees during the period of project operations. Other RC&D objectives can be accomplished only by the continued success of many public The local RC&D leadership realizes that agencies and private groups presently engaged all of the problems of Coastal Georgia may not in activities which relate to resource manage- yield--even to combined efforts of all its ment. Project operations will be coordinated people working together through local govern- with these programs to provide assistance, ments and the assisting agencies. These leaders achieve mutual support, and avoid duplication are confident, however, that natural resource of effort. conservation and development will conquer many of these problems and prevent others from oc- The success of economic and community de- curring. velopment agencies, not directly involved in '15 M RC&D executive board members plan for the future. 4 I Section I I A LOOK AT I COASTAL GEORGIA PHYSICAL SETTING Locatio --The Coastal Georgia ResourceCon- Landscape--The Atlantic Ocean side con- servation and Development Project is located in sists of a broken chain of barrier islands the southeastern corner of the State of Georgia. separated from the mainland by a wide expanse It lies roughly midway between Jacksonville, of saltwater marshes, estuaries, and tidal Florida, and Savannah, Georgia. Brunswick, the streams. The mainlaad coast fronts on this largest city in the project area, is 83 miles uniaue pristine tidal system, affording scenic south of Savannah and 78 miles north of Jack- vistas from the short, steep bluffs which ascend sonville. by well-defined steps to higher elevations in- land. On these coastal bluffs are located a The project area extends from the St. Mary, s number of fishing villages, shrimper's docks, River at the Florida line @n the south to the historical sites, and recreation facilities Ogeechee River on the north. Camden, Glynn, which create a delightful setting f or residents McIntosh, Liberty, and Bryan Counties border and visitors alike. the Atlantic Ocean which forms about 85 miles of the eastern boundary. Long County is located The interior is characterized by flat, one tier inland, but the geographic character- poorly drained land known regionally as the istics are similar to those of the inland Atlantic Coast Flatwoods. Wth the single sections of the oVier counties. Connecting exception of the extreme northwestern section, county lines form the western project area the elevation of the project area is very low, boundary. approximately 80 percent being les,,3 than 30 feet above sea level. Geologically, the Georgia Plannina Agencies--All six counties are coast is immature to the extent that few natural contained within the boundaries of the Coastal drainage channels have become established which Area Planning and Development Commission. are capable of providing even slight relief for McIntosh, Liberty, Long, and Bryan Counties are normal water movement through the inland areas. members of the five-county Coastal Soil and Water The entire project area is located within Conservation District. Glynn and Camden Counties the Coastal Plain Land Resource Region (L.A.R. are members of the eight-county Satilla River No. 153). Soil and Water Conservation District. In addition to the major rivers which Size--The Coastal Georgia Resource Conser- form both north and south boundaries, the area vation and 1' evelopment Proj ect is approximately is transversed by the Satilla, Canoochee, and 110 miles long and varies in width from about Altamaha Rivers, plus numerous smaller local. 25 to 50 miles. The six-county area contains streams which flow in an easterly direction approximately 1,941,100 acres or 3,033 square into the coastal estuaries. miles, which amount to approximately 5.2 per- cent of the total area of the otate. Table 1 Surface Non-Tidal Tidal County Area Land Area Land Area Water Area Bryan 291,200 86.6% 9.0% 4.4% Camden 444,8oo 65.6% 27.2% 7.2% Glynn 297,6oo 59.3% 28.0% 12.7% Liberty 343,000 81.8% 12.4% 5.7% Long 257,900 99.5% --- o.5% McIntosh 3o6,6oo 54.4% 31.7% 13.9% Project 1,941,100 73.4% 19.1% 7.5% 5 SOCIAL SETHNG Coastal Georgia has been the location of many decisive events in the course of American history. r Early Histo -The Georgia coast has been occupied by man for at least 10,000 years, and identifiable traces of occupation vbi--h date R, back to 2000 B.C. are plentiful. Well estab- lished Indian tribes were the first settlers. The first known white settlement was located on St. Catherine's Island and was established about 1566. During the second half of the 115th century, 17, the area was a part of a Spanish district known as Guale, named for the most powerful of the Indian tribes. Conflict with the English grad- L ually forced the Spaniards back, and the missions were abandonded in 1686; but final claims were ZVI not relinquished by the Spanish until the Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simons.Island in J_ M2. A WW -V The French made limited attempts to claim Vv, ly, Coastal Georgia; then the'English became fully t committed to colonizing the area in 1736 when James Oglethorpe established a settlement at Frederica and built Fort Frederica as protection against the Spanish for the other colonies fur- ther north. After 1750, the English population Midway Cemetery--A link with the past. and influence grew and gradually prevailed over the remaining French and the Indians. 71_ Many influential Americans have worshipped at historic Midway Church. 6 Population--The population is a blend of Due to low cost and easy accessibility, pioneer stock families and newcomers to the mobile homes have become popular as temporary area. Industrial development, military assign- housing, accounting for 8.3 percent of the 1970 total housing supply. In 1970, the project area ment, and an influx of retirees are major f actors influencing in-migration during this century. had nearly 2,000 surplus housing units which Only 3.1 percent of the total population is were not occupied becauseoflocation, cost, or classified as being rural farm, indicating a physical obsolescence and lack of conveniences. lower rural farm density than the remainder of Fifty-three percent of all housing units were the state. The increase in the white population considered either structurally obsolete or in- was greater than the non- white population during adequate at the time. the previous decade. Education Levels--Educational achievement Problems--The social-related problems of in the project area is below state andnabional the people of Coastal Georgia can be summarized averages. The low level of basic education con- as being unemployment, underemployment, low stitutes perhaps the grea test problem confronting educational achievement, family instability, and efforts to accelerate economic development. low family incomes. Each of these problems is Unfortunately, children of parents with low edu- interrelated and can be either causes or eff ects cational achievement tend to receive little of the others. education themselves, completing -the vicious cycle common to other social problems. Housin --Housing characteristics are deter- mined by fiscal, economic, and social conditions Job Opportunit --A major deterrent to eco- which are also interrelated and are an integral nomic development is the lack of a trained labor part of the total livbig conditions of each com- force. Another related p roblem is the apathy of munity. Outside the city of Brunswick, in many unemployed and underemployed persons toward -which about one-fourth of the total population the possibility forindividual development. Suc- resides, housing is concentrated in towis and cessful training programs must improve the at- small communities scattered along the major high- titude as well as the skills of these potential ways. Large blocks of land in the interior are employees. virtually uninhabited. 4k. 4 Zs V- At ITI, VI", W t 7 1' "T, At '4 ti 41 *Nkh One change in land use is new housing outside metropolitan areas. 7 ECONOMIC SETTING Agricultural and forestry products gener- Economic Problems--Major economic and so- ated most, of the economic activity in Coastal cial problems exist in both economic sectors Georgia prior to World War II. Recent economic but are more readily recognizedin the interior development has been characterized by a trend flatwoods section. Agricultural income and away from marginal farming operations to ever- employment have not kept pace with the general increasing production of forest products and economy. Military expenditures fluctuate with to commercial or industrial development. national fiscal and defense policy. Timber re-. lated activities employ a large and important Two Economies--The project area can be segment of the work force, but worker per acre conveniently divided into two sections which ratio is extremely low and becomes lower as exhibit distinct differencesin both sources of more sophisticated machinery is developed for income and general level of economic activity. producing and harvesting woodcrops. The first is based along the Atlantic coast and is supported by diversified development consist- Due in part to the absence of an extensive ing of tourist services, real estate, seafood agricultural economic base, the total area econ- processing, transportation, recreation services, omy has not changed as drastically in the last 'manufacturing, government services, trade, . and 25 years as those in other regions of, the state. service industries. Advances in these enter- A substantial commercial and industrial base has prises have very fortunately provided employment developed in the Glynn County area and in several for many of those displaced from agricultural smaller communities. Many segments of the popu- and forestry jobs throughout the area. lation have good jobs and profitable businesses. However, both per capita income and median f amily The second section is located along the income are below state and national levels; 23.8 interior flatwoods section and is dependent pri- percent of project area families had an income marily on a small agricultural base, operations of less than $4,000 in 1970. .of Fort Stewart Military Reservation, and pro- duction of forestry products. The large land- Economic Potential--Considerable growth has owners of plantation days have been replaced by occurred, and continuing growth is projected in even larger timber corporations which have pur- the economic sector located a-long the coast. A chased extensive acreages of wood-producing land more concerted effort will be required in order to supply a portion of the raw materials needed to realize significant progress in solving the 'for their manufacturing operations. economic problems of the interior. E@gianal Influence--The sectional econany With the completion of Interstate 95, the of Coastal Georgia has a mutual reliance upon area should experience an expansion of tourist outlying Communities and regional commercial service business and perhaps some acceleration centers for employment., markets, raw materials, of light industrial development within a 10-to .services, and other components of modern com- 25-mile radius of interchanges along the new Imerce. Savannah is the major economic center highway. in southeast Georgia, Jacksonville being the COrTesponding Center of northeast Florida. Both The availability of water transport f acil- cities exert considerable influence upon the ities is an important major resource influenc- local ecanony of Coastal Georgia. ing the location of new industrial investment in the project area. The Coastal Area Planning and Development Commission, cooperating with several local in- dustrial development groups, is engaged in efforts to expand enterprises which would in- crease employment and business activity. 8. CLIMATIC SETTING The moderate climate of the Georgia coast Rainfall--The annual rainfall in the area is one of the great intangible resources of the ranges between 49 and 54 inches, with the larger area. The climate is warm and temperate to averages just inland f rom the coast. The season subtropical, the major factor of influence be- of greatest rainfall is summerto early autumn, ing the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Ccn- with mostofthe area receiving half the annual siderable variation is experienced within the total from June through September. November, project area as the distance from the coast with an average of just under two inches, is increases. The relative humidity is usually the driest month. The average number of days quite high. Early morning averages range be- with rainfall of one-tenth inch or more varies tween 83 and 93 percent, decreasing by early from ten in July to four in November. The afternoon to between 48 and 63 percent. Average average for the yearis 75 to 80 days with sig- wind speeds vary from around seven miles per nificant rainfall, hour in mid-summer to almost ten miles per hour in early spring. The prevailing direction is T erature--Average maximum temperatures northeasterly during the colder months and range from about 63 degrees during winter months southwesterly during the warm season. to about 91 degrees in July and August. The temperature exceeds 90 degrees on 75 to 80 days, and freezing occurs on 12 to 25 days, with the smaller numbers being along the immediate coast - The average length of the freeze-free season decreases from almost 300 days along the coast to 250 days in the higher elevations of Bryan, Liberty, and Long Counties. Severe Weather--Tropical disturbances are responsible for most of the heavy rainfall. Major storms affect the area on an average of @77 IW v once each year, but storms of hurricane inten- sity occur less than one year in ten. Tornados occur less frequently than in the more inland areas of the state. Thunderstorms occur on 60 to 75 days during an average year. Snowfall accumulations are extremely rare in Coastal Georgia. Climate produces lush vegetation and encourages widespread study and enjoyment of the area's natural resources. 9 Sect ion 111 RESOURCE'S OF COASTAL GEORGIA PEOPLE Between 1950 and 1970, the total population of Coastal Georgia increased nearly 61 percent, from 60,383 to 97,07. Camden, Glynn, and Lib- erty Counties recorded significant population gains during this period while Bryan, Long, and McIntosh Counties increased very little. Glynn County and the Brunswick urban center have con- sistently accounted for the greatest portion of the area population. Table 2 PORJLATION DkTA 1970 Total Percent Change County Population 196o-70 Bryan 6,539 +5 Camden 11 334 +13.6 Glynn 50,528 +20.4 Liberty 17,569 +21.3 Long 3,746 -3.3 McIntosh 7,371 +15.8 Project o87 97, +17.2 401 According to projections by the Coastal Area Planning and Development Commission, the area's population growth is expected to continue, but at a slightly lower rate during the next two .401 decades. A significant influx of seasonal and permanent residents into Bryan County from Savan- nah and into Camden County from lacksonville is anticipated during this period. Working in their outdoor classroom, students at Population Characteristics--Age distribution Ludowici learn about mankind's responsibility varies greatly throughout the project area. for natural resource conservation. Forty percent of the total population falls 'within the dependent age group (I to 18 years), and eight percent of the population is 65 years of age or older. More complete data on popula- Emplowent -Total employment in the region, tion characteristics are presented in the appen- particularly in manufacturing employment, has dix. increased significantly in recent years. Manu- Education--Of all persons over 25 years of facturing and processing industries provide the elge-, 18.6 percent have fewer than 4 years of largest number of jobs in Camden, Glynn, and formal education, 70.3 percent have 5 to 12 McIntosh Counties. Due to civilian employment years, and only 10.9 percent have 13 years or at Fort Stewart Military Installation, state and more. Employment opportunity is directly rela- federal government are the primary employers in ted to education and training--a fact which be- Bryan, Liberty, and Long Counties. comes more important each year as the area moves The labor force has become quite mobile, many further away from asimple agricultural economy . workers traveling distances of up, to 65 miles There is a good demand f or trained and experi- daily to reach their jobs. Many residents travel enced employees in a variety of skilled occupa- outside the project area to places of employment, tions even at a time when total unemployment is meeting other workers who travel similar dis- high. tances to jobs-within the project area. Table 3 AVEPAGE WORK FORCE ESTIMATES 1972 Civiaian Average No. Employed Unemployment County Work Force Employed Agriculture Rate Bryan 1,490 1,370 8o 8.1 Camden 4,290 4,100 80 4.4 Glynn 22,080 21,530 120 2.5 Liberty 4,61o 4,36o 8o 5.4 Long 640 550 8o 14.1 McIntosh 1,870 1,800 20 3.7 Georgia Department of Labor the area's median family increasesin both city-county and county-county ai_come--By 1970 income had increased to $7,318, but was still cooperation will be neededas local governments below the state average of $8,167 and far below having small taxbases attempt to provide these the national average of $9,590. Camden and services in the future. Glynn Counties record the highest income levels in the area while Long County families earn the Projected increases in permanent and sea- lowest apparent income. Of Coastal Georgia sonal populations can be expected t8 result in families, 8.9 percent received public assistance similar increases in demand for building sites, in 1972, and 11.0 percent received commodity 'water supplies, and other governmental services. foods or food stamps. High population densities make problems of land use more difficult to resolve and of greater importance to more people. Excluding Glynn County, the population density of the project Table 4 Median Per No. Public, area averages 19. 1 people per square mile . whi ch would appear to be very low utien compared with Family Capita Assistancei similar areas elsewhere. However, the pattern County Income Income Recipients@ of housing development is not well dispersed, Bryan 6,490 1,891 449 and the population density of residential areas Camden 8,390 2,228 564 is actually quite high. Glynn 7,958 2,566 1,614 Amore detailed discussion of the important Liberty 6,o63 2,010 862 role of local government is contained in the Long 5,414 1,630 358 Community Facility and Service Section and is McIntosh 5,630 1,729 436 referred to briefly in other resource sections of this document. Sources: Bureau of the Census 1970 Georgia Department of Family and Children Services Project Opportunities--One of the important objectives ofthe project sponsors is to assist (October 1971) local governments to guide future development which will conserve the coastal environment and insure good living conditions for the people of Coastal Georgia. Local people have an opportun- People and Local Goverment--The role of Ity to participate in the decisi.on-making pro- local government in Georgia has changed dramw- cess. tically in recent years as population has in- creased and demands for public services have Collectively the people of Coastal Georgia accelerated. The county commissions have became have an opportunity through their local units the focal point for initiating problem solving of government to join' efforts in 6eeking-solu- programs. Local government bodies for health tions to problems which can best be solved on services, education, recreation, resource can- a county-wide or multi-county basis. servation projects, industrial development, community planning, and water and sewer systems The people in each community have an oppor- are but a few examples of publi c or quasi-publi c tunity through, personal and group efforts to agencies which succeed or fail to the extent improve their communities by maintaining attrac- that county government responds to the needs of tive surroundings and investing the required constituents. funds in improving community services and facil- ities. Cities are subject to similar demands for services; but increasingly, city and county governments are joining forces to create more efficient facilities and services. Further 12 LAND Characteristics of the land resource have eral of the islands have been used primarily as been the pivotal factor in determining the ul- private retreats and wildlife preserves, with timate course of Coastal Georgia development. only limited commercial timber and livestock Land utilization patterns have been determined operations contributing significantly to the by the nature and location of land and the re- mainland economy. lationship of landtoeconomic and social needs of the people. Few stands of virgin timber remain, but near-wilderness conditions exist on some islands Extensive agricultural operations devel- as a result of special management provided by oped two hundred years ago along the immediate recent owners. There are instances, however, coast; but because of land-related limitations, where overpopulation of certain wildlife species settlement did not spread inland into the flat- or overgrazing by domestic animals have resulted woods section of the project area for many in deterioration of vegetative cover and subse- decades. For example, mosquito populations quent wind erosion problems. have always thrived due to the large area of wet land; and until well into the l9th century, The 1972 land use and ownership status of few men would willingly spend a night in the the major islands: St. Catherine's Island is mainland interior for fear of developing "Swamp an inaccessible pastoral property in one pri- Fever." vate ownership; Sapelo Island, also inaccessible, is in partial administration as a State Wild- The land resource may be conveniently life Refuge and University of Georgia Marine classified into three categories: off-shore Research Center; Blackbeard and Wolf Islands barrier islands, marshlands, and the mainland. are both inaccessible National Wldlif e Refuges; St. Simons Island is partially developed as a Off-shore Barrier Islands--The Golden Isles restricted, unincorporated resort and residen- of Georgia have nevermade a great contribution tial community; Little St. Simons is an inac- to the mainland economy. During the decades cessible private wildlife sanctuary; Jekyll when occupied by the great agricultural plan- Island is a state park having a significant tation8, they were self-contained communities, commercial and residential development; and manufacturing nearly everything needed on the Cumberl.Lad Island is being established as a plantation from shoes and cloth to furniture National Seashore, accessible only by water and tools. During much of this century, sev- transport. 13 The islands represent only 4.0 Percent of A vast majority of the mainland area con- the total project land area but constitute an sists of the flatwood plains, generally having enormous resource potential for recreation, natural flooding problems and high seasonal tourism, residential, wildlife, nature study, water tables which present serious limitations or other uses. Recently, the use and protection for almost all land uses. of the off-shore barrier islands have become matters of both state-wide and regional interest. About 455,000 acres of mainland are oc- cupied by tidal swamps, river flood plains, Marshlands--The area between the barrier basins, and flats which generally have moderate islands and the mainland coast is occupied by to high values as wildlife wetland as a primary tidal marsh and related watercourses. These or secondary land use. marshlands provide the habitat and supply the food for a wide variety of plant and animal Land Use Distribution--Streams, ponds, life in addition to other natural functions. sounds, and other bodies of permanent water form an important feature of the landscape The esturine system is very important throughout the project area, covering kiprov- fromboth economic and ecological considerations, imately 145,000 acres, or 7.4 percent of the making the marshland resource of concern to total surface area. The remaining 1,795,500 the general public. Consequently, land use acres of project land area are utilized for a regulations have been implemented to provide varietyof uses, generally for multiple-purpose adequate protection for this fragile landscape. activities. The generalized land use map con- tained in this section attempts to identify Mainlan --The mainland land resource con- the pattern of existing use. sists of scattered chains of relic barrier islands separated by wide flatwood plains. Forest lands, including tidal swamps and The abandoned island formations of previous farmer and publicly owned woodlands, occupy sea levels comprise virtually the entire land about 75.0 percent of the total'project land resource.having adequate natural drainage; and area. Approximately 18.1 percent of the land they are, therefore, the preferred locations area consists of salt and freshwater tidal for all intensive land uses. marsh. Federal, state, and local governments PROJECT SURFACE AREA DISTRIBUTION A - FOREST B - MARSH C - WATER .,5 % D - URBAN A-69 E - CROPS A .1. F - OTHER .\0 G - PASTURE 6 o 0 H - RURAL ROADS o\* 0\! 01 FIGURE I 14 have committed approximately 339,000 acres to public uses, amounting to about 18.8 percent of the project land area, State parks make up about 6,250 acres or 1.8 percent of this land. Approximately 10.8 percent of the total land is used for agricultural production, including intermingled farm woodlands. The incorporated towns occupy about 48,000 acres or 2.7 percent of the land area. Since -i Coastal Georgia is predominantly rural, only about 4,000 acres or .22 percent is presently used for industrial and commercial purposes; but an additional 20,000 acres have been desig- nated for this purpose. A major part of the land devoted to commercial uses is allied with the tourist trade which provides goods and ser- Quality housing built on suitable soils and vices along the main highways. There are .,Tlore protected by watershed protection and flood than 1,900 miles of public roads and highways prevention project. in the project area. These roads and their rights-of-way require more than 18,0110 acres of land. Semi-public lands consist of church lots, In fact, land suitable for any intensive use-- community building grounds, and some industry- residential construction, for example--is very owned land devoted primarily to wildlife pre- limited and simply does not exist in many com- servation. This category of land use constitutes munities. 1.4 percent of the total land area. The extensive area having excess water Land Utilization--As an area with a 300- problems limits the amount and location of land year history of settlement, Coastal Georgia suitable for residential development through- quite naturally has a legacy of conditions out most of the mainlend interior. Therefore, common to communities evolving from a succes- hundredsof homes--many of them expensive--have sion of unplanned developments. A substantial been constructed on poorly drained sites. Poor number of central city commercial buildings families particularly are seldom able to purchase and residential structures are dilapidated and the desirable building lots on the relic obsolete, as are the older community facilities. islands. People build on.the flatmood plain Throughout the project area, residential con- sites having seasonal water problems which gen- struction, industrial expansion, and other forms erally make them unsuited for private sewer of land development have occurred without ade- systems and further contribute to poor living quate comprehensive planning. conditions and frequent health problems. In future land development, primary con- Similar land-related problems occur to some cern shouldbethe protectionof those amenities extent throughout the project areaforagricul- such as scenic streams, coastal vistas, historic tural, forestry, community facility, industrial, sites, fishing villages, and the natural beauty and other land uses. Adequate conservation which make Coastal Georgia. a delightful place planning is essential for proper utilization to live. Reasonable land use regulations and and treatment of the land resources. construction standards should be adopted for adequate protectionof the individual-landowner The predominant soils are sandy and highly and as ess ential guides for attractive and eff i- erodible, but soil erosion is seldom a severe cient communities. problem except on constructed slopes and along unprotected stream banks. Many beautiful waterfront lots having acceptable soil properties are located along the Land Ownership--Land ownership patterns major rivers and coastal bluffs. Inland soils vary greatly within Coastal Georgia, ranging suitable for intensive uses occur along the from communities having only single lot owner- prehistoric beaches and barrier islands; but ships to sections having a few large ownerships. unfortunately, island patterns do not always The question of marshland ownership has not coincide with community patterns. Many fine been completely resolved. In additionto large homes have been constructed on these moderately holdings by the federal government, several cor- well-drained soils when they occur at the de- porations engaged in pulp and paper manuf acturing sired locations; but land costs are usually have extensive investments in land holdings. high and will likely become higher as the supply All corporations combined own approximately diminishes. 33 percent of the total project area. Approx-- imatelY 39 percent of the commercial forest Large areas of Coastal Georgia. reflect land is owned by forest industries, and the little evidence of land development, perhaps remainderis divided between miscellaneous pri- suggesting to the casual observer that ample vate and public ownership, 43.3 percent and 17.6 land is available for any proposed enterprise. percent respectively. 15 Project Opportunities--Inasmuch as land is the basic natural resourcein the project area, proper land use becomes a primary objective of the project sponsors. The area has reached a point in its economic development which requires greater concern and more involvement by the general public and local govermental,agencies in land use planning. The executive board will encourage the county governments, as sponsors of the RC&D project, to exercise their opportunity of pre- paring county-wide land use plans based on the desires of the local people, and utilizing all of the technical expertise available from pub- lic agencies and private consultants. County governments will be encouraged to enact and enforce the necessary zoning and other regula- tory measures needed to implement the land use plan. The various resource agencies have an op- portunity to provide the technical assistance needed by landowners to make decisions which will insure the proper utilization of the land resource. Since the effective management of land is a basic prerequisite for the economic development of the area, private landowners have an opportunity to contribute to area de- velopment by utilizing their individual land resources. The soil and water conservation districts have an opportunity to request technical-and financial assistance to accelerate land treat- ment, to eliminate critical conservation pro-: blems, to seek accelerated conservation plan@ ning assistance for private land users"and provide technical assistance for invento:yi and monitoring land resources. The RC&D executive board has an opportunity to seek accelerated research and experimental construction studies to obtain solutions for the serious and extensive bluff erosion pro- blems along coastal streams. . County steering committees can seek assistance through exist- ing programs to solve more" pressing bluff erosion problems. 16 0, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 0.1 SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, ATHENS, GEORGIA LAND USE MAP COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND G E 0 R G I A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT BRYAN. CAMDEN, GLYNN. LIBERTY, LONG AND MONTOSH COUNTIES, GEORGIA COA TAL GEORGIA PCOO PROJECT ? sl- .1 R MR. 32- 00' --mond Hill 700000 MY 700 0 mmml RN \gy - &I In 6 @.\\W\ 0111 TERINES SOUND 1011 10101, 0 k RIENN"', Offil NOWN N N" 4 E\\\` -- --- --- NO LEGEND 31. 30, - - \00-' -31-30' STATE HIGHWAY CAoRc- mEr U.S. HIGHWAY INTERSTATE HIGHWAY STATE LINE COUNTY LINE COUNTY SEAT CITY LIMIT WN k 001 MILIT RY RESERVATION B UNDARY 1014-1 DRAINAGE OPEN WATER IASI Sr. SIMONS SOUND 40000 .0 400 000 011 IN -7 0 0., 5r. ANDREW SOUND N I& XNIR _5r, "AR@S ENrRANCE 81- 45- 0 4) 4 LEGEND (Gemmimed Map Rf E,i,ti,g Lead Use) Ej 1--il, C-6.1, ..I Re.ide.11.1 E led...i.1 161m end La.d. - Ral. P.1,im 11 Mud FEBRUARY 1973 4-R-32,645 REVISED JANUARY 1973 4-R-31,36 2 WATER Georgia comes dawn to the sea in the project area. The meeting is both uncertain and incom- plete, making it difficult at times to distin- quish between land and water. The presence of water influenced Coastal Georgia's formation, V;@ determined the nature of its people, influenced its history, and decided the course of its eco- noric and resource development. Historical Perspective--All early settlements Lxr were located adjacent to navigable streams, either on the coast or along the inland rivers. Only with improved methods of land transportation and construction of roads did European civiliza- tion spread into the hindermost regions of the project axes. Canals have been utilized for transportation and 'water management since the mainland coast M was settled during the 18th century. Flood con- trol structures have long been considered an essential basic public facility and accepted as a community responsibility. The earliest com- mercial agricultural operations were dependent upon the vast water supply and water management installations on the tidal flats. Few of the existing residential areas could have been 4@ utilized without provision for basic flood can- trol and drainage. Ground Water--All domestic water is derived from ground water, most of which is drawn from Water control channel in the principal artesian aquifer. An ample supply Hill Creek Watershed (Bryan of high quality water is essential for many manu- County) enables more effec- facturing processes and has been an important tive management of land, factor in the industrial development of the area. forest, and wildlife Ground water presently supplies approximately resources. 155 million gallons of water per day for indus- trial uses, in addition to domestic pumpage. The As domestic requirements increase and addi- ground water resource nap shows the approximate tional industrial demands materialize in the depth to the aquifer and 1972 piezometric levels. region, more ground water can be expected to be withdrawn from the principal artesian aquifer. Because of the vast quantity of ground -water, some decline in the piezometric level resulting from increased pumpage would not prove an immedi- ate hardship for water users in most sections of the project area. Continued increases in with- drawal rates will necessitate pimping in areas -where artesian flow is no longer sufficient and the lowering of intakes on existing pumps. However, water quality problems such as those now becoming apparent in the Brunswick area may very likely arise if sufficient pressure inbal- ance develops, allowing the entry of water of undesirable quality into freshwater zones. Salt water intrusion could become a problem of serious consequence, but future ground water withdrawal rates will be controlled by the Georgia Depart- nent of Natural Resources. Virtually unlimited supplies of usable surface water are available 'which are not presently being utilized, and new plants can be designed with more sophisticated water recycling systems in order to conserve water. 17 Rain and Flat Land -High average rainfall, Water and the Flatwoods--The topography of combined with intensive rain patterns daring Coastal Georgia isbasicTUY a repeating pattern early spring and the fall hurricane season, of sand ridges, each higher than the seaward plain result in standingyater on one-fourth to one- below, but also slightly higher than the flatwood half of the project area during 'wet periods. plain further inland. Except in locations adja- Flooding in Coastal Georgia does not follow cent to the streams which break this ridge, sur- the classic pattern of floods in regions having face water has no direct outlet toward the 6ea. well-defined drainage systems. Most people have Owing to the level topography and the other a mental image of a flood as a rapidly rising natural characteristics of the area, only tidal water elevation flowing several feet deep at a streams have sufficient velocity to develop well high velocity over a narrow valley floor for a defined channels. The smaller tidewater streams relatively short period of tine. Life is are usually known locally as creeks while corres- jeopardized and immediate property damage can be pmding inland fresh water sections are known as anticipated. This contrasts with coastal flood- swamp. Moving upstream, channels become smaller ing which occurs slowly, standing not more than and poorly defined to the point that water a few feet deep over a vast area, flowing very courses having thousands of acres of drainage slowly if at all, and remaining in place for area have no identifiable channel. These water- weeks following heavy rainfall. Immediate loss courses flow at almost -undetectable velocities of life and property destruction seldom result, over a broad breadth of near-level plain during and consequently coastal flooding seldom makes periods of heavy rainfall, only to cease com- headlines. pletely during dry seasons. Many of these flat- While perhaps less dramatic, the coastal wood plains are interconnected, water flowing flood is a great problem to the resident in me way at me season, and in the opposite direc- terms of inconvenience, degradation of property tion at another time. values, and living conditions, as is the raging torrent to the inhabitant of the hill country. W PA. UAW- 4'0 JJ Water floods thousands of acres of flat land following heavy rains. 18 Fri C@' To, Flooded homes in Brunswick. River Water--A casual examination of the more common environmental health problems rela- drainage pattern of the state will reveal that ting to both pollution contamination and high Coastal Georgia forms the outlet of a giant insect populations. The nature of flooding in watershed funnel through which the surface run- the area makes meaningful delineation ofnatural off of over one-third of the state flows. Five flood zones very difficult orinpoosible in many major river basins, having atotal drainage area locations. of approximately 24,500 square miles, flow into Economic Relationships --The Savannah District the ocean in the project area. of the Corps ofEngineers has responsibility for As the drainage basins approach the ocean, providing navigation channels in Coastal Georgia the hills which separated the watersheds further -waters. The Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway pro- inland become mere ridges in the coastal flat- vides a protected coastal channel 12 feet deep -woods. Following periods of heavy rainfall and and from @O to 150 feet wide for commerce and subsequent flooding along the upper reaches of small craft along the east side of the project these river basins, floodwaters finally reach area. Navigation channels varying in depth from the flat gradients of the lower coastal plain. 10 to 32 feet and 80 to 500 feet wide are pro- During peak flood periods, water levels reach vided in and around the city of Brunswick, and elevations above the natural floodplain divide, channels from 8 to 28 feet deep and 50 to 200 permitting floodwaters to flow overland into the feet in width are provided in and around St. adjacent watersheds. It is not uncommon for Marys. Additional channels of varying dimensions these floods to flaw across thousands of acres are maintained at Sapelo Harbor, Darien Harbor, of land on which very little rain has fallen and along lower reaches of the Altamaha River, during the rain period which produced the flood- Fancy Bluff Creek, Satilla River, St. Marys water. River, andNorth River. These Corps of Engineers Infrequent instances of simultaneous high projects contribute to the utilization of the tides, heavy rainfall, and east winds result in water resource by providing connections to the severe flooding along the immediate coast. High intracoastal waterway and the ocean. tide waters enter the creek outlets producing re- Water is essential for many major recreational verse flows-which impede drainage efficiency at activities and contributes significant enhance- the very time maxim-u. flows are needed, con- mnt features to any other forms of recreation tributing to further flooding upstream along the as 'well as iinproving the quality of living in inland streams. other ways. Flooding and People--Comercial and residen- Water has filled an important role in the his - tial areas suffer the flooding problems common tory of the region and has the capability of inak- to their location--tidal, river, or flatwood ing further economic contributions in the areas flooding. Excess surface water is one of the of recreation, tourism, fisheries, and transpor- tation. 19 Local Action--The quality of living can be greatly upg d through the development and management of the -water resource. The opport-uni- ties and need for better soil and water manage- VII ment are just as great in the flat,,waterlogged coastal plain commmities asthey are in regions having well-defined natural drainage systems. The recurring water management problem of greatest concern to the local resident is ade- quate provision for excess surface water removal. Due to low'relief, a single land owner isseldom 711 able to obtain an adequate outlet, requiring group action. Many of the more pressing water management problems can be solved through coop- erative local, state, and federal action utiliz- ing existing programs. Project Opportunities -One of the major objec- tives of the project sponsors is to maintain a safe and plentiful supply of water for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and recreational use through wise management, control, and utiliza- tion. The local people, acting through matershed 14@' _S' associations county governments, and the RC&D executive board, have an opportunity to request accelerated technical and financial assistance from state and federal agencies as appropriate in order to develop and adequately manage the water resource. The RC&D steering conmittees and executive board have an opportunity to request assistance of appropriate state and federal agencies - to Adequate sized roadside ditches prepare and publish a stream classification and protect roadbed and adjoining fishery inventory of streams in each county. cropland. The navigation channels and port facilities afford opportunities for improvements which would directly enhance economic development potential. Assistance can be requested from the U. S. AxTW Corps of Fingineers for needed improvements. The few existing natural impoundment sites offer opportunities for development of private and public water-based recreation activities. County land use planning presents an oppor- tunity for local people to delineate identifiable natural flood zones and to control the types of development which mill be permitted or to plan adequate programs for protection. 4- __2 A % Altarnaha River overflows in Glynn Traffic on Georgia Highway 204 County. stopped by Ogeechee River overflow. 20 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. ATMENS, GEORGIA SURFACE WATER RESOURCE MAP COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND G E 0 R G I A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT BRYAN, CAMDEN, GLYNN. LIBERTY, LONG AND MtINTOSH COUNTIES, GEORGIA COA TAL GEORGI A RCSD PROJEcr IS 42" 11 11 -Es Pembroke ICALI-1111.1111 IN- 01-1 67 28 D-E L-11- I A-U-A-E s.-Ts A N S E A R T T F 0 R T@ M I L I TA R Y IF, E: S E R T 1 0 N River 00,11ee Is el@v I Richmond Hill 44 7000 0 700 000 or$ C1 1* as Flemington Hines ill Midwo OSISASAN 301 A ISLAND (lenhurst L 0 L I B R N, y Riceborc,@ Ludo,mici ST 7HYRINE5 504IND 30, kt N Do"' w ou-N -Er % Eiilori. er SOUND el LEGEND 31- 30' so. STATE HIGHWAY S U.S. HIGHWAY .1 INTERSTATE HIGHWAY STATE LINE COUNTY LINE ari n r COUNTY SEAT 341 0 R, CITY LIMIT MILITARY RESERVATION BOUNDARY DRAINAGE 9 OPEN WATER IS Riv, T,r1le E83runsw S4 St. Simons Island IMONS SOUND 400 0010 400 000 95 Nnit, Oak Do- ST DREW SOUND Woodbine Y, Is C A M D E N "a CrDckld 40 Kingslondl,,- AD IN St, MO'ys --ST MARrS ENTRANCE .I. A,' k 0 ',1, LEGEND Mai, Parts C--.,ci.1 Docks Firs- D-ka ad R..pa 196 Boat La,,chi,g Facility (RIMP or Lift) lowc .. 1,111.1 d Na,i @Atw Ch ... 1, MARCH 1973 4-R-32,808 REVISED JANUARY 1973 4-R-31,36 2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. ATHENS, GEORGIA GROUND WATER RESOURCE MAP COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND G E 0 P G I A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 20 BRYAN. CAMDEN. GLYNN, LIBERTY, LONG AND MGINTOSH COUNTIES, GEORGIA 40 GO STAL GEORGIA RCOD PROJECT 1- 45' 50 IS Is 67 10 P mbroke 260 BASE COMP LED FROM 1 250- SCALE, AMS QUADRANDLE -ETS 04 B Y A o 1-11 T A R T 4/7, 3 2 00-'y!;1@1 M L IT A 11 Y I E R T 1 0 N + @R ?jver 00cher log ,IS 700000 RichrnOnd Hill D, 1-10 700 000 Hinesvil Fle Ing 17 -10 @dwo Sol Allenhurst 350 0 G Ne cebo. 300 O.Ici 50 Sr CA SOUND 4 350 400 k' 30 C, IS U0 op er SA SOUND @-- 4 0 o LEGEND + 30 od 110 ===@- STATE HIGHWAY M U.S. HIGHWAY INTERSTATE HIGHWAY STATE LINE 40 I.,r COUNTY LINE 7 COUNTY SEAT S41 Don n 500 CITY LIMIT 550 MILITARY RESERVATION BOUNDARY DRA INAGE WATER 4 5 0 OPEN L 20 Riv TO 50 L L t UNO 400 OOo I'D "Ib A@ 400 000 50 40 ni 4 o o 3 1- 00 - D- WOOCIbin 6 17 40 K I and 40 N 50 St, Marys 30 20 .I' 4V 49"" - TMAPKS ENTRANCE 3 LE END /20 Map Shewmg Pi .... e0i, 550 f-til. I the T,p dP S If.G. AM C..f"u 50 0 the ri"ip'I _'I" A,I EXPLANATION She- alfiwd, ITth, piez-oi, tG 1970 I.e.@.els. C-101, iet-al IS 10 feel. Data 1. e'.1. -4SO- Sft-G- -1-1 She- alfil.de f tAp f p,i. ipal D"'I aq'If"- CO"t- iete-I IS So feet. c at. 1, .-. ... I... 1. EXAMPLES 10 - ReKesen -PPne-i-e height III feet the .1.0an A,puifer I- tapped. 450 - Rep,esnt, the -PP-i-t. depth n feet bel- e.. ... le-I .,he Iep f the 0 a REVISED JANUARY 4-R-32,569 973 4 - R-3 1,36 2 GEOLOGY - SO I L The surface geology and topography of The generalized cross section below, pre- Coastal Georgia were mainly influenced during pared along an east-west line north of Darien, formation by the rising and falling of the sea shows the typical barrier island formation with level during the Pleistocene ice ages. associated lagoonal. areas and well illustrates the predominant influence exerted on surface Formation--At one time the ocean extended geology and topography. to the area which is now middle Georgia, over one hundred miles west of the present coast. Mineral Resources--Exploration work has Great geological changes occurred; and during been conducted in the project area by the Geo- the period of maximum ice formation, it is es- logical Survey of Georgia to determine the timated that sea level was 330 feet below the location and extent of mineral resources. De- present level, and the seashore was 70 to 80 posits of phosphates, heavy minerals, and quartz miles east of its present location. The latest sands have been identified. ice melt began about 18,000 years ago, allowing the sea level to rise to its present elevation Heavy minerals of the metals titanium, as water returned to the ocean system. thornium, and zirconium occur as sands in the area. Concentrations possibly great enough to There are traces of seven Pleistocene shore- be mined profitably have been found in at least linesin the project area. These former shore- one investigation excavation in each of the lines, from oldest to youngest, areas follows: following counties: Liberty, Long, McIntosh, Okeef enokee, 150 feet above sea level; Wicomico, and Camden. Prospects have been made for phos- 95-100 feet; Penholoway, 70-75 feet; Talbot, phates in Bryan, Camden, Liberty, and Long 40-45 feet; Pamlico, 25 feet; Princess Anne, 15 Counties. All results to date indicate that feet; and Silver Bluff, approximately 5 feet. deposits are not satisfactory for profitable The youngest in age and most seaward is the mining. Sand suitable for making glass was Holocene which constitutes the present shore- foundin one investigation excavation just out- line and recent deposits which were formed within side the city of Pembroke in Bryan County. the last four to five thousand years. Deposits of sand suitable for construction m2r- terial were also available. A WEST EAST A 140.' 1 WICOMI W FT 120- FORMATIO PENHOLOWAY ot i5 14,0 1:01 FORMATION TAL X 1Z Ja &L ,2 0. IFOR I NJ PAMLICO ow Q-189 Ex 0. 60'-- FOR14ATION J so tic 0-6 SILVER BLUFF 40- 4ZZ iL FORMATION 4: 20 0--SEA LVEL-------- .20 -20 MIOCENE - 0 VERT. EXAG. 211 -40 -20 0 PLI ""4-40 0 2 4 6 8 M!" -6 01 E3 ENE-P LAGOONAL-MARSH BARRIER ISLAND 0 2 4 FACIES FACIES FIGURE 2 CROSS SECTION OF PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE SEDIMENTS OF COASTAL GEORGIA 21 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, ATHENS, GEORGIA GEOLOGY MAP COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND G E 0 R G I A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT BRYAN, CAMDEN, GLYNN. LIBERTY, LONG AND MONTOSH COUNTIES, GEORGIA C-T- E.R.I. -IE -1- 11- 1---CAL., -1-R-L-11TI 1 0 N River R,chmo.d Hill 700 000 ra a 5T CArHERINES SOUND R'Ver SAFELO SOUND pe@o 'k Pa '06 LEGEND STATE HIGHWAY m c U.S. HIGHWAY INTERSTATE HIGHWAY STATE LINE COUNTY LINE COUNTY SEAT CITY LIMIT 4e MILIT RY RESERVATION BOUNDARY pa 10% DRAINAGE OPEN WATER @ru t@ Sim- 151cnd 5T SIMONS SOUND 1000 0 Ph Sr. ANDPEW SOUND Pa KmgM.nd@ ra I N St. M p _-5r. M RK5 ENrRANCE LEGEND 81' 45' 0 PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE SEDIMENTS In 0- ... ".. om "ic-1c. FA 1--t-1 ...I mm 1-11".1 F -,-- I -i- ll Irl .... A... RE S11.1 .1-11 0 0 FE13RUAR 1973 4-R-32,670 .. .... REVISED JANUARY 1973 4-R-31,36 2 The sails of Coastal Georgia are primarily Natural Drainaze--Climatic conditions re- influenced by flat topography, warm humid cli- sult in high intensity rainfalls at varying mate, and the marine origin of soil materials. intervals during the year. These rainf alls are in excess of the amount that the soil can absorb, Soil Geoloi@y--As described in the geology resulting in a high seasonal water table and section, the Georgia flatwoods region was at excess surfacewater. The excess surface water one time covered by the Atlantic Ocean. The is removed very slowly by the nearly level to- landscape shows a repeating pattern of barrier pography. These factors result in a high per- islands protecting tidal marshland or lagoons. centage of the soils being excessively wet for m cean breakers, currents, and sea breezes built extended periods of time as revealed in Table 5 up sand beaches and barrier islands. In the below. arshes and lagoons, tidal action caused varied processes, resulting in mixed and sorted clay and sand sediments. Table 5 The ocean receded at intervals, resulting EXTENT OF SOILS ACCORDING TO WETNESS PROPERTIES in a terrace or doorstep-like landscape on a very broad scale. Consequently, soils formed Depth Below Surface to on the abandonded beaches and islands are sandy, Seasonal High and those from the emerged marshes and lagoons Water Table are clays and sandy clays. The generalized cross section across Liberty county shown below Less relates to Figure 2 and establishes the corre- than Greater lation between previous ocean elevations and County Marshland Swamp 1511 15-30" than 30" present soil conditions. Bryan 8% 1% 52% 30% 9% Camden 24% 5% 40% 27% 4% Soil Characteristics--The better drained Glynn 27% 2% 60% 9% 2% soils occur on the abandonded beaches, islands, Liberty 13% 1% 51% 23% 12% and areas adjacent to streams. These soils Long --- 10% 45% 28% 17% typically have a dark grayish sandy surface McIntosh 30% 8% 45% 9% 8% layer over a uniform yellow or red sandy to loamy subsoil. These soils generally have more Project 18% 3% 50% 21% 8% desirable characteristics and higher potential for most Uses than other soils that occur in the project area. The poorer drained soils have a black sandy to loazy surface layer overlying a gray or gray mottled subsurface layer varying in texture from sand to clay. Z W W Z > 4 _J Z 100 U) 0 00- 0 70- Ir Z W 0 0 so- W 0 40- ATLANTIC 03 MEAN SEA LEYEL OCEAN 0 1 10 L I SCALE IN MILES SAND SANDY CLAY CLAYS FIGURE 3 COASTAL GEORGIA RC & D PROJECT AREA LANDSCAPE CROSS SECTION AT HINESVILLE 23 Soil Surveys--Since soils information is a basic requirement for intelligent land use planning, soil surveys are made and released by the Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. *AdL For extensive broad-area planning purposes, the general soil map is made on a scale suffi- cient to show the pattern of soils as they occur on the landscape. A general soils map of the project area follows in this section. The accompanying soil interpretations give valuable information for general land use planning. For more intensive planning purposes. a A detailed soil survey is prepared. This 'soil survey is made on a scald of 1:20,000 for some 14 counties and 1:15,840 for others. Soil surveys have long been used by agricultural land users as a basis for conservation planning and are equ ble to other types of land use ally applica j planning. 4_ A published detailed soil survey is avail- Soil - a basic natural resource. able for all of McIntosh County. Detailed sur- veys for Bryan andGlynn Counties have been completed, and surveys are being prepared for Camden, Liberty, and Long Counties. Information containedin completed surveys is available through the Coastal and the Satilla River Soil and Water Conservation Districts and may be obtained from local Soil Conservation Service offices. Project (D-pportunities--The soil and water conservation districts have an opportunity to request acceleration of soil survey activities in order to complete the detailed surveys of the remaining counties for general use. A great need and similar opportunity exists for increasing soil interpretive assistance to specialized land users, particularly in areas subject to rapid land use changes. Commitment of funds by local governments could give prior- ities to soil surveysin these areas where most needed. The RC&D program effort could create an opportunity for supplying soil interpretations as one source of the basic information needed by county and municipal planning commissions in order f or them to develop comprehensive land use plans. The RC&D project provides a framework for developing monitoring systems for soil and other resource conditions by utilizing the broad range of technology available from the partici- pating agencies. Similar opportunities exist for initiating joint agency field studies and research projects to investigate the unique soil conditions and interpret soil character- istics of the area. 24 MON so IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII M M SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, ATHENS, GEORGIA U.S. DEPARTMENT OFFAGRICULTURE 0 GENERAL SOIL MAP COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND G E 0 R IS I A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT BRYAN, CAMDEN, GLYNN, LIBERTY, LONG AND MdNTOSH COUNTIES. GEORGIA COASTAL GEOR IA RC0 DpROJECT 81- 45 `cI li"oke BASECOIPILEOFROH 110,-IIAIE, -EQUADRANDLE SHEETS 6 ,'6 5 R 32- 00 "V Richmond H 11 -0 5 13 700 (-0 k 12 1-@ esvil 8 6 y 7 7 do. ST CArHERINE5 SOUND 7 "IN piver SARELO SOUND LEGEND 31- 30' SO 7 STATE HIGHWAY U.S. HIGHWAY INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 0@ STATE LINE COUNTY LINE COUNTY SEAT CITY LIMIT -44 o@/ MILITARY RESERVATION BOUNDARY DRAINAGE OPEN WATER t 7 St. SiTons IsIond 51, 5110 5 SOUND '00 OQO 7 12 @1- 00, ST ANDREH, SOUND 7 D E @10 7 0/05 n N __ST, MARrS ENTRANCE 0 t 0 A IOILS LEGE-1 A Y .....AT.. BY IA-1 S.IIS .... ...... IIIAI TI1 I --- .:ET 1*111 'IT" "E111 TI1T1lE ,I %7 id Mtn, I.- T d ... r- A-1 . ....... 11-1. 0.... ....... El 1. 0... -1, d--d -11, -i- d.,11.1,:,,,,., I IIIAI 11"I"IT11 11 THAT All A-ci.Ii IU , _@:.7 0 A*--- I., 0 d:;. ,,, -1, - 1- d'-d YI @A. _d dr. IU I..' -I-- W ... ... ... . ..... i- d., d..."." @ I -'- I w I - r... I I ;-`.'@"1':=. -, I,--- -d -I, =...d, d... ......... .... d. AREAS DOHINATED BY lIT 1.11S III- HED111 TEXTIRED SUBSOILS ... .. YT-111=11.71"1.11*.111. tl= d-.:@i r 1@ Ti .1 M.-C.-. T - 11-d -h r ... I ,".dh 1-11, @0 I-- E- - . ....... _d --I. 4-R-32,562 JANUARY1973 REV SED JANUARY 1973 4-R-31,362 M now no M M DEGREE OF LIMITATION FOR SELECTED LAND USES AND CHIEF LIMITING PROPERTIES OF THE THIRTEEN SOIL ASSOCIATIONS OF THE COASTAL GEORGIA RC&D PROJECT AREA Soil 3-itabil-ity f., r Suitability Agriculture Woodland ,nV kind %ptNati,ns fo Percent g TV Campai as as a Sitabi Map Major Soil Series Of ""t Absorption Sanita local Streets Picnic Rac-ti.. Golf Source of Cropland F-tc,e Symbo in Each Assn. A.... Basement Fields Landfill and Read. Grounds Buildings Fairwaya Roadfill Poor 1 Poor 1 L2 Kersha@ 6 Moderate 10 Moderate 3 Moderate 3 Moderate 10 Moderate 9 Moderate 9 Moderate 5 Sew--- 9 Good Poo, 11 Poor 11 113 O.ie r 20 @wre 11 Sew Se@re 11 So= 1-1 Sevare 11 Do. = 11 3 Se-r Se-rc 11 Pool Poor 2 Poo r2 aited Coastal Beech 20 Se-ra 2 SO 2 Se r. 2 Se re 2 SO - 2 Se -_ 2 Sa= 21 Se- 2 Poo, 121 2 Laksland 45 Moderate 1-1 Sli@ht Fair 1 .,air 1 L.2 S112 Slight Moderate 9 Moderate 9 Slight Moderate I Good Fair 11 Fair 1 2.2 Chipl.y 25 Mod@@ ate 11 Moderate 11 Se- 11 Moderate 11 Mode ate 11 Modc@ate 11 Moderate 11 Modera a 11 Good Fear II,l Poor II 4w2 re 11 S. _ 11 I.e. 20 Severe 11 Severa 1-1 Sew 11 Severe 11 Se-;e Severe 11 a_e 11 Fair 11 Poor 11 Poor 1-1 _4.2 3 1.- 45 Se- I Severe I Severe 11 Severe 11 Sevare 1-1 Severe I Severe 11 Sevare 11 L-@12 Poor 2,11 Poor 2,11 2.3 R.tleg. 25 Severe 2,11 Severe 2,11 So-- 2,11 Severe 2,11 Severe 2,11 Severe 2,11 Severe 2,11 Sevare 2,11 Pa., 2 Poor 1 poor 1 522 4 Ke-h.. 55 Moderate I Moderate 3 Moderate 4 Moderate 10 Moderate 9 Moderate 9 Moderate 5 S.-re 9 Good Fair 11 Fair 1 2.2 Chipl@y 20 Moderate 11 Moderate 11 Severe U Roderte 11 Moderate 11 Merate 11 Mode @. a I Moderate 11 Z@0_.d Poo, 2,11 Poo, 2,12 2.3 Se"m 2,, Rutlege 15 1 Severe 2,11 Sewre 2,11 Sevare 2,11 Sewre 2,11 S= re 2, 11 Se- re 2,11 Se-re 2,11 Poor 2 Good 2a2@ @L2 5 Stilson 35 SliAht Moderate 11 Severe 1 Slieht Moderate 11 Moderate 11 Slight Moderate 11 Good Poo 1-1 Poor 11 2.3 Pelham 25 Severe 11 Sewre 11 Seva- 11 Moderate U Severe U Se-re 11 Sawrc 11 Se-re 11 P... U Fair I Fair 1 3c2 Fuquay 20 Slight Slight Moderate 11 Slight Slight Slight slight Moderate 1 Good Fair 11 Fair 11 Jw2 6 Laefield 35 Moderate 11 Severe 1-1 Severe 1.1 Moderate 11 Moderate 11 Moderate 11 Me erate 11 Moderate 11 Fair 21 Poor 11 Poor 11 2-3 Pelham 30 Severe U Se-re 11 Severe 11 Moderate 11 Severe 11 S-re 11 Severe 11 Severe 11 Poor 11 Poor 11 Poor 4w2 r. Severe 11 MazcOttc 25 Svare 11 Seve 11 Sevare 11 Severe 11 SO-- 11 Sev@emll Ta. r 11 P... 11 Poor 11 2W2 Fa-irn Fair 11 3w2 7 Pelham 35 Severe U Severe 11 Severe 11 Moderate Severe 11 Severe 11 Save- 1 Severe Poor I Ocilla 30 Moderate I Severe 11 Severe 11 Moderate 11 Moderate 11 Moderate 11 Moderate 11 Moderate 11 Good Poor 11 P.. 11 2w3 Rains 20 Severa ll Severe 11 Severe 1-1 Sewre 1.1 Bevere 11 Severe 11 Severe 11 Severe 11 Poor 11 Poor 11 Poor 1-1 2!Q 8 Pelham 30 Severe 11 So-- 1 Severe 1-1 Moderate 11 Severe 11 Severe 11 Save- Severe Ll Poor 11 Poor 11 P.. 1-1 2w3 Hei. 25 savere 1.1 S- 11 vare .11 Sewre 1-1 Se-re 11 Severe 11 Severe 11 Se vere 11 Poor 1-1 Poor 2111 Poor 2,11 2w9 Ellabelle 20 Se__ 2,11 Sew_ 2,11 Sevare 2,11 Svars 2, ll Severe 2,11 Se ve re 2,11 Severe 2,11 Sevare 2,11 Poo, 2,11 Poor 11 PP-or-11 2.9 9 Bladen 45 Sewre 7. Severe I Severe 11 Severe 5. Severe 11 Severe 11 S-re 1-1 Severe 11 POO, 10 Poor 2 11 Poo, 2,11 2.9 Bayboro 25 Seve- 7,11 Se vers 2,11 Savere 2,11 Severe 2,7 Severe 2, 11 Sew Severe 2,11 &a-- 2,11 Fee, 10,11 Poor H Poor 11 2w3 re 2,11 _rc R.I. 20 Severe U 3- U So--- 1-1 Severe 11. Sew 11 S. 11 Sevare 11 S. 11 Poo, 1-1 Poor 2.11 Poo, 2.1 2w9 10 Ellb.11. 60 Se-ra 2.11 SO--- 2.1 Svare 2.11 Sevare 2.11 Se- 2.11 Se-r. 2@ Ss - 2.11 11 ye- 2.11 11 P_- 11 1.9 Johnston 20 Severe 2,11 Severe 2,12 Severe 2,11 Severa 2,11 Severe 2,11 Saw- 2,11 55evere 2,11 Severe 2,11 Pa., 2,11 Poor 2. Poor 2.11 L@2 11 Baybom 55 Se-- 7.1 Severe 2,11 Severe 2.12 So-- 2. Svare 2. Severe 2.1 Severe 2.1 Severe 2,1 Poor 10, Poor 11 Poor 11 2.3 gains 25 Se-re 11 Severe 11 Severe 11 Sewre 11 Sew- 11 Savare 11 Severe 11 Sevare 11 Poo, 11 Poor 2.11 Poor 2,1 2w9 12 Swamp 80 Severe 2 ll Severe 2.1 Severe 2.11 Saw- 2.11 Severe 2.1 Savere 2, Sevam 2.11 S-_2,12 Poor 2.1 Poor 2,11 Poor 2,11 1.9 Johnston 10 Se-re 2,11 Severe 2,11 So"- 2,11 Savers 2,11 Sewre 2,11 Savere 2,11 Severe 2,11 5e-re 2,11 Poo, 2,12 Unsuited Unsuited Unsuited 13 Tidal M-h 85 Se-re 2.7 Se - re 2. Severe 2.1 Svara 2.11 Severe 2,11 Severe 2.1-1 Sevare 2.11 Severe 2.11 Uneuited TM-Ultd U@_-td Capers 10 S- 2,7 SO-- 2,11 Severe 2,7 Se- re 2,7 Severe 2,11 Severe 2,11 Severe 2,11 Severe 2,11 Unsuited Degree of Soil Limitation a/ Numbers refer to soil feature or features affecting the use of Underlined ratings are the -all rating for the Slight - The degree Of limitation is minor and - ba --ran- easily. a soil for a particular Purpose. These features, are: association. Moderate - The degree of liitation can be a- me- or modified by special planning, design, or maintenance . 1. Low -ilable water capacity 7. Shrink-swell potentia.1 See Table in Appendix for group description. S-e - @t,degre of limitation generally requires major soil recla- 2. Flood ha.ard 8. Slope on, ;c. i 1 design, or intensive maintenance in order to 3. Percolation rate 9. Surface soil texture 5@1 Total pareentage does net necessarily total 100 since a ceco...d.." t;@ use. 4@ I.. filtering aot- 1G. Tr.fficahilitl Part of O-h as...itl- is --d i.. -il.. 5: Presumptive bearing @Iue 11. Water table 6 Permeability rate Table 6 AGRICULTURE The history of Coastal Georgia agriculture The great plantations never recovered from is perhaps more illustrious than the present or the Civil War. Rice continued as an important future prospects. crop a-long the tidal areas of the project until 1890 'when demand began to decline, and rice Development--The earliest settlers, the completely disappeared from the agricultural Indians and later the Spanish and French, did scene after 1920. not develop a real agriculture, but lived com- fortably on harvests from the land and tidal The interior of Coastal Georgia was never marshes. farmed extensively. Some of the better land was cleared, and scattered communities of small The early English settlers, likewise, did subsistence farms gradually developed within not develop extensive agricultural operations large woodland ownerships. The creation of Fort due to restrictive colonial policy and diffi- Stewart during World War II absorbed much of culty of bringing new land into production. the best farm land in Liberty, Long, and Bryan Economic bounties were offered to promote pro- Counties, thereby eliminating a major segment duction of certain commodities needed by the of the area's agricultural production. mother country, but in many instances for products unsuited for the conditions and soils Economic Conditions -By 1969 only 10.8 of Coastal Georgia. Silk, wine, hemp, and flax percent of the land area was being used for are prime examples. agricultural purposes; 509 farms, averaging 390 acres each, had a value of land and improve- After the restrictions on land ownership ments amounting to almost $22 million, an as well as the use of slave labor were removed average of $42,400 per farm. The value and in 1750; river banks and marshland, the most distribution of all farm products sold in 1969 fertile parts of the coast, were transformed is shown below. from wilderness to extensive rice plantations. By 1800, great plantations extended along the Changes in land use have created problems Altamaha and Ogeechee Rivers and occupied the for agricultural business in the region. Good major coastal islands. agricultural soils, inmost instances, are also good for urban and industrial development. Sea Island Cotton became an important crop Competition for land having these character- on the better drained land of these plantations istics results in p .rices which agriculture after the invention of the cotton gin. During cannot afford. the period between the War of 1812 and the Civil War, the most intensive agriculture practiced Well established farms, even when not anywhere in the United States was probably con- endangered by land use changes, have been sub- ducted in the project area. Great advances ject to severe economic problems in recent years. made in agricultural technology by these plan- High cost of production, poor markets, and lack tation owners were to endure with only limited of processing and storage facilities have forced refinement for over a century. many agricultural workers to seek off-farm em- ployment. Many of these farm owners have re- tained,the benefits of rural living by contin- uing to operate the farm part time as a recrea- tional activity. Table 7 Sale of Forest Total. Average County Crops Products Livestock Products Per Farm Bryan 215,6og 69,415 306,204 591,228 4,729 Camden 82,897 218,984 474,056 775,937 16,868 Glynn 8,o54 103,499 68,ogi 179,644 3,592 Liberty 152,898 39,929 321,602 514,429 4,719 Long 259,437 102,200 273,077 634,71L 4,317 McIntosh 12,430 350 184,486 197,266 6,164 Project U1,325 534,377, 1,627,516 2,893,218 '6,732 Source: Bureau of the Census 1969 26 Water management on cropland may consist factor in selecting land rather than the merits of installation of mains and laterals, water of other soil properties. Most major soil series control structures, land leveling and/or tile have a potential for good yields of a wide range drains. Adequate crop management techniques, of field crops when a high level of management. conservation cropping systems, and crop residue is provided. management practices are needed on all culti- vated fields. An abundant supply of water is Due to level topography and small fields, available for irrigation and for other aggri- water-induced soil erosion is seldom a serious cultural needs. problem on cropland, although both water and wind erosion do occur occasionally. Of the Horticultur --The area has very small 34,600 acres of land being cultivated in 1968, acreage devoted to the production of nursery only about 1,600 acres were soils whi6hdidnot stock, Opportunities exist for the establish- have some degree of excess water problem uhich ment of a number of large wholesale nurseries. limits the use of modern farm equipment and re- A wide variety of both f ield-grown and container- stricts the variety of field crops grown. grown nursery stock could be produced. major Commercial horticulture operations require advantages are the mild winter climate, long a high level of managerial ability and skilled growing season, availability of water, uncon- employees. Specialized technical assistance taminated land, and the large number of people and vocational training programs would be re- who are unemployed. quired to develop necessary skills. Similar opportunity also exists for the Pasture Land--As recently as 1954, the production of commercial vegetable crops where custom of free range was followed in which land can be properly prepared for the operation cattle roamed almost at will throughout the of mechanical equipment. Areas near the coast area. Cattle tended toward scrub or grade having longer growing seasons and few killing types which were well adapted for range con- freezes would be particularly well adapted for ditions. The end of free range and the intro- the commercial production of a large variety duction of coastal bermuda- and bahiagrass led of vegetables. to both improved pastures and improved cattle Production of grass sod and a number of herds. fruit varieties offers growers an excellent Forage production is a more adapted land opportunity for additional sources of income use on more of the coastal soils than i,5 any from agriculture. Cooperative marketing and major field crop. About 20,000 acres presently contracting would permit several small pro- are used for improved pastures, and approxi- ducers to obtain the benefits of a large-scale mately 100,000 acres of marshland and timber- operation. land are utilized to some extent for periodic .grazing by cattle. Field Crolp --Better drained soils, occur- ring mostly in the northwestern section of the Additional acreage of coastal bermuda- area, are adapted to the production of tobacco, grass is needed to supply adequate hay reserves corn., peanuts, soybeans, small grains, and other for the present cattle herds. Commercial hay' field crops. About 9,000 acres of cropland are production affords a ready opportunity as also planted to annual forage crops used for another agricultural enterprise. In certain temporary grazing. Soils having high water situations, additional woods range can be tables are suited for crop production only with utilized to advantage with little damage to adequate water management. pine timber stands. A majority of soils in the region are char- Excess surface water is a common problem acterized by poor natural drainage, low water on existing and potential pasture and hay holding capacity, and low natural fertility, lands. Installationof adequate water controls Generally, drainage has been the determining, on soils classified as Class Ilw and IIIw w* A@ Coastal bermuda pastures provide excellent grazing. 27 could make this land suitable for use as grass- land if the owners desired to increase forage production. Livestock--The livestock enterprise af- fords one of the better opportunities for expanding the agricultural economy in terms of land suitability, labor requirements, and income potential for both full-time farmers A and hobby farmers. The existing pastures could support an increase in the present brood cow All 17,000 head; and beef herd of 5,700 head to prodiletion could be increased 200 pounds per acre on improved pastures, given complete man- agement including adequate water management, fertilization, weed control, and herd manage- ment. 4 Thereis a good opportunity for landowners to both expand the existing dairy farms and to add new operations. Similar opportunity_ exists for the production of feeder pigs and poultry. The shortage of locally produced grain is some of a handicap to these enterprises, but ample supplies are available from outside the a%reae- 1@imber--About 125,000 acres of the land classified as farms is used for forest land. A majority of the approximately 220,000 tur- pentine faces being worked in the project area are located on this land. Income from turpen- tine and wood sales represents an important X 4 part of most farming operations. A detailed discussion of the forestry resource is pre- sented in another section and is applicable to farm woodland. Commercial Recreation--The unique,natural setting of Coastal Georgia is highly conducive Good crop yields on suitable soils. to outdoor recreational activities. There are abundant natural and historic attractions throughout the area which afford opportunity water pollution. Disposal and treatment meth- for further development of private recreational ods for solving animal waste pollution problems facilities to serve both tourists and local have been devised and should be installed where residents. Farmer-owned land having access to large numbers of &-iimals are fed in confined rivers, coastal estuaries, or interstate inter- space. Other agricultural activities which changes has a high potential for campgrounds, may contribute to pollution problems are under fishing facilities, cottages, hunting facil- study, and technology is being perfected to ities, golfing facilities, and other tourist- reduce or eliminate these'problems. oriented recreational developments. All forms of wildlife respond favorably to habitat en- Credit--Good sources of credit with real- hancement, which the farmland owner is able istic terms tailored to fit the investment are to provide as either a primary or secondary a basic ingredient in resource development. land use. The lack of an extensive commercial agriculture in the coastal area could limit the financing The modern consumer of recreation usually of future agricultural development, as lenders demands a facility, of high quality which re- tend to rely heavily on the success of sinffLlar quires a high investment. Unfortunately, the existing operations. Financing from local banks, success of recreational enterprises cannot Federal Lana Banks3 Production Credit Associa- be guaranteed. tion, and other. commercial credit sources or from the Farmers Home Administration should be Pollutio -- Agricultural operations can available for farmers with proven managerial create pollution problems. In most instances ability. Prior contracting for the production such problems are localized, but large feed- or utilization of marketing co-ops would be lots sometimes become sources of widespread particularly beneficial for the initial success of ventures involving new agri cultural products. 28 Project Oi)lportunities--One of the major objectives of the project sponsors is to improve the agricultural resource through proper agri- cultural land utilization, use of improved crops and livestock, and needed educational programs. The RC&D project improves the opportunity for accelerating educational and technical assistance through existing programs of state and federal agencies. The Cooperative Extension Service is particularly well qualified to pro- vide educational programs needed to improve production and marketing of crops and livestock . Increased agricultural production of specialized hortipultural products would afford Ps, opportunities of employment in sections of the project area where unemployment is presently high. Adequate agricultural water management affords a good opportunity to improve agricul- tural enterprises. Locally organized,group projects afford good opportunities for landowners and agricultural communities to achieve basic water control objectives. Opportunities for additional technical and Specialty crops Provide food for the hungry f inancial assistance may develop through imple- and employment for the produce,. mentation of the Rural Development Act and other legislation which will permit accelerated appli- cation of conservation practices on agricultural. lands. 7, 7, Modem drainage tile installation improves water management. 29 FORESTRY Histor -A need f or products of the Georgia Gum naval stores have been an important forest was one factor which led to establish- companion industry to lumber operations since ment of the thirteenth colony. Native live oak colonial days. Both longleaf and slash pine trees were harvested for structural timbers in have been utilized for the production of gum. ship construction, and pine stands supplied a Earlier methods of collecting the gum flow re- source of naval stores for the mother country sulted in a pitch-soaked first log, which was from the time of the first settlements. In a discarded when the tree was harvested for lum- later era, timber of the Georgia coast was ber. In present day methods, bark is removed utilized in construction of the first ships of only to the cambium layer, leaving an entire our new nation, including "Old Ironsides-11 tree suitable for lumber or other use. Early lumber shipments were considered During the decade of the 19301 s, f arsighted inferior by the English due to a lack of season- landowners and foresters began to manipulate ing and poor manuf acturing processes. However, the forest, managing trees as a crop. During after 1771, lumber began to be exported in the ensuing decades, seedlings began to be volume, increasing to a peak about the turn of produced in volume and selected for genetic this century. characteristics; water control structures began to be utilized; andlarge specialized equipment Virgin cypress and pine trees from the was developed, which permits the present tree Altamaha River Basin were harvested and rafted farming methods practiced on a large scale by downstream to Darien. By the early 19001 s. most industrial and progressive private woodland of the virgin forest throughout the project area owners. When properly managed, the pine barrens had been harvested and converted by a number of the interior, once considered worthless, of giant sawmills. were proven to have value as a source of mater- ials for the pulp and paper industry. Advances The next major harvest consisted of trees in manufacturing technology during this period not suitable for the initial harvest. The older opened tremendous markets for new products made native stands of today are the offspring from from Southern Pine. this second harvest, which were often inferior trees. The combinationof poor seedling stock, Ownershiip--Forest land now occupies about species competition, and poor management prac- 75 percent of the total land area or 1,342,360 tices have resulted in stands which produce acres. As illustrated graphically, 17.6 percent below the site potential on much of the acreage is in public ownership, 39.0 percent is in for- remaining in native stands. -est industry omership3 and 43*4 percent is in private ownership. Some of the privately owned land is under long-term lease to industry. COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND OWNE-RSHIP 43.4 A% I I I FOIREST PRIVAT I@qU@TRY 17.6% PUBLI FIGURE 4 FOREST STATISTICS 1971, FOREST SERVICE, U.S.D.A. 30 Economic Imp-act--The forest industry re- presents the largest single economic base in the project area, employing 4,534 people in harvesting and manufacturing operations in 1970, with an annual payroll of nearly $43 million. Three pulp and paper mills located within the project area, plus seven mills in adjacent countie@' create the most competitive market sawmills) one treating plant, two major wood- using industries, several small wood-using in- dustries, plus exports to a broad range of markets throughout the southeast, maintain a ready market for other forest products. One of the greater opportunities in indus- trial development is for industry capable of manufacturing finished wood products to comple- ment the industry now producing basic materials. The project-wide need for new housing offers some opportunity for utilizing additional wood products locally. --In Secondary Benefits addition to the value of commercial forestry to the general economy, trees have an important impact on many other aspectsof our living. Forest conditions largely determine the number and welfare of t most wildlife species. Trees are essential to nearly all forms of recreational development. Trees also improve esthetic values along road -A, ways and building sites, providing both shade and beauty. The evergreen live oak with hanging Spanish moss and the stately pine with extra long needles and large cones make notable con- tributions to the uniqve coastal setting. Site Suitability--- Woodland suitability groups, based on soil interpretations, reveal that 34.5 percent of the total acreage cur- rently in forest landsis best suited for mixed Ready market for forest products hardwoods, 14.3 percent is suited for both pine in the project area. and hardwood, and 51.2 percent is best suited for pine. It is significant that 94.5 percent of the commercial foreot land has a production potential of more than two-thirds cord per acre annually. The most prevalent soil-related pro- blems to management are.equipment restrictions and seedling mortality caused by high seasonal water tables. Table 8 POTENTIAL ANNUAL GROWTH BASED ON SOILS (acres) County 2+ cords 2 cords 1.8 cords 1.3 cords .8 cords Total Bryan 2,400 137,795 62,970 20,955 5,435 228,550 Camden 1,94o 184,090 31,280 64,070 1,81o 297,190 Glynn 1,270 116,250 18,570 21,530 0 157,620 Liberty 9,010 115,710 78,56o 39,770 0 243,050 Long 400 124,755 52,876 -37,480 21,030 236,535 McIntosh 205 118, 1140 12,795 46.,320 1.955.-- 179,415 Project 29,220 796,7hO 257,045 229,125 30,230 1,342,36o 31 Hardwood--About 575,000 acres, including 345,000 acres of stream bottomlands, in the pro- ject area are stocked with predominantly hard- wood stands, many of which have high value as commercial hardwood forest. Repeated cuttings of high-grade hardwood trees have resulted, in many instances, in a dominant stand of low-value cull trees which prohibits development of a pro- ductive stand of the desired hardwood species. Many of these areas are ideal for coordinating bottomland hardwood management with effective wildlife management. Economic returns from hardwood have been low traditionally, but indications now point to some future improvement. The South will be re- quired to produce about one-half of the national supply of hardwood in the future, being the only region capable of increasing production. Accelerated technical assistance and additional research are particularly needed for more prof- AM, itable hardwood management. Tree Farminiz--Labor limitations,.wet s conditions, use of large logging equipment 'P uncertainty of natural regeneration now make it impractical to selectively harvest and main- tain a mixed-age standin Coastal Georgia. The @_A opportunity to control seedling stock and spac- ki ,, , ing under optimum site conditions requires the e ; present system of even-age tree farming, which is the most efficient method of wood production Grazing - A possible extra use of timberland. ever developed. Approximately 380,000 acres have been artifically regenerated during the preceding ten years. Future harvesting equip- ment will also very likely require that trees be planted in rows. Wildfire Suppression -Wildfires are gener- ally a problem in the project area. The Georgia Stand Establishmen --In addition to cur- Forestry Commission and the forest industry rent harvesting operations which need stand provide adequate equipment and manpower to meet establishment, 352,000 acres now produce below most requirements. There is a need for addi- the site potential due to inadequate stocking tional equipment and manpower to perform pre- rates. A majority of this land is controlled scribed burning on a much larger acreage than by private owners of small acreages. Produc- is presently possible. tion on these areas could be increased to an average of at least one and one-half cords per Project Opportunities--- One of the major acre per year by stand establishment and com- objectives of the project sponsors is to improve plete forest management. the area economy by the efficient use of wood- land for wood production and to improve the Only one of the area forest industries is utilization of the forest as a multiple-purpose .presently performing site preparation work on resource. a substantial acreage of privately-owned land. Additional heavy machinery, operated either by The RC&D executive board will have an private or industrial contractors,is essential opportunity to request the Georgia Forestry if stand establishment goals are to be achieved. Commission to provide accelerated technical assistance through the RC&D project to private Water Manazemen --Some woodland soil suit- landowners concerned with multiple-use manage- ability groups have seasonal excess water pro- ment and assistanm to small industries in blems which reduce tree growth and seedling marketing and utilization. All forest manage- survival, limit access, and reduce other manage- ment could be carried out in accordance with a ment opportunities. The pine sites presently management plan developed with competent tech- produce very little wood and have limited value nical assistance. to wildlife or for any other use. With adequate surface water control, these areas will produce one and one-half cords or more per acre per year. 32 The expense of establishing a stand, plus Some pine forest land has potential for the long time required for the crop to produce supplemental income from livestock when utilized economic returns, represents an insurmountable for grazing. Grazing could be beneficial to obstacle to many private landowners. Due to some forestland by reducing understory vegeta- high taxes, high land prices, and other owner tion. Technical assistance couldbemade avail- costs, it is essential that these small land- able to landowners in proper grazing use as a owners become more efficient. Additional fina-n- part of multiple-use planning when appropriate. cial assistance from federal incentive programs would improve opportunities to retain this The RC&D project improves the opportunity segment of the area economy. to assist private contractors in scheduling groupsof small landowners for site preparation, The RC&D project effort can improve oppor- tree planting, and other forestry work which tunities for additional research and studies on would not be pra3tical on an individual basis. tree fertilization, tree diseases and insects, Private contractors -and forest industry can be turpentine production, pine wetland drainage encouraged to make additional equipment avail- response, hardwood management, hardwood utili- able to work for private landowners; and if zation, utilization of wood waste, and other even more equipment is needed, the Georgia woodland problems. Forestry Commission canbe requested to provide assistance. Increased use of prescribed burning in pine forests is needed in ordertoreduce fuel accu- The RC&D executive board has an opportunity mulation and the risk of disastrous wildfires. to organize a project-wide forestry committee Opportunities exist for the RCO executive board to advise on forestry project measure needs to obtain additional technical assistance and and assist in project measure implementation. equipment to provide assistance to landowners in carry-ing out desired prescribed burning The forestry committee and RC&D executive practices on their land. board have an opportunity to seek additional wood-using industry to provide more diversified Several timber management practices gener- wood markets, increase employment, and expand ally present opportunities to improve habitat the range of products manufactured. for certain wildlife species when properly planned and applied. Sitepreparation stimulates the growth of grasses, sprouts, and legumes particularly beneficial to quail, turkey, deer, and nongame birds during the initial years of stand establishment and is of value to large 7' game during the remainder of the rotation. Timber thinning and water control installations Woodland improve habitat for several species. wildlife development affords good opportunities for additional income as a supplement to timber production through annual lease or day use. Deer, hog, quail, and waterfowl habitat can be improved to support high populations of native 4 or stocked game, In order to obtain expanded multiple use from timberland, the RC&D executive board will seek additional technical and f inan- cial assistance for joint woodland-wildlife development on privately owned land. An opportunity will exist for improving most of the 330,000 acres of hardwood sites A which are not producing the commercial timber of which they are capable. Hardwood timber not being used for veneer, lumber, and pulpwood is destroyed, resulting in resource generally waste and lost income. Markets couldbe estab- lished to utilize all of the hardwood stand. Improved hardwood management will consist of mproving existing stands by deadening cull Firelanes and other management practices trees and releasing the better ones and by ccn- increase forest yields and in some cases ha vierting low-quality or noncommercial species to improve wildlife bitat. higher quality stands. Assisting foresters will have an opportunity to concentrate or, providing advice and assistance to landowners to achieve hardwood management and work with industry in developing markets for low-quality hardwood timber. 33 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.- SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, ATHENS, GEORGIA FOREST TYPE MAP COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND G E 0 R G I A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT BRYAN, CAMDEN, GLYNN, LIBERTY, LONG AND McINTOSH COUNTIES. GEORGIA COASTAL GEOR JA RC8 DpROJEC 8'. 45 -1E - -.1- 1 -1- -S. C-ILED CIA11IN OLE S.11T1 3 3 E T 2 32. CO.- E E T 0 N + Cichr RichiTIond Hill 700000 700 000 5 4 ,A, 4 eming Ile hUrst IV Riceb 2 Sr @A H RINES SOUND A I 2 4 4 2 3 2 10 piver SAPELO SOUND LEGEND 31- @O + 2 3 STATE HIGHWAY c U.S. HIGHWAY INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 2 STATE LINE COUNTY LINE COUNTY SCAT\ 2 341 CITY LIMIT 2 MILITARYY RESERVATION BOUNDAR DRAINAGE 4 ES 9 OPEN WATER 2 2 1 V r 3 f 2 S, 5,@'NS SOUND 400 0 A 10 1@ 400 000 4 A\ 31- 0.1- Sr. ANDRE@ SOUND + 31'..' bine 2 4 2 3 f Kingsland-, 2 N __ST, MARYS ENTRANCE 0 81- 45' MAJOR FOREST TYPES !-.@g'leaf -Sl,,h LW.ll, F-] PI-E ooe, JANUARY 1973 4-R-32,568 REVISED JANUARY 1973 4-R-31,362 FISH AND WILDLIFE Wildlife first occupied Coastal Georgia and However, aspecific species usually has definite utilized the land and water resources without requirements and is generally incapable of mak- competition until the advent of man. The pres- ing adjustments to rapid alterations in habitat. ence of abundant 'wildlife readily available Every change in vegetation, soils, and -water is certainly must have been an important factor-- reflected by changes in wildlife communities. perhaps a decisive factor--in the survival of Alterations 'which destroy one species may -well early settlers. benefit another. Accounts of excursions by naturalists Mark More detailed and accurate information is Catesby (1722) and William Bartram (1773) reflect needed to completely appraise the -wildlife re- their astonishment at the wide variety of spec- source and the relationships between wildli- fe ies and the extent of wildlife populations requirements and the utilization of other re- observed. sources under Coastal Georgia conditions. As the colony developed, more and more land Aquatic Wildlife--About 7.4 percent of the alterations were required to meet human needs, project surface area is covered by streams, displacing some of the -wild animals in the ponds, sounds, and other bodies of permanent process of initiating agriculture and commerce. water. The multitude of aquatic animal species The wildlife re sources --particularly the game, native to the area also reflect the diverse na- furbearing, and nesting animals--were exploited ture of this habitat. and abused as populations increased and settle- Most of the 'water flowing in the larger ments extended inland, resulting in asuccession streams originates outside the project area. of governmental regulations and restrictions Water quality varies "widely, but many of the since the early 1800's. streams are of excellent quality. The inland In addition to the hundreds of species having streams generally have very flat gradients and large populations, sixrare and endangered spec- low velocities. All of the streams have moder- ies are native or are occasional visitors to ate toexcellent fish populations, including all Coastal Georgia. The Department ofthe Interior major game species indigenous to the region. classifies the Southern bald eagle, Eastern brown A large number of fish species 'which are pelican, red cockaded woodpecker, alligator, sought for both sport and food are present in Florida panther, and Florida manatee as being the area waters. Fresh 'water fishes avidly rare and endangered. sought by sportfishermen include: largemouth Habitat--Many factors have contributed tothe bass, crappie, bluegill, redear, warmouth, cat- diverse types and extent of the wild fishes, fish, and jack. Shad and striped bass, anadro- fowls, and terrestrial animals, including geol- mous species, offer exciting challenges for the ogy, climate, vegetation, and human culture. fisherman during certain seasons. Fishing in Most-wildlife species thrive along the seams tidalwaters yields catches of flounder, speckled of union between different habitat types, and trout, black drum, channel bass, sheepshead, Coastal Georgia abounds with changing environ- shad, whiting, tarpon, and several others. ments: from the sea to marsh, to upland; from No large freshwater impoundments are located saltwater to brackish, to fresh 'water; from in the proje ct area, Many residents have a per - stream to swamp, to flatwoods; from marshgrass sonal preference for fishing in private ponds, to hardwoods, to mixed stands, to pine; from even though natural streams and sounds are avail- forest to pasture, to fields, to urban. able. Relatively few suitable impoundment sites Wildlife in the aggregate has an enormous are available, and only about 120 private ponds capacity to adjust to changing conditions, one have been constructed in the entire project species often increasing as another declines. area. 0 Fishing in Peacock Canal (Liberty County). 35 Wetland Types -Acre f or acre, the marsh is considered to be the most valuable wildlife habitat in the project area. The great diver- sity within the marsh environment results in a vast array of wild creatures. The marshes have a particularly outstanding assortment of birds, -wading and shellfish-eating birds, as including well as many unique amphibians and fishes. Investigators have listed about 200 genera or forms of invertebrates in the esturine zone alone. Many of the marsh animals have signifi- 4, cant economic values; others fill a valuable role in the food chains; and each is of scien- tific interest. The flood plains, the most important inland wildlife wetland habitat, were formed under both emerged land conditions and submerged shallow 3, k- 3, marine or tidal marsh conditions. The Altamaha River and reaches- of other large streams have accompanying expanses ofriver bottom with hard wood swamp forests, typical of the southern Bountiful salt water marshes. river terminus. Frequent inundation by flood- 'waters influences the life cycle and pattern of wildlife species found in this habitat. The hardwood swamps afford suitable habitat for Wildlife Wetlands--About 780,000 acres or many wildlife species, including many of the more over 40 percent of the project land area con- important game animals. These swamps possess sists of saltwater marshes, fresh water marshes, great value for recreation, education, and nature tidal swamps, river flood plains, basins, and study for naturalists. flats which generally have moderate to high Basins and flats are depressions which lack values as wildlife wetland. Wildlife wetland natural outlets, accwm.Llating surface runoff is commonly defined as land that is flooded by from surrounding land to become flooded during stream overflow orby surface water accumulations periods of heavy rainfall and losing water during for significant periods of time with vegetative periods of drought. This alternate land-water cover that is beneficial to wetland wildlife. environment provides seasonal food and acceptable Some wet land which would not be considered wet- habitat for anuraber of both aquatic and terres- land for wildlife purposes may have a water table trial wildlife species. Many of the water close enough to the surface to severely affect animals which are produced in these flooded de- development of the land for other uses such as pressions subsequently perish as the floodwaters agriculture, forestry, or urban lands. Wildlife dissipate. wetland habitat is affected principally by the Wildlife Preserves--A number of governmental interrelationship of land, water, and vegetation, agencies and private organizations have made which are in turn related to soi-I and landscape large expenditures to protect wildlife and pre- features. serve-wildlife habitat in Coastal Georgia. A These 'wetlands were formed under marine con- number of semi-wilderness areas which are good ditions, tidal action producing an almost level examples of unique -wildlife habitat and other topography, and streams which flowed in both natural features have been identified and pur- directions. After the land emerged, the streams chased by these interests, and additional acqui- flowed in only one direction, resulting in vary- sitions are being considered. ing degrees of channel development. Small But few local officials favor the continued streams are generally sluggish and lack the withdrawal of large blocks of land into public -well-defined channels or permanent water flows ownership as inaccessible preserves. Approxi- which characterize large streams flowing through matelY 339,000 acres are presently committed for the project area. all public uses, plus the acreage held in pri- Additional investigations and interpretations vate nature preserves. A number of private and are needed by agencies of the State Department corporate land owners have entered into agree- of Natural Resources, U. S. Department of the ments which permit the Georgia Department of Interior, and U.S. Department of Agriculture to Natural Resources to utilize private land as prepare a more accurate inventory and complete game management areas for public hunting. Addi- description of the wildlife wetland habitat in tional incentive programs are needed which would each county of the project area. enable private land -owners to retain ownership Additionalmildlife wetland data, incomplete but also preserve -wildlife lands-ohich have high but valid, are included in the appendix. wildlife value but law recreation potential. 36 Wildlife Valnes--In addition to the easily identifiable benefits of game-wildlife species, the non-game wildlife resource constitutes an important element of the total natural environ- ment which makes Coastal Georgia an interesting region to -visit or in-which to reside. Coastal Georgia, particularly the immediate coast, historically has been noted for its varied and extensive bird populations. The 1972 Christmas count conducted by the Coastal Georgia Audubon Societyin the Brunswick area identified 157 different species of birds. The wide vari- ety of habitat types influences not only the diversity of the wild fowl, but also contributes to the many kinds of snakes, rodents, insects, '@W toads, salamanders, worms, crabs, turtles, and other wild creatures. N 4 Pq These non-game species are as attractive for investigation by the naturalists and nature en- thusiasts as are the game species to sportsmen. Game Wildlife--The game animals most conmonly sought are deer, 'waterfowl, quail, squirrel, rabbit, racoon, fox, and turkey. Deer hunting is the favorite game of most hunters. Deer populations have increased dra- maticallyin recent years due to restocking, law 77A.LV, enforcement, habitat improvement, eradication of the screwworm, and other factors. The estimated Soybeans planted by Bryan 1972-73 legal harvest was 2,200 deer. County hunting club are Comparisons of deer population density and tender eating for deer. annual harvest figures with land use andhunting arrangements indicate that both the highest populations and greatest kills occur on leased timber land and game management areas, reflect- ing the habitat enhancement and better protec- ticyn received - Deer are attracted to isolated plantings of Feral hogs, although not considered game common field crops, frequently causing severe animals by the Georgia Department of Natural crop damage. Herds also find high quality brcrwse Resources, are present in huntable populations plentiful in areaswhich have been prepared for along the major river flood plains and other forest regeneration, sometimes destroying young large isolated areas on the mainland and on seedlings. The understory browse plants persist several of the islands. Hog herds are easily in pine plantations for longer periods and in increased by management, but high populations far greater quantities in Coastal Georgia when are generally detrimental to other wildlife prescribed burning is utilized. Some sections species, particularly ground nesting birds. of the project area have extensive areas of Turkeys require large isolated areas having suitable habitat for deer, but low game popula- mast producing mature trees. Turkey droves are tions. Adequate protection and herd management present in all counties of the project area, but could perhaps permit a twofold increase in the the increasing utilization of land for economic deer harvest within the next five years. returns and inadequate protection posea serious threat to the remaining scattered flocks. Other upland game birds present in huntable numbers are doves and quail, but generally the populations are low in comparison with areas of the state which have more agriculture. The highest native quail populations occur around areas newly established in pine plantations. Cottontail rabbits inhabit old fields, farms, and newly regenerated forest lands but are not generally plentiful in older timber stands. Marsh rabbits are abundant in some sections of marsh, but neither the marsh rabbit nor the cottontail rabbit is hunted extensively. Squirrels are abundant in many urban areas, affording delightful entertainment for wildlife lovers. Hardwood forests along stream bottom lands have high squirrel populations which re- ceive a moderate amount of attention from hunt- ers. Other furbearers have high local populations which are only moderately hunted and are seldom utilized by commercial trappers. 37 Waterfowl--The extensive areas of wildlife to develop outstanding examples of -unusual wild- wetland in shallow ponds, streams, and tidal life and wildlife habitat as tourist attractions marshes provide excellent habitat for many spec- having destinatian-point appeal. Local school ies of waterfowl. The project area is located systems and public park departinents have an near the terminus of the Atlantic Flyway. Sev- opportunity to jointly develop interpretative eral of the major duck species, including mal- tours and displays of the unique wildlife@ wild- lards, bluewing teal, wigdon, black, buffle life habitat ' and nature areas found in Coastal head, greenwing teal, greater scaup, pintail, Georgia f or educational use and as tourist lesser scaup, redhead, and canvasback, visit attractions. each winter. Few geese now reach Coastal Geor- One of the greater opportunities to main- gia because managed waterfowl refuges to the tain wildlife populations and diversity can be north have affected natural migration patterns. achieved by adequate protection of marshland, The native wood duck, the only duck which river swamps, and wildlife wetlands. regularly nests in Coastal Georgia, has been Individual land owners, as a primary or increasing in numbers for several years and can secondary land use, can enhance habitat for most be increased significantlybymanagenent, includ- species of -wildlife by providing the required ing protection, increasing food supplies, '.and food and cover. Programs offering financial providing nesting areas. assistance would expand the opportunities to A moderate population of clapper rails are develop this wildlife resource. Owners of large residents, and additionalmigratory birds spend tracts of major river hardwood flood plains have the winter in coastal marshes, upon which they particularly good opportunities to establish are totally dependent. The railisnot presently. diversified commercial wildlife enterprises. an extremely popular gene bird with area hunters; Opportunities exist for private development thus it affords one of the better opportunities of well managed shooting preserves which wi-11 for increasing hunting of water birds. The only appeal to the higher income sportsman-. Similar management currently needed ismarshland protec- opportunities also exist for developing water- tion. fowl shooting preserves on private land in many Economic Ippact--The -wildlife resource pro- sections of the-project area. vides an important source of income for a signifi- The great public interestinvildlife creates cant segment of the population. The sole source opportunities to develop innovative incentive of income for many residents is derived fram the programs which would give private land owners harvest and processing of marine wildlife. Others an opportunity to preserve and protect land hav- are employed in game management and protection. ing high public values for wildlife as feeding, The leasing of land for hunting (as indicated on nesting, or resting areas. the wildlife map) is a common practice through- County governments have an opportunity to out the project area which produces an increas- receive financial assistance through the RC&D ing amount of revenue for land owners. project f or the creation and - improvem.entI of Many others are indirectly benefited by busi- habitat or facilities for the production, pies- ness activity generated by the pursuit of wildlife ervation, or harvest of fish and wildlifei by sportsmen and nature.enthusiasts. Accurate Project program efforts have an, opportunity statistics are not available to establish the to increase the technical assistance available direct economic impact of non-game wildlife- to land owners in order.to accelerate wildlife related travel, equipment, and supply expendi- resource development. tures in the project area. Fishery resources in An opportunity exists to improve public under- both saltwater and fresh water are one of the standing of wildlife requirements and the need most important destinatim-point attractions for to observe game regulations - Additional enforce- visitors to Coastal Georgia. ment personnel and stricter prosecution of -law The State Department of Natural Resources violators would improve opportunities to develop estimates the 1971 expenditures in the project the wildlife resource. - area for hunting waterf awl at about $429, 000 and The RC&D'project affords a good opportunity deer hunting at about $642,000. No estimates an for,completion of a wildlife wetlands inventory expenditures for other game hunting or fresh of each county by an interagency tea .m of spec- water fishing are available, but they are recog- ialists. nized as being an important segment of the local There is an opportunity to develop more ex- eccnoW. In previous generations@ furbearing tensive and accurate data on wildlife popula- wildlife provided. an important source of inc ome , tions, distribution, and habitat relationships but the value of the present fur harvest is in- throughout the project area by an interagency significant due to lack of interest and satis- team study. factory markets- Increased use of prescribed burning in pine Project Opportunities--The full value of the forests is needed to improve the habitat for wildlife resource has not yet been fully recog- deer, turkey, quail, rabbit, and many non-game nized by society or completely 'developed for species. The RC&D program could increase the economic - returns. use of burning for wildlife benefits by prepara- The increasing in'terest in nature in general tion of management plans and obtaining additional and wildlife in particular creates opportunities manpower and equipment to assist land owners. 38 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, ATHENS. GEORGIA 0 WILDLIFE MAP COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND G E 0 R G I A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT BRYAN, CAMDEN, GLYNN, LIBERTY, LONG AND MdNTOSH COUNTIES, GEORGIA COISTAL GEOR 11 1 RCaD ROJECT P 61' 45 ITT :rr- 67 A%T, Pembroke affil - BASE -PILED F- I 250-SCALE. AIS QUADRANDLI 1HEETS Is, F 0 R T 5TE A R T I L I A R Y RE5 E R T 1 0 N ver 2C ot,h'e 14 Richmond Hill 7000 0 700 00o A, , - 11 " I - Opt C' BB 05 Ine 17 'w-dy IN W01\1 Oro; um&" wic, 71CRYNE5 S0611VO it iVer SAPELO 5OUND elo " 31 LEGEND STATE HIGHWAY 4 EA1111. -El U.S. HIGHWAY -01 INTERSTATE HIGHWAY I)w STATE LINE COUNTY LINE Ddrien pl7 COUNTY SEAT CITY LIMIT MILITARY RESERVATION BOUN DARY DRAINAGE 4? OPEN WATER L R, @j A d HI 5r. S/ Is 400 0 p 400000 7 -4/ 10 0 Wn 08 0'i, 5T. AIVOREW 50411VD Woodbine AN 11@@ crooke'd LLi K ''!n N St. Marys 5E RYS EIV 74 NEE @r AfA Bi- 41' 0 R GENERALIZED HUNTING ARRANGEMENTS (1972) LEGEND F-1 S,-,- -- ... I - M----B .... .... E) N,tu,,l A-, An ... IL .... 1,, C1.1,. C3 R..k.,m,, -w Nill T61 1--il T.,k... P.....1 D- )011 D... p,r q,,re ile 10 MARCH1973 4-R-32,762 REVISED JANUARY [973 4-R-31,362 MARINE W 7 gk ga. Expansive tidal marshes and streams near St. Catherines Island. .The marine resource literally begins at ments of oyster, fish, shrimp, and other marine the-water's edge. In addition to its value for life. The marsh-estuary zone also serves as a many other purposes, the coastal marshland and principal nursery ground for several of the associated tidal estuaries are the basic repos- most important fishery species. itory from which the marine resource evolves. Economic Impac --Since the first days of Tidal Marshes--A very important feature of human habitation, products from the sea have the tideland system is the extent of the tidal been a fundamental resourcein Coastal Georgia. fluctuation, varying from 4.5 to 10.5 feet ac- A substantial commercial fishery industry has cording to season and lunar phase and having a existed since the early 1900 Is. The total com- mean rangeof about 6.5 feet. This great tidal mercial harvest along the entire Georgia -,cast amplitude creates a vigorous ebb and flow which in 1971 amounted to 183409,000 pounds; with the mixes fresh and saltwater; first inundating, order of value being shrimp, crab, oysters, and then exposing approximately 369@000 acres of fish. Approximately 4,@20 people were employed marshland and tidal swamp in the project area in 1971 by the seafood industry in harvesting, twice each day. processing, servicing, and wholesaling opera- tions. Onlyin comparatively recent years has the vital relationship between marshland and the Since the late 19401s@ the processing of total productivity of the marine resource been marine products has represented an important adequately described. Nutrients from both land segment of manufacturing employment in the pro- and sea are accumulated and recycled by the ject area. Seventeen processing operations marsh, making it some of the most naturally employed 2,940 people in1971 to produce a 34.5 productive acreageon earth. Fluctuating water million dollar wholesale value seafood pack elevations, high fertility levels, and constant- from locally harvested and imported raw marine ly changing salinities combine to influence the products. wide range of unique plant and animal life found in the esturine zone. The Marine Insti- Additional employment and income is created tute of the University of Georgia, located on by retail business, equipment sales, transpor- Sapelo Island, is engaged in significant studies tation, supply, and service trades. Several ofmarshland productivity and marsh-marine rela- smaller ports and docks with supporting services tionships. are requiredbythe seafood industry and fishing craft. Facilities are located at Darien, Wood- The food chains produced in the marshland bine . Bellville Bluff, Brunswick, Volona, Shell- serve a vital function in the immature stages man Bluff, and Richmond Hill. of shrimp, crabs, and many species of fish. - Additional food and nutrients from the marsh- Since there is a growing demand for sea7 land enter the water system as it moves toward food, income and employmentin the industry may and into the ocean, supplying the food require- be expected to increase. 39 Sport Fishin ---khile complete statistics some of the bottoms are again available. Re- on the economic impact of sport fishing are cent monitoring of oysters along the Georgia not available, estimates by the Georgia Depart- coast indicates that many major oyster bottoms ment of Natural Resources indicate that about are either free of pesticides or that contami- 292,000 fishermen participated in saltwater nated areas are well below permitted levels. sport fishing during 1972 in the project area and made an estimated average annual expendi- Additional problems of parasites, a short- ture of $130 per fisherman for equipment and age of labor, and a lack of progressive manage- services. The sport fishing expenditure for ment have further reduced harvests to the point harvesting this portion of the marine resource that the 1971 yield was only about 140,000 would thus create a widely spread economic ac- pounds. Harvesting without due regard to re- tivity amounting to approximately $38 million. seeding the bottoms is one of the greater man- agement problems. Shrim-p--Shrimp is Coastal Georgia's moat important commercial fishery resource in terms Few of the oyster producers who were of employment, volume, and value harvested. forced from the industry because of loss of The 1971 catch totaled 8.8 million pounds, bottoms to pollution have resumed operations, having a dockside value of approximately $6.4 primarily due to the high labor requirements million. of oyster harvesting. Increased mechanization can partially offset labor requirements, but a The life cycle of the shrimp is completed force of semi-skilled employees is still re- in one year or less. A small percentage of quired. Due to low wage patterns and seasonal survivors is required to spawn the next gener- employment, few young people are entering the ation, and those surviving in excess of spawning industry. requirements are largely wasted unless har- vested. Improved harvesting methods and equip- The hard blue crab has long been second ment make shrimp the only fishery which is to shrimp as the most important commercial presently effectively utilized. Additional fishery, accounting for approximately 12 percent shore support facilities are needed in some of the value of total landings. A modest but locations for orderly marketing and more effi- significant quahog fishery was utilized early cient operation of boats. in this century, but harvests gradually de- clined and finally ceased. Further exploration The esturine zone is the nursery ground of other shellfish resources might well dis- and produces the food supply which directly cover other species having commercial potential. determine shrimp populations and total harvest. Therefore, the tidelands must be protected if Finfis --The coastal habitat zone, a smooth the shrimp industry is to prosper. sandy mud bottom extending to the ten-fathom depth, yields much of the shrimp catch after the Other Shellfish--In the early years of shrimp depart the coastal sounds. Most of the this century,*harvests of six to eight million present commercial whiting and flounder catch pounds of oyster meats from the Georgia coast is' entirely incidental, being taken in the were considered normal. Increasingly large trawls with the shrimp from this zone. The areas of oyster bottom were closed some years coastal habitat also has abundant resources of ago due to pollution contamination, but the demersal fishes, some species of which primar- active pollution abatement programs of industry ily need only market development for exploita- and government have reversed this trend, and tion. 40 Absence of the extensive areas of broken The RC&D executive board will have an op- relief found off-shore in other regions along portunity to support a program of financial the Atlantic coast reduces the potential for and technical assistance for rehabilitation of commercial harvest of some species in the selected prime oyster bottoms. deeper waters off the Georgia coast. Explora-- tory trawlings by the National Marine Fisheries The RC&D steering committees and executive Service have identified areas which show mod- board have good opportunities to support pro- erate potential for commercial operations dur- grams for public education and to request add- ing certain seasons. itional enforcement personnel to protect the coastal fishery. Snappers, groupers, porgies, croakers, and other fin fishes are known to be present in The RC&D executive board can request fea- harvestable quantities but have not been fully sibility studies of economic problems and secure developed as a commercial fishery. Some poten- technical assistance for groups of fishermen tial perhaps also exists fornon-food species.. who wish to form cooperatives- for joint pur- chasing of supplies and equipment or for market- Potential--The market for seafoodpartic- ing operations. ularly shellfish, is increasing rapidly at a time when the supply from some of these fish- The RC&D steering committees and executive eries is decreasing, suggesting that considerable board can help obtain assistance to improve adjustment will occur in future price structures. navigation channels for the commercial fishing fleet. A major new industry couldbe developed in Goastal Georgia if the oyster bottom leases were "farmed" efficiently; planted, nurtured, thinned, and harvested for long-time produc- tivity. Annual yields of 1, 800 pounds of oyster meats Der acre on natural bottoms are obtain- able W-1th consistency when given a.moderate level of management. The potential value of shellfish produced by commercial mariculture on a substantial area of the coastal tidelands is literally beyond comprehension. Advances in technology and adjustments in economic structure could lead to a major maricultural enterprise within the decade. Yields of 4,500 pounds of oyster meats per acre would be obtainable using Japanese style raft culture if practical management techniques could be perfected. Shrimp culture has yet to become feasible, but additional research may well discover the required technology. Production of larvae in confined hatchery facilities may become an in- terim method of increasing the production of shrimp and certain other species for open water harvest. Project Op-portunitie --One of the major objectives of the project sponsors is to in- crease income from and utilization of the marine resource through pollution abatement, improved facilities, and proper resource man@ agement. The project sponsors and the RC&D executive board have an opportunity. to support marshland protection programs as being fundamental to the existence of a viable fishery resource. The RC&D executive board can lend their support to accelerated programs for marine re- search and exploration of the fishery resource. 41 RECREATION Perhaps because of his rural background, - -------------- ---- the typical American today demands an oppor- tunity to enjoy -frequent out-of-doors recrea- tional activities.. More leisure time and more disposable income allow more people to enjoy more activities' than ever before. Young and old alike seek escape from dail routines y through some f orm of recreation: fishing, hunt- ing, boating, playing, swimming, riding, camping, picnicking, or just enjoying a moment with nature. The increasing demands for recreational 2f 7 facilities impose new burdens on units of gov- ernment on one hand and create opportunities for private enterprise on the other. Recrea tion-oriented industries provide jobs and income which could breathe new economic life into communities throughout Coastal Georgia. §i1p @1-The data presented in Table 9 re- veals that critical shortages can be anticipated Water and sand - a place for study and fun. in several categories of outdoor recreational facilities. Although the region is richly en- dowed with abundant water and related natural Beaches--All Georgia beaches are located resources suitable for reernational development, on the off-shore barrier islands and constitute relatively minor utilization of these resources the greatest potential for recreational develop- has occurred. Considerable evidence indicates ment in the area. Of the 87.4 miles of beach that interest in meeting recreational needs is on the entire Georgia coast, only about 14 miles increasing in both the public and private are presently -available to the general public-- sectors; however, a concentrated effort will about 9.4 miles being located in the project be required by all concerned if the present area. Only Jekyll and St. Simons Islands'are and future recreational requirements are to be accessible to the mainland by automobile and met. are the only beaches available @for swimming, sunbathing, 'surfing, and surf casting--the more popular activities of people seeking coastal recreational experiences. Table 9 The Golden Isles can'be developed for ex- tensive outdoor recreational use and-,still AREA RECRFATION FACILITIES AND PROJECTED NEEDS retain their natural character by developing them as public parks with controlled commercial 1972_ 1985 Needs development and use, as is being planned for Cuinberland Island. Providing recreational Pools 63 87 Pools opportunity for the general public on at-least Baseball fields 11 25 fields one additional island between Brunswick and Softball fields 50 75 fields Savannah is considered a desirable goal@by the Football fields 12 17 fields project sponsors,. Golf courses 9 14 courses Tennis courts 70 courts @',Siport Fishin_-Fishing@s the most popular Camping areas 5 30 areas recreational activity of coastal area residents. Shuffleboard 5 30 courts Inland ponds, lakes, and streams provide sig- Picnicking 1,104 2,400 tables nificant angling opportunity for freshwater Canoe trails 0 10 trails game species. Due to the flat topography, few Urban nature trails 0 7 trails good sites are available .for the construction Bicycle trails 1 8 trails of,impoundments. Whe Ire. -site@ do occur, partic- Motorcycle trails 0 3 trails ularly near population cent ers, the potential Horseback trails 10 200 trails for recreational development is good.- P-W 42 The coastal sounds, inlets, estuaries, Land ownership patterns affect availability and ocean waters adjacent to the barrier islands of hunting opportunity for some of the general provide excellent sport fishing for several public. A large amount of landis held in pri- saltwater species. Artificial shoals are being vate and corporate ownerships, many of,-@,which constructed by the State Department of Natural reserve the hunting rights for privatefuse or Resources off the coast to attract and concen- for sale. A common method. of sale is by'annual trate fish populations in formerly low-density lease to hunting clubs having 25 to 50 members areas. Additional shoal development over a each. This system provides hunting opportunity larger area is planned. Surf fishing is also for a large numberof people at reasonable cost excellent, particularly where shorelines drop with adequate landowner controls and wildlife more abruptly into the deep waters of chanriels conservation. The general public has access to separating the islands. The commercial value controlled hunting events on both privately and of sport fishing has not been determined, but publicly owned Game Management Areas under the it amounts to significant expenditures for supervision of the Georgia Department of Natural services and equipment within the project area. Resources. Similar hunting is available on the Fort Stewart Military Reservation. Other large Existing boat ramps and landings provide areas of privately owned land are available on only limited access to fishing waters and are a free permit or a day @ee basis. not generally sufficiently marked for use by the traveling public. The addition of fishing The generalized hunting arrangement inf or- catwalks along bridges, construction of fishing mation indicated on the wildlife resource map piers, and other structures, which would permit is intended to show only the pattern of non- access to tidal waters by fishermen who do not owner hunting as it was generally known to exist have boats, would fill a critical need for resi- in -1972. It does not attempt to describe accur- dent and visitor alike. Modern commercial ately every landholding within each delineation. establishments which could offer a complete package of bait, boats, equipment, guides, Additional habitat development by land lodging, and other accomodations are needed users will increase game populations and hunt- and afford good opportunity for private devel- ing opportunity for most species as either a opment. primary or secondary land use. A limited number of opportunities exist for operation of hunting Huntin --Coastal Georgia has long been preserves having adequate facilities and good noted for its good hunting. Vast expanses of management. forested land coupled with low rural population densities create a good habitat for wildlife Boating--Great expanses of navigable water species suited for hunting as a recreational make e Georgia coast an ideal setting for activity. Deer hunting commands major interest; boating and water sports as recreational activ- but other species including waterf owl@. squirrel, ities. Pleasure boat traffic on the intracoastal rabbit, quail, hog, and turkey, are also present waterway is heavy during certain seasons of the in huntable populations at numerous locations. year. Ali _4 j ql@@ 4@ Adequate food and cover mean more birds. 43 Boating is both influenced by and contrib- designated for usebypower cycles, all-terrain utes to pollution problems, requiring safeguards vehicles, horses, and bicycles. Adequate pro- adequate to protect coastal waters for full visions are also needed for passive forms of enjoyment of recreational boating. Additional recreation, including nature study and hiking. boat launching and servicing facilities are needed for pleasure boating as well as for Project Opportunities--An important objec- fishing. tive of the project sponsors is to develop recreational facilities adequate for the needs Campin --Family camping is an important of area residents and to promote the develop- recreational activity for both residents and ment of recreational enterprises conducive to visitors. In 1970 there were approximately an expanded tourist industry. 2,000 campsites in 19 private campgrounds and 3 state parks. Most campgrounds offer accom- The local leadership and the sponsors of modations adequate for both tent and trailer the RC&D project have an opportunity to secure campers. Campgrounds in the project area are technical and financial assistance from exist- located either alongmajor highways or adjacent ing governmental programs in order to develop to the coast. Highway sites are used primarily public recreation facilities. Cost sharing by transient overnight campers and the coastal could be available for land acquisition and sites by vacation campers who remain for more installation of water-based recreation parks, extended visits. including fishing piers, fishing catwalks along bridges, boat ramps, trails, picnic facilities, The potential is good for campground and other types of basic facilities. Planning -developments having high quality facilities assistance could be obtained to install the properly located for either transient or vaca- specialized facilities needed for handicapped tion camping. Canoe trails with primitive persons in public recreation facilities. camping facilities on the major streams offer -additional recreational enterprises having good The RC&D executive board will have oppor- potential. tunities to request additional technical assist- ance from state and federal agencies to assist Picnickina--Family picnicking is a very private landowners in developing recreation popular activity either singly or in combination potential for private use or commercial opera- with other recreational activities. Additional tion. Financial assistance through the Rural facilities will be needed as participation in Development Act or other authorizations would all forms of recreation increases. increase the opportunity of many small land- owners to develop the recreation resource. Golfing -Golfing has long been an important activity at the established island resorts, but The RC&D project operations present a good only in recent years have sufficient courses opportunity for coirity governments to request been provided to afford facilities for a signif- an indepth joint agency studyof the recreation icant portionof the resident population. Eight needs and potentials for developing county-wide courses having 126 holes were in operation in recreation plans in each county. 1972, with the greatest concentration being in Glynn County. Additional courses are antici- pated in the future, particularly in conjunction with resort and residential developments along the immediate coast. State Facilities--- Three State Parks-- Crooked River, Jekyll Island, andRichmond Hill --are located in the project area and provide important recreational facilities for resident and tourist alike. Total attendance in 1971 was approximately 2,340,000 people. Plavarounds--Local units of government in the region generally recognize the need for ample playground and neighborhood park f acilities for dayuse, responding with varying degrees of commitment. Formation and implementation of well organized county and city recreation pro- grams with adequate staffing are essential if these important local needs aretobe satisfied. Sipecial Facilities--- Population centers Good potential for campground have a need for public areas suitable f or rif le development in the project area. and pistol ranges and other areas which can be 44 creating severe limitations on land uses large volmes of sediment which accumulate and serious health and environmental prob- in coastal estuaries. Additional reaearch lems in populated areas. Topograpby, and engineering experimentation are needed rainfall patterns, and geologic irmturity to improve methods for treatment.of accel- prevent normal water movement, sometimes erated streambank erosion. The RCO execu- requiring installation of control struc- tive board will consider RC&Dmeasure pro- tures for an acceptable level of water posals in consultation with the U.S. CorpB management for many land uses. Group and of Engineers to insure that accepted RGO cammnity projects are usually necessary measures meet project objectives of broad for relief , as a single land owner is public benefits at reasonable cost. seldcm able to obtain an'adequate outlet. ROO matching funds and loans may be avail- BR-3401 Seven-Mile Bead Bluff Erosion able to county governmente for eligible Treatment flood prevention RC&D measures if other Purpose: To stabilize the eroding sections funds are not available. The RCkD execu- of the Ogeschee River at the neck of the tive board will consider additional re- "Seven-Mile Bend" to prevent bluff eroaim quests for RCO measures needed to achieve damage to adjacent property and the devel- the sponsors I objectives during the course opment of anew channel which would. result of project operations. in extensive ecological changes in the lower reaches of the river subject to tidal BR-3301 Pembroke Area FloodPrevention action. Measure Sponsors: Bryan County Commission Purpose: To prepare the required studies and install flood prevention structures needed to improve living conditions in the Associated Measures area of West Pembroke. Sponsors: Bryan County Commission Problem: None of the counties and few mumicipalities have developed and/or fully CA-3302 Hi Hat Community Flood implemented land use plans. Rapid land Prevention Measure development in some communities has created Purpose: To complete engineering and other general public interest in improving exist- studies needed and install flood preven- ing land use planning activities' and for tian measures in the Hi Hat Commounity to initiating planning where no action has reduce urban flooding problems. occurred. County@wids land use,plans are Sponsors: Camden County Ocimmission needed in order to complement and adequately protect municipal planningagencies. $oil (L-3303 Sterling Commmity Flood interpretations are very important in plan- Prevention Measure ning land use in the area because of wide- .Purpose: To complete engineering designs spread aoil-related problems. Technical and prepare other studies needed to install assistance is needed from the agencies flood prevention measures in the residen- having expertise in various disciplines tial community of Sterling in order to relating to land use policy, planni n , and reduce property damage and improve living regulaticnB. The RC&D executive board conditions. will give highest priorities to completion Sponsors, Mynn County Commission of county-wide plans which will provide a foundation upon which municipal plans can LI-3304 Gum Branch Community Flood be formulated. Additional RC&D measures Prevention Measure will.1 be considered as other -units of govern- Purpose: To prepare the necessary studies ment decide to implement land use plans. and install flood prevention measures in the Gum Branch Community of Liberty County BR-5101 Bryan County Land Use Plan to improve living conditions, Purpose: To develop an acceptable land use Sponsors: Liberty County Commission plan and implementing regulations which will protect the individual land owner and ID-3305 City of ludowici Flood Prevention guide community development'. Measure Sponsorss Bryan County Commission Purpose: To prepare designs and other necessary information and to install ads- BR-5102 Pembroke Land Use Plan quate flood prevention structures to pro- Purposes To prepare and implement an tect the property and community health acceptable land use plan which will result conditions of the residents of Ludowici. In more efficient development and abetter Sponsorst Long County Commission environment for the people. MC-3306 Ridgeville Area Flood Prevention Sponsors: City of Pembroke Measure BR-5103 Richmond Hill Land Use Plan Purpose: To make the required studies and Purpose, To prepare and implement an ac- install flood prevention. structures needed ceptable land use plan mbichvill protect to protect the residential area and improve the individual land owner and result in living conditions, sound community development. Sponsors: McIntosh County Commission Sponsors: City of Richmond Hill Problem: Periodic flooding, storms, and CL-5104 Camden County Land Use Plan normal tidal influence on coastal streams Purpose: To implement an acceptable land produce critical streambank erosion, use plan and related regulations which threatening to alter channel locations, will serve to protect the individual land undermining and evbntually destroying owner and guide community development. adjacent fixed impravezei .@ts and producing Sponsorst. Camden County Commission 64 returns from investments in-wildlife habi- PA-3102 StucJy of Canoe Trails tat enhancement measures. Additional on- Purpose: To provide technical assistance site technical assistance is needed frcm to develop publicly or privately operated specialists to install planned wildlife canoe trails with prirlitive camping accom@ management measures. The RCO executive modations. along reaches of the major board will develop priorities of most rivers. Specific RC&D measures -will be promising opportunities periodically and adopted for feasible end desirable pr.j- request additional assistance from par- ects by the RC&D executive board. ticipating state and federal agencies. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, RC&_D Wildlife Ccumdttee PA-1701 Accelerated Wildlife Application Measure BR-3103 Recreation Park F@@cilities Purpose: To secure additional wildlife Purpose: To provide technical and finan- biology assistance fromtheSoil Canserva- cial assistance to purchase suitable sites tion Serviceinorder to implement planned and develop county parks with emphasis on wildlife enhancement practices throughout expanding water-based recrea@ti.on.' the project area. Initial activities will Sponsors: Bryan County Commission be directed toward accelerating application of measures needed to develop commercial CA-3104 Recreation Park Facilities wildlife-recreation enterprises, develop Purpose: To provide technical and finan- private waterfowl projects, and upgrade cial assistance to purchase suitable sites leased wildlife land holdings. and develop county pa;rks with emphasis on Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- expanding water-based recreation. vation District, Satilla River Soil and Sponsors: Camden County Commission Water Conservation District Ca-3105 Recreation Park Facilities Problem: Many USIA agencies are unable to Purpose: To provide technical and finan- staff full-time offices in project area cial assistance to expand and develop counties. The large percentage of part- adequate basic facilities at the Altamaha time farmers farther complicates normal River county park. communications with USDk agencies. Addi- Sponsors: Glynn County Commission tional staffing is needed to provide the full range of USM services. The number LI-3106 Recreation Park Facilities and diversity of counties in the project Purpose: To provide technical and finan- area create additional problems of ccn- cial assistance to secure suitable sites munication between agencies, land owners, and develop county parks with emphasis an and RC&D leaders. Additional educational expanding water-based recreation. assistance is needed to improve overall Sponsors: Liberty County Commission communications within individual counties and between counties in the project area. LO-3107 Recreation Park Facilities Purpose: To provide technical and finan- PA-1801 Accelerated Education and cial assistance to secure suitable'sites Information Program and develop county parks with emphasis on Purpose: To provide additional extension expanding water-based recreation. services in the form of a com=ications Sponsors: Long County Commission and public information specialist in the project area to adequately inform area MC-3108 Recreation Park Facilities residents of USDk programs in general and Purpose: To provide technical and finan- RC&D project opportunities in particular. cial assistance to secure a suitable site Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board and develop a county park with facilities for water-based recreation. Problem: Many locations lack adequate Sponsors: McIntosh County Commission parks and other facilities to provide rec- reation opportunities needed by residents Problem: Natural -wildlife wetland and and tourists. Technical and financial other wildlife sites are not being devel- assistance are especially needed to develop oped for full wildlife potentials. Wild- public water-based recreation facilities. life enhancement practices and proper County governments maybe eligible for RC&D management would greatly increase the matching funds and loans for developing wildlife benefits from these sites. RC&D public water-based recreation parks. The matching funds and loans for eligible pub- RC&D executive board will consider addi- lic wildlife developments maybe available tional requests for RC&D measures needed to county governments if other funding to meet county needs over the period of cannot be secured. The RC&D executive project operations. board will consider additional RC&D meas- ures for -wildlife development as requested PA-3101 Fishing Structure Study during the period of project operations. Purpose: To determine feasibility and to seek cooperation of the State Highway LI-3201 Wildlife Development Department in permitting the utilization Purpose: To establish a green tree reser- of abandoned bridges as fishing piers and voir with sufficient land and support to add catwalks along other bridges, and facilities to produce and harvest water- to determine feasibility of constructing fowl. fishing piers to permit safe access to Sponsors: Liberty County Commission fishing waters. Feasible developments 'will be adopted as specific ROO measures Problem: Precipitation-induced surface by the RC&D executive board. flooding, stream flooding, and/or soils Sponsors: RC&D Executive.Board, having seasonal highwater tables less RG&D Wildlife Ccm:Lttee than 30 inches below the surface occur on 63 about 92 percent of the project area, board, in consultation with the RC&D for- CA-1503 Interim Soil Survey Report estry committee, will establish priorities Purpose: To complete the detailed soil an forestry program needs for application survey and appropriate interim interpreta- assistance in conjunction 'with forestry tions for Camden County pending publication planning assistance as a basis for request- of the detailed soil survey report. ing accelerated assistance from the U. S., Sponsors: Satilla River Soil and Water Forest Service and Georgia Forestry Com- Conservation District mission. Specific program operations in- volving RC&D accelerated services funds OL-1504 Interim Soil Interpretation will be developed in annual plans prepared Report jointly by the Soil Conservation Service Purpose: To prepare special soil inter- and the assisting forestry agencies. pretations based on the completed Glynn County Soil Survey, and make information PA-1401 Accelerated Forest Land available to the public pending publica- Treatment Measure tion of the detailed soil survey report. Purpose: To increase technical assistance Sponsors: Satilla Rixer Soil and Water available to private land &eners throughout Conservation District the project area for implementation of forest management plans which mill result L -1505 Interim Soil Survey Report in better utilization of forest lands, I Purpose: To complete the detailed soil increasing land owner returns, and expand- survey and prepare interim soil interpre- ing area employment opportunities. Initial tations for Liberty County pending publi- operations will emphasize assistance to cationof the detailed soil survey report. regenerate tree stands an privately owned Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- lands. vaticyn District Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, RC&D Forestry Committee LO-1506 Detailed Soil Survey Problem: Extensive problem soils through- Purpose: To complete the -detailed soil out the project area create acritical re- survey and soil interpretations for Long quirement for soil interpretations by all County. land users, particularly for private urban Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- land use developments, individual agricul- vation District tural and forest land use planning, and as basic information for comprehensive county Problem: The wildlife resource has not and municipal land use planning decisions. been adequately developed or fully util- Additional research and field studies are ized to produce potential economic or needed to further refine woodland soil social benefits. Accelerated wildlife interpretations ofsite potential and site planning assistance is needed in order to treatment in order to effectively utilize assist private land users in developing the forest soil resources. An accelerated adequate plans for nan-gane and game wild- monitoring program is needed to provide li-fe enhancement measures as a primary or information an soil degradation resulting secondary land use. Specialized planning from flooding, erosion, and improper land assistance is particularly needed to de- use. Priorities for soil resource data velop camercial wildlife-recreatian enter- requirements will be established annually prises and to plan wildlife enhancement by the RC&D executive board and used as practices on lands leased by hunting clubs. the basis for requesting accelerated ser- vices from the Soil Conservation Service. The RC&D executive boardwill request addi- tional assistance of state and federal PA-1501 Highway Impact Soil Survey agencies after periodically establishing Measure priorities of most pressing problems. Purpose: To accelerate soil surveys and preparation of interpretations needed to PA-1601 Accelerated Wildlife Planning accomplish accelerated conservation plan- Measure ning and application measures in high Purpose: To increase biology assistance priority areas relating to interstate to land users from the Soil Conservation highvay impact. Service in order to adequately plan for Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- wildlife resource development as aprimary vation District, Satilla River Soil and or secondary land use. Wildlife planning Water Conservation District 'will be coordinated with conservation, planning and woodland planning activities PA-1502 Public Land Use Soil throughout the project area to promote Interpretation Measure multiple use of these lands to develop Purpose: To accelerate soil surveys and 'Wildlife potential to the maximum extent preparation and publication of special possible. interpretations needed by local planning Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- commissionsin establishing local land use vation District, Satilla River Soil and policies and developing land use plans. Water Conservation District Initial activities will be concentrated on supplying soils data in cammmities which do not have published soil surveys and are Problem: Wildlife values have become im- experiencing rapid urbanizaticn, particu- portant and are expected to increase larly in Glynn, Camden, Bryan, andLiberty rapidly in the future, but many land own- Counties. ers have notyetadjusted their operations Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- to include wildlife enhancement. Game- vation District3 Satilla River Soil and wildlife, particularly, has become a mar- Water Conservation DistrIct ketable resource which will yield economic 62 Problem: A large percentage of the land GL-1205 Highway Right-of-Way area cannot be fully utilized without the Stabilization installation of soil andwater conservation Purpose: To secure technical and finan- measures and management systems. All proj- cial assistance to treat approximately ect area soils, inclusive of slopes and 55 acres of eroding highway rights-of-may urban land, are subject to severe erosion in G3ynn County. and other management problems. Intensive Sponsors: Glym County Commission land developments generally require the installation of extensive conservation Problem: The forest resource is an impor- measures specifically planned for the site. tant segment of the area econony that is Accelerated technical and financial assis- not producing at full potential. Few for- tance, including long-term conservation - est lands are being managed for maximum contracts, is needed to implement conser- wood production, and privately-owned lands vation planning. decisions which will de- generally have the lowest level of manage- velop natural resources and achieve proj- ment. Additional technical assistance is ect sponsors' objectives. A continuing needed to assist these private land owners land inventory and monitoring program on in developing management plans as a guide soil, water, and related resources is for improving forest land utilization. needed to provide current data for both Mary wood processing industries have both private and public resource development. operating problems and opportunities to Priorities will be established by the RC&D produce new products which require compe- executive board annually as the basis for tent technical assistance in order to ob- requesting accelerated application assis- tain full economic returns from the forest tance in conjunction with accelerated resource. Priorities on program require- planning assistance from all the partici- ments for forestry planning assistance pating agencies. will be established annually by the RCU PA-1201 Interstate Impact Application executive board, in consultation with the Measure RC&D forestry committee, as a basis for Purpose: To accelerate technical assis- requesting accelerated assistance from tance to land users who need assistance to U. S. Forest Service and Georgia Forestry apply planned conservation measures and Commission. Specific program operations develop management systems. Accelerated requiring RC&D accelerated services funds conservation application assistance from will be developed in annual plans prepared the Soil Conservation Service will be co- jointly by the Soil Conservation Service and the assisting forestry agencies. ordinated with conservation planning ac- tivities and concentrated on high-priority PA-1301 Accelerated Forest Management areas relating to interstate highway de- Planning Measure velopment, including residential, recrea- Purpose: To increase technical assistance tional, commercial, industrial, and com- available to private land owners for the munity conservation problems. preparation of forest management plans Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- throughout the project area. Initial plan- vation District, Satilla River Soil and ning activities will be provided to owners Water Conservation District of forest lands having high priority prob- PA-1202 Critical Area Inventory lems relating to hardwood production, Purpose: To inventory additional areas of multiple-use management, and regeneration unprotected land which results in erosion of understocked stands. damage. silt-polluted runoff, and degrades Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, RC&D downstream watercourses. Following iden- Forestry Committee tification, the RC&D executive board will consider additional RC&D measures to ob- PA-1302 Accelerated Assistance to Wood tain adequate treatment of critical areas Processors throughout the area. Purpose: To increase technical assistance Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- to forest product processors to improve vation District, Satilla River Soil and manufacturing techniques and expand markets Water Conservation District for wood products. Initial program efforts BR-1203 Roadbank Stabilization will be concentrated on utilization oflow Purpose: To provide technical and finan- quality hardwood and on reducing the amount cial assistance to establish vegetation on of other wood presently being wasted in approximately 40 acres of eroding highway harvesting and processing. rights-of-way in Bryan County. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, RC&DFor- Sponsors: Bryan County Commission estry Committee GL-1204 Urban Impact Application Measure Problem: Seventy-five percent ofthe proj- Purpose: To accelerate technical assis- ect land area is devoted to forest, 43.3 tance to land owners in sections of Glynn percent of which is privately owned and County frm the Soil Conservation Service which generally receives the lowest level needed to install planned conservation of management. Owners of small tracts measures. Accelerated application assis- experience greatest difficulty in follow- tance will be concentrated on problems ing sound management practices, in obtain- directly relating to urban expansion around ing good- markets, in financing stand the metropolitan area of Brunswick. Con- regeneration, in.contracting for forest servation measures to achieve adequate treatment, and in other production prob- sediment and water controls are specifi- lems. Additional technical assistance is cally needed for residential, recreational, needed to coordinate and supervise the and commercial land uses. application of planned treatment and man- Sponsors: Satilla River,Soil and Water agement, measures for individuals and groups Conservation District of private land owners. The executive 61 MFA@URE PROPOSALS The f ollawing RC&D measure proposals were recommended by county steering conmittees and adopted by the executive board during the planning phase for inclusionin the initial plans of work. Many of these proposals are project-wide or county-wide in scope, and subsequent evaluation may require the establishment of a number of more specific RC&D measures in order to tmple- ment the original proposal. The designated measure sponsors will require assistance from participating groups and agencies in order to implement the measures. The numbers assigned to each proposal are for identif ication purposes only and are not intended to indicate operational priorities. Land Use Treatment Measures the preparation of RC&D measure plans. Accelerated assistance will be directed Problem: Severe limitations on land use toward securing and evaluating data and result from natural soil and water ccndi- preparing plans f or f easible RC&D measures tions which require conservation planning as requested by the executive board and assistance for land users to make needed the RO&D measure sponsor. land use and treatment decisions. Land Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Canser- development is expected to occur in com- vatian District, Satilla River Soil and munities throughout the area, with most Water Conservation District rapid development projected along the im- mediate coast, around the Brunswick urban PA-1104 Aerial Photography center, and in areas adjacent to interstate Purpose: To purchase the most recent highway interchanges. Additional techni- photographic coverage available in order cal assistance and resource data are needed to improve conservation planning assistance from all appropriate agencies for orderly and expedite soil survey activities. private and public land development and Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board achievement of RC&D sponsors' objectives. Priorities 'will be established by the RC&D PA-1105 Base Maps executive board annually as the basis for Purpose: To obtain a family of base maps requesting accelerated services from par- f or each county to f acilitate planning ticipating agencies. procedures and provide adequate maps for use by units of government. PA-1101 Interstate Impact Planning Sponsors: RO&D EKecutive Board Measure Purpose: To accelerate preparation of CA-1106 Accelerated Planning Assistance conservation plans by private land users for Camden County by providing additional technical assis- Purpose: To accelerate conservation plan- tance from the Soil Conservation Service. ning assistance by the assignment of a Accelerated conservation planning assis- full-time soil conservationist to assist tance will be concentrated on problems of private land users and units of government. intensive land use developments resulting Increasing urban development and more in- directly from impact of interstate highway tensive use of all land result in requests access. Land use changes to residential, for planning assistance which cannot be camercial, and recreational uses will re- supplied by the present part-time staff ceive special consideration as being high arrangement. priority problems during the first five Sponsors: Satilla River Soil and Water years of interchange development. Conservation District Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- vation District, Satilla River Soil and GL-1107 Urban Impact Planning Measure Water Conservation District Purpose: To accelerate conservation plan- ning assistance to land users of Glynn PA-1102 Public Land Use Planning County fromtheSoil Conservation Service. Assistance Accelerated planning assistance will be Purpose: To increase conservation planning concentrated in areas undergoing rapid assistance from Soil Conservation Service land use changes resulting from urban ex- to local governments in order to provide pansion of the city of Brunswick. basic land resource data needed by local Sponsors: Satilla River Soil and Water people and the other assisting agencies Conservation District engaged in the preparation of public land use policy and land use plans. Initial LO-1108 Accelerated Planning Assistance accelerated service assistance will be for Lang County concentrated on furnishing technical in- Purpose: To accelerate conservation plan- formation for county land use plans in ning assistance by the assignment of a Bryan, Liberty, and Glynn Counties. full-time soil conservationist to assist Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- private land users and units of govenumnt. vaticn District, Satilla River Soil and Increasing urban development and more in- Water Conservation District tensive use of all land result in requests for planning assistance which cannot be PA-1103 RC&D Measure Planning Assjstance supplied by the present part-time staff Purpose: To increase technical assistance arrangement. from Soil Conservation Service to project Sponsors: Coastal Soil and Water Conser- sponsors and sponsors of RC&D measures for vation District 60 PROPOSED RC&D MEASURES COMMUNITY PLANNING WW IT This section enumerates in brief form the Land Use and Treatment Measures RC&D measure proposals which have been submitted 1000-2000 - Measures needed to implement land by the local people, recommended by the county use adjustments, conservation, and resource steering committees, and approved @y the execu- development on private and public lands. Many tive board. A RC&D measure is a specific activ- public agencies will be requested to increase ity which 'when properly adopted and completed levels of technical as2istance to the project will help meet the project objectives. area, but these services are designated as ac- The measure proposals which have been adopted celerated service measures only where authorized are not intended cs a final or complete program and funded by RC&D funds. The local soil and package. The very concept of RC&D is one of water conservation district is a major agency "open ended" identification of problems, then for securing assistance from state and USDA planning and subsequent implementation of feas- agencies. ible solutions. The executive board will care- fully analyze each measure proposed to insure 3000-4000 - Measures having significant group that it conforms with the project objectives. or community benefits and requiring local group Few of the proposed measures listed have been action for implementation. Agencies of the sufficiently evaluated during the course of U. S. Department of Agriculture and U. S. Corps preparing these Guidelines For Development to of Fngineers are major zources of assistance. determine feasibility. The executive board will request technical Associated Measures assistance from cooperating agencies to ade- quately evaluate and plan the proposed measures 5000-6000 - Measures designed to improve the with the RC&D sponsors. Technical and financial utilization, marketing, or processing of a assistance mill be sought in the same rianner to natural resource. State agencies are major assist meauure sponsors in implementing the sources of assistance. measures which are determined to be desirable and feasible and approved for operations by the 7000-8000 - Measures designed to accelerate executive board. economic growth and enhance social conditions For purposes of simplification and consolida- -which only indirectly relate to the development tion@ RC&D measures are sometimes classified by of natural resources. The Coastal Area Planning the nature of the activity and the source of and Development Commission is a major source of W V MUNITY PLANNI needed assiztance. Coastal Georgia RC&D measure planning assistance and is the responsible agency proposals are classified under the following in securing sources of f inancial assistance f ram general categories: state and federal agencies. 59 Section V MEASURES IMPLEMENTING THE PLANS Preceeding sections of this document de- Project sponsors are very cognizant of scribe briefly the Coastal Georgia Resource the limitations on resources at their direct Conservation and Development Project area and disposal for implementing the RC&D measures discussin considerable detail the condition of which may be requested during the course of the various resources. During the course of project operations. Pledges of assistance systematically evaluating these resources, many have been received during the initial planning problems have been identified by the various stages from a wide range of public resource committees, and some development opportunities agencies and private groups. That assistance have been suggested at the conclusion of the will be essential to achieving a desirable respective resource sections. rate of resource conservation and development progress. Although these evaluations and suggestions may well be valid and contribute to a better The Coastal Area Planning and Development understanding of resource relationships, they Commission, a sponsor of the RC&D project, is alone contribute nothing to improving the qual- the responsible substate planning agency pro- ity of living in the area. Action will be viding planning assistance to counties and necessary to produce tangible results. towns in the project area. All RO&D measures will be coordinated with commission program This' plan of action is the initial effort efforts. The commission staff will provide a of the executive board to select from alterna- primary sourceof counsel and assistance to the tive proposals received during the planning other agencies which participate in project stage the measures which appea. *r to contribute activities. RC&D measures in the broad range most to achievement of the project objectives. of community facilities and economic develop- ment will be directed to the planning commission Local Participati --The RC&D project pro- for assistance; the only role of the RC&D er- vides an opportunity for different resource ecutive board will be one of initiating and interests to be represented in the decision- supporting these measures. making process to insure maximum benefits from resource development for all the people. Any RC&D measures for developing land, water, citizen or group is encouraged to make recom- and related natural resources will be imple- mendations to the respective county steering mented in cooperation with the appropriate state committees for consideration. Representatives and federal agencies, with technical and finan- of the appropriate governmental or private re- cial assistance that may be available through source agencies will serve as technical advisors existing programs. RC&D funds will be utilized to the steering committees and the executive for accelerated technical assistance and eli- board to achieve mutual objectives of resource gible RC&D measures when funding is not available utilization. from other sources. Eligible flood prevention measures and water resource development projects The final decision-making responsibility will continue tobe installed under operational and the leadership required to implement RC&D provisions of the Small Watershed Act (P.L. 566) measures is vested in the sponsors. County and authorities delegated to the U.S. Corps of commissions have authority to assess and collect Engineers in partnership with local sponsors. taxes at the local level and will be expected to provide funds for implementation of some of The executive board has adopted a policy the RC&D activities. statement supporting comprehensive land use planning as being the most desirable method of Major Policies--To ensure a wide range of achieving development and proper conservation interest in project planning and development of the land resource. The county commissions activities, RCO steering committees will re- have legal authority to establish county plan- present the people and their governing bodies ning commissions which could implement county- in each county. Steering committee members, wide land use plans in their respective counties. appointed annually, should have a good working knowledge of resource conditions and be sensi- The Coastal Area Planning and Development tive to the aspirations of the other residents. Commission, the soil and water conservation districts, and the community development affil- The executive board, composed of repre- iates of the University System of Georgia will sentatives from the county steering committees, cooperatein providing the county planning com- will assume leadership responsibility for pro- missions with technical assistance needed to ject activities on behalf of the sponsors. develop land use plans. The board will receive RC&D measure proposals from the steering committees, evaluate and assign priorities, and request technical and financial assistance from goverrmental agencies and others as needed and appropriate to achieve the objectives of the sponsors. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT The ultimate goal of the Coastal Georgia Resource Conservation and Development Project is to create a quality environment for rural and urban people by the prudent use, man- both agement, and protection of our natural resources. 3 To achieve this goal will require a better understanding by the people of their environment, Q@ environmental problems and alternative solu- tions, and an acceptance of their responsibility in finding solutions to these problems. In addition to utilizing the existing edu- cational, technical, and financial assistance programs to reach this goal, the following ob- jectives have been established: 1. To ensure the proper use and development 7 of the land resource through land use pol p icy formulation, land use planning, and adoption of needed incentive and regula- tory measures by the appropriate unit of government. Develop resources for generations which follow. 2. To maintain a safe and plentiful supply of water for municipal, industrial, agri- cultural, and recreational uses through 9. To increase income and promote utilization appropriate management, control, and util- of the marine resources through pollution ization. abatement, better fishery facilities, and proper management. 3. To provide the soil surveys and interpre- tations needed to guide the proper utili- 10. To seek the community facilities and ser- zation of the soil, water, and related vices necessary for the health, education, resources by private landowners and by welfare, and comfort of the area's resi- units of government. dents. 4. To improve the agricultural resource throudi 11. To restore, nrotect, and preserve unique, proper agricultural land utilization, use irreplaceable, and non-renewable resources of improved crops and livestock, and needed such as the tidal marsh, scenic vistas, education programs. and historical buildings and sites. 5. To increase benefits from forest resources 12. To cooperate and work closely with all and insure an adequate supply of raw mater- existing planning organizations, agencies, ial for the f orestry industries in the area and governing officials, and to help co- through multiple-purpose management and ordinate activities to ensure maximum utilization. effectiveness of all resource programs, funds, a-rid technical assistance in solving 6. To develop the wildlife and sport-fishing the area's problems and in developing op- resource in the area to provide recrea- portunities in the best interest of the tion, income, and an esthetically pleasing area's people. environment. 7. To develop recreation facilities needed for the area's residents and promote the development of commercial recreation f acil- ities and tourist accommodations. 8. To provide more jobs and adequate income by eAcouraging desirable industrial and economic development. 55 The annual plan of work will enumerate the RC&D measures, measure sponsors, assisting agencies, time schedules, action programed , and the amount and distribution of technical, financial, and other assistance required during the ensuing year. Planning assistance will be requested from the cooperating local, state, and federal agencies in preparing the plan of MMUNI work to insure adequate funding and proper Cc coordination of effort. ptANN ING Proposed RC&D measures which have insuf ficient local support or those determined not feasible will be deleted and new proposals adopted and incorporated into the annual plan schedule. A revision of the Guidelines For Development will be required when sufficient alterations in project boundaries, conditions, or objectives occur to justify a major review. e executive board has not attempted to establish permanent priorities for project operations or for RC&D measures beyond the first years of operation. The sponsors have placed highest priorities, duringinitial stages of operations, on measures relating to forestry, recreation and wildlife development, solid waste disposal, water management, land use plan- ning, and agriculture. Each county, in effect, is expected to establish its own priorities based on the The soil and water conservation districts amount of interest and funding which can be have long had a specific interest in the pru- obtained by the county steering committee. dent use, management, and protection of natural resources. The districts are engaged in pro- RC&D Measure Planning--A RC&D measure plan grams to promote voluntary conformance with -will be developed by the local sponsor of each these principles by all land users within the adopted measure involving RC&D financial assis- project area, utilizing the assistance of many tance. The project staff will provide leader- private, state, and federal agencies. Acceler- ship in securing technical assistance for ated assistance from these sources will be project sponsors in preparing measure plant These documents will provide supporting dat,3. required in order for the districts to fulfill their responsibility in accelerating various environmental statements, and give other avail- conservation programs. able details including costs and benefits. A number of organizations at both the As an integral phase of planning RC&D county and local levels are presently engaged measures involving construction or alterations in activities designed to achieve some type of of the land surface, appropriate investigations resource conservation or development and have will be performed to determine the presence of goals which duplicate or complement RC&D ob- historic and prehistoric sites. Alternate loca- jectives. By virtue of having similar objec- tions or layouts will be selected in order to tives, as well as having committee members and preserve more significant historic sites. Where sponsors in common in many instances, these overriding public interest dictates the destruc- organizations are supported by andin turn sup- tion of historic sites of lesser significance, port the RC&D project steering committees and the intrinsic scientific data will be salvaged executive board. by professional excavation. Project Olperations--This plan of action A RC&D measure agreement based on the will be implemented through a series of annual measure plan will be executed by the involved plans of work which will be developed by the parties prior to measure implementation. Re- county steering committees and the executive sponsibilities for funding, land rights, con- board in consultation with the project sponsors. tracting, construction, installation services The Guidelines For Development will be updated and other requirements are established in this automatically each year in the course of pre- formal document. paring these plans, reflecting the changing conditions of the area and new opportunities and objectives of the local people. 57 Section IV.:. I THE PLAN OF.ACTION I Project ODT)ortunities--One of the important ance in installing adequate solidwaste facil- objectives of the project sponsors is to assist ities, public buildings, and otherneeded public communities in securing facilities and services facilities. necessary for the health, education, welfare, and comfort of its residents. The RC&D county steering committees and the executive board can support the expansion The Coastal Area Planning and Development of vocational training programs for high school Commission can provide, planning assistance to and adult classes. Special training programs communities seeking financial grants and long- can be created to prepare employees for both term loans. County RC&D steering committees existing positions and for positions created by and the executive board will have opportunities new industrial and commercial operations. to guide groups and communities to this source of assistance in securing funding for needed The RCO executive board will have a good facilities. opportunity to secure assistance for local school boards to improve conservation and natural Local groups and county governments will resource education throughout the school system. have opportunities to request technical and financial assistance through existing cost- The county RC&D steering committees and sharing programs for the installation of water the executive board will havean opportunity to management systems needed to improve living help small rural communities request assistance conditions. in establishing fire protection. The RC&D executive board can request assist- The county RC&D steering committees and ance to examine the need for housing and assist the executive board can initiate and support the agencies involved in developing programs efforts to improve medical care and facilities to provide adequate housing for area residents. and ambulance service throughout the project Local contractors have an opportunity to expand area. ..their operationsin low-cost housing and to de- velop innovative low-cost housing designs using The county RC&D steering committees and local materials. the executive board will have opportunities to provide leadership in requesting and coordina- Implementation of the Rural Area Develop- ting assistance -from several sources to upgrade ment Act or other state and federal programs the overall recreation program in each county may present opportunities for county governments by developing and implementing county-wide re- in the RC&D project to request financial assist- creation plans. 54 Re creation-- Recreation facilities and pro- Public Buildinzs--Both the availability and grams for the resident population, as distin- the adequacy of county and city buildings vary guished from tourist requirements, are an im- throughout the area but are generally less thal portant amenity to total community living satisfactory. Office space and public meeting standards. 'The economic returns from public accommodations are badly needed in some count i es investments in recreatdon are difficult to and several towns. measure, but local governments throughout the I area are increasingly accepting recreational Agency Assistance--The Coastal Area Plan- activities as another logical governmental re- ning and Development Commission is the primary sponsibility. source of planning assistance available to local units of government. County-wide recreation commissions sup- ported by county governments are needed if the A number of federal and state agencies total community recreation needs aretobe sup- maintain local offices which administer a broad plied. rangeof service programs, providing assistancel to individuals and groups as well as units of Flood Control--Every community has flood- government. ing problems which limit community development, create health hazards, and otherwise reduce CreditandFinancin --Commercial financial living standards. Alllocal governments accept institutions have adequate lending capacity for flood control as a basic community service, ordinary trade and construction requirements. participatingtothe extent financing is avail- Installations of basic community facilities area able. seldom financially self-supporting; an4 there- fore, are not attractive investments for com- Additional technical and financial assist- mercial lending firms without government parti- ance is required in order to install public ci-Dation in the form of grantsandloan guaran- flood control systems. te@s. Low-income families are frequently -to secure commercial financing for homes -1 Public Protection--The larger towns provide farmimprovements. Farmers Home Administration, standard police and fire protection but must generally operating as a lender of last resort , continue to upgrade their equipment and personnel provides credit for qualified applicant's for Rural police service is within the jurisdiction f arm operations, rural housing. community water of-the county sheriff departments. Several and sewer systems, and other purposes. rural communities have developed rural fire de- fense units with assistance from the Georgia If rural communities are to fill any im- Forestry Commission. Additional units are needed portant role in the future, a considerablel for other small communities. inc reas e in credi t and f in an ci al assistance will be required in order to make the individual and community investments required to support a viable economy. Y 40. Flood problems at Brunswick. '53 Liberty County health facility. Due to federal regulations and related in- creases in cost of operations, ambulance service More than one-half of houses in is seldom available from private operators, re- project area are inadequate. sulting in an additional responsibility for local government. Several counties are participating in local and regional emergency ambulance pro- grams in order to provide essential emergency service. Unfortunately, too many houses classify on Water and Sewers--Adequate water and sewer the other end of the scale. Due to the general facilities are prerequisites for acceptable shortage and resulting high cost of suitable living standards and for economic development. land, poor families are seldom able tobuild on Water systems in several towns have been up- desirable lots. In 1971, 53 percent of the graded in recent years, but improvements are housing supply in the project area was struc- needed in other existing systems; and new sys- turally obsolete or inadequate. tems are needed in many rural communities. Industrial sitesin several instances have been Few building contractors are presently developed outside existing utility systems, re- engaged in construction of speculative low-cost quiring expensive extension of utility lines housing, although there is a definite need for and expansion of capacity. this type of construction. Unfavorable soil conditions severely limit Public financial assistance in the form the availability of building sites which are of loans, subsidies, or public housing is nec- suitable for operation of drain-field sewage essary if some poor families are to obtain systems, making public sewage systems essential adequate housing. for adequate waste treatment on these soils. Several communities do not have adequate treat- Solid Waste--Solid waste disposal has long ment facilities for existing collector systems. been a seriously neglected problem in the pro-. ject area. No community has adequately re- Greatly expanded programs of financial solved the problem in terms of cost, -health, assistance will be necessary for rural commun- or esthetics. County governments are being ities to provide these basic services. County- compelled to accept solid waste collection I and wide water and sewer systems, operated as a disposal as an additional responsibility, for function of county government, will usually be which they are generally inadequately prepared. required to accomplish an acceptable level of coverage and service. Financial assistance is essential if.county commissions are to operate acceptable solid Housin --Numerous fine modern houses have waste systems on an efficient county-wide or been constructed throughout Coastal Georgia multi-county basis. whichprovide attractive, comfortable@ occasion- ally,,. luxurious accommodations formany families. 52 COMMUNITY FACILITY AND SERVICES Poor communiti es , like poor families, fall The two-year Brunswick Junior College is into a perpetual cycle from which escape is very the only fully accredited liberal arts college difficult. Rural counties are often unable to in the project area. The nearest four-year afford the basic public services and community colleges are locatedin Savannah, Jacksonville, facilities which must be available before eco- Statesboro, and Valdosta. nomic development--the one thing which would make these things economically feasible--can be A vocation-technical school at Brunswick expected to occur. Junior College offers specialized training which is so essential in preparing employees Therefore, virtually every community in for the more skilled jobs available in a mod- Coastal Georgia is attempting to upgrade basic ern technology. Several federal training and community services as rapidly as possible in education programs, both within and outside the order to compete for economic growth as well as school system, are being used with varying de- to improve living conditions for present resi- grees of success to develop latent skills. dents. Federal and state programs which provide financial grants and long-term loans to rural Public Health--A general shortage of pri- areas are essential for significant progress. vate and public health facilities and services exists in most of the area. Specialized public Education--One of the most serious problems services for treatment of delinquency, alcohol- confronting the areais a severe deficit of ba- ism, mental retardation, .and psychological and sic education. Table 10 presents some of the physical handicaps vary in availability and more interesting statistics concerning education effectiveness. A serious shortage of compre- in each county. More complete data are avail- hensive mental health services exists throughout able in the appendix. the region. -I t wouldbe a tragic mistake to underesti- Hospitals are located only in Glynn, Camden, mate the role that education plays in developing and. Liberty Counties.* Many residents must, the resources of Coastal Georgia. High school therefore, depend on medical services and fa consolidations have been accomplished in each ities from outside. the area. Small clinics county which permit a wider range of course opened during 1972 in Bryan and Long Counties offerings to*more adequately meet the basic and are projected to lead eventually to the educational needs of each student. Continued establishment of general hospitals. The exist- emphasis on innovative teaching techniques will ing hospitals are constantly Upgrading facil- be required to eliminate the problem of dropouts. ities and equipment in order to improve both the quality and scope of treatment supplied. Local libraries are*served by regional libraries in Savarmah, Statesboro, or Bruns-dick. The shortage of medical personnel is a serious problem, particularly in the smaller Considerable public support exists for up- communities. A total of 59 medical doctors and grading and expanding both high school and adult 18 dentists were engaged in active practice in vocational training programs. High school cur- the area in 1972. riculum and instruction are being structured to better prepare more students for the positions Each countyhas a public health department which are expected to exist in industry, agri- which is operated under the supervision of t1he culture, and service trades. State Department of Human Resources and financed on a cooperative basis. Table 10 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND EXPENDITURES 1970-71 Teacher- Avg.Georgia Avg. U. S. Avg. Daily Pupil Expenditures Expenditure Expenditure County Attendance Ratio Graduates DroT)outs Per ADA Per ADA Per ADA Bryan 1,820 1:23.0 106 82 $533 $616 $812 Camden 3,034 1:21.6 173 52 $568 $616 $812 Glynn 11,488 1:21.6 749 287 $632 $616 $812 Liberty 3,31-2 1:21.5 227 88 $646 $616 $812 Long 869 1:19.2 64 26 $733 $616 $81-2 McIntosh 1,867 1:20.5 76 62 $603 $616 $812 51 Commuter Transportation--- Intercity bus Water Freiaht Service--Brunswick is the service is available along the major highways only city in the project area having public to all of the larger towns on a generally in- port facilities adequate for handling general frequent schedule. Intracity commuter service and bulk cargo. The federal installation, . not available in any of the towns in the Kings Bay Terminal, in Camden County, has deep project area. water capability and adequate facilities but is is not presently available for full commercial Air Travel-- Commercial air service is development. Two of the major ports of the available only at Brunswick within the project eastern seaboard are located at either end of area. Additional commercial facilities are the project area, atSavannah and Jacksonville, available at Savannah and Jacksonville, which and offer serious competition for shipping are frequently utilized by area residents. business. Small public or private airports are lo- Water transport meshed with highway and cated in four of the six counties. Military rail networks provide an outlet for the area's air installations are located at Glynco Naval natural resources and serve as a collector for Air Station and Fort Stewart Military Reserva- materials needed for production within the area. tion but are not available for civilian use. Project Opportunities--RC&D steering com- Availability of private air service is a mittees have a good opportunity to cooperate significant factor in attracting tourists to with the area news media to keep the public the Brunswick area, particularly to Jekyll and fully informed of project plans and progress. St. Simons Isla-rids. Designers of tourist attrac- tions in the future should not overlook this The county RC&D steering committees can added attraction. Air transportation is not support efforts to improve public communications considered a severe limiting factor to area de- by securing additional public media outlets and velopment, but air facilities in Long and Bryan improvements in commercial communication ser- Counties would be highly desirable. vices. Approximately 40,000 private plaries pass The county RC&D steering committees and over Coastal Georgia each year and could become the executive board can support action to up- a significant factorin economic development if grade the highway system throughout the project proper facilities were developed for their use-. area and to improve or provide road access to presently inaccessible areas. Land Freight Service--The rail system closely parallels the major highway routes, The RC&D leadership car- support and influ- providing freight service to every town in the ence the installation of additional facilities area. The pulp and paper industry furnishes at existing airports and construction of new the major market for rail freight service. airports where feasible. Similar opportunities will be available to maintain and upgrade other Motor freight serviceis also available to forms of commuter and freight service. all towns, Brunswick having five trucking ter- minals. Major truck freight shipments to the County RC&D steering committees have an interior have the same relationship to time-in- opportunity to initiate or support efforts to transit as does rail transport. properly maintain and upgrade water transport facilities. 50 COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION All Coastal Georgia counties except Bryan have adequate internal communications. Bryan County was severed by the formation of the Fort Stewart Military Reservation, creating corimu- rication and transportation problems between the two segments. Unfortunately, no one news- paper, radio, or television outlet covers the six-county area to the extent that a single message is likely to reach a sizable portion of the population. Only by direct -mailing can a given audience be reached with certainty. Telephon --Telephone service is available V throughout the populated sections of the ar ea. Five independent telephone companies serve the i rural counties, and Southern Bell serves the Y Brunswick-Glynn County area. Direct distance 41 dialing equipment is available in the lai,,.-, exchanges. A major travel route nears completion. Radio and Television--The project area supports four local radio stations, three lo- cated in Brunswick and one in Hinesville. Several stations in Savannah and Jacksonville Highways--The highway network is composed effectively reach into the region with both of two parallel linear routes, U.S. - I radio and television programming. Cable tel- Interstate 95, which transverse the project evision connections are availablein the larger area and provide the only direct north-south communities, permitting a wide choice of other passage. A large number of lateral highways stations. No commercial television stations connect with these routes to join the coast are located in the project area, but the state- with the interior of Georgia. wide education network does have an outlet in Bryan County. When completed, 1-95 will form a maj or travel corridor from the,New England area to Newspa-oers--The most commonly read news- Georgia and Florida. The actual impact of this papers are published in Brunswick, Savannah, traffic is difficult to estimate, but retail and Jacksonville. Other newspaper service is sales are projected to increase 400 percent, provided by at least one local weekly in each and increased population growth and industrial of the six counties. activity are anticipated along the corridor. Translportation--Transportation facilities As traffic volumes increase along all are considered generally adequate for existing routes, the struggle to maintain and upgrZe needs. Weather conditions occasionally result the highway system will become an ever more in flood and fog problems which restrict traf- difficult and essential task. Good roads are f ic flow, but the mild climate eliminates other an important factor in promoting tourism, but problems such as ice and snow accumulations. local access roads to many historical and rec- reational sites are presently inadequate. 49 Industrial Development--Indus trial employ- In recent years, there has been a concerted ment provides jobs for about 30 percent of the effort to encourage existing industrial concerns labor force. The primary industries are paper to expand and to secure new industry throughout and paper products, seaf ood processing, chemical the area. Approximately 20,000 acres of land products, and lumber and other wood products. have been designated as potential industrial These industries are located in the area due sites in varying stages of development. The primarily to the abundant timber and water re- Coastal Area Planning and Development Commission sources combined with good transportation f acil- provides primaryplanning assistance to local ities. industrial development organizationsin increaa- ing industrial employment. All countiesin the area are in a position to grow economicaily, the greatest need for Environmental Problems--Due to the nature accelerated growth being in the more rural of the industry operating within the project, counties. Industrial sites, a supply of labor, some inherent air and water quality problems and development financing are available. Ample have occurred, but considerable progress has electric power for reasonable expansion is either been made in correcting these problems. avaiiable or canbeprovided at most locations. The natural gas distribution system is not as In addition to the other site controls extensive, but service canbeprovided in larger which may be needed, there should be a general towns. public policy that industrial development should be permitted only on suitable soils, or that Theareal s agricultural, timber, and marine inherent limitations will be corrected by the resources will support further development of developer. Only a small percentage of the pro- processing enterprises in additionto continued ject area soils are suited for heavy building expansion of other industry and tourist accom- and traffic use, and problems having community modations. implications can be predicted when development is permitted on unsuited soils without proper The communities whichmost need industrial remedial measures. development of ten lack the basic community f acil- ities and cultural and social amenities necessary Project Opportunities--One of the broad to attract industrial management and their f am- goals of the,project sponsors is to provide ilies. more jobs and adequate income by encouraging desirable industrial and economic development. The RC&D steering committees, executive board, and project sponsors have an opportunity to assist the organizations presently engaged in industrial and economic development to fulfill their common objectives. The RC&D project improves opportunities to assist in the formation of cooperative pro- duction, marketing, and proc6ssing organizations when needed for proper development of natural resources. Industrial development commissions have opportunities in some project counties to pro- mote development of mineral resources. State agencies and local soil and water conservation districts can provide technical assistance to miners to reclaim mined lands. The RG&D executive board can request addi- P tional technical assistance to inventory and monitor natural resources required to promote new and improved methods of utilizing natural resources. The RC&D executive board can request addi- tional technical assistance to provide soil interpretations and conservation planning assist- ance on potential industrial, residential, and commercial sites. Wood-using industries are a major employer in the area. 48 INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS The total economic structure of Coastal Service Industry--New tourist services es- Georgia has a broad base composed of manufac- tablishments along 1-95 are expected to become turing, construction, wholesale and retail a major source of additional retail sales and trade, government, and services. Agriculture employment. New jobs for 500 people are antic- commands only a small percentage of this eco- ipated in 1973 along the sections open for use. nomic base, making the business and industrial with additional increases expected each year segment of the economy of vital concern to rural until the total interstate system is completed ' residents as well as city dwellers. In 1971, the Jekyll Island State Park alone created a significant demand for tourist ser- Retail Trade-- Local business activity vices for approximately 2,250,000 people who directly reflects the level of employment and traveled within the project area to visit the purchases by major employers. The trend in park. retail sales has been steadily upward, reaching $125,951,000 in 1971. The growth rate in service trades has shown a steady increase for many years, making Retailers in the smaller compunities and new recordsin number employed and total sales. in the old central business districtsof larger Continued expansion is predicted in nearly all towns have encountered critical problems in trades, re-emphasizing the importance of ade- competing with newer and more convenient shop-; quate vocational-technical training. ping centers. Every dow@town district could Agri-business activity, with the single perhaps benefit from complete renovation de- signed to meet the requirements of modern shop- exception of forest products, is almost nonexist- pers. ent in the project area. Significant increases in agricultural enterprises would create a mar- Considerable relocation of retail business ket for a broad range of agri-business services. can be expected as major tourist services shift from the older highways to 1-95 and 1-16. Government employment has an important economic impact in the counties around Fort Stewart in Hinesville, Glynco Naval Air Station at Brunswick, and Kings Bay Terminal in Camden County. WEST, S OAM q CID AZ pA X es Fishing famili 47 need supplies. AL M@ Tn 7 Dune land on barrier island. routes. In order to maintain business activity Refuge, Wolf Island National W@ldlife Refuge, for this sector of the economy,itis essential Altamaha State Waterfowl Management Area, Black- that attractionsbe developed which are of suf- beard Island National W@ldlife Refuge, 'lumber- ficient quality to attract the tourist from the land Island, Lewis Island, and the Marshes of interstate highway. Glynn. The older highwaysmustbe upgradedtoper- Project Opportunities--Many of the goals mitsafeand comfortable passage for sightseers. of the project sponsors in other areas of re- The general appearance of both town and country source development will directly benefit the must be improved by litter removal and better establishment of additional tourist services. building maintenance. Air pollution problems Improvements which create a better place for related to pulp and paper processing must like- living will also create a better place for wise be solved if the visitor istolinger long visiting. Converse-1T., the development of tour- in the area. - ist recreational facilities will also supply Our Histo -Coastal Georgia is rich in some of the recreational needs for area residents. archeological and historical sites which exem- The Coastal Area Planning and Development plify the early history of America; many of Commission is presently engaged in tourism de- these can be further developea as travel attrac- velopment in conjunction with local governments, tions without detrimental effects on the envi- Chambers of Commerce, and other interested ronment. These historical sites and buildings groups. The RC&D executive board can provide constitute one of the major potential tourist all possible assistance to expedite the efforts attractions. The City of St. Marys, Fort Fred- of these organizations. erica on St. Simons Island, Fort King George at Darien, Midway Church at Midway, and Fort The RC&D steering committees and project McAllister near Richmond Hill are examples of sponsors will have an opportunity to partici- interesting sites which are open for public pate in the acquisition, preservation, and enjoyment. Thirty-five sites having significant exhibition of examples of unique natural areas interest have been identified and should be and historical sites, both as local educational preserved. resources and as tourist attractions. Greater efforts can be made to upgrade roads and ap- Nature Stu --The coast of Georgia has a proaches to these sites and to improve the his- number of unusual land types, plant and animal torical marker system on an area-wide basis. species, and other natural phenomena--often Installation of attractive welcome centers and overlooked as being attractions by local resi- bulletin boards with maps and descriptions of dents--which are of great interest to a signi- area attractions at interstate rest areas could ficant segment of the tourist population and promote interest in the area. should be made available for study. The RC&D executive board can support efforts Wildlife refuges and nature areas of notable of other groups to secure additional tourist interest are: Harris Neck National Wildlife accommodations and facilities. Refuge, St. Catherine's Island, Sapelo Island 46 TOURISM imately 2.2 million people visited in 1971, and completion of an ocean aquarama in 1973 is ex- pected to increase the number of future visitors - About one million visitors were overnight guests T;7; on the island during 1972. St. Simons Island has a limited amount of AM- public beach and other recreation facilities but was developed primarily as a residential and resort area. Cumberland Island has been pro- posed as a National Seashore, and limited access will be provided by f erry f or the general public. Approximately 10,000 visitors are expected on peak days during the summer season. The other major islands in the project area are either privately owned or have been committed to use Interstates bringing more tourists. as state and f ederal wildlife preserves. There- fore, these great resources are accessible only to the owners and to a f ew individuals and groups having special interests in wildlife preserva- The visitor to Coastal Georgia is inter- tion and marine research activities. ested primarily in enjoying the recreational activities, historical sites and structures, Mainlan --The rural mainland attracts a convention facilities, and the unique natural limited number of destination-point tourists coastal environment. Georgia residents presently for wildlife-based recreational pursuits and outnumber visitors from the other states by a the more passive sightseeing activities. ratio of ten to one as destination-point tour- ists. The coastal fishing villages are generally oriented toward permanent and seasonal residents Demand for tourist servicesin the project and visiting fishermen. The weathered build- area is expectedto double during the decade of ings, shrimp docks and nets, ancient oaks, the '70's. During the first year (1975) follow- marshes, and assorted boats combine to create ing completion, over 30 million people are ex- an atmosphere found in few other locations. pected to travel Interstates 16 and 95 in the Unfortunately, few of these lovely villages are project area, a-rid a significant number of these well attuned to the casual sightseeing tourist. travelers will be tourists. Merely providing Many state highways end shortof coastal waters lodging, gas, food, a-rid other essential services on private property, and the extensive display for this volume of the motoring public will of posted signs makes it clear that adequate create new business activity at the major inter- public access has not been provided. changes along these highways. Excessive development of tourist services The greatest need, and the greatest oppor- would very likely alter the character of these tunity, is for the development of attractions villages to the point that their value to pre- having adequate interest for the destination- sent property owners would be diminished. New point tourist. A wide range of tourist services locations should be selected where possible for offers perhaps more opportunity for increasing major tourist facilitiesin order to retain the local employment than development of any other character of these picturesque communities. resource. Types of resource development activ- ities that have potential for increasing the Tourist Services--At least two major wel- numberof destination-point visitors are: fresh come centers which can serve as windows to the and saltwater fishing, hunting, historical re- Georgia coast willbe constructed along 1-95 in search, camping, nature study, tennis, golfing, the project area. Landowners within a short and increased public use of the off-shore islands. distance of the interstate interchanges will have an excellent opportunity to construct and Georgia Islands--The Golden Isles of the operate major tourist service facilities. Those Georgia coast have long been a favorite play- landowners farther away will have an improved ground for a few wealthy families. Only since potential for recreational developments which 1954, when Jekyll Island was purchased by the appeal to the tourist. State of Georgia and made into a state park, has a major beach in the project area been The completion of the interstate system accessible to the general public. Following will result in a major reduction ofthe traffic construction of recreation and convention f acil- volume on U.S. 17 and other older highways. A ities and motel accommodations Jekyll Island corresponding reduction in business volume can has become the most popular destination point be predicted for the establishments which have for tourists visiting the project area. Approx- 45 traditionally served the tourist along these 0, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, ATHENS. GEORGIA RECREATION AND TOURISM MAP COASTAL GEORGIA RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND G E 0 R G I A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT BRYAN, CAMDEN, GLYNN, LIBERTY, LONG AND MCINTOSH COUNTIES, GEORGIA COASTAL GEOR IA PC 8 D p ROJECT co 45 16 E, 280 Pembroke BASE COHPILEO 1.250.0coSCILE, AMS QUAORAIELE SIEETS F 0 R T@ S T E A R T 32' 00'- M I L I A P Y 11 1 1 E R T 1 0 N River + -C-0. @4 IS Richmond Hill 144 700000 700 COO Or 67 196 Flerningtor-I Hinesvill 301 ', 'Al lenhurst L 0 G L I B Riceboro; BS B ST CATHERINES SOUND Ludowid 30, 131 e@o River SAPICLO SOUND LEGEND STATE HIGHWAY BB U.S. HIGHWAY INTERSTATE HIGHWAY STATE LINE COUNTY LINE DOrien COUNTY SEAT 341 Ri CITY LIMIT 7-17- MILITARY RESERVATION BOUNDARY DRAINAGE OPEN WATER Riv Simons island "Lifil DNS SOUND -to 0-0 0 0 400-0 wi" Dole, B'- Co- ST ANDREW SOUND Wo dbir C A M D E N Croo,"d 10 K,,gBl.nd A. "If/ ve, St. Mary 4E' p 0 A MARYS ENTRANCE LEGEND C>==o P.blc Ek.ch M Historic site. A S.I. P.,k@ Federal P.,kS C-pu ... d. Fi.h-pS 0 Golf Co.,,. W M.j., R..A.td. Puk. t Mlialip. M.a,i... El L-I R.Crouim Facilities 4-R-32,794 .0 MARCH 1973 ..... .. REVISED JANUARY 1973 4-R-31,362 Q-5105 Glynn County Land Use Plan lands. Uncontrolled undergrowth and ac- Purpose: To systematically update the cumulated tree litter constitute aserious land use plan and implementing regulations wildfire hazard to timber stands and to adequately reflect changing conditions reduce regeneration of desirable native and guide c=mnmity development. wildlife food plants on forest land. Sponsors: Glynn County Commission Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, GL-5106 Brunswick Land Use Plan RC&D Forestry Committee Purpose: To systematically review and PA-5204 Utilization of Wood Wastes update the city land use plan and land use Purpose: To expand research efforts and regulations which will encourage sound field studies directed toward economic community development. recovery of-wood volume presently lost in Sponsorst City of Brunswick harvesting and processing operations. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, LI-5107 Liberty County Land Use Plan RC&D Forestry Committee Purpose: To develop an acceptable land use plan and implementing regulations which Problem: Many natural resources have not will protect the individual land owner and been fully utJ I ized f or the economic advan- guide con=ity development. tage of the area because of a wide range Sponsors% Liberty County Commission of limiting factors. Feasibility studies of production potential, producer arrange- LO-5108 Long County Land Use Plan ments, markets, or other aspects of indi- Purpose: To develop an acceptable land use vidual or group development of a resource plan and implementing regulations which are necessary before a new emnodity is will protect the individual land owner and produced. In many counties no comparable guide commity development. enterprises are in operation, making edu- Sponsors* Long County Camaission cation and promotion essential for prog- ress. 14C-5109 McIntosh County Land Use Plan Purpose: To develop an acceptable land use PA-5301 Agricultural Commodity Study plan and implementing regulations which Purpose: To initiate feasibility studies will protect the individual land owner and designed to identify agricultural poten- guide cairff=ity development. tial and programs to implement production Sponsors: McIntosh County Commission and marketing operations for agricultural commodities selected as having reasonable Problem: The economic importance of the potential for profitable operations. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board forest resource should justify a continu- ing high priority on all phases of forestry BR-5302 Fishery Co-op Study research, forest management developmnt, Purpose: To secure assistance to prepare and public services needed by the industry studies to determine the potential for in order to improve economic returns to cooperative purchasing and marketing by land owners, processors, and the general Bryan County commercial fishermen to im- economy of the area. Programs off ering prove purchasing and marketing efficiency. financial assistance are needed toencour- Sponsors: Bryan County RC&D Steering age stand regeneration and other manage- Committee ment practices by owners of small private forest tracts. Leadership by the RC&D f or- CA-5303 Blueberry Production and estry cotwittee isneeded in order for the Marketing RC&D leadership to initiate programs and Purpose: To assist in organizing blueberry support efforts of others to develop the production and marketing arrangements. forestry resource. Sponsors: Camden County RC&D Steering Committee PA-5201 Hardwood Market Expansion Purpose: To develop additional markets LI-5304 Fishery Co-op Study for low -quality hardwood timber to improve Purpose: To secure assistance to prepare markets and prices which 'will justify land studies to determine the potential for owner investments required to improve and cooperative purchasing and marketing by protect hardwood stands. Liberty County commercial fishermen to im- Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, prove purchasing and marketing efficiency. RC&D Forestry Committee Sponsors: Liberty County RC&D Steering Committee PA-5202 Increase Equipment Availability for Woodland Treatment LI-5305 Track and Specialty Crop Study Purpose: To provide assistance to improve Purpose- To prepare a feasibility study equipment scheduling and secure additional on organizing cooperative truck and spec- commitments of equipment from the appro- ialty crop enterprises in Liberty County. priate sources to perf orm the site prepara- Sponsors: Liberty County RC&D Steering tion and tree planting measures needed on Committee private land. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, LO-5306 Development of Ludowici Clay RC&D Forestry Committee Resource Purpose: To seek markets and a nanuf acturer PA-5203 Increase Prescribed Burning to utilize the clay deposits once used to Purpose, To secure additional equipment make Ludowici clay roof tiles. and operating personnel to accelerate con- Sponsors: Long County RC&D Steering trolled burning practices on pine forest Committee 65 MC-5307 Fishery Co-op Study other problems. Many oyster bottoms could Purpose: To secure assistance to prepare now be used, but producers have not resumed studies to determine the potential for operations. cooperative purchasing and marketing by McIntosh County commercial fishermen. PA-5501 Marine Resource Development Sponsors: kcIntosh County RC&D Steering Purpose: To support the improved utili- Committee zation of the marine resource through marshland protection, fishery exploration, Problem: The freshwater streams and the marine research of natural production tidal waters of the project area consti- potentials, and research in perfecting tute great resources, but boat launching mariculture techniques. and other supporting facilities are inade- Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board quate to provide services needed to develop the sport fishing economic potential. OL-5502 Oyster Bottom Reseeding Purpose: To secure technical and financial PA-5401 Development of Marine Sport assistance to reseed unpolluted oyster Fishing bottoms for controlled harvest by the Purpose: To support efforts to improve the general public. marine sport fishing resource by improve- Sponsors: Glynn County RC&D Steering ments in shore facilities and services and Committee the creation of artificial reefs in off- shore waters. Problem: The development and utilization Sponsors: RC&D Executive board of the game-wildlife resource is severely hampered by alack of public understanding BR-5402 Boat Launching Facilities of game management potential and the im- Purpose: To support state programs to portance of game regulations. Increased secure sites and to construct additional technical assistance to individual land boat launching facilities to provide ac- owners and education ofthe general public cess to the recreation waters of Bryan is needed in order to develop game-wildlife County. potential. Continuing improvements are Sponsors: Bryan County Commission needed on public hunting areas to provide for anticipated increases in hunting pres- CA-5403 Boat Launching Facilities sure. Programs providing financial incen- Purpose: To support state programs to tives for wildlife habitat enhancement are secure sites and to construct additional needed to accelerate development of private boat launching facilities to provide ac- wildlife lands. cess to the recreation waters of Camden County. PA-56ol Wildlife Management Programs Sponsors: Camden County Commission Purpose: To support state and federal programs to develop the game-vildlife re- GL-5404 Boat Launching Facilities source. Additional technical and financial Purpose: To support state programs to assistance are neededby both private land secure sites and to construct additional owners and public game management areas. boat launching facilities to provide ac- The RC&D wildlife committee will provide cess to the recreation waters of Glynn leadership in securing the assistance County . needed. Sponsors; Glynn County Commission Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, RC&D Wildlife Committee LI-5405 Boat Launching Facilities Purpose: To support state programs to PA-5602 Wildlife Regulations Education secure sites and to construct additional Purpose: To initiate or support programs boat launching facilities to provide ac- 'which convince the hunter, the courts. and cess to the recreation waters of Libert-j the general public that adherence and County. enforcement of game laws is essential to Sponsors: Liberty County Commission wildlife resource development. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board, LO-5406 Boat Launching Facilities RC&D Wildlife Committee Purpose: To support state programs to secure sites and to construct additional Problem: The wildlife resource is an in- boat launching facilities to provide ac- portant factor in recreation and tourism cess to the recreation waters of Long developments, but reliable data are not County. available on many important aspects of Sponsors: Long County Commission this resource. Further study and inven- tories of wildlife populations, wildlife MC-5407 Boat Launching Facilities habitat, and land use relationships are Purpose: To support state program to badly needed. The executive board will secure sites and to construct additional need the assistance of the appropriate boat launching facilities to provide ac- agencies to consider specific RC&Dmeas- cess to the recreation waters of McIntosh ures designed toimprove knowledge of area County. wildlife resources. Sponsors: McIntosh County Commission PA-5701 Wildlife Wetland Study Problem: The marine resource is very Purpose: To obtain technical assistance valuable to the area economy and should be to complete and publish awildlIfe wetland further developed where possible. Oyster study of each county by an interagency production has declined from 6 million team of specialists. pounds to 140,000 pounds per year in recent Sponsors: RC&D Emcutive Board decades due to pollution contamination and 66 PA-5702 Stream Classifica, tion Study Sponsors, RC&D Executive Board, County Purpose: To obtain technical assistance RC&D Steering Committees to prepare and publish a stream classifica- tion study in each county by an interagency BR-5902 Bryan County Recreation Plan and interdisciplinary team ofspecialists. Purpose: To support a comprehensive study Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board of the recreation facilities and needs required to develop an overall recreation PA-5703 Monitor Wildlife Populations and plan for Bryan County. Habitat Sponsors: Bryan County RC&D Steering Com- Purpose: To establish an interagency pro- mittee gram for monitoring wildlife populations and habitat relationships in order to BR-5903 Black Creek Recreation Area properly manage the resource. Purpose: To seek technical and financial Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board assistance to develop the Black Creek com- munity recreation area in Bryan County. Problem: Excess surface -water accumula- Sponsors: Bryan County RC&D Steering Com- tions, stream overflow, and high seasonal nittee water tables create economic and social problems in many locations. Most of the GA-5904 Camden County Recreation Plan existing water management systems have Purpose: To support a comprehensivb study been installed without regard for the en- of the recreation facilities and needs tire hydrologic unit, sometimes resulting required to develop an overall recreation in inefficient installation and operation. plan for Camden County Detailed evaluations of existing problems Sponsors: Camden County RC&D Steering and the identification of alternative solu- Committee tions are needed in order for county and M-5905 Brunswick Bicycle Trail community governments to reach decisions Purpose: To support and assist the City and establish priorities. The executive of Brunswick -in developing a bike trail boardwill consider requests for additional system connecting schools and parks. RC&D flood prevention measures on the basis Sponsors: City of Brunswick of these local priorities. GL-5906 Blythe Island Park BR-5801 Hydrologic Study of Bryan County Purpose: To support efforts to develop Purpose: To complete a study of water Blythe Island in Glynn County as a state management problems and alternative solu- park best utilizing the land and water tions. resources -for public recreat' -on* Sponsors: Bryan County Commission Sponsors: Glynn County RC&D S3teering Com- CA-5802 Hydrologic Study of Camden County mittee Purpose: To complete a study of water LI-59Q7 Liberty County Recreation Plan management problems and alternative solu- Purpose: To support a comprehensive study tions. of the recreation facilities and needs Sponsors: Camden County Commission required to develop an overall recreation plan for Liberty County. CA-5803 Water Management Plan Sponsors: Liberty County RC&D Steering Purpose: To provide technical assistance Committee to prepare a master water management plan for the City ofKingsland in Camden County. LO-5908 Long County Recreation Plan Sponsors: City of Kingsland Purpose. To support a comprehensive study of the recreation facilities and needs LI-5804 Hydrologic StudyofLiberty County required to -develop an overall recreation Purpose: To complete a study of water plan for Long County. I management problems and alternative solu- Sponsors: Long County RC&D Steering Con- tions. mittee Sponsors: Liberty County Commission MC-5909 McIntosh County Recreation Plan LO-5805 Hydrologic Study of Long County Purpose: To support a comprehensive study Purpose: To complete a study of water of the recreation facilities and needs management problems and alternative solu- required to develop an overall recreation tions. plan for McIntosh County. Sponsors: Long County Commission Sponsors: McIntosh County RC&D Steering Committee Problem: Many towns and rural communities go Tnot have ample neighborhood parks, Problem: Many areas have great value for trails, picnic facilities, playing fields, the propagation of certain wildlife species and other land-based recreation facilities. because of location, water, soils, vegeta- Technical assistance is needed toappraise tion, or other natural characteristics. recreation needs and to prepare a compre- In many instances, public acquisition is hensive plan and program for county and/or neither possible nor desirable. town gove = ents. Financial assistance is required to implement adequate recreation Pk-6001 Incentive Prograns for Wildlife programs and provide needed facilities. Habitat Preservation Purposet Support programs-which provide PA-5901 Study of Recreation Potential financial incentives to private land own- of Borrow Pits ers who provide needed protection and Purpose: To determine the potential of preservation of areas having high public borrow pits along 1-95 :@or development as wildlife values. water-based recreation sites. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board 67 Problem: The area has a number of signifi- Problem: Private water supplies from cant historica3, archeological@ andnatural shallow wells are generally ample, but areas which have not been adequately pre- they are particularly subject to pollution served or developed for convenient study contamination in many sections due tosur- or for tourism potential. Many sites of face water accumulations and high ground general interest are either not accessible water tables. High cost of deep-well in- or existing access routes are not adequate. stallations precludes their use by many Additional roads and road improvements are families. Public water systems provide needed to develop these resources. the most practical solution for towns as well as rural communities. County water PA-7101 Preservation of Historic and systems are often the an]y practical method Natural Sites to serve, small rural communities along Purpose: To support local groups in their densely populated. roads, and community eff orts to preserve significant examples systems are necessary for isolated cam=i- ofunique historic and natural sites. ties where county systems would not be Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board practical. BR-7301 Richmond Hill Water System PA-7102 Highway System improvement Purpose: To secure technical and financial Purpose: To support efforts by other Assistance to increase capacity and extend groups to expand and upgrade the highway service to meet projected population re- system throughout the project area and quIrements. particularly to provide adequate access to Sponsors: City of Richmond Hill tourist attractions. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board CA-7302 St. Marys Water System 'Purpose: To upgrade city water service for CA-7103 Cumberland Island Access projected requirements. Purpose: To support efforts to provide Sponsors- City of St. Marys convenient access to Cumberland Island, preferably by roadway. CA-7303 Woodbine-Water System Sponsors: Camden County Commission Purpose: To extend water service and ex- pand capacity to meet projected needs. LI-7104 Development of Fort Morris Sponsorst City of Woodbine Purpose: To support programs to proper3y develop the Fort Morris historic site near GL-7304 Extend Water Service in Glynn Sunbury in Liberty County. County Sponsors: Liberty County Commission Purpose: To provide water service to popu- lated areas not presently served by exist- Ing systems. Problem: Industrial and commercial devel- Sponsors: Glynn County Commission opment is essential to continued develop- ment of area resources, and coordinated LI-7305 Riceboro Water System efforts can be effective in increasing Purpose: To provide public water service industrial and commercial employment and adequate for present and projected require- business activity. ments. PA-7201 Industrial and Camnercial Sponsors: City of Riceboro Development LI-7306 Midway Water System Purpose: To support and assist local and Purpose: To install a public water system area development authorities secure desir- adequate to serve the residents of this able industrial and commercial expansion. Small rural commmity. Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board Sponsors: City of Midway BR-7202 Industrial Park Utilities Purpose: To seek financial assistance to LI-7307 Rural Community Water Systems develop roads, water and sewer systems on Purpose- To organize residents of small industrial parks in the county. communities and assist them in filing nec- Sponsors: Bryan Industrial Authority essary applications for funding the in- stallations of cammimity water systems. OL-7203 Industrial Park Development Sponsors: Liberty County RC&D Steering Purpose: To support the transfer of Blythe Committee Isl@ad land to the appropriate industrial development agency if the land is not uti- MC-7308 Darien Water System lized as a state park before it is needed Purpose: To install a public water system for industrial expansion. adequate to serve projected requirements. Sponsors: Glynn County Ccmmission Sponsors: City of Darien LI-7204 Hinesville Industrial Park MC-7309 Rural Community WaterSystems Development Purpose. To organize residents of Small Purpose: To support efforts to acquire and communities and assist them in preparing develop an industrial park in Hinesville necessary applications for extension of to improve prospects of industrial expan- existing water systems or installation of Sim. community systems. Sponsors: Liberty County RC&D Steering Sponsors: McIntosh County RC&D Steering Committee Committee 68 Problem; Excess water problems and soil MC-7411 McIntas h County Bower System characteristics of much of the project area Purpose: To install public sewage. disposal Limit the successful utiliz ation of private systems f or populated areas of McIntosh sewer installations,, resulting in serious County outside Darien serviceareas. , health hazards, degrading living condi- Sponsors: McIntosh County RC&D Steering tions, and retarding orderly development. Committee Substantial financial assistance isneces-. sary to permit installation of commity or county systems to serve rural commi- Problem: Excess surface waterproducedby ties which do not presently have sewer stream overflow and precipitation create service. severe problems for property owners, local governments, and a majority of area resi- PA-7401 Improved Assistance Programs dents. Local people-have opportunities to Purpose: To support expansion and improve- seek technical and financial assistance to ments in existing programs, specifically install flood prevention projects through by establishing the unique and critical the Small Watershed Act and the U.S. Corps nature of the soil conditions of the area of Engineers Authorities. asa basis for providing increased amounts of assistance to towns and rural commani- GL-7501 Installation of Planned Watershed ties for improving and extending public Measures sewer service. Purpose: To accelerate implementation of Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board the Turtle River Watershed to reduce flood damage and improve living conditions as BR-7402 Richmond Hill Sewer System provided in the approved watershed work Purpose: To install public sewage disposal plan - system in Richmond Hill adequate for pro- Sponsors: Glynn County Commissionp Turtle jected population. River Watershed Association Sponsors: City of Richmond Hill CA-7403 St. Marys Sewer System Problem: Low levels of educational achieve- Purpose: To provide sewer service for the ment and vocational training reduce per- urban areas of St. Marys. sonal employment throughout the area. Sponsors: City of St. Marys Resource conservatiaa education is not presently sufficiently emphasized in the CA-7404 Kingsland Sewer System school curTiculum. Improvements are needed Purpose: To extend and upgrade public in academiep vocational, andresource edu- sewer system to provide adequate service. cation in most schools in the project area Sponsors: City of Kingsland in order to adequately develop the people resource. CA-7405 Woodbine Sewer System Purposet To install sever collectors and BR-7601 School System Improvement treatment facilities for CityofWoodbine. Purpose, To support studies and appropri- Sponsors- City of Woodbine ate action to upgrade vocational training and school f aoilities throughout the school CL-7406 Glynn County Sewer System system. Purpose; To install public sewage disposal Sponsors., Bryan County RC&D Steering Com- systems for populated areas of Glym County mittee outside present service areas. Sponsors: Glynn County RC&D Steering OL-7602 Resource Conservation Education Committee Development Purpose: To support county school boards LI-7407 Liberty County Sewer System in expanding natural resource education Purpose: To install public sewage disposal through a student environmental symposium systems for populated areas of Liberty program. County outside present serv-:e areas. Sponsors% Glynn County RC&D Steering Sponsors: Liberty County RC&D Steering Committee Committee LI-7408 Hinesville Sewer System Extension Problem. Many families throughout the Purpose*: To extend sewer collectors to the project area live in substandard housing remaining sections of the city and to pro- because they cannot afford or cannot locate vide additional treatment capacity when adequate homes. Excess water problems required. limit the amount of residential land avail- Sponsors: City of Hinesville able, contributing to high costs for desir- able land. In addition to assistance LO-7409 Ludawici Sewer System Improvement programs for water and sewer systems, Purpose: To installwaste treatment facili- special assistance in the form of grantsp ties and to extend collector lines into loans, and public housing is necessary. sections of city not presently served. Sponsors: City of Ludawici PA-7701 Rural Housing Assistance Purpose: To support measures to acceler- MC-7410 Darien Sewer System ate assistance to residents of rural com- Purpose: To install sewer collectors and munities, including law income families, treatment facilities adequate for the City for improving existing housing and for new of Darien. construction. Sponsors: City of Darien Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board 69, PA-7702 Housing Design Problem: Many reachs-.s of roadside and Purpose: To support programs to develop sections of towns Ln the project area are innovative designs and construction reth- littered, buildings dilapidated, or other- ods utilizing locally produced building wise detxact from the natural beauty of materials where possible. the are a . Sponsors: FL&D Executive Board PA-3001 Corri=ity Beautification Projects BR-7703 Pembroke Public Housing Purpose: To support efforts by local gov- Purpose: To support Public Housing Author- ernments and civic groups who attempt to ity in expanding public housing to meet remove litter, make floral plantings, con- most critical needs. duct beautification projects, or improve Sponsors: City of Pembroke community appegrance in other -ways. Sponsors: RVcD Executive Board Problem: Shortages of medical personnel and inadequate facilities are problems in Problem: Highways and railroads provide rural counties, resulting in either inade- vital transportation services which rust quate medical care or the inconvenience of be maintained. Timely completion of the traveling some distance to obtain treat- interstate highway system and construction ment. and improvements on other highvazys are critical problems of local residents. PA-7801 Improved Health Care Purpose: To support efforts to upgrade PA-8101 Area Highway Improvements area health care services, hospital facili- Purpose: To support construction, renava- ties, and emergency ambulance services. tion, and maintenance of all classes of Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board higIrways necessary f or effi@)ient traf f ic flows. BR-7802 Bryan County Hospital Sponsors: RC&D Executive Board Purpose: To improve local health services delivery by the construction and operation Problem: Water transport is an important of a modern hospital. factor in the area economy. Maintenance Sponsors: Bryan County RC&D Steering Com- and improvements on existing navigation mittee channels and dock facilities and installa- CA tion of additional improvements as needed -7803 Emergency Ambulance Service are essential to economic progress. Purpose: To support and assist in efforts to secure adequate emergency service f or GL-8201 Improve Headquarters for Camden County. Brunswick Port Author 'ity Sponsors: Camden County ComiLission Purpose: To support efforts to locate suitable relocation site and construct LO-7804 Long County Hospital suitable headquarters buildings and facili- Purpose: To improve local health services ties for the Brurvsw-ick Port Authority. deliveryby the construction and operation Sponsors: Glynn County RC&D Steering of a modern hospital. Committee Sponsors: Long County RC&D Steering Cam- mittee )MC-8202 Improve McIntosh Navigation Channels MC-7805 McIntosh Health Services and Purpose: To support efforts to improve Facilities essential navigation channels in McIntosb. Purpose: To initiate and support efforts County to permit unimpeded movement of to secure resident medical personnel and commercial fishing boats from home docks provide health service facilities includ- to fishing grounds. ing a local clinic and nursing home. Sponsors: McIntosh County RC&D Steering Sponsors: McIntosh County RMD Steering Committee Committee Problem: Airports and facilities for ser- Prob , City and county office buildings vicing aircraft are important to industrial in some locations are not adequate for growth and other f orms of economic develop- efficient government operations or to nent.. Adequate facilities are not avail- accamodate public m eetings. Lcw tax bases, able in several locations and constitute indebtedness. and current expenditures for handicaps to community development. Assis- essential services make local financing tance programs and local efforts are needed difficult in these locations. to construct, upgrade) and maintain air- ports and equipm9nt servicing capability. PA-7901 Public Building Construction Purpose: To support local efforts and CA-8301 St. Marys Airport Improvements provide authorized assistance f or con- Purpose: To secure now runvay lighting structicn of adequate city and corunty system and renovation needed to provide buildings throughout the project area. adequate airport for City of St. Max-ys- Sponsors: FC&D Executive Board Sponsors: City of St. Marys LO-7902 Ludowici City Hall Construction CA-8302 Woodbine Airport Construction Purpose: To support efforts to obtain Purpose: To secure a site and construct financial assistance to construct a new an airport adequ,-.te for the Woodbine area city hall for the City of Ludowici. of Camden County. Sponsors: Long County RC&D Steering Com- Sponsors: Camden County Commission, City mittee of Woodbine 70 Problem: Inadequate collection and dis- LO-805 Solid Waste Treatment S ystem posal facilities for solid waste results Purpose: To complete the necessary studies in indiscriminate dumping of trash through- to determine the most practical system, out the project area, creating public suitable landfill sites, and methods of health hazards and degrading esthetic financing; and obtain cost sharing assis- values. County-wide or multi-cckmty sys- tance from appropriate sources to imple- tems are needed for adequate and econcmi- ment an acceptable collector and disposal cal service. Technical assistance is system. needed to develop acceptable plans, and Sponsors: Long County CamTdssion financial assistance through the Rural Development Act orother sources is needed MC-8406 Solid Waste Treatment System to implement plans. iPurpose: To complete the necessary studies to determine the most practical system, BR-8401 Solid Waste Treatment Facilities suitable landfill sites, and methods of Purpose: To complete the necessary studies financingi and obtain cost sharing assis- to determine the most practical system, tance from appropriate sources to inple- suitable landfill sites, and methods of ment an acceptable collector and disposal financing; and seek cost sharing support system. fram appropriate sources to implement an Sponsors: McIntosh County Commission acceptable collector and disposal system. Sponsors: Bryan County Commission Problem: Many small towns and rural com- munities do not have adequate fire protec- tion, resulting in high insurance costs, CA-8402 Solid Waste Treatment System high property losses, and retarded commm- Purpose: To complete thenecessary studies ity development. Rural fire defense units to determine the most practical system, will be secured to provide adequate fire suitable landfill sites, and methods of fighting equipment to cammmities which financing; and seek cost sharing support demonstrate sufficient concern to provide from appropriate sources to implement an volunteer fire departments to maintain and acceptable collector and disposal system. operate the equipment. Sponsors: Camden County Ccuzaissicn LI-8501 Riceboro Fire Defense Unit GL-8403 Solid Waste Treatment System Purpose: To organize and equip avolunteer Purpose: To complete the necessary studies fire department to provide improved fire to determine the most practical system, protection. suitable landfill sites, and methods of Sponsors: City ofRiceboro, Liberty County financing; and obtain cost-sharing assis- Commission, Georgia Forestry Commission tance from appropriate sources to inple- ment an acceptable collector and disposal LI-8502 Walthourville Fire Defense Unit system. Purpose: To organize and equip avolunteer Sponsors: Glynn County Commission fire department to provide improved fire protection. LI-8404 Solid Waste Treatment System Sponsors: Liberty County Commission, Purpose: To complete the necessary studies Georgia Forestry Commissian to determine the most practical system, suitable landfill sites, and methods of LI-8503 Colonels Island Fire Defense Unit financing; and obtain cost sharing assis- Purpose: To organize and equip avolunteer tance from appropriate sources to imple- fire department to provide improved fire nent an acceptable collector and disposal protection. system. Sponsors: Liberty County Commission, Sponsors: Liberty County Commission Georgia Forestry Commission 71 SHORT TERM PLAN, As emphasized throughout the Guidelines For -will periodically review the RC&D measure priori- Development, Coastal Georgia RC&DT-r-.jet bj'jc-- ties established in the Short Term Plan and tives canbeachieved only through the concerted recommend adjustments to the sponsorswhich may efforts of local people. Many local, state, and be indicated. federal agencies can provide assistance, but The following tables list RC&D measure pro- ultimately progress 'will occur only when the posals which have been given high priorities collective leadership of a community shares and which RC&D project sponsors propose to these objectives and seeks their implementation. undertake during each of the first three years In most instances the RC&D measures included of project operations. in the Short Tenn Plan are those which require Projected costs are based on the limited in- funding commitments by the U. S. Departnent of formation available and are subject to adjust- Agriculture or other governmental agencies. ment as a result of further feasibility studies Many activities by other groups and agencies and detailed designs. RC&D measure plans and make notable contributions to resource develop- RC&D measure agreements will establish accurate ment without direct technical or financial cost estimates and funding distribution in the assistance. The RC&D leadership supports and course of implementing each RC&D measure requa-r- will assist these activities as ameans of meet- ing RC&D funds during project operations. ing project objectives. The project staff and cooperating agencies A number of factors, includinglocal interest, will assist the sponsors in preparing environ- project feasibility, funding opportunities, and mental statements for each RC&D measure consi-d- personnel availability, can be anticipated to ered to be a major federal action or to have a influence priorities and progress. The RC&D significant impact on the environment Steering ComnLittees and RC&D Executive Board SHORT TERM PLAN 1975 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local 5tabe RC&D Federal PA-1101 Accelerate planning in areas Soil Conservation 5,000 Interstate Impact influenced by interstate Sex-vice (SCS) Planning interchanges. PA-1102 Accelerate assistance to public SCS 5,000 Public Land Use land use planning agencies, Planning Asgis- tance PA-1103 Accelerate planning assistance SCS 5,000 RC&D Measure Plan- to prepare RC&D measure plans* ning Assistance PA-llo4 Secure more recent photography SCS 1,500 Aerial Photography for planning purposes. 72 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal PA-1105 Develop family of county base Coastal Area Plan- 5,000 5,000 Base Maps maps for resource planning. ning & Development Commission (GAPDC) SCS GL-1107 Accelerate planning assistance SCS 1,500 Urban Impact to Brunswick urban area. Planning PA-1201 Accelerate application assis- SCS 2,000 10,000 Interstate Impact tance in interchange impact Application areas. PA-1202 Inventory critical areas which SCS 3,000 Critical Area create public damages. Inventory BR-1203 Establish vegetation on eroding State Department 2,500 4,ooo 6,ooo Roadbank Stabili- roadbanks in Bryan County. of Transportation zation (DOT) Bryan County SOS GL-1204 Accelerate application assis- SCS 1,500 Urban Impact tance in Brunswick problem Application area. PA-1301 Accelerate planning assistance Georgia Forestry 5,000 5,000- Accelerated Forest to private forest owners. Commission (GFC) Management Planning U.S. Forest Service (USFS) SOS PA-1302 Accelerate technical assistance SCS 5,000 53000 Accelerated Assis- to wood processors. GFC tance to Wood USFS Processors PA-1@01 Accelerate assistance to inple- GFC 5,000 5,000 50,000 Forest Land ment forest management plans. SCS Treatment PA-1501 Accelerate preparation of soils SCS 2,000 Highway Impact information in problem areas. Soil Survey PA-1502 Accelerate preparation of SCS 5,000 Public Land Use special soils interpretations Soil Interpreta- for local governments. tions CL-1504 Prepare interim soils informa- SCS 5,000 Interim Soil Inter- tion for Glynn County. pretation Report PA-1601 Accelerate wildlife planning State Department 15,000 7,000 Accelerated Wild- assistance to land owners. of Natural life Planning Resources (IUR) SCS PA-1701 Accelerate assistance to imple- IRR 15,000 7,000 25,000. Accelerated Wild- ment planned wildlife measures. SCS life Application BR-3301 Complete feasibility studies, Bryan County 10,000 55,000 Pembroke Area Flood designs, and environmental state- SCS Prevention ments and begin installation. CA-3302 Complete feasibility study, Camden County 7,500 53,000 Hi Hat Ccmmunity designs, and environmental SCS Flood Prevention statements and begin installa- tion. 73 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal GL-3303 Complete feasibility study, Glynn County 25,000 53,000 Sterling Community designs, and environmental SCS Flood Prevention statements and begin installa- tion. LI-3304 Complete feasibility study, Liberty County 25,000 105,000 Oum Branch Community designs, and environmental SCS Flood Prevention statements and begin installa- tion. MC-33o6 Complete feasibility study, McIntosh County 11,000 33,000 Ridgeville Area designs, and environmental SCS Flood Prevention - statements and begin installa- tion. BR-5101 Prepare basic soils and land County Government 10,000 51000 Bryan County Land resource data. CAPDC Use Plan SCS BR-5103 Complete and adopt municipal City Government 5,000 1,000 Richmond Hill Land land use plan. CAPDC Use Plan CA-5104 Adopt and implement county land County Government 10,000 Camden County Land use plan. CKPDC Use Plan GL-5105 Prepare basic soils and land County Government 10,000 5,600 Glynn County Land use data. CAPDC Use Plan SCS cu,-51c)6 Prepare basic soils and land City Goverment 10,000 5,000 Brunswick Land Use use data. GAPDC Plan SCS LI-5107 Assist county planning commis- County Government 10,000 5,000 Liberty County Land sion complete and implement land CAFDC Use Plan use plan. SCS BR-5302 Feasibility study of potential University of 5,000 5,000 10,000 Fishery Co-op Study for cooperative purchasing and Georgia (U.Ga.) marketing. INR CAPDC LO-53o6 To develop products and markets Georgia Tech. 5,000 15,000 Development of to use resource. CAPDC Ludowici Clay MC-5307 Feasibility study of potential U.Ga. 5,000 5,000 10,000 Fishery Co-op Study for cooperative purchasing and ERR marketing. CAPDC cA-5403 Secure sites and construct ramps Camden County 3,500 3,500 Boat Launching and related facilities, INR Facilities PA-5701 Publish county maps delineating INR 5,000 5,000 5,50.010 5,000 Wildlife Wetland and describing wildlife Bureau of Sport Study wetlands. Fisheries and Wildlife (BSFW) BR-58ol Study of -water management prob- Bryan County 8,000 30,000 Hydrologic Study lems and alternate solutions. SCS of Bryan County U.S. An% Corps of Engineers(ACE) CA-5802 Study of water management prob- Camden County 5,000 25,000 Hydrologic Study lems and alternate solutions. SOS of Camden County ACE LI-5804 Study of water management prob- Liberty County 8,000 30,000 Hydrologic Study lems and alternate solutions. SCS of Liberty County ACE 74 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal LO-5805 Study of water management prob- Long County 5,000 25,000 Hydrologic Study lems and alternate solutions. SCS of Long County ACE PA-5901 Feasibility study of large SCS 2,000 5,000 5,000 Borrow Pit Study borrow pits for water-based CAPDC recreation facilities. INR BR-5902 Prepare comprehensive evaluation CAPDC 5,000 5,000 1,000 Bryan County of recreation facilities and Georgia Recreation Recreation Plan needs. Commision (GRC) SCS CA-5904 Prepare comprehensive evaluation CAPDC 5,000 5,000 1,000 Camden County of recreation facilities and GRC Recreation Plan needs. SCS LI-5907 Prepare comprehensive evaluation CAPDC 5,000 5,000 1,000 Liberty County of recreation facilities and GRC Recreation Plan needs. SCS LO-5908 Prepare comprehensive evaluation CAPDC 5,000 5,000 1,000 Long County of recreation facilities and GRC Recreation Plan needs., SCS MC-5909 Prepare comprehensive evaluation CAPDC 5,000 5,000 5,000 McIntosh County of recreation facilities and GRC Recreation Plan needs. SCS LI-7204 Acquire site and install basic Hinesville Indus- 100,000 100,000 Hinesville Indus- facilities. trial Authority trial Park CAPDC Development BR-7301 Extend and upgrade city water GAPDC 230,000* 222,600 Richmond system. Water System Farmers Home Administration(FHA) Economic Development Administration (EDA) CA-7303 Extend and upgrade city water CAPDC 125,000* 125,000 Woodbine Water system. FHA System EDA Environmental Pro- tection Agency(EPA) CA-7405 Construct collector and treat- CAPDC 420,000* 430,000 Woodbine Sewer ment facilities. EDA System FHA EPA GL-7501 Install planned flood prevention Glynn County 75,000 200,000 Turtle River structures. SCS Watershed (PL-566) PA-7701 Upgrade rural housing. FHA 500,000* 50,000 Rural Housing Assistance BR-8401 Prepare acceptable plans and CAPDC 2,000 2,000 500 Solid Waste Treat- evaluate sites. Cooperative Exten- ment Facilities sion Service (CES) SCS CA-8402 Prepare acceptable plans and CAPDC 2,000 2,000 500 Solid Waste Treat- evaluate sites. CES ment Facilities SCS GL-8403 Prepare acceptable plans and CAPDC 2,000 2,000 500 Solid Waste Treat- evaluate sites. CES ment Facilities SCS 75 0 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal LI-8404 Prepare acceptable plans and CAPDC 2,000 2,000 500 Solid Waste Treat- evaluate sites. CES ment Facilities SCS MC-84o6 Prepare acceptable plans and CAPDC 2,000 2,000 500 Solid Waste Treat- evaluate sites. CES ment Facilities SCS LI-8501 Equip volunteer fire department Liberty County 2,000 2,00 4,000 Fire Defense Unit at Riceboro. Commission (LCC) GFC LI-8502 Equip volunteer fire department LCC 2,000 2,000 1,000 Fire Defense Unit at Walthourville. GFC LI-8503 Equip volunteer fire department LCC 2,000 2,000 4,000 Fire Defense Unit at Colonels Island. GFC Includes FHA loans 76 0 SHORT TERM PLAN 1976 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Fede ral PA-1101 Accelerate planning in areas Soil Conservation 8,000 Interstate Impact influenced by interstate Service (SCS) Planning interchanges. PA-1102 Accelerate assistance to public SCS 5,000 Public Land Use land use planning agencies., Planning Assistance PA-1103 Accelerate planning assistance SCS 8,000 RC&D Measure Plan- to prepare RC&D measure plans. ning Assistance GL-1107 Accelerate planning assistance SCS 4,000 Urban Impact to Brunswick urban area. Planning PA-1201 Accelerate application assis- SCS 8,000 50,000 Interstate Impact tance in interchange impact Application areas. GL-1204 Accelerate application assis- SCS 2,000 Urban Impact tance in Brunswick problem area. Application GL-1205 Secure assistance to treat erod- Glynn County 2,000 10,000 15,000 Roadbank Stabiliza- ing roadbanks in Glynn County. State Department of tion Transportation(DOT) SCS PA-1301 Accelerate planning assistance Georgia Forestry 5,000 10,000 5,000 Accelerated Forest to private forest owners. Commission (GFC) Management Planning U.S. Forest Service (USFS) SCS PA-1302 Accelerate technical assistance GFC 5,000 5,000 Accelerated Assis- to wood processors. USFS tance to Wood SCS Processors PA-1401 Accelerate assistance to imple- GFC 5,000 5,000 100,000 Forest Land ment forest management plans. USFS Treatment SCS PA-1501 Accelerate preparation of soils SCS 5,000 Highway Impact information in problem areas. Soil Survey PA-1502 Accelerate preparation of SCS 2,500 Public Land Use special soils interpretations Soil Interpreta- for local governments. tion CA-1503 Accelerate preparation of soils SCS 5,000 Interim Soil information in Camden County. Survey Report PA-1601 Accelerate wildlife planning State Department 15,000 8,ooo Accelerated Wild- assistance to land owners. of Natural life Planning Resources (DNR) SCS PA-1701 Accelerate assistance to imple- DNR 15,000 8,000 100,000 Accelerated Wild- ment planned wildlife measures. SCS life Application PA-180l Addition of area communications Cooperative Exten- 7,500 7,500 7,000 Accelerated Educa- and information specialist. sion Service (CES) tion and Informa- tion Program 77 0 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal PA-3101 Feasibility studies of existing DOT 5,000 10,000 10,000 Fishing Structure structures and other potential DNR Study sites. SCS PA-3102 Prepare feasibility studies of Coastal Area Plan- 5,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Study of Canoe potential sites. ning & Development Trails Commission (CAPDC) DNR Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (BOR) BR-3103 Initiate feasibility studies Bryan County 5,000 5,000 3,200 5,000 Recreation Park and secure site commitment. CAPDC Facilities DNR SCS CA-3104 Initiate feasibility studies Camden County 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Recreation Park and secure site commitment. CAPDC Facilities INR SCS GL-3105 Determine feasibility, prepare Glynn County 5,000 5,000 5,000 Recreation Park plans, secure land, and upgrade CAPDC Facilities Altamaha park facilities. ENR SOS LI-310 Initiate feasibility studies Liberty County 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Recreation Park and secure site commitment. CAPDC Facilities DNR SCS BR-3301 Complete construction. Bryan County (Full estimate included in FY 1974) Pembroke Flood SCS Prevention CA-3302 Complete construction. Camden County (Full estimate included in FY 1974) Hi Hat Community SCS Flood Prevention GL-3303 Complete construction. Glynn County (Full estimate included in FY 1974) Sterling Community SCS Flood Prevention LI-3304 Complete construction. Liberty County (Full estimate included in FY 1974) Dam Branch Commun- SCS ity Flood Preven- tion LO-3305 Complete feasibility study, Long County 55,000 16,ooo City of Ludowici designs, and environmental SCS Flood Prevention statements and begin installa- tion. MC-3306 Complete construction. McIntosh County (Full estimate in luded in FY 1974) Ridgeland Area SCS Flood Prevention BR-3401 Stabilize two sections of SGS 5,000 50,000 10,000 Seven-Mile Bend eroding streamanks. Bryan County Bluff Erosion U.S.Army Corps of Treatment Engineers(ACE) BR-5101 Assist couny planning commis- CAPDC 7,500 1,000 Bryan County Land sion complete and implement SCS Use Plan plan. BR-5102 Prepare basic soils and land CAPDC 5,000 1,000 Pembroke Land Use resource data. SCS Plan GL-5105 Assist county planning commission CAPDC 15,000 2,500 Glynn County Land complete and implement plan. SCS Use Plan 78 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal GL-5l06 Assist city planning commission CAPDC 7,500 1,000 Brunswick Land complete and implement plan. SCS Use Plan MC-5109 Prepare basic soils and land CAPDC 5,000 10,000 McIntosh County use data. SCS Land Use Plan PA-5201 Studies to develop products and GFC Hardwood Market processes to utilize low-quality University of 5,000 5,000 Expansion wood. Georgia (U.Ga.) USFS PA-5202 Develop and implement plan to GFC 5,000 5,000 Equipment for increase equipment availability. Woodland Treatment PA-5203 Obtain equipment and personnel GFC 5,000 10,000 1,000 Increase Pre- needed to accelerate practice scribed Burning on pine forest land. PA-5204 Research and field studies to CAPDC 5,000 5,000 5,000 Use of Wood Wastes recover wasted wood. GFC U.Ga. USFS PA-5301 Feasibility studies of potential CAPDC 5,000 5,000 5,000 Agicultural products. U.Ga. Commodity Study GA-5303 Assistance in organizing CAPDC 5,000 5,000 10,000 Blueberry-Produc- producers and marketing. CES tion and Marketing L1-5304 Feasibility study of potential U.Ga. 5,000 5,000 10,000 Fishery Co-op for cooperative purchasing- INR Study marketing. CAPDC PA-540l Creation of artificial reefs. DNR 20,000 Marine Sport Fishing PA-5702 Prepare descriptions and classi- DNR 10,000 10,000 10,000 Stream Classifica- fications of area streams. Bureau of Sport tion Study Fisheries and Wildlife (BSFW) SCS PA-5703 Develop and implement an area DNR 5,000 5,000 5,000 Monitor Wildlife plan formonitoring wildlife BSFW Populations and conditions. SCS Habitat BR-5903 Develop rural community rec- Bryan County 10,000 10,000 Black Greek reation park. CAPDC Recreation Area GL-5905 Restrict and improve existing City Government 10,000 10,000 Brunswick Bicycle trafficways to form connecting CAPDC Trail routes. BOR CA-7302 Improvement and expansion of CAPDC 350,000* 340,000 St. Marys Water city water system. Farmers Home Ad- System ministration(FHA) Economic Develop- ment Administra- tion (EDP) CA-7403 Install public collector and FHA 750,000* 650,000 St. Marys Sewer treatment facilities. CAPDC System EDA 79 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal GL-7501 Install planned flood preven- Glynn County 25,000 200,000 Turtle River tion structure. SCS Watershed(PL-566) G1-7602 Develop environmental symposium County School Board 5,000 5,000 1,000 Resource Conserva- in Glynn County high schools. INR tion Education SCS Development PA-7701 Upgrade rural housing FHA 500,O00* 50,000 Rural Housing Assistance BR-8401 Implement waste disposal plans. Bryan County 100,000 Solid Waste Treat- CAPDC ment Facilities CA-8402 Implement waste disposal plans. Camden County 175,000 Solid Waste Treat- CAPDC ment Facilities GL-8403 Implement waste disposal plans. Glynn County 250,000 Solid Waste Treat- CAPDC ment Facilities LI-8404 Implement waste disposal plans. Liberty County 150,000 Solid Waste Treat- CAPDC ment Facilities LO-8405 Prepare acceptable plans and Long County 125,000 2,000 500 Solid Waste Treat- evaluate sites. CAPDC MC-8406 Implement waste disposal plans. McIntosh County 125,000 Solid Waste Treat- CAPDC ment Facilities Includes FHA loans 80 SHORT TERM PLAN 1977 Sources of RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Other Federal PA-1101 Accelerate planning in areas Soil Conservation 15000 Interstate Impact influenced by interstate Service (SC) Planning interchanges. PA-1102 Accelerate assistance to public SCS 2,000 Public Land Use land use planning agencies. Planning Assistance PA-1103 Accelerate planning assistance SCS 12,000 RC&D Measure Plan- to prepare RC&D measure plans. ning Assistance GL-1107 Accelerate planning assistance SC 4,000 Urban Impact to Brunswick urban area. Planning PA-1201 Accelerate application assis- SCS 14,ooo 50,000 Interstate Impact tance in interchange impact Application areas. GL-1204 Accelerate application assis- SCS 4,500 Urban Impact tance in Brunswick problem Application area. PA-1301 Accelerate planning assistance Georgia Forestry 5,000 10,00 5,000 Accelerated Forest to private forest owners. Commission (GFC) Management Planning U. S. Forest Service (USES) SCS PA-1302 Accelerate technical assistance GFC 5,000 5,000 Accelerated Assis- to wood processors. USFS to wood processors. SCS PA-l40l Accelerate assistance to imple- GFC 10,000 10,000 150,000 Forest Land ment forest management plans. USFS Treatment SCS PA-1501 Accelerate preparation of soils SCS 7,000 Highway Impact information in critical problem Soil Survey areas. LI-1505 Prepare interim soils informa- SCS 5,000 Interim Soil tion for Liberty County. Survey Report PA-160l Accelerate wildlife planning State Department 15,000 9,000 Accelerated Wild- assistance to land owners. of Natural life Planning Resources (INR) SCS PA-1701 Accelerated assistance to imple- INR 15,000 9,000 100,000 Accelerated Wild- ment planned wildlife measures. SCS life Application PA-1801 Addition of area communications Cooperative Exten- 7,500 7, 7,500 Accelerated Educa- and information specialist. sion Service(CES) tion and Informa- SCS tion Program BR-3103 Prepare and implement develop- Bryan County 50,000 50,000 25,000 Recreation Park ment plans. Coastal Area Facilities Planning and Development Cam- mission (CAPDC) ENR SC CA-3104 Prepare and implement develop- Camden County 50,000 50,000 25,000 Recreation Park ment plans. CAPDC Facilities DNR SCS 81 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal GL-3105 Prepare and implement develop- Glynn County 50,000 50,000 25,00 Recreation Park ment plans. CAPDC Facilities INR SCS LI-3106 Prepare and implement develop- Liberty County 50,000 50,000 50,000 Recreation Park ment plans. CAPDC Facilities INR SCS MC-3l08 Initiate site feasibility McIntosh County 5,000 5,000 5,000 Recreation Park studies and secure site CAPDC Facilities commitment. DNR SCS LI-3201 Obtain site and install water Liberty County 50,000 50,000 25,000 Wildlife control structures and other CAPDC Development facilities. DNR SGS LO-3305 Complete construction. Long County (Full estimate included in Y 1975) City of Ludowici SCS Flood Prevention BR-5102 Assist city planning commission CAPDC 2,500 1,000 Pembroke Land Use complete and implement plan. SGS Plan MC-5109 Assist county planning commis- CAPDC 7,500 2,000 McIntosh County sion complete and implement SGS Land Use Plan plan. PA-5201 Studies to develop products and GFC 2,000 2,000 5,000 Hardwood Market processes to utilize low-quality University of Expansion wood. Georgia (U.Ga.) USFS PA-5202 Develop and implement plan to GFC 2,000 2,000 Equipment for increase equipment availability. Woodland Treatment PA-5203 Obtain equipment and personnel GFC 5,000 10,000 10,000 Increase Pre- needed to accelerate practice scribed Burning on pine forest land. PA-5204 Research and field studies to GFC 2,000 3,000 5,000 Use of Wood Wastes recover wasted wood. U.Ga. USFS PA-5301 Feasibility studies of poten- CAPDC 5,000 5,000 10,000 Agricultural tial products. U.Ga. Commodity Study BR-5402 Secure sites and construct Bryan County 3,500 3,500 Boat Launching ramps and related facilities. INR Facilities GL-5404 Secure sites and construct Glynn County 3,500 3,500 Boat Launching ramps and related facilities. INR Facilities LI-5405 Secure sites and construct Liberty County 3,500 3,5000 Boat Launching ramps and related facilities. INR Facilities LO-5406 Secure sites and constuct Long County 3,500 3,500 Boat Launching ramps and related facilities DNR Facilities MC-5407 Secure sites and construct McIntosh County 3,500 3,500 Boat Launching ramps and related facilities INR Facilities 82 Sources of Other RC&D Measure Action Planned Assistance Local State RC&D Federal PA-5703 Develop and implement an area ENR 10,000 10,000 10,000 Wildlife Population plan for monitoring wildlife Bureau of Sport and Habitat Study conditions. Fisheries and Wildlife (BSFW) SCS CA-5803 Study of water management prob- Camden County 5,000 10,000 10,000 Water Management lems and alternate solutions SCS Plan for City of Kingsland. U.S.Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) BR-7402 Install collector and treatment Farmers Home Ad- 500,000* 500,000 Richmond Hill Sewer system. ministraticn(FRA) System Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) CL-7501 Install planned flood preven- Glynn County 30,000 300,000 Turtle River tion structure. SCS Watershed (PL-566) PA-7701 Upgrade rural housing. FHA 500,000* 45,000 Rural Housing Assistance CA-8301 Upgrade run-ways and supporting CAPDC 5,000 50,000 Airport facilities at St. Marys. Federal Aviation Improvements Agency Includes FHA loans 83 SPONSORS APPROVAL We the legal sponsors of the Coastal Georgia Resource Conservation and Development Project do hereby adopt these guidelines For Development and by the affixed signatures submit this plan for review and authorization for operations. BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS COASTAL AREA PLANNING AND BRYAN COUNTY, GEORGIA LIBERTY COUNTY, GEORGIA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION By By Title Chairmen By Title Chairman Chairman Title Date June 5, 1973 Date May 18, 1973 Date June 13, 1973 This action authorized at an This action authorized at an This action authorized at an offi- official meeting of the Bryan official meeting of the Liberty cial meeting of the Coastal Area County Commissioners. County Commissioners. Planning and Development Commission. On April 3, 1973 on April 3, 1973 On May 9, 1973 At Pembroke, Georgia At Hinesville, Georgia At Darien, Georgia Attest Attest Attest Title Clerk Title Clerk Title Secretary BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS COASTAL SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION CAMDEN COUNTY, GEORGIA LONG COUNTY, GEORGIA DISTRICT By B By Title Chairman Chairman Title Date May 30, 1973 Date June 8, 1973 Date June 5, 1973 This action authorized at an This action authorized at an This action authorized at an offi- official meeting of the Camden official meeting of the Long cial meeting of the Coastal Soil County Commissioners. County Commissioners. and Water Conservation District On on June 7, 1973 On May 2, 1973 At At Ludowici, Georgia At Midway, Georgia Attest Attest Attest Title Title Clerk Title Secretary BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS SATILLA RIVER SOIL AND WATER GLYNN COUNT GEORGIA MCINTOSH COUNTY, GEORGIA OBSERVATION DISTRICT By Title Chairman Title Chairman Date July 25, 1973 Date July 20, 1973 Date April 25, 1973 This action authorized at an This action authorized at an This action authorized at an offi- official meeting of the Glynn official meeting of the McIntosh cial meeting of the Satilla River County Commissioners. County Commissioners. Soil and Water Conservation District. On June 21, 1973 On June 15, 1973 On March 30, 1973 At Brunswick, Georgia At Darien, Georgia At Waycross, Georgia Attest Attest Attest Title Clerk Title Clerk Title ARD AND The program conducted will be in compliance with all requirements respecting nondiscrimination as contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture (7 C.F.R. Sec. 15.1-165.12) which provides that no person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any activity rece living Federal financial assistance. 84 Section V1 APPENDIX APPROXIMATE ACREAGE AND MAJOR LAND USE DISTRIBUTIONS Bryan Camden G1 Liberty Long McIntos Project Total Surf ace Area 291,200 444,800 297,600 343,000 257,900 306,600 1,941,100 **Total Water Area 12,800 32,000 37,900 19,100 1,200 42,6oo 145,600 Total Land Area 278,400 412,800 259,700 323,900 256,700 264,000 1,795,500 **Total Non-Tidal Land Area 252,200 292,525 176,065 281,640 256,700 166,835 1,425,965 **Salt Marsh 20,495 78,275 74,235 39,760 --- 77,485 290,250 **Fresh Marsh 2,020 21,000 4,700 1,500 --- 5,650 34,870 3,685 4,700 1,500 14,030 44,415 Tidal Swamp 21,000 **Incorporated Areas 4,177 8,006 16,896 14,989 1,785 1,430 47,283 Off-shore Islands --- 6,700 16,700 7,200 --- 14,800 60,390 **Federal & State-Owned Land 75,500 44,200 14,750 112,600 27,500 44,800 319,350 Forest 228,550 297,190 157,620 243,050 236,535 179,415 1,342,360 ***Cropland 12,100 1,500 1,700 9,000 8,500 1,800 34,600 Pastureland 3,400 700 4,800 3,700 2,600 4,300 19,500 1 Excludes marshland Coastal Area Planning and Development Commis 2 Includes forest on public lands Soil Conservation Service 1972 Conservation Needs Inventory 1967 Appendix Table 2 POPULATION DATA 1970 Bryan Camden G1ynn Liberty Long McIntosh Project Total Population 6,539 11,334 50,528 17,569 3,746 7,371 97,087 % Change 1960-70 +5 +13.6 +20.4 +21.3 -3.3 +15.8 +17.2 Urban 3,408 33,498 8,582 45,488 Towns 1000-2500 1,361 2,833 1,419 1,826 7,439 Rural 5,178 5,093 17,030 8,987 2,327 5,545 44,160 Non-white 1,797 4,113 12,712 6,164 1,193 3,694 29,673 White 4,742 7,221 37,816 11,405 2,553 3,677 67,414 Age under 6 yrs. 819 1,443 5,660 2,319 411 920 11,572 Age 6-18 1,959 3,503 13,768 4,242 1,155 2,352 26,979 Age 19-44 1,733 3,707 18,049 8,148 1,057 2,088 34,782 Age 45-64 1,259 1,989 9,357 2,060 739 1,367 16,771 Age 65 & over 499 692 3,694 800 384 644 6663 Source: Bureau of Census Appendix Table 3 POPULATION OF COUNTY SUBDIVISIONS 1970 1960 % Change Bryan County Pembroke 1,361 1,450 -6.1 Richmond Hill 826 Camden County Kingsland 1,831 1,536 19.2 St. Marys 3,408 3,272 4.2 Woodbine 1,002 845 18.6 Glynn County Brunswick 19,585 21,703 -9.8 Dock Junction (U) 6,009 5,417 10.9 Glynco (U) 2,558 St. Simons (U) 5,346 3,199 67.1 Liberty County Allenhurst 230 Flemington 265 149 77.9 Fort Stewart (U) 2,448* Hinesville 6,134* 3,174 93.3 Midway 167 240 -30.4 Riceboro 252 259 -2.7 Long County Ludowici 1,419 1,578 -10.1 McIntosh County Darien 1,826 1,569 16.4 (U) Unincorporated Source: Bureau of Census Special census, April 1970 86 Appendix Table 4 TOTAL INCOME WITH PERSONAL INCOME PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY MAJOR SOURCES 1969 Bryan Camden GI Liberty Long McIntosh Total. (dollars) 9,800,000 29,8oo.000 149,000,000 44,9003000 5,8oo,ooo 12,400,000 Percentap:e Distribution Farm Earnings 5.4 1.2 .4 .8 10.3 -.6 Federal-Civilian 5.2 1.7 5.2 17.9 4.4 4.4 Military 1.9 .5 10.2 39.0 2.0 1.7 State & Local 22.0 7.1 5.9 2.2 35.0 17.1 Manufacturing 10.5 --- 26.8 10.1 5.9 17.5 Construction 3.5 2.4 5.6 1.1 --- --- Trans., Comm., & Utilities 3.8 3.6 2.7 4.6 --- 2.6 Trade 9.8 --- 12.1 5.o 5.5 9.4 Fin., Ins. & Real Estate .8 --- 3.0 .7 .2 --- Services 6.o 5.0 12.3 4.0 4.7 9.2 Division of Research, College of Business Administration, The University of Georgia. Appendix Table 5 OCCUPATION BY NUMBER AND COUNTY 1970 Bryan Camden Glyn Libert LonR McIntosh Project Professionals 201 06 2,204 396 120 214 3,541 Managers & Administrators 164 24@ 1,520 344 69 206 2,612 Sales Workers 116 178 1,287 196 93 47 1,917 Clerical & Kindred Workers 202 453 2,568 621 79 208 4,131 Craftsmen, Foremen & Kindred Workers 388 678 2,698 502 156 304 4,726 Operatives, Non- transport W 1,053 2,473 410 154 692 5,200 Transport Equip- ment Operatives 131 138 617 165 68 115 1,234 Laborers 165 436 1,185 226 98 296 2,4o6 Farmers & Farm Employees 121 1o6 84 242 104 27 684 Service Workers 130 386 2,535 442 113 225 3,831 Private Household Thbrkers 53 123 670 226 32 29 1,133 No. Employed Out- side County of Residence 914 610 828 166 573 693 3,784 Source: Bureau of Census 87 Appendix Table 6 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND EXPENDITURES 1970-71 Bryan Camde Gl Libert Long McIntosh Enrolled Grades 1-7 1,456 2,148 8,025 2,291 586 1,494 Enrolled Grades 8-12 767 1,289 5,148 1,579 409 689 Enrolled Exceptional 8 102 344 67 34 120 Enrolled Kindergarten 0 0 0 0 0 0 Avg. Daily Attendance 1,820 3,034 11,488 3,312 869 1,867 Pupils Per Teacher 1:23.0 1:21.6 1:21.6 1:21.5 1:19.2 1:20.5 U.S. Average 1:22.3 1:22.3 1:22.3 1:22.3 1:22.3 1:22.3 Dollars Per ADA 533 568 632 646 733 603 Georgia Average 616 616 616 616 616 616 U.S. Average 812 812 812 812 812 82.2 Percent Local Funds 13.6 34.0 37.5 13.1 25.1 12.7 Percent State Funds 68.7 57.0 51.5 60-3 52.1 70.5 Per-cent Federal Funds 17.7 9.0 11.0 26.6 22.8 16.8 Dropouts - Boys 55 30 161 53 16 28 Dropouts - Girls 27 22 126 35 10 34 Graduates - Boys 43 87 386 100 35 31 Graduates - Girls 63 86 363 127 29 45 Entering College 6 51 305 76 10 18 Entering Tech-Voc 7 31 39 45 8 5 Source: State and County Department of Education Appendix Table 7 WATER AND SEUM INVENTORY 1972 Wells Capacity Demand Public Bryan County (No.) GPD GPD Sewers Pembroke 2 7,000,000 300,000 yes Richmond Hill 4 100,000 40,000 no Camden County Kingsland 1 700,000 200,000 yes St. Marys 2 2,16o,ooo 850,000 no Woodbine 1 900,000 650,000 no Glynn County Brunswick 5 4,200,000 3,000,000 yes St. Simons 3 2,000,000 500,000 yes Liberty County Hinesville 3 2,160,000 400,000 yes Allenhurst no Flemington no Midway no Riceboro 1 700,000 41 no Long County Ludowici 2 19,500 19,000 yesH@ McIntosh County Darien 3 1,787,600 557,000 no * No distribution -H@ No treatment Source: Coastal Area Flanning and Development Commission 88 SUPPLEMENTAL WILDLIFE WETLANDS HABITAT DATA Appendix 8 Introduction II. Inland Wetland Group When attempting to describe wetland, it should Very poorly and poorly drained wetland in flood be apparent that the definition of wetland varies plains, basins, and flats. according to intended use. Wildlife wetland is con- sidered to be land that is flooded either by stream A. Flood Plains flow or by surface water accumulations for signifi- cant periods of time and provides acceptable habitat This land type consists of the perennial and for wildlife. Some of the other land not considered intermittent stream valleys that make up the wetland from a wildlife point of view may have a natural drainage system of the area. Streams water table close enough to the surface to affect that originate within the area have shallow, other uses such as cropland, pasture, woodland, or ill-defined stream channels and the entire homesites and would be considered wetland for these valley is flooded during periods of above uses. normal stream flow. The larger creeks and rivers have well-defined stream channels and Descriptions of wetland types used depict land- established flood plains. scape characteristics, water relationships, and vegetation and do not take into consideration alter- The vegetation is chiefly blackgum Nyssa ations made by man. The dominant vegetation which sylvatica , cypress Taxodium distichum, tupelo occurs on each type is listed to give some indication Nyssa aguatic , red maple Acer rubrum, ash of the available wildlife food sources. Fraxinus pennsylvanica, sweetgum Liquidamber styraciflu , water oak Quercus nigra , swamp Wetland Wildlife Land Types chestnut oak Quercus michauxii, cottonwood Popnulus heterorhylla , bays Magnolia spp., I. Tidal Wetland titi Cliftonia monophylla, buttonbush Cepha- lanthus occidentalis, greenbriar Smilax Land flooded by both salt and fresh water due sedges Cyperaceae, and fetter bush Lyonia spp. to tidal action. There are three general types, each having distinctive vegetative cover. B. Basins A. Salt Marsh Basins are depressed areas that lack natural outlets and are flooded during wet seasonsby The first type, located nearest the ocean, surface water from the surrounding area. The is salty tidal marsh. Vegetation is chiefly vegetation is chiefly cypress Taxodium dis- smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflor and tichum, blackgum Nyssa sylvatica, red maple and needle rush Juncus roemerdanus. Other Acer rubrium, pine Pinus spp., titi Cliftonia plants, including salt bermuda Distachlis monohylla, sweetbay Magnolia virginia, spicata, glassworts Salicorni spp., marsh- redbay Perse borbonia, greenbriar Smilax hay cordgrass Spartin patens, sea ox-eye spp., sedges Cyperacea , fetter bush Lyonia Borrich fructescens, high tide bush Tva spp., and buttonbush Cephalanthus occidenta- fructescens, and marsh elder Baccharis spp., lis. are also found in smaller quantities. C. Flats B. Fresh Marsh This land type is made up largely of poorly Brackish or fresh water marsh is located to drained flats that have small depressions the west toward the inland streams. Vege- within the area. During periods of heavy tation here is chiefly big cordgrass rainfall, the water table is just below the Spartin cynsuroides, cattails Typhs spp. , surface in the flats and just above the sur- pickerelweed Pontederi spp., widgeongrass face in the depressions. These flooded Ruppia maritima, bulrush Scirpus spp., depressions make up eight percent of this spikerushes Eleocharis spp., smartweed Poly- land type. gonum spp., paspalums Paspalum spp., panicums Panicum spp, and buttonbush Ceohalanthus The vegetation on the flat areas is pine occidentalis. Within the two land type., Pinus spp.,blackgum Nyssa sylvatica sweet- above occur hammocks and islands whose veg gum Liquidamber styraciflua, water oak etation varies from scrubs to both soft Quercus nigra , live oak Quercus virginiana hardwood trees. swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii, gall- berry Ilex glabra, wiregrass Aristida stricta C. Tidal Swamp saw palmetto Serenoa repens, and wax myrtle The third type of tidal wetland is the tidal Myrica cerifera. swamp. This waterlogged land type is flooded In the depressions, the vegetation is chiefly frequently. The vegetation is hardwood, cypress Taxodium distichum , blackgum Nyssa chiefly tupelo Nyssa aguatic, blackgum Nyss sylvatica pine Pinus spp., and oak Quercus sylvatica , Ogeechee lime Nyss ogeche, cypress spp. Taxodium distichum, ash Fraximus pennsylvan- ica, sweet gum Liquidambar styraciflua, and red maple Acer rubrum. Located within the area are hammocks covered by laurel oak Querous laurifolia , water oak Quercus nigra swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii, and sycamore Platanus occideqntalis. 89 WILDLIFE WETLANDS DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE (in acres) Perennial Intermittent Total l/ Stream Stream Inland Inland Wild'''ife Coun Salt Marsh Fresh Marsh Tidal Swam) Flood Plains Flood Plains Basins Flats Wetland 7.3 2/ .7 1.3 6.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 40.0 Bryan 20,495 2,020 3,685 14,815 41,465 27,765 27,050 112,405 19.0 5.1 5.1 2.6 - 5.5 2.7 26.o @2.0 Camden 78,275 21,000 21,000 10,950 22,760 ll-,265 lo8,225 173,905 28.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 10.0 4.1 26.3 50.0 Glynn 74,235 4,700 4,700 3,740 26,195 10,555 68,480 129,605 12.4 .4 .4 3.0 i6.0 5.2 17.0 38.8 Liberty 39,760 1,500 1,500 9,720 52,020 16,740 55,420 125,170 12.3 18.5 2.0 21.0 34.7 Long 0 0 0 31,655 47,570 5,500 53,895 89,040 29.3 2.1 5.3 3.2 11.8 3.7 16.7 56-8 McIntosh 77,485 5,650 14,030 8,505 31,320 9,66o 44,435 150,200 16.2 1.9 2 @8 .5 4.4 12.3 4.5 20.0 43.4 CD Project 290,250 34,870 44,415 79,385 221,330 81,485 357,505 78o,@25 @J .1/ Figure is sum of salt marsh, fresh marsh, tidal swamp, perennial stream flood plains, intermittent stream flood plains, inland basins, and 8.0 percent of inland flats. (D 2/ Percent of county or project land area. Appendix Table 10 COMMCIAL FOREST LAND BY OWNERSHIPS IN PROJECT AREA Approximate TyDe Acreage Percent Miscellaneous Federal 230,700 16.1 State 14,400 1.5 Forest Industry 5565POOO 39.0 Fanner 98,100 6.9 Corporate 58,400 4.1 Individual 462,700 32.4 Source: Forest Statistics 1971, U.S. Forest Service, USDA Appendix Table 11 PROJECT TOTAL GROWING STOCK (cords) Total Annual Annual Growth in Species Volume Growt Cut Excess of Cut Pine 11PO46,575 863,013 797,260 65,753 Other Softwood lp264,383 30,136 65849 23,287 Soft Hardwoods 5@520,547 136,986 108,219 28,767 Hardwoods 3,991,780 105.479 69,863 35,616 Total 2lp823,285 lpl35,614 9821191 153,423 Source: Forest Statistics 1971, U.S. Forest Service, USDA 91 Appendix Table 12 NOODLAND SUITABILITY GROUPS VAND ESTDUTED EXTENT BY COUNTY (acres) Woodland Suitabilit Group Bryan Camde Glynn Liberty Long McIntosh ProJec 1W9 2,395 15,940 1,270 9,010 400 205 29,220 2ol 585 --- --- 2,500 13235 --- 4,320 2w2 9,910 --- --- 12,130 2,160 --- 24,200 2w3 36,225 66,480 32,280 34,270 43,710 49,5oo 262,465 2w8 6,480 7,220 --- 2,770 410 8,16o 25,040 2w9 84,595 110,390 83,970 64,040 77,240 6o,48o 480,715 3s2 12,235 7,520 --- 14,250 4,220 410 38,635 3w2 50,735 23,760 18,570 64,310 48,650 12,385 218,410 4s2 12,570 4,510 4,220 11,26o 11,620 15,36o 59,54o 4w2 6,110 28,28o 12,240 26,510 17,360 30,960 121,46o 4W3 1,275 31,280 5,070 2,000 8,500 --- 48,125 5S3 5,L35 1,81o --- 21.03 1,955 30,230 Total Woodland 228,550 297,190 157,620 243,o5O 236,535 179,415 1,342,360 V See Appendix for woodland suitability group description, productivity, and suitable planting species. See Table 6 for woodland suitability group of specific soil series. Appendix Table 13 SOIL GROUPINGS ACCORDING TO WOODLAND SUITABILITY Nbod a@d Suitability Group Suitable Site, Wildlife Benefitted (S J For Food For Coverl/ ymb and Description) Trees Class lw9 Excessively wet soils Loblolly Pine 100 B,S- B5D M5Q,R,S with very high poten- Slash Pine 100 B'S B,D,M,Q,R,S tial productivity; Sweet Gum 100 B,D,S B,Q,S,W severe equipment re- Sycamore 90 B,D B,D5S strictions and seedling Water Oaks, go B5I),Q,S,T)W B5D'M,Q5S,T,W mortality on areas with- Water Tupelo B,D,T,W: D,W out adequate surface drainage. Suitable for needleleaf and/or broad- leaf trees. 201 Soils with high potential Loblolly Pine 90 B,S B,D,NQ,R,S productivity; no serious Slash Pine go B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S management problems; best suited for needleleaf trees. 2w2 Seasonally wet soils with Cottonwood 110 B,D B5D'S'W high productivity; moder- Yellow Poplar 110 B,D B,M,S ate equipment restrictions Sweet Gum 100 B,D,S B,Q,S,W and slight to moderate Loblolly Pine 90 B's B,D,M,Q,R,S seedling mortality; best Slash Pine @o B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S suited for needleleaf trees. Sycamore 90 B,D B:D,S Water Oaks go B,D,Q,S,T,W BD,M,Q,S,T,W Cherrybark Oak B,D,Q,S,T,W B,D,S,T,W 2w3 Excessively wet soils with Loblolly Pine 90 B,3 B,D,M,Q,R,S high potential productivity Slash Pine 90 B'S B,D,M,Q,R,S severe equipment limita- tions and seedling mortal- ity without adequate surface drainage; best suited for needleleaf trees. 2w8 Seasonally wet soils with Yellow Poplar 110 B,D B,MS high potential producti- Sweet Gum 100 B,D,S B,Q,S,W vity moderate equipment Loblolly Pine 90 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S restrictions and slight Slash Pine 90 BS BD,M,Q,R,S to moderate seedling mor- Sycamore 90 B,D B,D,S tality; suitable for Water Oaks 90 B,DIQ,S,T,W B,D,M,Q,S,T,W needleleaf trees and/or Cherrybark Oak B,D,Q,S,T"W B,D,S,T,W broadleaf trees. V Potential productivity with adequate surf ace drainage. B - song and insectivorous birds; D - deer; M - doves; Q - quail; R - rabbit; S - squirrel; T - turkey; W - water birds. 31 See Table 6 for woodland suitability group of specific soil series. 93 2w9 Excessively wet soils with Yellow Poplar 100 B,D B,M,S high potential productiv- Loblolly Pine go B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S ity severe equipment Slash Pine go B,S B,D,MQ,R,S restrictions and seedling Sweet Gum 90 B,D,S B,Q,S,W mortality on areas with- Sycamore go B,D B,D,S out adequate surface drain- Cherrybark Oak B,D,Q,S,T,W B,D,S,T,W age; suitable for broad- Water Oaks B,D,Q,S,T,W B,D,M,Q,S,T,W leaf and/or needleleaf trees. 3s2 Sandy soils with moder- Loblolly Pine 80 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S ately high productivity;. Slash Pine 80 B's B,D,M,Q,R,S moderate equipment re- Longleaf Pine 70 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S strictions and seedling mortality; best suited for needleleaf trees. 3w2 Seasonally wet soils with Loblolly Pine 80 B's B,D,M,Q,R,S moderately high potential Slash Pine 80 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S productivity; moderate equipment restrictions and slight to moderate seedling mortality; best suited for needleleaf trees. 4S2 Sandy soils with moderate Loblolly Pine 70 BS B,D,M,Q,R,S productivity; moderate Slash Pine 70 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S equipment restrictions Longleaf PIne 60 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S and seedling mortality; best suited for needleleaf trees. 4:w2 Seasonally wet soils with Loblolly Pine 70 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S moderate productivity, Slash Pine 70 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S moderate seedling mortal- Longleaf Pine 60 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S ity and equ@ipment restric- tions; best suited for needleleaf trees. - W3 Excessively wet soils with Loblolly Pine 70 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S moderate productivity Slash Pine 70 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S severe equipment restric- tions and seedling mortal- ity; suitable for needle- leaf trees. 5s3 Sandy soils with low pro- Slash Pine 6o B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S ductivity; severe seedling Longleaf Fine 50 B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S mortality and moderate Sand Pine B,S B,D,M,Q,R,S equipment restrictions; best suited for needleleaf trees. l/ Potential productivity with adequate surface drainage. B - song and insectivorous birds; D - deer; M - doves; Q - quail; R - rabbit; 3 - squirrel; T - turkey; W - water birds. See Table 6 for woodland suitability groir? of specific soil series. 94 Appendix Table 14 PUBLIC RECREATION MANAGEMENT AREAS--EXISTING AND NEEDED Existing Additions Needed Type of Are Numb Acres Numbe Acres Local Facilities: Neighborhood parks 7 54 10 15 Playfields 10 6o 11 35 Local parks 12. 02 6 150 Regional parks 0 0 2 500 Golf courses 5 650 4 400 Natural areas 1 16 4 1,500 Other 13 13 State Facilities: Parks: Multiple use 10 31090 2 70 Natural 191 5 50 Historic 15 3 30 Wildlife areas 4 14,934 Historic & archaeological 2 43 Designated sites 118 Federal Facilities: Parks: Natural 0 0 1 23,800 Historic 1 209 Refuges 2 7,780 W@lderness 0 0 8 500 Private Facilities: Golf courses 3 350 Natural areas 29 118,548 General recreation 25 1,116 95 Appendix Table 15 APPRAISAL OF POTENTIAL FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION DEVELOPMENTSV County Kind of Development Bry Camden Glynn Libert Long McIntos Vacation Cabins, Cottages, Homesites M M M M M M Camping Vacation Site M M M M M M Pack Trip M M M H M M Transient M M M L L M Picnic & Field Sports Areas Game, Play, Target Areas M M M L L M Bicycling M M M L L M Picnicking M M M L L M Fishing Waters Warm Water H H H M M H Golf Courses Standard M M M L L M Miniature M L M L L M Hunting Areas Small Game M M M M M M Big Game H H H H H H Waterfowl M H H M M H Natural, Scenic Historic Areas Natural H H H H M H Scenic M H M M M H Historic H M M H M M Riding Stables M M M L L M Shooting Preserves M M M L L M Vacation Farms M L M M M M Water Sports Areas M M M M M M H = High Potential M = Medium Potential L = Low Potential Based on appraisal of entire county and not on specific sites. 96 CENTER 111110111 Nil 3 6668 00001 3435 5"' law-