[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]






                                                                                                                          C.
         Nutrient ManageMenL riogiain


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                                                            Commonwealth of Virginia
         639                                       Department of Conservation and Recreation
           N88                                       Division of Soil and Water Conservation
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         1990
                                                         203 Governor Street Suite 206
                                                         Richmond, Virginia 23219-2094
                                                           Telephone (804) 786-2064


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                                                           Acknowledgements
                                                               For cover photo:
                                                         Chesapeake Bay Foundation


                                                           For technical assistance:
                                                    Virginia Cooperative Extension Service
                                               VPl&SU Department of Agricultural Engineering
                                           VPI&SU Department of Crop and Environmental Science
                                                       USDA Soil Conservation Service






       Nutrition
           Management Program










                                        U. S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                        COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                        2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                        CHARLESTON  SC 29405-2413










                                          PrOPertY Of CSC Library








          






              Nutrients
              and the

                                                                                                                                                              Al-L,
              Chesr7iy%eake
              Bay



















                                                                                  Controlling the nutrient and sediment loads from Agriculture is crucial to VirginW9 waterquality program.


                                                                                          n 1983, a $27 million, six-year study                         NFS pollution doesn't come from a
                                                                                          by the U.S. Environmental Frotec-                          single point such as a sewage outfall or
                                                                                          tion Agency revealed that runoff                           industrial discharge pipe. Nonpoint
                                                                                          from farmland is contributing to                           source (NFS) pollution includes excess
                                                                                  water quality decline in the Chesapeake                            nutrients, pesticides, sediment, heavy
                                                                                  Bay. Other studies have shown that many                            metals and toxic substances that, if not
                                                                                  other state waters are damaged by this                             controlled, harm our environment and,
                                                                                  form of pollution-termed nonpoint                                  potentially, human life itself.
                                                                                  source (NPS) pollution -and that agricul-                             Nutrients-in particular, phosphorus
              Fig.1 Agricultural sources contribute significantly                 tural practices adversely affect ground-                           and nitrogen-are a major component of
              to the nutrient load in Virginia's waters.                          water as well as surface water.                                    the agricultural NPS pollution problem.
                 Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Sources                                                                                                     Bodies of water can tolerate a certain
                     Contribution                                                                                                                    level of nutrients. In fact, life within rivers,
                 70%                                                                                                                                 streams, lakes and bays could not exist
                                                                                                                                                     without nutrients. But too many cause
                 60%                                                                                                                                 ecological problems and can harm
                                                                                                                                                     aquatic life. it is estimated that 67% of
                 50% -                                                                                                                               the nitrogen and 39% of the phosphor-
                                                                                                                                                     ous entering the Bay originate from non-
                 40%                                                                                                                                 point sources (see Fig. 1). Cropland agri-
                                                                                                                                                     culture itself is estimated as producing
                                                                                                                                                     60% of the nitrogen and 27% of the phos-
                 30%                                                                                                                                 phorous entering the Bay. Every time it
                 20%                                                                                                                                 rains, another dose of these nutrients
                                                                                                                                                     enters our waterways and further de-
                 10%                                                                                                                                 grades the environment for the aquatic
                                                                                                                                                     life within.
                                                                                                                                                        To assist in the reduction of agricul-
                 0%                                                                                                                                  tural NPS pollution in the bay, the Depart-
                                   Point Sources                        Non-Point Sources                       Cropland Sources                     ment of Conservation and Recreation,

                 M Phosphorous          M Nitrogen









             Division of Soil and Water Conservation                      account. The yield potential. soil test                       Nitrogen Potential Supplied by Legumes
             (DSWC) developed a nutrient manage-                          results and the specific crop's fertilizer                       Lbs. N/A
             ment program. The program helps                              needs indicate the rates of nitrogen,                         250
             farmers manage crop nutrients effec-                         phosphorus and potassium which need
             tively. The goal of the program is to im-                    to be applied.
             prove water quality in the Chesapeake                                                                                      200
             Bay watershed.                                               Corn Response to 160 lbs./A Nitrogen
                The state program's primary focus is                      by Soil Type
             on water quality improvement not pro-                        250 Bu./AYield                                                150
             duction. Still, as with many conservation
             activities, good nutrient management is
             also good economics. Nutrient manage-                        200                                                           100
             ment planning has proven profitable for
             many of Virginia's agricultural producers.
                                                                                                                                        50
                                                                          150
             Commercial fertilizer
             management
                Often more fertilizer is used than is                     100                                                                  Alfalfa      Clover      Soybeans      Peanuts
             necessary and is applied at a less effec-
             tive stage of plant growth. Economically                                                                                   Fig. 3 Legumes can provide significant
                                                                                                                                        amounts of nitrogen to subsequent crops.
             and environmentally sound commercial                         50
             fertilizer management is based on these                                                                                       Next, nutrients supplied by the pre-
             concepts:                                                                                                                  vious legume crops, manure, and/or
             @ fertilizer application rates are based                       0                                                           sludge applications must be determined.
             on soil test results and crop nutrient                               Congaree          Davidson           Cecil            For example, a Corn crop following a 50
             needs,                                                       Fig.2 Virginia soils vary considerably in their               percent red clover/grass cover can bene-
                                                                          inherent ability to produce a crop.                           fit from up to 75 pounds of residual nitro-
                the timing and method of fertilizer                                                                                     gen per acre (see Fig. 3). This is an im-
             application maximizes crop uptake, and                                                                                     portant source of nitrogen which is often
                                                                                                                                        overlooked.

             9 credit is given for the nutrients pro-                     Gerald Garber of Augusta County, Virginia has
             vided by previous crops and mineral                          reduced his production costs $100peracre by
                                                                          applying Nutrient management principles on his
             fertilizers.                                                 farm.

                The first and most important step in
             nutrient management is to determine                                                                                         "71-
             the fertility level of the soil by analyzing
                                                                                                                                                                        411
             soil samples. Specific soil sampling tech-
             niques are required for accurate results.
             These sampling techniques include tak-
             ing several random subsamples from an
             appropriate sampling depth. The sub-
             samples are combined for analysis. At
             least one composite sample for every 10
             acres of cropland is needed for a repre-
             sentative analysis.
                Then a realistic yield expectation for
                                                                                                                                                          A
             the crop is determined. The yield poten-
             tial may vary significantly by field due to
                                                                                                                      "T"
             the inherent productivity of each soil type
                                                                                              lit,
             (see Fig. 2). Planning based upon the
             soil's productivity level takes this fact into











                                                                                               Nitrogen Use by Corn Plant
                                       @Z
                                                                                               100


                                                                                                                                             Demand still high;
                                                                                                                                              the soil supplies
                                                                                                                                              are often spent.
                                                                                               80                                               Dry weather
                                                                                                                                                 aggravates
                                                                                                                                               this situation


                                                                                               60                                                        Silking


                                                                                                                                                    Tasseling
                                                                                                            N for early            3 weeks
                                                                                                            growth.                 before
                                                                                               40 -soil too cool                  tasseling-
                                                                                                            for rapid               fastest
                                                                                                            release of            dry matter
                                                                                                            N03 from
                                                                                                        organic matter.             growth;
                                                                                                             Row                   greatest
                                                                                               20-      fertilizer meets            use of N
                 Soil sampling is a simple and necessary first                                              this need.
                 step in managing nutrients.                                                                  T                        T                  ___- .

                                                                                                                           -.110       -
                                                                                                                     qW           V
                                                                                                        0           12.5          25          37.5              50      62.5           75          87.5         100          115
                                                                                                                                                        Days after planting
                                                                                                  % Nitrogen use                % Dry weight                           Fig.4 The growing corn plant ewperiences its
                                                                                                                                                                       greatest need for nitrogen beginning at about 30
                                                                                                                                                                       days after planting.
                                                                                               Winter cover crops such as rye can also                                 fertilizer can be determined. Once these
                                                                                           be very important in preventing the loss                                    calculations are completed, additional
                                                                                           of nitrates to groundwater. A small grain                                   nutrient needs can be estimated based
                                                                                           cover crop can utilize substantial                                          upon known crop response to applied
                                                                                           amounts of the residual nitrogen in the                                     fertilizer at a given soil productivity level.
                                                                                           soil and reduce the amount leaching                                            Supplying nutrients when, where and
                                                                                           beyond the reach of future crops.                                           how the plant will use them most effi-
                 Fig. 5 Wheat tissue samples at Growth Stage 30                                By calculating these values, or "nu-                                    ciently is also important. Using starter
                 can be used to obtain nitrogen fertilizer                                 trient credits," the amount of nutrients                                    fertilizers and split applications of nitro-
                 recommendations.                                                          available to the plant before adding any                                    gen help deliver nutrients when the plant
                   N Fertilizer Recommendations Based on Tissue Test Results                                                                                           is growing rapidly and needs them most
                       lb/acre                                                                                                                                         (see Fig. 4). Fertilizers placed in the row
                   100                                                                                                                                                 or incorporated into soil are more likely
                                                                                                                                                                       to be used by the crop and less likely to
                                                                                                                                                                       be lost in water runoff from the farm.
                   80                                                                                                                                                     Tissue testing can identify the most
                                                                                                                                                                       effective rate and timing of fertilizer ap-
                   60                                                     Sw                                                                                           p.lication for small grains. A tissue analy-
                                                                                                                                                                       sis will determine if a crop has all the
                                                                                                                                                                       nutrients necessary to produce optimum
                                                                                                                                                                       yields (see Fig. 5). If the analysis shows
                   40                                                                                                                                                  that a particular element is deficient, it
                                                                                                                                                                       can be applied. The DSWC, through a
                                                                                                                                                                       contract with the Virginia Cooperative
                   20                                                                                                       N                                          Extension Service, is paying for the test-
                                                                                                                                                                       ing of plant tissue samples. The DSWC
                                                                                                                                                                       hopes to encourage the use of this new
                       0                                                                                                                                               technologywhich will result in splitappli-
                       2.5%                     3.0%                       3.5%                        4.0%                     4.5%                            5.0%   cations that provide nitrogen when the
                   - - -    sandy soils                                     %N in tissue at GS30                                                                       crop needs it the most and prevent un-
                   - clayey-loamy soils                                                 I                                                                              necessary losses l5rom runoff or leaching.









              Animal waste management                                                                                           Plant Availability ofOrganic Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                In Liquid Dairy Manure
               A study of crop fertilization practices
                                                                                                                                   Available
              on farms with animal confinement Sys                                                                              60%
              tems in the state reveals a serious misun-
              derstanding about the fertilizer value of
              manure. Frequently, commercial fertiliz-                                                                          50%
              ers are applied at rates that would supply
              all the nutrients needed by a crop. This is                                                  Iif                  40%
              in addition to nutrients supplied by the
              manure also being used. Yet, these nu-
                                                                                                                        ''put
              trients were seldom considered when                                                                               30%-
              determining fertilizer application rates.
              Why?                                                                                                              20%


                                             1                        By utilizing the poultry litterproduced on his
                                                                      farm, Suffolk, Virginia farmer Parke Ashburn has          10%
               ..."WAN I                                              gone without mineral fertilizer on some fields
                                                                      for over 10 years.
                                                                                                                                0%
                                                        r                Until recently, there has not been de-                        First      Second       Third       Fourth
                                                                      pendable information available on the                                              Year
                  ALK I                         ",
                                           101                        nutrient value of stored manure. The fact                 Fig. 7 In liquid dairy manure, 50% of the
                         Maw,           At
                                                   vo                 is that while the ammonia nitrogen value                  nitrogen in the organic form is available to the
                                                                                                                                crop in the first year.
                                                                      of manure decreases during storage and
                                                                      spreading (see Fig. 6), additional nitro-
                                                           ZZ         gen b comes available to growing plants
                                                                      as the organic portion of manure decom
              Animal confinement systems can produce a                poses (see Fig. 7). A nutrient manage-
              valuable nutrient resource when managed                 ment plan helps farmers understand
              wisely.                                                 these changes and determine the nu-
                                                                      trients supplied through manure appli-
                                                                      cations and if fertilizers are needed to                  Efficient use of nutrients by crops is greatly
              Plant Availability of Inorganic Nitrogen                provide additional nutrients.                             improved by accurate placement and proper
              In Liquid Dairy Manure                                                                                            application timing.
                  Available                                                                                             TF
              100%



                                                                                                                                                           WW
              80%                                                                                                      Ilk


              60%





              40%





              20%





               0%
                     Incorporated into Soil   Not Incorporated
                                                                                                          A&

              Fig. 6 Immediate incorporation makes 75% of
                                                                                                                                                                          "V
              the inorganic nitrogen available to the crop by
              preventing ammonia volatility losses.










                                                                                                    5. include residual effects or carryover
                                                                                                       from previous fertilizer and manure
              P                                                                                        applications.

                                                                                                    6. include credit for nitrogen provided by
                                                                                                       previous legume crop.
                                                  fir                                               7. recommend application rates for ma-
                                                                                                       nure and/or commercial fertilizer to
                                                                                                       supply the needed nutrients for opti-
                                                                                                       mal crop production.

                                                                                                      The goal of any management plan is to
                                                                                4@                  provide the crop with necessary amounts
                                                                                   i 4
                                                                                                    of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
                                                                                                    leaving few, if any, nutrients to leach or
                                                                                                    runoff.







                                                                                                    Spreader calibration insures manures are
                                                                                                    applied at the proper rate.

           A manure analysis is recommended
         each time a manure storage structure is
         emptied. After several analyses, a sea-                                                                                lkN
         sonal trend will usually be identified.
         Additional tests are needed only when
         there is a major change in animal feeding
         or bedding practices. Calibration of ma-
         nure spreaders and a review of current
         cropping practices will be needed to
         assure efficient use of the manure.
           With financial support from the DSWC,
         Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
         University has started a manure testing
         laboratory. Manure testing is available to
         all Virginia farmers at no charge.


         Developing a nutrient
         management plan
           Developing a nutrient management
         plan requires these steps:
         1. analyze soil samples.

         2. determine crop yield     potential for
            each field, based on the known pro-
            ductivity of the soil.                    A good nutrient management plan is customized
                                                      to meet the needs of each farm and each farmer.
         3. identify the total nutrient needs for
            this expected yield.

         4. determine the plant-available nu-
            trients in stored manure to be used,
            considering the type of manure and
            its method of application.





























                                                                I T.U
                                              RW"M@' T'N'
                                                        'A W
                                                                     R_


          MINEENIF-.-  jW^
          It VIA-,                           3'.























          Planning ultimately leads to a cleaner environment and a more efficient farm.

          Considering our environment
            Whether nutrients are supplied as com-
          mercial fertilizer or manure, environ-
          mental considerations are important.
          Factors such as controlling erosion, main-
          taining adequate distances from wells,
          streams and wetlands, and limiting nu-
          trient applications on lands with high
          water tables and soils with a high poten-
          tial for leaching to the groundwater are
          also a part of a complete nutrient man-
          agement program. Maintaining well-vege-
          tated buffer areas, implementing erosion
          control practices and choosing the right
          crop for the soil are all techniques which
          help protect water quality. All environ-
          mental impacts must be considered
          when developing a nutrient management
          system.










                                                          Technical assistance                           nitrogen in the production of winter
         Virginia@s                                                  he Department of Conserva-          wheat. Studying nitrogen management
                         0                                           tion and Recreation, Division of    for corn grown under reduced tillage
         Nutnent                                                     Soil and Water Conservation is      practices is another project now under
                                                                                                         study. The goal of these programs is to
                                                                     committed to providing techni-      increase the understanding and efficient
         M a-Magement                                     cal assistance, information and educa-         use of nutrients in crop production.
                                                          tion, research and agency coordination            In the Department of Agricultural Engi-
                                                          for the Nutrient Management Program.           neering, two research watersheds are
         Program                                          Nutrient Management Specialists have           being studied to evaluate the effective-
                                                          been hired who may concentrate on ani-         ness of intensely applied Best Manage-
                                                          mal waste applications, commercial fer-        ment Practices and nutrient manage-
                                                          tilizer use or a combination of both. In       ment. These long term monitoring
                                                          addition, they assist with the implemen-       projects will help predict the benefits of
                                                          tation of nutrient management plans.           our water quality programs.
                                                          The specialists also help coordinate the         And, finally, significant progress is
                                                          Department's programs with ongoing             being made in the VALUES (Virginia Agri-
                                                          Extension and Soil Conservation Service        cultural Land Use Evaluation System)
                                                          programs.                                      system for the VPI&SU soil testing lab.
                                                            One of the most importantjobs of the         This computerized program will corre-
                                                          nutrient management specialist is to           late soil test levels, production potentials
                                                          train and help others write nutrient man-      and soil leaching and runoff properties.
                                                          agement plans. To accomplish this goal,        From these soil characteristics, the
                                                          the specialists have developed a stan-         VALUES system will recommend the
                                                          dard nutrient management plan for use          source, rate, time and method of applica-
                                                          as a guide.                                    tion for fertilizer and pesticide treat-
                                                            To develop a nutrient management             ments for over 50,000 soil samples a
                                                          plan, farmers should contact a nutrient        year.
                                                          management specialist at one of the
                                                          DSWC's eight regional offices, or call the
                                                          local Soil and Water Conservation Dis-
                                                          trict. Technical assistance is also avail-
                                                          able through the Soil Conservation Ser-
                                                          vice or local Extension offices.


                                                          Research
                                                            The Division's Nutrient Management
                                                          Specialists are studying many types of
                                                          test plots to identify better ways to pro-
                                                          vide crops with needed nutrients while
                                                          decreasing costly nutrient losses and
                                                          water pollution. They are also involved in
                                                                                                                  1-6-1  1@ 4.
                                                          evaluating new soil testing methods and
                                                          in studying the significance of deep soil
                                                          nitrogen concentrations.
                                                            The DSWC is funding several ongoing
                                                          projects at VPI&SU. In the Department of
                                                          Crop and Environmental Science, one
                                                          project involves developing techniques
                                                          to optimize the use of nitrogen in the
                                                          production of winter wheat. Studying

                                                          Many resources for assistance are available to
                                                          farmers wishing to develop a plan.










          Education and information                    A 22-minute video on "Nutrient Man-          Nutrient management specialists also
           Since the key to solving nonpoint          agement for Today's Agriculture" has        tell leaders in agriculture and the agri-
          source pollution is education, DSWC is      been developed by VPI&SU for DSWCand        chemical industry how they can incorpo-
          committed to providing information to       is distributed by Extension and other       rate nutrient management concepts into
          those who need it.                          cooperating agencies.                       their activities and demonstrations.
                                                                                                    And, through a contract with the Agri-
                                                                                                  cultural Engineering Department at
                                                                                                  VFI&SU, rainfall simulator demonstra-
                                                                                                  tions are conducted statewide to show
                                                                                                  the impact of conservation practices on
                                                                                                  our surface waters.



                        




















          The rainfall simulator is one of the tools being
          used to educate landowners about water quality.





                                                                                                        




                                                                                                       









                                                      Providing nutrient management information to
                                                      the farm community is the key to the program's
                                                      success.









                                                           Urban nutrient management                        Teamwork
                                                              Not all nonpoint source pollution af-            Several local, state and federal agen-
                                                           fecting the bay is traced to agricultural        cies are involved in programs to improve
                                                           practices. About seven percent comes             water quality in Virginia through nutrient
                                                           from city streets, construction sites and        management. They are the Division of
                                                           suburban lawns. The DSWC funds the               Soil and Water Conservation, the Virginia
                                                           urban nutrient management program                Cooperative Extension Service, the USDA
                                                           now underway in the Office of Consumer           Soil Conservation Service, the State
                                                           Horticulture at VPI&SU. The program's            Water Control Board and the state's Soil
                                                           objective is to develop and deliver solu-        and Water Conservation Districts. As the
                                                           tions to nonpoint source pollution from          agency assigned the lead role in non-
                                                           urban and suburban lawns and gardens.            point source pollution control, the DSWC
                                                             One project developed by VPI&SU is a           is working activelywith all the other agen-
                                                           program which addresses home horti-              cies, along with the agrichernical indus-
                                                           cultural activities. It informs property         try, to coordinate water quality efforts
                                                           owners about the proper rate and timing          and track program results.
                                                           of fertilization, and alternatives to chem-
                                                           ical fertilizers. Future efforts will include    Virginia Cooperative
                                                           a pest management program. Instruc-              Extension Service
                                                           tional materials for this project are distri-       The Extension Service works with
                                                           buted through the Master Gardener Fro-           DSWC nutrient management specialists
                                                           grams and local extension offices. The           to develop animal waste plans and pro-
                                                           Virginia Gardener Calendar is one of the         vides educational programs to encour-
                                                           most popular of the publications.                age nutrient management by farmers.


                                                               711@4%                                       The urban nutrient management program
                                                                                                            addresses the contribution of the individual
                                                                                                            homeowners to non-point pollution.

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                                                     71






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         Through teamwork, we can preserve the economic, environmental and recreational benefits ofthe Chesapeake Bay.

           Funding has been provided by the           mandated by the 1985 Food Security Act        units respectively). The requirements for
         DSWC for travel expenses and various         to write "Farm Plans." Implementation of      a permit include the applicants develop-
         research projects. The Extension Service     these plans is expected to significantly      ing a nutrient management plan which
         co-sponsors training sessions in nutrient    decrease nutrient loadings in our water.      must be approved by the DSWC. The facil-
         management plan development for agri-                                                      ity must implement its nutrient manage-
         cultural agents throughout the state.        Virginia's Soil and Water                     ment plan in order to comply with this
         Agents are also trained to calibrate         Conservation Districts                        permit.
         spreaders, collect tissue samples and           District personnel participate in the
         conduct both deep and shallow soil           development of nutrient management
         sampling.                                    plans and administer the Virginia Agricul-
                                                      tural Best Management Practices Cost-
         The USDA Soil Conservation                   Share Program. Districts, through fund-
         Service                                      ing provided by DSWC, provide technical
           The Soil Conservation Service also         assistance to the farming community.
         receives nutrient management training.
         SCS staff develops animal waste manage-      Virginia State Water
         ment plans on all new storage structures     Control Board
         they certify.                                   This agency implements the Virginia
           SCS provides technical expertise to        Pollution Abatement permit program
         support the installation of Best Manage-     which contains provisions for concen-
         ment Practices in the state cost-share       trated and intensified animal feeding
         program. In addition, SCS is the agency      operations (over 1,000 or 300 animal









      Industry representation
       Historically fertilizer dealers have
      helped farmers'by recommending the
      amount and kind of fertilizer to use, as
      well as the best time to use it. Other
      industry representatives advise on every-
      thing from animal nutrition to crop
      yields. They will continue to play an im-
      portant role as they help inform and
      educate the public on the use of plant
      nutrients. Dealers will help write nutrient
                                                                   !MOM
      management plans as well as help imple
      ment plan recommendations. The ani-
      mal industries will expand their involve-
      ment in the redistribution or brokerage
                                                k
      of animal waste and other related materi-
      als. In addition, the industry is asked for
      input regarding overall program
      direction.


      Protecting the future
      As the Division of Soil and Water Con-
      servation continues its efforts to reduce
      the amount of nutrients and other pollu-
      tion entering Virginia's waters, additional
                                                        Deueloping closer cooperation with the fertilizer
      steps will be necessary to reach the goal         industry will greatly expand the influence of
                                                   A
                                                        Virginia's nutrient management program.
      of a 40 percent reduction in nutrient
      loadings by the year 2000. New incentives
      such as the tax credit for precision pesti-       Through cooperation and teamwork, Virginia
                                      vow",             will reap the benefits ofa healthier Chesapeake
      cide and manure application equipment
                                                        Bay.
      already are requiring a nutrient manage-
      ment plan. Additional strategies include
      establishing local nutrient management
      advisory committees, training fertilizer
      retailers to develop nutrient manage-
      ment plans, incorporating new practices
      in the state cost-share program and con-
      tinuing research into tools such as a slow
      release fertilizer.
      Ultimately, these combined efforts will
      mean not only better water quality for a
      healthier Chesapeake Bay but also a
      healthier and more efficient farm

      economy.























                                                                      DATE DUE






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                      '_-Z




                                                                                             PH NUD,14 0
                                                          GAYLORDINo 2333


                                                                      he purpose of the nutrient man-
                                                                      agement program is to assist
                                                                      farmers and others in manag7
                                                                      ing agricultural and other fertil-
                                                           izers and to prevent the misapplication,
                                                           improper storage, discharge or other use
                                                           of these products which may have an
                                                           adverse affect on ground and surface
                                                           water quality while still realizing agyo-
                                                           nomic and other benefits from their use.
                                                           A secondary purpose is to emphasize the
                                                           availability and value of animal manure in
                                                           meeting nutrient needs. The goal of the
                                                           program is to improve water quality
                                                           while maintaining an efficient Virginia
                                                           agriculture.

                                                                                                                                                         A A A
                                                                               JJPH IITID N




                                                                    3 6668 14107 6507


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