Erosion & sediment control

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Rockingham
Planning
Commission

COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER

REGIONAL
2 I ~~~PANING

S
624
.N4
E76
1986

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

EROSION &

SEDIMENT CONTROL

ROCKINGHAM PLANNING COMMISSION
121 Water Street
Exeter, New Hampshire 03833

March 1986

The New Hampshire Coastal Program provided a grant for the
preparation of this report which was financed in part by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, administered
by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

EROSION AND SEDIEMNT CONTROL

CONTENTS

Page

introduction

Factors Which Influence Erosion ................. I

Sample Erosion Control Measures.. .................2

Floodplains.............................3

Required Permits . ..........................4

Project Size . ....................... ....5

Adoption and Enforcement .. . ....................5

Bibliography ... . ............ . ...... .. .......... .6

APPEND ICES

A Model Erosion and Sediment Control Regulations....... 8

B Assistance .........................13

C 10 Year 24 Hour Rainfall .................. 14

D 25 Year 24 Hour Rainfall ... . .. .. .............. .... 15

E 50 Year 24 Hour Rainfall................... 16

F Sample Soil Data Sheet . .. .. .. .... . .......... . ..17

G Hydrologic Soil Groups .. .. .... . ............... 18

H Qualified Soil Scientists ......................19

INTRODUCTION

Erosion due to highway construction, residential and commercial development

is approximately ten times greater than on agricultural land, 200 times greater

than on pasture land, and 2,000 times greater than on forest land. Construction

site erosion kills fish, and accelerates the filling of lakes, wetlands, streams

and coastal estuaries. Carefully applied erosion control measures, on the other

hand, can reduce soil loss by 90%, at costs of one half to one thirtieth of

the cost of cleaning up sediment caused by poor protection during construction.2

This report and model regulation (Appendix A) is intended to assist local plan-

ning boards and property owners in avoiding the adverse consequences of unneces-

sary erosion during construction.

Help is available from the New Hampshire Coastal Program Office, the Soil-Conser-

vation Service, the N.H. Association of Conservation Commissions and the Rocking-

ham Planning Commission (Appendix C).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Comparative Costs of Erosion and Sediment
Control: Construction Activities (Washington, 19713).

2ibid.

VEGETATION

Vegetation shields the soil surface from falling rain, slows the velocity of

run-off, filters sediment, and tends to hold soil particles in place. Erosion

and sedimentation are generally not problems in well vegetated areas.

SLOPE

The size and steepness of slopes have a direct effect on the velocity, and thus

the power of surface runoff. The speed and distance water travels influences

the amount of erosion that takes place.

CLIKATE

Erosion and sedimentation are also a function of the frequency, intensity, and

duration of rainfall. When calculating runoff, most southern New Hampshire

planning boards assume a "25 Year Storm", that is the expected rainfall in a

24 hour period during the worst storm in 25 years. Some require designs to

accommodate a 50 year storm. Others plan only for a 10 year storm. Appendices

D, E, and F provides approximate anticipated rainfall for each of these storms.

SAMPLE EROSION CONTROL MEASURES

Just as there are a number of factors influencing the amount of erosion which

can take place in a given situation, so are there a number of different ways

it can be controlled.

- Diversion Dike to intercept surface runoff at the top of a slope, before

erosion can begin.

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE EROSION

Erosion is influenced by a number of factors or soil characteristics, vegetation,

slope and climate. Each affects erosion in a different way.

SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

The permeability of a particular soil greatly influences surface runoff. The

Soil Conservation Service maintains data on the permeability of all New Hamp-

shire soil types (Appendix H). Published soil surveys which include applicable

soil data sheets are available for Rye, North Hampton, Hampton and Hampton

Falls. Soils maps and soil data sheets (not bound or collated) are available

for Seabrook, New Castle and Portsmouth (See Appendix G for sample).

Soils that contain high proportions of silt and fine sand are highly erodible.

Clay, on the other hand, tends to bind particles together, thereby limiting

erodibility. Soils higher in organic matter contain many air pockets which

tend to absorb water and also limit erodibility. Soils least susceptible to

erosion are those consisting of well drained gravel or gravel/sand mixtures.

The Soil Conservation Service rates the erodibility of various soil types with

numerical co-efficients known as K-values. A quick determination of a soil's

propensity for erosion may be reached by obtaining relevant K-values from the

Soil Conservation Service soil data sheets:

A K-Value of .23 and lower ... means ...... low erodibility
.24 to .26 .................. moderate erodibility
.27 and higher ............... high erodibility

Help in making further detailed analyses of soils can be obtained by contacting

a qualified soil scientist (Appendix I) or the Soil Conservation Service.

REQUIRED PERMITS

As indicated in Section 5 of the model regulations, (Appendix A) a particular

project may require state permit(s). Dredge or fill projects involving wetlands

require a permit from the New Hampshire Wetlands Board (telephone 271-2147)

pursuant to RSA 483-A. Another statute, RSA 149:8-a, requires a permit from

the New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission (telephone 271-

3503) for" . . . any person proposing to significantly alter the characteristic

of the terrain, in such a manner as to impede natural runoff or create an un-

natural runoff . . "Commission regulations require this permit for any project

involving more than 100,000 contiguous square feet of land area.

Dredge/fill projects which impact salt marshes or navigable waters of the United

States also require a permit from the U.S. Army Corps. of Engineers. Specific

requirements may be obtained from the Army Corps. at 1-800-343-4789.

-- Vegetative Buffer Strip to reduce water velocity and to filter sediment.

-- Seeding and Mulching to slow runoff and trap sediment.

-- Hay Bales to effectively trap sediment for short periods of time.

-- Snow Fencing to minimize the area of disturbance and prevent construction

equipment from pushing debris onto other areas.

-- Sod Strips to provide instant vegetative cover.

-- Sediment Traps to intercept sediment-laden runoff and retain the sediment.

Sediment traps are small temporary holding basins.

FLOODPLAIENS

Floodwaters play an obvious role in soil erosion and the subsequent deposit

of sediment. Floodprone areas have been mapped by the Federal Emergency Manage-

ment Agency (FEMA). Copies of these Flood Insurance Rate Maps are on file at

town halls and at the Rockingham Planning Commission. When reviewing proposed

subdivisions and site plans, town officials should be aware of the 100 year

flood zone, that is, the anticipated extent of the worst flood in a one hundred

year period, as indicated on these maps.

PROJECT SIZE

The model erosion regulation (Appendix A) does not specify a minimum project

size that would require an erosion control plan. That decision is lef t to the

discretion of local planning boards. The state of New Hampshire reviews projects

whose area exceeds 100,000 square feet; the state of Connecticut reviews projects

greater than 20,000 square feet. Local planning boards should consider a minimum

project size within this range.

ADOPTION AND ENFORCEMENT

The Model Erosion and Sediment Control Regulations may be incorporated into

local subdivision or site plan regulations by following the procedures specified

in RSA 675:6. Specifically, adoption entails a Public Hearing, approval by

a Planning Board majority, and filing of the regulations with the Town Clerk.

The provisions of the model regulation are enforced like any other subdivision

or site plan regulation. The bond provisions in Section 4 of the model regu-

lations will insure compliance with planned erosion and sediment control

measures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Erosion and Sedimentation Control Design Handbook for Developing Areas
of New Hampshire.

U.S.D.A. -- Soil Conservation Service, May 1981

2. Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction.

State of New Hampshire, DPW&H, 1983

3. Guide for Erosion and Sedimentation Control . . in Developing Areas of
New Hampshire.

New Hampshire Association of Conservation Commissions and the North County
Resource Conservation and Development Project, July 1983.

4. Field Office Technical Guide.

Soil Conservaton Service, (ongoing)

5. Engineering Field Manual.

Soil Conservation Service, (ongoing)

6. Erosion and Sedimentation Control in Site Development - Massachusetts Con-
servation Guide, Vol. 1.

U.S.D.A. -- Soil Conservation Service, September 1983.

7. Guidelines for Soil and Water Conservation in Urbanizing Areas of
Massachusetts.

Soil Conservation Service, 1977

8. Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds.

Engineering Division, Soil Conservation Service, 1975

9. Vegetative Practices in Site Development -- Massachusetts Conservation
Guide, Vol. II.

U.S.D.A. -- Soil Conservation Service, 1983

10. Streambank Protection Guidelines . . . for Landowners and Local Government.

U.S. Army Corps. of Engineers, October 1983.

11. A Better Environment Through Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control...
Act 347 of 1972.

Michigan Water Resources Commission, no date.

12. Final Report and Sediment and Erosion Control.

New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission, July 1979.

13. Morris County (N.J.) Soil Conservation District Standards and Specifications
for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control.

Soil Conservation Service, 1971

14. Michigan Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Guidebook.

Beckett Jackson, Raeder Inc., 1975

15. Community Action Guidebook for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control.

Mel Powell, William Winter and William Bodwitch, 1970

16. Guidelines for Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and Implementation.

Environmental Protection Agency, R2-72-015, 1972

17. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses.

Agriculture Handbook Number 537, U.S.D.A.

APPENDIX A

MODEL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS

1. General

For the purpose of controlling soil erosion and sedimentation in surface
waters resulting from site construction and development, no subdivision
or site plan shall be approved without plans for erosion and sediment con-
trol, unless otherwise exempted by the Planning Board as provided below.

2. Where Required

The developer shall submit a soil erosion and sediment control plan for
the entire tract of- land unless there is a determination by the Planning
Board that such a plan is unnecessary due to the size or character of the
development, or to the natural conditions of the site. In no case shall
a proposed development which involves the construction of a street or road,
or results in the disturbance (stripping of vegetation) of more than
_________square feet of contiguous area, or will create a subdivision
of more than residential building lots, be approved without
such plan. (See page 5 of accompanying guidelines for suggested project
size)

3. Definitions

Runoff - The portion of rainfall, melted snow or irrigation water that
flows across the ground surface and eventually is returned to streams.

Sediment - Solid material, both mineral and organic, that is in suspension,
is being transported, or has been moved from its site of origin by air,
water, gravity, or ice, and has come to rest on the earth's surface either
above or below sea level.

Sloughing - A slip or downward movement of a extended layer of soil fre-
quently resulting from the undermining action of water (waves) or the earth
disturbing activity of man.

Surface Water - Water at or above the earth's surface.

4. General Requirements

A. The plan shall consist of a drawings, prepared at the same scale as
that of the subdivision or site plan, approved by the Rockingham County
Conservation District (RCCD), which identifies the various .measures
proposed for the erosion and sedimentation and their relative
locations.

B. The design specifications for each such erosion control measure shall
be submitted with the plan.

standards and specifications set forth in the "Erosion and Sediment
Control Design Handbook" as adopted by the RCCD.

D.The following standards shall be applied in planning for erosion and
sediment control:

(I) Whenever practical, natural vegetation shall be retained, pro-
tected or supplemented. The stripping of vegetation will be
done in a manner that minimizes soil erosion and shall be con-
sistent with guidelines set forth in the "Erosion and Sediment
Control Design Handbook".

(2) The Area of Disturbance shall be kept to a minimum and shall
be protected from erosion during the winter months.

(3) Measures shall be taken to control sediment and retain it within
the project area. To the extent possible, sediment in runoff
water shall be trapped and retained within the project area.

(4) Final vegetation and permanent erosion control structures shall
be installed as soon as possible following disturbances of the
site, but no later than six months after commencement of site
work.

(5) Off-site surface water shall either be diverted around, or con-
ducted safely through, the project area.

5. Plan Requirements

A. LOCUS MAP

(1) North arrow, scale, date

(2) Property lines of the project

(3) Critical natural or man-made features within 3,000 feet of the
project

B. SITE PLAN OF EXISTING CONDITIONS (Scale of I" = 100' or larger)

(I) North arrow, scale, date

(2) Accurate property lines

(3) Easements

(4) Structures, utilities, roads and other paved areas

(5) Topographic contours at two foot intervals, keyed to USGS bench-
mark

(6) Slopes in critical areas

(7) Steepness of the grade expressed as a percentage

(8) Waterways, bodies of water, drainage patterns and watershed boun-
daries

(9) Calculations showing volume and velocity of present surface run-
off

(10) Extent of floodplain (100 year flood)

(11) Existing vegetation: tree lines, grassy areas, and unique vege-
tation

(12) Soils information including soil names, soil type boundaries
as determined by qualified Soil Scientist, Soil Conservation
Service mapping numbers, erodibility co-efficients (K-values),
permeability, depth, texture and structure.

(13) Areas with potentially serious erosion problems

C. EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL SITE PLAN

(1) North arrow, scale, date, elevation datum

(2) Existing and proposed property lines

(3) Proposed structures, roads, utlities, topsoil stockpiles, equip-
ment storage and stump disposal

(4) Existing and proposed topographic contours at two foot intervals

(5) Description of the basic strategies of the erosion control plan

(6) Proposed easements

(7) Limits of proposed soil disturbance

(8) Limits of cut and fill areas, indicating volumes of material
in cubic yards

(9) Area in square feet of wetlands, including that portion disturbed
or filled

(10) Construction schedule

(11) Earth movement schedule

(12) Soil exposure time of each area

(13) Description of the seeding and mulching plan, including:

(a) location of areas to be seeded

(b) lime and fertilizer application rates

(d) seeding application rates

(e) seeding dates

(f) types of mulch materials

(g) mulch application rates

(h) mulch anchoring methods

(i) mulching dates

(14) Size, number and location of proposed trees and shrubs

(15) Description of all structural erosion and sedimentation control
measures, with locations and detailed drawings of each

(16) Design calculations for all temporary and permanent structural
control measures

(17) Calculations of construction and post-construction surface runoff,
showing volume and velocity

(18) Name and phone number of the person on the construction site
directly responsible for the application, inspection and main-
tenance of the erosion control plan

(19) Bond or other surety to insure implementation of proposed land-
scaping and structural erosion control measures

(20) Future inspection and maintenance schedule for all control
measures

(21) Name, address, and phone number of the person or parties respon-
sible for future maintenance and inspection

6. Responsibility For Installation/Construction

The applicant shall bear final responsibility for the installation and
construction of all erosion and sediment control measures required by the
provisions of this Section. Where erosion and sediment control plans call
for the construction of permanent erosion or sediment control measures,
the Planning Board may require a bond or other security in an amount and
with surety conditions satisfactory, to the Board, providing for the actual
construction and installation of such improvements within a period specified
by the Planning Board and expressed in the bond or other surety.

7. Maintenance

Individuals or developers carrying out soil erosion and sediment control
measures under these articles, and all subsequent owners of property on
which such measures have been installed, shall adequately maintain all
permanent erosion control measures, devices and plantings in effective
working condition.

8. Relationship to State Regulations

Copies of any permit required under State regulations such as those promul-
gated under RSA 483:A; and 149:8-a shall be submitted to the Planning Board
prior to approval under this regulation.

10 Year 24 Hlour Rainfall (inches)
APPENJDIX C

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APPENDIX C

ASS ISTANCE

New Hampshire Coastal Office This office includes local represen-
90 Fleet Street tatives of the NH Wetlands Board
Portsmouth, NH 03801 and the NH Water Supply & Pollution
431-9366 Control Commission. Staff are parti-
cularly knowledgeable on wetlands
and erosion control requirements
relative to RSA 149:8-a.

Soil Conservation Service, USDA This agency is clearly the best
32 Front Street source for technical information
Exeter, NH 03833 on soils, erosion, and sedimen-
772-4385 tation.

Rockingham Planning Commission Commission staff has a great deal
121 Water Street of experience in the review and
Exeter, NH 03833 analysis of proposed developments
778-0885 in southeast New Hampshire.

NH Association of Conservation The Association may provide examples
Commiss ions of the various types of assistance
54 Portsmouth Street rendered by local Conservation
Concord, NH 03301 Commissions in the review of sub-
224-7867 divisions and site plans.

25 Year 24 Hour Rainfall (inches)
APPENDIX D

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2.tEO MAPLE 2 ACRU 2222 2
2CINNAM(ON FERN I OSC 222
ISENSITIVE FERN 2 ON:EE
IGOLDTHREAO 2 CJOC i2 122
2 INDIAN .JACK-IN-T*4E-PULPIT I ARTR 22 22
2ARRT2~4WO0 I "IDE 2 2 2 * 2
2 2 2 I * 2 * 2

t I~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I
2 2 2 I 2 2

I *jj__j________,, . . . LL,-1,, L.......................____ ___
2POTENTIAL PRODUCTION 2185./AC. ORY wT': - - - - -2-
2 ~~~~FAVORABLE YEARS 22I2
2 ~~~~~NORMAL TEA4S222222

'5OTNOTES
A ESTIMArTES OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES BASED ON DATA FROM SIMILAR SOILS.
O RATINGS BASED ON NSI2. PART II. SECTION 403. MARCH 1978.
C RATINGS BASED ON NATIONAL FORESTRY MANUAL, SEPT. 1560.
O RATINGS BASED ON SOILS MEMO 74, dAN. 1572.

APPENDIY-'G

IiYjOOCIC SOIL fUCUPS FOR D ET FRrIN EL RUNI1OFF IN NEW II.%jjPST1IRE

The~ hydro.1ogic groupirig Ct zoils 'Is bas-d upon !Lnfiltration rates as
they atUtct runott. Ths fcur groupF are- drscribed as foliOws:

qro~ip A -- SolIs ha virg high ir'.1iltration rates even when
Fhorou J.'lIy W. 1ti " . Th-s cor.!:s Snc h-` , Iy of deep, well to
excas-ziv~iy drair-~d sands cr grav-1-t. ThEse so-Ils have a high rate
ot water t-ransiris-3icr. and would re-suit in.r low runoff pater~tialI

Aaams Gloucester Jattrey Suncook
Carv;Pr hermon M-:-rrimac riarwick
Colton 113nckley Quonset Windsor

0roU~ Ft -- So--ls ha VIr~g Modfarate ir~tiltratiar, rates when
tuoroughly watted. The se consistd chiefly of mod--erateiy deep -to
deep, mcd~~~rately ~well1 tc well1 drained soils with mod -r-a til y fi4ne
to Modarataly coarse texturas. These soils have a moderata- rate-
of water trarnsjn:sscr,.

Acton Canton Groveton 1,,,inA4grz-t Sudbury
Agawam , Charltcn H adli::y Ordawa Sutton
Bangor C hatie la Ha=tlIan d Pernnichuck Uradilla
Belgrade Croghan Haven Podurnk ;4&umbc-k
B'srkshirs D ee-r t, e-ld Largdon, red st one awinne-ncook
flinghatnville D uan r, 1adawaska S5lmon Win~ooski
BrooKtiE-ld Duchess ZMarsardis Stetso)n

Grout) C --Soils ha ving slow irfi--ltratior rates whin thoroughly
wetc T hse scncsastl ch i -,f Iy of (1) soils wiha l&ayer that
, rn p &d zs ~h - d own waLrd Lcve~mc-rnt of v at---.r , or (2) sz~ilIs w - ith-
m o de -a telIy tin-, to tine teture cr (3) scils vith moderately high
watt-r taolz-s (,,oorlIy arair~cd) . These soils leave a slow r at e of
water transnlssion.

* ~ ~~~~~AU ur Cs Dix cntnt Marlow P i peaSt onS tc
Beckn-t iflmwccd 11- Iroad r4Attstown Sci-tuate
P:-:=ardszCn Glov~,r ri :.IIIs Plaiste~d Shapl2L-igh
!3rayton H o I 2.S Montauk Pootat~uck Skerry
L -IPrant 3.-l I H,)WlIa nd Naunburg R a ynI.am S t - ssin g
Buckland L en-CE St -?r 14 -cholv~lle RidgE-,),ry s u f f, l a
r, u X ,cn L-3 rFs t-nr (CC UIP RuipjDw au i ~a IPo I'
Calais L 1 ,;,r c k Paxton. pumpey W are ,a m
C an aar Lyma r Peru Saugatuck Woodbridge
C cm --11Ish

Groiim D --S~shavinrg very slow arntiltraticn rates when t horoug 1lIy
wetted. These consist chi j.EflIy of (1 clay a oJ 1. witAh a high
swlDlirny ratential, (0) sc4Ils wz-th a permaent er:h ig h w a -,=r table
(v-i.y i'oo--Iy dlra-,rd), (3) scils with a clayp.3n Dr clay 4.ayer a,: or
n 4-a r t hr qrouivl zurtace, a nd (Li) sh11allI0 ow oils over n~early
I mpr V10 LS Ma tqrials. Is I P Eolls h-.ve a very slow rate of waterZ
t ra .-,vis r-rz lo-1.

Bildj--tord a ~ 'rs S P~-acham Swanton
C a -ot 1a~ .llUV.1dl Saco W ila tl1ey
Cnocurua M uck 6; Pcat Scarhoro Whitman
Greer~wo'ndospe

APPENDIX H
Qualified Soil Scientists

Rockinghaii County Conservation District
Pst Oflict Bid: - Prort, Strvtc - ExetAr. N :i. U3-31 iCplo'iiont -,772-4385

QUALIFIED SOIL SCIENTISTS

December 17, 1985

John A. Ferwerda Hue Karreman
MRB Box 65 Box 642
Bangor, Maine 04401 Durham, NH 03824
207-945-3829

Frank Vicira David Marceau
RFD#I, Guinea Road 163 Pleasant Street
Stratham, NH 03885 Apt. 2E
603-772-5724 Concord, NH 03301

Robert A. Rutherford Michael R. Cuomo
PO Box 62 aide Bprwick Management Corp.
North laverhill, NH 03774 15 Sewaul Road
603-787-6067 Sotith Berwick, XE 03908
20--3&.-2911

Kenneth Gardner Virp'~i~ Melullin
?0 Box 180 ochn LIrr:r. W. AEsociecer-
i-irq, ton, Mane 04049 �00 Creernan4 .oiae
207-637-2260 -~ortsnoutn. 4P 038C1
603-436-3557

Marc Gowdy
15 Sewall Road flarc Jacobs
South Berwick, Maine 0390S 6 Oak Hill Lane
207-384-2911 Barrington, NH 03825
603-868-2779

Timothy Ferwerda
Tbmotis aotan, Inc. Kenneth J. Faucher
Fouth River Road F'arKer Survey Asso:iates, Inc.
bedford, N.i 03102 11 hamitcnr Road
603-66q-2832 Exeter, NH 03833
603-778-CC528

Walter S. PolchlIDe?. Lawrence E. R'rse
2F Fo- Avenve PC Box 173
Diracut, MA CI-26 Newmarkct, N' 03857
617-453-5408 623-63c~~