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In cooperation with the United States Government of Department of American Samoa Soil Survey of 4D- Agriculture Soil American Samoa Conservation Service Au A@; A 111@k7 %0 kr_ HOW TO U! ........................... ............. ................... .. .......... ..................... ......... ............. Locate your area of interest on the "Index to Map Sheets" (the last page of this publication). ........ . .. . .. ........ ........... ........ .... . . . . . ....... . . . ...... .. . . . .......... .. . ........ .... .................................. .. ........................................... . .. . . ....... ....... ... . . .... ................ ..... ........ ......... ........... . .... .......... ................ .......... ................... Kokomo . .. . ............. ........... .......... .... .. .... .. .......... ...... .. ... .... ................... .......... ..... .. ........ .. .......... .... ...... .. . .......... A .. .. ..... ..... ............ ...... .. ...... ................ .. ....... ............ . . ............ . ......... .. ......... ...... . ... ........ . ...... ... ..... ... . . . .... Note the number of the map @R . . ...... ....... ........... .... 20 sheet and turn to that sheet. ........... ... .. ...... Locate your area of interest 0 on the map sheet. ... ........ 151C 134A ... ........... ...... . ...... . .......... 560 27C . . ......... ........... ........... 56B \j 131B/ .......... 134A:T 1 148BV .. ..... .. List the map unit symbols 40 that are in your area ............. M-bols Sy . . . .. .... ......... ................ ......... ..... ...... - .. ........... ...... ..... ............. ............ I.. ....... .... .................... ............. ............ .................. : . .. ......... ...... ......... . ............ ........... ... .... ....... . .. ....... . ............. ........ . . .... .... 27C .............. .. .............. ................ .... . ........... .......... 56B ........ .............. . ........ ........... ........... . ............ 131B .................... ...... ....... ... ......... ............. .... ............ ................ .... ........ .. ............ .. .... ............ ............ ........... . . ........ 134A .... ........... HKokomo @15 IC ....... . ..... .:: . ... ....... ......... . ...... .... 148B . ............ . ......... .... .... .... 15 1 C ......... ..... . . ..... .... .......... ....... .... 0. 1 .. .......... ...... ....... I...... . .... "'HIS SOIL SURVEY ........... Turn to "Index to Soil Map Units" which lists the name of each map unit and the ............ page where that map unit is described. ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................- ............... ............... .... .. ........... ...... ............ ............. ... ... ...... ..... ........... ... ...... ......... ... ... .... .......... 0N.W. 6@ . ......... .... .. . . ...... . .... ....... .................. ....... ... .... ........ See "Summary of Tables'' (following the ..... .. . Contents) for location of additional data ........... on a specific soi I use. ...... . ....... . .... . .......... . . . ...... ........... ..... ....... ........................-....... ............... .............. .......... LLLI Consult "Contents" for parts of the publication that will meet your specific needs. This survey contains useful information for farmers or ranchers, foresters or a( ronomists; for planners, community decision makers, engineers, developers, .3 builders, or homebuyers; for conservationists, recreationists, teachers, or students; for specialists in wildlife management, waste disposal, or pollution control. This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies and local agencies. The Soil Conservation Service has leadership for the federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. In line with Department of Agriculture policies, benefits of this program are available to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, marital status, or age. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1981. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1982. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1981. This survey was made by the Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with the Government of American Samoa. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. It enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. Cover: Arnanave on the Island of Tutuila. In the foreground are steep Fagasa soils. SOIL SURVEY OF AMERICAN SAMOA E R R A T A SOILS - Plate 3 entitled "SOILS - Eastern Tutuila" contains printing and color errors for 'Aunul,u Island, as follows: a. The large area of mapping unit 16 should be blue instead of pale pink as shown. b. The three small areas shown as mapping unit 16 should be mapping unit 6 and purple. c. The small area of mapping unit 11 should be yellow instead of white as shown. Contents Index to map units ........................................................ iv Soil properties ............................................................... 41 Summary of tables ........................................................ v Engineering index properties ...................................... 41 Pre-face ............................................................................ vii Physical and chemical properties .............................. 42 General nature of the survey area ................................ 1 Soil and water features ............................................... 42 How this survey was made ............................................ 3 Classification of the soils ............................................ 45 General soil map units ................................................. 5 Taxonomic units and their morphology ........................ 45 Map unit descriptions... ............................................... 5 Formation of the soils .................................................. 57 Detailed soil map units ................................................ 9 Parent material ............................................................. 57 Map unit descriptions .................................................. 10 Climate .......................................................................... 57 Prime farmland .............. ............................................... 29 Living organisms .......................................................... 57 Use? and management of the soils ............................ 31 Topography ....................... .......................................... 57 Crops ............................. ............................................... 31 Time .............................................................................. 58 Woodland ..................................................................... 32 References ..................................................................... 59 Recreation .................................................................... 34 Glossary .......................................................................... 61 Engineering .................................................................. 34 Tables .............................................................................. 67 Taxonomic Units Aua series ........................................................................ 45 Ngerungor Variant ........................................................... 50 Fagasa series .................................................................. 46 Ofu series ......................................................................... 51 Fagasa family ................................................................... 46 Ofu Variant ....................................................................... 52 IIiiIi series .......................................................................... 47 Oloava series ................................................................... 52 Insak series ...................................................................... 47 Olotania family ................................................................. 53 Insak Variant .................................................................... 48 Pavaiai series ................................................................... 53 Leafu series ...................................................................... 48 Puapua series .................................................................. 54 Mesei Variant ................................................................... 49 Sogi series ........................................................................ 54 Ngedebus series .............................................................. 50 Sogi Variant ...................................................................... 54 Ngedebus Variant ............................................................ 50 Tafuna series ................................................................... 55 Issued February 1984 Index to Map Units 1-Aua very stony silty clay loam, 15 to 30 percent 20-Oloava silty clay loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes. 18 slopes ........................................................................ 10 21-Oloava silty clay loam, 40 to 100 percent 2-Aua very stony silty clay loam, 30 to 60 percent slopes ........................................................................ 18 slopes ........................................................................ 10 22-Olotania family, 15 to 40 percent slopes ............. 19 3-Fagasa-Ofu silty clays, 30 to 60 percent slopes. 11 23-Pavaiai stony clay loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes 19 4-Fagasa family-Lithic Hapludolls-Rock Outcrop 24-Pavaiai stony clay loam, 12 to 25 percent association, very steep ........................................... 11 slopes ........................................................................ 20 5-11iiii extremely stony mucky clay loam, 3 to 15 25-Pavaiai stony clay loam, 25 to 40 percent percent slopes ......................................................... 12 slopes ........................................................................ 20 6-Insak mucky sandy loam ........................................ 12 26-Puapua-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 100 7-Insak Variant clay loam .......................................... 13 percent slopes ......................................................... 21 8-Leafu silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes .................. 13 27-Rock outcrop-Hydrandepts-Dystrandepts 9-Leafu stony silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes ....... 13 association, very steep ........................................... 21 10-Mesei Variant peat .................................................. 14 28-Sogi-Puapua clay loams, 0 to 6 percent slopes.. 22 11 -Ngedebus mucky sand ........................................... 15 29-Sogi-Puapua clay loams, 6 to 20 percent slopes 22 12-Ngedebus Variant extremely cobbly sand, 0 to 30-Sogi-Puapua clay loams, 20 to 40 percent 5 percent slopes ...................................................... 15 slopes ........................................................................ 24 13-Ngerungor Variant mucky peat .............................. 15 31-Sogi Variant-Pavaiai association, 15 to 50 14-Ofu silty clay, 15 to 40 percent slopes ................. 15 percent slopes ......................................................... 24 15-Ofu silty clay, 40 to 70 percent slopes ................. 16 32-Tafuna extremely stony muck, 3 to 15 percent 16-Ofu Variant silty clay, 6 to 20 percent slopes ...... 16 slopes ........................................................................ 25 17-Ofu Variant silty clay, 20 to 40 percent slopes ... 16 33-Troporthents, 0 to 6 percent slopes ..................... 25 18-Ofu Variant-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 70 34-Urban land-Aua-Leafu complex, 0 to 30 percent percent slopes ......................................................... 17 slopes ........................................................................ 25 19-Oloava silty clay loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes ... 18 35-Urban land-Ngedebus complex ............................. 27 iv Summary of Tables Rainfall and temperature (table 1) .................................................................... 68 Acreage and proportionate extent of the soils (table 2) ................................ 69 Aunuu. ON. Olosega. Tau. Tutuila. Total-Area, Extent Recreational development (table 3) .................................................................. 70 Camp areas. Picnic areas. Playgrounds. Paths and trails. Goff fairways. Building site development (table 4) .................................................................. 73 Shallow excavations. Dwellings without basements. Small commercial buildings. Local roads and streets. Lawns and landscaping. Sanitary facilities (table 5) .................................................................................. 76 Septic tank absorption fields. Sewage lagoon areas. Trench sanItaly landfill. Area sanItaly landfill. Dally cover for landfill. Construction materials (table 6) ........................................................................ 80 Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoll Water management (table 7) ............................................................................. 83 Limitations for-Pond reservoir areas; Embankments, dikes, and levees. Features affecting-Drainage, Terraces and diversions, Grassed waterways Engineering index properties (table 8) ....................................................... ...... 86 Depth USDA texture Unified classification Fragments greater than 3 inches. Percentage passing sieve number-4, 10, 40, 200. Liquid limit. Plasticity index. Physical and chemical properties of the soils (table 9) .................................. 90 Depth. Molst bulk density. Permeability. Available water capacity Soil reaction Erosion factors Organic matter Soil and water features (table 10) ..................................................................... 93 Hydrologic group. Flooding HIgh water table Bedrock. Risk of corrosion. Classification of the soils (table 11) .................................................................. 95 Family. v Preface This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in American Samoa. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to insure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the Honolulu, Hawaii, office of the Soil Conservation Service or the Department of Agriculture, Government of American Samoa. vii 100* 120* 140* 160' 180* 160o 140o 120o 100o 80. 60' NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN - 40' I;b HAWAIIAN - 20* ISLANDS 0o AMERICAN SOUTH SAMOA AMERICA 20- SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN 40' 03o 1 2' 1 P 170' 169* WEST I SAMOA ISLANDS 90 WESTERN SAMOA Saval Island SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAJ V Ofu Olesega Island Upolu, Island Tutuila Island Island00 cp Tau Island CPO Manua Islands AMERICAN SAMOA -------- 1- 151 SOUTH Location of American Samoa in the South Pacific. 2 Soil Survey '$Net low 7'v WIN h jib-, Figure I.-Pago Pago, the capital, on the island of Tutuila. The area is In the Fagasa family-Lithic Hapludolls-Rock outcrop association, very steep. Matafao Peak. From the mountain ridgetops the land Tau, the second largest island, covers 11,328 acres. It slopes steeply to the ocean. There are many short is about 6 miles long and 3 miles wide. Precipitous cliffs streams and small valleys. Landslide scars are common are along most of the perimeter of the island. The on the mountainsides. On the southwestern part of the highest point is 3,056 feet at Lata Mountain. The interior islan,a is the plain, comprising about 5,000 acres. This of the island is not easily accessible because of the area is underlain with recent lava and volcanic tuff, and mountainous terrain and dense vegetation. cinder and ash cones are common. Ofu and Olosega are twin islands connected by a concrete bridge. These islands are remnants of a single Soil Survey of American Samoa By Sakuichi Nakamura, Soil Conservation Service Fieldwork by Clarence L. Chavez and Michael W. Roybal, Soil Conservation Service, with assistance from Channel S. Fidow and Mike M. Misa, Department of Agriculture, Government of American Samoa United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service In cooperation with the Government of American Samoa AMERICAN SAMOA is composed of five volcanic The soils in the mountainous area are shallow to deep islands in the South Pacific-Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, Tau, and are well drained. Slope is the major limitation for and Tutuila Islands. American Samoa is about 2,300 most uses of the soils in this area. About one-half the miles southwest of Hawaii and 4,150 miles southwest of survey area has slopes of 70 percent or more. San Francisco. The total area is 48,768 acres, or 76.2 The soils of the valleys and coastal fringe vary square miles. American Samoa, a territory of the United considerably. They are very poorly drained to somewhat States, also includes the islands of Rose and Swains. excessively drained and are clayey to sandy. They are These islands, however, are coral atoll islands and are dominantly nearly level. Wetness, flooding, and soil not included in the survey area. The survey area makes texture are the main limitations of the soils in these up 98 percent of the territory of American Samoa (1). areas. Pago Pago, the principal village and harbor on the main The soils on the plain are well drained and are island of Tutuila, is the capital (fig. 1). The population of dominantly gently sloping. Depth to tuff or lava and American Samoa in 1980 was about 32,395. stoniness are the major limitations of the soils in this The islands in the survey area are characterized by area. rugged volcanic mountainsides, small valleys, and a narrow coastal fringe. The only sizable area that has gentle slopes is the plain between Nuuuli and Leone on General Nature of the Survey Area Tutuila Island. The highest elevation is 3,056 feet on Tau This section provides general information about the Island. Lush vegetation grows throughout the islands survey area. It discusses physiography, farming, and because of high rainfall, tropical temperatures, and the climate. fertility of the soils. The economy of the islands is heavily dependent on two tuna canneries and the Government of American Physiography Samoa. More than half the labor force is employed by Tutuila, the largest island in the survey area, is 33,920 the canneries and the government. acres. It is a narrow mountain range that extends from Agriculture in the survey area is mainly subsistence east to west and is about 20 miles long. It is 6 miles farming. Most families grow some of their staple foods. wide at the widest place but is only 0.75 mile wide at the Taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts are the central part, where Pago Pago Harbor cuts into the important crops. island. The highest point on the island is 2,142 feet at American Samoa 3 volcano (5). The total area of Ofu is 1,792 acres and that The average annual temperature is near 80 degrees F of Olosega is 1,344 acres. Precipitous cliffs surround at Pago Pago Airport, where the elevation is 12 feet. most of these islands. The highest point is 1,621 feet on June, July, and August are the coolest months, and Ofu and 2,095 feet on Olosega. January, February, and March are the warmest. The Aunuu is a 384-acre island 0.75 mile from the eastern mean annual temperature varies only about 3 degrees end of Tutuila. It formed from a tuff cone that rises to an from year to year, but the mean daily temperature varies elevation of 280 feet. The interior of the cone contains a about 12 degrees. Temperatures in the afternoon marsh. A broad, flat area of coral sand is on the western ordinarily reach the upper 80's in summer and the middle side of the island. 80's in winter, while temperatures at night fall to the middle 70's in summer and low 70's in winter. Farming The prevailing winds throughout the year are the Land in American Samoa is owned jointly by village easterly trade winds. They tend to be more directly from members. The matai, or chief, assigns land to be worked the east in December through March, and they are by village members. predominantly from the east-southeast and southeast Most farming is subsistence farming. Crops are during the rest of the year. The trade winds are less produced for the immediate needs of the family or for prevalent in summer than in winter. use as gifts. The main crops are taro, bananas, About 25 to 30 thunderstorms occur in an average breadfruit, and coconuts. Other crops commonly grown year, and they occur mainly during the rainy season. The are cassava, giant taro, lime, papaya, pineapple, and survey area lies across the path of tropical disturbances yam. In most places the crops are intermixed. A few that move into the area usually from the north, but small commercial farms specialize in vegetables. occasionally from east or west. In January 1966, a Cucumbers, cabbage, green peas, green peppers, tropical storm battered Pago Pago with wind gusts of tomatoes, and eggplant are some of the crops grown. more than 110 miles per hour and rainfall of 6 to 14 These farms supply the local markets and the fishing inches. fleet based at Pago Pago. In recent years, the economy of American Samoa has become more dependent on cash. Some crops, How This Survey Was Made therefore, are sold at the local market. This survey was made to provide information about the Climate soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The information includes a description of the soils and Prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, miscellaneous areas and their location and a discussion U.S. Department of Commerce. of their suitability, limitations, and management for The survey area is characterized by a maritime climate specified uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, with abundant rain and warm, humid days and nights. length, and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of Table 1 gives data on rainfall and temperature for the drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the survey area as recorded at Pago Pago Airport. Rainfall kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil averages about 125 inches annually at the Pago Pago profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or Airport, but it varies greatly over small distances because horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface of topography. Rainfall at Pago Pago, which is less than down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil 4 miles north of the airport and at the head of a hill- formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots encircled harbor open to the prevailing wind, averages and other living organisms and has not been changed by nearly 200 inches annually. �ome areas receive more other biologic activity. than 250 inches annually. In an average year there is a The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area trace or more of rain at the airport on about 300 days are in an orderly pattern that is related to the geology, and 0.10 inch or more on about 175 days. landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the The driest period is June through September (winter), area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is and the wettest is December through March (summer). associated with a particular kind or segment of the The seasonal rainfall may vary widely from year to year, landscape. By observing the soils and miscellaneous however, and heavy showers and long, rainy periods can areas in the survey area and relating their position to occur in any month; flooding can also occur. Some specific segments of the landscape, a soil scientist floods are associated with hurricanes and tropical develops a concept or model of how they were formed. storms, but flooding can occur at other times as well. As Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil recorded at the airport on October 9, 1967, rainfall scientist to predict with considerable accuracy the kind during an intense thunderstorm totaled 7.5 inches, of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on the causing extensive flooding on Tutuila. landscape. 4 Soil Survey Individual soils on the landscape commonly merge into While the soil survey was in progress, samples of one another as their chacteristics gradually change. To some of the soils in the area were collected for construct an accurate map, however, soil scientists must laboratory analyses. Soil scientists interpreted the data determine the boundaries between the soils. They can from these analyses and tests as well as the field- observe only a limited number of soil profiles. observed characteristics and the soil properties to Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by an determine the expected behavior of the soils under understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils were relationship, are sufficient to verify predictions of the field tested through observation of the soils in different kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries. uses and under different -levels of management. Some Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil interpretations were modified to fit local conditions, and profiles that they studied. They noted color, texture, size some new interpretations were developed to meet local and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock needs. Data were assembled from other sources, such fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other as research information, production records, and field features that enable them to identify soils. After experience of specialists. Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on describing the soils in the survey area and determining soil properties but also on such variables as climate and their properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic classes are long periods of time, but they are not predictable from concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil year to year. For example, soil scientists can state with a characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes fairly high degree of probability that a given soil will have are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils a high water table within certain depths in most years, systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic but they cannot predict that a high water table will classification used in the United States, is based mainly always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific on the kind and character of soil properties and the date. arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil After soil scientists located and identified the scientists classified and named the soils in the survey significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they area, they compared the individual soils with similar soils drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. could confirm data and assemble additional data based Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, on experience and research. and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately. 5 General Soil Map Units The general soil map at the back of this publication soils are extremely stony and loamy throughout. shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of Unweathered lava is at a depth of 9 inches. soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general Pavaiai soils are on uplands. These soils are soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, a map moderately deep to lava and are well drained. They unit consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous formed in volcanic ash and overlie lava flows. The areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is surface layer is stony and loamy. The subsoil is very named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas. The cobbly and loamy. Unweathered lava is at a depth of 38 soils or miscellaneous areas making up one unit can inches. occur in other units but in a different pattern. Of minor extent in this unit are Tafuna, Oloava, and The general soil map can be used to compare the Puapua soils, Troporthents, and areas of Rock outcrop. suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of This unit is used mainly for subsistence farming and as suitable soils or miscellaneous areas can be identified on homesites. It is also used for commercial vegetable the map. Likewise, areas that are not suitable can be farming and urban development. identified. The main limitations for subsistence farming and Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for commercial vegetable farming are the hazard of water planning the management of a farm or field or for erosion and depth to bedrock. The main limitations for selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. homesite and urban development are slope, depth to The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place bedrock, and the stony surface layer. in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that affect management. 2. Leafu-Ngedebus The general map units in this survey area are described in the following pages. Deep and vely deep, somewhat poorly drained and somewhat excessively drained, nearly level and gently Map Unit Descriptions sloping soils; on valley floors and in low coastal areas 1. sogi-111filli-Pavaliali This map unit is along the coast of all the islands. Slope is 0 to 5 percent. Elevation is 0 to 250 feet. The Shallow and moderately deep, well drained, nearly level mean annual rainfall is 125 to 250 inches, and the mean to steep soils; on uplands annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. This map unit is in the southwestern part of Tutuila This unit makes up about 7 percent of the survey area. Island. It is mainly on low uplands. The unit is It is about 42 percent Leafu soils and 15 percent characterized by deposits of relatively young ash, Ngedebus soils, The remaining 43 percent is cinders, and lava. Slope is 0 to 40 percent. Elevation is 0 components of minor extent. to 900 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 120 to 200 Leafu soils are on valley floors. These soils are very inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 79 deep and somewhat poorly drained. They formed in degrees F. alluvium derived dominantly from basic igneous rock. This unit makes up about 15 percent of the survey The soils are dominantly clayey throughout. The subsoil area. It is about 27 percent Sogi soils, 16 percent IIiiIi is mottled below a depth of 19 inches. soils, and 12 percent Pavaiai soils. The remaining 45 Ngedebus soils are on nearly level coastal plains. percent is components of minor extent. These soils are very deep and somewhat excessively Sogi soils are on uplands. These soils are moderately drained. They formed in coral sand derived from coral deep to tuff and are well drained. They formed in and sea shells. The soils are sandy throughout. volcanic ash. The soils are loamy to a depth of 21 Of minor extent in this unit are very poorly drained inches. Below this, to a depth of 26 inches, the soils are Ngerungor Variant soils, well drained Aua soils, and sandy. Hard tuff is at a depth of 26 inches. areas of Urban land. Iiiiii soils are on uplands that have complex slopes. This unit is used for subsistence farming and for These soils are shallow to lava and are well drained. homesite and urban development. The main limitations They formed in volcanic ash and overlie lava flows. The are the hazard of flooding and wetness. 6 Soil Survey 3. Fagasa family-Lithic Hapludolls-Rock outcrop extremely gravelly and loamy. Unweathered lava is at a Shallow to deep, well drained, very steep soils, and Rock depth of 30 inches. outcrop; on ridges and mountainsides Ofu Variant soils are on uplands and mountainsides. These soils are deep and well drained. They formed in This map unit is on the mountain ranges of Tutuila volcanic ash. The surface layer is clayey. The subsoil is Ofu, and Olosega Islands. The unit is characterized by clayey in the upper part and loamy in the lower part. very steep mountainsides and deeply dissected Below this, to a depth of 60 inches or more, there is drainageways. Slope is 70 to 130 percent. The highly weathered tuff that crushes to loamy material. vegetation is mainly tropical rain forest. Most areas are Sogi Variant soils are on mountainsides. These soils not easily accessible because of slope and the dense are moderately deep to lava bedrock and are well jungle vegetation. Elevation is near sea level to 2,100 drained. They formed in volcanic ash. The soils are feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 250 inches, and clayey throughout. Unweathered lava is at a depth of 30 the mean annual temperature is 75 to 80 degrees F. inches. This unit makes up about 55 percent of the survey Of minor extent in this unit are areas of Rock outcrop. area. It is about 55 percent Fagasa family soils, 18 This unit is used for subsistence farming, homesites, percent Lithic Hapludolls, and 15 percent Rock outcrop. woodland, and wildlife habitat. The main limitation to use The remaining 12 percent is components of minor for subsistence farming is the hazard of water erosion. extent. The main limitations to use as woodland are the hazards Fagasa family soils are on ridges and mountainsides. of water erosion and windthrow and plant competition. These soils are moderately deep and deep and are well This unit provides habitat for wild pigs, fruit bats, and drained. They formed in volcanic ash and residuum birds. derived dominantly from basic igneous rock. The soils are clayey and are underlain by weathered bedrock at a 5. Olotania family depth of 20 to 60 inches. Moderately deep and deep, well drained, moderately Lithic Hapludolls are on very steep to nearly vertical mountainsides. These soils are shallow and well drained. steep and steep soils; on mountainsides They formed in colluvium and residuum derived This map unit is in the central part of Tau Island. dominantly from basic igneous rock. The soils are cobbly Slope is 15 to 40 percent. The vegetation on this unit is and clayey and are underlain by weathered bedrock at a mainly tropical rain forest consisting of broadleaf trees depth of 15 inches. and an understory of tree ferns, ground ferns, and Rock outcrop is exposed areas of igneous bedrock. It shrubs. Most areas are not easily accessible because of is on very steep to nearly vertical mountainsides. the dense jungle vegetation. Elevation is 900 to 3,000 Of minor extent in this unit are Aua and Oloava soils. feet. The mean annual rainfall is 200 to 300 inches, and Most areas of this unit are used as woodland and for the mean annual temperature is about 76 degrees F. wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for subsistence This unit makes up about 12 percent of the survey farming. area. Soils of the Olotania family make up about 85 The main limitations to use as woodland are slope, the percent of this unit. The remaining 15 percent is hazard of erosion, plant competition, and rock outcrops. components of minor extent. This unit provides habitat for wild pigs, fruit bats, and Olotania family soils are on mountainsides. These soils birds. are moderately deep and deep and are well drained. They formed in volcanic ash and cinders. The soils are 4. Pavaiai-Ofu Variant-Sogi Variant loamy to a depth of 25 inches. Below this, to a depth of Moderately deep and deep, well drained, sloping to 60 inches or more, the soils are highly weathered steep solls, on uplands and mountainsides cinders that crush to loamy material. This map unit is in the western and northwestern parts Of minor extent in this unit are soils that are similar to of Tau Island and on Aunuu Island. Slope is 6 to 50 the Olotania family soils but are shallow to bedrock, percent. Elevation is 0 to 600 feet. The mean annual areas of Rock outcrop, and soils that have slopes of as rainfall is 175 to 230 inches, and the mean annual much as 70 percent. temperature is about 79 degrees F. This unit is used as woodland and as habitat for This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey area. wildlife. The main limitations to use as woodland are the hazard of water erosion and plant competition. It is about 63 percent Pavaiai soils, 17 percent Ofu This unit provides habitat for wild pigs, fruit bats, and Variant soils, and 17 percent Sogi Variant soils. The birds. remaining 3 percent is components of minor extent. Pavaiai soils are on uplands. These- soils are 6. Rock outcrop-Hydrandepts-Dystrandepts moderately deep to lava bedrock and are well drained. They formed in volcanic ash underlain by lava flows. The Rock outcrop, and shallow and moderately deep, well surface layer is stony and loamy. The subsoil is drained, very steep solls, on mountainsides and cliffs American Samoa 7 This map unit is in the northern, southern, and eastern formed in volcanic ash. The soils are loamy and are parts of Tau Island. The unit is characterized by very underlain by weathered bedrock.at a depth of 10 to 40 steep, rocky mountainsides and cliffs. Slope is 70 to 130 inches. percent. The vegetation is mainly tropical rain forest. Dystrandepts are on mountainsides. These soils are Most areas are not easily accessible because of slope shallow and moderately deep and are well drained. They and the dense jungle vegetation. Elevation is near sea formed in volcanic ash. The soils are loamy and are level to 3,000 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 175 to underlain by unweathered bedrock at a depth of 10 to 40 300 inches, and the rnean annual temperature is 74 to inches. 80 degrees F. Of minor extent in this unit are areas of colluviurn at This unit makes up about 6 percent of the survey area. the base of the cliffs and areas of landslides. It is about 35 percent Rock outcrop, 30 percent This unit is used as woodland and as habitat for Hydrandepts, and 25 percent Dystrandepts. The wildlife. The main limitations to use as woodland are remaining 10 percent is components of minor extent. slope, the hazard of erosion, plant competition, and Rock outcrop is exposed areas of bedrock. It is on depth to bedrock. very steep to nearly vertical mountainsides. This unit provides habitat for wild pigs, fruit bats, and Hydrandepts are on mountainsides. These soils are shallow and moderately deep and are well drained. They birds. 9 Detailed Soil Map Units The map units delineated on the detailed maps at the taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape back of this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous into segments that have similar use and management areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in requirements. The delineation of such landscape this section, along with the maps, can be used to segments on the map provides sufficient information for determine the suitability and potential of a unit for the development of resource plans, but if intensive use specific uses. They also can be used to plan the of small areas is planned, onsite investigation is needed management needed for those uses. More information to precisely define and locate the soils and on each map unit is given under "Use and management miscellaneous areas. of the soils." An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in A map unit delineation on a map represents an area the map unit descriptions. Each description includes dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or general facts about the unit and gives the principal miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant specific uses. soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a taxonomic class Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the soils. On the landscape, however, the soils and surface layer or of the underlying layers, all the soils of a miscellaneous areas are natural phenomena, and they series have major horizons that are similar in have the characteristic variability of all natural composition, thickness, and arrangement. phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a layer or of the underlying layers. They also can differ in taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic slope, stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree of erosion, class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including and other characteristics that affect their use. On the areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil for which it is named and some "included" areas that maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil belong to other taxonomic classes. phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or Most included soils and miscellaneous areas have management. For example, Pavaiai stony clay loam, 6 to properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in 12 percent slopes, is one of several phases in the the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and Pavaiai series. management. These are called noncontrasting, or Some map units are made up of two or more major similar, included soils. They may or may not be soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. Other included complexes or associations. soils, however, have properties and behavior divergent A complex consists of two or more soils or enough to affect use or to require different management, miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in These are contrasting, or dissimilar, included soils. They such small areas that they cannot be shown separately generally are in small areas and cannot be mapped on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or separately because of the scale used. The included miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. areas of contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are Puapua-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 100 percent mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A few included slopes, is an example. areas may not have been observed, and consequently An association is made up of two or more they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especially geographically associated soils or miscellaneous areas where the pattern was so complex that it was impractical that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of to make enough observations to identify all the soils and present or anticipated uses of the map units in the miscellaneous areas on the landscape. survey area, it was not considered practical or necessary The presence of included areas in a map unit in no to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. pattern and relative proportion of the soils or The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. Fagasa 10 Soil Survey family-Lithic Hapludolls-Rock outcrop association, very Included areas make up about 15 percent of the total steep, is an example. acreage. Most map units include small scattered areas of soils Permeability of this Aua soil is moderately rapid. or miscellaneous areas other than those for which the Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting map unit is named. Some of these included areas have depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the properties that differ substantially from those of the hazard of water erosion is moderate. major soils or miscellaneous areas. Such differences This unit is used for subsistence farming and as could significantly affect use and management of the homesites.. Taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts are map unit. The included soils as well as miscellaneous the main crops. areas are identified in each map unit description. Some This unit is moderately suited to the the production of small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous subsistence crops. The main limitations are the hazard of areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. water erosion and stoniness. Erosion can be controlled This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such areas by use of crop residue, mulch, and cross-slope farming. have little or no soil material and support little or no Stones interfere with planting, weeding, and other vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example. Miscellaneous farming operations. Soil fertility can be maintained by areas are shown on the maps. Some that are too small fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding organic material to to be shown are identified by a special symbol on the the soil in the form of crop residue, mulch, or compost. maps. This unit is poorly suited to homesite development. This survey was mapped at two levels of detail. At the The main limitations are slope and the hazard of water most detailed level, map units are narrowly defined. This erosion. Seepage is also a limitation in some places. means that map unit boundaries were plotted and Access roads should be designed to control surface verified at closely spaced intervals. At the less detailed runoff and help stabilize cut slopes. Preserving the level, map units are broadly defined. Boundaries were existing plant cover helps to control erosion. Only the plotted and verified at wider intervals. The broadly part of the site that is used for construction should be defined units are indicated by asterisks in the map disturbed. legend. The detail of mapping was selected to meet the anticipated long-term use of the survey, and the map 2-Aua very stony silty clay loam, 30 to 60 percent units were designed to meet the needs for that use. slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on talus Table 2 gives the acreage and proportionate extent of slopes. It formed in colluvium and alluvium derived each map unit. Other tables (see "Summary of tables") dominantly from basic igneous rock. The natural give properties of the soils and the limitations, vegetation is mainly mixed forest. Elevation is near sea capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The Glossary level to 650 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 250 defines many of the terms used in describing the soils inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 79 and miscellaneous areas. degrees F. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown very stony Map Unit Descriptions silty clay loam 7 inches thick. The upper 11 inches of the subsoil is dark brown stony clay loam, and the lower 42 1-Aua very stony silty clay loam, 15 to 30 percent inches is dark brown and very dark grayish brown very slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on stony clay loam. In some areas the surface layer is very moderately steep and steep talus slopes. It formed in stony clay loam. colluvium and alluvium derived dominantly from basic Included in this unit are small areas of Fagasa silty- igneous rock. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed clay. Also included are small areas of Aua soils that are forest. Elevation is near sea level to 650 feet. The mean wet because of seepage and small areas of soils near annual rainfall is 150 to 250 inches, and the mean Pago Pago that are similar to this Aua soil but have annual temperature is about 79 degrees F. highly weathered rock fragments in the subsoil. Included Typically, the surface layer is dark brown very stony areas make up about 15 percent of the total acreage. silty clay loam 7 inches thick. The upper 11 inches of the Permeability of this Aua soil is moderately rapid. subsoil is dark brown stony clay loam, and the lower 42 Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting inches is dark brown and very dark grayish brown very depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the stony clay loam. In some areas the surface layer is very hazard of water erosion is severe. stony clay loam or very stony silty clay. This unit is used mainly for subsistence farming and as Included in this unit are small areas of Fagasa silty homesites. Taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts are clay in very steeply sloping areas and Leafu silty clay on the main crops. Some areas are used as a source of valley floors. Also included are small areas of soils near wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and other local uses. Pago Pago that are similar to this Aua 'soil but have This unit is poorly suited to the production of highly weathered rock fragments in the subsoil and small subsistence crops. The main limitations are slope, the areas of Aua soils that are wet because of seepage. hazard of water erosion, and stoniness. Steepness of American Samoa slope makes cultivation hazardous. Where feasible, the depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, soil should be maintained in permanent vegetation to and the hazard of water erosion is moderate to severe. reduce erosion. Stones interfere with planting and This unit is used mainly for subsistence farming. Taro, harvesting of root crops. Areas used for subsistence -bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts are the main crops. farming should be managed so that disturbance of the Some areas are used as a source of wood for fuel, soil is minimal. The soil should be protected with a cover woodcrafting, and other local uses. of crop residue, mulch, or weeds. This unit is moderately suited to the production of This unit is poorly suited to homesite development. subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by slope and the The main limitations are slope and the hazard of water hazard of water erosion. Erosion can be controlled by erosion. A few areas are affected by seepage. Access use of crop residue, mulch, and cross-slope farming. Soil roads should be designed to control surface runoff and fertility can be maintained by fertilizing, rotating crops, or to help stabilize cut slopes. Preserving the existing plant adding organic material to the soil in the form of crop cover helps to control erosion. Only the part of the site residue, mulch, or compost. that is used for construction should be disturbed. This unit is well suited to a wide variety of climatically This unit is moderately suited to a wide variety of adapted trees. The main concerns in producing and climatically adapted trees. The main concerns in harvesting trees are the hazards of water erosion and producing and harvesting trees are the hazard of water plant competition. Minimizing the risk of erosion is erosion, slope, and stoniness. The steepness of slope essential in harvesting trees. Proper design of road limits the kind of equipment that can be used in forest drainage systems and care in the placement of culverts management. Careful management is needed to help to control erosion. Roads and landings can be minimize the risk of water erosion. protected by constructing water bars and by seeding cuts and fills. Competing vegetation can be controlled by 3-Fagasa-Ofu silty clays, 30 to 60 percent slopes. properly preparing the site and by spraying, cutting, or This map unit is on mountainsides. The natural girdling to eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. vegetation is mainly mixed forest. Elevation is near sea level to 800 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 200 4-Fagasa family-Lithic Hapludolls-Rock outcrop inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 79 association, very steep. This map unit is on ridges and degrees F. mountainsides. Slope is 70 to 130 percent. The natural This unit is about 50 percent Fagasa silty clay and 35 vegetation is mainly tropical rain forest. Elevation is near percent Ofu silty clay. The components of this unit are sea level to 2,100 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 so intricately intermingled that it was not practical to map to 250 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 75 to them separately at the scale used. 80 degrees F. Fog and cloud cover are common at the Included in this unit are small areas of Aua very stony higher elevations. silty clay loam on talus slopes and soils that have slopes This unit is broadly defined and mapped because its of as little as 20 percent. Included areas make up about rugged topography limits accessibility and use. The soils 15 percent of the total acreage. in the unit were examined only in a few places, and The Fagasa soil is moderately deep and well drained. mapping was done mainly by photo interpretation. It formed in residuum derived dominantly from basic This unit is about 50 percent Fagasa family soils, 20 igneous rock. Typically, the surface layer is very dark percent Lithic Hapludolls, and 15 percent Rock outcrop. grayish brown silty clay 5 inches thick. The subsurface The Fagasa family soils are on very steep side slopes, layer is dark brown cobbly silty clay 7 inches thick. The and the Lithic Hapludolls and the areas of Rock outcrop underlying material is dark brown silty clay 17 inches are on very steep to nearly vertical side slopes. thick over weathered bedrock. Weathered bedrock is at Included in this unit are small areas of Dystrandepts in a depth of 29 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 the Aoloaufou area and Aua very stony silty clay loam on to 40 inches. In some areas the surface layer is clay. talus slopes. Also included are common areas of Permeability of the Fagasa soil is moderately rapid. landslides. Included areas make up about 15 percent of Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting the total acreage. depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and The Fagasa family soils are moderately deep and the hazard of water erosion is moderate to severe. deep and are well drained. These soils formed in The Ofu soil is deep and well drained. It formed in volcanic ash and residuum derived from basic igneous residuum derived dominantly from basic igneous rock. rock. No single profile of Fagasa family soils is typical, Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clay 16 but one commonly observed in the survey area has a inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown silty clay to a surface layer of dark brown silty clay 12 inches thick. depth of 60 inches or more. The subsoil is dark brown clay loam about 5 inches Permeability of the Ofu soil is moderately rapid. thick. The substratum to a depth of 31 inches is dark Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting brown sandy clay loam. Weathered bedrock is at a depth 12 Soil Survey of 31 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 60 5-111111 extremely stony mucky clay loam, 3 to 15 inches or more. In some areas the surface layer is clay. percent slopes. This shallow, well drained soil is on Permeability of the Fagasa family soils is moderately uplands. It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by rapid. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective lava. Slopes are irregular because of the underlying lava rooting depth is 20 to 60 inches or more. Runoff is very flow. In some places there are short side slopes as rapid, and the hazard of, water erosion is very severe. steep as 20 percent. The natural vegetation is mainly Lithic Hapludolls are shallow and well drained. These mixed forest. Elevation is near sea level to 200 feet. The soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from mean annual rainfall is 120 to 160 inches, and the mean basic igneous rock. No single profile of Lithic Hapludolls annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. is typical, but one commonly observed in the survey area Typically, 65 percent of the surface is covered with has a surface layer of dark brown cobbly silty clay 5 rock fragments and 1 inch of black, decomposed organic inches thick. The subsurface layer is dark brown very material.The surface layer is very dark grayish brown cobbly silty clay 4 inches thick. The substratum is clay extremely stony mucky clay loam 5 inches thick. The loam 6 inches thick over weathered bedrock. Depth to subsoil is very dark grayish brown extremely stony clay weathered bedrock ranges from 4 to 20 inches. loam 4 inches thick. Lava is at a depth of 9 inches. Permeability of the Lithic Hapludolls is moderately Depth to bedrock ranges from 8 to 20 inches. In some rapid. Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting areas the surface layer is extremely stony mucky silty depth is 4 to 20 inches. Runoff is very rapid, and the clay loam. hazard of water erosion is very severe. Included in this unit is Sogi clay loam in areas that are Rock outcrop is exposed areas of bedrock. It supports less than 6 acres. little vegetation. In places, trees and shrubs grow in Permeability of this IIiiIi soil is rapid. Available water cracks and on ledges. capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 8 to 20 inches. This unit is used mainly as woodland and for wildlife Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. habitat. Most areas support rain forest and are not used Most areas of this unit are used for subsistence as commercial woodland. The areas of woodland are farming and as homesites. A few areas are used for used as a source of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and pasture. other local uses. The wildlife habitat mainly supports wild This unit is poorly suited to root crops and other crops pigs, fruit bats, and birds. Small areas of Fagasa family that require cultivation and is moderately suited to soils at low elevations are used for subsistence farming. orchard crops. It is limited mainly by the stony surface Areas where slopes are as much as 80 percent have layer and depth to bedrock. Breadfruit, bananas, and been cleared of forest vegetation and planted mainly to papaya can be grown. taro. When production decreases, these areas are This unit is poorly suited to homesite development. allowed to return to forest and new areas are cleared. The main limitations are the stony surface layer and depth to bedrock. The soil is difficult to excavate for Most of this unit is moderately suited to a wide variety homesites, but it provides a stable building foundation. of climatically adapted trees; however, areas where Community sewage systems are needed to prevent slopes are more than 100 percent are poorly suited to contamination of water supplies as a result of seepage trees. The main concerns in producing and harvesting from onsite sewage disposal systems. trees are slope, the areas of Rock outcrop, and the hazards of water erosion and plant competition. The 6-Insak mucky sandy loam. This moderately deep, steepness of slope limits the kinds of equipment that can very poorly drained soil is in coastal depressional areas. be used in forest management. Careful management is It formed in coral sand and organic matter. Slope is 0 to needed to minimize the risk of water erosion. Proper 2 percent. The natural vegetation is mainly marsh plants. design of road drainage systems and care in the Elevation is near sea level to 20 feet. The mean annual placement of culverts help to control erosion. Roads and rainfall is 150 to 175 inches, and the mean annual landings can be protected by constructing water bars temperature is about 80 degrees F. and by seeding cuts and fills. Competing vegetation can Typically, the surface layer is black mucky sandy loam be controlled by properly preparing the site and by 11 inches thick. The next layer is very dark gray mucky spraying, cutting, or girdling to eliminate unwanted loamy sand 6 inches thick. The substratum is white and weeds, brush, or trees. light gray sand 9 inches thick over coral. Coral is at a If this unit is used for subsistence farming, the depth of 26 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to steepness of slope makes cultivation hazardous. Where 40 inches. In some areas the surface layer is mucky feasible, the soil should be maintained in permanent loamy sand. vegetation to reduce erosion. Areas used for subsistence Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is low. farming should be managed so that disturbance of the Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches for water- soil is minimal. The soil should be protected with a cover tolerant plants but is limited to depths between 5 and 15 of crop residue, mulch, or weeds. inches for non-water-tolerant plants. Runoff is ponded to American Samoa 13 slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. A water mottled silty clay. The substratum to a depth of 60 table is at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. Unprotected areas inches or more is dark brown, mottled silty clay. In some are frequently flooded. areas the surface layer is stony silty clay. This unit is used for wetland taro and wildlife habitat. Included in this unit are small areas of poorly drained This unit is well suited to wetland taro. Dikes and soils that have a water table at a depth of less than 36 drainage ditches are used to control the water level and inches. These soils are along streams and in periodic flooding. Mulch can be used to control weeds. depressionai areas and are adjacent to soils underlain by The unit is poorly suited to crops that do not tolerate hard volcanic tuff or pahoehoe lava. wetness. Permeability of this Leafu soil is moderately rapid. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting 7-Insalk Variant clay loam. This deep, very poorly depth is more than 60 inches for water-tolerant plants drained soil is in coastal depressional areas near the but is limited to depths between 36 and 60 inches for village of Tau. It formed in fine textured alluvium non-water-tolerant plants. Runoff is slow, and the hazard deposited over coral sand. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. The of water erosion is slight. A high water table is at a depth natural vegetation is mainly marsh plants. Elevation is of 36 to 60 inches or more. This soil is subject to near sea level to 20 feet. The mean annual rainfall is occasional, brief periods of flooding during prolonged, 175 to 200 inches, and the mean annual temperature is heavy rainfall. about 80 degrees F. Most areas of this unit are used for subsistence Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown farming and as homesites. A few areas are used for clay loam 5 inches thick. The next layer is very dark commercial vegetable farming and pasture. Among the grayish brown silty clay loam 8 inches thick. The subsoil subsistence crops grown are taro, bananas, breadfruit, is very dark grayish brown silty clay 31 inches thick. It and coconuts. The vegetable crops include beans, has reddish brown mottles and black concretions and cucumbers, eggplant, peppers, and cabbage (fig. 2). stains. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more This unit is moderately suited to the production of is light gray coral sand. In some areas the surface layer subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by the hazard of is loam or silty clay loam. flooding and wetness. The risk of flooding can be Included in this unit are small areas of soils that are reduced by the use of dikes and diversions. Proper row similar to this Insak soil but are in higher lying areas and arrangement, field ditches, and vegetated outlets are have a water table below a depth of 20 inches. needed to remove excess water on the surface. The Permeability of this Insak Variant soil is moderately water table builds up during the rainy period and rapid. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective generally limits the suitability of the soil for deep-rooted rooting depth is more than 60 inches for water-tolerant crops. Soil fertility can be maintained by fertilizing, plants but is limited to depths between 5 and 15 inches rotating crops, or adding organic material to the soil in for non-water-tolerant plants. Runoff is slow, and the the form of crop residue, mulch, or compost. hazard of water erosion is slight. A water table is at a This unit is poorly suited to homesite development. depth of 6 to 20 inches. This soil is subject to The main limitation is the hazard of flooding. Dikes and occasional, brief periods of flooding. channels that have outlets for floodwater can be used to This unit is used for wetland taro and wildlife habitat. protect buildings and onsite sewage disposal systems This unit is well suited to wetland taro. Dikes and from flooding. Excess water can be removed by using drainage ditches are needed to control the water level suitably designed drainage ditches. and flooding. Mulch can be used to control weeds. The unit is poorly suited to crops that do not tolerate 9-Leafu stony silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes. wetness. This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on valley floors. It formed in fine textured alluvium derived 8-Lesfu silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This very dominantly from basic igneous rock. The natural deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on valley floors. It vegetation is mainly mixed forest and grasses. Elevation formed in fine textured alluvium derived dominantly from is near sea level to 250 feet. The mean annual rainfall is basic igneous rock. The natural vegetation is mainly 150 to 250 inches, and the mean annual temperature is mixed forest and grasses. Elevation is near sea level to about 79 degrees F. 250 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 250 inches, Typically, the surface layer is dark brown stony silty and the mean annual temperature is about 79 degrees clay 13 inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown, mottled F. stony silty clay 31 inches thick. The substratum to a Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clay depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown, mottled silty loam 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is dark brown clay. In some areas the surface layer is nonstony. silty clay 9 inches thick. The upper 6 inches of the Included in this unit are small areas of poorly drained subsoil is dark brown very fine sandy loam, and the soils that have a water table at a depth of less than 36 lower 25 inches is dark brown and very dark brown, inches. These soils are along streams and in 14 Soil Survey 4, 's@ tA .4, t"Ji Oy. RIM '7 Figure 2.-Vegetable crops on Lealu silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes. depressional areas and are adjacent to soils underlain by arrangement, field ditches, and vegetated outlets are hard volcanic tuff or pahoehoe lava. needed to remove excess water on the surface. The Permeability of this Leafu soil is moderately rapid. water table builds up during the rainy period and Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting generally limits the suitability of the soil for deep-rooted depth is more than 60 inches for water-tolerant plants crops. Stones interfere with planting, weeding, and other but is limited to depths between 36 and 60 inches for farming operations. Soil fertility can be maintained by non-water-tolerant plants. Runoff is slow, and the hazard fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding organic material to of water erosion is slight. A high water table is at a depth the soil in the form of crop residue, mulch, or compost. of 36 to 60 inches or more. This soil is subject to This unit is poorly suited to homesite development. occasional, brief periods of flooding during prolonged, The main limitations are the hazard of flooding. Dikes heavy rainfall. and channels that have outlets for floodwater can be Most areas of this unit are used for subsistence used to protect buildings and onsite sewage disposal farming and as homesites. A few areas are used for systems from flooding. Excess water can be removed by commercial vegetable farming and pasture. Among the using suitably designed drainage ditches. subsistence crops grown are taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts. The vegetable crops include beans, 10-Mesel Variant peat. This very deep, very poorly cucumbers, eggplant, peppers, and cabbage. drained organic soil is in closed depressional areas or This unit is moderately suited to the production of basins. It formed in organic material derived from reeds, subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by the hazard of ferns, and other marsh plants. Slope is 0 to 1 percent. flooding and wetness. The risk of flooding can be This soil is commonly covered with water. The natural reduced by the use of dikes and diversions. Proper row vegetation is mainly marsh plants. Elevation is near sea American Samoa 15 level to 20 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 175 Typically, the surface layer is black extremely cobbly inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 80 sand 15 inches thick. It has a high content of organic degrees F. matter. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more Typically, the surface layer is black and very dark is pale brown extremely cobbly sand. In some areas the brown peat 12 inches thick. The next layer is dark brown surface layer is extremely stony sand. mucky peat 12 inches thick. The underlying material to a Included in this unit are small areas of sandy beaches, depth of 60 inches or more is very dark brown muck. commonly less than 50 feet wide. Included in this unit are small areas of open water. Permeability of this Ngedebus Variant soil is rapid. Permeability of this Mesei Variant soil is rapid. Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth 60 inches or more. Runoff is very slow, and the hazard is 60 inches or more for water-tolerant plants. Runoff is of water erosion is slight. The soil is subject to ponded to slow, and the hazard of water erosion is occasional, very brief periods of flooding. slight. The water table is commonly about 12 inches Most areas of this unit are used for wildlife habitat. A above the surface. few scattered areas support plantings of coconuts. The This unit is used for wildlife habitat. unit is limited for most uses mainly by the high content of I 1-Ngedebus mucky sand. This deep, somewhat coral fragments throughout the soil. excessively drained soil is on coastal plains. It formed in 13-Ngerungor Variant mucky peat. This deep, very coral sand derived from coral and sea shells. Slope is 0 poorly drained organic soil is in coastal swamps. It to 2 percent. The natural vegetation is mainly tropical formed in organic material derived dominantly from coastal forest. Elevation is near sea level to 15 feet. The decomposing mangrove roots and litter. Slope is 0 to 1 mean annual rainfall is 150 to 200 inches, and the mean percent. This soil is commonly covered with water. The annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. natural vegetation is mainly mangrove forest. Elevation is Typically, the surface layer is black mucky sand 12 near sea level to 20 feet. The mean annual rainfall is inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or 125 to 225 inches, and the mean annual temperature is more is gray to very pale brown sand. In some areas the about 80 degrees F. surface layer is sand or loamy sand. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown Included in this unit are small areas of sandy beaches mucky peat 4 inches thick. The next layer is very dark that are commonly less than 50 feet wide. brown peat 17 inches thick. The underlying material to a Permeability of this Ngedebus soil is rapid. Available depth of 60 inches or more is very dark brown mucky water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 peat. inches or more. Runoff is very slow, and the hazard of Included in this unit are small areas of very poorly water erosion is slight. A water table is at a depth of 42 drained mineral soils. inches or more. The soil is subject to occasional, very Permeability of this Ngerungor Variant soil is rapid. brief periods of flooding. Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth This unit is used mainly for subsistence farming. Taro, is 40 to 60 inches or more for water-tolerant plants. bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts are the main crops. Runoff is ponded to very slow, and the hazard of water Some areas are used as a source of wood for fuel, erosion is slight. The water table fluctuates with the tide woodcrafting, and other local uses. between about 12 inches above the soil surface and 12 This unit is moderately suited to the production of inches below the surface. subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by low available This unit is used mainly for wildlife habitat. Small areas water capacity and low soil fertility. Crops that are have been filled and are used for homesite and urban tolerant of drought are best suited because the available development. moisture is not adequate for good growth of most other plants. Soil fertility can be maintained by fertilizing, 14-Ofu silty clay, 15 to 40 percent slopes. This rotating crops, or adding organic material to the soil in deep, well drained soil is on mountainsides. It formed in the form of crop residue, mulch, or compost. volcanic ash and residuum derived from basic igneous rock. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed forest. 12-Ngedebus Variant extremely cobbly sand, 0 to Elevation is 50 to 1,500 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 5 percent slopes. This deep, excessively drained soil is 150 to 225 inches, and the mean annual temperature is on coastal plains. It is in small narrow strips inland of 77 to 80 degrees F. beaches. The soil formed in rubble and sand derived Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown silty from coral and sea shells. The natural vegetation is clay 16 inches thick. The upper 29 inches of the subsoil mainly tropical coastal forest. Elevation is near sea level is dark brown silty clay loam, and the lower 15 inches is to 15 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 200 dark brown silty clay. In some areas a substratum of inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 80 dark brown silty clay or silty clay loam is at a depth of 30 degrees F. to 60 inches or more. 16 Soil Survey Included in this unit are small areas of soils that are Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clay 8 similar to this Ofu soil but are moderately deep. Also inches thick. The upper 6 inches of the subsoil is dark included are small areas of steeper soils. Included areas brown silty clay, and the lower 14 inches is dark make up about 10 percent of the total acreage. yellowish brown clay loam. The substratum to a depth of Permeability of this Ofu soil is moderately rapid. 60 inches or more is highly weathered tuff that crushes Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting easily to sandy loam. depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the Included in this unit are small areas of soils that are hazard of water erosion is moderate. similar to this Ofu Variant soil but have fragmented rock This unit is used for subsistence farming. Taro, at a depth of 24 to 36 inches and have bedrock at a bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts are the main crops. depth of more than 50 inches. Some areas are used as a source of wood for fuel, Permeability of this Ofu Variant soil is moderately woodcrafting, and other local uses. rapid. Available water capacity is moderate to high. This unit is well suited to the production of subsistence Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is crops. It is limited mainly by the hazard of water erosion. slow to medium, and the hazard of water erosion is slight Erosion can be controlled by use of crop residue, mulch, to moderate. and cross-slope farming. Soil fertility can be maintained Most areas of this unit are used for subsistence by fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding organic material to farming. A few areas are used for vegetable farming. the soil in the form of crop residue, mulch, or compost. Some areas are used as a source of wood for fuel, 15-Ofu silty clay, 40 to 70 percent slopes. This woodcrafting, and other local uses. The main deep, well drained soil is on mountainsides. It formed subsistence crops grown are taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts. The vegetable crops include head volcanic ash and residuum derived from basic igneous cabbage, chinese cabbage, cucumbers, beans, radishes, rock. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed forest. and peppers (fig. 3). Elevation is 50 to 1,500 feet. The mean annual rainfall Is This unit is well suited to the production of subsistence 150 to 225 inches, and the mean annual temperature is crops. It has few limitations. 77 to 80 degrees F. This unit is moderately suited to vegetable crops. It is Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown silty limited'mainly by the hazard of water erosion. All tillage clay 10 inches thick. The upper 9 inches of the subsoil is should be on the contour or across the slope. The risk of dark reddish brown silty clay loam, and the lower 18 sheet and rill erosion on the steeper slopes can be inches is reddish brown silty clay loam. The substratum reduced by use of gradient terraces and contour farming. is reddish brown silty clay loam to a depth of 60 inches Tilth and fertility can be improved by returning crop or more. In some areas the surface layer is stony silty clay. Depth to weathered bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 residue to the soil. Regular applications of complete inches or more. fertilizer are needed for continuous cropping. Included in this unit are small areas of soils that are 17-Ofu Variant silty clay, 20 to 40 percent slopes. similar to this Ofu soil but are moderately deep. Also This deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in included are small areas of soils that are moderately volcanic ash and pyroclastic material. The natural steep. Included areas make up about 20 percent of the vegetation is mainly mixed forest. Elevation is near sea total acreage. level to 500 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 175 to 200 Permeability of this Ofu soil is moderately rapid. inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 79 Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting degrees F. depth is 40 to 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium to Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clay 8 rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is severe. This unit is used mainly as woodland. Most areas inches thick. The upper 6 inches of the subsoil is dark support rain forest and are not used as commercial brown silty clay, and the lower 14 inches is dark woodland. The areas of woodland are used as a source yellowish brown clay loam. The substratum to a depth of of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and other local uses. The 60 inches or more is highly weathered tuff that crushes unit also provides wildlife habitat mainly for wild pigs, easily to sandy loam. fruit bats, and birds. Included in this unit are small areas of soils that are similar to this Ofu Variant soil but have fragmented rock 16-Ofu Variant silty clay, 6 to 20 percent slopes. at a depth of 24 to 36 inches and have bedrock at a This deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in depth of more than 50 inches. volcanic ash and other volcanic material. The natural Permeability of this Ofu Variant soil is moderately vegetation is mainly mixed forest. Elevation is near sea rapid. Available water capacity is moderate to high. level to 500 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 175 to 200 Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 79 medium to rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is degrees F. moderate to severe. American Samoa 17 Ax "J 1 SO, 1 SO -W ilk; Figure 3.-Head cabbage on ON Variant silty clay, 6 to 20 percent slopes. Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. A few This unit is moderately suited to the production of areas are used for subsistence farming. The main crops subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by the hazard of are taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts. water erosion. Erosion can be controlled by use of crop This unit is well suited to a variety of climatically residue, mulch, and cross-slope farming. Soil fertility can adapted trees. The main concerns in producing and be maintained by fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding harvesting trees are the hazard of water erosion and organic material to the soil in the form of crop residue, plant competition. Proper design of road drainage mulch, or compost. systems and care in the placement of culverts help to control erosion. Roads and landings can be protected by 18-Ofu Variant-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 70 constructing water bars and by seeding cuts and fills. percent slopes. This map unit is on mountainsides. The Competing vegetation can be controlled by properly natural vegetation is mainly mixed forest. Elevation is preparing the site and by spraying, cutting, or girdling to near sea level to 500 feet. The mean annual rainfall is eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. 175 to 200 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. 18 Soil Survey This unit is about 65 percent Ofu Variant silty clay and material to the soil in the form of crop residue, mulch, or 25 percent Rock outcrop. compost. Included in this unit are small areas of a soil that is This unit is moderately suited to homesite similar to this Ofu Variant soil but has bedrock at a depth development. The main limitations are slope and the of less than 20 inches. Included areas make up about 10 hazard of contaminating ground water. Cuts needed to percent of the total acreage. provide essentially level building sites can expose loose The Ofu Variant soil is deep and well drained. It cinders. Effluent from onsite sewage disposal systems formed in volcanic ash and, in some places, from other may contaminate ground water because of the poor volcanic material. Typically, the surface layer is dark filtration in the cinders. brown silty clay 8 inches thick. The upper 6 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay, and the lower 6 inches is 20-Oloava silty clay loam, 12 to 25 percent dark yellowish brown clay loam. The substratum to a slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It depth of 60 inches or more is highly weathered tuff that formed in volcanic ash and cinders. The natural crushes easily to sandy loam. vegetation is mainly mixed forest. Elevation is 400 to Permeability of the Ofu Variant soil is moderately rapid. 1,500 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 175 to 230 Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 78 depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the degrees F. hazard of water erosion is severe. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clay Rock outcrop is exposed areas of tuff. It supports little loam 9 inches thick. The upper 5 inches of the subsoil is vegetation; however, in some places, trees and shrubs dark brown clay loam, and the lower 3 inches is dark grow in cracks and on ledges. brown gravelly silt loam. The substratum to a depth of 60 This unit is used as woodland and for wildlife habitat. inches or more is weathered cinders that crush to very Most areas support rain forest and are not used as gravelly sandy loam. Depth to weathered cinders commercial woodland. The areas of woodland are used commonly is 12 to 40 inches but ranges from 12 to 60 as a source of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and other inches or more. local uses. The wildlife habitat mainly supports wild pigs, Included in the steeper areas of this unit are soils that fruit bats, and birds. are similar to this Oloava soil but are more than 60 inches deep to cinders. 19-Oloava silty clay loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes. Permeability of this Oloava soil is moderately rapid This very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed above the cinder layer and very rapid through the in volcanic ash and cinders. The natural vegetation is cinders. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective mainly mixed forest. Elevation is 400 to 1,500 feet. The rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow to mean annual rainfall is 175 to 230 inches, and the mean medium, and the hazard of water erosion is slight to annual temperature is about 78 degrees F. moderate. This unit is used mainly for subsistence farming and as Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clay homesites. Taro and bananas are the main crops. Some loam 9 inches thick. The upper 5 inches of the subsoil is areas are used as a source of wood for fuel, dark brown clay loam, and the lower 3 inches is dark woodcrafting, and other local uses. brown gravelly silt loam. The substratum to a depth of 60 This unit is suited to the production of subsistence inches or more is weathered cinders that crush to very crops. It has few limitations. Erosion can be controlled gravelly sandy loam. Depth to weathered cinders by use of crop residue, mulch, and cross-slope farming. commonly is 12 to 40 inches but ranges from 12 to 60 Soil fertility can be maintained by fertilizing, rotating inches or more. crops, or adding organic material to the soil in the form Included in this unit are small areas of Oloava soils of crop residue, mulch, or compost. that have slopes of 12 to 25 percent. This unit is moderately suited to poorly suited to Permeability of this Oloava soil is moderately rapid homesite development. The main limitations are slope above the cinders and very rapid through the cinders. and the hazard of contaminating ground water. Cuts Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting needed to provide essentially level building sites can depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the expose loose cinders. Effluent from onsite sewage hazard of water erosion is slight. disposal systems may contaminate ground water This unit is used mainly for subsistence farming and as because of the poor filtration in the cinders. homesites. Taro and bananas are the main crops. Some areas are used as a source of wood for fuel, 21-Oloava silty clay loam, 40 to 100 percent woodcrafting, and other local uses. slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on This unit is well suited to the production of subsistence mountainsides and cinder cones. It formed in volcanic crops. It has few limitations. Soil fertility can be ash and cinders. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed maintained by fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding organic forest. Elevation is 400 to 1,500 feet. The mean annual American Samoa 19 rainfall is 175 to 230 inches, and the mean annual This unit is broadly defined and mapped because the temperature is about 78 degrees F. area's rugged topography limits accessibility and use. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clay The soils in the unit were examined only in a few places, loam 6 inches thick. The upper 5 inches of the subsoil is and mapping was done mainly by photo interpretation. dark brown clay loam, and the lower 3 inches is dark The Olotania family soils formed in volcanic ash and brown gravelly silt loam. The substratum to a depth of 60 cinders under high rainfall. They are well drained. No inches or more is weathered cinders that crush to very single profile of Olotania family soils is typical, but one gravelly sandy loam. Depth to weathered cinders ranges commonly observed in the survey area has a surface from 12 to 30 inches. layer of dark brown silty clay loam about 8 inches thick. Included in this unit are small areas of Rock outcrop The subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam 17 and exposed cinders. Also included are small areas of inches thick. The subsoil feels smeary when moist. Oloava soils that have slopes of 10 to 20 percent. When it dries completely, it turns to hard sand- and Permeability of this Oloava soil is moderately rapid gravel-sized aggregates that do not attain the same above the cinder layer and very rapid through it. consistency when remoistened. The substratum to a Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth of 60 inches or more is weathered volcanic depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the cinders. Weathered cinders are at a depth of 20 to 60 hazard of water erosion is severe. inches or more. This unit is used mainly as woodland and for wildlife Included in this unit are small areas of soils that are habitat. Most areas support rain forest and are not used similar to the Olotania family soils but have unweathered as commercial woodland. The areas of woodland are bedrock at a depth of 20 inches or less. Also included used as a source of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and are small areas of Rock outcrop and soils that have other local uses. The wildlife habitat mainly supports wild slopes of as much as 70 percent and are along pigs, fruit bats, and birds. A few areas of the unit are drainageways and on ridges, cinder cones, and volcanic used for subsistence farming. Some cinder cones are craters. mined for cinders that are used for road construction and Permeability of the Olotania family soils is moderately landfill. rapid. Available water capacity is moderate to high. This unit is moderately suited to a wide variety of Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is climatically adapted trees. The main concerns in medium to rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is producing and harvesting trees are slope, the hazard of moderate to severe. water erosion, and plant competition. The steepness of This unit is used as woodland and for wildlife habitat. slope limits the kinds of equipment that can be used in Most areas support rain forest and are not used as forest management. Proper design of road drainage commercial woodland. The areas of woodland are used systems and care in the placement of culverts help to as a source of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and other control erosion. Roads and landings can be protected by local uses. The wildlife habitat mainly supports wild pigs, constructing water bars and by seeding cuts and fills. fruit bats, and birds. Competing vegetation can be controlled by properly This unit is well suited to a variety of climatically preparing the site and by spraying, cutting, or girdling to adapted trees. The main concerns in producing and eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. harvesting trees are the hazard of water erosion, plant This unit is poorly suited to the production of competition, and low soil strength. Proper design of road subsistence crops. The steepness of slope makes drainage systems and care in the placement of culverts cultivation hazardous. Where feasible, the soil should be help to control erosion. Roads and landings can be maintained in permanent vegetation to reduce erosion. protected by constructing water bars and by seeding Areas used for subsistence farming should be managed cuts and fills. Competing vegetation can be controlled by so that disturbance of the soil is minimal. The soil should properly preparing the site and by spraying, cutting, or be protected with a cover of crop residue, mulch, or girdling to eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. weeds. The low soil strength limits the kind of equipment that can be used in forest management. Conventional 22-Olotania family, 15 to 40 percent slopes. This equipment may get bogged when the soil is wet. map unit is on mountainsides. The natural vegetation is mainly tropical rain forest consisting of broadleaf trees 23-Pavalai stony clay loam, 6 to 12 percent and an understory of tree ferns, ground ferns, and slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on shrubs. Most areas are not easily accessible because of uplands. It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by the dense jungle vegetation. Elevation is 900 to 3,000 lava. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed forest. feet. The mean annual rainfall is 200 to 300 inches, and Elevation is near sea level to 900 feet. The mean annual the mean annual temperature is about 76 degrees F. rainfall is 150 to 200 inches, and the mean annual Fog and cloud cover are common. temperature is about 79 degrees F. 20 Soil Survey Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown Permeability of this Pavaiai soil is moderately rapid. stony clay loam 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting very dark grayish brown clay loam 5 inches thick. The depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the subsoil is dark brown very cobbly sandy loam 26 inches hazard of water erosion is moderate. thick. Lava is at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. In some Most areas of this unit are used for subsistence areas the surface layer is stony silty clay loam. Most farming and as homesites. A few areas are used for areas are stony in the surface layer, but scattered small commercial vegetable farming. Among the subsistence areas are very stony or nonstony. crops grown are taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts. Included in this unit are small areas of IIiiIi extremely Small areas are used for production of vegetables stony mucky clay loam. Included areas make up about including beans, cucumbers, eggplant, peppers, and 15 percent of the total acreage. cabbage. Some areas are used as a source of wood for Permeability of this Pavaiai soil is moderately rapid. fuel, woodcrafting, and other local uses. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting This unit is moderately suited to the production of depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is slow to medium, and subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by depth to rock, the hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. stones, slope, and the hazard of water erosion. In most Most areas of this unit are used for subsistence places the content of stones in the surface layer is not farming and as homesites. A few areas are used for great enough to significantly affect planting or other commercial vegetable farming. Among the subsistence farming operations. Erosion can be controlled by use of crops grown are taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts. crop residue, mulch, and cross-slope farming. Soil fertility Small areas are used for production of vegetables can be maintained by fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding including beans, cucumbers, eggplant, peppers, and organic material to the soil in the form of crop residue, cabbage. Some areas are used as a source of wood for mulch, or compost. fuel, woodcrafting, and other local uses. This unit is moderately suited to homesite This unit is moderately suited to the production of development. It is limited mainly by depth to rock, subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by stones, depth to stones, and slope. Access roads should be designed to rock, and the hazard of water erosion. In most places control surface runoff and to help stabilize cut slopes. the content of stones in the surface layer i@ not great enough to significantly affect planting or other farming 25-Pavaiai stony clay loam, 25 to 40 percent operations. Erosion can be controlled by use of crop slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on residue, mulch, and cross-slope farming. Soil fertility can uplands. It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by be maintained by fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding lava. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed forest. organic material to the soil in the form of crop residue, Elevation is near sea level to 900 feet. The mean annual mulch, or compost. rainfall is 150 to 200 inches, and the mean annual This unit is moderately suited to homesite temperature is about 79 degrees F. development. It is limited mainly by stones, depth to Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown rock, and slope. Access roads should be designed to stony clay loam 10 inches thick. The upper 6 inches of control surface runoff and to help stabilize cut slopes. the subsoil is very dark grayish brown extremely gravelly sandy loam, and the lower 14 inches is extremely 24-Pavaiai stony clay loam, 12 to 25 percent gravelly very fine sandy loam. Lava is at a depth of 30 slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on inches. In some areas the surface layer is stony silty clay uplands. It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by loam. In most areas the surface layer is stony, but in lava. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed forest. small scattered areas, it is very stony, extremely stony, Elevation is near sea level to 900 feet. The mean annual or nonstony. rainfall is 150 to 200 inches, and the mean annual Included in this unit is Rock outcrop. Also included are temperature is about 79 degrees F small areas of soils that are similar to this Pavaiai soil Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown but are less than 20 inches deep to bedrock. stony clay loam 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer is Permeability of this Pavaiai soil is moderately rapid. very dark grayish brown clay loam 5 inches thick. The Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is subsoil is dark brown very cobbly sandy loam 26 inches 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the thick. Lava is at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. In some hazard of water erosion is moderate to severe. areas the surface layer is stony silty clay loam. Most This unit is used for subsistence farming, woodland, areas are stony in the surface layer, but scattered small and wildlife habitat. Among the subsistence crops grown areas are very stony or nonstony. are taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts. The areas of Included in this unit is Rock outcrop. Also included are woodland are a source of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, small areas of soils that are similar to this Pavaiai soil and other local uses. The wildlife habitat mainly supports but are less than 20 inches deep to bedrock. wild pigs, fruit bats, and birds. American Samoa 21 This unit is moderately suited to the production of water erosion, and the areas of Rock outcrop. The subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by depth to rock, steepness of slope limits the kinds of equipment that can stones, and the hazard of water erosion. In most places be used in forest management. Proper design of road the content of stones in the surface layer is not great drainage systems and care in the placement of culverts enough to significantly affect planting or other farming help to control erosion. Roads and landings can be operations. Soil fertility can be maintained by fertilizing, protected by constructing water bars and by seeding rotating crops, or adding organic material to the soil in cuts and fills. The areas of Rock outcrop can interfere the form of crop residue, mulch, or compost. with operations involving use of equipment. This unit is well suited to a variety of climatically This unit is poorly suited to the production of adapted trees. It is limited mainly by the hazards of subsistence crops because of slope and the areas of water erosion and plant competition. Proper design of Rock outcrop. The steepness of slope makes cultivation road drainage systems and care in the placement of hazardous. Where feasible, the soil should be maintained culverts help to control erosion. Roads and landings can in permanent vegetation to reduce erosion. Areas used be protected by constructing water bars and by seeding for subsistence farming should be managed so that cuts and fills. Competing vegetation can be controlled by disturbance of the soil is minimal. The soil should be properly preparing the site and by spraying, cutting, or protected with a cover of crop residue, mulch, or weeds. girdling to eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. 27-Rock outcrop-Hydrandepts-Dystrandepts 26-Puapua-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 100 association, very steep. This map unit is on percent slopes. This map unit is in areas associated mountainsides and cliffs. Slope is 70 to 130 percent. The with cinder cones and craters. The natural vegetation is natural vegetation is mainly tropical rain forest. Most mainly mixed forest. Elevation is near sea level to 400 areas are not easily accessible because of the feet. The mean annual rainfall is 120 to 160 inches, and steepness of slope and the dense jungle vegetation. the mean annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. Elevation is near sea level to 3,000 feet. The mean This unit is about 50 percent Puapua clay loam and 30 annual rainfall is 175 to 300 inches, and the mean percent Rock outcrop. The Puapua soil is on very steep annual temperature is 74 to 80 degrees F. Fog and side slopes, and Rock outcrop is on crater rims, cloud cover are common at the higher elevations. ridgetops, and sides of small gullies. The components of This unit is broadly defined and mapped because the the unit are so intricately intermingled that it was not area's rugged topography limits accessibility and use. practical to map them separately at the scale used. The soils in the unit were examined only in a few places, Included in this unit are small areas of Sogi clay loam and mapping was done mainly be photo interpretation. on moderately steep, convex side slopes and small This unit is about 35 percent Rock outcrop, 30 percent areas of cinders and stony pyroclastic material. Included Hydrandepts, and 25 percent Dystrandepts. Rock areas make up about 20 percent of the total acreage. outcrop is on very steep and nearly vertical side slopes, The Puapua soil is shallow to tuff and is well drained. Hydrandepts are on very steep side slopes at higher It formed in volcanic ash. Typically, the surface layer is elevations, and Dystrandepts are on very steep side dark brown clay loam 11 inches thick. The substratum is slopes at lower elevations. dark brown sandy loam 5 inches thick over hard tuff. Included in this unit are small areas of colluvium Depth to hard tuff ranges from 10 to 20 inches. consisting of boulders, stones, and soil material Permeability of the Puapua soil is moderately rapid deposited at the base of cliffs and steep mountainsides. above the tuff and is slow through it. Available water These areas have slopes of 30 to 45 percent. Also capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20 included are small areas of landslides. The included inches. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion areas make up about 10 percent of the total acreage. is severe. Rock outcrop is exposed areas of bedrock. In most Rock outcrop is exposed areas of lava and hard places, trees and shrubs grow in cracks and on ledges. volcanic tuff. There is little or no soil material except in cracks and on Most areas of this unit are used as woodland and for ledges. The soil material, where present, is commonly wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for subsistence gravelly and ranges from silty clay loam to sandy loam. farming. The main crops are taro, bananas, breadfruit, Hydrandepts formed in volcanic ash under high and coconuts. Most areas support rain forest and are not rainfall. These soils are well drained and are mostly used as commercial woodland. The areas of woodland shallow or moderately deep to bedrock. They commonly are used as a source of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and are silty clay loam. The subsoil feels smeary when moist. other local uses. The wildlife habitat mainly supports wild When it dries completely, it turns to hard sand- and pigs, fruit bats, and birds. gravel-sized aggregates that do not attain the same This unit is moderately suited to a wide variety of consistency when remoistened. climatically adapted trees. The main concerns in Dystrandepts formed in volcanic ash and receive less producing and harvesting trees are slope, the hazard of rainfall than the Hydrandepts. They are well drained and 22 Soil Survey are mostly shallow or moderately deep to bedrock. They brown sandy loam 5 inches thick over hard tuff. Depth to commonly are clay loam or silty clay loam and have a hard tuff ranges from 10 to 20 inches. stony surface layer. Permeability of the Puapua soil is moderately rapid This unit is used as woodland and for wildlife habitat. above the underlying tuff and is slow through it. Available Most areas support rain forest and are not used as water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20 commercial woodland. The areas of woodland are used inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion as a source of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and other is slight. local uses. The wildlife habitat mainly supports wild pigs, Most areas of this unit are used for subsistence fruit bats, and birds. farming and as homesites. A few areas are used for Large areas of this unit are moderately suited to a commercial vegetable farming (fig. 4). The main wide variety of climatically adapted trees. The steeper subsistence crops grown are taro, bananas, breadfruit, areas, however, are poorly suited to trees. The main and coconuts. The vegetable crops include cucumbers, concerns in producing and harvesting trees are slope, beans, cabbage, peppers, eggplant, and tomatoes. the hazard of water erosion, and plant competition. The This unit is moderately suited to the production of steepness of slope limits the kinds of equipment that can subsistence and vegetable crops. The main limitation is be used in forest management. Careful management is the depth to rock. The soils in this unit become droughty needed to minimize the risk of water erosion. Proper during periods of dry weather, and crops may suffer from design of road drainage systems and care in the lack of moisture. Deep-rooted crops are restricted by the placement of culverts help to control erosion. Roads and depth to rock in some areas. Erosion can be controlled landings can be protected by constructing water bars by use of crop residue, mulch, and cross-slope farming. and by seeding cuts and fills. Competing vegetation can Soil fertility can be maintained by fertilizing, rotating be controlled by properly preparing the site and by crops, or adding organic material to the soil in the form spraying, cutting, or girdling to eliminate unwanted of crop residue, mulch, or compost. weeds, brush, or trees. This unit is poorly suited to homesite development. It is limited mainly by the depth to rock. Because of this 28-Sogi-Puapua clay loams, 0 to 6 percent slopes. restrictive layer, onsite sewage disposal systems often This map unit is on uplands. The natural vegetation is fail or do not function properly during periods of high mainly mixed forest. The elevation ranges from near sea rainfall. level to 400 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 120 to 160 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 80 29-Sogi-Puapua clay loams, 6 to 20 percent degrees F. slopes. This map unit is on uplands. It is characterized This unit is about 50 percent Sogi clay loam and 35 by many small drainageways and ridges in most places. percent Puapua clay loam. The components of this unit The natural vegetation is mainly mixed forest. Elevation are so intricately intermingled that it was not practical to is near sea level to 400 feet. The mean annual rainfall is map them separately at the scale used. 120 to 160 inches, and the mean annual temperature is Included in this unit are small areas of tuff outcrops, about 80 degrees F. mainly on knolls and ridgetops, and soils that are similar This unit is about 45 percent Sogi clay loam and 40 to the Sogi soil but have tuff at a depth of 40 inches or percent Puapua clay loam. Generally, the Sogi soil is on more and are mainly on convex side slopes. Also convex side slopes and in the more gently sloping areas, included are small, low-lying areas that are ponded for and the Puapua soil is on. concave side slopes, on knolls short periods after heavy rains. Included areas make up and ridgetops, and in drainageways. The components of about 15 percent of the total acreage. this unit are so intricately intermingled that it was not The Sogi soil is moderately deep to tuff and is well practical to map them separately at the scale used. drained. It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by Included in this unit are small areas of tuff outcrops, hard volcanic tuff. Typically, the surface layer is dark mainly on knolls and ridgetops, and soils that are similar brown clay loam 10 inches thick. The subsoil is dark to the Sogi soil but have tuff at a depth of 40 inches or brown clay loam 11 inches thick. The substratum is very more and are mainly on convex side slopes. Also dark grayish brown loamy sand 5 inches thick over hard included are small areas of steeper soils along tuff. Depth to hard tuff ranges from 20 to 40 inches. drainageways. Included areas make up about 15 percent Permeability of the Sogj soil is moderately rapid. of the total acreage. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting The Sogi soil is moderately deep to tuff and is well depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard drained. It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by of water erosion is slight. hard volcanic tuff. Typically, the surface layer is dark The Puapua soil is shallow to tuff and is well drained. brown clay loam 10 inches thick. The subsoil is dark It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by hard brown clay loam 11 inches thick. The substratum is very volcanic tuff. Typically, the surface layer is very dark dark grayish brown loamy sand 5 inches thick over hard brown clay loarn 11 inches thick. The substratum is dark tuff. Depth to hard tuff ranges from 20 to 40 inches. American Samoa 23 41 44 C! 711 A- , @ 7r-,, N oi- A 1@1@ V, Figure 4.-Cultivation in an area of Sogi-Puapua clay loams, 0 to 6 percent slopes. 24 Soil Survey Permeability of the Sogi soil is moderately rapid. brown clay loam 5 inches thick. The substratum is dark Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting brown and very dark brown loamy sand 12 inches thick depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is slow to medium, and over hard tuff. Depth to hard tuff ranges from 20 to 40 the hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. inches. The Puapua soil is shallow to tuff and is well drained. Permeability of the Sogi soil is moderately rapid. It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by hard Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting volcanic tuff. Typically, the surface layer is very dark depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and brown clay loam 11 inches thick. The substratum is dark the hazard of water erosion is moderate to severe. brown sandy loam 5 inches thick over hard tuff. Depth to The Puapua soil is shallow to tuff and is well drained. hard tuff ranges from 10 to 20 inches. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown clay loam Permeability of the Puapua soil is moderately rapid 11 inches thick. The substratum is dark brown sandy above the underlying tuff and is slow through it. Available loam 5 inches thick over hard tuff. Depth to hard tuff water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20 ranges from 10 to 20 inches. inches. Runoff is slow to medium, and the hazard of Permeability of the Puapua soil is moderately rapid water erosion is slight to moderate. above the underlying tuff and is slow through it. Available Most areas of this unit are used for subsistence water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20 farming and as homesites. A few areas are used for inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the hazard of commercial vegetable farming. The main subsistence water erosion is moderate to severe. crops grown are taro, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts. This unit is used for subsistence farming. Taro, The vegetable crops include cucumbers, beans, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts are the main crops. cabbage, peppers, eggplant, and tomatoes. This unit is moderately suited to the production of This unit is moderately suited to subsistence crops subsistence crops. It is limited mainly by the depth to and vegetable crops. It is limited mainly by the depth to rock and the hazard of water erosion. Erosion can be rock and the hazard of water erosion. Erosion can be controlled by use of crop residue, mulch, and cross- controlled by use of crop residue, mulch, and cross- slope farming. Soil fertility can be maintained by slope farming. Soil fertility can be maintained by fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding organic material to fertilizing, rotating crops, or adding organic material to the soil in the form of crop residue, mulch, or compost. the soil in the form of crop residue, mulch, or compost. Deep-rooted crops are restricted by the depth to rock in Deep-rooted crops are restricted by the depth to rock in some areas. some areas. This unit is poorly suited to homesite development. It is limited mainly by the depth to rock 31-Sogi Variant-Pavalai association, 15 to 50 and slope. Because of the restrictive layer, onsite percent slopes. This map unit is on mountainsides. The sewage disposal systems often fail or do not function natural vegetation is mainly tropical rain forest. Elevation properly during periods of high rainfall. is 150 to 600 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 175 to 230 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 79 30-Sogi-Puapua clay loams, 20 to 40 percent degrees F. slopes. This map unit is in drainageways and on This unit is broadly defined and mapped because the mountainsides. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed rugged topography limits accessibility and use. The soils forest. Elevation is near sea level to 400 feet. The mean in the unit were examined only in a few places, and annual rainfall is 120 to 160 inches, and the mean mapping was done mainly by photo interpretation. annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. This unit is about 50 percent Sogi Variant silty clay This unit is about 45 percent Sogi clay loam and 40 and 40 percent Pavaiai stony clay loam. The Sogi percent Puapua clay loam. The components of this unit Variant soil generally is upslope of the Pavaiai soil. are so intricately intermingled that it was not practical to Included in this unit are small areas of Rock outcrop map them separately at the scale used. along drainageways and on knolls and soils that are Included in this unit are small areas of tuff outcrops shallow to bedrock. The included areas make up about mainly on knolls and ridgetops and on sides of 10 percent of the total acreage. drainageways, and soils that are similar to the Sogi soil The Sogi Variant soil is well drained and moderately but have tuff at a depth of 40 inches or more and are deep to bedrock. It formed in volcanic ash. Typically, the mainly the deeper soils on convex side slopes. Also surface layer is dark brown silty clay 8 inches thick. The included are small areas of Sogi and Puapua soils in subsoil is dark brown silty clay 22 inches thick over moderately sloping areas. Included areas make up about pahoehoe lava. Depth to bedrock ranges from 28 to 40 15 percent of the total acreage. inches. In many places the surface layer is stony silty The Sogi soil is moderately deep to tuff and is well clay. drained. It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by Permeability of the Sogi Variant soil is moderately hard volcanic tuff. Typically, the surface layer is dark rapid. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective brown clay loam 10 inches thick. The subsoil is dark rooting depth is 28 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium to American Samoa 25 rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is moderate to 60 inches or more. In some areas bedrock is at a depth severe. of 24 to 40 inches. The Pavaiai soil is moderately deep and well drained. Included in this unit are small areas of IIiiIi extremely It formed in volcanic ash and is underlain by lava. stony mucky clay loam and small areas of soils that are Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown less than 10 inches deep to pahoehoe lava. Included stony clay loam 10 inches thick. The subsoil is very dark areas make up about 20 percent of the total acreage. grayish brown extremely gravelly sandy loam and Permeability of this Tafuna soil is very rapid. Available extremely gravelly very fine sandy loam 20 inches thick. water capacity is very low. Effective rooting depth is Lava is at a depth of 30 inches. Depth to bedrock variable. Roots can penetrate through the fragmental aa ranges from 20 to 40 inches. In most areas the surface lava and through cracks in the underlying bedrock. layer is stony or very stony. Runoff is very slow, and the hazard of water erosion is Permeability of the Pavaiai soil is moderately rapid. slight. Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is This unit is used for urban development and 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the subsistence farming. Breadfruit and bananas are the hazard of water erosion is moderate to severe. main subsistence crops. Undisturbed areas are in mixed Most areas of this unit are used as woodland and for forest and support a number of large tree species. wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for subsistence This unit is poorly suited to urban development farming. The main crops are taro, bananas, breadfruit, because of stones and depth to rock. The bedrock and coconuts. Most areas support rain forest and are not provides good, stable foundations for structures. The used as commercial woodland. The areas of woodland stones interfere with site development and excavation are used as a source of wood for fuel, woodcrafting, and for foundations. other local uses. The wildlife habitat mainly supports wild This unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops because pigs, fruit bats, and birds. of the stones throughout the soil. Orchard crops such as This unit is moderately suited to a wide variety of breadfruit, coconuts, and papaya, however, do not climatically adapted trees. The main concerns in require cultivation and thus can be grown. producing and harvesting trees are the hazards of water erosion and windthrow and plant competition. Proper 33-Troporthents, 0 to 6 percent slopes. These design of road drainage systems and care in the soils are at the Pago Pago Airport and in the surrounding placement of culverts help to control erosion. Roads and industrial and residential areas. They consist of areas landings can be protected by constructing water bars that have been altered by cutting, filling, and smoothing and by seeding cuts and fills. Trees are subject to (fig. 5). Elevation is near sea level to 75 feet. The mean windthrow because of limited rooting depth. Species that annual rainfall is 120 to 150 inches, and the mean can resist windthrow should be selected. Competing annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. vegetation can be controlled by properly preparing the Included in this unit are small areas of Tafuna site and by spraying, cutting, or girdling to eliminate extremely stony muck, Iiiiii extremely stony mucky clay unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. loam, Rock outcrop, and Urban land. This unit is moderately suited to the production of Troporthents are well drained. They consist mainly of subsistence crops. The Sogi Variant soil is limited mainly a mixture of sand, gravel, cobbles, and some fine by stones in the surface layer and the hazard of water textured material. Some filled areas consist of coral, erosion. The Pavaiai soil is limited mainly by stones coral sand, cinders, or other material. The underlying throughout the surface layer and subsoil and the hazard material is fragmental aa lava or bedrock. of water erosion. Stones interfere with planting, weeding, Permeability of the Troporthents is slow to moderately and other farming operations. Erosion can be controlled rapid. Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting by use of crop residue, mulch, and cross-slope farming. depth is variable. Runoff is slow to medium, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. 32-Tafuna extremely stony muck, 3 to 15 percent This unit is used for homesite and urban development. slopes. This deep, well drained soil is on lava flows. It is It is moderately suited to these uses. The main limitation characterized by a thin organic soil overlying fragmental is depth to bedrock. The unit provides a firm foundation aa lava. The natural vegetation is mainly mixed forest. for structures. If the density of housing is moderate to Elevation is near sea level to 150 feet. The mean annual high, community sewage systems are needed to prevent rainfall is 120 to 175 inches, and the mean annual contamination of water supplies as a result of seepage temperature is 80 degrees F. from onsite sewage disposal systems. Typically, the surface layer is black extremely stony muck 9 inches thick. It overlies very dark grayish brown 34-Urban land-Aua-Leafu complex, 0 to 30 and dark brown extremely stony muck 9 inches thick. percent slopes. This map unit is on coastal plains, The underlying material to a depth of 43 inches or more valley floors, and adjacent mountain foot slopes. Slope is is fragmental aa lava. Depth to bedrock is mainly 40 to mainly 0 to 6 percent but ranges to 30 percent on the 26 Soil Survey -VW Nor, Xz 7 7S @5 Figure 5.-Troporthents, 0 to 6 percent slopes, are very stony. They are a good foundation for structures. mountain foot slopes. The natural vegetation is mainly slopes, and the Leafu soils are on coastal plains and mixed forest. Elevation is near sea level to 200 feet. The valley floors. The components of this unit are so mean annual rainfall is 150 to 220 inches, and the mean intricately intermingled that it was not practical to map annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. them separately at the scale used. This unit is 45 to 60 percent Urban land, 20 to 40 Included in this unit are small areas of poorly drained percent Aua very stony silty clay loam, and 10 to 15 soils along streams, soils underlain by volcanic tuff, and percent Leafu silty clay. The percentages vary from one narrow strips of stony or sandy beaches. Included areas area to another. The Aua soils are on mountain foot make up about 15 percent of the total acreage. American Samoa 27 Urban land consists of areas covered by streets, contamination of water supplies as a result of seepage buildings, and other structures that obscure or alter the from onsite sewage disposal systems. soils so that identification is not feasible. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. 35-Urban land-Ngedebus complex. This map unit is The Aua soil is very deep and well drained. It formed on coastal plains. Slope is 0 to 5 percent. Elevation is in colluvium and alluvium derived dominantly from basic sea level to 15 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 120 to igneous rock. Slopes are 6 to 30 percent. Typically, the 160 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about surface layer is dark brown very stony silty clay loam 7 80 degrees F. inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more This unit is 40 to 60 percent Urban land and 30 to 50 is dark brown and dark grayish brown stony and very percent Ngedebus sand. The percentages vary from one stony clay loam. In many places the soil has been cut, area to another. filled, and smoothed. Included in this unit are small areas of poorly drained soils adjacent to streams and narrow strips of sandy Permeability of the Aua soil is moderately rapid. beaches. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting Urban land consists of areas covered by streets, depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, buildings, and other structures that obscure or alter the and the hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. soils so that identification is not feasible. Much of the The Leafu soil is very deep and somewhat poorly area has been leveled and filled with coral fragments, drained. It formed in fine textured alluvium derived sand, cinders, and other material. dominantly from basic igneous rock. Slopes are 0 to 6 The Ngedebus soil is very deep and somewhat percent. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty excessively drained. It formed in sand derived dominantly clay loam and silty clay 13 inches thick. The subsoil and from coral and sea shells. Typically, the surface layer is substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more are dark light brownish gray and brown sand 4 inches thick. The brown very fine sandy loam and clay. underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or more is Permeability of the Leafu soil is moderately rapid. pale brown and light yellowish brown sand. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting Permeability of the Ngedebus soil is rapid. Available depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 hazard of erosion is slight. This soil is subject to inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water occasional, brief periods of flooding during prolonged, erosion is slight. In some places this soil is subject to heavy rainfall. occasional, brief periods of flooding during prolonged, Most areas of this unit are used as homesites. A few heavy rainfall or during high tide. areas are used for subsistence farming. This unit is used mainly as homesites and for recreation. It is also a source of sand for construction. This unit is poorly suited to homesite development This unit is moderately suited to homesite The main limitations are the slope of the Aua soil and development in areas protected from flooding and is the hazard of flooding on the Leafu soil. Only the part of poorly suited in unprotected areas. Selection of adapted the site that is used for construction should be disturbed. vegetation is critical for the establishment of lawns, Access roads should be designed to control surface shrubs, trees, and vegetable gardens. If the density of runoff and to help stabilize cut slopes. Dikes and housing is moderate to high, community sewage systems channels that have outlets for floodwater can be used to are needed to prevent contamination of water supplies protect buildings and onsite sewage disposal systems as a result of seepage from onsite sewage disposal from flooding. If the density of housing is moderate to systems. high, community sewage systems are needed to prevent This unit is well suited to beach type recreation. 29 Prime Farmland Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department of excessively eroded or saturated with water for long Agriculture, is the land that is best suited to producing periods and is not flooded during the growing season. food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. It must either About 420 acres, or less than 1 percent, of the survey be used for producing food or fiber or be available for area meets the soil requirements for prime farmland. The these uses. It has the soil quality, length of growing areas of prime farmland are at Aoloaufou on Tutuila, season, and moisture supply needed to economically near Tau Farm on Tau, and on Aunuu. The crops grown produce a sustained high yield of crops when it is are taro, bananas, breadfruit, coconuts, and small managed properly. Prime farmland produces the highest amounts of vegetables. yields with minimal energy and economic resources, and The following map units meet the soil requirements for farming it results in the least disturbance of the prime farmland if they are not in urban use. This list does environment. not constitute a recommendation for a particular land Prime farmland commonly has an adequate and use. The extent of each map unit is shown in table 2. dependable supply of moisture from precipitation or The location is shown on the detailed soil maps at the back of this publication. The soil qualities that affect use irrigation. It also has a favorable temperature and length and management are described in the section "Detailed of growing season and an acceptable level of acidity or Soil Map Units." alkalinity. It has few if any rock fragments and is 16 Ofu Variant silty clay, 6 to 20 percent slopes permeable to water and air. Prime farmland is not 19 Oloava silty clay loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes 31 Use and Management of the Soils This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the percent of the farms produce crops for subsistence. In soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land 1979, about 1,400 acres was planted to taro (fig. 6). uses to the limitations and potentials of natural Other crops include bananas, breadfruit, coconuts, resources and the environment. Also, it can help avoid papaya, cassava, citrus fruit, and vegetables. The soil-related failures in land uses. acreage of most crops has decreased over the past 10 In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, years, but the acreage of taro has remained stable. In conservationists, engineers, and others collect extensive recent years there has been interest in vegetable field data about the nature and behavior characteristics production for market. of the soils. They collect data on erosion, droughtiness, The arable soils in the survey area are mostly medium flooding, and other factors that affect various soil uses acid to neutral. Many of the soils, such as the Sogi, and management. Field experience and collected data Puapua, Leafu, and Aua soils, have sufficient calcium on soil properties and performance are used as a basis and favorable soil reaction for plant growth. Most crops in predicting soil behavior. respond to nitrogen, phosphate, and potash. The Information in this section can be used to plan the use application of fertilizer and lime should be based on the and management of soils for crops; as woodland; as results of soil tests, the crops grown, and expected sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, roads, and parks yields. and other recreation facilities; and for wildlife habitat. it can be used to identify the potentials and limitations of The warm temperatures and high rainfall in the survey each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent area are well suited to most of the crops commonly construction failures caused by unfavorable soil grown. In addition, a variety of vegetables such as properties. beans, broccoli, cabbage, corn, cucumbers, lettuce, Planners and others using soil survey information can onions, radishes, spinach, and tomatoes can be grown evaluate the effect of specific land uses on productivity (6). Vegetables, however, can be damaged by high- and on the environment in all or part of the survey area. intensity rains and by insects and disease. The survey can help planners to maintain or create a Many soil factors affect use of the land for crop land use pattern in harmony with the natural soil. production. Steepness of slope, stoniness, restricted Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of rooting depth, wetness, and the hazard of erosion are sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to the important factors in the survey area. identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil The technology for subsistence farming is simple (3). layers can cause difficulty in excavation. The main agricultural implements are the bush knife, Health officials, engineers, and others may also find axe, and oso, a thick, pointed digging stick. Small this survey useful. The survey can help them plan the patches of forest land are cleared with the bush knife safe disposal of wastes and locate sites for pavements, and axe. A hole about 1 foot deep is made in the soil sidewalks, campgrounds, playgrounds, lawns, and trees with the oso, and the plant is placed in the hole. Except and shrubs. for the holes, there is little soil disturbance. Plantings can Crops be made year-round to insure continuous production. Weeding is important because the warm tropical General management needed for crops is suggested climate induces rapid weed growth. Weeds are cut with in this section. The crops best suited to the soils, the bush knife or pulled by hand. The crops generally including some not commonly grown in the survey area, are not fertilized, and irrigation is not needed because of are identified. abundant rainfall. When production decreases, the land Planners of management systems for individual fields is turned to fallow and a new area is cleared for planting. or farms should consider the detailed information given This type of farming is well adapted to the steep lands in the description of each soil under "Detailed Soil Map in the survey area. There is little soil disturbance to Units." create erosion. The soil is protected most of the time by According to the Census of Agriculture, in 1980 a cover of weeds or mulch. Generally, areas that have American Samoa had 4,000 acres in crops. About 85 slopes of more than 50 percent should be kept in 32 Soil Survey 4 Al \T z W11 -don-04111111ft qW V It :w7- Ali` -A 4 -77 Figure 6.-Taro on 111111 extremely stony mucky clay loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes. permanent vegetation. If these areas are used for crops, as a soil cover or can be cut or pulled and used as a only tree crops should be grown. mulch. Plant parts from the harvested crops can be left Organic matter is an important source of nitrogen for in the field for protection and improvement of the soil. crops. It is especially important in subsistence farming Other practices that help to control erosion are cross- because commercial fertilizer is not used. The soils in slope or contour farming and using a cropping system the survey area have a high organic matter content. The that rotates crops and includes extended periods when nutrients needed for plant growth are replenished by the soil is covered. Terraces and diversions can be used organic matter from decaying plants and animals. The to reduce runoff and remove excess water. They are organic matter content and fertility of the soils can be suitable where the soils are deep and slopes are not too maintained by leaving crop residue and mulch on the steep. surface. Soil erosion is a major hazard in steep areas of Woodland cropland. It reduces productivity of the soil and results in pollution of streams and coastal waters. Erosion control Most of the land in the survey area is covered with practices can be used to protect the soil, reduce runoff, dense forest vegetation (fig. 7). Even areas used for increase infiltration, and safely remove excess water. subsistence farming revert to forest within a short time. Use of minimum tillage, cover crops, mulch, and crop The forests are typical of moist, tropical areas. They residue is common in subsistence farming. The land is consist of broadleaf trees and an understory of tree cleared and planted with hand implements, which results ferns, ground ferns, shrubs, and vines. Mangrove forests in minimal soil disturbance. Weeds can be left and used occupy small areas of coastal wetlands. American Samoa 33 0@' Ot I'i' 4 -W L .cj A, -4 n Figure 7.-Forest vegetation on Olotania family, 15 to 40 percent slopes. The forests in the survey area provide posts and cloth, and leaves of pandanus are used for floor mats timber for construction of houses, logs for canoes, and and baskets. There is no commercial woodland in the wood for handicrafts and fuel. Bark is used for tapa 34 Soil Survey area. Management and development of the forests is The information in table 3 can be supplemented by difficult because of communal land ownership. other information in this survey, for example, A 1964 report stated that management for timber interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table 5 crops is feasible on about 12,000 acres of forest land in and interpretations for dwellings without basements and the survey area. Another 10,000 acres of forest land is for local roads and streets in table 4. on steep slopes that restrict forest management. An Camp areas require site preparation such as shaping estimated 50 million board feet or more of sawtimber is and leveling the tent and parking areas, stabilizing roads available from a variety of tree species. Some species and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary have good growth form and wood quality (4). facilities and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to More land is in woodland today than in 1964 because heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic. The best the land used for coconuts at that time has reverted to soils have mild slopes and are not wet or subject to forest in many areas of Tau, Ofu, and Olosega. flooding during the period of use. The surface has few or The woodland in the survey area has an important no stones or boulders, absorbs rainfall readily but function for watershed protection and soil conservation. remains firm, and is not dusty when dry. Strong slopes The steeper areas should remain in permanent cover. and stones or boulders can greatly increase the cost of constructing campsites. Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most Recreation vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking The survey area has many areas of scenic, geologic, areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm when wet, and historic interest. The lush vegetation, rugged are not dusty when dry, are not subject to flooding mountains, and winding coastline offer opportunities for during the period of use, and do not have slopes or sightseeing, hiking, nature study, picnicking, and stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping camping. The coastal waters, in addition, offer sites or of building access roads and parking areas. opportunities for swimming, fishing, and boating. Most of Playgrounds require soils that can withstand intensive the land, including the shoreline areas, is claimed by the foot traffic. The best soils are almost level and are not villagers, however, and public access is limited. wet or subject to flooding during the season of use. The surface is free of stones and boulders, is firm after rains, The information in this section can be used to select and is not dusty when dry. If grading is needed, the sites and plan for parks, paths and trails, and other depth of the soil over bedrock should be considered. recreational facilities. Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding should The soils of the survey area are rated in table 3 require little or no cutting and filling. The best soils are according to limitations that affect their suitability for not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty when dry, and recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil are not subject to flooding more than once a year during features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the the period of use. They have moderate slopes and few surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. Not or no stones or boulders on the surface. considered in the ratings, but important in evaluating a Golf failways are subject to heavy foot traffic and site, are the location and accessibility of the area, the some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be size and shape of the area and its scenic quality, required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are firm vegetation, access to water, potential water when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not subject to impoundment sites, and access to public sewerlines. The prolonged flooding during the period of use. They have capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent and the moderate slopes and no stones or boulders on the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or greens is important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for not considered in rating the soils. recreation use by the duration and intensity of flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In planning Engineering recreation facilities, onsite assessment of the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is essential. This section provides information for planning land In table 3, the degree of soil limitation is expressed as uses related to urban development and to water slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the properties are generally favorable and that limitations are most limiting features are identified. The ratings are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that given in the following tables: Building site development, limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, Sanitary facilities, Construction materials, and Water design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil management. The ratings are based on observed properties are unfavorable and that limitations can be performance of the soils and on the estimated data and offset only by costly soil reclamation, special design, test data in the "Soil properties" section. intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a combination Information in this section is intended for land use of these measures. planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for American Samoa 35 planning site investigations prior to design and considered slight if soil properties and site features are construction The Information, however, has 11mitations generally favorable for the indicated use and limitations For example, estimates and other data generally apply are minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet properties or site features are not favorable for the Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils indicated use and special planning, design, or may be included within the mapped areas of a specific maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the soil. limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features The information is not site specific and does not are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or special design, significant increases in construction for testing and analysis by personnel experienced In the costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required. design and construction of engineering works. Special feasibility studies may be required where the soil Government ordinances. and regulations that restrict limitations are severe. certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a not considered in preparing the information in this maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for graves, utility lines, section. Local ordinances and regulations need to be open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are based considered in planning, in site selection, and in design. on soil properties, site features, and observed Soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. The ease of digging, filling, and performance were considered in determining the ratings compacting is affected by the depth to bedrock or a very in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey, firm dense layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. determinations were made about grain-size distribution, The resistance of the excavation walls or banks to liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture and the bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 to 6 feet of the depth to the water table. surface, soil wetness, depth to a high water table, slope, Dwellings and sma# commercial buildings are likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure aggregation, structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed and soil density. Data were collected about kinds of clay soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family minerals, mineralogy of the sand and silt fractions, and dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are made the kind of adsorbed cations. Estimates were made for for small commercial buildings and dwellings without erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, available water basements. The ratings are based on soil properties, site capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting features, and observed performance of the soils. A high engineering uses. water table, flooding, shrink-swell potential, and organic This information can be used to (1) evaluate the layers can cause the movement of footings. A high water potential of areas for residential, commercial, industrial, table, depth to bedrock, large stones, and flooding affect and recreation uses; (2) make preliminary estimates of the ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping construction conditions; (3) evaluate alternative routes and grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 to for roads, streets, pipelines, and underground cables; (4) 6 feet are not considered. evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; (5) plan detailed and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. They onsite investigations of soils and geology; (6) locate have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material, a base of potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material, and a (7) plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally terraces, and other structures for soil and water limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on soil conservation; and (8) predict performance of proposed properties, site features, and observed performance of small structures and pavements by comparing the the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high water table, flooding, performance of existing similar structures on the same or large stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating similar soils. and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the The information in the tables, along with the soil maps, engineering classification of the soil), shrink-swell the soil descriptions, and other data provided in this potential, and depth to a high water table affect the survey can be used to make additional interpretations. traffic supporting capacity. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf and special meaning in soil science and are defined in the ornamental trees and shrubs can be established and Glossary. maintained. The ratings are based on soil properties, site Building Site Development features, and observed performance of the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to bedrock, the Table 4 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations available water capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the that affect shallow excavations, dwellings without content of salts, sodium, and sulficlic materials affect basements,. small commercial buildings, local roads and plant growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and streets, and lawns and landscaping. The limitations are the amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the 36 Soil Survey surface layer affect trafficability, after vegetation is required to minimize seepage and contamination of established. ground water. Table 5 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes up Sanitary Facilities the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 or 2 Table 5 shows the degree and the kind of soil feet of soil material below the surface layer are limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, excavated to provide material for the embankments. The sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and are considered slight if soil properties and site features observed performance of the soils. Considered in the are generally favorable for the indicated use and ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, depth limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if to bedrock, flooding, large stones, and content of soil properties or site features are not favorable for the organic matter. indicated use and special planning, design, or Excessive seepage because of rapid permeability of maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise the limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is special design, significant increases in construction excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required. content of organic matter is detrimental to proper Table 5 also shows the suitability of the soils for use functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic as daily cover for landfills. A rating of good indicates that activity. Slope and bedrock can cause construction soil properties and site features are favorable for the use problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of and good performance and low maintenance can be the lagoon floor. expected; fair indicates that soil properties and site Sanitaly landfills are areas where solid waste is features are moderately favorable for the use and one or disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of more soil properties or site features make the soil less landfill-trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste is desirable than the soils rated good; and poor indicates placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and covered that one or more soil properties or site features are daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the site. In an unfavorable for the use and overcoming the unfavorable area landfill, the waste is placed in successive layers on properties requires special design, extra maintenance, or the surface of the soil. The waste is spread, compacted, costly alteration. and covered daily with a thin layer of soil from a source Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which away from the site. effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, site needs to be considered. features, and observed performance of the soils. The ratings in table 5 are based on soil properties, site Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and features, and observed performance of the soils. flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water table, slope, and bedrock interfere with installation. and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption and boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and fields, including excessively slow absorption of effluent, content of salts and sodium affect trench type landfills. surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that public health. Ground water can be polluted if highly part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper permeable sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate may not than 4 feet below the base of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the water table is near the be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. surface. There must be unsaturated soil material beneath Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used the absorption field to filter the effluent effectively. Many to cover compacted solid waste in an area type sanitary local ordinances require that this material be of a certain landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported thickness. to the landfill, and spread over the waste. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid affect the ease of removing and spreading the material and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of free of large stones or excess gravel are the best cover compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to wind impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is erosion. American Samoa 37 A AWWW11@ X, Ow oil Pk IN Figure 8.-Oloava soils are a good source of cinders for road construction and other uses. After soil material has been removed, the soil material They are rated as a probable or improbable source of remaining in the borrow area must be thick enough over sand and gravel. The ratings are based on soil bedrock or the water table to permit revegetation. The properties and site features that affect the removal of soil material used as final cover for a landfill should be the soil and its use as construction material (fig. 8). suitable for plants. The surface layer generally has the Normal compaction, minor processing, and other best workability, more organic matter, and the best standard construction practices are assumed. Each soil potential for plants. Material from the surface layer is evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. should be stockpiled for use as the final cover. Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place and used in road embankments in another place. In this Construction Materials table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less Table 6 gives information about the soils as a source exacting in design than higher embankments. of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils are rated The ratings are for the soil material below the surface good, fair, or poor as a source:. of roadf ill and topsoil. layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed that soil 38 Soil Survey layers will be mixed during excavating and spreading. of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also evaluated is Many soils have layers of contrasting suitability within the reclamation potential of the borrow area. their profile. The table showing engineering index Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by such properties provides detailed information about each soil properties as soil reaction, available water capacity, and layer. This information can help determine the suitability fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading of each layer for use as roadfill. The performance of soil is affected by rock fragments, slope, a water table, soil after it is stabilized with lime or cement is not considered texture, and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation in the ratings. of the borrow area is affected by slope, a water table, The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, rock fragments, bedrock, and toxic material. and observed performance of the soils. The thickness of Soils rated good have friable loamy material to a depth suitable material is a major consideration. The ease of of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and excavation is affected by large stones, a high water cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of less table, and slope. How well the soil performs in place than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble salts, after it has been compacted and drained is determined are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer, and are by its strength (as inferred from the engineering not so wet that excavation is difficult. classification of the soil) and shrink-swell potential. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that have a Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand relatively high content of clay, soils that have only 20 to or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable 40 inches of suitable material, soils that have an material, low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, or stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are more not so wet that excavation is difficult. than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and have a Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less plasticity index of less than 10. They have moderate than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large amount shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes of more many stones. Depth to the water table is 1 to 3 feet. than 15 percent, or have a water table at or near the Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of more than 10, surface. a high shrink-swell potential, many stones, or slopes of The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred more than 25 percent. They are wet, and the depth to for topsoil because of its organic matter content. Organic the water table is less than 1 foot. They may have layers matter greatly increases the absorption and retention of of suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet moisture and nutrients for plant growth. thick. Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for Water Management commercial use with a minimum of processing. Sand and gravel are used in many kinds of construction. Table 7 gives information on the soil properties and Specifications for each use vary widely. In table 6, only site features that affect water management. The degree the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific areas and embankments, dikes, and levees. The purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect limitations are considered slight if soil properties and site excavation of the material. features are generally favorable for the indicated use The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of and limitations are minor and are easily overcome; sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as indicated moderate if soil properties or site features are not by the engineering classification of the soil), the favorable for the indicated use and special planning, thickness of suitable material, and the content of rock design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification are minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of grain site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to sizes is given in the table on engineering index overcome that special design, significant increase in properties. construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of clean are required. sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is up to This table also gives for each soil the restrictive 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at least 3 features that affect drainage, terraces and diversions, feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, large and grassed waterways. stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock are not embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low considered to be sand and gravel. seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation potential is determined by the permeability of the soil can be established and maintained. The upper 40 inches and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable American Samoa 39 material. Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity movement, permeability, depth to a high water table or of the reservoir area. depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding, Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures slope, susceptibility to flooding, and subsidence of of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, organic layers. Excavating and grading and the stability constructed to impound water or to protect land against of ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock, large overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to the soil productivity of the soil after drainage is adversely material below the surface layer to a depth of about 5 affected by extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly mixed root zone, such as salts, sodium, or sulfur. Availability of and compacted during construction. drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings. The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural Terraces and diversions are embankments or a soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a combination of channels and ridges constructed across depth even greater than the height of the embankment a slope to reduce erosion and conserve moisture by can affect performance and safety of the embankment. intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to depth to bedrock affect the construction of terraces and determine these properties. diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of Soil material in embankments must be resistant to wind or water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable and restricted permeability adversely affect maintenance. compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include Grassed waterways are natural or constructed less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high content channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts or sodium, surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large A high water table affects the amount of usable material, stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect the It also affects trafficability. construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of wind Drainage is the removal of excess surface and erosion, low available water capacity, restricted rooting subsurface water from the soil. How easily and depth, toxic substances such as salts or sodium, and effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to restricted permeability adversely affect the growth and bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water maintenance of the grass after construction. 41 Soil Properties Data relating to soil properties are collected during the Classification of the soils is determined according to course of the soil survey. The data and the estimates of the Unified soil classification system (2). soil and water features, listed in tables, are explained on The Unified system classifies soils according to the following pages. properties that affect their use as construction material. Soil properties are determined by field examination of Soils are classified according to grain-size distribution of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and according benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic matter followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified as GW, made and examined to identify and classify the soils and GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SQ silty and clayey soils to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are taken as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and highly organic from some typical profiles and tested in the laboratory to soils as PT. Soils exhibiting engineering properties of two determine grain-size distribution, plasticity, and groups can have a dual classification, for example, SP- compaction characteristics. sm. Estimates of soil properties are based on field The Unified system is further refined in tropical soils to examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the take into consideration the dominant mineralogy and survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of particle-size classes of the soil. The mineralogy classes similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field used are A = Ashy, K = Kaolinitic, a = Oxidic, and T observations, verify properties that cannot be estimated - Thixotropic. These mineralogy classes are indicated accurately by field observation, and help characterize by a dash (-) following the standard Unified classes; for key soils. example, MH-K and CL-T. One or all of the mineralogy The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables class include the range of grain-size distribution and Atterberg es are used in the CL, ML, MH, and OH Unified limits, the engineering classifications, and the physical classes. and chemical properties of the major layers of each soil. Rock fragments larger than 3 inches in diameter are Pertinent soil and water features also are given. indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry- weight basis. The percentages are estimates determined Engineering Index Properties mainly by converting volume percentage in the field to weight percentage. Table 8 gives estimates of the engineering Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated classification and of the range of index properties for the sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most soils inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The have layers of contrasting properties within the upper 5 sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard or 6 feet. Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on is indicated. The range in depth and information on other laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and properties of each layer are given for each soil series in nearby areas and on estimates made in the field. under "Taxonomic units and their morphology." Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) Texture is given in the standard terms used by the indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are defined estimates are based on test data from the survey area or according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the from nearby areas and on field examination. fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 plasticity index are rounded to the nearest 5 percent. percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 Thus, if the ranges of gradation and Atterberg limits percent sand. If the content of particles coarser than extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage points) sand is as much as 15 percent, an appropriate modifier across classification boundaries, the classification in the is added, for example, "gravelly." Textural terms are marginal zone is omitted in the table. defined in the Glossary. 42 Soil Survey Physical and Chemical Properties are based primarily on percentage of silt, very fine sand, sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil Table 9 shows estimates of some characteristics and structure and permeability. The estimates are modified features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are by the presence of rock fragments. Values of K range given for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. from 0.02 to 0.69. The higher the value the more The estimates are based on field observations and on susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. test data for these and similar soils. Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water that unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at field can occur without affecting crop productivity over a moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at 1/3 sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after drying Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the estimated soil at various stages of decomposition. moist bulk density of each major soil horizon is In table 9, the estimated content of organic matter is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk density material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. data are used to compute shrink-swell potential, The content of organic matter of a soil can be available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil maintained or increased by returning crop residue to the properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the soil. Organic matter affects the available water capacity, pore space available for water and roots. A bulk density infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and of more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and root other nutrients for crops. penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure. Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit Soil and Water Features water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of downward Table 10 gives estimates of various soil and water movement of water when the soil is saturated. They are features. The estimates are used in land use planning based on soil characteristics observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability that involves engineering considerations. is considered in the design of soil drainage systems, Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff septic tank absorption fields, and construction where the from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation are rate of water movement under saturated conditions assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped affects behavior. according to the intake of water when the soils are Available water capacity refers to the quantity of water thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long- that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The duration storms. capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per The four hydrologic soil groups are: inch of soil for each major soil layer. The capacity varies, Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff depending on soil properties that affect the retention of potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of water and the depth of the root zone. The most deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or important properties are the content of organic matter, gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available transmission. water capacity is an important factor in the choice of Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when plants or crops to be grown and in the design and thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep .management of irrigation systems. Available water or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse actually available to plants at any given time. texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and is transmission. expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH of Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when each major horizon is based on many field tests. For thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a many soils, values have been verified by laboratory layer that impedes the downward movement of water or analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for soils have a slow rate of water transmission. fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high corrosion. runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential, sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six soils that have a permanent high water table, soils that factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission. American Samoa 43 Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. An slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after artesian water table is under hydrostatic head, generally rainfall is not considered flooding. beneath an impermeable layer. When this layer is Table 10 gives the frequency and duration of flooding penetrated, the water level rises in an uncased borehole. and the time of year when flooding is most likely. A perched water table is water standing above an Frequency, duration, and probable dates of occurrence unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, water are estimated. Frequency is expressed as none, rare, table is separated from a lower one by a dry zone. common, occasional, and frequent. None means that Only saturated zones within a depth of about 6 feet flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but are indicated. A plus sign preceding the range in depth possible under unusual weather conditions; common that indicates that the water table is above the surface of the it is likely under normal conditions; occasional that it soil. The first numeral in the range indicates how high occurs, on the average, no more than once in 2 years; the water rises above the surface. The second numeral and frequent that it occurs, on the average, more than indicates the depth below the surface. once in 2 years. Duration is expressed as vely brief if Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a depth less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, and long if more of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil borings and than 7 days. Probable dates are expressed in months; November-May, for example, means that flooding can on observations during soil mapping. The rock is occur during the period November through May. specified as either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or The information is based on evidence in the soil fractured, excavations can be made with trenching profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is hard deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic or massive, blasting or special equipment generally is matter content with increasing depth; and absence of needed for excavation. distinctive horizons that form in soils that are not subject Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced to flooding. electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or Also considered are local information about the extent weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as the landscape to historic floods. Information on the soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific than electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion of that provided by detailed engineering surveys that concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the soil. levels. Special site examination and design may be needed if High water table is the highest level of a saturated the combination of factors creates a severe corrosion zone in the soil in most years. The depth to a high water environment. The steel in installations that intersect soil table applies to undrained soils. The estimates are based boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone, namely than steel in installations that are entirely within one kind grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated in table 10 of soil or within one soil layer. are the depth to the high water table; the kind of water For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed as table-that is, perched, artesian, or apparent; and the low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage class, months of the year that the water table commonly is total acidity, electrical resistivity near field capacity, and high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than 1 electrical conductivity of the saturation extract. month is not indicated in table 10. For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract. 45 Classif ication of the Soils The system of soil classification used by the National and characteristics considered are particle-size class, Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories (8). Beginning mineral content, temperature regime, depth of the root with the broadest, these categories are the order, zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, slope, and suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. permanent cracks. A family name consists of the name Classification is based on soil properties observed in the of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil field or inferred from those observations or from properties. An example is sandy, carbonatic, laboratory measurements. Table 11 shows the isohyperthermic Typic Tropaquents. classification of the soils in the survey area. The SERIES. The series consists of soils that have similar categories are defined in the following paragraphs. horizons in their profile. The horizons are similar in color, ORDER. Ten soil orders are recognized. The texture, structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- chemical composition, and arrangement in the profile. forming processes and the degree of soil formation. The texture of the surface layer or of the substratum can Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An differ within a series. example is Entisol. SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil Taxonomic Units and Their genesis and are important to plant growth or properties that reflect the most important variables within the Morphology orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Aquent (Aqu, meaning In this section, each taxonomic unit recognized in the survey area is described. The descriptions are arranged aquic moisture regime, plus ent, from Entisol). in alphabetic order. GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, formed are identified for each unit. A pedon, a small arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of the units horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; and in the survey area is described. The detailed description base status. Each great group is identified by the name of each soil horizon follows standards in the Soil Survey of a suborder and by a prefix that indicates a property of MJnual (7). Many of the technical terms used in the the soil. An example is Tropaquents (Troo, meaning descriptions are defined in Soil Taxonom (8). Following tropical temperature regime, plus aquents, the suborder y of the Entisols that have an aquic moisture regime) the pedon description is the range of important SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic subgroup. characteristics of the soils in the taxonomic unit. Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The The map units of each taxonomic unit are described in typic is the central concept of the great group; it is not the section "Detailed Soil Map Units." necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Aua Series Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate The Aua series consists of very deep, well drained transitions to any other known kind of soil. Each soils on talus slopes. These soils formed in colluviurn subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives and alluvium derived from basic igneous rock. Slope is 6 preceding the name of the great group. The adjective to 60 percent. Elevation is near sea level to 650 feet. Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 250 inches, and the group. An example is Typic Tropaquents. mean annual temperature is about 79 degrees F. FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup on Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, the basis of physical and chemical properties and other isohyperthermic Typic Hapludolls. characteristics that affect management. Mostly the Typicalpedon: Aua very stony silty clay loam; on a 35- properties are those of horizons below plow depth where percent talus slope on a roadside. When described, the there is much biological activity. Among the properties soil was moist throughout. Colors are for moist soil 46 Soil Survey unless otherwise stated. Textures are apparent field Slope is 30 to 60 percent. Elevation is near sea level to textures. 2,100 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 250 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 75 to 80 A-0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5Y,9 3/2) very stony degrees F. silty clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong Taxonomic class: Fine, halloysitic, isohyperthermic medium and fine subangular blocky structure; Typic Hapludolls. extremely hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Typicalpedon: Fagasa silty clay; on a 60-percent plastic; many roots; many pores; 25 percent stones, slope in an area of a taro and banana plantation. When 5 percent cobbles, and 10 percent pebbles; neutral described, the soil was moist throughout. Colors are for (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. moist soil unless otherwise stated. Textures are apparent Bw1-7 to 18 inches; dark brown (7-5YR 3/3) stony clay field textures. loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; A1-0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; silty clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; many roots; many very fine and common fine pores; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky 20 percent stones, 5 percent cobbles, and 5 percent structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many pebbles; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual smooth boundary. roots; many pores; 10 percent cobbles; medium acid Bw2-18 to 39 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very (pH 6.0); clear wavy boundary. stony clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; A2-5 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) cobbly silty moderate medium and fine subangular blocky clay, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) dry; moderate fine and structure; extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, plastic; many roots; many very fine and fine pores; very sticky and very plastic; many roots; many very 20 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 fine and common fine pores; 10 percent stones, 20 percent pebbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth percent cobbles; medium acid (pH 6.0); clear wavy boundary. boundary. Bw3-39 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR BC-12 to 29 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay, 3/2) and dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very stony clay dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine and very loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) dry; moderate fine fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, and very fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, very sticky and very plastic; medium acid (pH 5.8); firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few roots; 30 percent weathered igneous rock; gradual wavy many very fine and common fine pores; 30 percent boundary. stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent pebbles; Cr-29 inches; weathered igneous rock. slightly acid (pH 6.3). Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; at Aua, Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; at 0.8 mile from coast highway on road to Afono; about 200 Pago Pago, 2.2 miles from coast highway on road to feet west of road; lat. 14*16'22" S. and long. 170*39'20" Fagasa; about 100 feet upslope from road; lat. W. 14*17'28" S. and long. 170*42'31" W. Range in characteristics: Thickness of the solum is 35 Range in characteristics: The solum is 20 to 30 inches to 60 inches or more. A C horizon is in some pedons. thick. A Bw horizon is in some pedons. Paralithic contact The profile is 5 to 30 percent stones, 5 to 15 percent is at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. The profile is 0 to 15 cobbles, and 5 to 20 percent gravel. It averages 35 to 50 percent stones, 0 to 20 percent cobbles, and 0 to 20 percent rock fragments between depths of 10 and 40 percent pebbles. It averages less than 35 percent rock inches. The profile is slightly acid or neutral. fragments between depths of 10 and 40 inches. The The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or profile is medium acid or slightly acid. 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or I OYR, value of 3 when moist or dry. The fine earth fraction is silty clay or 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. loam, silty clay, or clay loam. It commonly is silty clay but is clay in some pedons. The B horizon has hue of 5YR to I OYR, value of 3 or The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1 OYR, value of 3 4, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The fine or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is silty earth fraction commonly is clay loam but ranges to silty clay or clay loam. clay loam or clay. Fagasa Family Fagasa Series The Fagasa family consists of moderately deep and The Fagasa series consists of moderately deep, well deep, well drained soils on ridges and mountainsides. drained soils on ridges and mountainsides. These soils These soils formed in volcanic ash and residuum derived formed in residuum derived from basic igneous rock. dominantly from basic igneous rock. Slope is 70 to 130 American Samoa 47 percent. Elevation is near sea level to 2,100 feet. The 120 to 160 inches, and the mean annual temperature is mean annual rainfall is 150 to 250 inches, and the mean about 80 degrees F. annual temperature is 75 to 80 degrees F. Taxonomic class: Medial-skeletal, isohyperthermic Taxonomic class: Fine, halloysitic, isohyperthermic Lithic Dystrandepts. Typic Hapludolls. Typicalpedon: Ilifli extremely stony mucky clay loam; Reference pedon: Fagasa family; on a 1 00-percent on a 3-percent slope in an area of a taro plantation. slope in a forested area. When described, the soil was When described, the soil was moist throughout. Colors moist throughout. Colors are for moist soil unless are for moist soil unless otherwise stated. Textures are otherwise stated. Textures are apparent field textures. apparent field textures. A1-0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay, Op-1 inch to 0; black (10YR 211) extremely stony dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) dry; strong fine subangular muck, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong very blocky structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very fine granular structure; extremely hard, firm, plastic; many roots; many pores; 2 percent pebbles; nonsticky and nonplastic; many roots; many pores; medium acid (pH 6.0); clear wavy boundary. 20 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 30 A2-7 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay, percent pebbles; many decomposing leaves and dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; strong fine subangular twigs on surface; neutral (pH 7.1); clear smooth blocky structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very boundary. plastic; many roots; many pores; 4 percent stones and 4 percent pebbles; medium acid (pH 6.0); clear Ap-O to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2) smooth boundary. extremely stony mucky clay loam, very dark grayish Bw-12 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay loam, brown (10YR 3/2) dry; strong fine and very fine dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; strong fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, slightly firm, subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many roots; many plastic; few roots; many very fine and few fine pores; pores; 20 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 15 percent pebbles; medium acid (pH 6.0); clear 30 percent pebbles; neutral (pH 7.1); clear smooth smooth boundary. boundary. C1 -17 to 31 inches; variegated dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, B-5 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 4/4, 4/2) sandy clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/3, extremely stony clay loam, dark yellowish brown 4/4) dry; highly weathered rock that can be crushed (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine and very fine easily; medium acid (pH 6.0); abrupt wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky R-31 inches; bedrock. and slightly plastic; many roots; many pores; 20 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 30 percent Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; on pebbles; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual irregular boundary. Matautu Ridge, near Pago Pago; about 1,200 feet west 2R-9 inches; lava. of Tulutulu Point, near ridgetop on north side; lat. 14*17'56" S. and long. 170*40'38" W. Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; about Range in characteristics.- Bedrock is at a depth of 20 1 mile northeast of Ilifli; lat. 14'21'22" S. and long. to 60 inches. The solum is 8 to 25 inches thick. Some 170*44'10" W. pedons do not have a Bw horizon. The profile is 0 to 35 Range in characteristics: The thickness of the solum percent stones, cobbles, and pebbles. Some pedons and depth to lava range from 8 to 20 inches. Some have few moderately thick clay films. pedons do not have an 0 horizon. Some pedons have a The A horizon has hue of 7-5YR or 1 OYR, value of 3 C horizon of loose, fragmental lava. The profile is or 4 when moist or dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when medium acid to neutraL moist or dry. It commonly is silty clay but is clay loam in The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1 OYR, and it has some pedons. chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is extremely stony The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1 OYR, value of 3 and mucky clay loam or silty clay loam. or 4 when moist or dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, and it has moist or dry. It is silty clay or clay loam. chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is extremely stony The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1 OYR. It is silty clay loam or silty clay loam. clay to sandy clay loam. Iffill Series Insak Series The Iflili series consists of shallow, well drained soils The Insak series consists of moderately deep, very on uplands. These soils formed in volcanic ash and are poorly drained soils in coastal depressional areas. These underlain by lava. Slope is 3 to 15 percent. Elevation is soils formed in coral sand and organic matter. Slope is 0 near sea level to 200 feet. The mean annual rainfall is to 2 percent. Elevation is sea level to 20 feet. The mean 48 Soil Survey annual rainfall is 150 to 175 inches, and the mean table was at a depth of 14 inches and the soil was moist annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. above the water table. Colors are for moist soil unless Taxonomic class: Sandy, carbonatic, isohyperthermic otherwise stated. Textures are apparent field textures. Typic Tropaquents. Typicalpedon: Insak mucky sandy loam; on a 1- A1-0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) percent slope in a wetland taro patch. When described, clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky the water table was at a depth of 16 inches, and the soil structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; was moist above the water table. Colors are for moist common roots; many very fine and fine pores; few soil unless otherwise stated. Textures are apparent field coral sand grains; 2 percent gravel-sized coral textures. fragments; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. A2-5 to 13 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Ap-O to 11 inches; 85 percent black (1 OYR 2/ 1) and 15 silty clay loam; strong fine and very fine subangular percent very pale brown (10YR 8/3, 7/3) mucky blocky structure; friable, sticky and plastic; common sandy loam when moist or dry; massive; friable, roots; many very fine and fine pores; 2 percent slightly sticky and nonplastic; many roots; 2 percent gravel-sized coral fragments; neutral (pH 7.0); clear gravel-sized coral fragments; many sand grains and smooth boundary. shell fragments; slightly effervescent; mildly alkaline Bl-13 to 25 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR (pH 7.5); clear wavy boundary. 3/2) silty clay; few fine faint reddish brown (5YR AC-1 1 to 17 inches; very dark gray (1 OYR 3/2) mucky 5/4) mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular loamy sand, white (1 OYR 8/2) and very dark grayish blocky structure; friable, sticky and plastic; few roots; brown (10YR 3/2) dry; massive; friable, slightly many very fine and fine pores and common medium sticky and nonplastic; few roots; 5 percent gravel- pores; 3 percent gravel-sized rock fragments; few sized coral fragments and 1 percent gravel-sized tuff black manganese concretions and stains; gradual fragments; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline (pH smooth boundary. 7.6); abrupt smooth boundary. 132-25 to 44 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR C-17 to 26 inches; white (10YR 8/1) and light gray 3/2) silty clay; common medium faint reddish brown (10YR 712) sand, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; single (5YR 5/4) mottles; moderate fine and medium grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 5 to 10 subangular blocky structure; firm, sticky and plastic; percent gravel-sized coral fragments; strongly common black manganese concretions and stains; effervescent; mildly alkaline (pH 7.5); clear wavy neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt smooth boundary. boundary. 2C-44 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sand; single 213-26 inches; coral limestone; pockets of coral sand grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 3 percent similar to that of the C horizon. gravel-sized coral fragments; strongly effervescent; Type location: Aunuu Island, American Samoa; about moderately alkaline. 1/4 mile east of town, in a wetland taro patch; lat. Type location: Tau Island, American Samoa; at Tau 14*17'17" S. and long. 170*33'15" W. Village, north of post office and 300 feet east of road; Range in characteristics: These soils are saturated lat. 14*14'00" S. and long. 169*30'49" W. and have a fluctuating water table at a depth of 10 to 20 Range in characteristics: The solum is 30 to 48 inches inches. Coral is at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. thick. The profile is 0 to 8 percent gravel-sized coral The A horizon has value of 2 to 8 when moist or dry, fragments. The water table is between depths of 6 and and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. 20inches. The C horizon has value of 7 or 8 when moist or dry, The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist or dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. It is sand and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. It is clay or loamy sand. loam, loam, or silty clay loam. Insak Variant The B horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist or dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The Insak Variant consists of deep, very poorly The C horizon has value of 5 to 8, and it has chroma drained soils in coastal depressional areas. These soils of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. It is sand or loamy sand. formed in fine textured alluvium over coral sand. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. Elevation is sea level to 20 feet. The Leaf u Series mean annual rainfall is 175 to 200 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. The Leafu series consists of very deep, somewhat Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic poorly drained soils on valley floors. These soils formed Cumulic Haplaquolls. in fine textured alluvium derived from basic igneous rock. Typical pedon: Insak Variant clay loam; on a 1 -percent Slope is 0 to 6 percent. Elevation is near sea level to slope in a wetland taro patch. When described, the water 250 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 250 inches, American Samoa 49 and the mean annual temperature is about 79 degrees slightly acid to medium acid. A water table is at a depth F. of 3 to 5 feet. Taxonomic class: Very-fine, mixed, isohyperthermic The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 1 OYR, value of 3 or Cumulic Hapludolls. 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. Typical pedon: Leafu silty clay; on a 1 -percent slope in The fine earth fraction is silty clay loam or silty clay. an area of a taro, banana, and coconut plantation. When The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 1 OYR, value of 2 or described, the soil was moist throughout. Colors are for 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist soil unless otherwise stated. Textures are apparent when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. The fine earth fraction field textures. commonly is silty clay or clay. Thin lenses of coarser material are in some pedons. Apl-O to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 1 OYR, value of 2 to loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) dry; moderate fine 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 and medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, when moist or dry. firm, sticky and plastic; common roots; many very fine pores and few medium pores; 1/2-inch-thick layer of very fine sandy loam at base of horizon; Mesel Variant medium acid (pH 5.9); clear wavy boundary. The Mesei Variant consists of very deep, very poorly Ap2-4 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) silty clay, drained organic soils in closed depressional areas and in reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine and medium basins. These soils formed in organic material derived subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very from reeds, ferns, and other marsh plants. Slope is 0 to sticky and very plastic; common roots; many very 1 p fine pores and few fine and medium pores; medium ercent. Elevation is near sea level to 20 feet. The acid (pH 5-9); clear smooth boundary. mean annual rainfall is 150 to 175 inches, and the mean Bwl -13 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very fine annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; Taxonomic class: Euic, isohyperthermic Sapric weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure, Tropofibrists. very hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Typicalpedon: Mesei Variant peat; in a nearly level common roots; many very fine pores; strata of sand; area in a marsh. When described, the water table was slightly acid (pH 6.1); clear smooth boundary. 12 inches above the soil surface. The soil was wet Bw2-19 to 36 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) silty clay, throughout. Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; common stated. medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; weak and moderate fine and medium subangular Oil-O to 12 inches; black (10YR 211) and very dark blocky structure; very hard, friable, very sticky and brown (1 OYR 2/2) peat, very dark grayish brown very plastic; common roots; many very fine and few (10YR 3/2) dry; dominantly roots of ferns and reeds; medium pores; medium acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth 95 percent fiber, 60 percent when rubbed; color is boundary. 10YR 8/2 in pyrophosphate solution; very strongly Bw3-36 to 44 inches; very dark brown (1 OYR 2/2) silty acid (pH 4.9 in calcium chloride); clear smooth clay, very dark brown (1 OYR 2/2) dry; common boundary. medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; Oi2-12 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3, 3/4) moderate fine and medium subangular blocky mucky peat; dominantly roots and stems of ferns structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very and reeds; 60 percent fiber, 45 percent when plastic; few roots; few very fine pores and few fine rubbed; color is 10YR 8/3 in pyrophosphate and medium pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid solution; very strongly acid (pH 4.8 in calcium (pH 6.1); clear smooth boundary. chloride); clear smooth boundary. C-44 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay, Oa-24 to 60 inches; very dark brown (1 OYR 212) muck; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; common medium friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; 20 percent distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; massive; fiber, 8 percent when rubbed; color is 10YR 7/4 in extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; pyrophosphate solution; strongly acid (pH 5.3 in many very fine and fine pores and few medibm calcium chloride). pores; medium acid (pH 6.0). Type location: Aunuu Island, American Samoa; at the Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; at south end of Faimulivai Marsh; lat. 14* 17'21 " S. and Leone, 0.7 mile north of highway and 30 feet east of long. 170*33'00" W. valley road; lat. 14*29'14" S. and long. 170*46'41 " W. Range in characteristics: Depth to bedrock is more Range in characteristics: The solum is 30 to 60 inches than 60 inches. The profile is strongly acid or very thick. The profile is 0 to 15 percent stones, 0 to 25 strongly acid. The water table is commonly about 12 percent cobbles, and 0 to 25 percent pebbles. It is inches above the surface. The profile has hue of 10YR 50 Soil Survey or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 4 when A-0 to 15 inches; 85 percent black (10YR 2/1) and 15 moist or dry. The Oi horizon is peat or mucky peat. percent very pale brown (10YR 8/3, 7/3) extremely cobbly sand, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; Ngedebus Series massive; very hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; 50 percent coral pebbles and 30 percent coral The Ngedebus series consists of very deep, somewhat cobbles; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline (pH excessively drained, calcareous soils on coastal plains. 7.7); clear smooth boundary. These soils formed in sandy marine deposits derived C-15 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely from coral and sea shells. Slope is 0 to 5 percent. cobbly sand, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry; single Elevation is sea level to 15 feet. The mean annual grain; loose; 40 percent coral pebbles and 25 rainfall is 125 to 200 inches, and the mean annual soil percent coral cobbles; strongly effervescent; mildly temperature is about 80 degrees F. alkaline (pH 7.8). Taxonomic class: Carbonatic, isohyperthermic Typic Tropopsamments. Type location: Tau Island, American Samoa; in the Typicalpedon: Ngedebus mucky sand; on a 1-percent southeastern part of the island at Tufu Point, 100 feet slope in an area of grassland. When described, the soil north of road; lat. 14*15'42" S. and long. 169*25'27" W. was moist throughout. Colors are for moist soil unless Range in characteristics: Bedrock is at a depth of 60 otherwise stated. inches or more. The control section is 35 to 90 percent rock fragments. The profile is neutral or mildly alkaline. A-0 to 12 inches; light brownish gray and brown (10YR The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1 OYR, value of 2 6/2, 5/3) mucky sand, light gray (1 OYR 7/2) dry; to 8, and chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. The fine single grain; loose; strongly effervescent; mildly earth fraction is sand, loamy sand, or mucky sand. alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary. The C horizon has hue of 7.5Y or 1 OYR, value of 5 to C-1 2 to 60 inches; pale brown and light yellowish 8, and chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. The fine brown (10YR 6/3, 6/4) sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) earth fraction is sand or loamy sand. dry; single grain; loose; 5 percent coral fragments; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline (pH 7.7). Ngerungor Variant Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; at Aoa The Ngerungor Variant consists of deep, very poorly Bay, 50 feet inland from central part of bay; lat. drained organic soils in coastal swamps. These soils 14*16'05" S. and long. 170'35'13" W. formed in organic material derived dominantly from Range in characteristics: Bedrock is at a depth of 60 decomposing mangrove roots and litter. Slope is 0 to 1 inches or more. The water table is at a depth of 60 percent. Elevation is sea level to 20 feet. The mean inches or more. The profile is 0 to 15 percent gravel- annual rainfall is 125 to 225 inches, and the mean sized coral rock fragments. It is mildly alkaline or annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. moderately alkaline. Taxonomic class: Euic, isohyperthermic Typic The A horizon has value of 2 to 6 when moist and 2 to Tropohemists. 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or Typical pedon: Ngerungor Variant mucky peat; on a 1 - dry. It is sand, loamy sand, or mucky sand. percent slope in a mangrove swamp. When described at The C horizon has value of 5 to 8 when moist or dry, low tide, the water table was 6 inches above the soil and it has chroma of 1 to 4 when moist and 1 to 3 when surface. Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise dry. stated. Ngedebus Variant Oil -0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (I OYR 3/2) mucky peat, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) The Ngedebus Variant consists of deep, excessively dry; massive; soft; many coral sand grains; 40 drained soils on coastal plains. These soils formed in percent rubbed fiber; color is 10YR 8/2 in rubble and sand derived from coral and sea shells. Slope pyrophosphate solution; neutral (pH 7.2 in calcium is 0 to 5 percent. Elevation is sea level to 15 feet. The chloride); clear smooth boundary. mean annual rainfall is about 150 to 200 inches, and the Oi2-4 to 21 inches; very dark brown (1 OYR 2/2) peat, mean annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; massive; Taxonomic class: Sandy-skeletal, carbonatic soft; few coral sand grains; 45 percent rubbed fiber; isohyperthermic Typic Troporthents. color is 10YR 812 in pyrophosphate solution; neutral Typicalpedon: Ngedebus Variant extremely cobbly (pH 6.9 in calcium chloride); gradual smooth sand; on a 1-percent slope in a coastal area of forest. boundary. When described, the soil was moist throughout. Colors Oel-21 to 39 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) are for moist soil unless otherwise stated. mucky peat, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) American Samoa 51 dry; massive; soft; few coral sand grains; 30 percent rubbed fiber; color is 10YR 8/2 in pyrophosphate solution; medium acid (pH 5.9 in calcium chloride); clear smooth boundary. Oe2-39 to 60 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) mucky peat, very dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2) dry; massive; soft; few coral sand grains; 10 percent pebbles; hemic material that is 20 percent fiber when rubbed; color is 10YR 8/2 in pyrophosphate solution; medium acid (pH 5.7 in calcium chloride). Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; at Masefau, about 1,100 feet inland on the northern side of the valley; lat. 14*15'40" S. and long. 170*37'56" W. Range in clwracteristics: The water table fluctuates with the tide between about 12 inches above the soil surface and 12 inches below the surface. The profile has value of 2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. The Oi horizon is mucky peat or peat. The Oe horizon is mucky peat or muck. Of u Series The Ofu series consists of deep, well drained soils on mountainsides. These soils formed in volcanic ash and residuum derived from basic igneous rock. Slope is 15 to 70 percent. Elevation is 50 to 1,500 feet. The mean I'll . . . . . . annual rainfall is 150 to 225 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 77 to 80 degrees F. Taxonomic class: Fine, halloysitic, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludolls. 1 Typicalpedon: Ofu silty clay; on a 19-percent, convex slope in an area of a banana and coconut plantation (fig. 9). When described, the soil was moist throughout. Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated. Textures are apparent field textures. Figure 9.-Profile of Ofu silty clay, 15 to 40 percent slopes. Ap-0 to 16 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silty clay, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) dry; strong medium and fine subangular blocky structure; very medium subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky hard, friable, very sticky and very plastic; common and very plastic; few fine roots; common very fine very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; and fine pores; neutral (pH 6.9). common very fine and fine pores; neutral (pH 6.9); clear smooth boundary. Type location: Ofu Island, American Samoa; near Bwl-16 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay Alaufau, about 0.25 mile east-northeast of village; lat. loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) dry; moderate 14*10'13" S. and long. 169*40'34" W. medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Range in characteristics: The solum is 24 to 60 inches friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine pores; neutral (pH thick. The profile is 0 to 10 percent cobbles and 0 to 10 6.8); gradual smooth boundary. percent pebbles. It is medium acid to neutral. Bw2-31 to 45 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) dry; moderate 3, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry, medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, The upper part of the B horizon has hue of 5YR or friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine 7.5YR, and the lower part has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR. roots; many very fine and fine pores; neutral (pH The B horizon has value of 3 or 4, and it has chroma of 6.8); clear smooth boundary. 3 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silty clay or silty clay loam. Bw3-45 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay, The C horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR to dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) dry; moderate 7.5YR, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. 52 Soil Survey Of u Variant The C horizon is variegated. It has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8 when moist The Ofu Variant consists of deep, well drained soils on or dry. It is sandy loam or clay loam. uplands and mountainsides. These soils formed in volcanic ash and pyroclastic material. Slope is 6 to 70 Oloava Series percent. Elevation is near sea level to 500 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 175 to 200 inches, and the mean The Oloava series consists of very deep, well drained annual temperature is about 79 degrees F. soils on uplands. These soils formed in volcanic ash and Taxonomic class. Very-fine, mixed, isohyperthermic cinders. Slope is 6 to 100 percent. Elevation is 400 to Typic Hapludolls. 1,500 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 175 to 230 Typicalpedon. Ofu Variant silty clay; on a 12-percent, inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 78 convex slope on Tau Farm banana plantation. When degrees F. described, the soil was moist throughout. Colors are for Taxonomic class: Medial over cindery, isohyperthermic moist soil unless otherwise stated. Textures are apparent Typic Dystrandepts. field textures. Typicalpedon: Oloava silty clay loam; on a 19-percent, convex slope along a road. When described, the soil was Ap-0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay, moist throughout. Colors are for moist soil unless dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) dry; weak fine and very fine otherwise stated. Textures are apparent field textures. subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; many roots; many very A-0 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) silty clay loam; fine and fine pores; neutral (pH 6.6); clear wavy strong fine and medium subangular blocky structure; boundary. very hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many roots; Bw-8 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) silty clay, common very fine and few fine pores; 3 percent dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) dry; moderate fine and very weathered cinders; common wormholes; dries to fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable, very hard, sand-sized aggregates; strongly acid (pH very sticky and very plastic; many roots; common 5.3); clear wavy boundary. very fine and fine pores; 10 percent weathered tuff Bw-9 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay loam; fragments, 3 percent stones; medium acid (pH 6.0); moderate fine and medium subangular blocky clear wavy boundary. structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; weakly BC-14 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) smeary; many roots; common very fine pores; 3 highly weathered tuff that easily crushes to clay percent weathered cinders; strongly acid (pH 5.3); loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) dry; weak fine and clear wavy boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, 2BC-14 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly friable, sticky and plastic; common roots; many very silt loam; weak fine and very fine granular structure; fine and common fine pores; slightly acid (pH 6.1); friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; moderately abrupt wavy boundary. smeary; many roots; many very fine pores; 30 2C-28 to 63 inches; variegated yellowish brown (10YR percent weathered cinders; strongly acid (pH 5.4); 5/4), black (10YR 2/1), and reddish brown (5YR clear wavy boundary. 4/4) highly weathered tuff that crushes easily to 2C-17 to 60 inches; black (10YR 2/1) weathered sandy loam; very hard, very firm, nonsticky and cinders that crush to variegated reddish brown (5YR nonplastic; common thin dark yellowish brown 4/4), yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and black (10YR (10YR 4/4) coatings on faces of tuff fragments; 2/1) very gravelly sandy loam; firm, slightly sticky slightly acid (pH 6.3). and nonplastic; moderately smeary; few roots; many pores; 55 percent hard cinders; strongly acid (pH Type location. Tau Island, American Samoa; on Tau 5.2). Farm, about 400 feet east of office; lat. 14'13'48" S. and long. 169*30'20" W. Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; at Range in characteristics: The solum is 25 to 36 inches Aoloaufou, near end of road and 300 feet south of thick. Bedrock is at a depth of 60 inches or more. The farmer's house; lat. 14*18'41" S. and long. 170'46'23" solum is 0 to 15 percent gravel-sized rock fragments. W. The profile is neutral to medium acid. Range in charactensfics: Soft, weathered cinders are The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1 OYR, and it has at a depth of 12 to 40 inches. The profile is slightly acid value and chroma of 2 or. 3 when moist or dry. to strongly acid. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1 OYR, and it has The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and value and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 3 percent commonly is silty clay, but it is clay in some pedons. gravel-sized cinders. American Samoa 53 The upper part of the B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or smeary or moderately smeary. It dries irreversibly to 1 OYR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist dark, angular, gravel-sized aggregates that are very hard. or dry. It is clay loam or silty clay loam and is 3 to 10 The C horizon is variegated. It has hue of 2.5YR to percent gravel-sized cinders. 1 OYR, value of 2 to 4 when moist and 3 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 4 when moist and 4 or 6 when dry. Olotania Family The Olotania family consists of deep and moderately Pavaiai Series deep, well drained soils on mountainsides. These soils The Pavaiai series consists of moderately deep, well formed in volcanic ash and cinders. Slope is 15 to 40 drained soils on uplands. These soils formed in volcanic percent. Elevation is 900 to 3,000 feet. The mean annual ash and are underlain with lava. Slope is 6 to 40 rainfall is 200 to 300 inches, and the mean annual percent. Elevation is near sea level to 900 feet. The temperature is about 76 degrees F. mean annual rainfall is 150 to 200 inches, and the mean Taxonomic class: Thixotropic, isohyperthermic Typic annual temperature is about 79 degrees F. Hydrandepts. Taxonomic class: Medial-skeletal, isohyperthermic Reference pedon: Olotania family silty clay loam; on a Typic Dystrandepts. 34-percent slope in an area of tropical rain forest. When Typicalpedon., Pavaiai stony clay loam; on an 8- described, the soil was moist throughout. Colors are for percent slope along a road. When described, the soil moist soil unless otherwise stated. Textures are apparent was moist throughout. Colors are for moist soil unless field textures. otherwise stated. Textures are apparent field textures. A-0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YA 3/2) silty clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) dry; weak fine and medium A1-0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, friable, stony clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many dry; strong fine and very fine subangular blocky roots; many very fine and common fine pores; few structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very weathered cinders; medium acid (pH 6.0); clear fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine pores; 2 smooth boundary. percent pebbles and 10 percent stones; slightly acid Bw-8 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. silty clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) dry; A2-7 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) weak medium subangular blocky structure; very clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; moderately and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly smeary; many roots; many very fine and few fine hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine pores; 20 percent highly weathered cinders that are and fine roots; many very fine and few fine pores; 2 easily crushed; slightly acid (pH 6-5); abrupt smooth percent pebbles; medium acid (pH 6.0); gradual boundary. smooth boundary. 2C-25 to 60 inches; stratified, variegated black (10YR Bwl-12 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very 2/1), brown (10YR 4/3), and dark reddish brown cobbly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (1 OYR (2.5YR 3/4) weathered cinders that crush to clay 3/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky loam, sandy loam, and silty clay loam, dark yellowish structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and brown (10YR 3/4), brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; massive and weak many very fine and few fine pores; 5 percent medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, pebbles, 25 percent cobbles, and 15 percent stones; friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few roots; few fine slightly acid (pH 6.2); abrupt smooth boundary. and very fine pores; slightly acid (pH 6.4). Bw2-26 to 38 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Type location: Tau Island, American Samoa; about 0.5 3/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky mile west-northwest of Olomanu Crater; lat. 14'14'31 " S. structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and and long. 169029'25" W. nonplastic; few very fine roots; many very fine and Range in characteristics: The solurn is 20 to 40, inches few fine pores; 5 percent pebbles, 35 percent thick. The solurn is slightly acid to strongly acid, and the cobbles, and 15 percent stones; slightly acid (pH C horizon is slightly acid or neutral. Depth to bedrock 6.3); abrupt smooth boundary. rar,@:,s from 20 inches to more than 60 inches. 2R-38 inches; pahoehoe lava. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; at The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 Mapusagafou, 0.4 mile north of Pavaiai intersection on or 4 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and chroma of 3 cut at M& Enterprise; lat. 14*21'4" S. and long. or 4 when moist and 3 to 6 when dry. It is slightly 170*45'4" W. 54 Soil Survey Range in characteristics: The thickness of the solum Sogi Series and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. The control section is 35 to 55 percent rock fragments. The The Sogi series consists of moderately deep, well profile is medium acid to neutral. drained soils on uplands. These soils formed in volcanic The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or ash and are underlain by hard tuff. Slope is 0 to 40 4 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or percent. Elevation is near sea level to 400 feet. The dry. It commonly is stony clay loam but is stony silty clay mean annual rainfall is 120 to 160 inches, and the mean loam in some pedons. Rock fragment content is 5 to 35 annual temperature is about 80 degrees F. percent. Taxonomic class. Medial, isohyperthermic Udic The B horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or Eutrandepts. 4 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and Typical joedon: Sogi clay loam; on a I -percent slope in 3 or 4 when dry. The fine earth fraction commonly is a cultivated field. When described, the soil was moist sandy loam or sandy clay loam, but the range includes throughout. Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise silty clay loam, clay loam, and very fine sandy loam. stated. Textures are apparent field textures. Rock fragment content ranges from 40 to 60 percent. Ap-O to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; strong very fine Puapua Series subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and The Puapua series consists of shallow, well drained plastic; common very fine roots; many fine and very soils on uplands. These soils formed in volcanic ash and fine pores; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy are underlain by hard tuff. Slope is 0 to 100 percent. boundary. Elevation is near sea level to 400 feet. The mean annual Bw-110 to 21 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay loam, rainfall is 120 to 160 inches, and the mean annual yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; strong medium and temperature is about 80 degrees F. fine subangular blocky structure; friable, sticky and Taxonomic class: Medial, isohyperthermic Lithic plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine pores; Eutrandepts. neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt wavy boundary. Typicalpedon: Puapua clay loam; on a 20-percent side 2C-21 to 26 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR slope in an area of a taro and breadfruit plantation. 3/2) loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; single When described, the soil was moist throughout. Colors grain; soft, loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; neutral are for moist soil unless otherwise stated. Textures are (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary. apparent field textures. 2R-26 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) tuff. Ap-O to 11 inches; very dark brown (1 OYR 212) clay Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; on loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong very fine and Taputimu Farm, about 200 feet southwest of office and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firrn, 70 feet south of boundary fence; lat. 14*21'36" S. and sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots; long. 170*46'34" W. many very fine and fine pores; less than 3 percent Range in characteristics: Depth to tuff ranges from 20 tuff fragments; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual smooth to 40 inches. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, boundary. value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and am chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 6 when dry. C-1 1 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy lo, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; weak fine granular The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 structure; slightly hard, loose, slightly sticky and or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist. The nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very fine lower part of the B horizon is sandy clay loam in some pores; some fragments of volcanic tuff; slightly acid pedons. (pH 6.5); abrupt smooth boundary. The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 1 OYR, value of 2 or 2R-16 inches; fine-grained tuff. 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 4 when moist and 3 to 8 when dry. It commonly is loamy Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; about sand, sandy loam, or sand. 1 mile west-southwest of Futiga; lat. 14*21'14" S. and long. 170*46'14" W. Sogi Variant Range in characteristics: Depth to tuff ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1 OYR, The Sogi Variant consists of moderately deep, well value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and drained soils on mountainsides. These soils formed in chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 6 when dry. The C volcanic ash and are underlain by pahoehoe lava. Slope horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3 when is 15 to 50 percent. Elevation is 150 to 600 feet. The moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 4 when mean annual rainfall is 200 to 230 inches, and the mean moist and 3 to 8 when dry. annual temperature is about 79 degrees F. American Samoa 55 Taxonomic class: Very-fine, mixed, isohyperthermic Tafuna Series Typic Hapludolls. Typicalpedon: Sogi Variant silty clay; on a 19-percent The Tafuna series consists of deep, well drained, slope in an area of tropical rain forest. When described extremely stony organic soils on uplands. These soils the soil was moist throughout. Colors are for moist soil' formed in an accumulation of organic matter over unless otherwise stated. Textures are apparent field fragmental aa lava. Slope is 3 to 15 percent. Elevation is textures. near sea level to 150 feet. The mean annual rainfall is 120 to 175 inches, and the mean annual temperature is A-0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay, dark about 80 degrees F. brown (10YR 3/2) dry; strong fine and very fine Taxonomic class: Euic, isohyperthermic Typic subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very Tropofolists. sticky and very plastic; many very fine and fine Typicalpedon: Tafuna extremely stony muck; on a 6- roots; many very fine and common fine pores; 1 percent slope along a road. When described, the soil percent pebbles; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth was moist throughout. Colors are for moist soil unless boundary. otherwise stated. Bw1-8 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay, 01-0 to 9 inches; black (10YR 2/1) extremely stony dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; moderate fine and muck, black (10YR 2/1) dry; weak fine and very fine medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, triable, very sticky and very plastic; many very fine nonsticky and nonplastic; many roots; many pores; and fine roots; many very fine and common fine 20 percent stones, 30 percent cobbles, and 35 pores; 2 percent pebbles; 5 percent highly percent pebbles; slightly acid (pH 6.3); diffuse wavy weathered rock fragments that crush easily; neutral boundary. (pH 6.9); clear wavy boundary. 02-9 to 18 inches; 60 percent very dark grayish brown Bw2-19 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay, (10YR 3/2) and 40 percent dark brown (10YR 3/3) dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) dry; moderate medium extremely stony muck, 60 percent dark brown (10YR prismatic structure parting to moderate medium 4/4) and 40 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR subangular blocky; very hard, friable, very sticky and 4/3) dry; strong fine and very fine granular structure; very plastic; weakly smeary; many fine and very fine very hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very roots; many very fine and common fine pores; 3 fine and fine roots; many very fine pores; 20 percent percent pebbles; 3 percent highly weathered rock stones, 30 percent cobbles, and 35 percent pebbles; fragments that are easily crushed; neutral (pH 7.0); neutral (pH 6.6); diffuse wavy boundary. abrupt wavy boundary. 2C-18 to 43 inches; fragmental aa lava with little soil 2R-30 inches; pahoehoe lava. material from above horizon; gradual wavy boundary. Type location: Tau Island, American Samoa; near R-43 inches; lava. Amouli, about 0.25 mile northeast of Moso Point; lat. 14*15'51" S. and long. 169'29'38" W. Type location: Tutuila Island, American Samoa; from Range in characteristics: Thickness of the solum and the central part of Tafunafou, 0.3 mile west on gravel depth to bedrock range from 28 to 40 inches. The profile road and 200 feet south of mechanic's shop; lat. is slightly acid or neutral. The solum has hue of 7.5YR or 14*20'08" S. and long. 170*44'06" W. 10YR, and it has value and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist Range in characteristics: Depth to lava ranges from 40 or dry. The surface layer is 0 to 35 percent rock to 60 inches or more.The 0 horizon has hue of 7.5YR fragments. to 10YR. It is slightly acid or neutral. 57 Formation of the Soils Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on the earth's Many of the soils, however, have high base saturation. surface that supports or is capable of supporting plants. This may be true because the parent material is of Physical and chemical processes have determined its recent origin or because the soil is shallow or stony and morphology. These processes have resulted from the the bases are constantly being replenished. interaction of five factors-parent material, climate, living organisms, topography, and time. Differences between Living Organisms soils can be traced to differences in one or more of these factors. The five soil-forming factors and their Living organisms, including man, affect soil formation. influence on soil formation in the survey area are The changes plants and animals bring about depend on discussed in this section. the kind of life processes peculiar to each. Grasses and trees send fibrous roots into the upper few feet of the Parent Material soil. They loosen the soil and improve soil structure and tilth. They obtain nutrients from deeper horizons and Parent material is the unconsolidated, partly weathered contribute soluble minerals, such as calcium, iron, rock in which soils form. To a large extent, parent phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur, when they die and material determines the mineralogy and chemical and decay. physical properties of soils. The soils in the survey area Bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms decompose formed in material derived from basic igneous rock, dead plants, breaking down the organic matter into mainly basalt and small amounts of andesite and stable humus. Some bacteria in nodules on the roots of trachyte; in volcanic ash and cinders; and in colluvium certain legumes remove nitrogen from the air. When and alluvium (5). A few of the soils formed in organic these bacteria die, the nitrogen becomes available in the material and coral sand. soil. Earthworms, insects, and small burrowing animals Basic igneous rock weathers to clayey soils, such as affect soil formation by mixing and working the organic the Fagasa soils. Volcanic ash and cinders weather to and mineral matter. The mixing speeds soil development loamy soils, such as the Oloava soils. Colluvium is on and makes the soil more friable. By clearing and tilling foot slopes at the base of the steeper uplands. It is the land and mixing horizons, man has also affected the mostly silty clay loam and silty clay material and has soil. stones, cobbles, and gravel. The stony Aua soils are Most soils in the survey area have a high organic examples of soils that formed in colluvium. Alluvium is matter content. The organic matter makes the soil darker water-deposited sediment on bottom lands. It ranges in color and improves its fertility, tilth, and permeability. from silty clay to fine sand. Because fresh deposits are laid down by floodwater, the soils that formed in alluvium Topography are young. Leafu soils are examples. The Ngerungor Variant soils formed in organic deposits, and the Topography influences soil formation through its effect Ngedebus soils formed in coral sand. on runoff, drainage, erosion, and vegetation. In the more steeply sloping areas, runoff is more rapid and the Climate hazard of erosion is greater. Steeply sloping soils generally have good drainage, which affects the kind of Climate has a strong influence on soil formation in the plants that can grow on them. The Fagasa and Ofu soils survey area. The high rainfall and warm temperatures are examples of steep soils. In level or depressional are favorable for rapid weathering of rock, decomposition areas, little runoff and soil erosion occur. Some areas of organic matter, and formation of soils. Leaching of are ponded and are subject to soil deposition. The soils soluble material, such as calcium carbonate, is also rapid in these areas commonly are poorly drained and support because of the high rainfall; therefore, some of the soils water-tolerant plants. The Insak soils are examples of in the area are low in content of bases and nutrients. nearly level soils in depressional areas. 58 Time development. They have been forming only long enough for organic matter to accumulate in the surface layer. The length of time that parent material has been The Sogi and Puapua soils are subject to high rainfall; subjected to the effects of climate and living organisms however, they still have high base saturation because and modified by topography is an important factor in soil they formed in young volcanic ash. Other soils such as formation. The soils in the survey area are relatively the Ofu soils have a well developed Bw horizon, which young, although many are highly weathered. The Tafuna indicates greater soil development and age. soils, which formed in young lava, exhibit minimal soil 59 Ref erences (1) American Samoa Development Planning Office. (5) Stearns, Harold T. 1944. Geology of the Samoan 1979. Economic development plan for American Islands. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., vol. 55, pp. 1279- Samoa, FY 1979-1984. 176 pp., illus. 1332, illus. (2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1974. (6) Swan, Ian. 1974. How to grow vegetables in Method for classification of soils for engineering American Samoa. Dep. Agric., Pago Pago, American purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487-69. In 1974 Annual Samoa, vol. 1, No. 1, 60 pp., illus. Book of ASTM Standards, Part 19, 464 pp., illus. (3) Lockwood, Brian. 1971. Samoan village economy. (7) United States Department of Agriculture. 1951. Soil Oxford Univ. Press, Melbourne, 232 pp., illus. survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18, 503 pp., illus. (4) Nelson, Robert E. 1964. A look at the forests of (8) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil American Samoa. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn. Res. taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for Note PSW-53, 13 pp., illus. making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436, 754 pp., illus. 61 Glossary Aa lava. A type of lava flow that has a rough, fragmental carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with surface. It is a blocky lava consisting of clinkers and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. scoria and is characteristic of oceanic shield Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See volcanoes and continental plateau eruptions. crown.) Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon dioxide of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated and lower in oxygen. pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, deposited synonymous with base-exchange capacity, but is on land by streams. more precise in meaning. Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim after Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less the removal of soil for construction and other uses. than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural Revegetation and erosion control are extremely class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, difficult. less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous areas geographically associated in a characteristic silt. repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a Clay skin. A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface single map unit. of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root channels. Available water capacity (available moisture Synonyms: clay coating, clay film. capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water Coarse fragments. Mineral or rock particles larger than available for use by most plants. It is commonly 2 millimeters in diameter. defined as the difference between the amount of Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. soil water at field moisture capacity and the amount Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly rounded at wilting point. It is commonly expressed as inches fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in inches, in centimeters) in diameter. a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is expressed Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent, as- by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock Inches fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.5 to 25 centimeters) in Very low ................................................................... 0 to 3diameter. Very cobbly soil material is 35 to 60 Low ........................................................................... 3 to 6 Moderate ................................................................. 6 to 9percent of these rock fragments, and extremely High ........................................................................ 9 to 12 cobbly soil material is more than 60 percent. Very high .................................................... More than 12 Colluvium. Soil material, rock fragments, or both, moved Base saturation. The degree to which material having by creep, slide, or local wash and deposited at the cation exchange properties is saturated with base of steep slopes. exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K), Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or expressed as a percentage of the total cation constructing terraces, diversions, and other water- exchange capacity. control measures on a complex slope is difficult. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and other Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of oil or unconsolidated material or that is exposed at the miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or surface. so small in area that it is not practical to map them Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, separately at the selected scale of mapping. The subject to flooding. pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 areas are somewhat similar in all areas. centimeters) in diameter. Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in volume Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium of soft soil under load. 62 Soil Survey Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease with Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. Terms duration of periods of saturation or partial saturation commonly used to describe consistence are- during soil formation, as opposed to altered Loose. -Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not drainage, which is commonly the result of artificial hold together in a mass. drainage or irrigation but may be caused by the Friable.-When moist, crushes easily under gentle sudden deepening of channels or the blocking of pressure between thumb and forefinger and can be drainage outlets. Seven classes of natural soil pressed together into a lump. drainage are recognized: Frm,-When moist, crushes under moderate Excessively drained.-These soils have very high pressure between thumb and forefinger, but and high hydraulic conductivity and low water resistance is distinctly noticeable. holding capacity. They are not suited for crop Plastic. -Readily deformed by moderate pressure production unless irrigated. but can be pressed into a lump; will form a "wire" Somewhat excessively drained -These soils have when rolled between thumb and forefinger. high hydraulic conductivity and low water holding Sticky.-Adheres to other material and tends to capacity. Without irrigation only a narrow range of stretch somewhat and pull apart rather than to pull crops can be grown, and yields are low. free from other material. Well drained.-These soils have intermediate water Hard.-When dry, moderately resistant to pressure; holding capacity. They retain optimum amounts of can be broken with difficulty between thumb and moisture, but they are not wet close enough to the forefinger. surface or long enough during the growing season Soft.-When dry, breaks into powder or individual to adversely affect yields. grains under very slight pressure. Moderately well drained.-These soils are wet close Cemented-Hard; little affected by moistening. enough to the surface for long enough that planting Contour stripcropping (or contour farming). Growing or harvesting operations or yields of some field crops in strips that follow the contour. Strips of crops are adversely affected unless artificial grass or close-growing crops are alternated with drainage is provided. Moderately well drained soils strips of clean-tilled crops or summer fallow. commonly have a layer with low hydraulic Control section. The part of the soil on which conductivity, a wet layer relatively high in the profile, classification is based. The thickness varies among additions of water by seepage, or some combination different kinds of soil, but for many it is that part of ofthese. the soil profile between depths of 10 inches and 40 Somewhat poorly drained. -These soils are wet or 80 inches. close enough to the surface or long enough that Corrosive. High risk of corrosion to uncoated steel or planting or harvesting operations or crop growth is deterioration of concrete. markedly restricted unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat poorly drained soils commonly Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to have a layer with low hydraulic conductivity, a wet improve and protect the soil between periods of layer high in the profile, additions of water through regular crop production, or a crop grown between seepage, or a combination of these. trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. Poorly drained.-These soils commonly are so wet Crop residue management. Returning crop residue to at or near the surface during a considerable part of the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, the year that field crops cannot be grown under organic matter content, and fertility and helps to natural conditions. Poorly drained conditions are control erosion. caused by a saturated zone, a layer with low Cropping system. Growing crops using a planned hydraulic conductivity, seepage, or a combination of system of rotation and management practices. these. Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting farming Very poorly drained. -These soils are wet to the operations on sloping farmland in such a way that surface most of the time. These soils are wet tillage is across the general slope. enough to prevent the growth of important crops Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the (except rice) unless artificially drained. living branches and their foliage. Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations from an area. tend to cave in or slough. Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by water, Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by such surface for the specified use. processes as gravitational creep. Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic generally a terrace, built to protect downslope areas processes acting over long geologic periods and by diverting runoff from its natural course. resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the American Samoa 63 building up of such landscape features as flood Ground water (geology). Water filling all the unblocked plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural erosion. pores of underlying material below the water table. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil material than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of the intermediate in degree of decomposition between activities of man or other animals or of a the less decomposed fibric material and the more catastrophe in nature; for example, fire that exposes decomposed sapric material. the surface. Hard rock. Rock that cannot be excavated except by Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the soil. blasting or by the use of special equipment that is The soil does not provide a source of gravel or sand not commonly used in construction. for construction purposes. Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity the surface, having distinct characteristics produced through accumulation of moisture. Summer fallow is by soil-forming processes. In the identification of soil common in regions of limited rainfall where cereal horizons, an upper case letter represents the major grain is grown. The soil is tilled for at least one horizons. Numbers or lower case letters that follow growing season for weed control and decomposition represent subdivisions of the major horizons. An of plant residue. explanation of the subdivisions is given in the Soil Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water Survey Manual. The major horizons of mineral soil into the soil. are as follows: Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide 0 horizon.-An organic layer of fresh and decaying plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper plant residue. balance, for the growth of specified plants when A horizon.-The mineral horizon at or near the light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth surface in which an accumulation of hurnified factors are favorable. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of all Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was organic soil material. Peat contains a large amount originally part of a B horizon. of well preserved fiber that is readily identifiable B horizon.-The mineral horizon below an A horizon. according to botanical origin. Peat has the lowest The B horizon is in part a layer of transition from the bulk density and the highest water content at overlying A to the underlying C horizon. The B saturation of all organic soil material. horizon also has distinctive characteristics such as Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a soil, (1) accumulation of clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a expressed as a percentage of the ovendry weight, combination of these; (2) prismatic or blocky after the gravitational, or free, water has drained structure; (3) redder or browner colors than those in away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 days after a the A horizon; or (4) a combination of these. soaking rain; also called normal field capacity, E horizon.-The mineral horizon in which the main normal moisture capacity, or capillaly capacity. feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. some combination of these. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a C horizon.-The mineral horizon or layer, excluding stream and is subject to flooding unless protected indurated bedrock, that is little affected by soil- artificially. forming processes and does not have the properties Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as typical of the overlying soil material. The material of much as 1,000 feet (or 300 meters) and fringes a a C horizon may be either like or unlike that in which mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. the solurn formed. If the material is known to differ Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. from that in the solum, the number 2 precedes the Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway, letter C. typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as R layer. -Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The protection against erosion. Conducts surface water rock commonly underlies a C horizon, but can be away from cropland. directly below an A or a B horizon. Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock up to 3 Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable part inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in diameter. of the organic matter in mineral soils. An individual piece is a pebble. Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50 percent, according to their runoff-producing characteristics. by volume, rounded or angular rock fragments, not The chief consideration is the inherent capacity of prominently flattened, up to 3 inches (7.6 soil bare of vegetation to permit infiltration. The centimeters) in diameter. slope and the kind of plant cover are not considered Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop but are separate factors in predicting runoff. Soils grown to be plowed under in an early stage of are assigned to four groups. In group A are soils maturity or soon after maturity. having a high infiltration rate when thoroughly wet 64 Soil Survey and having a low runoff potential. They are mainly biological properties of the various horizons, and the deep, well drained, and sandy or gravelly. In group thickness and arrangement of those horizons in the D, at the other extreme, are soils having a very slow soil profile. infiltration rate and thus a high runoff potential. They Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that vary have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, in number and size. Mottling generally indicates poor have a permanent high water table, or are shallow aeration and impeded drainage. Descriptive terms over nearly impervious bedrock or other material. A are as follows: abundance-few, common, and soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups if part of many, size-fine, medium, and coarse; and the acreage is artificially drained and part is contrast-faint, distinct, and prominent. The size undrained. measurements are of the diameter along the Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 molten or partially molten state. Major varieties millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, more andesite, basalt, and granite. than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising immediate surface of soil or other material, as more than 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, contrasted with percolation, which is movement of commonly of restricted summit area (relative to a water through soil layers or material. plateau) and generally having steep sides and Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the considerable bare-rock surface. A mountain can surface of the soil at any given instant, usually occur as a single, isolated mass or in a group expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the forming a chain or range. rate at which water is applied at the surface. Muck. Dark colored, finely divided, well decomposed Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of organic soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) soil and loose rock, generally when wet or Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of saturated. The speed and distance of movement, as the three simple variables-hue, value, and chroma. well as the amount of soil and rock material, vary For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color of greatly. 1 OYR hue, value of 6, and chroma of 4. Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.5 Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6 and centimeters) or more across. Large stones adversely 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.) affect the specified use of the soil. Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly other material by percolating water. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Light textured soil. Sand and loamy sand. magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, boron, Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, passes from a plastic to a liquid state. hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay particles, water. 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less than 52 Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in percent sand particles. various stages of decomposition. Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support Pahoehoe lava. A type of lava flow that has a glassy, loads. smooth, and billowy or undulating surface. It is Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt characteristic of Hawaii. It commonly is a basaltic loam, or silt. and porous type of lava. Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and low Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and in organic material. Its bulk density is more than that mineral material in which soil forms. of organic soil. Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop organic matter, that has accumulated under excess production and prevention of soil damage. Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no natural moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) soil and supports little or no vegetation. Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam, granule, a prism, or a block. sandy loam, and fine sandy loam. Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called "a soil." Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to loam, and silty clay loam. permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 including the texture, structure, porosity, square meters), depending on the variability of the consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, and soil. American Samoa 65 Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, through the soil adversely affecting the specified weathered, or partly weathered mineral material that use. accumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated in Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water place. to move downward through the profile. Permeability Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a is measured as the number of inches per hour that diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, water moves downward through the saturated soil. pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Terms describing permeability are: Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil is Very slow .......................................... less than 0.06 inch shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. Slow ...................................................... 0.06 to 0.20 inch Moderately slow ....................................... 0.2 to 0.6 inch Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Moderate ...................................... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches channels from an area. The water that flows off the Moderately rapid .................................. 2.0 to 6.0 inches surface of the land without sinking into the soil is Rapid ...................................................... 6.0 to 20 inches called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Very rapid ....................................... more than 20 inches before reaching surface streams is called ground- Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. features that affect its use and management. For Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral example, slope, stoniness, and thickness. fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the sand and not more than 10 percent clay. liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of moisture Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly content within which the soil remains plastic. decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk changes from semisolid to plastic. density, and the lowest water content at saturation Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed depressions. of all organic soil material. The water can be removed only by percolation or evapotranspiration. Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated residual material Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid permeability or underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock an impermeable layer near the surface, the soil may below. not adequately filter effluent from a waste disposal Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through the system. soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified use. Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content almost alike, except for differences in texture of the of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has surface layer or of the underlying material. All the no properties restricting the penetration of roots to soils of a series have horizons that are similar in this depth. composition, thickness, and arrangement. Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dry a specified plant or sequence of plants under and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling specific management. can damage roads, dams, building foundations, and Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending other structures. It can also damage plant roots. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that through all its horizons and into the parent material. Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a range in diameter from the upper limit of clay (0.002 soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine sand (0.05 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction millimeter). As 'a soil textural class, soil that is 80 because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degree of percent or more silt and less than 12 percent clay. acidity or alkalinity is expressed as- Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to movement pH downslope when loaded, excavated, or wet. Extremely acid ................................................. Below 4.5 Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Very strongly acid ..................................-.... -4.5 to 5.0 Strongly acid ..................................................... 5.1 to 5.5 horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical Medium acid ..................................................... 5.6 to 6.0 distance divided by horizontal distance, then Slightly acid ....................................................... 6.1 to 6.5 multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Neutral ............................................................... 6.6 to 7.3 drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. Mildly alkaline ................................................... 7.4 to 7.8 Moderately alkaline .......................................... 7.9 to 8.4 Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special Strongly alkaline ............................................... 8.5 to 9.0 practices are required to insure satisfactory Very strongly alkaline .............................. 9.1 and higher performance of the soil for a specific use. Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water considered collectively. into the soil. 66 Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 accumulated mass of such loose, broken rock inches (7.5 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones formed chiefly by falling, rolling, or sliding. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across Soft rock. Rock that can be excavated using trenching sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to machines, backhoes, small rippers, and other the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff so equipment commonly used in construction. that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to a Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth's prepared outlet. A terrace in a field is generally built surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has so that the field can be farmed. A terrace intended properties resulting from the integrated effect of mainly for drainage has a deep channel that is climate and living matter acting on earthy parent maintained in permanent sod. material, as conditioned by relief over periods of Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and time. clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine horizon, in which the processes of soil formation are particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, and B silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay horizons. Generally, the characteristics of the loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, material in these horizons are unlike those of the loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be further underlying material. The living roots and plant and divided by specifying "coarse," "fine," or "very animal activities are largely confined to the solum. fine." Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 6 to 15 inches to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, (15 to 38 centimeters) in length if flat. and root penetration. Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers Topography. The configuration of a surface including its that interfere with or prevent tillage. relief and the position of its natural and man-made Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil features. particles into compound particles or aggregates. The Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most principal forms of soil structure are-platy favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates rich in organic matter and is used to topdress longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and granular. Structureless soils are either single grained Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive volcanic ash and dust. (the particles adhering without any regular cleavage, Upland (geology). Land at a higher elevation, in general, as in many hardpans). than the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of the lowlands along streams. the solum below plow depth. Variant, soil. A soil having properties sufficiently Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. different from those of other known soils to justify a Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. Generally new series name, but occurring in such a limited refers to a leached horizon lighter in color and lower geographic area that creation of a new series is not in content of organic matter than the overlying justified. surface layer. Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its assumed to be inherited from the parent material equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth from rather than to be the result of poor drainage. 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Frequently Weathering. All physical and chemical changes designated as the "plow layer," or the "Ap horizon." produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the Talus. Rock fragments of any size or shape, commonly earth's surface by atmospheric agents. These coarse and angular, derived from and lying at the changes result in disintegration and decomposition base of a cliff or very steep, rocky slope. The of the material. Tables I 68 Soil Survey TABLE l.--RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE [Recorded at Pago Pago Airport. Rainfall was recorded in the period 1960-80. Temperature was recorded in the period 1964-661 Mean monthly Temperature rainfall Mean Maximum Minimum daily daily daily In 'IF UF January--- 12.83 80.8 86.7 74.9 February 11.89 8o.8 86.8 74.8 March ----- 11.77 80.9 87.0 74.8 April ----- 11.90 80.7 86.6 74,7 May ------- 11.16 79.9 85.3 74.5 June ------ 7.94 79.6 84.3 74.8 July ------ 6.77 78.8 83.4 74.1 August ---- 7.36 78.7 83.5 73.9 September-I 6.68 79.4 84.5 74.2 October--- 11.37 79.9 84.9 74.8 November--I 11-07 80.4 85.7 75.0 December--- 14.00 80.6 86.1 75.0 Annual-- 124.74 80.0 85.4 74.6 American Samoa 69 TABLE 2-ACREAGE AND PROPORTIONATE EXTENT OF THE SOILS I I I I I I Total--- Map Soil name Aunuu Ofu Olosega Tau Tutuila I I symbol! Area !Extent Acres Acres Acres I Acres-TA s I Acres Fct 1 IAua very stony silty clay loam, I I I I I 1 15 to 30 percent slopes --------- 1 01 01 01 01 2091 209 1 0.4 2 lAua very stony silty clay loam, I I I I I 'I I 1 30 to 60 percent slopes --------- 1 01 1041 971 01 1,9851 2,186 1 4.5 3 lFagasa-Ofu silty clays, 30 to 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 01 1,2881 1,268 1 2.6 4 lFagasa family-Lithic I I I I I I I I Hapludolls-Rock outcrop I I I I I I I I association, very steep --------- 1 01 4371 5961 01 19,7901 20,823 1 42.7 5 IIliili extremely stony mucky clayl I I I I I I loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes----I 01 01 01 1561 1,2241 1,380 1 2.8 6 lInsak mucky sandy loam ----------- @l 281 51 81 01 01 41 1 0.1 7 lInsak Variant clay loam ---------- 1 01 01 01 231 01 23 1 8 ILeafu silty clay, 0 to 3 percent I I I I I I I I slopes -------------------------- 1 01 01 01 01 5501 550 1 1-1 9 ILeafu stony silty clay, 0 to 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 01 3971 397 1 0.8 10 IMesei Variant peat --------------- 1 331 01 01 01 01 33 1 0.1 11 INgedebus mucky sand -------------- 1 511 621 01 71 01 120 1 0.2 12 INgedebus Variant extremely cobblyl I I I I I I I sand, 0 to 5 percent.slopes ----- I ill 01 321 1141 71 164 1 0.3 13 INgerungor Variant mucky peat ----- 1 431 01 01 01 1231 166 1 0.3 14 10fu silty clay, 15 to 40 percent I I I I I I I I slopes -------------------------- 1 01 3851 2361 01 01 621 1 1.3 15 10fu silty clay, 40 to 70 percent I I I I I I I I slopes -------------------------- 1 01 7641 3321 01 01 i,o96 1 2.2 16 10fu Variant silty clay, 6 to 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 421 01 01 1781 01 220 1 0.5 17 10fu Variant silty clay, 20 to 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 571 01 01 501 01 107 1 0.2 18 10fu Variant-Rock outcrop complex,l I I I I I I 1 40 to 70 percent slopes --------- 1 831 01 01 lo6l 01 189 1 0.4 19 (Oloava silty clay loam, 6 to 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 01 4151 415 1 0.9 20 10loava silty clay loam, 12 to 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 01 5521 552 1 1.1 21 10loava silty clay loam, 40 to 1001 1 1 1 1 1 1 I percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 01 9041 904 1 1.9 22 101otania family, 15 to 40 percentl I I I I I I I slopes -------------- - --------- 1 01 01 01 5,8441 01 5,844 1 12.0 23 IPavaiai stony clay loam, 6 to 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 1421 5771 719 1 1.5 24 IPavaiai stony clay loam, 12 to 251 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 2201 3181 538 1 1.1 25 IPavaiai stony clay loam, 25 to 401 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 8561 01 856 1 1.8 26 IPuapua-Rock outcrop complex, 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 to 100 percent slopes ----------- 1 01 01 01 01 4361 436 1 o.9 27 Mock I I I I I I I I outcrop-Hydrandepts-DystrandeptsI I I I I I I I association, very steep --------- 1 01 01 01 2,6171 01 2,617 1 5.4 28 Isogi-Puapua clay loams, 0 to 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 01 9501 950 1 1.9 29 ISogi-Puapua clay loams, 6 to 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 01 8191 819 1 1.7 30 lSogi-Puapua clay loams, 20 to 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 percent slopes ------------------ 1 01 01 01 01 2781 278 1 o.6 31 ISogi Variant-Pavaial associationj I I I I I I 1 15 to 50 percent slopes --------- 1 01 01 01 9191 01 919 1 1.9 32 ITafuna extremely stony muck, 3 tol I I I I I I 1 15 percent slopes --------------- 1 01 01 01 421 8841 926 1 1.9 33 ITroporthents, 0 to 6 percent I I I I I I I I slopes -------------------------- 1 01 01 01 01 1,0551 1,055 1 2.2 34 lUrban land-Aua-Leafu complex, 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 to 30 percent slopes ------------ 1 01 01 01 01 8911 891 1 1.8 35 lUrban land-Ngedebus complex ------1 361 351 431 541 2681 436 1 o.9 ----------- I------ I Total ----------------------- 1 3841 1,7921 123441 11,3281 33,9201 48,768 1100.0 I I I I I I I I Less than 0.1 percent. 70 Soil Survey TABLE 3-RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT [Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated] I I I I I Soil name and Camp areas Picnic areas I Playgrounds Paths and trails Golf fairways map symbol 1------------- ----- @-JSevere: ISevere: ISevere: IModerate: Isevere: Aua I slope. I slope. I large stones, I large stones, I large stones, I I I slope , I slope. I slope. I I I small stones. I I I I I 1 1 2--------------------- [Severe: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Aus. I slope. I slope. I large stones, I slope. I large stones, slope, I I slope. small stones. I I I 3*- 1 Fagasa --- ----------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope, I slope, I slope, I too clayey, I slope, I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. I slope. I too clayey. I I I I I Ofu ---------- ------ 7lSevere: [Severe: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope, I slope, I slope, I too clayey, I slope, I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. I slope. I too clayey. I I I 4*: 1 1 1 1 Fagasa --------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope, Islope, I slope, I too clayey, Islope, I t. oo clayey. Itoo clayey. I too clayey. I slope. Itoo clayey. Litbic Hapludolls. Rock outcrop. 5--------------------- [Severe: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Iiiiii I large stones, I large stones, I large stones, I large stones. I small stones, I small stones, I small stones, I slope, I I large stones, I depth to rock. Idepth to roek. I small stones. I I thin layer. I I I 1 1 6----------- --------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Insak flooding, ponding, ponding, ponding. excess salt, ponding, excess salt, flooding, ponding, excess salt. excess salt. flooding. 7---------- ---------- lSbvere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Insak Variant flooding, wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. 9 ----------- ------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Leafu I flooding, I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. I I I I I I I I I 10 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Mesei Variant I flooding, I ponding, I excess humus, ponding, I ponding, ponding, I excess humu.-- I ponding, excess humus. I flooding, excess humus. I I flooding. I excess humus. I I I 11 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere:- Moderate: Ngedebus I flooding, I too sandy. I small stones. I too sandy, I droughty, I too sandy. I I I I flooding. I I I 1 1 12 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Ngedebus Variant flooding, flooding, I flooding, I flooding, I flooding, large stones. large stones. I large stones. I large stones. I large stones. 13 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Ngerungor Variant I flooding, I ponding, I excess humus, I ponding, I ponding, I ponding, I excess humus. I ponding, I excess humus. I flooding, I excess humus. I I flooding. I I excess humus. I I I I I See footnote at end of table. American Samoa 71 TABLE 3-RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued Soil name and Camp areas Picnic areas Playgrounds Paths and trails Golf fairways map symbol 14, 15 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Ofu I slope, I slope, I slope, I too clayey, I slope, I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. I slope. I too clayey. I I I 1 1 16 -------------------- [Severe: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Ofu Variant I too clayey. I too clayey. I slope, I too clayey. I too clayey. I I I too clayey. I I I I I I I 17 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: Ofu Variant I slope, I slope, I slope, too clayey, slope, I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. slope. too clayey. I I 18*: 1 1 Ofu Variant ---------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope, I slope, I slope, too clayey, slope, I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. slope. too clayey. Rock outcrop. 19 -------------------- IModerate: IModerate: ISevere: ISlight ------------ IModerate: Oloava I slope. I slope. I slope. I I droughty, I I I I I slope. I I I 1 1 20 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IModerate: ISevere: Oloava I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I 1 1 21 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: [Severe: Oloava I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I 1 1 22* ------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Olotania I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I 1 1 23 -------------------- IModerat6: IModerate: ISevere: IModerate: IModerate: Pavaiai I slope. I slope. I slope. I large stones. I large stones, I I I I I slope, I I I I I thin layer. I I I 1 1 24 -------------------- [Severe: ISevere: ISevere: IModerate: ISevere: Pavaiai I slope. I slope. I slope. I large stones, I slope. I I I I slope. I I I I 1 1 25 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: Isevere: ISevere: ]Severe: Pavaiai I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I 26*: 1 1 1 1 Puapua --------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope, I slope, I slope, I slope. I slope, Idepth to rock. I depth to rock. Idepth to rock. thin layer. Rock outcrop. 27*: Rock outcrop. Hydrandepts. Dystrandepts. 28*: Sogi ----------------- ISlight ---------- ISlight ---------- IModerate: ISlight ------------ IModerate: I I I slope, I I thin layer. I I I depth to rock. I I I I I I I Puapua --------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISlight ------------ ISevere: I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I I thin layer. I I I I I See footnote at end of table. 72 SoiI.Survey TABLE 3-RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued I I Soil name and I Camp areas I Picnic areas Playgrounds I Paths and trails I Golf fairways map symbol 29*: Sogi ----------------- IModerate: IModerate: Isevere: ISlight ------------ IModerate: I slope. I slope. I slope. I I slope, I I I I I thin layer. I I I I I Puapua --------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISlight ------------ ISevere: I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I slope, I I thin layer. I I I depth to rock. I I I I I I I 30*: 1 1 1 1 1 Sogi ----------------- ISevere: Isevere: ISevere: ISevere: Isevere: I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I Puapua --------------- ISevere: Isevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope, I slope, I slope, I slope. I slope, I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I I thin layer. I I I I I 31*: 1 1 1 1 1 Sogi Variant --------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope, I slope, I slope, I too clayey, I slope, I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. I slope. I too clayey. I I I I I Pavaiai -------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I 1 1 32 -------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ]severe: ISevere: Tafuna I large stones, Ilarge stones, Ilarge stones, I large stones, I large stones, I excess humus. Iexcess humus. Islope, I excess humus. I excess humus. excess humus. I I 33*. Troporthents 34*: Urban land. Aua ------------------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IModerate: ISevere: I slope. I slope. I large stones, I large stones, I large stones, I I I slope, I slope. I slope. I I I small stones. I I I I I I I Leafu ---------------- ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I flooding, Itoo clayey. Itoo clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. I too clayey. 35*: Urban land. Ngedebus ------------- ]Severe: ]Severe: ISevere: [Severe: ISevere: I flooding, I too sandy. I too sandy. I too sandy. I droughty. I too sandy. I See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. American Samoa 73 TABLE 4-BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT [Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry Indicates that the soil was not rated] I I I I I Soil name and Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and map symbol excavations without commercial and streets landscaping basements buildings 1, 2 -------------- [Severe: ISevere: 19evere: Isevere: ISevere: Aua I large stones, I slope, I slope, I slope. I large stones, I slope. I large stones. I large stones. I I slope. I I I 1 1 3*: 1 1 1 1 1 Fagasa ----------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I I I too clayey. I I I I I Ofu -------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: isevere: I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I I I too clayey. I I I 1 1 4*: 1 1 1 1 1 Fagasa ----------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. Islope, too clayey. Lithic Hapludolls. Rock outcrop. 5----------------- ISevere: ISevere. 13evere: ISevere: ISevere: Iiiiii I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I slope, I depth to rock. I small stones, I large stones. I large stones. I depth to rock, I I large stones, large stones. thin layer. 6----------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Insak depth to rock, flooding, flooding, ponding, excess salt, ponding. ponding. ponding. flooding. ponding, flooding. 7----------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Insak Variant wetness. flooding, flooding, flooding. wetness. wetness. wetness. 8, 9 -------------- JModerate: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: [Severe: Leafu I too clayey, I flooding. I flooding. I flooding. too clayey. I wetness, I I I I flooding. I I I I I I I 10 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Isevere: ISevere: Mesei Variant I excess humus, I flooding, I flooding, I wetness. I ponding, I ponding. I ponding, I ponding, I I flooding, I I low strength. I low strength. excess humus. I I I 11 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: [Moderate: Ngedebus I cutbanks cave. I flooding. I flooding. I flooding. I droughty, I I I I I flooding. I I I 1 1 12 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Ngedebus Variant I cutbanks cave, I flooding, I flooding, I flooding, I flooding, I large stones. I large stones. I large stones. I large stones. I large stones. I I I 1 1 13 ---------------- ISevere: [Severe: [Severe: ISevere: ISevere: Ngerungor Variantl excess humus, I flooding, I flooding, I wetness, I ponding, I ponding. I ponding, I ponding, I flooding, I flooding, I I low strength. I low strength. I low strength. I excess humus. I I I 1 1 14, 15 ------------ ISevere: [Severe: [Severe; fSevere: [Severe: Ofu I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I I I too clayey. I I I I I See footnote at end of table. 74 Soil Survey TABLE 4.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued F Soil name and Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and map symbol excavations without commercial and stneets landscaping basements buildings 16 ---------------- JModerate: IModerate: [Severe: lModerate: ISevere: Ofu Variant I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I too clayey. I I I 1 1 17 ---------------- ISevere: [Severe: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Ofu Variant I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I I I too clayey. I I I 18*: 1 1 1 Ofu Variant ------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I I I too clayey. I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I 1 1 19 ---------------- lModerate: IModerate: Isevere: IModerate: IModerate: Oloava I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I droughty, I I I I I slope. I I I 1 1 20, 21 ------------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: Oloava I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I 1 1 22* --------------- JSevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Olotania I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I I 1 1 23 ---------------- ISevere: ]Moderate: ISevere: IModerate: lModerate: Pavaiai I depth to rock. I slope, I slope. I depth to rock. I large stones, I I depth to rock, I I I slope, I I'large stones. I I I thin layer. I I I 1 1 24, 25 ------------ lSevere: ISevere: ISevere: Moderate: ISevere: Pavaiai I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I depth to rock. I slope. I slope. I I I I 26*: Puapua ----------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. Idepth to rock. I slope, I slope. thin layer. Rock'outcrop. 27*: Rock outcrop. Hydrandepts. Dystrandepts. 28*: Sogi ------------- IModerate: ISlight ----------- [Slight ------------ IModerate: IModerate: I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I thin layer. I I I Puapua ----------- ISevere: lModerate: Moderate: ISevere: Isevere: I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I thin layer. I I I I 29*: 1 1 1 1 Sogi ------------- IModerate: IModerate: ISevere: lModerate: IModerate: I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I depth to rock. I slope, I slope. I I I I thin layer. I I I I I Puapua ----------- ISevere: IModerate: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I depth to rock. I slope, I slope. I depth to rock. I thin layer. I I depth to rock. I I I I I I I 30*: 1 1 1 1 Sogi ------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Imoderate: ISevere: I slope. I slope. I slope. I depth to rock. I slope. I I I I I See footnote at end of table. American Samoa 75 TABLE 4-BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued Soil name and Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and map symbol excavations without commercial and streets landscaping basements buildings 30*: Puapua ----------- ISevere: Isevere: ISevere: iSevere- ISevere: I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I depth to rock. I slope, I slope. I I I I thin layer. I I I I 31*: 1 1 1 1 Sogi Variant ----- [Severe: ISevere: 13evere: 18evere: ISevere: I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I slope. slope, I slope. I I too clayey. I I I Pavaiai ---------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IModerate: ISevere: I depth to rock, slope. I slope. I depth to rock. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I I 32 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Tafuna I large stones. Ilarge stones. I slope, Ilarge stones. I large stones, large stones. I I excess humus. 33*. Troporthents 34*: Urban land. Aua -------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: Isevere:. ISevere: I large stones, I slope, I slope, I slope. I large stones, I slope. I large stones. I large stones. I I slope. I I I I I Leafu ------------ ]Moderate: Isevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: I too clayey, Iflooding. I flooding. Iflooding. I too clayey. I wetness, I flooding. I 35*: 1 Urban land. I I Ngedebus --------- ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: [Severe: ISevere: I cutbanks cave. I flooding. I flooding. I flooding. I droughty. I I I I I See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 76 Soil Survey TABLE 5.--SANITARY FACILITIES [Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of I'mooerate.11 "severe," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated] Soil name and Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill 1, 2---------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: lSevere: lPoor: Aua I slope, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I large stones, I large stones. I slope, I slope, I slope. I slope. I I large stones. I large stones. I I I I I I 3*- 1 1 1 1 Fagasa--7 ---------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: lPoor: I depth to rock, I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, I slope. I depth to rock, I seepage, I seepage, I too clayey, I I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I Ofu ----- ---------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: [Poor: I slope. seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I 4*: 1 1 1 Fagasa ------------- ISevere: [Severe: ISevere: lSevere: lPoor: Idepth to rock, I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, Islope. I depth to rock, I seepage, I seepage, I too clayey, I I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. Lithic Hapludolls. Rock outcrop. 5------------------- ISevere: lSevere: ISevere: ISevere: IPoor: iiiiii I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I depth to rock. I area reclaim. I large stones. I slope, I seepage, I I I I large stones. I large stones. I I I I I 1 1 6------------------ @jSevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: lPoor: Insak flooding, seepage, flooding, flooding, area reclaim, depth to rock, depth to rock, depth to rock, depth to rock, seepage, ponding. flooding. seepage. seepage. ponding. 7------------------- lSevere: ISevere: ISevere-. ISevere: 1poor: Insak Variant flooding, seepage, flooding, flooding, too clayey, wetness. flooding, seepage, seepage, hard to pack, wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. 8------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: [Severe: lPoor: Leafu I flooding, I seepage, I flooding, I flooding, I too clayey, I wetness. I flooding. I seepage, I seepage, I hard to pack. I I I wetness. I wetness. I I I I 1 1 9------------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: lSevere: IPoor: Leafu flooding, I seepage, flooding, flooding, I too clayey, wetness. I flooding, seepage, seepage, I hard to pack. I wetness. wetness. wetness. I I I 10 ------------------ ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: ISevere: lPoor: Mesei Variant I flooding, I seepage, I flooding, I flooding, I ponding, I ponding, I flooding, I seepage, I seepage, I excess humus. I poor filter. I excess humus. I ponding. I ponding. I I I I I I 11 ------------------ lSevere: ISevere: ISevere: [Severe: 1poor: Ngedebus I flooding, I seepage, I flooding, I flooding, I seepage, I wetness, I flooding. I seepage, I seepage. I too sandy. I poor filter. I I wetness. I I I I See footnote at end of table. American Samoa 77 TABLE 5.--SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued Soil name and Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill _T_ 12 ------------------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IPoor: Ngedebus Variant I floodinga, I seepage, I flooding, I flooding, I seepage, I poor filter, I flooding, I seepage, I seepage. I too sandy, I large stones. I large stones. Itoo sandy. I I large stones. I I I 1 1 13 ------------------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: 13evere: IPoor: Ngerungor Variant I flooding, I seepage, I flooding, I flooding, I ponding, I ponding, I flooding, I seepage, I seepage, I excess humus. I poor filter. Iexcess humus. Iponding. Iponding. I I I I I I 14, 15 -------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IPoor: Ofu I slope. I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I 16 ------------------ JModerate: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: lFair: Ofu Variant I slope. I seepage, seepage. I seepage. I too clayey, I I slope. slope. I I 17 ------------------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IPoor: Ofu Variant I slope. I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I 18*: 1 1 1 1' Ofu Variant -------- [Severe: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IPoor: I slope. I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I II II 19 ------------------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere- ISevere: IPoor: Oloava I poor filter. I seepage, I seepage. I seepage. I seepage, I I slope. I I I small stones. I I I 1 1 20, 21 -------------- ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: ISevere: IPoor: Oloava I poor filter, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I small stones, I I I I I slope. I I I 1 1 22* ----------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ]Severe: IPoor: Olotania I depth to rock, I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, I poor filter, I depth to rock, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I 1 1 23 ------------------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IPoor: Pavaiai I depth to rock. I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, I I depth to rock, I seepage. I seepage. I large stones. I I slope. I I I I I I 1 1 24, 25 -------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ]severe: IPoor: Pavaiai I depth to rock, I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, I slope. I depth to rock, I seepage, I seepage, I large stones, I I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I 26*: 1 1 1 1 Puapua ------------- ISevere: ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: IPoor: I depth to rock, Iseepage, Idepth to rock, Idepth to rock, I area reclaim, I slope. Idepth to rock, Iseepage, Iseepage, I slope. I Islope. Islope. Islope. I Rock outcrop. 27*: Rock outcrop. Hydrandepts. Dystrandepts. See footnote at end of table. 78 Soil Survey TABLE 5.--SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued Soil name and Septic tank sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill 28*: Sogi --------------- ISevere: [Severe: Isevere: ISevere: 1poor: I depth to rock, I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim. I poor filter. I depth to rock. I seepage. I seepage. I I I I I I Puapua ------------- ISevere: Isevere: ISevere: ISevere: jPoor: I depth to rock. I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim. I I depth to rock. I seepage. I seepage. I I I I 1 1 29*: 1 1 1 1 1 Sogi --------------- ISevere: ]Severe: ISevere: Isevere: 1poor: I depth to rock, I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim. I poor filter. I depth to rock, I seepage. I seepage. I I I slope. I I I I I I I I Puapua ------------- ISevere: Isevere: ISevere: ISevere: lPoor: I depth to rock. I seepage, I depth to rock, depth to rock, I area reclaim. I I depth to rock, I seepage. seepage. I I I slope. I I I I 1 1 30*: 1 1 1 1 Sogi --------------- lSevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: lPoor: I depth to rock, I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, I poor filter, I depth to rock, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. Islope. I I I I I I Puapua ------------- ISevere: ISevere: lSevere: ISevere: lPoor: I depth to rock, I seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, I slope. I depth to rock, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I I slope. I slope. Islope. I I I I 1 1 31*: 1 1 1 1 1 Sogi Variant ------- [Severe: lSevere: lSevere: ISevere: lPoor: I depth to rock, .1 seepage, I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, I slope. I depth to rock, I seepage, I seepage, I too clayey, I I slope. I slope. Islope. I slope. I I I I I Pavaiai ------------ ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: lPoor: I depth to rock, I seepage, depth to rock, I depth to rock, I area reclaim, I slope. I depth to rock, seepage, I seepage, I large stones, I I slope. slope. Islope. I slope. I I 1 1 32 ------------------ ISevere: ISevere: lSevere: ISevere: lPoor: Tafuna I poor filter, I seepage, I depth to rock, Iseepage. I seepage, I large stones. I slope, I seepage, I I small stones. I I excess humus. I large stones. I I 33*. Troporthents 34*: Urban land. Aua ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: lpoor: I slope3 I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I large stones, I large stones. I slope, I slope, I slope. I slope. I I large stones. I large stones. I I I I I I I Leafu -------------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: 1poor: I flooding, I seepage, I flooding, I flooding, I too clayey, I wetness. I flooding. I seepage, I seepage, I hard to pack. I I I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I I See footnote at en<1 of table. American Samoa 79 TABLE 5-SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued Soil name and Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill 35*: Urban land. Ngedebus ----------- ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: IPoor: I flooding, I seepage, I flooding, I flooding, I seepage, I wetness, I flooding. I seepage, I seepage. I too sandy. Ipoor filter. I Iwetness. I I I I I I I See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 80 Soil Survey TABLE 6-CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS [Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair." "poor," "probable," and "improbable." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated] Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol 1, 2------------------ lFair: lImprobable: JImprobable: lPoor: Aua large stones. excess fines, excess fines, large stones, large stones. large stones. area reclaim, slope. 3*: Fagasa --------------- JPoor: JImprobable: JImprobable: lPoor-. slope. excess fines. excess fines. too clayey, small stones, slope. Ofu ------------------ IPoor: JImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: I slope. I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey, I I I I slope. I I I 4- 1 1 1 Fagasa --------------- lPoor: lImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: I slope. I excess fines. Iexcess fines. I too clayey, small stones, slope. Lithic Hapludolls. Rock outcrop. 5--------------------- 1POor: JImprobable: JImprobable: IPoor: Iiiiii I thin layer. I excess fines. I excess fines. I area reclaim, I I I I small stones. I I 1 1 6---------- ---------- lPoor: lImprobable: JImprobable: IPoor: Insak area reclaim, thin layer. thin layer. small stones, wetness. excess salt, wetness. 7--------------------- JFair: lProbable ------------- lImprobable: IPoor: Insak Variant wetness. too sandy. thin layer, wetness. 8--------------------- Wair: lImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: Leafu I wetness, I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey. I low strength. I I I I I 1 1 9--------------------- lFair: lImprobable: JImprobable: lPoor: Leafu wetness, excess fines. excess fines. too clayey, low strength. large stones, area reclaim. 10 -------------------- IPoor: lImprobable: jImprobable: IPoor: Mesei Variant I wetness. I excess fines. I excess fines. I excess humus, I I I I wetness. I I I I 11 -------------------- JGood ----------------- 1Probable ------------- 1Probable ------------- jPoor: Ngedebus I I I I too sandy, I I I I small stones, area reclaim. 12 -------------------- IPoor: lImprobable: lImprobable: lPoor: Ngedebus Variant large stones. large stones. large stones. large stones. 13 -------------------- IPoor: JImprobable: lImprobable: lPoor-. Ngerungor Variant wetness, excess fines. excess fines. excess humus, low strength. wetness. See footnote at end of table. American Samoa 81 TABLE 6-CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS--Continued I i T_ Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol 14, 15 ---------------- IPoor: JImprobable: JImprobable: IPoor: Ofu I slope. I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey, I I I I slope. I I 1 1 16 -------------------- lGood ----------------- lImprobable: JImprobable: IPoor: Ofu Variant I I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey. I I 1 1 17 -------------------- 1POor: jImprobable: JImprobable: IPoor: Ofu Variant I slope. I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey, I I I I slope. I I 1 1 18*: 1 1 1 1 Ofu Variant ---------- IPoor: jImprobable: JImprobable: IPoor: I slope. I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey, I I I I slope. I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I 19 -------------------- IGood ----------------- jProbable ------------- 1Probable ------------- IPoor: Oloava I I I I small stones, I I I I area reclaim. I I 1 1 20 -------------------- JFair: lProbable ------------- lProbable ------------- IPoor: Oloava I slope. I I I small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I 1 1 21 -------------------- [Poor: lProbable ------------- 1Probable ------------- JPoor: Oloava I slope. I I I small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I I i 22*-@ ------------------- jPoor: lImprobable: JImprobable: 1poor: Olotania slope. excess fines. excess fines. slope. 23 -------------------- [Poor: [Improbable: JImprobable: IPoor: Pavaiai I area reclaim. I excess fines, excess fines, I large stones. I I large stones. large stones. I I 1 1 24, 25 ---------------- IPoor: jImprobable: JImprobable: IPoor: Pavaiai I area reclaim.. I excess fines, I excess fines, I large stones, I I large stones. I large stones. I slope. I I 1 1 26*: 1 1 1 1 Puapua --------------- IPoor: jImprobable: JImprobable: IPoor: I area reclaim, I excesa fines. I excess fines. I area reclaim, thin layer. slope. Rock outcrop. 27*: Rock outcrop. Hydrandepts. Dystrandepts. 28*: Sogi ----------------- 1poor: lImprobable: JImprobable: lFair: area reclaim. excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim. Puapua --------------- lPoor-. jImprobable: JImprobable: 1poor: I area reclaim, exces@ fines. excess fines. area reclaim. thin layer. See footnote at end of table. 82 Soil Survey TABLE 6--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS--Continued Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol 29*: Sogi ----------------- JPoor: jImprobable: JImprobable: lFair: area reclaim. I excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim, slope. Puapua --------------- JPoor: lImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: I area reclaim, I excess fines. I excess fines. I area reclaim. I thin layer. I I I I I I 30*: 1 1 1 Sogi ----------------- IPoor: jImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: I area reclaim. I excess fines. I excess fines. I slope. I I I I Puapua --------------- IPoor: jImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: I area reclaim, excess fines. I excess fines. I area reclaim, I thin layer. I I slope. I I 31*: 1 1 Sogi Variant --------- lPoor: lImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: I area reclaim. I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey, I I I I slope. I I I I Pavaiai -------------- JPoor: lImprobable: lImprobable: lPoor: area reclaim. excess fines, excess fines, large stones, large stones. large stones. slope. 32 -------------------- JPoor: lImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: Tafuna Ilarge stones. I small stones, I large stones. I excess humus, large stones. I I large stones, area reclaim. 33*. Troporthents 34*: Urban land. Aua ------------------ lFair: jImprobable: lImprobable: IPoor: I large stones. I excess fines, I excess fines, I large stones, I I large stones. I large stones. I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I I I Leafu ---------------- lFair: lImprobable: lImprobable: IFoor: Iwetness, I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey. Ilow strength. I I I I I I 35*: 1 1 1 Urban land. I I I I I I Ngedebus ------------- lGood ----------------- lProbable ------------- 1Probable ------------- lPoor: I I I I too sandy. I I I I See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. American Samoa 83 TABLE 7.--WATER MANAGEMENT [Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated] I Limitations for-- Features aff Cting-- Soil name and I- Pond I Embankments, Terrac:s I map symbol reservoir dikes, and Drainage and Grassed areas levees diversions waterways 1, 2-------------- ISevere: ]Severe: IDeep to water---- ISlope, ILarge stones, Aua I seepage, I large stones. I I large stones, I slope, I slope. I I I rooting depth. I droughty. I I I I 3*: 1 1 1 1 Fagasa ----------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water ---- ISlope, [Large stones, I seepage, I thin layer. I I large stones, I slope, I slope. I I I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I I I I I Ofu -------------- ISevere: ISlight ------------ IDeep to water ---- ISlope ------------ ISlope. I seepage, I I I I I slope. I I I I I I I I 4 *: I I I I Fagasa ----------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water---- ISlope, ISlope, Iseepage, I thin layer. I I depth to rock. I depth to rock. Islope. Lithic Hapludolls. Rock outcrop. 5----------------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water ---- ISlope, ILarge stones, depth to rock, I large stones, I I large stones, I slope, slope. I thin layer. I I depth to rock. I depth to rock. 6----------------- IModerate: ISevere: IPonding, IDepth to rock, JWetness, Insak depth to rock. seepage, depth to rock, ponding, excess salt, ponding, flooding. too sandy. droughty. excess salt. 7----------------- ISevere: ISevere: IFlooding --------- IWetness ---------- Netness. Insak Variant seepage. wetness. 8----------------- ISevere: IModerate: IDeep to water ---- IFavorable -------- IFavorable. Leafu I seepage. I wetness, I I I I I low strength. I I I I I I 1 1 9----------------- ISevere: IModerate: IDeep to water ---- ILarge stones ----- ILarge stones. Leafu I seepage. I wetness, I I I I large stones, I I I I low strength. I I I I I I I 10 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: IPonding, IPonding ---------- lWetness. Mesei Variant I seepage. I wetness. I flooding. I I I I I I I 11 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water----IToo sandy, Wroughty. Ngedebus I seepage. I seepage, I I soil blowing. I I I piping. I I I I I I 1 1 12 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water---- ILarge stones, ILarge stones, Ngedebus Variant I seepage. I seepage, I I too sandy. I droughty. I I large stones. I I I I I I 1 1 13 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: [Ponding, [Ponding ---------- JWetness. Ngerungor Variantl seepage. I excess humus, I flooding. I I I I wetness. I I I I I I 1 1 14, 15 ------------ ISevere: ISlight ------------ IDeep to water---- ISlope ------------ ISlope. Ofu I seepage, I I I I I slope. I I I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. 84 Soil Survey TABLE 7.--WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued Limitations for-- Features affecting-- Soil name and Pond Embankments, Terraces I map symbol reservoir dikes, and Drainage and Grassed areas levees diversions waterways 16, 17 ------------ ISevere: ISlight ------------ IDeep to water---- ISlope ------------ ISlope. Ofu Variant I seepage, I I I I I slope. I I I I I I I I 18*: 1 1 1 1 Ofu Variant ------ ISevere: ISlight ------------ [Deep to water----ISlope ------------ Islope. I seepage, I slope. I Rock outcrop. I I 19, 20, 21 -------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water ---- ISlope ------------ 131ope, Oloava I seepage, I seepage. I I I droughty. I slope. I I I I I I I 1 1 22* --------------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water ---- ISlope, ISlope, Olotania I seepage, I excess humus, I I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I slope. I hard to pack. I I I I I I 1 1 23, 24, 25 -------- ISevere: IModerate: IDeep to water ---- ISlope, ILarge stones, Pavaiai I seepage, I thin layer. I I large stones, I slope, I slope. I I I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I I I I 26*: 1 1 1 1 Puapua ----------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water---- ISlope, 151ope, I depth to rock, Ithin layer. depth to rock. Idepth to rock. I slope. Rock outcrop. 27*: Rock outcrop. Hydrandepts. Dystrandepts. 28*: Sogi ------------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water ---- IDepth to rock ---- IDepth to rock. I seepage. I thin layer. I I I I I I I I Puapua ----------- ISevere; ISevere: IDeep to water ---- IDepth to rock ---- IDepth to rock. I depth to rock. I thin layer. I I I I I I I 29*, 30*: 1 1 1 1 Sogi ------------- [Severe: Isevere: [Deep to water ---- ]Slope, ISlope, I seepage, I thin layer. I I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I slope. I I I I I I I I I Puapua ----------- ISevere: Isevere- IDeep to water ---- ISlope, ISlope, depth to rock, thin layer. depth to rock. depth to rock. slope. 31*: Sogi Variant ----- ISevere: IModerate: IDeep to water ---- ISlope, ISlope, I seepage, I thin layer. I I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I slope. I I I I I I I I I Pavaiai ---------- ISevere: IModerate: IDeep to water ---- ISlope, ]Large stones, I seepage, I thin layer. I I large stones, I slope, I slope. I I I depth to rock. I depth to rock. I I I 1 1 32 ---------------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water ---- ISlope, ILarge stones, Tafuna I seepage, Ilarge stones. I I large stones. Islope, I slope. I I I Idroughty. I I I I 33*. 1 1 1 1 Troporthents I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. American Samoa 85 TABLE 7-WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued Limitations for-- Feature:,a:.I:,I:oting-- Soil name and Pond I Embankments, T , , . I map symbol reservoir dikes, and Drainage and Grassed areas levees diversions waterways 34*: Urban land. Aua -------------- ISevere: ISevere: IDeep to water ---- ISlope, ILarge stones, I seepage, I large stones. I I large stones, I slope, I slope. rooting depth. I droughty. I I Leafu ------------ ISevere: IModerate: IDeep to water ---- IFavorable -------- IFavorable. Iseepage. I wetness, I I I I I low strength. I I I I 35*- 1 1 1 Urban land. I I I I I I Ngedebus --------- [Severe: ISevere: IDeep to water---- [Too sandy, [Droughty. I seepage. I seepage, soil blowing. I I I piping. I I I I See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 86 Soil Survey TABLE 8-ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES [The symbol > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated] JFrag- I Percentage passing Soil name and IDepthl USDA texture I Unified Iments I sieve number- lLiquid I Plas- map symbol I I 1classificationj > 3 1 1 1 1 1 limit I ticity I I I linchesl 4- 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 1 index I In I Pet Pet 1, 2------------- 1 0-7 IVery stony silty JMH-K 140-50 175-100 1 70-100 1 65-95 1 60-90 1 55-65 1 10-20 Aua I I clay loam. I I I I I I I I I 7-18IStony clay loam, IMH-K 125-35 175-100 1 70-100 1 65-95 1 50-90 1 50-60 1 10-20 stony silty I I I I I I I I clay, stony I I I I I I I I I silty clay loam.1 I I I I I I I 118-60IVery stony clay JMH-K 140-60 170-90 1 65-90 1 60-90 1 55-90 1 50-65 1 10-20 I I loam, very stonyl I I I I I I I I I silty clay, veryl I I I I I I I I I stony silty clay] I loam. 3*: Fagasa ---------- 1 0-5 ISilty clay ------- IMH-K 0-15 175-90 1 75-90 1 70-90 1 65-90 1 50-70 1 10-20 1 5-12ICobbly silty claylMH-K 115-35 170-90 1 70-90 1 65-90 1 6o-go 1 50-70 1 10-20 112-29IClay loam, silty IMH-K 1 0-10 185-100 1 75T90 1 70-85 1 65-90 1 50-70 1 10-20 1 1 clay. I I I I I I I I 1 29 lWeathered bedrockI --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I I I I I I I I I Ofu ------------- 1 0-161Silty clay ------- IMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 116-6olsilty clay, siltylMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 clay loam. 4*: Fagasa ---------- 1 0-121Silty clay ------- JMH-K 1 0-15 175-100 1 75-100 1 70-95 1 65-90 1 50-70 1 10-20 112-29ISilty clay ------- IMH-K 1 0-15 175-80 1 75-80 1 70-75 1 65-70 1 50-70 1 10-20 1 29 IWeathered bedrockI --- I --- Lithic Hapludolls. Rock outcrop. 5---------------- 1 0-5 lExtremely stony IGM 145-55 16o-Bo 1 40-60 1 35-55 1 30-50 1 40-50 1 5-15 Iiiiii I clay loam. I I I I I I I I 5-9 JExtremely stony IGM 145-55 160-80 1 40-60 1 35-55 1 30-50 1 40-50 1 5-15 1 clay loam. I I I I I I I I 1 9 lUnweathered I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I bedrock. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6---------------- I 0-11IMucky sandy loam ISM, SP-SM 1 0-5 185-95 1 80-90 1 50-65 1 25-40 1 --- I NP Insak 111-261Mucky loamy sand,ISM, SP-SM 1 0-5 165-95 1 60-90 1 30-70 1 10-30 1 --- I NP I I gravelly loamy I I sand, loamy I I sand. 1 26 lUnweathered I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I -- I I bedrock. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 7-------------- 1 0-5 lClay loam -------- IMH 1 0 195-100 1 go-100 1 80-100 1 65-80 1 50-60 1 10-20 Insak Variant I 5-13ISilty clay loam INH 1 0 1go-100 I go-100 1 85-100 1 75-95 1 60-70 1 10-20 113-441silty clay ------ IMH 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 144-60ISand, loamy sand ISP-SM, SM 1 0-5 185-100 1 8o-loo 1 45-60 1 5-20 1 --- I NP I I I I I I I I 1 1 8--------------- I 0-131SIltY clay------IMH 1 0-5 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-65 1 10-20 Leafu -113-19IVery fine sandy IML 0-5 175-100 1 75-100 1 75-95 1 50-75 1 30-40 5-10 1 1 loam. I I I I I I 119-60ISilty clay, clay IMH 0-5 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 65-75 1 10-30 9---------------- 1 0-131Stony silty clay IMH 110-20 195-100 1 80-100 1 80-100 1 75-95 1 55-65 1 10-20 Leafu 113-60[Stony silty clay,IMH 110-20 190-100 1 80-100 1 80-100 1 75-95 1 65-75 1 10-30 stony clay. I I I I I I 10 --------------- 1 0-121Feat ------------- IPT 1 0 1 --- I --- I NP Mesei Variant 112-60IMucky peat, muck IPT 1 0 1 --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I NP I I I I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. American Samoa 87 TABLE 8.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued I - lFrag- I Percentage passing Soil name and JDepthj USDA texture I Unified Iments I sieve number-- ILiquid I Plas- map symbol I I lelassificationi > 3 1 1 1 1 1 limit I ticity I I I linches! 4 i 10 1 40 200 1 1 index IIn Pet I 11 ---------------10-121Mucky sand ------- ISP-SM, SM 1 0-5 1 85-100 1 80-100 1 45-60 1 5-15 1 --- I NP Ngedebus 112-60IStratified sand ISP-SM, SM 10-25 1 70-100 1 65-100 1 30-80 1 5-35 1 NP I I to gravelly I I sand. I I 12 ---------------I0-151Extremely cobbly JGP 150-65 1 35-50 1 25-45 1 15-30 1 0-5 1 NP Ngedebus Variantl I sand. I I I I I I I 115-60IStratified very IGP-GM, GM, 135-65 1 25-70 1 20-65 1 15-50 1 5-15 1 --- I NP I I gravelly loamy I SP-SM, SM I I I sand to I I I I extremely cobblyl I I I sand. I I I I I I 13 ---------------10-4 IMucky peat ------- IPT 1 0 1 --- I --- I --- I --- I NP Ngerungor I4-211Peat ------------- IPT 1 0 1 --- NP Variant 121-60IMucky peat ------- IPT 1 0 1 --- NP I I I I I 14 --------------- 1 0-161Silty clay ------- JMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 Ofu 116-45ISiltY clay loam, JMH-K 1 0 1 90-100 1 85-100 1 80-100 1 75-95 1 70-80 1 15-25 1 1 silty clay. I I I I I I I I 145-601silty clay, siltylMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 clay loam. I I I I I I I I I I I i I I 1 1 15 ---------------I0-10ISilty clay ------- JMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 Ofu 110-371SiltY clay loam, IMH-K 1 0 1 go-loo 1 85-100 1 80-100 1 75-95 1 70-80 1 15-25 1 1 silty clay. I I I I I I I I 137-6013ilty clay, siltylMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 clay loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 16, 17 ----------- 1 0-8 JSilty clay ------- JMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 Ofu Variant I 8-141silty clay ------- IMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 85-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 114-28[Clay loam -------- JMH-K 1 0 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 65-80 1 50-60 1 10-20 128-601Clay loam, sandy JMH-K 1 0 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 65-80 1 50-60 1 10-20 loam. Ofu Variant ----- 1 0-8 ISilty clay ------- IMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 1 8-141Silty clay ------- IMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 85-100 1 55-75 1 20-30 114-20IClay loam -------- JMH-K 1 0 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 65-80 1 50-60 1 10-20 120-601Clay loam, sandy JMH-K 1 0 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 65-80 1 50-60 1 10-20 loam. Rock outcrop. 19, 20 ----------- 1 0-9 ISilty clay loam IML-A 1 0 1 90-100 1 90-100 1 85-100 1 75-95 1 30-40 1 NP-5 Oloava I 9-14(Clay loam, silty JML-A 1 0 1 90-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 75-95 1 30-40 1 NP-5 I I clay loam. I I I I I I I I 114-17IGravelly silt JML-A 1 0 1 75-85 1 75-85 1 60-70 1 55-65 1 25-35 1 NP-5 I I loam. I I I I I I I I 117-601Very gravelly ism 1 0 1 65-75 1 40-50 1 30-40 1 15-25 1 --- I NP i I sandy loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 21 --------------- 1 0-6 [Silty clay loam JML-A 1 0 1 90-100 1 90-100 1 85-100 1 75-95 1 30-40 1 NP-5 Oloava I 6-111Clay loam, silty JML-A 1 0 1 90-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 75-95 1 30-40 1 NP-5 I I clay loam. I I I I I I I I 111-14]Gravelly silt JML-A 1 0 1 75-85 1 75-85 1 60-70 1 55-65 1 25-35 1 NP-5 I I loam. I I I I I I I I 114-6olVery gravelly Ism 1 0 1 65-75 1 40-50 1 30-40 1 15-25 1 --- I NP I sandy loam. I I I 22* -------------- I 0-25ISilty clay loam 1OH-T, MH-T 1 0 1 90-100 1 85-100 1 80-100 1 75-95 1200-3001 4o-6o Olotania 125-35IStratified silty JMH-T, OH-T 1 0 1 85-100 1 75-95 1 70-90 1 60-80 1 80-1001 10-20 clay loam to I sandy loam. I 1 35 lWeathered bedrockl --- I I I See footnote at end of table. 88 Soil Survey TABLE 8-ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued I IFrag- I Percentage passing I I Soil name and IDepthl USDA texture I Unified Iments I sieve number-- ILiquid I Plas- map symbol I I IclassificationI > 3 [ 1 1 1 1limit I tic1ty I I I linchesl 4 1 10 1 4o 1 200 1 1 index IIn I I I Pet I I I I I Pet I I- I I I - I I I I I - 1 23, 24 ----------- 10-7 IStony clay loam IMH-A 120-30 1 95-100 1 go-100 1 80-100 1 60-70 165-75 1 10-20 Pavaiai I7-12IClay loam -------- IMH-A 1 0-5 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 60-70 165-75 1 10-20 112-38IVery cobbly sandyISM 150-60 1 80-100 1 80-90 1 60-85 1 25-45 155-75 1 NP-15 I I loam, very I I cobbly sandy I I clay loam. 138 lUnweathered bedrock. 25 ---------------I0-10IStony clay loam IMH-A 120-30 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 60-70 165-75 1 10-20 Pavaiai 110-30IExtremely IGM, GP-GM 110-30 1 30-50 1 20-30 1 15-30 1 5-20 150-60 1 NP-5 I I gravelly very I I I I fine sandy loam,I I I I extremely I I gravelly sandy I I loam. 130 lUnweathered I I bedrock. I I 26*: 1 1 Puapua ---------- IO-11IClay loam -------- JMH-A 1 0 1 95-100 1 go-100 1 80-100 1 65-80 165-75 1 10-20 111-161Sandy loam ------- ISM 1 0 1 80-90 1 75-85 1 50-60 1 30-40 150-60 1 NP-10 116 JUnweathered I --- bedrock. R-ock outcrop. 27*: Rock outcrop. Hydrandepts. Dystrandepts. 28*, 29*: Sogi ------------ I 0-21IClay loam -------- IMH-A 1 0 1 95-100 1 go-100 1 80-100 1 60-75 160-75 1 15-25 121-26ILoamy sand, sandyfSM 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 40-60 1 10-30 1 --- I NP I I loam, sand. I I I I I I I I 1 26 jUnweathered I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I bedrock. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Puapua ---------- I 0-11IClay loam -------- IMH-A 1 0 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 65-80 165-75 1 10-20 111-161Sandy loam ------- ISM 1 0 1 80-90 1 75-85 1 50-60 1 30-40 150-60 ) NP-10 1 16 lUnweathered I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I bedrock. 30*: Sogi ------------ 1 0-151Clay loam -------- IMH-A 1 0 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 60-75 160-75 1 15-25 115-27ILoamy sand, sandyISM 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 40-60 1 10-30 1 --- I NP I I loam, sand. I 1 27 lUnweathered I --- I I bedrock. I I I I Puapua ---------- I 0-11IClay loam -------- IMH-A 1 0 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 65-80 165-75 1 10-20 111-16ISandy loam ------- ISM 1 0 1 80-90 1 75-85 1 50-60 1 30-40 150-60 1 NP-10 116 jUnweathered I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I I bedrock. I I 31*: 1 1 Sogi Variant---- 1 0-8 ISilty clay ------- IMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 80-90 160-70 1 15-25 18-30ISilty clay ------- IMH-K 1 0 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 80-90 160-70 1 15-25 130 lUnweathered I I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I bedrock. I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. American Samoa 89 TABLE 8-ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued I JFrag- I Percentage passing Soil name and IDepthl USDA texture I Unified Iments I sieve number-- ILiquid I Plas- map symbol I I 1classificationl > 3 1 1 1 1 1 limit I ticity I I I linchesl 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 1 index IIn I Pct I Pot I 31*: Pavaiai --------- I0-10IStony clay loam JMH-A 120-30 1 95-100 1 90-100 1 80-100 1 60-70 1 65-75 1 10-20 110-30JExtremely IGM, GP-GM 110-30 1 30-50 1 20-30 1 15-30 1 5-20 1 5o-6o I NP-5 I I gravelly very I I I I fine sandy loam,] I I Iextremely I Igravelly sandy I Iloam. 130 jUnweathered I --- I I bedrock. I I I I 32 --------------- 10-9 JExtremely stony IPT 150-70 1 --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I NP Tafuna I I muck. I I I I I I I I I9-181Extremely stony IPT 150-70 1 --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I NP I I muck. I I I I I I I I 118-431Fragmental JGP 170-85 1 0-20 1 0-5 1 0-5 1 1 --- I NP I I material. I I I I I I I I 143 lUnweathered I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- I I --- I --- I Ibedrock. 33*. Troporthents 34*: Urban land. Aua ------------- 10-7 IVery stony silty JMH-K 140-50 1 75-100 1 70-100 1 65-95 1 60-90 1 55-65 1 10-20 1 1 clay loam. I I I I I I I I I7-18IStony clay loam, JMH-K 125-35 1 75-100 1 70-100 1 65-95 1 50-90 1 50-60 1 10-20 stony silty I I I I I I I I clay, stony I I I I I I I I I silty clay loam.1 I I I I I I I 118-6olVery stony clay IMH-K 140-60 1 70-90 1 65-90 1 60-90 1 55-90 1 5o-65 1 10-20 1 1 loam, very stonyl I I I I I I I I I silty clay, veryl I I I I I I I I I stony silty clayl I I I I I I I I I loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Leafu ----------- 1 0-131Silty clay ------- IMH 1 0-5 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 55-65 1 10-20 113-60ISilty clay, clay IMH 1 0-5 1 100 1 100 1 95-100 1 95-100 1 65-75 1 3o-4o 35*: Urban land. Ngedebus -------- 10-4 ISand ------------- ISP-SM, SM 1 0-5 1 85-100 1 80-100 1 45-60 1 5-15 1 1 NP I4-6olStratified sand JSP-SM, SM 1 0-25 1 70-100 1 65-100 1 30-80 1 5-35 1 --- I NP I I to gravelly I I sand. I I See description of the map unit for Composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 90 Soil Survey TABLE 9-PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS [The symbol > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated] I I I I I I Erosion Soil name and Depth I Moist bulk IPermeabilityl Available I Soil I factors I Organic map symbol I density I I water I reaction I I matter I I capacity I I K T I In G/CM3 In/br I In/in I pH Pct 1, 2--------------1 0-7 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 6.1-7.3 1 0.17 1 5 1 5-7 Aua 1 7-18 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 6.1-7.3 1 0.17 1 1 1 18-60 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.09-0.11 1 6.1-7.3 1 0.15 1 1 3*: Fagasa -----------1 0-5 1 0.90-1.20 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.10 1 1 4-lo 1 5-12 1 0.90-1.20 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.15 1 1 1 12-29 1 0.90-1.20 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.10 1 29 Ofu --------------I o-16 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.o-6.o 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 5 1 8-12 1 16-60 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 1 4*: Fagasa -----------1 0-12 1 0.90-1.20 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.10 1 3 1 3-10 1 12-29 1 0.90-1.20 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.10 1 1 29 Lithic Hapludolls. Rock outcrop. 5-----------------1 0-5 1 0.30-0.40 1 6.0-20 1 0.10-0-13 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.05 1 1 1 10-16 111111 1 5-9 1 0.70-0-80 1 6.0-20 1 0.10-0-13 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.05 1 1 1 9 6-----------------1 0-11 1 1.10-1-30 1 6.0-20 1 0.10-0.12 1 7.4-8.4 1 0.05 1 3 1 15-25 Insak 1 11-26 1 1.10-1.40 1 6.0-20 1 0.08-0-10 1 7.4-8.4 1 0.05 1 1 1 26 7-----------------1 0-5 1 0.90-1.00 J 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 6.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 5 1 4-8 Insak Variant 1 5-13 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 6.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 1 1 13-44 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 6.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 1 I 44-6o 1 1.10-1-30 1 >20 1 0.03-0-07 1 7.4-8.4 1 0.02 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8-----------------1 0-13 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.13-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.17 1 5 1 4-8 Leafu 1 13-19 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.15-0-18 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.20 1 1 1 19-6o 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-13 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.17 1 1 9-----------------1 0-13 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.13-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.17 1 5 1 4-8 Leafu 1 13-60 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 1 0.17 1 1 10 ----------------1 0-12 1 0.30-0-35 1 6.0-20 1 0.20-0-30 1 4.5-5.0 1 0.05 1 5 1 60-80 Mesei Variant 1 12-60 1 0.30-0-35 1 6.0-20 1 0.20-0-30 1 4.5-5.5 1 0.05 1 1 11 ----------------1 0-12 1 1.20-1.40 1 6.0-20 1 o.O-o.lo 1 6.6-8.4 1 0.05 1 5 1 10-15 Ngedebus 1 12-60 1 1.50-1-70 1 6.0-20 1 0.04-0.07 1 7.4-9.0 1 0.10 1 1 I I I I I I 1 1 12 ----------------1 0-15 1 1.20-1.40 1 6.0-20 1 0.02-0.04 1 6.6-8.4 1 0.02 1 5 1 1-3 Ngedebus Variant 1 15-60 1 1.50-1-70 1 6.0-20 1 0.01-0-07 1 6.6-8.4 1 0.02 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 ----------------I o-4 1 0.30-0.40 1 6.0-20 1 0.20-0-30 1 6.6-7.3 1 0.05 1 5 1 40-6o Ngerungor Variantl 4-21 1 0.30-0.40 1 6.0-20 1 0.20-0-30 1 6.6-7.3 1 0.05 1 1 1 21-60 1 0.30-0.40 1 6.0-20 1 0.20-0-30 1 5.6-6.0 1 ---- I I I I I I I I 1 1 14 ----------------1 0-16 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 5 1 8-12 Ofu 1 16-45 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 1 1 45-60 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 1 I I I I I I 1 1 15 ----------------1 0-10 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 5 1 8-12 Ofu 1 10-37 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0.15 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 1 I 37-6o 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 1 0.10 1 See footnote at end of table. American Samoa 91 TABLE 9-PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS--Continued I I I I I Erosion Soil name and Depth IMoist bulk lPermeabilityl Available I Soil I factors I Organic map symbol density water reaction matter capa ci ty K T in I G/cm3 In/hr I InZin pH Pct 16, 17 ------------ 1 0-8 1 0.85-0-95 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 4 8-12 Ofu Variant 1 8-14 1 0.85-0-95 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 1 14-28 1 0.85-0-95 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 1 28-60 1 0.85-0-95 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 1 18*: Ofu Variant ------1 0-8 1 0.85-0-95 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 4 8-12 1 8-14 1 0.85-0.95 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 1 14-20 1 0.85-0-95 1 2.o-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 1 20-60 1 0.85-0-95 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 Rock outcrop. 19, 20 ------------ 1 0-9 0.70-0.80 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.1-6.5 10.10 1 2 1 12-15 Oloava 9-14 1 0.70-0.80 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.1-6.5 10.10 1 14-17 1 0.70-0.80 1 6.0-20 1 0.05-0-08 1 5.1-6.5 10.10 1 I 17-6o 1 0.90-1.10 1 >20 1 0.08-0.10 1 5.1-6.5 10.05 1 21 ---------------- o-6 1 0.70-0-80 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.1-6.5 10.10 1 2 1 12-15 Oloava 6-11 1 0.70-0.80 1 2.o-6.0 1 0.10-0-15 1 5.1-6.5 1o.lo I I 1 11-14 1 0.70-0.80 1 6.0-20 1 0.05-0-08 1 5.1-6.5 1o.lo I I 1 14-60 1 0.90-1.10 1 >20 1 0.08-0.10 1 5.1-6.5 10.05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22* ---------------1 0-25 1 0.70-0.80 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.15-0-17 1 5.1-6.0 10.05 1 5 1 16-25 Olotania 1 25-35 1 0.70-0-90 1 6.0-20 1 0.13-0-15 1 6.1-7.3 10.05 1 1 1 35 23, 24 ------------ 0-7 0.60-0.85 2.0-6.0 1 0.17-0.20 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 10-14 Pavaiai 1 7-12 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.22-0.25 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 1 12-38 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.09-0-11 1 5.6-7.3 0.05 1 38 25 ---------------- 1 0-10 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.17-0.20 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 10-14 Pavaiai 10-30 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.04-0.06 1 5.6-7.3 10.02 1 1 30 26- Puapua ----------- 0-11 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.22-0.25 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 10-14 11-16 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.18-0.20 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 16 Rock outcrop. 27*: Rock outcrop. Hydrandepts. Dystrandepts. 28*, 29*: Sogi -------------1 0-21 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.22-0.25 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 4-10 21-26 1 0.90-1.00 1 6.0-20 1 0.03-0-07 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 1 26 Puapua -----------1 0-11 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.22-0.25 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 10-14 1 11-16 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 o.18-o.20 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 16 30*: Sogi ------------- 0-15 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.22-0.25 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 4-10 1 15-27 1 o.qo-i.oo 1 6.0-20 1 0.03-0-07 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 1 27 Puapua -----------1 0-11 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.22-0.25 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 10-14 1 11-16 1 0.60-0.85 1 2.0-6.0 1 0.18-0.20 1 6.1-7.3 10.10 1 1 16 1 --- See footnote at end of table. 92 Soil Survey TABLE 9-PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS--Continued I I I I I Erosion Soil name and Depth I Moist bulk lFermeabilityl Available I Soil I factors Organic map symbol density water reaction matter 9 capacity K T -In I 5-7cm--) I In/hr I In/in I pH Pct 31*: Sogi Variant ----- 1 0-8 1 0.85-0-95 1 2.0-6.0 10.10-0-15 1 6.6-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 3-6 8-30 0.85-0-95 1 2.0-6.0 10.10-0-15 1 6.6-7.3 10.10 1 1 30 Pavaiai ----------- 0-10 Mo-o.85 2.o-6.0 0.17-0.20 1 5.6-7.3 10.10 1 2 1 10-14 1 10-30 1 0.60-o.85 I 2.o-6.0 10.04-0.06- 1 5.6-7.3 10.02 1 1 30 32 ---------------- 1 0-9 1 0.10-0.20 1 >20 10.10-0-15 1 6.1-6.5 10.02 1 1 1 50-85 Tafuna 1 9-18 1 0.10-0.20 1 >20 10.10-0-15 1 6.1-7.3 10.02 1 1 1 18-43 1 1.10-1-30 1 >20 10.01-0.02 1 6.1-7.3 10.00 1 1 43 33*. 1 Troporthents 34*: Urban land. Aua -------------- 1 0-7 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 10.10-0-15 1 6.1-7.3 10.17 1 5 1 5-7 1 7-18 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 10.10-0-15 1 6.1-7.3 10.17 1 1 1 18-6o 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 10.09-0.11 1 6.1-7.3 10.15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Leafu ------------ 1 0-13 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 10.13-0-15 1 5.6-6.5 10.17 1 5 1 4-8 13-60 1 0.90-1.00 1 2.0-6.0 10.10-0-13 1 5.6-6.5 10.17 1 1 35*: Urban land. Ngedebus --------- 0-4 1.20-1.40 1 6.0-20 10.05-0-07 1 6.6-8.4 1o.lo 1 5 1 1-3 1 4-6o 1 1.50-1-70 1 6.0-20 10.04-0.07 1 7.4-9.0 10.10 1 See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. TABLE 10-SOIL AND WATER FEATURES > 3 ["Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "brief" and "apparent" are explained in the text. The symbol > 9! means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature Is not a concern or that data were not 0 0) estimated] :3 Cn SD 3 Flooding Hi9 water table Bedrock Risk of corrosion 0 Soil name and JHydro-1 T I I 1 0) map symbol I logicl Frequency IDuration IMonths I Depth I Kind IMonths JDepthjHard- jUncoated lConcrete !group I I I I I ness 1 steel I Ft I In i 1, 2-------------- I B INone -------- I --- I--- 1 A.0 1 --- I --- 1 >60 1 --- ]Moderate ILow. Aua 3*: Fagasa ----------- I C INone -------- I --- I--- 1 >6.0 1 --- I 120-401Soft IModerate Moderate. I I I I I I I I I I I Ofu -------------- I B INone -------- I --- I--- I >6.o t --- 1 >60 1 --- Moderate Moderate. 4*: Fagasa ----------- I C INone -------- I --- I--- 1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 120-601Soft Moderate Moderate. Lithic Hapludolls. Rock outcrop. 5----------------- I D INone -------- I --- I --- 1 >6.0 1 --- I --- I 8-201Hard Moderate Moderate. 6----------------- I D lFrequent ---- IVery long IJan-DeclO.5-2.OlApparentIJan-Decl2O-40IHard IHigh ----- lHigh. Insak 7----------------- I D [Occasional lBrief ----- lOct-Mar[O-5-2.OtApparent(Oct-Mart >6o --- Moderate Moderate. Insak Variant 8, 9-------------- I C 10ccasional lBrief ----- lOct-Mayl3.O-5-OlApparentlOct-MayI >60 1 --- IModerate IModerate. Leafu 10** -------------- I D lFrequent---- lVery long JJan-Decl +1-1.OlApparentIJan-Decl >60 1 --- JHigh ----- IHigh. Mesei Variant 11 ---------------- I A 10ccasional IVery brieflJan-Deel >3-5 jApparentIJan-Decl >60 1 --- JHigh ----- ILow. Ngedebus 12 ---------------- I A (Occasional (Very brieNJ&n-Dec@ >6.0 >60 Mgh ----- JLow. Ngedebus Variant 13** -------------- I D [Frequent ---- Mong ------ jJan-Decl +1-1.OlApparentIJan-Decl >60 1 --- lHigh ----- lHigh. Ngerungor Variant@ I 14, 15 ------------ I B INone -------- I --- I--- 1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1 >60 1 --- IModerate Moderate. Ofu 16, 17 ------------ I B INone -------- I --- I--- 1 A.0 1 --- I --- 1 >60 1 --- Moderate Moderate. ofu Variant Ofu Variant ------ I B INone -------- I --- I--- 1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1 >60 1 --- IModerate Moderate. Rock outcrop. Co See footnotes at end of table. W TABLE 10-SOIL AND WATER FEATURES--Continued CC) .A. Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosion Soil name and JHydro-1 I T I I I map symbol I logicl Frequency I Duration IMonths I Depth I Kind IMonths IDepthlHard- lUncoated JConcrete !group 1 1 1ness I steel I Ft In I 19 ---------------- I B INone -------- I >6.0 >60 1 --- IModerate ILow. Oloava 20, 21 ------------ I B INone -------- I --- I --- 1 A.0 1 --- I--- 1 >60 1--- IModerate JLow. Oloava 22* --------------- I A INone -------- I I A.0 1 >20 [Hard IModerate IModerate. Olotania 23, 24, 25 -------- I C INone -------- I I --- 1 A.0 1 --- I--- 120-401Hard IModerate IModerate. Pavaiai 26*: Puapua ----------- I D INone -------- I 1 1 A.0 1 --- I--- 110-201Soft IModerate JLow. Rock outcrop. 27*: Rock outcrop. Hydrandepts. Dystrandepts. 28*, 29*, 30*: 1 1 1 f Sogi ------------- I C JNone -------- I --- I --- 1 A.0 1 --- I--- 120-401Soft IModerate ILow. I I I I I I I I I I I Puapua ----------- I D JNone -------- I --- I --- 1 A.0 1 --- I--- 110-201Soft IModerate ILow. 31*: Sogi Variant ----- I C I*None --------1 1 >6.0 1 --- I--- 128-401Hard IModerate [Low. I I I I I I I I I I Pavaiai ---------- I C INone -------- 1 1 >6.0 1 --- I--- 120-401Hard IModerate IModerate. I I I I I I I I 1 1 32 ---------------- I A INone -------- 1 1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 140-601Hard JModerate ILow. Tafuna 33*. Troporthents 34*: Urban land. Aua -------------- I B lNone -------- I --- I --- 1 >6.0 1 --- I --- 1 >60 1--- IModerate JLow. I I I I I I I I I I I Leafu ------------ I C 10ccasional lBrief ----- lOct-Mayl3.0-5-OlApparentiOct-MayI >60 1--- IModerate IModerate. 35*: Urban land. Ngedebus ---- I A 10ccasional lVery brieflJan-Deel >3.5 JApparentjJan-Decl >60 1 --- JHigh ----- JLow. I I I I I I I I I I I See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. (n OM In the "High water table--Depth" column, a plus sign preceding the range in depth indicates that the water (n C table is above the surface of the soil. The first numeral in the range indicates how high the water rises above :2 the surface. The second numeral indicates the depth below the surface. CD American Samoa 95 TABLE ll.--CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS Soil name Family Aua ----------------------- Clayey-skeletal, mixed, Isohyperthermic Typic Hapludolls Fagasa -------------------- Fine, halloysitic, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludolls Iiiiii -------------------- Medial-skeletal, isohyperthermic Lithic Dystrandepts Insak --------------------- Sandy, carbonatic, isohyperthermic Typic Tropaquents Insak Variant ------------- Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic Cumulic Haplaquolls Leafu --------------------- Very-fine, mixed, isohypertbermic Cumulic Hapludolls Mesei Variant ------------- Euic, isohyperthermic Sapric Tropofibrists Ngedebus ------------------ Carbonatic, isohyperthermic Typic Tropopsamments Ngedebus Variant ---------- Sandy-skeletal, carbonatic, isohyperthermic Typic Troporthents Ngerungor Variant --------- Euic, isohyperthermic Typic Tropohemists Ofu ----------------------- Fine, halloysitic, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludolls Ofu Variant --------------- Very-fine, mixed, isohypertbermic Typic Hapludolls Oloava -------------------- Medial over cindery, isohyperthermic Typic Dystrandepts Olotania ------------------ Thixotropic, isohyperthermic Typic Hydrandepts Pavaiai ------------------- Medial-skeletal, isohyperthermic Typic Dystrandepts Puapua -------------------- Medial, isohyperthermic Lithic Eutrandepts Sogi ---------------------- Medial, isohyperthermic Udic Eutrandepts Sogi Variant -------------- Very-fine, mixed, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludolls Tafuna -------------------- Euic, isohyperthermic Typic Tropofolists *.U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1984 0 412-446 QL 3 I--------- .@, -- rl I- [email protected] I, ,@@ '!@-! @111-'-*- flpll@. -,, ,I1.-I" , 11 I - --@:@@,;,,@ 6 I @.I, , -I1@-,@4,,,,.i:,;@ ;@@, il',;-@ I ll:@@ ',@, ", , ''@1 I.@@ , " A -1. 1.:@@,@,II,i, , @ @, I - ,@, , .I ,-,-,,,@'.I,. 11 @ ,I III ,11--` Ol - @. 1. , -:@:" , 1: - .I ,@', - , . - --, @ @ .@ -1 . 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