[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                                                               FINAL REPORT
                                                                          for the
                                         COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
                                                                         entitled
                      A STUDY OF PRIVATE SEWAGE SYSTEM REGULATIONS
                                          AND THEIR APPLICABILITY TO THE
                                         LAKE SUPERIOR CLAYEY TILL PLAIN

                                                  Submitted by Sandra Dee Schultz, County Conservationist
                                        Ashland, Bayflqld, Douglas and Iron Counties Land Conservation Department

                Forward. This project is a result ofpersonal experience with replacing afailed septic system. Through this process, it became
                apparent that there was a lack ofunderstanding ofthe clayey till soilsfound on the Lake Superior clay plain. Through the Land
                Conservation Department's association with the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)ISoil Survey Project in
                Ashland, we were able to develop a program to address this need The opportunity to improve the knowledge, skills and
                professionalism of the Certified Soil Testers-Morphologic in Northern Wisconsin, is one that will he appreciated by those
                desiring to locate homes or businesses in northern Wisconsin as well as those who already enjoy our unique quality oflife.
                Special Thanks to Kim Goerg, Soil Survey Project Leader, Carl Lippert DILHR Wastewater Specialist; Lad Strzok, CSTX
                Dave Lee, former Bayfleld County Zoning Administrator; and the Ashland Agricultural Research Stationfor use of the facilities.

                PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
                Current evaluation techniques to determine suitability of clayey till soils for private sewage systems are
        Qr-     inadequate due to the need for soil morphology training, insufficient understanding of permeability, and
        V_      inconsistent application of the current regulations governing private sewage systems. This
        foo     misunderstanding of red clayey till soils causes undo expense to landowners replacing or constructing
         rn     private sewage facilities and causes a potential source of pollution by limiting the method of waste
         @_n    treatment along the Lake Superior clayey till plain.
         v-"    PROJECT LOCATION
         -9
          rtr)  Clayey till soils found along the Lake Superior Clayey Till Plain. (See Figure I & I A).

                EXPECTED RESULTS
                This project was designed to:
                    1. demonstrate the need for laboratory analysis of the physical properties of soil
                    samples taken for the purpose of recommending and constructing private sewage
                    systems; and
                    2. demonstrate the need for additional specialized training in determining the
                    morphology of clayey till soils, to include horizonation, structure and mottling; and
                    3. recommend modifications to the existing approved mound system design; and
                    4. develop criteria to identify rural septage as nonpoint source pollution and thereby
                    eligible for cost-sharing through the Wisconsin Priority Watershed Program.

                WORK PRODUCTS ..
                1. Written evaluations of the educational workshop to determine the need for future similar workshops.
                '7 Written report of the comparison of hand-textural analysis completed by a CSTM vs laboratory
                    S          ysis results of the same samples.
                592.367        :commendation to DILHR for reevaluating current soil testing procedures as they pertain to
                    S38        ils found along the Lake Superior Till Plain.
                    1995
                               -commendation outlining alternatives and/or modifications to the existing approved mound
                               n.







          Phase I Soil Analysis

              METHODOLOGY OF SOIL ANALYSIS
              1. Certified Soil Testers-Morphologic (CSTMs) collected soil samples from private lands designated for
              home construction or replacement of failedseptic systems. .
              2. CSTMs labeled samples and identified results of hand texturing the sample.
              3. Samples were received by the Land Conservation Department and submitted to the UW Soil and
              Forage Analysis Laboratory in Marshfield for physical analysis.
              4. Samples were submitted in one batch to insure consistency in analysis procedures.

              RESULTS OF COMPARISON OF HAND-TEXTURING vs LABORATORY PHYSICAL
              ANALYSIS - Refer to Figure 2for a visual comparison
                 Although 23% of the samples matched both hand texturing and laboratory results, the remaining
              77% were educated guesses at best. Even USDA Soil Scientists, when classifying soils by texture, rely
              heavily on laboratory physical analysis for final textural classification when dealing with clay till soils.
                 As indicated in Figure 2, most of the samples lie near the boundaries between textural classes.
              According to the Soil and Site Evaluation Handbook, published by DILHR (p. I 8;publ. SBD-9046-
              P(R.02/93)) and intended as a guide for completing soil evaluations for private sewage systems:
                    Field estimates are subject to error. They need to be checked against laboratory
                    determinations ofparticle-size distribution, and thefield criteria should be adjusted
                    as necessary. The soil scientist should not attempt to estimate texture with greater
                    precision than isjustifted by the reliability of field estimates. For most soils,
                    for example, attempting to distinguish loanifrom silt loam isfutile if the
                    textures of the samples are near the boundary between the classes.
              These statements outline the need to verify field evaluations by including supporting laboratory data in
              the final Soil and Site Evaluation Report (Figure 3). Because textural class, expressed numerically, is
              one component used in determining the breakpoint as to the type and size of systems that can be used, it
              is important to represent the sample accurately. By including these results, more accurate
              recommendations would be made.

              Recommendation:         As part of the application process, require supporting laboratory
              analysis of the physical composition of red clayey till soil samples determined by hand-
              texturing to be on or near the boundary between textural classes.

         Phase 11 Training Session


              RESULTS OF TRAINING SESSION
              A training workshop entitled "Soils Training Workshop For Certified Soil Testers-Morphologic" was
              held on Friday July 21, 1995 at the Ashland Agricultural Research Station (see Figure 4). The workshop
              was designed to:
                 I .Provide CSTMs with an opportunity to conduct soils investigations on red clayey
                    till soils (practice pits).
                 2. Provide CSTMs with information regarding proposed modifications to the existing
                  I regulations governing private sewage facilities.
                 3. Offer CSTMs specialized training in the morphologic evaluation of red clayey till soils
                    found on the Lake Superior till plain and specifically targeting permeability, texture and
                    structure.
                                               US Department of Commerce
                                         NOAA Coastal Services Center Library
                                                2234 South Hobson Avenue
                                                Charleston, SC 29405-2413









                 The workshop was attended by twenty-five CST`Ms and local Zoning Officials from around the Lake
              Superior area and from the Lake Michigan area. Program agenda included:
                    -Early morning discussion included updates on proposed rule changes regarding
                    private sewage systems by Carl Lipp6rt/DILHR Wastewater Specialist;
                    -Mid morning field exercise evaluating soils in Test Pits 1, 2 and 3 by all;
                    -Late morning classroom discussion of test pits and properties of red clayey till
                    soils by Kim Goerg/'USDA-NRCS/Soil Survey Project Leader.
                 Structure, texture and permeability of red clayey till soils were topics covered during the late
              morning session. Each of these characteristics isa critical component in the determination of the type of
              treatment system allowable on site and also dictates how raw sewage disposal is handled.
                    Structure    Red clayey till soils, for the purpose of private sewage facilities, were
                 thought to have massive structure. This criterion alone would prohibit the use of
                 any sewage system except the holding tank, under Wisconsin Administrative Code.
                    If Lake Superior clayey till soils are evaluated at their optimum moisture content,
                 moderate to strong structure is apparent (optimum moisture is AL= for &X soLl@ .
                 This clarification will allow for mound systems and other alternative treatment systems and
                 reduce the waste disposal problems ftom pumping holding tan]ks.
                    Permeahffiftff                                                             tu and
                                   _tdraulic Conductivi& Permeability is a function of both tex re
                 structure. For many soils, texture alone has considerable impact on the degree of permeability.
                 To determine the permeability class, compare the textural classification with permeability,
                 then review other factors to make the final determination (i.e. structure, density, pore size,
                 organic matter, clay mineralogy, or other factors within the pedon).
                    Table I identifies the various hydraulic conductivity classes and Figure 17 lists maximum
                 wastewater infiltration rates for soil absorption systems (both table I and figure 17 are from
                 the Soil and Site Evaluation Handbook, SBD-9046-P (R.02/93), DILHR, pp. 41 & 73-75).
                 Table I is used to determine soil properties and Figure 17, once soil properties are determined,
                 is used to identify the filter bed loading rates. These reference material appear to directly
                 conflict. High and low clay content need to be defined as to their position on the textural
                 triangle and supporting laboratory physical analysis should be provided to determine the hydraulic
                 conductivity class and the soil absorption system loading rate. As this handbook is written,
                 the breakpoints between the categories for both table I and figure 17 are ambiguous.
                    Questions also arise how clayey soils (soils with greater than 40% clay content) could possibly
                 be considered to support a filter bed for a conventional system. This clay content alone would
                 indicate reduced permeability and an increased risk of failure. The information contained in the
                 tables should be revisited to determine clarity and accurateness.
                    The information provided by USDA-NRCS/Soil Survey (copies provided in Appendix B)
                 aids in making field evaluations of soils based on location in the landscape, location in
                 MLRA 92 (see figure IA), and proximity to Lake Superior. Until supporting laboratory
                 data is required for certified soil tests, this information can be used to infer if a site has adequate
                 permeability for the selected private sewage systems. This information can also be valuable
                 in making determinations whether sewage sludge can be spread on certain soil types, thereby
                 reducing runoff potential from cropped fields.
 A                  Text      As discussed on previously.

              PROGRAM EVALUATION
                 The response to the Training Workshop was very positive. Appendix A, at the back of this report,
              contains written responses regarding the training course.









             Program Evaluation, cont.
                Recommendation: Repeat this training course at afuture date. A similar course could
             also be offered at various locations. DIL, HR should work with local USDA -NRCSISoil Survey
             Projects to coordinate region specific agendas. UW-Extension or Land Conservation
             Departments should help to coordinate the programs. Additional training should help to
             improve the knowledge and skills ofthe certified soil testers and ultimately help reduce the
             amount of untreated sewage beingpumped by utilizing the natural red clayey till soilfiltersfor
             treatment (under moun' d systems). Ultimately, this should help to reduce the risk of runoff of
             sludge spread onfields, reduce the number offailing septic systems by offering alternatives to a
             monthly pumpingfee, and reduce the number of overflowing holding tanks in the Lake Superior
             Clayey Till Plain (MLRA 92).


         Items Not Addressed Under This Grant


                The scope of the project became very focused after beginning the work. Items outlined as expected
             results but were not addressed as part of this project due to time constraints or new information:
                   Expected Result 43 - Recommending modifications to the existing mound system
                   design. DILHR is currently reviewing alternative sanitary treatment systems through
                   their regular program evaluation.
                   Expected Result #4 - No criteria were developed to identify rural seepage as nonpoint
                   source pollution and thereby eligible through the Wisconsin Priority Watershed Program
                   for cost-share dollars. A program called the Wisconsin Fund already exists. Recommend-
                   ations were made to the Priority Watershed Program, however, for each Management Plan to
                   discuss the importance of properly functioning private sewage systems and the role they
                   play in fight for clean water.







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                                         F'IGURE
                           MAJOR          LAND-RESOURCE AREAS
                                         FOR WISCONSIN-




                                                                               Northern Michigan and
               Superior Lake Plain         +d.                                 Wisconsin Sandy Drift
                (14L.I%A 97.)

                           T.e
           Central
           Wisconsin and 1                                         -Superior Stony
           Minnesota Thin!                                           and Rocky Loamy
                                                                     Plains and Hills
           Loess and Till rl--,'


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                                                                                         dw
                                                                                             Western
                                                                N4b                          Michigan
                            A                                                         1-1
                                                                               A
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                                                                              _1             eastern
                                                                                             Wisconsin
                                                                                              ruit Belt


           Wisconsin and Minnesota
                                                               C
           Sandy Outwash                                                                 Northeastern
                                                                                         Wisconsin Drift
           Northern Mississippi                                               fI         Plain
           Valley Loess Hills                    -7,

                                                                                       -Southern
                                                                                         Wisconsin and
                                                                                         Northern
                                                                                         Illinois Drift
                                                                                         Plain
               LAND RESOURCE REGIONS                           LLINOIS

                  Northern Lake States                                        Northern   Illinois and
            K----Forest and Forage                                            Indiana Heavy Till
                  Region                                                      Plain

                  Lake States Fruit,
            L----Truck, and Dairy
                  Region                              Land Resource Area Boundary
                  Central'. Feed Grains               Land Resource Region Boundary (or Area)
                  and Livestock Region


                             USDA-SCS Technical Guide, Section I-B 12/79






        FIGURE 2:
        TEXTURAL TRIANGLE                                                                                             100                                                                         LEGEND
         Rg.sULTS oF LABORA-PbRy FiA,@sic_AL_AWAL-qSIS                                                                                                                                      (D        6AMPLE NUMBF-k
         vS. HANO T-ExTuzP%L ANNU-J.SIS Or--                                                                                                                                                                LAf50RATbP_-j R414SICAL
                                                                                                              CIA         -                             3 Clay.Loam                                         ANALYSIS R-E-SUL,rn-NT
         LP,i/cle SuPeRmR CLA-1E%/ TILL -SOILS                                                                                                               Clay Loam f                                    CLASS I McAT-IoN
                                                                                                                                                                                                            KArND1_CYTuRAL A44AC-jSI_S
             f 13 sar),ipjes rAt+c_1ic_-                                                            80                                                                                                      IKESULTPNT [email protected]
                                                                                                                                                                           2 Clay Loam                               LAb C_LASVFiCNTLDN-
                                                  Loam              7
                                             Saridf-loani                                70                   A- A
                                                                                                        ,A A A X - r
                                                                                                     ? A A A X Yr J-?-A-x    lay
                                                                                                   J%1   A X ?"K_"   roR I I I A                                                          1     Silty Clay
                                                                                                          A X A-A I @        1  -.
                                                                                                              A A 71-7. 7                                                                       'ilty Cld-y-lbarff
                                                                                                          --Ak  AA---

                                                                                                                P. A A A A P
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                                                                                   I%A/%AX     A   Al-r-,-       A AAAAAFA
                          Loam                                                                          0-@-
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                                                                    50
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                                                                           sandy"                                                                                cl
                                                                            Clay                                                                                                                       8 Silty Clay Loam
                                                                                                                                                                                                               Sandy Clay Loaw

                                                                                                                                                                          I v w
                                                                                                                                                                  Silty Clay
                                                                                                                       cla loam
                                                                                                                                                                        oam
                                                30                                                                                                                                                           13      Silty Clay Loam
          Sandy Clay Loam                                                                                                                                                        AAAA X
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                                                                sandy clay loam
            109@j_ï¿½indt                  5
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                                     20                                                                         . . . . . . . . .--A PL A P1                                                                     04     Loam
                                                                                                                                                IL A T I x x I A        &--A-A AA
  Sandy Loam               6                                                                000                                                                                    .,'-P %_k A A A
                                                                                                                         oa             A4je 166 ALAXAZZAAAA                 IA .P                              I                        loaffi
                                                                                                                         oa                                                                                          Sandy
                                                                                                                                                                                                 A A A   6 1'%
                                                                                                                                                                  slit loam                               AAA,&
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                                                                                                                           'A A A 4.1                         A A       AWA .1. A A A
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                                                      12    Loam                                               percent sand                                                             0                   0
                       M            NMI                                       MAN                                       1-01111111--                                              M             M                                     M            M


0

     Wisconsin Department of Industry,                         SOIL AND SITE EVALUATION Figure
     Labor and  Human Relations                                                                                                              Page - of
     Division and Buildings                        in accordance with s. ILHR 83.09, Wis.
     Att ach complete site plan on paper not less than 8 1/2 x i i Inches in size. Plan must            County
     include, but not limited to: vertical and horizontal reference point (BM), direction and
        `nt slope, scale or dimensions, north arrow, and location and distance to nearest mad.          Parcel I.D.

     APPLICANT INFORMATION - Please print all infromation                                             Reviewed by                               Date
     Personal information you provide may be used for secondary purposes (Privacy Law. s. 15.04 (1) (m)).
     Property Owner                                                                 Property Location
                                                                                    Govt. Lot  1/4  1/4,S             T    N,R       E (or) W
     Property Owner's Mailing Address                                                Lot       Block           Subd. Name or.CSM#


     City                    State     Zip Code        Phone Number                                                              Nearest Road
                                                                                     City     Village          Town


      New Construction       Use:          Residential / Number of bedrooms                 Addition to existing building
       Replacement                           Public or commercial - Describe:

     Code derived daily flow              gpd                                 Recommended design loading rate _bed, gpd/ft2    trent,gpd/ft2
     Absorption area required                bed, ft2    trench, ft2                    Maximum design loading rate _bed, gpd/ft2  trench, gpd/ft2
     Recommended infiltration surface elevation(s)                                                        (as referred to site plan benchmark)
     Additional design/site considerations
     Parent material                                                                               Flood plain elevation, if applicable                 ft
     S     =    Suitable for system        Conventional         Mound                In-Ground Pressure        AT-Grade            System in Fill       Holding TanK
     J  - Unsuitable for system              S   U                S U                   S U                      S U                   S  U               S   U
                                                               SOIL    DESCRIPTION REPORT
        g#      Horizon Depth       Dominant Color              Mottles            Texture        Structure    Consistence Boundary Roots                 GPD/ft2
                             in.         Munsell           Qu. Sz. Cont. Color                    Gr. Sz. Sh.                                          Bed    Trench






     Ground
     elev.
         ft.


     Depth to
limiting
factor
  in.

                 Remarks:
 loning



 ground
 ev.
ft.



 depth to


     in.     Remarks:
 
       ST Name (Please Print)                                           Signature                                                      Telephone No.


     
      Address                                                                                                 Date                     CST Number
 



                                                                                                                                                 Soils Training
                 >                                           x                                                                                  Workshop For
                                  FTI
                                                                                                                                        Certified Soil Testm
                                                                                                                                                 -Moiphologic



                                                                                                                                                                       -4.





                          >
                                                                                                                                                    Friday July 21, 1995
                                                    CD
                  P                                                                                                                                   8:30 am - 1:00 pm
                                                                                                                                               U.W. Ashland Agricultural
                                                                                                                                                       Research Station

                                                                             4)
                  t                                                          E
                                                                                                                                                         SPONSORED BV
                                                                             C1
               CL                                                            4)                                                                  Wisconsin Coastal Management Program
                                                                                  (D                                                             ABDI - Land Conservation Department
        @4 00                                                                                                                                  Natural Resources Conservation Department
        '.. 0 'r..                                                                '100
        cc ?@                                       @z                          X't'j1)                                                                          DILHR
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           ON                                       tA                       d) ca                                                                  UW Agricultural Research Station
               W                                                             CIO
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                                                                             0 a:
               tQ                                                                                                                             Pre- Registration Required
               ON
               4
                                                                                                                                           BV 3:00 p.m. Tuesday JULV 18, 1995
                                                                             M
                                                                                                                                         -1 unch courtesy ofthe ABDUCD and the Wisconsin
                                                                                                                                         Coastal Management Program & catered by Ann Sk-uhin





                                                               Program Agenda
     This Workshop Is designed to:                                                                                 PRESENTERS
         provide certified soil testers with              Soils Training Workshop
         an overview ofsoil evaluation                            For CSTMs                                            Kim Goerg
         techniques specific to red clayey
                                                     Registration                                             Soil Survey Project Leader
         till soilsfound on the Lake                 8:00 am      (Coffee & Rolls)                             USDA Natural Resources
         Superior till plain;                                                                                     Conservation Set-vice
         Provide certified soil testers with         Welcome
         information concernihk proposed             8:15 am      Sandy Schultz A                                     Carl Lippert
         modifications to the existing                            Mike Mlynarek                             Wastewater Treatment Specialist
         regulations governing private               Presentations                                          Department ofIndustry, Labor
         sewagefacilities;                                                                                       and Human Relations
         qffer CSTMs specialized training            8:40 am     Proposed modifications
         for the morphologic evaluation of                        to existing rules governing
         the red clayey till soilsfound on                        private sewage systems                            Mike Mlynarek
         the Lake Superior fillplain @pe-                            Carl Lippert                               Assistant Superintendent
         cifically targeting permeability            9:10 am      Field Evaluations of Red                       Ashland Agricultural
         and structure, and                                       Clayey Till Soils                                 Research Station
                                                                  - Kim Goerg
         provide CSTUs a view of a                          9:20 am      Test Pit # I                                Sandy Schultz
         model cross section ofa conven-                    9:50 am      Test Pit # 2                           County Conservationist
         tional system and mound system.                   10:20 am      Test Pit # 3                          A BDI Land Conservation
         The model will be on display                11:00 am     Classroom Discussion of                              Department
         during the workyhop
                                                                  Test Pits and Properties of
                                                                  Red Clayey Till Soils
                                                                   Kim Goerg                              For More Information Contact
                                                     11:50 am     Open Discussion - All                   Ashland Bayfield     Douglas Iron
                                                                                                           Land Conservation Department
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                                                     Lunch                                                            682-7187
                                                     12:00 pm     Lunch provided
                                                 JM









                                                  Table I

                         Guide for predicting"  the class of  .saturated vertical
                              hydraulic conductivity from soil properties

           Class                                           Soil P   perties.

           Very High                    Fragment'dl.
                                      - Sandy with .'coarse sand or sand  texture,  and loose
                                        consistenc6'
                                      - More than 0.5 percent medium or coarser     vertical
                                        pores with high continuity

           High                       - Other sandy, sandy-skeletal, or coarse-loamy soil
                                        material that is very friable, friable, soft or loose
                                      - When very moist or wet has moderate or strong
                                        granular ,tructure, or, strong blocky structure of
                                        any size or prismatic finer than very coarse, and
                                        many surface features except stress surfaces or
                                        slickensides on vertical surfaces of structural units
                                      - 0.5 to 0.2 percent medium or coarser vertical pores
                                        with high continuity

           Moderate                   - Sandy in other consistence classes except extremely
                                        firm or cemented
                                      - 18 to 35 percent clay with moderate structure except
                                        platy or with strong very coarse prismatic, and with
                                        common surface features except stress surfaces or
                                        slickensides on vertical surfaces of structural units
                                      - 0.1 to 0.2 percent medium or coarser vertical pores
                                        with high continuity

           Moderately Low             - Other sandy classes that are extremely firm or
                                        cemented
                                      - 18 to 35 percent clay with other structures and
                                        surface conditions except pressure or stress surfaces
                                      - greater than or equal to 35 percent clay and
                                      .@moderate structure except if platy or very coarse
                                        prismatic, and with common vertical surface features
                                        except stress surfaces or slickensides
                                      - Medium or coarser vertical pores with high
                                        continuity percent but less,than 0.1 percent

           Low                        - Continuous moderate or weak cementation greater than
                                        or equal to 35 percent clay and meets one of the
                                        following: weak structure; weak structure with few
                                        or no vertical surface features; platy structure;
                                        common.or many stress surfaces or slickensides

           Very  Low                  - Continuously indurated or strongly cemented and less
                                        than common roots
                                      - greater than 35 percent clay and massive or exhibits
                                        horizontal depositional strata and less than common
                                        roots
                                                    -41-









                                                           FIGURE 17

                      MAXIMUM WASTEWATER INFILTRATION RATES FOR SOIL ABSORPTION SYSTEMS

                                                                      If the answer to the condition is
                                                                      yes, the infiltrative, exposed
                                                                      natural soil surface for the system
                                                                      shall be sized using the identified
                                                                      soil loading factor in gallons
                                                                      per square foot per day I t 2 0 3

                       Soil  Conditio                                                            Trenches

              A.    Is the  soil texture     of the entire
                    profile 3 feet below the infiltrative
                    surface extremely gravelly sand,
                    gravelly coarse sand or coarser?                         0.4                    0.44

              B.    Is the soil structure of the horizon
                    moderate or strong platy?                                NP5,6                  0.27

              C.    Is the soil texture of the horizon sandy
                    clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam,
                    silt loam or finer, and the soil
                    structure weak platy?                                    N P'-1 '6              0.31

              D.    Is the moist soil consistence of          the
                    horizon stronger than firm or any
                    cemented class?                    t                     NP5,6                  NP5 '6

              E.    Is the soil texture of the horizon
                    sandy clay, clay or silty clay of high
                    clay content, and the soil structure
                    massive or weak?                                         NP, 6                  NP-1 6

              F.    Is the soil texture of the horizon
                    sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay
                    loam, silt or silt loam and the
                    soil structure massive?                                  NP5 6                  0.27

              G.    Is the soil texture.of the horizon sandy
                    clay, clay or silty clay of low
                    clay c6`ntent, and the soil structure
                    moderate or strong?

              H.    Is the soil texture      of the horizon
                    sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty
                    clay loam or silt loam and the
                    soil structure weak?                                                           003





                                                              -73-







           I.  Is the soil texture of the horizon
               sandy clay loam, clay-loam or silty
               clay loam, and the soil structure
               moderate or strong?                           0.4               0.5

           J.  Is the soil texture of the hbrizon
               loam or sandy loam and massive
               soil structure?                               0.3               0.4

           K.  Is the soil texture of the horizon
               loam or sandy loam and the soil
               structure weak?                               0.4               0.5

           L.  Is the soil texture of the horiz6n
               sandy loam, loam or silt loam, and the
               soil structure moderate or strong?            0.5               0.6

           M.  Is the soil texture of the horizon
               very fine sand or loamy very fine
               sand? Or condition N below but
               with massive soil structure?                  0.4               0.5

           N.  Is the soil texture of the horizon
               fine sand or loamy fine sand?                 0.5               0.6

           0.  Is the soil texture of the horizon
               loamy sand, sand or coarse sand?              0.7               0.8

           Footnotes for Figure 17

           1.  The infiltration rates may be adjusted due to crossing horizons at the proposed
               infiltrative surface.   Where such conditions occur, a weighted average may be
               used to determine the infiltration rate.

           2.  The infiltration rates and soil conditions specified may be verified by the
               county or department, who may require modification of these rates, particularly
               where soil conditions exist that are not specifically referenced in this table.

           3.  A soil description report (SBD-8330) shall be completed for each soil profile.
               The reported texture, structure and consistence shall be used in calculating the
               loading rate of the infiltration soil surface.

           4.  Pressure distribution shall be provided in accordance with s. ILHR 83-14, except
               that doses shall be provided more than 4 times per day to increase retention
               time.  Department written approval is required for sites where voids between
               gravels and cobbles are not filled with soil material of 2 millimeters or less in
               size.  If at least a 6-foot separation below the proposed system to a limiting
               factor is evaluated and determined, or if a sand textured blanket at least
               one-foot thick is provided at the infiltration surface, then a soil loading rate
               of 0.8 may be used with or without pressure distribution. Split spoon or power
               auger equipment may be used for evaluations at depths of more than 3 feet below
               the proposed system, provided such usage is noted on the soil description report.







                                                -74-





      5.' NP    Not permi tted. Systems may be permitted in these soils only with prior
          department approval.   Site specific department approval will not be required
          where standard approvals have been issued based on a design concept or regional
          soil conditions.

      6.  Soil horizons meeting conditions5,D or E are not permitted within 3 feet below the
          infiltrative surface of either seepage beds or trenches.   Soil horizons meeting
          conditions B, C or F are not permitted within 3 feet below the infiltrative
          surface of seepage beds.

      7.  Pressure distribution is required.



















































                                           -75-




 I. -
 I

                                    I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I

                                  APPENDIXA:
 I
                                Written Evaluations
 I                                    of the
 I                         CSTMSoils Training Workshop
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I

 --d


0






                                                                                        SAFETY & BUILDINGS DIVISION

                                                                                        201 E. Washington Avenue
                                                                                        P.O. Box 7969
                                                                                        Madison, Wisconsin 53707
                                                  State of Wisconsin
                           Department of lndustry, Labor and.Human Relations



                                                                  DILHR-Safety & Buildings Division
                                                                  209 W First St
                                                                  Route 8 Box 8072                                                                                       
                                                                  Haywara WI 54843



           August. 15, 1995





           Wisconsin Coastal Management Program
           Oscar Herrera, Chief
           PO Box M<L<
           Madison WI 53707-7868


           Dear Mr. Herrera:


           I recently had the opportunity to both participate and attend a Soils Training
           Workshop for certified soil testers on July 21, 1995. The course was made
           available by the area Land Conservation Department in Ashland.

           As a Wastewater Specialist for the Dept. of Industry, Labor and Human
           Relations. it is my job to oversee the certified soil testers in my district.
           Classes of this type will make my job easier and will allow for more
           professionalism from the testers.  I only hope that all of the counties in my
           district would offer so helpful a course.  As this course was so specific to 
           the region (red clay soils), it gave the testers information that they can
           relate to instantly and use in their own work.  I have not attended a more
           timely interesting program.

           I wish to thank you for the assistance in funding this program.  I'm sure any
           further programs which Sandy Schultz and Kim Goerg are involved in will be met
           with great enthusiasm from our area soil testers. Thanks again.

           Sincerely, 


           Carl J Lippert
           Wastewater Specialist
           DILHR-Safety & Building Division

           CJL:jkd
           cc:  Gary Gylund
                Sandy Schultz

 



                             @ LOR 2 1 199,
            CORRESPONDENCE / MiM'0RANDUM                                     STATE OF WISCONSIN


            DATE:                 April 18, 1994

            TO:                   Gary Gylund, Department of Administration
                                  Wisconsin Coastal Management Program

            CONES TO:             Carl Lippert
                                  Sandy Schultz
            FROM:                 Bennette Burks, Chief, Private Sewage Section rY2
                                  6081266-0056-voice, 608-267-0592-fox

            SUBJECT:              Grant Proposal to Study the Lake Superior Clay Plain

            The Private  Sewage   Section supports your agency's funding of the proposal submitted by    the
            Ashland Land Conservation Department. This proposal, which is to study the applicability of the
            Private Sewage System Code (Chapter ILHR 83, Wis. Adm. Code) to the clay soils in Ashland
            and surrounding counties. These soils have been quite troublesome, and I welcome the efforts of
            the Land Conservation Department and your agency to develop alternative solutions.

            If you have any questions about this or other grant proposals involving the siting of private
            sewage systems, please feel free to call me.





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                                              DATE




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                                              SIGNED-


                                                                        WilsonJones - Carbonl@ @DE IN USA
 ORIGINAL                                                               449W 00-.







                       ASMAND COUNTY ZONING ADMINISTRATION
                            Ashland County Court House, Room 109
                                    201 W. Main Street
                                  Ashland, Wl 54806-1652
                                      Phone 682-7014


          July 28, 1995




          Sandy Schultz
          A.B.D.I.-Land Conservation Dept.
          P.O. Box 267
          Ashland, WI.    54806


          Dear Sandy,

          Thank you for putting on the soils training workshop.

          This was a very informative workshop.

          The speakers all did an excellent job   of dismounting relevant
          information.

          The class was well received by soil testers and plumbers as
          well as the code administrators who were present.

          Thanks again!


          Sincerely,

           Lw.'A'o HILDEBRANDT

          Lawrence A. Hildebrandt
          Ashland County Zoning Administrator


          LAH/lmq

          cc: File

























                                  APPENDIX B:


                      Lake Superior Clayey Till Soil Information
                                  as presented by
                        USDA-NRCSISoil Survey Project at the
                      CSTMSoils Training Workshop in Ashland









                               MLRA-92 SUPERIOR CL.AY PLAIN










                                                                           Odanah-Sanborg-Badriver-Dagwagi
                                                                                    (fine family)
                                                                                    (35-60% clay)






     Miskoaki-Amnicon-Cutter-Bergland
         (very fine family)
            (60-90% clay)







                                                                                                              Oenomie-G



                              flPjff








                                                                                     .-1-1      al









                  DOUGLAS COUNTY                           BAYFIELD OUNTY                    Ac      0.
                                                                                           r;-






                        MLRA-92 SUPERIOR CLAY PLAIN






                            GUIDE FOR TEXTURAL CLASSIFICiTION IN SOIL FAMILIES



                                              90



                                          80
                                                                           Miskoaki-Amnicon-Cutter-Bergland
                                                                                (very fine family)
                                                                                A  (60-90% clay)
                                     70


                                                           'ot
                                 60


                                                                                                       g-Badriver-oagwagi
                                                                                          odanah-Sanbor
                                                      gat             Silty                        (fine family)
                                                                                                   (35-6ot clay)
                               sandy"                                 Cj13
                              ..ciay.
                        4                                        .......

                                                                                                       -aronto-oagwagi Varia:
                                                                                    k Denomie-Gichigami
                   30                                    y1r_V1V1VV301V-rV_         @14         (fine-silty family)
                                      M
                        _.sandy clay laa                                             1k      (18-35% clay; <15% sand)

               20                             ........           .......


                              sancLy low
          10
                                       n   I-.- F-H,
                      y     . ... ... .. \.-.-
           .s
             and     sand
                                  .. ..... .. ..


                                                                       U01
                                               percer,t sand
                            Very fine.sand (0.05 -0.1 ) is treated as silt for family groupings:
                            coarse fragrhents are considered the equivalent of coarse sand in
                            the boundary between the silty and loamy classes.












                          SUPERIOR RMYCLAY TILL REGION LAB DATA

                      CLAY CONTENT RANGE BY HORIZON BY SOIL SERIES



                                     SOIL SERIES NAME
                   MISKOAKI              ODANAH                 ENOMIE
         HORIZON   AMNICON    CUTTER'    SANBORG    ADRIVER GICHIGAMI ORONTO

           A       18-53% 12 23-60% 8    14-37% 8 23-50% 4 8-16% 4       16-40% 4


           E       17-49% 4     -----    14-23% 5 15-36% 2 8-12% 3       16% 1


          E/B      14-40% 6 22-52% 1 15-34% 1 25-35% 4 8-33% 5           13-23% 4


          J3/E     42-77% 13 41-59% 5 28-53% 9 33-50% 5 23-33 5          24-33%  4


          Btl      63-90% 11 61-81% 7 30-60% 11 41-59% 4 27-34% 5        22-34% 4


          Bt2      70% 1      78% 1      37-55% 9 53-59% 2 29-32% 2      22-53% 4


          Bt3        -----      ----     42% 1       -----    33% 1      19-37% 2


          13tkl    64-88% 11 59-71% 8    31-57% 1 43-51% 5 28-29% 4      26-53% 4



          Btk2     65-89% 11 55-85% 8    36-59% 7 48-49% 3       -----   26-52% 2



          Btk3     70-78% 5 58-78% 3     48-56% 3                -----     -----



          BC       64-81% 7   54-740/0' 246-49% 2  50% 1                 63% 1


          C        68-91%,5 65-78% 3     35-46% 5 33-50% 4 27-38% 5 23-33% 3


         FOOTNOTE: The highlighted number next to the clay percentage range
         indicates the number of samples analyzed by the National Soil Survey
         Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska.
                                      C
                                                   B










                                                 0



















                                                 2
                                                              D




                                                                                3]









                           superior Clayey Till Plain Soil Catena
                                                                                   Revised-3/95
                   Ashiand. Bayfield, Douglas and Iron Counties                                KCG






                                                                                                 Slope





                                                       0-3%


     Perched
     Water Table                                      0.5-2.51            1.0-2.5,
     Depth
                             +1-1.01


                     Bergland                Cutter                      Amnicon       Miskoaki
                     Dagwagi                 Badriver                    Sanborg       Odanah
                     DaRwagi Var.            Oronto                      Gichigami    Denomie


                     Poorly               Somewhat poorly                  Moderately       Well
DRAINAGE             (Hydric Soils)                                        -well
@J SITION            Nearly level to      Nearly level to  gently          Sloping to very
                     depressional         sloping convex ridges            steep sideslopes
-URATION             Long periods         Moderate periods within          Short periods     None
  F                  to the surface       the Profile- No ponding          within the
SATURATION           Ponded at times                                       Profile

                     Some profiles may    Very thin (<2") or no            Some profiles lack a
_JRFACE LAYER        develop as much      organic matter above             dark colored mineral
                     as 8" of oruanic     mineral surface                  surface layer on
                     material abzve                                        steeper slopes
mmJRFACE COLORS      the mineral
rkunsell)            surface
[
   E -----------     SYR. 7.5YR. 10YR.    SYR. 7.5YR. 10YR                 SYR. 7.5YR. 10YR
   LUE  ---------    or Neutral
   ROMA  --------    2 to 4               2 or 3                           3 or 4
                     0 to 2               1 or 2                           2
LDUCTION OF          (Black to Dark Gray) ---------------------------    ->JDark brownl
RED PARENT           Gleyed layer         Hue changes in the upper         No color change
   TERIAL (2.5YR]directly below           part of the profile from
   E TO DURATION     surface layer        dark reddish brown (2.5YR)
    SATURATION       HUE-10YR to 5Y       to reddish brown (SYR) or
                     VALUE- 4 to 6        dark brown (7.5YR).
                     CHROMA- I or 2
NOTTLES              Common to many       Common to many reddish brown     Few reddish- --None
                     reddish brown.       in the upper part of the         brown in the
                     few gray- high       profile.                         upper part of
                     in th& profile                                        the profile.




                                                                                                                                           Soils Tmit-fing
                                                                                                                                          Workshop For
                  6                                                                                                                Certffied Soil Testers
                                                                                                                                           -Morphologic



                                                   fool,








                                                                                                                                              Friday July 21, 1995
                                                                                                                                                8:30 am - 1:00 Prn
                                                                                                                                         U.W. Ashland Agricultural
                                                                                                                                                 Research Station

                                                                          E
                                                                                                                                                   SPONSORED BY
                                                   *A                     CL                                                              Wisconsin Coastal Management Program
                                                                          0)    C%4
        0@     rA                                                               C@                                                         ABDI - Land Conservation Department
        4   Y.,                                                           r t, CO
        .4  W                                                                                                                           Natural Resources Conservation Department
        ,., C>                                                              CC 104 COO
        00  0,                                                                  V
                                                                          M XLO                                                                           DILHR
                                                                            00                                                                UW Agricultural Research Station
            --a tz                                                          0
                                                                          0 a@                                                         Pre-Registration Required
                                                                                                                                        '3:00p.m. Tuesday JULY18,1995
                                                                          M     to
                                                                                                                                           courtesy ofthe A RD]-I.CD and the Wisconsin
                                                                                                                                            magement Prograin & catered by Ann Sbdan




     This Workshop is designed to:                            Program Agenda                                     PRESENTERS
     ro- provide certified soil testers with             Soils Training Workshop
        an overview of soil evaluation                            For CSTMs
        techniques specific to red clayey                                                                             Kim Goerg
        till soilsfound on the Lake                  Registration                                            Soil Survey Project Leader
                                                     8:00 am      (Coffee & Rolls)                            USDA Natural Resources
        Superior till plain;                                                                                     Conservation Set-vice
        provide certified soil testers with          Welcome
        information concerning proposed              8:15 am      Sandy Schultz &                                    Carl Lippert
        modifications to the existing                             Mike Mlynarek                            Wastewater Treatment Specialist
        regulations governing private                                                                      Department ofIndustry, Labor
        sewage facilities;                           Presentations                                              and Human Relations
        offer CSTAls specialized training            8:40 am     Proposed modifications
        for the morphologic evaluation of                         to existing rules goveming
        the red clayey fill soilsfound on                         private sewage systems                           Mike Mlynarek
                                                                  - Carl Lippert
        the Lake Superior till plain spe-                                                                      Assistant Superintendent
        cifically targeting permeability             9:10 am      Field Evaluations of Red                       Ashland Agricultural
        and structure, and                                        Clayey Till Soils                                Research Station
                                                                   Kim Goerg
     &,provide CSTUs a view ofa,                           9:20 am      Test Pit # I
        niodel Icross section ofa conven-                  9:50 am      Test Pit # 2                                Sandy Schultz
        tional system and mound system.                    10:20 arn    Test Pit # 3                           County Conservationist
        The model will be on display                                                                          A B&I Land Conservation
        during the workshop                          11:00 am     Classroom Discussion of                             Department
                                                                  Test Pits and Properties of
                                                                  Red Clayey Till Soils
                                                                                                         For More Information Contact
                                                                   Kim Goerg
                                                     11:50 am     Open Discussion - All                  Ashland Bayfield Douglas Iron
                                                                                                          Land Conservation Department
                                                     Lunch                                                            682-7187
                                                     12:00 prn    Lunch provided



                                                                                            3/95
                                    ASHLAND F.O. MAPPING KEY           OFFICE COPY


                               CLAYEY AND SILTY GLACIAL TILL SOILS

        Soil Properties          W Drained       MW Drained       SP Drained      P  VP Drained

       Clay sola/ calc.        Miskoaki sicl     Amnicon sicl    Cutter c        Bergland c
       red clay till;          274B,C,D                          275A            263
       >60% clay in Bt         Vertic            vertic          Vertic          Vertic
       (map only in [d]        Eutroboralf       Eutrobordif     Eutroboralf     Epiaquept
       and western [b])        vf, m                                             vf, m,  na, f

       Clay sola (40-60)/                       Anton sil       Borea sicl      Lerch mk
       stratified loamy                         578C [d]
       & sandy deposits;                        Vertic          Vertic          Vertic
       >60% clay in Bt                          Eutroboralf     Eutroboralf     Epiaquept
                                                                                f, m, na, f

       Clayey sola/ calc.      Odanah sil        Sanborg sil     Badriver cl     Dagwagi muck
       red clayey till;        280B,C,D,F                        348A            265
       35-60% clay in Bt       Glossic           Oxyaquic        Oxyaquic        Aeric
     (map only in western      Eutroboralf       Eutroboralf     Eutroboralf     Epiaquept
      [a]and eastern [b])      f, m                                              f, m, na, f

       Clay sola (40-60)/                       Anton Variant   Borea Var.
       stratified loamy                          sil 481C,D      sil
       & sandy deposits;                         Oxyaquic        Oxyaquic
       35-60% clay in Bt                         Eutroboralf     Eutroboralf
                                                 f, m
       Clayey sola             Froberg sicl   
       (15-36)/               283C[bd],D[bd]1583B    [bd]
       loamy till              Typic             (Oxyaquic)
       Bt in clayey            Eutroboralf       Eutroboralf
       deposits                c/l, m

       Loamy outwash           Superior sl                       Sedgwick sl     Munuscong sl
       (10-24)/ calc.          256D              656B;           253B; [abd]     238 [abd]
       red clayey till;                             C [abd]         C [d]
       Bt in till              Alfic             (Oxyaquic)      Alfic           Mollic
                               Haplorthod        Haplorthod      Epiaquod        Endoaquept
                               cl/c, m, f                                        cl/c, m, na, f

       Loamy outwash                             Dryburg sl
       (24-40)/ calc.                            214B,C [abd]
       red clayey till;                          (Oxyaquic)
       Bt in till                                Haplorthod.
                                                 cl/c, m, f

       Sandy outwash           Manistee lfs      Kellogg lfs     Allendale       Pinconning lfs
       (20-40)/ calc.          213D              513B,C          226A       lfs  121 [abd]
       red clayey till;        Alfic             Oxyquic        Alfic           Mollic
       Bt in till              Haplorthod        Haplorthod      Epiaquod        Epiaquent
                               s/c, m, f                                         s/c, m, na, f

       Sandy outwash                             Vilas Var. ls   Au Gres ls
       (40-60")/ calc.                          223B,C [abd];   clay subst.
       red cla yey till                               D [abd]    225A [abd]
                                                 (Oxyaquic)      Alfic
                                                 Haplorthod      Epiaquod
                                                 s, m, f

       Silty sola/ calc.       Denomie sil       Gichigami sil   Oronto sil      Dagwagi Var.
       red silty till; 18      204B,C,D,F                        452A                           mk
       -35% c, <15% s in       Typic             Oxyaquic        Oxyaquic        Aeric
       Bt (m p only in         Glossoboralf      Glossoboralf    Glossoboralf    Epiaquept
       [i] and eastern [a]     fsi, m                                            fsi, m, na, f
 









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