    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    'oastal Zone
     nformation
      Center
                                                                         jr,

                         The Connecticut Geology-Soil Task Force
                                       2.31
                                          Report on
            02
               USE OF NATURAL RESOURCE DATA

                  IN LAND AND WATER PLANNING

                           '@/%avid E. Hill and Hugo F. Thomas

                                                                   LAND
                                                                    AND
                                                                  WATER
                  GEOLOG                                         PLANNING

                            __j

                                  SOIL
                                          @
                                            P
                                               I

                                            HYDROLOGY

                                                          LAND USE

         S43
          .E22
         no.733
                                            MY
                                              DR'01.06
    41               Bulletin of The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
                                               -733

                                                               U - S - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                         P-roPcrtY IF                          COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                    -,f-Y
                                                               2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENtiE
                                                               CHARLESTON , SC 29@,05-24 13

                                             ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

                    The sheer increase in knowledge, together with its growing special-
                ization, often bewilders the potential beneficiary of science and renders
                the research that produced the knowledge less useful. Hence, the cry
                heard more and more for "interdisciplinary" research*. In other words,
                the consumer of knowledge or science wants to see the fragments put
                together and made more useful. This bulletin reports interdisciplinary
                resea,rch that was made possible by the generous contributions of people
                from many specialties or disciplines and from many organizations.

                    The group that accomplished the reseaxch is known as The Connecticut
                Geology-Soil Task Force. The Task Force was created in 1969 following a
                conference sponsored by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service and the
                Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey. The Task Force is
                informal, unofficial, and its membership is voluntary. Its activities
                have been supported by the agencies that employ its members. Its goal
                is encouraging greater collaboration and understanding among the
                specialists who collect, interpret and use information on natural
                resources. The Task Force has undertaken several projects.

                    The resource interpretation system reported in this bulletin is the
                outcome of one project of the Task Force. The members of the steering
                committee of the Task Force who initiated this project and assisted with
                writing and reviews were:

                    John M. Allen                    U.S. Soil Conservation Service

                    Harold I. Ames                   Office of State Planning,
                                                     Department of Finance and Control

                    John A. Baker                    U.S. Geological Survey,
                                                     Water Resources Division

                    Harold M. Bannerman              Consultant, Connecticut Geological
                         (Chairman)                  and Natural History Survey

                    William M. Brown                 U.S. Soil Conservation Service

                    David E. Hill                    The Connecticut Agricultural
                                                     Experiment Station

                    Harry L. Siebert                 Connecticut Department of Transportation
                                                     Bureau of Highways

                    Hugo F. Thomas                   University of Connecticut

                         other members of the Task Force who assisted by compiling data or
                     contributing narrative to the report were:

                         Roger B. Colton                U.S. Geological Survey,
                                                        Geologic Division

                         Lincoln R. Page                U.S. Geological Survey,
                                                        Geologic Division

                         Maurice H. Pease, Jr.          U.S. Geological Survey,
                                                        Geologic Division

                         Joe Webb Peoples               Connecticut Geological and
                                                        Natural History Survey

                         Fred Pessl, Jr.                U.S. Geological Survey,
                                                        Geologic Division

                         Robert B. Ryder                U.S. Geological Survey,
                                                        Water Resources Division

                         Richard N. Symonds, Jr.        Office of State Planning,
                                                        Department of Finance and Control

                         Thanks are also due to other members of the Task Force -who contributed
                     and advised throughout the project. Special thanks are extended to
                     Clifford Keune, U.S. Geological Survey, for drafting illustrations.

                         The data used here have been taken largely from reports and maps
                     published by several agencies:

                         U.S. Geological Survey

                         U.S. Soil Conservation Service

                         Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection,
                                Geological and Natural History Survey

                         The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

                         Connecticut Department of Transportation, Bureau of Highways

                         Office of State Planning, Department of Finance and Control

                         Our final thanks go to the workers in these departments who through
                     years of painstaking mapping and research built the foundation for this
                     system of resource interpretation.

                                                        David E. Hill

                                                        Hugo F. Thomas

                                                CONTENTS

                INTRODUCTION                                                                5
                BASIC RESOURCE DATA                                                         5
                    Topographic Map                                                         5
                    Bedrock-geology  Map                                                    6
                    Surficial-geology Map                                                   6
                    Soil-survey Map                                                         7
                    Water-resources Inventory                                               8
                    Land Use and Zoning Inventory                                           8
                COMPILATION OF AVAILABLE DATA                                               9
                    Availability of Data                                                    9
                    Need for Common Base, Scale and Boundaries                             10
                    Establishment of Management Guidelines                                 12
                    Analysis of Data                                                       14
                    Use of Transparent Maps                                                16
                A RESOURCE INTERPRETATION SYSTEM                                           16
                    Single-factor Maps                                                     16
                        1.  Topography                                                     17
                        2.  General slope map                                              17
                        3.  Slope greater than 151o                                        18
                        4.  Slope less than 3% and  soil seldom saturated                  18
                        5.  Bedrock type                                                   19
                        6.  Structural characteristics of bedrock                          20
                        7.  Outcrops                                                       21
                        8.  Depth to bedrock: 0-2 feet                                     21
                        9.  Depth to  bedrock: 0-10 feet                                   22
                       10.  Depth to  bedrock: 50-foot intervals                           22
                       11.  Unconsolidated-materials map                                   22
                       12.  Sand and gravel deposits                                       23
                       13.  Unified soil classification of substratum                      24
                       14.  Soil saturated with water within 3 feet of surface for         25
                            2-12 months
                       15.  Soil saturated with water within 3 feet of surface for         26
                            less than 2 months
                       16.  Peat and muck                                                  26
                       17.  Percolation rate classes                                       27
                       18.  Agricultural land use capability                               27
                       19.  Drainage areas                                                 28
                       20.  Flood-prone axeas                                              28
                       21.  Low flow of streams                                            28
                       22.  Saturated thickness  of stratified unconsolidated deposits     30
                       23.  Availability of ground water                                   30
                       24.  Location of existing sanitary and water related facilities     30
                       25.  Land use: 1970                                                 32
                       26.  Zoning: 1970                                                   32
                    A Pilot Study                                                          32
                    Collating the Single-factor Maps                                       32
                SUMMARY                                                                    44
                REFERENCES                                                                 45
                APPENDDC A                                                                 47

                        USE OF NATURAL RESOURCE DATA IN LAND AND WATER PLANNING

                                    David E. Hill and Hugo F. Thomas

                     As Connecticut's population increases and the use of land shifts
                 from agriculture and woodland to commerce, industry and housing, great
                 interest has developed in land and water planning. Meanwhile, the
                 wealth of geologic, hydrologic and soil information has also been
                 growing, but those who want to use the information for land and water
                 planning have sometimes been thwarted because the data were not in a
                 form compatible with their needs. For some, the data were too general;
                 for others too detailed. Most information was collected for other
                 purposes, and earlier interpretations could not have anticipated
                 current problems of land and water use planning in a society newly
                 conscious of its environment.

                     Because of the interest in planning and the abundant storehouse of
                 natural resource information, the time seems ripe to tap the storehouse
                 for planning uses. Thus, the Connecticut Geology-Soil Task Force
                 studied ways to develop a flexible interpretation system for both
                 planners who seek general knowledge and planners who seek detail. For
                 those empowered to regulate land and water useP the new interpretation
                 system hopefully will help resolve conflicts between limitations
                 imposed by the natural environment and the requirements of our expanding
                 population.

                     In this study, we shall describe the development of the interpreta-
                 tion system and then demonstrate its use in selecting a fictitious
                 site to dump solid wastes. The area we chose for this study is a
                 portion of the Ellington quadrangle in north central Connecticut.

                                            BASIC RESOURCE DATA

                     Basic to a resource interpretation system are the primary products
                 of the Federal and State agencies which collect and disseminate
                 information on topography, geology, hydrology, soils and land use.

                     Topographic Map. A topographic map, compiled by the U.S.
                 Geological Survey, is a graphic representation of a small portion of
                 the earth's surface. The configuration of the surface is c       only
                 shown with contour lines that contain points of equal elevation.

                                                    -5-

                     6                     Connecticut Experiment Station          Bulletin 733

                     Topographic maps are produced at different scales and contour intervals
                     for different purposes. The earliest maps in Connecticut were 15-
                     minute quadrangles on the scale of 1:62,500 (1 inch equals about 1 mile)
                     with 20-foot contour intervals.    Later maps were 7-fl-minute quadrangles
                     on the scale of 1:31,680 (1 inch equals I mile). These quadrangles
                                                                2
                     were more recently enlarged to a   1:24,000 scale (1 inch equals 2,000
                     feet). The 7-fl-minute quadrangle  series has 10-foot contour intervals.
                     Revised editions are issued from   time to time, but only the man-made
                     changes axe recorded (i.e., new houses, roads and modification of
                     topography along major roads). In 1967, a topographic map of Connecti-
                     cut was published by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the
                     State on the scale of 1:125,000 (1 inch equals about 2 miles). The
                     contour interval is 50 feet. Another edition of this State map shows
                     topography by shading.

                         The 7-fl-minute topographic map shows such natural features as
                     mountains, valleys, terraces (represented by contour lines) and water
                     and such cultural features as houses and roads.

                         Bedrock-geology Map. This map, compiled by the U.S. Geological
                     Survey, Geologic Division., in cooperation with the Connecticut
                     Geological and Natural History Survey, represents an interpretation
                     of the near-surface distribution of bedrock determined largely from
                     observations of outcrops.

                         The base map of the bedrock-geology map in the study area is the
                     7-21-minute topographic quadrangle at a scale of 1:31,680. In other
                     quadrangles the scale may be 1:24,000. Geologic units on the map
                     delineate rock types that can be grouped together as recognizable units
                     at this scale. Cross sections that interpret the geology in third
                     dimension usually accompany the geologic map. The interrelationship
                     of geologic units also is indicated, the geologic history postulated
                     and deposits of potential economic interest described in the text.

                         Most geologic map units are not suitable for direct use in
                     engineering or land planning, but data in the text can often be
                     interpreted for many uses. Rock properties may vary as significantly
                     within units as between units. Rock types with significantly different
                     properties are often too small to show at the scale of the map. A
                     bedrock lithology map based on the physical properties of bedrock is
                     used to describe the bedrock geology units in terms of physical
                     properties that are more useful for engineering and land management.
                     This kind of map is described later in the section on single-factor
                     maps.

                         Surficial-geology Map. The surficial-geology map, compiled by
                     the U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division, in cooperation with the
                     Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey, show's the distribu-
                     tion of the different kinds of unconsolidated materials that cover the
                     bedrock as a discontinuous mantle of variable thickness. The base map

                                Resource Data in Land and Water Planning

                                                               1
                 for the surficial map in Connecticut is the 7-@-minute topographic
                 quadrangle at a scale of 1:24,ooo.

                     Materia,ls are shown as they occur beneath the soil layer (i.e.,
                 as if the soil layer, commonly a foot or two thick, had been stripped
                 from the land's surface). The unit shown is the uppermost material.
                 Other materials, different in composition, may underlie the mapped
                 unit or may occur -within it as thin lenses.

                     Outcrops of bedrock and areas where the surficial material is
                 thought to be less than 10 feet thick are usually shown on the map.
                 Areas that have been filled for such man-made features as highways,
                 flood-control structures or solid-waste storage are also shown and
                 designated axtificial fill. Other features of local interest, such
                 as striations gouged along bedrock surfaces, glacially transported
                 boulders, landforms, quarries and pits, may be indicated by separate
                 symbols.

                     The texture of the materials is shown by special overprint patterns
                 on recent maps. Cross sections and graphic logs of test holes are
                 included on some maps. The text accompanying most maps discusses the
                 characteristics of the deposits. It also interprets the conditions
                 under which the deposits were formed and briefly discusses the geologic
                 history of the map area.

                     Soil-survey Map. The basic soil information used in the study is
                 derived from a soil survey map compiled by the U.S. Soil Conservation
                 Service in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Stations of
                 Connecticut. The base map for Connecticut is an aerial photograph
                 with a scale of 1:15,840 (4 inches equals 1 mile). Areas on the land-
                 scape having different physical and chemical properties are delineated.
                 The properties a soil scientist uses to delineate each area (called a
                 mapping unit) are properties of the soil itself, such as color, texture,
                 structure, arrangement and depth of layers (called horizons), tempera-
                 ture, permeability, drainage, pH and organic matter content. Also
                 considered are characteristics of the landscape on which the soil rests,
                 such as slope, surface stoniness, amount of exposed bedrock, erosion,
                 and whether the area may become flooded.

                     Although the areas on a soils map of quadrangle size number in the
                 thousands, those areas with identical properties axe given the same
                 name. Thus, the mapping units identified and described number about
                 8o to 120.

                     Mapping at a scale of 4 inches per mile, however, limits the
                 number of areas that can be shown on a map; thus, areas less than one
                 acre with different properties cannot be shown and must be included in
                 larger units. The small areas of dissimilar soils are called inclusions
                 and at least 151o are permitted at this scale. At least 85% of each
                 area delineated on a soils map has its own set of properties. The soil

                     8                   Connecticut Experiment Station         Bulletin 733

                     scientist can interpret these properties relative to such uses as
                     agriculture, urban development, forestry and recreation.

                         Water-resources Inventory. The water-resources inventory of
                     Connecticut, a series of reports by the U.S. Geological Survey, Water
                     Resources Division, identifies and discusses the quantity and quality
                     of water available in vaxious regions. To simplify the calculation
                     and description of water quantity information, the State has been
                     divided into 10 study areas.

                         Water supplies may be obtained from surface sources such as streams
                     and lakes or from ground water. The inventory identifies lakes, ponds
                     and streams that have water in usable storage and indicates the amounts
                     in storage. More detailed information in tables and graphs shows flow
                     duration, low-flow frequency and duration, flood peaks, frequency of
                     floods and storage required to maintain various flows. Water quality
                     of surface supplies is also summarized.

                         The availability of ground water in the basins is summarized by
                     showing the areal distribution of the principal aquifers. Also shown
                     are the thickness and the water-transmitting characteristics of the
                     aquifers in sand and gravel deposits. These parameters can be used
                     to estimate yields and drawdowns in wells pumped at a constant rate.
                     Aquifers in stratified deposits that are especially favorable for
                     development are identified and quantities available are estimated.
                     The quality of ground water is also discussed. The basic data in the
                     inventory include well records, pumping-test data, ground-water level
                     measurements, stream-flow records and chemical analyses of water
                     samples.

                         Land Use and Zoning Inventory. A Connecticut land-use inventory
                     was compiled by the Office of State Planning in 1970-1971 in cooperation
                     with the Connecticut Regional Planning Agencies. Using aerial-
                     photograph interpretation and field checking, 57 different land-use
                     activities were recorded and transferred to 1:24,000 topographic
                     quadrangle maps. The maps show areas in the State used for residential,
                     manufacturing, transportation, communication and utilities, trades and
                     services, cultural entertainment and recreation and resource production
                     and extraction. The inventory also identifies wetlands, open and
                     forested areas. All information on the 57 land-use categories has been
                     prepared for computer analysis by the Connecticut Department of
                     Transportation to quantify and analyze land-use statistics and repro-
                     duce the data on a variety of scales. Other land-use inventories are
                     available that include land holdings of water utilities and state-
                     owned property.

                         A zoning inventory was made in 1970 for each of the towns in
                     Connecticut having zoning ordinances. The various local zoning
                     districts axe shown on a map havIng a scale of 1:72,000. Generalized
                     zoning categories have been plotted on a 1:125,000-scale map of

                                Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                  9

                 Connecticut. Both land-use and zoning inventories are based on 1970
                 data and can be correlated with the 1970 Federal census.

                                       COMPILATION OF AVAILABLE DATA

                     The basic resource data available for an area of investigation
                 must be gathered by the user from the agencies (see Acknowledgments)
                 who collect and disseminate it. In addition to topography, geology,
                 hydrology, soils and land use, other information may be available on
                 biology, engineering characteristics, geochemistry and geophysics.

                 Availability of Basic Resource Data
                     Not all basic data inventories have been completed in Connecticut,
                 so the user may find important kinds of data missing. Table 1 shows
                 the status of these inventories in 1972. Only the topographic and
                 land-use maps are available for the entire state. The other inventories
                 are in progress and are constantly reviewed to improve the quality of
                 data. Occasionally, information can be extrapolated from adjoining
                 areas if not available for the area being studied.

                 Table 1. Status of Basic Inventories in Connecticut.

                                                  Units in State    Published  Mapped but
                                                                              Unpublished

                 Topography                       115 quadrangles       115

                 Bedrock Geology                  115 quadrangles        57        43

                 Surficial Geology                115 quadrangles        50        32

                 Soil Surveys                       8 counties           3        34 towns

                 Water Resources Inventories

                    Basic Data Reports             10 basins             7          1

                    Interpretative Reports         10 basins             4          3

                 1970 Land Use Inventory          115 quadrangles       115

                     In developing a resource interpretation system, it was found that
                 some natural resource data were not available. Either their value was
                 unknown, techniques were not available for their aquisition or they
                 were not considered useful at the scale chosen. Some examples are:
                 depth to bedrock of 15-25 feet, the chemical chaxacteristics of surface
                 and ground water and description of engineering properties of surficia.1
                 material and bedrock.

                    10                  Connecticut Experiment Station         Bulletin 733

                    Need for Common Base, Scale and Boundaries
                        In the past, each agency has determined its own needs for scale,
                    base and survey boundaries. The soil survey field mapping is done at
                    a scale of 1:15,840 on an aerial photograph base. Mapping is done
                    town-wide and published county-wide at scales of 1:15,840 or 1:20,000.
                    Geological survey mapping (surficial materials and bedrock) is presently
                    done at a scale of 1:24,000 on a topographic base covering an area of
                    about 56 square miles. Soil mapping is more detailed than geological
                    mapping because it was originally planned to serve as a tool for farm
                    planning.

                        Scale and boundaries can be adjusted by careful mechanical methods.
                    Controlled aeria.1-photograph mosaic maps can be reduced in scale to
                    1:24,000 or the topographic map can be expanded to 1:15,840, whichever
                    is determined the most practical scale. The aerial photograph base map,
                    however, has inherent distortion and the identifiable features on the
                    topographic base and the aerial photograph base are often incongruent.
                    For example, using mechanical metho-ds of reducing soil maps, streams
                    may appear on the opposite side of a road when superimposed on the
                    topographic map. A perfect adjustment of maps requires hand transfer
                    of the information which is time consuming and expensive. The future
                    use of orthophoto base maps for both soils and geology mav eliminate
                    such problems. Orthophoto maps combine the traditional elements of the
                    topographic map and the aeria.1-photograph map and have been corrected
                    for distortion.

                        Alterations in map scale, however, may affect both the accuracy of
                    the data and its legibility. For example, reduction of scale from
                    1:15,840 to 1:24,000 alters the validity of the soils data and details
                    become difficult to read. An enlargement in scale from 1:24,000 to
                    1:15,840 might also affect the validity of the data and a larger map
                    is required to represent the same axea. The basic inventory data, then,
                    is most accurate within the scale chosen to represent it.

                        Despite the problems encountered, the basic resource data from many
                    sources must be converted to a common base map and scale in order that
                    they may be used to integrate the information on the maps. Commonly
                    the basic resource data from each discipline are difficult to use
                    because they include a wide vaxiety of properties. For example,
                    drainage, depth to bedrock, texture and slope segregate different soils
                    in the classification scheme. When these properties are used to define
                    mapping units on a soil survey map, a detailed pattern results which
                    may be too complex for some users' needs. The user may wish to
                    examine some properties sepaxately because they have great impact on
                    the management of land and water resources. Single-factor maps can be
                    derived from the detailed maps to simplify the use of data. The kinds
                    of single-factor maps are limited only by the scope of the basic data
                    from -which they are derived. Some basic resource data maps can be used
                    directly as single-factor maps if they relate to only one kind of data;
                    topographic maps, land-use maps and zoning maps are examples. Table 2

                                         Resource Data in Land and Water Planning

                            Table 2. Matrix of single-factor
                            maps derived from basic data
                            sources.

                                                                                                            P
                                                                                                   19

                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                            0
                                                                                               P,           r.

                                                                                                   P4
                                                                                               (D           Id
                                                                                       M   -,4     k
                                                                                       0   0       0
                                                                                       0           4NI      "o
                                                                                                        Id
                                                                                       A
                                                                                               0

                                                                                                        Id
                                                                                       0       HrA
                                                                                  0
                              S3NGLE-FACTOR MAPS                                  E-4          MO       14

                              1. Topography                                       0
                              2. General slope map                                0            0            0
                              3. Slope greater than 155                           0            9
                            -7.  Slope less than 35 and   soil seldom
                                   saturated                                      9
                              5. Bedrock type                                          0                    0
                              6. Structural characteristics of bedrock                                      0
                              7. Outcrops                                                  0
                                 Depth to bedrock: 0-2 feet                                    0
                                 Depth to bedrock: 0-10 feet                               0
                              10. Depth to bedrock: 50-foot intervals                                       0
                              1-1. Unconsolidated materials                                0                0
                              12. Sand and gravel deposits                           1     0
                              1@. Unified soil classification of substratum                    0            0
                              14. Soil saturated with water within 3 feet                      0            0
                            -      of the surface for 2 to 12 months
                              175. Soil saturated with water within 3 feet                     0            0
                                   of the surface for less than 2 months
                              16. Peat and muck deposits                                       0
                              17. Percolation rate classes                                                  0
                              18. Agricultural land use capability                             0            0
                              .19. Drainage areas                                 0                0
                              20. Floodprone axeas                                0                0        0
                              21. Law I'low of streams                                             0        0
                              22. Saturated thickness of stratified                                0        0
                                   unconsolidated deposits
                            73-. Availability of ground water                              0       0
                                 Location of existing sanitary and water
                                   related facilities, services and uses                                0
                              25. Land use: 1970                                                        0
                            126. Zoning: 1970                                                    1    1 0 I-A

                    12                  Connecticut Experiment Station         Bulletin 733

                    lists, on the left, examples'of single-factor maps that can be produced
                    and, on the right, the sources of basic data from which single-factor
                    maps axe derived.

                        For example, three different published sources may provide depth-
                    to-bedrock information. Some surficial geology maps show the distribu-
                    tion of rock outcrops and axeas where bedrock lies within 10 feet of
                    the surface. Soil survey maps delineate shallow-to-bedrock soils where
                    bedrock is within 2 feet of the surface. Some water-resources inventory
                    maps show estimates of depth to bedrock in 50-foot intervals. By
                    extracting this single factor from all three sources, a ma.'o can be
                    produced that shows both exposed bedrock and depths to bedrock beneath
                    the surface. Intervals of 0-2 feet, 2-10 feet, 10-50 feet, 50-100 feet,
                    etc., can be delineated. Such single-factor maps show only the
                    distribution of the resource and are not biased by prior knowledge of
                    land and water use.

                        Single-factor maps show map units of materials, slope, depth and
                    volume selected to maintain accuracy consistent with the limitations
                    of the original data and the scale of map presentation.

                    Establishment of Management Guidelines
                        Because land, water and mineral resources vary from place to place,
                    and the concepts of acceptable land and water use also vary, the
                    criteria of use must be established by the user. He must first define
                    criteria of acceptance for a particular use in a specific area. These
                    criteria can be expressed in management guidelines, which may include
                    statutory regulations, availability of specific resources, conditions
                    requiring site preparaticn@,or limitations of money.

                        The guidelines depend on the specific use that is planned. There
                    are two general types: corridor development and site development.
                    Corridor development requires study of all natural resources along a
                    corridor between two points and whose width is determined by the user.
                    Site development may involve location of a site that has an extractable
                    resource (e.g., sand and gravel) or a site that will serve as a host
                    for a specific use (e.g., sanitary landfill). Here the natural
                    resources of the site and its environs are evaluated. A closer
                    examination of each of these uses follows.

                    Corridor Development
                        In corridor development, the controlling factors are the points to
                    be connected by the corridor and the width of the corridor. Usually
                    the end points have already been established and the area between them
                    is the focus of investigation. The management guidelines for corridor
                    development attempt to create the least impact on the environmental
                    quality of the area. Each resource characteristic is evaluated for
                    its effect on the corridor during and after development. In many cases
                    the single-factor maps are used to determine a preliminary cost
                    evaluation before proceeding with site inspection. They can also be

                                  Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                   13

                  -used to assess impact along the corridor and costs for alternative
                  routes. The management guidelines in corridor development may include:
                  (1) the existing regulations controlling the use of the resources or
                  the use of the area, (2) attempts to minimize the detrimental effects
                  on the environment of the area and (3) attempts to minimize cost.

                  Site Development For The Extraction Of An Existing Resource
                       When a site is developed for the extraction of an existing resource
                  (e.g., sand and gravel) an important consideration is the presence of
                  adequate reserves. Management guidelines can be drafted listing the
                  preferred conditions for extraction and an evaluation of the impact
                  on the area as a result of the extraction. These management guidelines
                  may include: (1) considerations of volume and quality of material,
                  (2) rate and method of extraction, (3) the regulations controlling the
                  use of the resource in the area where it occurs and (4) conflicts w-Ith
                  existing land use. The order of selection of other single-factor maps,
                  beyond the initial map which establishes the distribution of sand and
                  gravel, depends largely on the philosophy of the user.

                  Site DeveloEEent To Serve As A Host
                       When a site is developed as a host for a specific use (e.g.,
                  sanitary landfill) many physical corlditions may exist that are acceptable
                  within the management guidelines but not ideal. Often acceptability of
                  a site will depend on the alternatives available for site preparation
                  to adjust the site to agree with the management guidelines. Since the
                  selection of a site for sanitary landfill will be used to illustrate
                  how the natural resource interpretation system works, a more detailed
                  list of guidelines is appropriate. This list is hypothetical and for
                  illustration only; other local factors also may be important and other
                  guidelines could be chosen.

                       (1) To comply with State regulations on disposal of refuse (Conn.
                  Dept. Health). These regulations, in part, read: "No refuse shall be
                  deposited in such manner that refuse or leachings from it shall cause
                  or contribute to pollution or contamination of any ground or surface
                  water on neighboring properties. No refuse shall be deposited within
                  fifty feet of the high water mark of a watercourse or on land where it
                  may be carried into an adjacent watercourse by surface or storm water
                  unless protective measures approved by the State Department of Health
                  are provided."

                       (2) To insure sufficient storage capacity per acre through develop-
                  ment of a trench-fill operation with a trenching depth of at least 12
                  feet.

                       (3) To provide for the development of an area greater than 25 acres.

                       (4) To avoid conflicts with land and water uses of the surrounding
                  areas (e.g., sight, odor, traffic).

                    14                  Connecticut Experiment Station         Bulletin 733

                        (5) To prepare the site at minimum cost with tree clearing, trench
                    preparation and establishment of access as the main items of expense.

                        (6) To provide adequate and suitable cover material at the site
                    and avoid transporting it from other axeas.

                        (7) To minimize the degradation of the existing natural resources
                    in the axea.

                        Once management guidelines have been developed, the single-factor
                    maps can then be used to eliminate from consideration the axeas that
                    are unacceptable because of natural limitations or because they exceed
                    the user's willingness to alter the site to make it compatible with
                    the management guidelines.

                    Analysis of Data
                        The selection of the single-factor maps to be used in evaluating
                    the intended land or water use is determined by management guidelines.
                    Table 3 illustrates the type of matrix that can be developed to indicate
                    the relationships between the single-factor maps and potential land use.
                    Either columns or rows can be expanded or contracted. The list of
                    single-factor maps is determined by the data available while the use
                    ordinate is chosen by the user. He may require only a single use or
                    he may want to evaluate alternative or multiple uses for a given site.

                        The single-factor maps can be compared with statements in the
                    management guidelines for each use and those characteristics that
                    directly relate to a statement in the guidelines can then be recorded.
                    A simple check system (verticle column 3, Table 3) can be used to
                    indicate the particular bits of information needed. Alternatively,
                    more specific relationships can be established by assigning a weighted
                    value to the single-factor map (verticle column 11, Table 3) to indicate
                    that some bits of information are more important than others in
                    eva.luating for a particular land use.

                        The map units used on single-factor maps are chosen by the agency
                    collecting the data and are based in part on estimates of field
                    precision. The units of measurement in the management guidelines are
                    often arbitrary but commonly have a scientific base.

                        Map units and management guideline units often differ, of coarse,
                    thus introducing a limitation into the system. For example, a manage-
                    ment guideline for a trenched sanitary landfill may require a minimum
                    thickness of unconsolidated materia.1 of 12 feet. A state regulation
                    which provides another guideline requires that the base of the landfill
                    must be at least 4 feet above bed-rock. Therefore, to meet both guide-
                    lines the site must have at least 16 feet of unconsolidated materials
                    aver bedrock. The single - factor map for depth to bedrock has units
                    of 0-2 feet, 0-10 feet, 0-50 feet and deeper. None of these precisely
                    fits the management guideline. The 0-10 feet depth provides the

                                                           Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                                                                    15

                                      Table 3. Matrix of relationship
                                      of selected land uses to single-
                                      factor maps.                                                                      0     A P,
                                                                                                                                  4Z@
                                                                                                                                                             A

                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                       P4                          -P
                                                                                                                                    4J 10                    P0,   g
                                                                                                                                    H  ;9                          0
                                                                                                                              rd                                   P@
                                                                                                                        F4    H        rd                 -;49
                                                                                                                        @1    H        -1           @4          0  r-4
                                                                                                                     CH       0                           rg    0  0
                                                                                                                                       P,                 H  EO
                                                                                                                                    0  &
                                                                                                                                  H P H    or-      0
                                                                                                                     W  &a          to H   H        Id    k  0  rq
                                                                                                                                    ;g              W  ka (0) rroik'd  M
                                                                                                                                                 rq z  0     k  0  r-q 0
                                                                                                                                  rd .0    Cd 0  W  ;j rd    $4    0   U2
                                                                                                                              -H  9 H            0     rq    0     H   ;j
                                                                                                              @D     -ri ri         4p@             r_4 F4
                                                                                                                        r-i Q)                      -rq k
                                                                                                                                    0         M rd     0           0
                                                                                                                                                                   .0
                                                                                                                           Cd
                                                                                                                           k  -H                          0
                                                                                                                           0  _P                    _P -P PL
                                                                                                                                              0           rn (1)
                                                                                                                                              _P
                                                                                                                                  rd
                                                                                                                                           bf    0
                                                                                                                                  H           @4    P  @4f E-4     P4
                                         SINGLE-FACTOR MAPS                                                          r4 c@                                C@       V; "D
                                                                                                                                                             P, P,
                                                                                                                                       ,D  t@ C6 C@ C;
                                                                                                                        I                           .111 C"i r @ql
                                         1.   Topography                                                                                               21      1 1
                                         2.   General slope                                                                              1 1           21          1
                                         3.   Slope greater        Than    15%                                                                         1
                                         4.   Slope less than A            and   soil seldom                                                           1
                                                 saturated
                                         5  ! Bedrock type                                                                                             1
                                         6.   Structural characteristics of bedrock                                                                    -1
                                         1.   Outcraps                                                                                                 2
                                         d.   Depth to bedrock: 0-2 feet                                                                               12
                                         9.   Depth to bedrock: 0-10 feet                                                     0                        1
                                        17.   Depth to     bedrock: 50-foot intervals                                         0                        1.
                                        11.   Unconsolidated materials                                                                                 1
                                        12.   Sand and gravel deposits                                                        0                        11
                                        13.   Unified soil classification of substratum                                       0                        1
                                        17.   Soil saturated with water within 3 feet                                         0                        1
                                                 of the surface for 2 to 12 months
                                        15.   Soil saturated with water within 3 feet                                         0                        1
                                                 of the surface for less than 2 months
                                        16.   Peat and muck deposits                                                          0                        1
                                        11.   Percolation rate classes                                                                                 1'@l
                                        lb.   Agricultural land use capability                                                                         3
                                        19.   Drainage areas                                                                                           21 1    1 1
                                        27.   Floodprone areas                                                                                         11      1 1
                                        21.   Law flow of streams                                                                                      21      1 1
                                        22.   Saturated Thickness            of stratified
                                                 unconsolidated deposits                                                                               21      11        1
                                        2@.   Availability of ground water                                                    0                        1
                                        24.   Location of existing sanitary and water
                                                 re ated facilities, services and uses
                                        2@.   Lan use: 1970
                                      1 26.   Zoning: 1970
                                              1 = Primary importance; 2 = Secondary importance; 3                                 Indirectly related

                    16                 Connecticut Experiment Station           Bulletin 733

                    closest unit, but fails to identify the areas with depths between 10
                    and 16 feet. This limitation can be reconciled during site investiga-
                    tion. Similarly, reconciliation by site investigation must also be
                    made in the case -where single-factor maps are not available that meet
                    the criteria expressed in the management guidelines.

                    Use of Transparent Maps
                        The single factors extracted from basic resource data maps can be
                    drafted at a common scale on stable transpaxent material. The trans-
                    paxent single-factor maps judged critical to the evaluation axe stacked
                    congruently by the user to: (1) rule out axeas regarded as unacceptable
                    for the particular use or (2) locate areas where the characteristics
                    may be idea.1 for the particulax use. This preliminary evaluation in no
                    way replaces the need for on-site investigation, but it does reduce the
                    number of sites to be studied in detail.

                                      A RESOURCE INTERPRETATION SYSTEM

                        With the basic information now at hand and the knowledge that
                    integration of data from maps drawn to different scales will not be
                    perfect, we shall develop a resource interpretation system. To
                    clarify and simplify the presentation of data, we shall produce a
                    series of single-factor maps which show specific bits of information.
                    Some of these single-factor maps will be ca-Iled limiting-factor maps
                    because either nature has placed a severe limitation on the land
                    (i.e., steep slopes, bedrock or water tables at sha-Ilow depths) or
                    man has limited its use by earlier decisions (i.e., current land use
                    and zoning). The costs of correcting these limitations may be prohibi-
                    tive. The resource interpretation system is flexible because the user
                    needs only to use the bits of information considered important in his
                    management guidelines.

                        To demonstrate the use of the system, an area of about 8 squaxe
                    miles in the Ellington quadrangle will be examined by collating.several
                    of the single-factor maps to determine potential areas for dumping
                    solid wastes, an important need in our time.

                    Single-factor Mas
                        The single-factor maps for the study axea were chosen for their
                    usefulness. Additiona.1 factors may be important in other study axeas;
                    these must be determined by local needs. For example, soil salinity,
                    which affects a.11 uses of soil, may be important in areas of limited
                    rainfall, but is considered less important in the humid Northeast.

                        Selecting a potential site for a sanitary landfill has been chosen
                    to illustrate how the sihgle-factor maps can be used. In this example,
                    the resource will serve as a host for the intended use. A variety of
                    conditions may be acceptable depending upon the willingness of the
                    user to spend money on site modification. Some conditions will not be
                    acceptable because the limiting factors outweigh the economic means
                    necessaxy to change them.

                                Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                 17

                      It is assumed that there is no preconception of where the landfill
                  should be or what land is available for such use. The geographical
                  area is scanned to determine -where a landfill will conform to the
                  management guidelines. Alternatively, if several available sites
                  within a geographical area are known, they can be examined to evaluate
                  limitations imposed by the resource or management guidelines selected
                  by the user.

                      Each of the single-factor maps, shown in Table 3, will be briefly
                  described, their units of measure defined, and interpreted for a
                  specific example: the selection of a sanitary landfill site. Each
                  map has been numbered for reference, but not all of them will be
                  used in the example. The complete set of single-factor maps developed
                  for the Ellington quadrangle is on file at the Natural Resource Data
                  Services Center, Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford.

                      1. Topography. In determining the suitability of land for a
                  paxticular use, it is important to know -where the tract of land lies
                  in relation to its surroundings and if slopes are steep. A topographic
                  map indicates whether the land is on a ridgetop, hillside, or in a
                  valley. Steep slopes are shown as closely spaced contour lines. One
                  may also observe natural and cultural features such as swales, streams,
                  and whether the site is accessible by roads or near houses. Topographic
                  maps, however, will not show roads and houses built since the map was
                  published. Most older maps are being revised to show new cultural
                  features. If the land is used for sanitary landfill, the tcpographic
                  map will show nearby streams, swamps and houses, and whether the
                  present road network will provide access to the site. These factors
                  may not be critical but may enter into a comparative study of all
                  potential sites. Steep slopes, a critical factor, are shown on a
                  separate map.

                      2. General slope map. Slope may limit use of the land and is
                  important in land shaping, excavation and final grading for houses,
                  highways, parking lots and industrial development. It influences
                  construction of systems for disposal of septic tank effluent and
                  control of surface water.

                      General slope maps may be produced from both soils and topographic
                  maps. A soils map shows ranges of slopes measured on the land. The
                  last letter of the map symbol (e.g., ChA, ChB, etc.) indicates its
                  slope range as follows: A = 0-3%, B = 3-81o, C = 8-151o, D = 15-25%,
                  E = 25-35%, F = 35-451o. In very stony or very rocky axeas the ranges
                  are combined as BC = 3-15% and DEF = greater than 15% because stones,
                  boulders and bedrock outcrops axe more limiting than slope.

                      General slope maps are derived from topographic maps by scaling the
                  distance of the slope and determining differences in elevation between
                  two points on the scale. Slopes may be expressed in several ways:
                  as percentages, angles or in feet per mile.

                   18                  Connecticut Experiment Station          Bulletin 733

                       Slope, as it concerns sanitary landfill, falls into three categories.
                   The first is land having slopes greater than 15%. This land would be of
                   limited value in preparing a landfill because development costs could
                   be prohibitive and in direct conflict with the selected management
                   guidelines. Because of this relation between excessive slope and costs
                   of site preparation, a separate overlay showing steeply sloping axeas
                   was constructed (Map 3, Table 3) which can be utilized as a limiting-
                   factor map.

                       A second slope category delineates a suitable slope for a sanitary
                   landfill, 0-31o. Relatively flat land would require the least amount
                   of site preparation. Since this resource factor best complies with the
                   management guidelines, a sepaxate overlay map can be used. Map 4
                   (Table 3) not only shows the distribution of land having slopes less
                   than 3%, but also only those slopes underlain by well-drained soils.
                   Despite favorable slopes and surface drainage, however, these areas
                   may be underlain by coarse materials with low filtration capacity or
                   impeded drainage above a depth of 16 feet which may conflict with the
                   selected management guidelines.

                       The third category includes all remaining intermediate slopes,
                   3-15%. In general, costs of site preparation will rise with increases
                   in slope. The genera.1 slope map shows whether the land trends to-ward
                   favorable or prohibitive conditions.

                       3. Slope greater than 15%. This map delineates those axeas where
                   normal site development might be limited by the steepness of the slope.
                   An example of such a site is shown in Fig. 1. Steep slopes require
                   special design for sewage disposal systems and soil and water conserva-
                   tion. Increased construction costs may also be limiting. For sanitary
                   landfills the costs of developing trenches on steeply sloping land may
                   be prohibitive and in conflict with management guidelines. Steeply
                   sloping areas axe shown separately and the map can be used as a
                   limiting-factor map. Other slope units could have been used if they
                   had been set forth in the management guidelines for a different use.

                       4. Slopes less than 3% and soil seldom saturated. This map,
                   derived from the basic soil survey map, delineates axeas that are
                   suitable for a wide variety of uses including agriculture, urban
                   development, woodlands and recreation. In these areas, competition
                   for various uses could be great because there axe few, if any, natural
                   limiting factors. Design and construction costs should be low. The
                   favorable attributes of areas having slopes less than 3% and underlain
                   by well-drained soil prompts their separation from other data. For
                   sanitary landfills, this map may conform to many of the management
                   guidelines. This map does not show, however, the presence of a water
                   table below normal soil depths (5 feet). On-site investigations in
                   early spring would show if a water table is present within 16 feet of
                   the surface.

                                Resource Data in Land and Water Planning               19

                         Figure 1.  Steep slopes, coTmonly stony, prohibit most
                         kinds of development. Sewage and -waste disposal is
                         mostly limited by steepness of slope and shallowness to
                         bedrock. Historically, most steep slopes, as the one
                         above, have remained wooded. (Photo - Soil Conservation
                         Service)

                     5. Bedrock type. The kinds of rocks that underlie a geographical
                 axea are delineated on a bedrock-lithology map. The map units
                 correspond to the geologic map units (Collins, 1954), but have been
                 modified from recent detailed mapping in the Ellington quadrangle,
                 adjacent quadrangles and from interpretations of aeromagnetic data
                 (Pitkin, Philbin and Gilbert, 1969). This map, unlike the geologic
                 map, is not concerned with the relative stratigraphic position of each
                 rock type. The variety of rock types contained within these map units
                 are defined in terms of physical properties that are useful for engineer-
                 ing and land management.

                     The bedrock map may be used to determine a possible source of
                 conflict between use of the site and use of the underlying rock. If
                 the bedrock is covered by a sanitary landfill, the future use of the
                 rock as a resource could be eliminated. A second conflict could occur
                 if the bedrock is known to be an important aquifer. In this case, a
                 decision must be made either to avoid the use of the land because of
                 possible contamination or to protect the aquifer by special site
                 preparation.

                     20                  Connecticut Experiment Station          Bulletin 733

                         6. Structural chaxacteristics of bedrock. Contacts between the
                     rock types are shown on this map. They may be sharp or gradational,
                     but most contacts axe covered by glacial material and cannot be contin-
                     uously traced. Faults, where displacement of the rock has occurred,
                     are a1so shown. A fault 'may involve a single fracture or a zone of
                     fractures up to severa.1 hundred feet wide. The bedrock system in
                     fracture zones generally is structuraIly weak. Joints and fractures
                     a.re numerous and tend to decrease in abundance outward from the fault.
                     The fault may extend to depths of hundreds of feet and serve as channels
                     for ground water.  An example of fractured bedrock is shown in Fig. 2.

                         Figure 2. Bedrock outcrops along highway cuts exhibit many
                         fractures. The gently sloping fractures are along bedding and
                         foliation planes. The steeply sloping fractures are along
                         joints. The prominant steeply sloping fracture in the center
                         of the picture is a fault. All of these fractures may extend
                         to considerable depth and serve as pathways of -water movement.
                         (Photo - U.S. Geological Survey)

                         Other symbols on the map define the attitude of surfaces formed by
                     alignment of certain minerals, called foliation. Foliation allows rocks
                     to split apart in preferred directions. Also shown is the attitude of
                     bedding which reflects the way the materials were originally laid down.
                     For the Ellington quadrangle, the bedding symbol is equivalent to the
                     foliation symbol. Trends of foliation and bedding and zones of potential
                     bedrock weakness are shown on a separate map.

                                Resource Data in Land and Water Planning               21

                     The physical properties of bedrock in the area studied are important
                 even though refuse in a sanitary landfill must be kept at least 4 feet
                 above the bedrock suxface. As leachate must inevitably move out of the
                 site axea, in many places it will probably reach the bedrock surface not
                 fax from the site, and may eventually seep to the bedrock. If the bed-
                 rock is relatively massive and lacks interconnecting fractures, leachate
                 will follow the bedrock surface. The direction and ease of transport of
                 leachate within bedrock depends upon permeability, water pressure,
                 attitude of layering and abundance of interconnecting fractures.

                     7. Outcrops. This map, derived from the basic suxficial-geology
                 map, shows the 1,ocation and distribution of outcroppings of bedrock.
                 Small, closely spaced outcrops are not shown on the map separately, but
                 are included in the areas of thin glacial material.

                     In accordance with management guidelines, the refuse in a sanitary
                 landfill must be kept at least 4 feet above the bedrock surface, thus
                 areas of exposed bedrock (outcrops) are unacceptable for a landfill.
                 This map can be used as a limiting-factor map.

                     8. Depth to bedrock: 0-2 feet. This map, derived from the basic
                 soil survey map, delineates areas, such as those shown in Fig. 3, where
                 the soil cover is very thin. Areas covered by shallow soils also may

                           P7

                           Figure 3.  Many acres of Connecticut's landscape axe
                           only thinly covered by soil. Shallow depths to bedrock
                           severely influence construction activities, productive
                           agriculture and forest growth. (Photo - Soil Conservation
                           Service)

                    22                   Connecticut Experiment Station          Bulletin 733

                    have numerous rock outcrops (not precisely located as in a    surficial-
                    geology map). These areas severely influence construction    such as
                    foundations, underground utilities, sewage disposal systems and sanitary
                    landfills. They also limit agricultural and forestry pursuits because
                    of low moisture reserves and difficult management. Most of these areas
                    have remained wooded.

                        Areas of 0-2 feet to bedrock are in conflict with the management
                    guidelines for sanitaxy landfills because at least four feet of clean
                    material must lie between the bottom of the landfill and the top of the
                    bedrock. This map can be used as a limiting-factor map when the map
                    showing 0-10 feet to bedrock is not available.

                        9. Depth to bed-rock: 0-10 feet. This map, derived from a surficial-
                    geology map, delineates areas where the thickness of unconsolidated
                    materials is estimated to be 10 feet or less. The glacially-scoured
                    surface of the crystalline bedrock of the Eastern Highlands is seldom
                    flat and smooth, but usually has a rough, jagged appeaxance. Small
                    deep pockets may occur within the 0-10 foot thick axeas shown on the
                    map. Filled with unconsolidated material, they create depths that
                    exceed 10 feet. Bedrock sometimes lies just below existing trenches
                    and seepage pits and might be overlooked if subsurface investigations
                    are inadequate.

                        Areas of 0-10 feet'to bedrock are in conflict with the management
                    guidelines since they require trenches at least 12 feet deep and an
                    additional 4 feet of soil material above the bedrock for a totaJ_ of
                    16 feet. Areas having thicknesses of unconsolidated material less than
                    10 feet would not be acceptable. A map showing depths of 0-15 feet to
                    bedrock would be more useful. Without these data, which more closely
                    conform to the management guidelines, this factor must be closely
                    examined during on-site investigations. This is a limiting-factor map.

                        10. Depth to b drock: 50-foot intervals. This map shows ranges
                    in depth to bedrock. Fifty-foot intervals were chosen after considera-
                    tion of accuracy and irregular distribution of the data. Ranges in
                    depth were derived from the water-resources inventory and records of
                    wells and test holes.

                        This map serves to identify areas where the depth of unconsolidated
                    materia.1s is not a limiting factor for sanitaxy landfills. This map
                    can be used in the same way that Map 4 was used to identify areas where
                    conditions may be well suited. It must be recognized, however, that
                    this map only estimates the total thickness of the unconsolidated
                    material lying above the bedrock. The characteristics of the material
                    may change with depth.

                        11. Unconsolidated-materials map. This map, derived from the
                    surficial-geology map, shows the distribution of the principal kinds
                    of unconsolidated materials. The natural deposits, glacial till, sand

                                Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                23

                  and gravel, and swamp deposits are assumed to be at least 3 feet thick
                  and are shown as they occur beneath the soil layer. The total thickness
                  of a map unit is not shown; different materials may occur at depths
                  beneath the map units.

                      Glacial till is a poorly-sorted mixture of boulders and stones with
                  sand, silt and clay sizes in varying proportions. Some till is loose,
                  sandy and very stony and is commonly less than 10 feet thick. Other
                  tills are less sandy, less stony and very compact (hardpan) and average
                  more than 10 feet thick. Where these tills occur together, the loose
                  sandy till lies on top of the compact till. The two vaxieties of till
                  have quite different physical properties. They were not differentiated
                  on this map because the data were unavailable for this quadrangle.
                  Therefore, detailed investigations of the physical characteristics and
                  thickness of till is necessary for planned site development.

                      Swamp deposits contain organic matter sometimes mixed with sand,
                  silt and clay. They form in very poorly drained areas, in valleys and
                  on broad, flat uplands underlain by hardpan.

                      Artificial fill is shown only where it is extensive and well defined.
                  They are found in areas filled for highways, flood-control structures,
                  solid-waste disposal and other major construction. In urbanized areas,
                  natural land conditions are often extensively altered but are not shown
                  on the map as such.

                      The unconsolidated materials map for the Ellington quadrangle
                  delineates the areas of glacial till and stratified sand and gravel.
                  The preferred host material should contain sufficient fine material
                  (silt and clay) to retaxd rapid percolation and promote chemical and
                  biological filtration of the leachate generated in the landfill, yet
                  the material should be coarse enough to provide a cover that will
                  support traffic when it is wet. These two characteristics of the
                  materials seem to conflict with each other. The materials map, however,
                  is especially useful in identifying areas where the fine-textured till,
                  a good host, is adjacent to deposits of stratified sand and gravel, a
                  good cover. Some tills, however, are quite sandy and also provide
                  suitable cover, but they were not differentiated on this map from the
                  siltier, compact till which commonly provides poor cover. The usefulness
                  of the materials map could be improved if the basic surficial-geology
                  map had differentiated between the two kinds of tills.

                      12. Sand and gravel deposits. This single-factor map is derived
                  from Map 11. Sand and gravel deposits such as shown in Fig. 4 have
                  been isolated because they are important economic resources. These
                  deposits are composed of varying proportions of sand, pebbles and
                  cobbles which commonly occur in layers. Detailed on-site investigation
                  is necessary to determine composition, thickness and areal extent.
                  These deposits are not only important sources of construction materials,
                  but those covering large areas also may be important aquifers.

                    24                 Connecticut Experiment Station         Bulletin 733

                                                       WOOL,.,

                               t@'    7-
                                                           -01

                                     _4@
                            @ i7w        T @ -5r-

                                                                                  -47

                         Figure 4. Sand and gravel deposits have long been an important
                         economic resource in Connecticut. In some areas these deposits,
                         which axe also important aquifers, are rapidly disappearing.
                         (Photo - U.S. Geologica.1 Survey)

                         Sites containing sand and gravel may be easily prepared for a
                    sanitary landfill, but conflicts may arise with management guidelines.
                    For example, the use of the site for sanitary landfill must be
                    evaluated against its use as an extractable resource. Further 'both
                    uses must be evaluated against its use for water supply if the sand and
                    gravel aquifer contains a large supply of water.

                         13. Unified soil classes of substratum. This map, derived from
                    interpretative tables in the soil survey reports, shows the Unified Soil
                    Classes (Waterways Experiment Station, 1953) assigned to the substratum
                    (unweathered material generally below a depth of 30 inches) of each
                    soil series. The Unified System classifies mineral and organic-mineral
                    mixtures of soils for engineering purposes and is based on particle
                    size and moisture characteristics. For simplicity, the soils of the
                    Ellington quadrangle have been separated into classes of coarse-grained,
                    fine-grained and highly organic materials.

                         The map showing the Unified Soil Classification of the substratum
                    prov-ides information concerning the physica.1 characteristics of the
                    host and cover materials for a sanitary landfill. It enables the user

                                Resource Data in Land and Water Planning               25

                 to make preliminary estimates of such performance qualities as strength,
                 compressibility and permeability. The user may determine whether the
                 material at the site can be used as cover or if a different material
                 must be imported at additional cost.

                     14. Soil saturated with water within 3 feet of surface for 2-12
                 months. This map, derived from a soil survey map, delineates axeas
                 with a persistant high water table which seldom falls below-3 feet
                 from the siirface except during prolonged rainless periods. The
                 saturated zone is usually above an impermeable soil layer as in Fig. 5
                 or bedrock. These conditions are found in generally flat areas and the
                 water table fluctuates through a narrow range of depths below the surface.

                                Figure 5. Many soils have shallow water
                                tables that persist throughout the year.
                                Septic tank drain fields will not function
                                and solid wastes buried in these soils will
                                become flooded with water, producing
                                undesirable leachate. (Photo - Soil
                                Conservation Service)

                    26                  Connecticut Experiment Station         Bulletin 733

                    The maximum height generally can be determined by noting the depth in
                    the soil at which color mottling occurs. Poor drainage limits many
                    uses, but in places it can be corrected by drainage systems. Generally,
                    the soil drainage classes delineated here are:

                        a. Poorly-drained soils where the zone of saturation is within
                    0-6 inches from the surface during the wettest paxt of the year. The
                    saturated zone persists into early summer and may reappear after pro-
                    longed or unusually heavy summer rains. The water table is usually
                    observed within 4-5 feet of the surface even at its lowest point of
                    fluctuation.

                        b. Very poorly-drained soils where irater ponds on the surface for
                    significant periods in winter and early spring and persists within 3
                    feet of the surface throughout the year.

                        Management guidelines established the need to locate the high water
                    table relative to the base of the landfill (greater than 2 feet below).
                    A map showing the depth to saturated zones is not available. This
                    single-factor map, however, identifies the soils saturated with water
                    within three feet of the surface for known lengths of time. It serves
                    to identify areas in conflict with the management guidelines. This
                    map can be used as a limiting-factor map. The user must be awaxe that
                    a water table which rises seasonally within 14 feet of the surface will
                    still conflict with management guidelines. In the absence of water
                    table information within 14 feet of the surface, this factor must be
                    critically examined during detailed site investigation.

                        15. Soil saturated with water within 3 feet of surface less than
                    2 months. This map, derived from a soil survey map, delineates axeas
                    -which have a temporaxy high water table within 3 feet of the surface.
                    In these axeas, the water table may fluctuate over a wide range of
                    depths. During the highest point of fluctuation, generally occurring
                    in eaxly spring, the zone of saturation may lie within 15 to 20 inches
                    of the surface. The high water table seldom persists beyond late spring.
                    In wooded axeas the lowering of the water table is augmented by trans-
                    piration as new leaves begin to form on the trees. Areas delineated on
                    this map belong to the class of moderately well-drained soil. Imperfectly
                    drained axeas, like poorly drained ones, may be in conflict with
                    management guidelines, for greater quantities of leachate may be
                    produced in early spring and following prolonged rains which may affect
                    ground-water and surface-water quality in the region. An alternative
                    to the prohibition of use of areas of high water table would be to
                    drain the site or control the leachate produced in the landfill.

                        16. Peat and muck. This map, derived from a soil survey map,
                    delineates the axeas of organic soils where centuries of plant remains
                    have accumulated in former lakes and ponds. Most of the plants are
                    reeds and sedges, but in places remains of former forests are found
                    buried in the peat. Accumulations of peat camonly range in depth from

                                 Resource Data in Land and Water Planning               27

                  1 to 25 feet. Many shallow deposits and the surfaces of most deep
                  deposits are highly decomposed and called muck. Virtually all peat and
                  muck areas are undrained and have a permanent high water table. They
                  are limited for most uses.

                      Areas of peat and muck are in conflict with the selected management
                  guidelines for they usually have a persistant high water table and the
                  materials may not serve as a suitable host. The use of these sites for
                  sanitary landfill would require extensive preparation. Although all
                  areas shown on this map are also shown on Map 14, this map segregates
                  wet unstable organic soils from wet mineral soils.

                      17. Percolation rate classes. This map, derived from interpretative
                  tables in soil survey reports, delineates areas of probable percolation
                  rates which can be used to assess the capability of a soil to transmit
                  effluent from on-site sewage systems. The rates are estimated from
                  percolation tests which measure the rate at which the water level falls
                  in a percolation test hole 30 to 36 inches deep. As water passes into
                  the surrounding soil, its rate is influenced by the condition of the
                  wall and by the porosity and moisture content of the unsaturated soil
                  through which it flows (Hill, 1966).

                      Percolation rates may be expressed in two ways: "inches per hour"
                  and inversely "minutes per inch". Class limits are arbitrary, but
                  correspond to those established by the Connecticut Department of Health
                  (1970). It is difficult to assign a precise percolation class to each
                  mapping unit, therefore, a probability factor is introduced to account
                  for site and seasonal variations. Percolation rates vary with site and
                  season in all soils, but the vaxiation may fall within a single percola-
                  tion rate class. These soils are easy to segregate. Those whose
                  seasonal variations straddle one or more classes are more difficult to
                  segregate. At best we can estimate the probability of soils with
                  intermediate rates being classed with the fast or slow rates. The rate
                  classes are fast, probably fast, probably slow and slow.

                      Although percolation rate data is derived from soil maps and
                  therefore limited to depths of 3 or 4 feet, broad estimates may be made
                  on deeper materials if they are similar to the materials from which the
                  soil has developed. The map can be used best to estimate the rate of
                  movement of leachate from landfill areas into the surrounding soil.
                  Soils in the "fast" percolation class indicate that leachate may move
                  rapidly from the landfill area. Soils in the "slow" category of
                  percolation may indicate areas where the movement of leachate is slow.
                  There is, unfortunately, little information on the rate of production
                  and control of landfill leachates at the present time.

                      18. Agricultural land use capability. This map delineates the
                  broad capability classes of soils. Groups of soils are classed to
                  show, in a general way, their suitability for most kinds of farming.
                  The grouping is based on limitations of the soils (i.e., drainage,
                  erosion, stoniness and wetness), the risk of damage when they are used,

                   28                  Connecticut Experiment Station          Bulletin 733

                   and how they respond to such treatments as drainage, irrigation and
                   fertilization. There are eight capability classes designated by Roman
                   numerals I through VIII. In Class I are soils with the fewest
                   limitations, the widest range of potential use, and the least risk of
                   damage. The soils in other classes have progressively greater limita-
                   tions.

                       Capability classes are primarily used to evaluate and plan methods
                   of farm management, yet they provide the planner with an evaluation of
                   the land for agriculture against use for sanitary landfill, home sites,
                   open space and recreation.

                       19. Drainage areas. This map, derived from a topographic map and
                   the water-resources inventory, segments the landscape into natural
                   surface drainage basins. The divides between basins and the total
                   drainage area in square miles that contributes streamflow to selected
                   sites on major streams are shown. These sites may be stream-gaging
                   sites, surface water sampling sites, or mouths of tributary streams.

                       The distribution and size of drainage areas may provide information
                   on the direction of leachate flow and show-where the landfill would lie
                   in relation to a stream discharging from the basin. The increased
                   potential of pollution loading from a landfill in relation to that
                   contributed to the basin by other sources may also be estimated.

                       20. Flood-prone areas. This map, derived from a topographic map
                   and the -water-resources inventory, delineates areas that may be flooded
                   on the average of once in fifty years (i.e., there is a 1 in 50 chance
                   that flooding could occur in any one year). Areas larger than those
                   shown could be flooded less frequently and smaller areas flooded more
                   frequently. This map identifies areas that are in conflict with
                   regulatory management guidelines for sanitary landfills. Regulations
                   require a minimum distance of 50 feet from the burial of refuse to the
                   high water mark of a surface water body. To resolve the conflict, the
                   area would have to be protected with a dike. This map can be used as
                   a limiting-factor map.

                       21. Low flow of streams. This map shows, for selected streams,
                   the lowest average daily streamflow that can be expected for 30
                   consecutive days on an average of once in 2 years. This low-flow
                   Parameter is one measure of the minimum quantity of surface water
                   available from run-of-the-river development. Typical high and low
                   streamflows are shown in Fig. 6.

                       The distribution of low-streamflow as mapped was determined by
                   correlating long-term and miscellaneous streamflow records available
                   within the quadrangle and adjoining areas. The standard error of
                   estimate for any mapped unit is � 35%.

                                 Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                    29

                         ,7

                                Figure 6. In May   the  stream above was flowing
                                at a rate of 11 mgd (million   gallons per day);
                                it flows at least this much 40% of the time.
                                In August the same stream below was flowing
                                about 0.9 mgd; it flows at least this much 90%
                                of the time.   (Photo   U.S. Geological Survey)

                   30                   Connecticut Experiment Station          Bulletin 733

                       The units are:   low flow,less than 1 mgd (million gallons per day),
                   1 to 10 mgd, and 10  to 100 mgd. This information can be used to
                   evaluate the potentia-I effects of known volumes of wastes, as from
                   sewage treatment plants, on the receiving streams. Regulatory
                   restrictions prohibit the deposition of refuse in a sanitary landfill
                   in a manner that -will allow leachate to contaminate or pollute surface
                   water on neighboring properties. The surface water low-flow map may
                   be used to estimate the diluting effects a stream -will have upon the
                   leachate if it should reach a stream.

                       22. Saturated thickness of stratified, unconsolidated deposits.
                   The map shows by contours the thickness of sand and gravel deposits
                   saturated with ground water. Where these deposits form a significant
                   aquifer (water-yielding earth material), saturated thickness provides
                   information on the amount of water-level lowering available if the
                   aquifer is developed for water supply. The map is based on contour
                   maps of land and bedrock surfaces and water-level data from streams,
                   wells and test holes. Contour intervals were chosen after consideration
                   of accuracy and density distribution of the data and of the map scale.
                   The map shows the limits of each stratified deposit and its saturated
                   thickness in 10, 30 and 40 foot intervals. Deposits having saturated
                   thicknesses exceeding 10 feet may be important aquifers. Areas under-
                   lain by such aquifers may have a potentia.1 conflict between use for
                   landfills and for ground-water supply.

                       23. Availability of ground water. This single-factor map was
                   derived from the preceeding map and simply delineates the areas where
                   the saturated thickness of sand and gravel deposits exceeds 10 feet and
                   ma,v be a potential water supply. Under usual circumstances well yields
                   in sand and gravel deposits should exceed 50 ga.Ilons per minute. Most
                   of these potential water supply areas in sand and gravel deposits may
                   also be acceptable as hosts for sanitary landfill. Porous, sandy
                   material allows rapid transmission of leachate without adequate
                   filtration, however, and contamination of the ground water may result.
                   This conflicts with management guidelines, and the map may be used
                   preliminarily as a limiting-factor map. On-site investigation,
                   however, may show that the aquifer as too poor a yield or quality for
                   development of water supplies. This may resolve the conflict.
                   Alternatively, the site could be prepared at the additiona.1 cost of
                   leachate control by sealing the bottom and controlling the leachate
                   generated in the landfill.

                       24. Location of existing sanitary and water-related facilities.
                   This map, derived from land-use maps, shows the locations and
                   boundaries in 1970 of water utility service areas, land owned by water
                   utilities, reservoirs, watersheds tributary to existing water-supply
                   reservoirs, water-supply wells, and water bodies supporting recreational
                   activities (boating, fishing and swimming). Also shown are sewer
                   service areas, sewage treatment plants, solid waste disposal sites and
                   incinerators. This map can be used to recognize conflicts between

                                  Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                31

                                                                     Fig. 7A

                                                                     H2 Residential
                                                                          (Urban Low-)

                                             ST
                                                                     ST General Trades and
                                                                            Services

                                                              77
                                                              -0     XF Open Lands

                                                                     XO Open Lands

                                 Figure 7. Connecticut's   land resources are
                                 used in many ways. In 7A residential and
                                 commercial uses abut open and forest land.
                                 In 7B residential uses are scattered among
                                 agricultural and forest land. Here a sani-
                                 tary landfill would offend fewer neighbors,
                                 but its location may be inconvenient to
                                 many. (Photo - Northeastern Connecticut
                                 Regional Planning Agency)

                   Fig. 7B

                   AG Active Agriculture

                   H4 Residential
                      (Suburban Low)

                   XC Cemeteries
                                                                                   .'Or

                                                       71
                                               I@F

                    32                 Connecticut Experiment Station          Bulletin 733

                    location of landfills and watersheds protected for surface-water
                    supplies. Because of possible contamination of soil and water by
                    leachates from landfill, most watershed areas presently are not accep-
                    table as sanitary landfill sites. This map also identifies nearby
                    sewer lines through which collected leachates might be pumped to a
                    treatment plant.

                        25. Land use: 1970. This map shows the distribution of areas for
                    57 kinds of land use under such categories as residential, manufacturing,
                    transportation, communication, trades and services, and recreation.
                    Some of these uses are illustrated in Fig. 7. The map shows existing
                    uses of land which may conflict with development of a landfill.
                    Conflicts must be resolved by the user on the individual merits of
                    population needs and costs of alternative use. The uses in conflict
                    with management guidelines can be ruled unacceptable for the develop-
                    ment of a sanitary landfill and the map can then be used as a limiting-
                    factor map.

                        26. Zoning: .1970. This map delineates areas zoned for residential,
                    industrial, and commercial use in towns which have zoning ordinances.
                    Special zones may also include flood plains and open space. This map
                    indicates whether the intended use conforms to current zoning regulations.
                    If a conflict occurs between the existing zoning regulations and the
                    potential use of the area for a sanitaxy landfill, the earlier decision
                    could be reviewed. Conflict with the management guidelines can be
                    resolved by either changing the zoning in the area or prohibiting the
                    use of the land for sanitary land-fill.

                    A Pilot Study
                        The area chosen for the pilot study and development of the single-
                    factor maps was the Ellington quadrangle (U.S. Geological Topographic
                    Series) that covers about 56 square miles in north central Connecticut,
                    shown in Fig. 8, lies about 15 miles northeast of Hartford, and straddles
                    the boundary between the Eastern Highlands and the Connecticut River
                    Lowlands.

                        This particular quadrangle -was chosen for three reasons: (1) The
                    area provides sharp contrasts in topography, hydrologyand types of
                    bedrock, surficial materials and soils, (2) the existing land and water
                    uses include both fixed urban uses and potentially alterable rural uses,
                    and (3) the basic resource data were available from all participating
                    agencies and had been collected within the past 25 years. Most of the
                    data are published; some are in open file. A list of resource data
                    used in this study may be found in Appendix A.

                    Collating the Single-factor Maps
                        The single-factor maps which can be prepared on scale-stable
                    transparent material provide the user with pertinent available informa-
                    tion on soil, geology, hydrology and land use. The user can then select
                    information that will help identify axeas not in conflict with

                                 Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                33

                                                                           WINDHAM
                            LITCHFIELD                         TOLLAND
                                                 HARTFORD

                                                                       NEW LONDON

                                                        MIDDLESEX

                                         NEW HAVEN

                           FAIRFIELD

                              Figure 8. The Ellington quadrangle lies mostly in Tolland
                              County in north central Connecticut. The dark area within
                              the quadrangle is that portion used in the example, Figures
                              9-17.

                  management guidelines chosen for selection of a site for sanitary
                  landfill. The maps can be used to identify three kinds of areas:

                      1. Areas can be identified that are not acceptable for sanitary
                  landfill because they conflict with the original management guidelines.
                  The conflicts may be due to limitations created by regulations, those
                  created by the limiting characteristics of the resource, or those
                  created by incompatibility with existing use. In short, all areas that
                  are inappropriate to use for sanitary landfill can be identified and
                  ruled out of consideration.

                      2. Areas can be identified that provide the ideal physical
                  characteristics of land and water resources. These are the areas in
                  perfect agreement with the guidelines and will most likely require the
                  lowest costs of site preparation. In short, the best areas should be
                  the first to be considered for on-site study.

                      3. The remaining areas to be identified are those containing some
                  degree of compatibility with the guidelines, but requiring some
                  adjustments by site preparation to overcome conflicts -with the guide-
                  lines. Conflicts may be problems in access, drainage, transportation

                     34                   Connecticut Experiment Station            Bulletin 733

                     of cover material or control of leachate. These areas can also be
                     marked for on-site study.

                         A composite view can be obtained by stacking all of the transparent
                     maps that are limiting-factor maps for sanitary land-fill. For the
                     purposes of illustrating the composite, shown in Figs. 9-17, only the
                     small shaded portion of the Ellington quadrangle shown in Fig. 8 was
                     used. This area covers about 8 square miles.

                         The following transparent maps, each with areas of single limiting
                     factors shaded out, can be collated in the following manner:

                         To:  Map 9, Depth to bedrock, 0-10 feet (Fig. 9)
                         Add: Map 14 and 15, Soil saturated with water -within 3 feet of the
                              surface (Fig. 10).

                              COMPOSITE LOOKS I= FIG. 11.

                         Add: Map 20, Flood-prone areas (Fig. 12) and
                              Map 3, Slope greater than 15% (Fig. 13).

                              COMPOSITE LOOKS LIKE FIG. 14.

                         Add: Map 23, Availability of ground water (Fig. 15).and
                              Map 25, Land use: 1970 (Residential areas) (Fig. 16).

                              COMPOSITE LOOKS I= FIG. 17.

                         The final composite will serve to block out all-areas of limiting
                     characteristics. The potentially acceptable areas appear as transparent
                     spaces or "windows" in the composite (Fig. 17). These windows focus
                     attention on specific areas. Some windows can be eliminated from
                     further examination because they are smaller than the minimum of 25
                     acres set forth in the management guidelines. The windows are primaxy
                     areas where on-site investigation is necessary. In order to find those
                     sites within the windows that may be well suited for landfill development,
                     Map 4, Slope less than 3% and seldom saturated, and Map 10, Depth to
                     bedrock: 50-foot intervals, could be inserted beneath the stack.

                         Many of the unshaded areas which appear as "windows" and seem well
                     suited for landfill may still conflict with other management guidelines.
                     Additional maps must be added to evaluate this possibility. For
                     example, Map 13, Unified soil classification of substratum, can be
                     inserted in the stack of other maps to determine the quality of the
                     site as host and supplier of suitable cover material. Map 26 could
                     a-Iso be inserted to determine conflicts with current zoning regulations.

                         If, after stacking the maps, the user finds that no sites within the
                     geographical area appear well suited for sanitary landfill, he may wish
                     to change his management guidelines. If he accepts additional site
                     modification (e-g-., by drainage) than the transparent map which locates

                                                    Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                                              35

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                       38                          Connecticut Experiment Station                Bulletin 733

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                                  landfill trenches and erosion control without excessive site prepaxation.

                                                                                                      00
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                    Shaded areas do not comply with management guidelines.

                                                Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                                          41

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                    44                  Connecticut Experiment Station         Bulletin 733

                    areas of moderately well drained soils (Map 15) can be withdrawn from
                    the stack and the windows will expand and new areas can be explored.

                        Alternatively, if data are available, the user can develop a set of
                    transparent maps which delineate areas ideally suited for sanitary
                    landfill. If these areas, free of restrictions, are too few in number
                    and small in size, the user will most likely have to alter his guidelines
                    and accept correction of a limiting factor. Ultimately, the user must
                    turn to the limiting-factor maps to determine new areas where the kinds
                    of limitations occur that he is willing to accept.

                        In essence, the most important information the maps give the user is
                    identification of limitations that nature has imposed upon the land.
                    The seriousness of the limitations will depend upon the kind of use the
                    land is to accomodate.

                                                   SUDOMY

                        This report describes how geologic, hydrologic and soil data can be
                    integrated to provide a base for land and water use planning. The
                    interpretation system developed is in a simple form and flexible enough
                    to provide both general and detailed information. The data is intended
                    for preliminary planning and cannot replace the need for on-site
                    investigations.

                        First, the basic sources of natural resource data (topography,
                    bedrock and surficial geology, hydrology, soils, and land use) are
                    described and problems of integrating data to a common base and scale
                    are discussed.

                        Second, from basic resource maps and accompanying data, single-
                    factor maps are derived to delineate areas having common characteristics
                    such as steep slopes, bedrock at shallow depths, high water tables,
                    flooding, availability of ground-water supply, and land use. The
                    information can be put on scale-stable transpaxent sheets for simultaneous
                    observation of several characteristics. The 26 single-factor maps thus
                    derived in this study can be used to identify areas on the landscape
                    with favorable or unfavorable chaxacteristics for a variety of uses
                    such as sanitaxy landfills, on-site disposal of septic tank effluent,
                    or transportation and public utility corridors. Management guidelines
                    are established by the user for specific uses. The user determines
                    which of the 26 single-factor maps provides the most useful information.

                        Third, the Ellington quadrangle was chosen for detailed study.
                    Selection of a site for sanitaxy landfill was chosen to illustrate how
                    the single-factor maps can be used following development of management
                    guidelines that comply with statutory regulations, protect the
                    neighboring environment, and minimize costs of site preparation. The
                    transparent single-factor maps that show characteristics that limit
                    development of a sanitary landfill (bedrock at shallow depths, high
                    water table, slope, flooding) are collated to block out areas that

                               Resource Data in Land and Water Planning                 45

                 conflict with the management guidelines. The areas that do not conflict
                 appear as "windows" and on-site investigation can then focus on these
                 "TAndan It.

                                               REFERENCES

                                               Published

                 1.  Collins, G. E. 1954. The bedrock geology of the Ellington
                     quadrangle -with map. Quad. Report No. 4. Conn. Geol. and Nat.
                     History Survey.
                 2.  Connecticut Department of Health. 1970. Private subsurface sewage
                     disposal. Hartford.
                 3.  Connecticut Department of Health. Public Health Code Sec. 19-13-24a.
                     Disposal of refuse. Hartford.
                 4.  Cushman, R. V. 1964. Ground-water resources of north-central
                     Connecticut. U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1752.
                 5.  Hill, D. E. 1966. Percolation testing for septic tank drainage.
                     Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 678.
                 6.  Pitkin, J. A., Philbin, P. W., and Gilbert, F. P. 1969. Aeromagnetic
                     map of the Ellington quadrangle and paxt of the Rockville quadrangle,
                     Hartford and Tolland Counties. U.S. Geol. Survey Geophysical Invest.
                     map. GP-648.
                 7.  Ryder, R. B. and Weiss, L. A. 1971. Hydrogeologic data for the
                     upper Connecticut River basin, Connecticut. Conn. Water Res. Bul. 25.
                 8.  Waterways Experiment Station Corps of Engineers. 1953. The unified
                     soil classification system. Tech. Memo. No. 3-357. 2 vol.
                     Vicksburg, Miss.

                                             Open File Maps

                 1.  Colton, R. B. 1972. Bedrock outcrops and areas of thin drift,
                     Ellington quadrangle. U.S. Geol. Survey, Geologic Div., Middletown,
                     Conn.
                 2.  Colton, R. B. 1972. Materials map, Ellington quadrangle. U.S.
                     Geol. Survey, Geologic Div., Middletown, Conn.
                 3.  Handman, E. H. 1972. Depth to bedrock, Ellington quadrangle. U.S.
                     Geol. Survey@ Water Resources Div., Hartford@ Conn.
                 4.  Handman, E. H. 1972. Saturated thickness of unconsolidated
                     stratified deposits, Ellington quadrangle. U.S. Geol. Survey,
                     Water Resources Div., Haxtford, Conn.
                 5.  Olin, D. A. 1972. Low flow of streams, Ellington quadrangle. U.S.
                     Geol. Survey, Water Resources Div., Hartford, Conn.
                 6.  Olin, D. A. 1972. Flood-prone areas, Ellington quadrangle. U.S.
                     Geol. Survey, Water Resources Div., Hartford, Conn.
                 7.  Pease, M. H. Jr. 1972. Bedrock lithology, Ellington quadrangle.
                     U.S. Geol. Survey, Geologic Div., Middletown@ Conn.
                 8.  Pease, M. H. Jr. 1972. Strike trends of foliation and zones of
                     potentia.1 weakness, Ellington quadrangle. U.S. Geol. Survey,
                     Geologic Div., Middletown, Conn.

                    46                   Connecticut Experiment Station        Bulletin 733

                     9.  Pease, M. H. Jr. 1972. Summary of properties of bedrock types
                         (tabular material), Ellington quadrangle. U.S. Geol. Survey,
                         Geologic Div., Middletown, Conn.
                    10.  Thomas, M. P. 1972. Drainage areas, Ellington quadrangle. U.S.
                         Geol. Survey, Geologic Div., Middletown, Conn.

                                         APPENDIX A: RESOURCE DATA INVENTORY, ELLINGTON QUADRANGLE

                   Resource      Description                      Scale               Base                Status

                   Topography    Topographic Map                 1:24,ooo    Polyconic projection      Published (1953)
                                 Ellington Quad., Conn.                                                Scale changed (1967)

                   Bedrock       Bedrock Geology Map             1:31,680    Polyconic projection      Published (1954)
                                 Ellington Quad., Conn.

                                                                                                                                       FJ
                   Surficial     Surficia.1 Geology Map          1:24,ooo    Polyconic projection      Published (1972)
                    Geology      Ellington Quad., Conn.

                                                                                                                                       C+
                   Soil          Hartford County Soil Survey     1:20@000    Air photo mosaic          Published (1962)

                                 Tolland County Soil Survey      1:15,840    Air photo mosaic          Published (1966)

                   Hydrology     Water Resources Inventory       1:24,000    Polyconic projection      Portions in open file;          P,
                                 of Connecticut, Part 7,                                               USGS, Water Resources
                                 Upper Conn. River Basin                                               Division

                   Land use                                                                                                            C+
                                                                                                                                       M
                    & Zoning     1970 Existing Land Use          1:24,ooo    Polyconic projection      Open file; Conn. Office         FJ
                                 Inventory                                                             of State Planning

                                 Location of Existing            1:24,ooo    Polyconic projection      Published (1970)
                                 Sanitary and Water-            (Reduced to
                                 Related Facilities,             1:48.,ooo)
                                 Services and Uses

                                 Zoning of the Municipalities    1:24,000    Polyconic Projection      Open file; Conn. Office
                                 of the State of Connecticut                                           of State Planning

                   Materials     Statewide Coarse Aggregate      1:24,ooo    Polyconic projection      Published (1972);
                      Map        Inventory by Districts                                                Conn. Dept. of
                                                                                                       Transportation

                                                                    DATE DUE

                                                         GAYLORDINa. 2333              KiNTED IN J 5 A

                                                                                 I ollill
                                                             36        141070195
                                                                                        r

                  BULLETIN 733, OCTOBER 1972       THE CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT         STATION       NEW HAVEN