[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]






                                                                                                                                                           Project #94.4.3











                                                                                                                      Final
                                                                                                                      Report




                                                                                  Educational Programs on
                                                                                  Coastal Resources for
                                                                                  Public and Municipal Audiences

                                                                                  Office of State Planning
                                                                                  Grant No. NA 470ZO237


                                                                                  Seacoast Science Center and
                                                                                  Audubon Society of New Hampshire


                                                                                  Project Personnel
                                                                                  Richard Cook,Wildlife & XVeflands Dept. Director, ASNH
                                                                                  Diane TX-Iuca, Senior Biologist &, Ornithologist, ASNII
                                                                                  Wendy hill, F", udw Dirroor, SSC (hoject Manage))
                                                                                  Sieve J. Miller, I'loglam Diw, [m SSC
                                                                                  Bevei 1), Shadley, F'Incation Program Coonfinator, SSC
                                                                                  John Skafidas, public Ptogmn@ & Volunwei Coordinator, SSC














                                 Madw
                             %*                                                                 Final

                                            ANN,-
                                                                                                Report




                                                Educational Programs on
                                                Coastal Resources for,.,
                                                Public and Municipal Audiences

                                                Office of State Planning-
                                                Grant No. NA 470ZO237

                                                SeacoasL Science Center-and
                                                Audubon Society of New Hampshire -


                                                Project Personnel
                                                Richard Cook,Wildlife & Wetlands Dept. Director, ASNH
                                                Diane DeLuca, Senior Bioiogist & Ornithologist, ASNH
                                                Wendy Lull, Executive Director, SSC (Project Maiwger)
                                                Steve J. Miller, Program Director, SSC--
'0A.                                            Beverly Shadley, Education Program Coordinator, SSC
                                                T
                     J '-@ zz'                  John Skafidas, Public Program & Volunteer Coordinator, SSC










                   Table of Contents

                   Project Objective           ..........................................................................................................1

                   Endangered Species Programs                      .................................I...............................; ................2
                             Endangered species slide show...                     ..I.................................................................2
                             Endangered species collateral materials                        ....................................................3
                             Informational packets & technicial support                          ...............................................3

                   The Great Bay Resource Programs                       ......................... 14 ..................................................4
                             The Great Bay Estuary presentatf6t`..,..,-....                 ...................................................4
                             Technical Assistance:             ........................  ............................................................4

                   Coastal Resource Programs                  ........................................................................................6
                             The Awcomin Marsh Tour                      ............................................................................6
                             Coastal Resource Comparison Wa@kina Tour                             ........................................ ..7
                             Revision of the Coastal Issues tbctuxe                     ........................................................8
                             Coastal Issues Evening Lecture/Discussion Series                             ..................................9

                   Project Analysis           ............................................................................................................ 10

                   List of Appendices             ........................................ .............................................















                CIS'
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            Final Report:
            Development of Educational Programs on Coastal Resources for Public and
            Municipal Audiences by the Seacoast Science Center and the Audubon Society of
            New Hampshire
            Project Objective
            The objective of this proposed project was to develop and conduct three series of
            programs with current information about the status of coastal endangered wildlife
            species and coastal resources, and to provide technical advice to towns on resource
            management as needed. The program series were:
                   Endangered Species (slide show and collateral materials)
                   Natural and Cultural History of the Great Bay (for three audiences)
                   Coastal Resources Programs (walking tours, slide show, lecture series).

            The programs incorporated current wildlife research and resource management
            tools. The purpose of this program is to educate the general public and provide
            local municipal leaders with the information they need to make intelligent choices
            and decisions.

            As these programs were developed another purpose was recognized: significant
            improvements have been made in the quality of some coastal resources and
            difficult steps have been taken to protect others. This "good news" needs to be told
            to the public to dispel the sense of overwhelming environmental' damage people
            felt in the 1970s and maintain their enthusiasm for making environmentally sound
            choices by recognizing our improvements and successes. Ke'eping citizens aware of
            the current,status of their coastal resources, includingwhat they can do to support
            and maintain them,,,is' even more critical as-the federal government turns away
            from scientific-based environmental, policy and toward politically-based
            environmental decisions.

            The site for most of these programs was the Seacoast Science Center at Odiorne
            Point State Park. Since opening in June, 1992, the Seacoast Science Center has had
            over 145,000 visitors. Most of these visitors come from coastal states; over 800 come
            from other countries including Asia, Tonga, Ireland and Poland. Visitors come to
            the Center throughout the year to view the habitat and history exhibits and to
            participate in programs. These visitors are made aware of the diversity of coastal
            habitats and resources through exhibits (five of which were funded in part by the
            New Hampshire Coastal Program, Office of State Planning, Department of
            Commerce and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration).




            Final Report: Coastal Issues Prograrns








             Wildlife Department at the Audubon Society of New Hampshire (ASNH). This
             proven staff approach combines the wetland resource and wildlife research
             strength of the ASNH staff with the educational expertise of the Center staff.
             Endangered Species Programs
             Although many citizens are concerned about endangered species, few are aware of
             them in their own communities. The endangered species slide program and
             collateral informational materials incorporated general natural history about local
             endangered birds as well as historical data and current research results.

             Endangered species slide show
             This presentation highlighted the natural history of each of the following species:
             the common tern (state endangered), the upland sandpiper (state endangered), the
             bald eagle (state and federally endangered) the osprey (state threatened) and the
             northern harrier (state threatened). It combined the most current information
             resulting from over five years of monitoring. It focused on giving the audience a
             good understanding of the habitat use and needs of these species, as well as ways
            ,,,the audience can get involved in preservation and conservation efforts.

             The following individuals and organizations assisted in locating and/or providing
             slides: Bill Byrne, Massachusetts Fisheries and Wildlife Division; Dick Hughes,
             ASNH; Andrew Kendall, ASNH; Dr. Stephen Kress, National Audubon Society;
             Chris Martin, ASNH; Peter Wellenberger, Great Bay National Estuarine Research
             Reserve; and theNational Wildlife Federation.

             This program was presented to Seacoast Science Center staff and volunteers in
             March, 1995. Comments were incorporated into the script. The revised prpgram
             was also presented to the public at'the Center in June. It will be i'ncorpora'ted into
             regularly scheduled programs at both the Center and Audubon House in Concord,
             NH. A copy of the script and slides is in Appendix A.

             Evaluation and recommendations
             This program as been well received. A condensed version was presented at a series
             of four meetings with conservation commissions and other interested citizens from
             the coastal communities. It elicited positive feedback and responses. In addition to
             the incorporation of this program into regularly scheduled programs at both the
             Center and Audubon House, it should be presented to local municipalities to
             maximize its educational value.







             Final Report: Coastal Issues Programs                                         2









           Endangered species collateral materials
           Public information brochures about the common tern and osprey were updated
           and reprinted (sample brochures are in Appendix B). The new brochures include
           information based on current research and the compilation of historical data. The
           brochures provide an up-to-date understanding of the life history, status in New
           Hampshire, and the efforts to monitor and protect threatened and endangered
           coastal bird species. They are included in the information packets described below.

           Evaluation and recommendations
           The inclusion of the brochures in the information packets maximizes the exposure
           of this information to coastal communities. The brochures will also be available to
           visitors at the Center and Audubon House. In addition, these brochures will be
           available to citizens throughout the state who call Natural History Services at
           ASNH. Further availability through the NHCP would also help ensure continued
           use and increased distribution.

           Informational packets & technical support
           Informational packets about New Hampshire's coastal endangered and threatened
           species were prepared for and distributed to coastal and Great Bay area towns
           where the birds are present. These packets included: a descriptive and explanatory
           cover letter, a map identifying the sites where endangered and threatened species
           are known to be present, information brochures about each species, and an'offer to
           provide technical assistance. A sample packet is in Appendix

           Combined, these materials identify areas of important habitat and will assist towns
           i@@etting priorities for habitat protection in the coastal zone. ASNH is committed
           to providing technical assistance on endan
                                                     gered andit eatened species in the
           coastal regi6n. Any-requests for assistance'that-result from these packets after the
           grant period will be respon4ed.to-as f6sources permit.

           A condensed version of the endangered species slide show was developed and
           presented to four towns. Interest was generated to protect sites for threatened and
           .endangered species.

           Evalllation and Recommendations
           The systematic identification of areas important to endangered and threatened
           species is a critical step in the habitat protection process. The towns of Newington
           and Durham came forward with questions concerning the protection of open
           grassland areas for nesting bird species. We are optimistic that we may be able to
           work with these towns to assist managing their grassland bird habitats.




           Final Report: Coastal Issues Programs                                      3








             In addition, we continue ongoing relationships with individual citizens and town
             officials in Durham, Newcastle, Newington and Stratham to protect known
             endangered and threatened species habitats. We are committed to responding to
             future requests for assistance as resources permit.
             The Great Bay Resource Programs
             The Great Bay Estuary presentation
             The presentation, The Great Bay Estuary, Its Cultural And Natural History, was
             developed to encourage the protection of Great Bay natural resources and the
             maintenance of its rural quality. The program includes a slide show and two fact
             sheets which illustrate the natural and cultural history of the Great Bay Estuary,
             and the  impacts that development has had on its ecological integrity. The script,
             slides and bibliography for this program are in Appendix C.

             These products are the result of an extensive collection of information about the
             natural and cultural history of the Great Bay region. This effort benefited from the
             significant cooperation given ASNH staff by members of the following:
                    Durham Historical Society
                    University of New Hampshire (UNH) Sea Grant
                    Jackson Estuarine Laboratory
                  '-Gr eat Bay National Estuarine Reserve and
                    Jack Adams, author of Drowned Valley.

             While conducting the research for this program, extant oral histories recordings by
                                     '@ th the Bay were discovered. After consultation with Steve
             people long associated wi
             Wallace of the New Hampshire Coastal Program (NHCP) it was decided not to
             proceed with this task, whichiwOuld hay-e@duplicated the recordings.

             Evaluation and Recommendations
             Based on audience feedback, The Great Bay Estuary, -Its CWtural And Natural
             History, does an excellent job of intertwining the cultural and natural histories of
             the Great Bay Estuary while explaining the environmental consequences of some
             of our past and present actions. This program should be shown throughout the
             region to maximize its educational value. It will be incorporated into the regular
             program offerings at ASNH's chapter meetings throughout the state, as well as at
             the Seacoast Science Center and Sandy Point Nature Center in the seacoast.

             The fact sheets produced for the presentation should be made available by NHCP
             and ASNH to ensure their continued use and distribution to coastal zone residents
             and visitors.

             Technical Assistance:


             Final Report: Coastal Issues Programs                                         4








           In the fall Stephen Wallace coordinated a series of meetings with conservation
           commissio'ns and other interested citizens from the 17 coastal communities. At
           each of the four meetings representatives of ASNH, the Society of the Protection of
           New Hampshire Forests (SPNHF), UNH Cooperative Extension, Natural Resource
           Conservation Service (NRCS), and the Great Bay Watch presented information
           about their work in the coastal zone.

           The ASNH Great Bay Resource team presented information on wetlands protection
           using the New Hampshire Method and the Coastal Method. They also offered
           technical assistance to those communities that wanted to undertake a wetland
           inventory and evaluation. Information was also presented on restoration of coastal
           habitats in conjunction with NRCS. Following the series of meetings with the
           conservation commissions, two towns contacted ASNH about providing technical
           support for wetland protection or enhancement.

           Durham was interested in evaluating freshwater wetlands in the Crommet Creek
           drainage. ASNH personnel recruited, trained and assisted five UNH Natural
           Resource seniors in the use of the New Hampshire Method. These students spent
           over 500 hours on the project and produced an excellent report that was presented
           to the Durham Conservation Commission on May 13, 1995. The report includes
           the results of the evaluation of 13 wetlands in the Crommet Creek drainage and
           future action recommendations for Durham's consideration.

           North Hampton requested that Alan Ammann from NRCS and ASNH personnel
           attend a meeting to discuss restoration of the Little River marsh. At the January
           meeting of the Conservation Commission, options were discussed and a strategy
           was developed to work towards restoration. Other commitments prevented the
           Conservation Commission from following througl@ with this project during the
           grant period. However, the community is still interested in working on this project
           and ASNH personnel will continue to provide assistance.

           In addition to these two communities, Newmarket approached ASNH expressing
           interest in undertaking a Coastal Method project. However, there was not enough
           time to provide assistance in the grant period.

           Evaluation and Recommendations
           The technical assistance provided to Durham allowed the town to undertake a
           wetlands protection project in an area of town that has regional wildlife habitat
           significance. The NHCP grant program provides an opportunity for any coastal
           community to get the assistance it may require to undertake such'projects. Many
           conservation commissions are interested in conducting wetland inventories and
           evaluations, but do not have the required time and/or manpower. NHCP should
           encourage communities to form partnerships with environmental organizations

           Final Report: Coastal Issues Progranis                                     5







             and regional planning agencies to provide the resources they need. The NCHP
             grant program can provide the impetus needed to implement these partnerships.

             Several of the conservation commissions from coastal communities did not attend
             any of the meetings held for their benefit or make use of the available technical
             assistance. Limited funds and time did not allow ASNH personnel to continue to
             try to develop program interest in these towns. In the future activities could be
             targeted toward these towns to identify individuals within the community who are
             interested in resource conservation and committed enough to act.

             Coastal Resource Programs
             Three programs were developed, and one revised as part of this grant module. The
             three new programs were two walking tours and a lecture series; the Coastal Issues
             Curriculum was revised. Copies of publicity materials for all of these programs is in
             Appendix D.

             The two walking tours were developed for the general public. The first, the
             Awcomin Marsh Tour, taught about marsh ecology, values, restoration techniques,
             -and included a guided walk through a marsh being restored and a marsh in an
             undisturbed state. The second, the Coastal Resources Walk, gave the public current
             information about the many coastal resources that can be appreciated from the
             shore. These programs are discussed below.

             The Awcomin Marsh Tour
             This program was designed to educate the general public about the status of
             marshes and their ecology, how coastal human development and use can damage
             the marsh, and current restoration techniques. Participants traveled by van to
             Awcomin Marsh where a significant restoration project is being done. Here they
             were given an overview of marsh ecology and values, sources, of marsh dar@age,
             and marsh restoration techniques. They then returned to Odiorne Point State Park
             to view a relatively undisturbed marsh. Comparisons between the two marsh
             systems were made and discussed. Discussions included the physical state of the
             two marshes, as well as the flora and fauna found in each. The outline for the
             program is in Appendix E.

             The Awcomin Marsh Tour was conducted 16 times for 109 participants in August
             and September, 1994. Based on participan   't and program leader feedback, revisions
             were made to the program. The program was been offered once in June for 2
             participants. The program will continue to offered at SSC throughout the summer
             and fall of 1995.

             Publicity for the program included articles in local newspapers, as well as listings
             in the Center newsletter, the Seacoast Sun, and the Center's in-house program flier.


             Final Report: Coastal Issues Programs                                        6








            The Sun is mailed to over 1,500 households (the list includes over 1,000 SSC
            members, as well as 15 media contacts). The fliers were distributed at the Center's
            visitor station. In August and September, 1994 13,910 people visited the Center; in
            June, 1995 approximately 21, 000 people visited (this breaks the previous monthly
            visitation record of 20,880 in June, 1992).

            Evaluation and Recommendations
            The Awcomin Marsh Tours were very successful. The informal tone of these
            public programs was an excellent way to reach an interested and concerned
            public. The walk format was an excellent way to be able to discuss the issues and
            answer questions. Although walks limit the number of people who can participant
            on each, the high participant to leader ratio makes it the best way to answer
            individuals' questions. The need to have specific questions answered is why many
            people went on the walks. This format is recommended to fill the information void
            between general public awareness and the specifics of each environmental issue.

            In general the attendees were very interested in learning about marshes. Most of the
            participants seemed to have a high awareness of environmental issues and were
            concerned about coastal marshes, but lacked or wanted more detailed information
            to help them understand the specifics of the issues. Because many tours were
            offered, more people learned about marsh systems than originally planned. Many
            participants lived near coastal marshes and wanted to learn more about the .
            marshes. They were aware that marshes were under pressure from human use and
            they wanted to learn more specific information and find out how they could help.
            Coastal Resource Comparison Walking Tour
            This program discusses the wildlife and ecology of three important coastal resource
            habitats: rocky shore, Gulf of Maine, and salt marsh. Designed for the general
            public, this walk includ&d topics such as endangered species, use of these habitats
            by wildlife, ecosystem ecology, and coastal stewardship. Discussion of coastal
            issues such as fisheries, resource management, salt marsh assessment, and resource
            utilization were included, prompted by the waters off the Point which are always
            busy; lobster and fishing boats as well as commercial and pleasure craft are
            abundant during the summer months. Visitors are always curious about what the
            different boats are and how related activities affect the marine environment.

            Perhaps more important, however, is Odiorne's history of coastal resource
            utilization. American Indians fished here in summers and it is the site of the first
            European settlement in New Hampshire in 1623, chosen because of the extensive
            salt marshes, coastal resources, the harbor, and river. Throughout the following 371
            years, Odiorne Point has been the site of. fish flaking, salt marsh farms, tidal mills,
            hotels, estates, fortifications and now is a public education and recreation site. How
            all these resources have been and are developed can be seen within Odiorne Point,

            Final Report: Coastal Issues Programs                                     7








             making it a perfect outdoor coastal resource classroom. The program outline is in
             Appendix E.

             The Coastal Resources Walking Tour was conducted 11 times for 122 participants
             in August and September, 1994. Based on participant and program leader
             feedback, revisions were made to the program. The revised program was offered
             three more times in June. The program will continue to offered at SSC throughout
             the summer and fall of 1995.

             Publicity for the program included articles in local newspapers, as well as listings
             in the Center newsletter, the Seacoast Sun, and the Center's in-house program flier.
             The Sun is mailed to over 1,500 households (the list includes over 1,000 SSC
             members , as well as 15 media contacts). The fliers were distributed at the Center's
             visitor station. In August and September, 1994 13,910 people visited the Center; in
             June, 1995 over 21,000 people visited.

             Evaluation and Recommendations
             The Coastal Resources Walking Tours were very successful. In general the
             ,attendees were very interested in learning about coastal resources. Odiorne Point
             State Park is an excellent location to do these tours because so many of the
             resources are visible during the walks. Not only were participants able to receive
             current information, they could watch and see the resource s being utilized. This
             experience was able to give.them a deeper understanding of the connections
             between resource availability and utilization.

             The environmental issue awareness and concern of these participants was very
             similar to those of the Awcomin Marsh Tour. This program format differed from
             that of the Awcomin Marsh Tour only in that no van transportation was required.
             This makes it easier to conduct, since no van scheduling is required, and
             transportation cost must be covered by program fees.

             Revision of the Coastal Issues Lecture
             As part of the 1993 OSP Shore Stewards Grant from the Office of State Planning,
             the original Coastal Issues Lecture script was revised. Recommendations for that
             program were to update and add new slides, add more current issues to the script,
             and to develop activities which would reinforce the information in that program.
             This was the time to implement those recommendations, creating an up-to-date
             slide program that will be educational for the general public and schools.

             This task was originally defined to include the new slides and issues, however,
             after further analyses, it was determined that more than just new slides was
             needed. The entire approach, tone, and message of the slide show/lecture was
             changed. The new script for the Coastal Issues Lecture puts human utilization of


             Final Report: Coastal Issues Programs







             our coastal resources into an historic context. Beginning with American Indian
             use and continuing through European settlement to the present. The resources
             discussed are: waterways, salt marshes and estuaries, the Gulf of Maine, and the
             rocky shore. Describing how humans have utilized these resources over time
             provides an opportunity to celebrate recovery from misuse, as well as to discuss the
             cost[benefit/risk decisions we must make in the present. Because of the change in
             direction, developing new, quality activities. and associated materials for use in
             schools as well as for Center visitors became outside the scope of this project
             period. The script and slides are in Appendix F.

             Evaluation and Recommendations
             Unlike previous versions of the script which emphasized negative impact humans
             have had, this version strives to be issue-neutral. It poses questions that
             participants need to consider when making political and policy decisions in their
             own communities. Experience with this approach has shown that it captures the
             intellect of participants, replacing a feeling of helplessness about the environment
             with cogitation and hope. This program is designed for the general public, adult
             organizations and civic groups, This program will be utilized at the Center
             through its programs offered to groups.

             Coastal Issues Evening LecturelDiscussion Series
             Seacoast 2000, a series of five evening lectures (one more than originally planned)
             on coastal issues was offered during Coast Weeks, from September 15 to October
             13. Five experts in specific coastal issues gave a presentation and led a discussion.
             Prior to each program, reading materials were given to participants to facilitate the
             discussion. The list of speakers and reading materials are in Appendix E.

             Evaluation and Recommendation
             This evening lecture series on current coastal issues was designed to stimulate
             coastal residents to think of the future while examining current issues. The series
             was educationally excellent. Average attendance/lectuxe was 20. Evaluations from
             Seacoast 2000 participants were very positive. Scheduling the talks during Coast
             Weeks added to the overall level of events offered in the seacoast region. Seacoast
             2000 reached an older group'of citizens than those who usually participate in
             Coastal Clean-up.

             Despite the positive response, a larger audience was expected. However, the Center
             has offered lecture series for three years which have always been met with
             enthusiastic audiences of this size. Promotion for programs has remained fairly
             constant, limited to fliers and other low-cost approaches. Unless different
             promotional approaches are tried (which would incur program *costs and thus
   is        require program fees) and bring in more people, it may be that regional interest in
             evening lecture programs will always result in this level of attendance.

             Final Report: Coastal Issues Programs                                         9







             Project Analysis
             The combination of ASNH's wildlife and wetlands biology and technical skills
             with the Center's educational talent and ready audience was ideal for this project
             Citizens look to, and trust, both groups for this kind of information and education.
             The programs developed with this grant can now be offered throughout the state
             by both groups. Based on the success of the two walking tours, more programs
             using this format will be developed at the Center.

             The technical assistance provided local towns will help those communities
             preserve their valuable resources. The meetings conducted at other communities
             has made them aware of the tools available to them once they have sufficient funds
             to implement them. Communities seem increasingly aware of the value of their
             wetlands resources. Now that awareness has been established, finding ways to fund
             protection strategies of these resources will become increasingly important.

             During the development of these programs, two interesting points became clear.
             One is that progress has been made in cleaning, protecting, and preserving our
             coastal resources. People need to be made aware of the positive impact their actions
             have had, from reducing litter and the cessation of habitat altering practices to
             larger projects such as marsh restoration.

             The second point is that there is an educational or information gap between
             awareness and action. For although the public is more environmentally aware,
             they are flooded with information that is too general for them to know how to
             interpret site-specific issues. This makes it difficult f'or them to differentiate
             between critical and irrelevant factors when they assess their local issues.

             Filling this gap will not be easy. However, by providing more detailed information
             and programs, progress can be made. The products and.results of this project are
             proof of the effectiveness of teaming environmental and educational organizations
             with appropriate agencies and citizens' groups. Perhaps the next step would be to
             offer a series of issue-specific discussion panels with representatives of very
             different resource user groups such as: state agencies, environmental groups,
             educational groups, businesses and utilities. Public participation in a series such
             as this would certainly illuminate the complexity of current resource utilization
             issues, and if not help fill the education gap, go a long way toward creating enough
             curiosity and furor to inspire the public to keep up with their environmental
             issues homework.








             Final Report: Coastal Issues, Programs                                      10







           List of Appendices

           Appendix A:
           Script for the endangered species slide show

           Appendix B:
           Sample endangered and threatened species brochures and information packet

           Appendix C:
           Script for The Great Bay Estuary, Its Cultural and Natural History

           Fact Sheets:     The Great Bay Estuary, Natural History
                      The Great Bay Estuary, Cultural History

           Copy of    Wetlands Evaluation and Policy Recommendation
                      for the Town of Durham N.H.

           Appendix D:
           Publicity materials for Coastal Resource Programs

           Appendix E:
           Outlines for The Awcomin Marsh Tour and The Coastal Resource Walking Tour

           The list of Speakers and reading materials for the evening lecture series,
           Seacoast 2000

           Appendix F:
           Script fot the Coastal Issues Lecture


















          Final Report: Coastal issues Programs




                        ----------





     I
                          11
     I
    .1 APPENDIX A ...     I









                                                                                                qL










                    THREATENED AND
                ENDANGERED BIRDS IN
           NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL
                              REGION




                      SLIDE PROGRAM NOTES









         DEVELOPED BY THE AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE,
         FUNDED BY A GRANT FROM THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND
         ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION THROUGH THE N.H. COASTAL
         PROGRAM.
                                 JUNE 1995












                                         ACKNOWLEDGE M ENTS





              We would like to extend our appreciation to the various people who provided
              assistance in gathering information for this slide program, and who willingly loaned
              their slides for use in the program. In particular, we would like to thank:

              John Kanter (NHF&G Nongame and Endangered Species Coordinator) for his support
              and supervision in monitoring endangered and threatened species in the coastal
              region.

              Dick Hughes (ASNH) for his many hours of monitoring endangered and threatened
              species in the coastal region and for the use of several slides from his collection.


              Peter Wellenberger (Great Bay Estuarine Research Reserve) for providing access to
              the GBERR slide collection and the loan of slides for this program.

              Bill Byrne (Massachusetts Division of Fish and Wildlife) for the loan of Bald Eagle
              slides from his collection.

              Dr. Stephen Kress (National Audubon Society) for his expertise in seabirds and tern
              restoration and the loan of slides from his collection.








                          THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW
                                      HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION


                                               SUMMARY OF SLIDE TITLES



                       Slide Title                                        Slide taken/loaned by

               BALD EAGLE SECTION
               1.      Bald Eagle Head.                                   National Wildlife Federation
               2.      Eagle at nest                                      NWF
               3.      Winter waterway                                    ASNH
               4.      Eagle w/ fish                                      NWF
               5.      Eagles perched                                     ASNH
               6.      Eagle observers on Bay                             ASNH
               7.      Eagle plumages                                     ASNH
               8.      Adult and Immature                                 Bill Byrne (Ma. Div. Of F&W)
               9.      Adult baid eagle                                   NWF
               10.     Patagial wing markers                              NWF
               11.     Adult w/fish                                       NWF
               12.     Eagles at roost                                    ASNH
               13.     Sunset on bay                                      Peter Wellenberger (GBERR)
               14.     Numbers of Great Bay eagles                        ASNH
               15.     Woodman Point snag                                 ASNH
               16.     Wilcox Point roost                                 ASNH
               17.     Wilcox Point roost trees                           ASNH
               18.     Eagle pellet                                       ASNH
               19.     Wilcox Point conservation easement                 ASNH
               20.     Bald Eagle adult                                   Cornell  Lab of Ornithology

               OSPREY SECTION
               21.     Osprey with fish                                   Cornell Lab of Ornithology
               22.     Osprey soaring                                     Cornell  Lab of Ornithology
               23.     Durham beaver swamps                               ASNH
               24.     Durham nest site                                   ASNH
               25.     Osprey tree-predator guards                        ASNH
               26.     Osprey tree after hurricane                        ASNH
               27.     Osprey nest with two adults                        ASNH
               28.     Squamscott nest                                    ASNH
               29.     Powerlines                                         ASNH
               30.     Stubbs pond                                        ASNH
               31.     Stubbs pond platform                               ASNH
               32      Raising platform                                   ASNH
               33.     Osprey head                                        ASNH








                TITLE SLIDES CONTINUED




                COMMON TERN SECTION
                34.     Tern in flight                                      Dr. Stephen Kress (NAS)
                35.     Lunging Island                                      ASNH
                36.     Herring Gull                                        ASNH
                37.     New Castle Islands                                  ASNH
                38.     Fox Point - Hen Island                              ASNH
                39.     Hampton Saltmarsh                                   ASNH
                40.     Canoe in saltmarsh                                  ASNH
                41.     Monitoring terns                                    ASNH
                42.     Nest in thatch                                      ASNH
                43.     Nest closeup                                        ASNH
                44.     Nest with No Trespassing sign                       ASNH
                45.     Nest with small chick                               ASNH
                46.     Chick hiding in grass                               ASNH
                47.     Results from aggressive terns                       ASNH
                48.     Great Horned Owl                                    Cornell Lab of Ornithology
                49.     Rats                                                ASNH
                50.     Flooding in salt marsh                              ASNH
                51.     Built up nest                                       ASNH
                52.     Nest platform                                       ASNH
                53.     Platform under nest                                 ASNH
                54.     White and Seavey Islands                            ASNH
                55.     Tern decoys                                         ASNH
                56.     Sound system                                        ASNH
                57.     Seavey Island                                       ASNH
                58.     Adult tern on nest                                  ASNH

                UPLAND SANDPIPER SECTION
                59.     Upland Sandpiper Closeup                            Cornell  Lab of Ornithology
                60.     Open grasslands                                     ASNH
                61.     South Concord Meadows                               ASNH
                62.     Pease International Tradep-6ft                      ASNH
                63.     Stop sign at runway                                 ASNH
                64.     Upland Sandpiper in grass                           Cornell  Lab of Ornithology
                65.     Hard to find in grass                               ASNH
                66.     Dragging the islands                                -ASNH
                67.     Stake at nest                                       ASNH
                68.     Nest with eggs                                      ASNH
                69.     Upland Sandpiper chick drawing                      ASNH
                70.     Upland Sandpiper in grass                           ASNH









             TITLE SLIDES CONTINUED

             71.    Upland Sandpiper Phenology                  ASNH
             72.    Mowed edge                                  ASNH
             73.    Upland Sandpiper on rock                    ASNH
             74.    Graph of Sandpiper numbers                  ASNH
             75.    Construction work at Pease                  ASNH
             76.    Other potential habitat                     ASNH
             77.    Acknowledgment slide                        ASNH










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRES COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE I                      BALD EAGLE HEAD













                                             CLOSEUP OF BALD EAGLE
                                             HEAD






             In the last few years a pair of bald eagles have come back to nest in New Hampshire
             for the first time since 1949. Bald Eagles are not breeders in the coastal region at this
             time, but Great Bay is one of the most active wintering areas for bald eagles in New
             Hampshire.


             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Bald Eagles nested on Lake Umbagog until 1949. Historical records-'point to a
             minimum of 6 Bald Eagle nests throughout the state. r
             *DDT problems coupled with continued persecution caused the numbers to' plummet
             throughout the United States.
             *Bald Eagles were placed on the Endanger6d Species list in 1967 after its passage in
             1966.
             *DDT was banned in 1972
             *Protection through the Endangered Species Act , the banning of DDT use and the
             implementation of a recovery plan in the Northeast has allowed the eagle to
             recolonize many former nesting areas.









              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                 SLIDE 2                       EAGLE AT NEST










                                               ADULT BALD EAGLE AT
                                              THE NEST








              Amazingly enough, the first pair of eagles to breed in New Hampshire since 1949
              came back to the same nest tree that a pair had nested in back in 1949. This tree is
              located at the junction of the Magalloway and Androscoggin Rivers on Lake Umbagog.
              Lake Umbagog straddles the Maine-New Hampshire state line in the Northeastern
              corner of New Hampshire. First showed interest in this tree in 1988. Made the first
              nesting attempt in 1989. Have successfully raised 9 chicks in this nest.



              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *Lake Umbagog is the true jewel of the North Country.
              *Catches the water shed from the [email protected],Maine's Rangeley Lakes regiom
              *Big lake with many ponds, large rivers, extensive marshes, bogs, swamps and
              uplands of northern conifers and hardwoods.










                                                        2










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRES COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant irom the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 3                       WINTER WATERWAY











                                              AERIAL VIEW OF THE MERRIMACK
                                              RIVER IN WINTER












             Although we only have one pair of Bald Eagles breeding in New Hampshire, this is an
             active wintering area. Winter is the best time to view eagles in N.H. Bald Eagles are
             migratory in parts of their range where the habitat is inhospitable in winter. They move
             south into areas where the waterways remain open and an adequate food supply is
             present. In conjunction with the NHF&G Department and the USFWS, ASNH has
             monitored wintering eagles since 1981



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             * The general pattern of migration from the various states and provinces is southward
             in the winter.
               The fall migration is timed to coincide with freezeup.
               Immatures usually go south first.





                                                       3










              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                 SLIDE 4                        EAGLE WITH FISH











                                                BALD EAGLE SOARING OVER
                                                OPEN WATER WITH FISH IN
                                                TALONS













              Bald Eagles move into New Hampshire and spend time hunting along open
              waterways. In the winter, this is often below power dams, wastewater treatment plants
              and other man-made conditions that help keep the water open. The preferred food
              source is fish, although they will take waterfowl and carrion as well.



              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *In New Hampshire wintering bald eagles congregate at a number of locations
              including: Great Bay, Merrimack River, Connecticut River, Androscoggin River and the
              Lakes Region.





                                                         4













                                                                                                            -----------










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 5                      EAGLES PERCHED











                                             A NUMBER OF WINTERING
                                             BALD EAGLES PERCHED
                                             TOGETHER IN A TREE












             Bald Eagles will often congregate together in these feeding areas. They can often be
             found perching together in numbers near a good food supply.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Unlike during the breeding season, wintering eagles will sometimes defend particular
             perches but th@y make no attempt to exclude other eagles from their winter ranges.
             Therefore, numerous birds may occupy small areas in winter.









                                                      5










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 6                       EAGLE OBSERVERS ON BAY











                                              ASNH WINTERING EAGLE
                                              OBSERVERS MONITORING
                                              EAGLE ACTIVITY ON GREAT
                                              BAY








             We have been lucky to have a dedicated crew of very hardy volunteers who spend
             long hours observing and documenting winter eagle use along our waterways,
             including Great Bay. In the last few years, 15-20 individuals per year have observed
             on the Bay. Monitoringjs divided into.two components:
             1. Participation in the National Wildlife Federation midwinter survey in January
             2. Long term monitoring from December through March to document eagle numbers,
             habitat use, food resources and disturbance.


             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Midwinter survey is a national survey coordinated through the National Wildlife
             Federation which documents the numbers of Bald Eagles found in the U.S. during the
             first two weeks in January.
             *Long term monitoring is critical for habitat protection




                                                      6










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 7                      -EAGLE PLUMAGES











                                            DRAWINGS OF IMMATURE AND
                                            ADULT PLUMAGES WHICH
                                            INCLUDE THE MOST
                                            CHARACTERISTIC FEATHERING
                                            FROM HATCH YEAR TO ADULT





  is


             Winter eagle observers are trying to gather important data which includes the number
             of individual Bald Eagles that are found in the state through the winter. Bald Eagles
             take about 5 years to reach adult plumage. During this time they exhibit unique
             plumages that will often allow you to distinguish individuals. By taking careful notes'
             on plumages observed, it is often possible to estimate the number of eagles in a given
             area.


             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This slide shows some very characteristic Plumages for the Bald Eagle.
             *Observers keep detailed notes on plumages as well as draw what they see. This
             enables biologists to make a minimum determination of the numbers seen at the end
             of a winter.








                                                     7










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRES COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 8                      ADULT AND IMMATURE










                                             PHOTOGRAPH OF AN ADULT
                                             AND FIRST YEAR IMMATURE












             Immatures are easy to pull apart from those eagles in full adult plumage.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *It will be five years before a Bald Eagle reaches full a@dult plumage.









                                                      8










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 9                      ADULT BALD EAGLE











                                             ADULT WITH FEATHERS
                                             ASKEW











             Sometimes adults have distinctive characteristics that allow you to separate them from
             others in the region. An adult at this distance might allow you to use very subtle
             plumage variations to identify them as individuals.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Adults will often have.plumage and profile subtleties that will allow you to identify
             them, and to use these characteristics to identify them in following years.
             *We rarely get views such as this on Great Bay as most observations are at
             considerable distances.









                                                      9










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRES COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 10                     PATAGIAL WING MARKERS










                                            PHOTOGRAPH OF METAL
                                            BANDS AND PATAGIAL WING
                                            MARKERS USED ON BALD
                                            EAGLES









             The easiest way to identify eagles as individuals is through identification by either leg
             bands or patagial wing markers. This type of marking allows for a positive
             identification of an individual. Leg bands in birds of prey are fastened with rivets to
             prevent the loss through pulling with the bill. Patagial wing markers are placed over,
             the shoulder and riveted through the skin of the underwing called the,pataglum.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *We have identified marked-eagles in a number of regions through the stat6.'
             *Great Bay has an eagle with a blue patagial wing marker that was hacked from the
             Quabbin Reservoir in 1984 and has been present in Great Bay during the winter since
             that time.
             *Markers also allow observers to make accurate determinations of the length of stay
             and the rate of return of an individual.





                                                     10










              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 11                      ADULT WITH FISH











                                              ADULT BALD EAGLE
                                              EATING FISH IN A PERCH
                                              TREE











              As well as documenting numbers of Bald Eagles, it is critical to document the areas
              that the birds are feeding and perching in. It is the documentation of habitat use that is
              the key to habitat protection.




              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *Bald eagles are attracted to a wintering location primarily because there is an
              adequate-food source. -it is important to docU-ment what areas they are using for
              feeding as well as any important perch trees being used during daylight hours.










              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRES COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 12                       EAGLES AT ROOST











                                              BALD EAGLES CONGREGATED
                                               INA ROOST TREE












              It is also critical to document where the eagles go to roost at night. A roost is an area
              where eagles rest and sleep during the night. Bald eagles may roost singly or
              communally in roosts located in close proximity to, or in some cases, a good distance
              from foraging areas. Identifying these roost sites is key to habitat protection, especially
              in areas with considerable development pressures.




              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *Nighi roosts are thought to provide protection from severe weather and possibly serve
              as "information centers" in regards to food location. These roosts may sometimes be
              used during the day, particularly during inclement weather.






                                                       12










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 13                     SUNSET ON BAY











                                             PHOTOGRAPH OF A
                                             SUNSET ON GREAT BAY
                                             WINTER











             Great Bay has been one of the most active wintering areas for Bald Eagles since
             monitoring began in 1981. Great Bay is an estuary, where freshwater rivers and
             ocean tides bring nutrients to nourish a wide variety of plants and animals. The Great
             Bay wintering area includes Great and Little Bays, seven tributaries (the Bellamy,
             Oyster, Lamprey, Squarnscott, Cocheco, Salmon Falls and Winnicut Rivers), the
             Piscataqua River, and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean coastline.


            ,ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Approximately 4,500 acres of tidal waters,-and,- wetlands, together with about 800
             acres of coastal land, comprise the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
             (GBNERR). Acquired through land purchases and conservation easements, the Great
             Bay Reserve was designated on October 3, 1989 to be preserved for the purposes of
             education, research, and resource protection.





                                                      13










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRES COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 14                      NUMBERS OF GREAT BAY EAGLES











                                             GRAPH SHOWING THE
                                             NUMBERS OF EAGLES
                                             OBSERVED AT GREAT BAY
                                             SINCE THE WINTER OF
                                             1980-81.










             Results of the statewide winter eagle monitoring effort since 1980 reflect an increase in
             the number of bald eagles using New Hampshire's waterways during this period.
             Data generated from the winter eagle monitoring effort at Great Bay is consistent with
             statewide trends and shows a gradual increase in the number of eagles using this
             area since the winter of 1980-81. Sixteen individual eagles were present on Great
             Bay during the winter of 1993-94.

             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             '@*Great.Bay ha's been'the most consist6nt wintering area since monitoring began in
             New Hampshire.                          I'll
             *The winter of 1994-95 continued the upward climb'with a minimum of 17 individuals
             seen in the bay






                                                     14










              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                 SLIDE 15                       WOODMAN POINT SNAG











                                                SPINDLY SNAG IN THE CENTER
                                                OF PHOTOGRAPH IS THE
                                                WOODMAN POINT SNAG.










              As noted in previous slides, it is important to document habitat use. On Great Bay,
              areas important to wintering eagles have been documented through the years. The
              snag seen in this photograph is the most important perch site in Great Bay. This snag
              is on Woodman Point situated to afford great views of the Bay from all directions. This,
              point has now been protected through the designation of 1100 acres as the Great Ba '
                                                                                                      y
              National Wildlife Refuge. This area will be closed to all public visitation to protect the
              habitat for wintering eagles.




              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *Other important perch trees have been identified in the bay as well.
              *The protection of this site through the refuge system is important to the future of
              wintering eagles in the bay.
              *Data compiled since 1983 shows that this dead pine was used extensively during
              daylight hours - 52% of all documented perching.


                                                         15










              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 16                       WILCOX POINT ROOST











                                               SLIDE OF THE WILCOX POINT
                                               ROOST AREA FROM THE
                                               WATER











              Across the bay from the Woodman Point snag, the primary roost site was documented
              with 99% of all known roosting in the bay occurring at this location. This site is a
              peninsula that juts out into the bay. The attractiveness of this property as a perch and
              roost site can be attributed to its location on the lee shore of Great Bay. Its rolling
              topography and relative position to Adam's Point provide further protection.


              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *Documented night roost activity was limited almost exclusively to Wilcox Point on the
              Durham shore, which was preferred by both- adults and immatures.
              *This area has supported as many as seven eagles roosting communally.







                                                       16










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 17                      WILCOX POINT ROOST TREES










                                              CLOSER VIEW OF THE LARGE
                                              WHITE PINES USED FOR
                                              ROOSTING AT THIS SITE










             The presence of very suitable large, open-branched trees and seclusion from human
             activity also help to make this area an ideal wintering site.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Eagles tend to roost in the tallest trees on the wintering sites with average diameters
             ranging from 45 to 106 centimeters and average heights from 12.5 to 30 meters.
             *As with perching, p-agles prefer roost trees with stout, -horizontal, and easily
             acce8ï¿½ible- branches. Roost trees are situated in an area protected from strong Winds
             such as a bluff face, side valley or river basin.







                                                      17










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 18                      EAGLE PELLET











                                              EAGLE PELLETS FOUND UNDER
                                              THE ROOST TREES AT
                                              WILCOX POINT











             A trip into the Wilcox Point roost area just after the winter eagle season revealed plenty
             of evidence of roosting eagles. Many pellets remained under the preferred roost trees
             and they revealed that waterfowl was an important component of the wintering eagle
             diet on Great Bay. Whitewash was also evident on the trees.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *The pellets were areal find as eagles that are eating.fish would not leave pelletsthat
             would withstand Weather conditions for any period.
             *The pellets were also a good indication of the trees being used for roosting, as well as
             the primary food source for the eagles.







                                                      18










            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant irom the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 19 WILCOX POINT CONSERVATION EASEMENT











                                            PHOTOGRAPH OF THE 9 ACRE
                                            CONSERVATION EASEMENT LAND
                                            WITH THE WINTER EAGLE
                                            MANAGEMENTAR  EA IN THE
                                            BACKGROUND










            Wilcox Point was purchased as a winter eagle management area through the
            coordination of a number of conservation organizations which included ASNH, the
            NHF&G Department, the LISFWS, the Nature Conservancy, the Land Conservation
            Investment Program, the Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the Great Bay National
            Estuarine Research Reserve. The peninsula of 27.5 acres was bought outright and is
            part of the GBNERR. This property is being managed through the NHF&G Dept. as a-
            Winter Eagle Management Area. An additional 9 acres that abuts thepoint was
            protected through a conservation easement


            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
            *Continued documentation of this property was the key to protecting it... the landowner
            was kept abreast of all that was documented at this site during the years of monitoring.
            *This property is being managed through an advisory committee made up of
            individuals from many of the above organizations.
            *A draft management plan has been completed.

                                                    19










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 20               ADULT BALD EAGLE











                                              ADULT BALD EAGLE













             These successes underscore the importance of our field research efforts on behalf of
             eagles and other species. It was long term documentation that built a compelling case
             for protecting Wilcox Point and serves as a catalyst to bdng about long-term protection.(''
             We must continue to document important habitat for endangered and threatened
             species such as the Bald Eagle.




             "ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *These habitat protection projects have involved a diverse array of agencies,
             businesses, organizations, foundations, landowners and interested individuals
             working together in creative ways.





                                                      20










              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRES COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 21                OSPREY WITH FISH











                                              OSPREY FEEDING ON
                                              A FISH













              Osprey are a threatened species in New Hampshire. During most of this century, the
              only known osprey populations in N.H. occurred north of the White Mountains,
              primarily in the Androscoggin River Valley. Osprey are often called fish hawk as they
              prey almost exclusively on fish. They, as the Bald Eagle, went through a major decline
              with the problems of DDT poisoning.


              ADDITIONAL INFORhATION:
              *Osprey experienced very significant declines in the 1960's and early 70's. New'
              Hampshire's seacoast population,w9s extirpated during this time.
              *Banning the use of DDT was coupled with intensive efforts up and down the Atlantic
              seaboard to rebuild osprey populations.
              *New Hampshire's osprey population has seen a steady increase since the mid-80's.




                                                      21









            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 22               OSPREY SOARING











                                            OSPREY SOARING
                                            OVERHEAD












            In the spring of 1989, Osprey were observed engaged in breeding activity. They were
            first sighted in the air as they went through their courtship rituals.




            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
            *The male osprey may perform elaborate aerial courtship maneuvers as he works to
            attract and court a mate.
            *These flight patterns helped to zero in on this pair as they attempted to nest.










                                                     22










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 23               DURHAM BEAVER SWAMPS











                                             AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH OF
                                             THE BEAVER SWAMP AREA
                                             OF NESTING OSPREY










             This pair of osprey were observed in an abandoned heron rookery located in a 7-8
             acre beaver pond in Durham ... approximately 1 mile from Great Bay.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This is very dense terrain and it was with some real detective work by a local
             experienced birder that this pair was pinpointed.
             *Aerial flights have been very helpful in locating sites such as these.









                                                     23










            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 24               DURHAM NEST SITE











                                            AERIAL OF THE DURHAM
                                            WILLEY POND NEST SITE












            This pair of osprey were observed in an abandoned heron rookery located in a 7-8
            acre beaver pond in Durham ... approximately 1 mile from Great Bay. This pair
            enlarged a great blue heron nest. As is often the case with first year pairs, the nest
            was unsuccessful. The pair remained in the vicinity during the breeding season.




            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
            *This is very dense terrain and it was with some real detective work by a local
            experienced birder that this pair was pinpointed.
            *Aerial flights have been very helpful in locElting sites such as these.






                                                    24









             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 25               OSPREY TREE          PREDATOR GUARDS











                                            PREDATOR GUARD
                                            EXPEDITION TO THE
                                            DURHAM NEST TREE










             Biologists installed a predator guard on the nest tree during the winter to prevent
             mammalian predation of future eggs and young. During the 1990 season the pair
             returned to this nest tree and fledged three young. This marked the first time in the
             present century that a successful breeding by osprey was documented in New
             Hampshire's coastal region. The following year they also fledged three young, and
             this continued success indicates an adequate food supply and good parenting
             abilities.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATIOW,
             *Predator guards have been very successful in the North Country population in
             reducing the incidence of nest failure fro,m predation.





                                                    25










              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 26                OSPREY TREE AFTER HURRICANE









                                              WILLEY POND NEST AFTER
                                              HURRICANE BOB IN 1991












              Unfortunately, in August of 1991, 90% of the nest cup was blown out of the tree by
              Hurricane Bob. Although a good portion of the nest was gone, the adults and young
              continued to use the remaining nest for feeding and loafing. The pair returned in
              1992, courtship ensued, but they never rebuilt the nest and soon abandoned the site.
              They built a new nest at an alternate site, but were unsuccessful in 1992.



              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *This was a chance to watch nest site tenacity. They explored an alternate site, but
              were back rebuilding the Willey Pond nest by the end of the 1992 season. We cannot
              be sure that we had the same two birds, of course.










                                                      26










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 27                OSPREY NEST WITH ADULTS









                                             WILLEY POND NEST WITH
                                             ADULTS IN 1993












             The pair returned to the Willey Pond site in 1993 and continued to fledge 3 young from
             this location in 1993 and 1994. The 1995 season holds promise for getting three
             young from the nest as well.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Recruitment from this nest now stands at 12 (it will be 15 if three young fledge in
             1995).
             *Four young were present at the nest in both 1993 and 1994, but the fourth died at
             about 3.5 weeks in both years. The production of four young is very unusual and may
             speak to very good food resources in the area.








                                                      27










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRIFS COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 28               SQUAMSCOTT NEST









                                            SQUAMSCOTT RIVER OSPREY
                                            NEST ATOP PSNH POWERLINES











             Foraging observations during the 1992 field season revealed activity at other locations
             in the Bay. Late in the summer, a pair of osprey were observed in courtship activity on
             a substantial nest placed on the crossbars of the PSNH powerlines that cross the
             Squarnscott River.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This pair of osprey were believed to have taken over at this site after a pair of red-tails
             had already started a nest.
             *They were not successful in this first year.
                                                                                           C@













                                                    28










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH o0astal program)




               SLIDE 29                POWERLINES









                                             SQUAMSCOTT RIVER OSPREY
                                             NEST AND THE PROXIMITY TO
                                             THE POWERLINES











             PSNH employees spent a considerable amount of time during the winter of 1992-93
             makJng this nest site safer for the birds. The powerlines were lowered away from the
             nest cup, and perches were constructed at the level of the nest. Both of these
             measures are an attempt to keep the birds from electrocuting themselves on the wires,
             and have been used successfully in other states.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *PSNH donated all their time to this project ... much appreciated.









                                                     29










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 30               STUBBS POND









                                             PHOTOGRAPH OF STUBBS POND:
                                             A FRESHWATER IMPOUNDMENT
                                             ON THE GREAT BAY NATIONAL
                                             WILDLIFE REFUGE










             Foraging observations also revealed considerable osprey activity in the freshwater
             ponds that border Great Bay at the National Wildlife Refuge. Frequent feeding was
             observed at this location. Osprey were also observed flying into the interior of the
             ponds and refuge.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Investigations revealed that a partial nest was being constructed on the crossbars of a
             powerline that ran through the former weapons storage area.
             *This-pair may have been the same osprey that settled at Squamscott.








                                                     30










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 31               STUBBS POND PLATFORM









                                             STUBBS POND PLATFORM
                                             CLOSEUP VIEW












             In the fall of 1994 a number of osprey platforms were placed around Great Bay. The
             hope is that they will attract osprey to suitable locations in which to nest. This closeup
             view of the osprey platform reveals the structure with crossbars and wire mesh.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This platform was being built and erected at Stubbs Pond at the Great Bay National
             Wildlife Refuge.












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             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 32               RAISING PLATFORM








                                              RAISING THE STUBBS POND
                                              PLATFORM












             The platforms were erected through the cooperation of the New Hampshire Fish and
             Game Department, the USFWS personnel at the Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge
             and the generosity of PSNH. Platforms were placed atop donated PSNH poles and
             placed into position with PSNH equipment and personnel.
             A partial nest has been constructed on the platform at the refuge in the 1995 breeding
             season.





             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Platforms now exist at the Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge, along the Bellamy
             River-and in the LUbberland Creek area of Great Bay.








                                                      32










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 33                OSPREY HEAD









                                             OSPREY CLOSEUP VIEW












             The interest in the platforms at both the Refuge and Lubberland Creek, along with the
             continued success at both Willey Pond and along the Squarnscott River, make
             biologists hopeful that this small coastal population will continue to strengthen in the
             coming years.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Coastal populations both to the north and south of New Hampshire have recovered
             very nicely. With the success of the recolonizing pairs in Great Bay we would expect to
             see good recruitment in, the coming years.







                                                     33










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 34                TERN IN FLIGHT









                                              CLOSE VIEW OF A TERN IN
                                              FLIGHT. GOOD SILHOUETTE.












             The Common Tern is an endangered species in New Hampshire. It is the only
             breeding tern that we have in New Hampshire at present. Terns are closely related to
             gulls, but are very agile in flight with long, pointed wings and forked tails.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This slide is actually an arctic tern, but it is the best shot of the long wings and pointed
             tail found in the tems.













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             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 35                LUNGING ISLAND








                                             VIEW OF LUNGING ISLAND -
                                             ISLES OF SHOALS











             Historically, terns bred out at the Isles of Shoals. There were 1500-2000 pairs of
             Arctic, Common and Roseate terns nesting out on these islands through the 1940's.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *The Isles of Shoals is a series of relatively small rocky islands approximately 5 miles
             offshore that straddle the Maine-New Hampshire border.
             *Terns historically nested at Lunging Island in good numbers











                                                      35










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 36                HERRING GULL









                                             CLOSEUP OF HERRING GULL












             With changes in the land use patterns of the outer islands and an increase in the
             number of gulls breeding on these same islands, terns were forced out. They were
             pushed in towards the mainland and more marginal nesting.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Open landfills contributed to the explosion of gulls from 1930 on. Herring gulls
             increased steadily during those years. Great Black-backed Gulls increased rapidly in
             the 40's through 60's.
             *Gulls are a major predator on both tern adults and chicks.
             *Humati Rresence,,in historical nesting areas also may have contributed to the
             movement,of terns from the outer islands.









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             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 37                NEW CASTLE ISLANDS









                                             NEWCASTLE ISLANDS













             The new sites for tern nesting included small, rocky islands just off the mainland - such
             as these islands off Newcastle.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *The Newcastle islands are just meters from the mainland shore-making them very
             vulnerable to disturbance.
















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            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 38               FOX POINT - HEN ISLAND









                                            HEN ISLAND FROM THE DOCK
                                            AT FOX POINT












            A small colony exists on islands just off the mainland in Little Bay. This is Hen Island,
            Fox Point in the town of Newington.




            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

















                                                    38










            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRES COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 39                HAMPTON SALTMARSH








                                             VIEW OF THE HAMPTON
                                             SALT MARSH, JUST NORTH OF
                                              FIT. 51, BORDERED BY 1 A ON
                                             THE EAST.












            Terns also moved into the salt marshes along our coast. This is the Hampton salt
            marsh bordered by Rt. 51 to the south and Rt. 1 A to the east. You can see the major
            development that rings this area, making the terns vulnerable to a variety of pressures.




            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
            *The terns have been most consistent at this salt marsh location, although they have
            been documented at other sites as well.

                   4@1














                                                      39










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 40               CANOE IN SALTMARSH










                                             CANOE PULLED UP ONTO THE
                                             SALT MARSH EDGE










             Field studies conducted annually since 1981 have documented a recent population
             decline on the mainland where colonies have suffered from marginal nesting habitat
             and heavy predation. In addition, field studies have been able to document changes
             in the colony sites through this time period. In order to monitor colonies, project staff
             will often canoe out. This allows for monitoring of nests - documenting breeding
             success and failures; determining the reasons for failure.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Special care must be"'taken when visiting tern colonies. Visits are made only during
             good Weather and do not last more than 30 minutes in one area.







                                                     40










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 41               WALKING ON SALT MARSH









                                            BIOLOGIST WALKING THROUGH
                                            TERN COLONY AT SALT MARSH
                                            TO MONITOR NESTING STATUS









             Careful maneuvering through the tern nests, both on the marsh and the islands, can
             help to facilitate nest checks. It is critical to get in and out of the colonies in brief time
             periods, be especially cognizant of the weather, take great care in how you move
             through the colonies and limit the number of times you move through in a season.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Special care must be taken when visiting tern colonies. Visits are made only during
             good weather and do not last more than 30 minutes in one area.
             *Island nesting ternspan often be monitored from an offshore site to limit the
             disturbance.
             *Salt ma4h terns are difficult to observe and periodic visits to the colony are
             necessary to determine the status of nesting.






                                                     41











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)



               SLIDE 42                 NEST ON MARSH,








                                              TERN NEST WITH THREE EGGS
                                              PLACED RIGHT ON THE SALT
                                              MARSH GRASS










             Nests are placed directly on the substrate. In the salt marsh, terns place their nests
             directly on the thatch and areas of Juncus. In island nesting situations they may lay
             their eggs directly on the rocks, or build a small nest of grass or other vegetation.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This type of nesting makes them particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in the water
             level.














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             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 43                CLOSEUP OF NEST W/3 EGGS










                                              CLOSEUP OF
                                              TERN NEST WITH THREE EGGS











             A full clutch for Common Terns is 3 eggs. The eggs are cryptically colored with various
             patterns of brown on a buff or green background. They will incubate these eggs for
             approximately 21 days. Incubation is shared by both adults.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Egg laying begins soon after terns arrive in late May. Repeated attempts may push
             continued egg laying into the later half of July.
             *If one set of eggs is destroyed, terns may lay several times.










                                                       43










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 44               NEST WITH NO TRESPASSING SIGN










                                              TERN NEST IN CLOSE PROXIMITY
                                              TO NO TRESPASSING SIGN










             Terns will occasionally take advantage of the management techniques designed to
             protect them. This pair nested directly under the NO TRESPASSING sign placed to try
             to dissuade island visitors.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             Wanagement techniques vary at each site. Some of the easily accessible areas are
             posted to try to dissuade visitors.











                                                      44










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 45                NEST WITH SMALL CHICK










                                             NEST WITH JUST HATCHED CHICK
                                             AND PIPPING EGGS










             When the chicks hatch out they are covered with cryptically colored down. They are
             still very vulnerable to dangers in their colony as they will need to be fed by the adults
             for close to 4 weeks before they are ready to fly.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Although the young are well developed when they hatch, they will stay near the nest,
             cared for by both adults and fed on small fish caught in the coastal shallows. Young
             terns are capable of short flights in three to four weeks after hatching and tend to
             gather in small groups by the water's edge, waiting to be fed.









                                                      45










             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 46                CHICK HIDING IN GRASS










                                             OLDER CHICK HIDING IN THE
                                             SALT MARSH GRASS










             Young terns continue to rely on their camouflaged plumage as they grow. This chick is
             about 2.5 to 3 weeks of age, and hides in the grass from potential predators


             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Although the young are well developed when they hatch, they will stay near the nest,
             cared for by both adults and fed on small fish caught in the coastal shallows. Young
             terns are capable of short flights in three to four weeks after hatching and tend to
             gather in small groups by the waters edge, waiting to be fed.











                                                      46











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 47               RESULTS FROM AGGRESSIVE TERNS










                                             THE RESULTS OF TERN
                                             AGGRESSION ... THEY CAN
                                             BE AMAZINGLY PERSISTENT
                                             AND DRAW BLOOD









             Terns can be aggressive when they are driving potential predators away from the
             nesting colony, especially during the height of their breeding season when they are
             defending their eggs and young. An individual who wanders too close to an active
             breeding colony is likely to be dive-bombed and "white-washed" by crying birds. Keep
             in mind that you have wandered into the birds' nursery and make a careful retreat.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *We have taken to wearing bicycle helmets into some of our tern colonies.









                                                     47












             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 48               GREAT HORNED OWL










                                             CLOSEUP VIEW OF AN
                                             AN ADULT GREAT-HORNED
                                             OWL









             During the four weeks until they fledge, the tern chicks are especially vulnerable.
             Predators like the Great-horned Owl can decimate a colony, taking both adults and
             chicks.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *We have had problems with Great-horned Owl predation at a number of our colonies.
             *This will often cause abandonment or zero productivity at these sites.









                                                     48












             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 49                RATS










                                              RATS TRAPPED FROM A
                                              TERN COLONY IN 1991










             Especially in areas where terns nest in close proximity to humans, rats can wipe out
             these ground nesting birds as well. In 1991, a small colony in Little Bay was wiped out
             by rats as they ate all the eggs that were laid. Project staff were successful in
             eradicating the rats through an extensive trapping program in both the fall of 1991 and
             the spring of 1992.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *We continue to monitor for rats each spring, but have not had a reoccurrence of this
             problem.
             *Rats are very good swimmers, and will come back and forth from island to mainland
             on a regular basis.







                                                      49











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 50               FLOODING IN SALT MARSH










                                             THE HAMPTON-SEABROOK
                                             MARSH AT FLOOD STAGE









             Natural flooding occurs in the marshes, as high spring tides may cover the entire
             marsh with water. When coupled with heavy rains, this can spell disaster for terns as
             their eggs may be washed out of the nests and young terns die from exposure.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Damage to the natural flow of a salt marsh make the terns more vulnerable to flood
             conditions.
             *Jet skiis have been observed moving through the tidal channels during the tern
             nesting season. These machines throw a significant wake, which washes up onto the
             marsh and can flood- vulnerable nests.









                                                     50











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 51                BUILT UP NEST









                                             RENEST ATTEMPT; THE NEST
                                             HAS BEEN BUILT UP OFF
                                             THE THATCH ABOUT 6 INCHES









             Terns that have lost a nest to flooding will often build a nest that is more substantial
             and higher off the marsh grasses. This may also help them to persevere during flood
             periods. These higher nests are much more evident on a second round of nesting.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Common Terns may renest 3 to 4 times during one breeding season.
             *Damage to the natural flow of a salt marsh make the tern more vulnerable to flood
             conditions.
             *Jet skiis have been.ob@served moving through the tidal channels during the tern
             nesting season. These machines throw a significant wake, which washes up onto the
             marsh and@can flood vulnerable nests.









                                                     51















             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 52               NEST PLATFORM










                                              NEST PLATFORM WITH THATCH
                                              ON TOP OF THE SALT MARSH
                                              GRASSES









             Another method that project personnel have utilized to try to deal with flooding are
             artificial platforms. These platforms are plywood squares that are placed atop a foam
             core and anchored in the marsh by a line and spike. The problem has been that the
             terns do not often choose to nest on the platforms themselves.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *The platforms ranged in size from 2ft.x2ft. to 8ft.x8ft.










                                                       52












             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 53                PLATFORM UNDER NEST










                                             NEST PLATFORM SLIPPED
                                             UNDER NEST WITH EGGS









             In an attempt to use the platforms to the terns' advantage, we experimented with lifting
             the already established nests, slipping the float underneath and placing the nest back
             on the float. Once the nest is placed back on the float, the float is barely detectable.
             The terns showed no hesitancy to return to their nests and the success rate on these
             platforms was upwards of 80%.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *The success rate of 80% is phenomenal in relation to those nests without the
             advantage of the platforms ... more commonly 15-20%.








                                                     53












              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGI         ON
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 54                 WHITE AND SEAVEY ISLANDS










                                                VIEW OF WHITE AND
                                                SEAVEY ISLANDS









              Terns historically bred out at the Isles of Shoals. The islands out there still have
              suitable habitat for terns. There has been a fair amount of preliminary work done to
              evaluate the suitability of White and Seavey Islands for recolonizing terns. Seavey
              Island still has some beautiful tern habitat. These islands were recently returned to the
              state of New Hampshire after the Coast Guard automated the lighthouse.




              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *The state has recently instituted an island caretaker program at this site..so the
              potential for doing ajecolonization project is very real.









                                                         54












            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 55                TERN DECOYS










                                             TERN DECOYS SET OUT
                                              IN SUITABLE HABITAT









            In recent years, there has been a considerable amount of work done to recolonize
            terns to former colonies in both Maine and Massachusetts. The techniques used in
            these areas included placing tern decoys out in suitable habitat to visually attempt to
            attract terns.




            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
            *Decoys are carved or created from wood and painted in a stylized way to simulate an
            adult tern.













                                                      55














            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 56               SOUND SYSTEM










                                            SPEAKER FROM THE
                                            SOUND SYSTEM USED
                                            TO PIPE IN TERN
                                            VOCALIZATIONS









            In addition to placing decoys out in this habitat, speakers are also placed out to
            simulate the sound of a real tern colony. These speakers can be hooked up to a
            battery and timer ... allowing the sound to be turned on and off during the daylight
            hours.




            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
            *A photovoltaic cell hooked up to a car battery will run the system for the entire
            breeding season.
            *Decoys aInd sound have been very successful in attracting terns.







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             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 57                SEAVEYISLAND










                                              VIEW OF THE SEAVEY
                                              ISLAND ROCKS:
                                              POTENTIAL HABITAT








             Seavey Island still has some beautiful tern habitat. This is an island that is part of the
             White-Seavey complex that was recently returned to the state after the lighthouse was
             automated on White Island.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Gull control would need to be undertaken as both Herring and Great Black-backed
             Gulls now occupy the tern space. Gulls are predators on both tern adults and young.
             *A Double-crested (@Qrmorant colony that numbers close to 500 also occupy a section
             of Seavey Island. Cormorants do not pose a problem for recolonization, however.








                                                       57














             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 58                ADULT TERN ON NEST










                                             ADULT COMMON TERN
                                             INCUBATING A NEST








             The hope is that we may soon be able to use these recolonization techniques. They
             have been very successful in many locations where they have been attempted. With
             all the pressures on the mainland colonies in N.H., this may be one way to help insure
             that terns will continue to nest along New Hampshire's coast.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Successful recolonization would hopefully allow for continued tern productivity in
             New Hampshire.










                                                     58













              THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE's COASTAL REGION
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                 SLIDE 59                 UPLAND SANDPIPER CLOSEUP










                                                 CLOSE VIEW OF AN
                                                 UPLAND SANDPIPER







              Upland Sandpiper is a shorebird belonging to the sandpiper group. Closely related to
              the curlews and whimbrels. Characteristic bird of prairies and wide open grassy fields.
              Has a slender, graceful form, delicate head and neck. Endangered status in New
              Hampshire.




              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
              *A long-distance migrant that winters on the Argentinian pampas, this bird's stronghold
              is in the Midwest- prairie grasslands.
              *Has many plover-like characteristics, hence the former name of upland plover still
              used by many.

                   /A











                                                          59














             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 60               OPEN GRASSLANDS










                                             VIEW OF GRASSLAND
                                             HABITAT SUITABLE FOR
                                             UPLAND SANDPIPERS







             Upland Sandpipers expanded eastward into New England from the prairie states after
             European settlement converted unbroken eastern forests into extensive agricultural
             lands during the late 1700's and early 1800's. At their peak in the mid-1800's, these
             shorebirds were abundant migrants and locally common breeders in central and
             southern New Hampshire.


             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Declined due to market hunting in the early 1900's. Some increase in the 1920's.












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            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 61              SOUTH CONCORD MEADOWS










                                            SOUTH CONCORD MEADOWS
                                            CONDOMINIUM COMPLEX
                                            ON CLINTON STREET






            But decline in agriculture and more recent conversion of farmlands to industrial,
            commercial and residential have slowed recovery of the Upland Sandpiper.




            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
            *Upland Sandpipers are on the threatened list in Massachusetts and Vermont; special
            concern in New York and Maine.
            *Many other grassland species that nest in similar habitat are also in decline.













                                                    61














             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 62               PEASE INTERNATIONAL TRADEPORT









                                            PLANE TAKING OFF FROM
                                            THE RUNWAY AT PEASE
                                            INTERNATIONAL TRADEPORT







             In recent years, the only known breeding population of Upland Sandpipers has been
             found at the Pease International Tradeport. Upland Sandpipers nest in the grassy
             islands located between the runway and the apron.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Airfield conditions simulate the prairie grassland habitat that is favored by the Upland
             Sandpiper. They are found at a number of airports throughout the Northeast.











                                                    62














            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




              SLIDE 63             STOP SIGN AT RUNWAY










                                         STOP SIGN ALONG
                                         ACCESS ROAD TO THE
                                         RUNWAY









            We have been monitoring the Upland Sandpiper population at Pease since 1989. In
            1989 and 1990 the Air Force was still present at Pease and security was very tight.
            We would move through the area with an escort, observing from inside a vehicle. In
            1991 and 199'2, the Air National Guard was in charge of the airfield, and we were
            given greater access to the grassy infield. When the Pease Development Authority
            took over the airfield managment in the fall of 1992, we were allowed to walk through
            the Upland Sandpiper breeding areas.



            ADDITIONAL INFOFQ'ATION:
           -*Surveys are conducted by movi.ng through the grassy areas and stopping at
                                        11-1
            designated points to observe for sandpipers. All upland sightings and observed
            behavior are recorded.







                                                 63














             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 64                UPLAND SANDPIPER IN GRASS










                                             GOOD VIEW OF UPLAND
                                             SANDPIPER IN GRASS








             When the birds arrive back in late April, the grass is short enough to get a good look.
             You can imagine that it gets increasingly difficult as the season progresses.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Surveys for sandpipers begin during the second half of April as the birds arrive from
             their wintering grounds.












                                                     64














             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 65               HARD TO FIND










                                             DISTANT VIEW OF AN
                                             UPLAND SANDPIPER
                                             IN THE GRASS









             As the season progresses the grass gets longer and it is increasingly hard to find the
             birds ... especially as the grass starts to turn a golden color. Courtship, nest building
             and incubation follow soon after arrival.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
















                                                     65














            THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




              SLIDE 66              DRAGGING THE ISLANDS










                                         BIOLOGISTS DRAGGING THE
                                         GRASSY AREAS DURING
                                         A NEST CENSUS







            As the season progresses the grass gets longer and it is increasingly hard to find the
            birds ... especially as the grass starts to turn a golden color. Courtship, nest building
            and incubation follow soon after arrival.




            ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
















                                                 66














             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 67                STAKE AT NEST










                                             WOODEN STAKE PLACED
                                             AT AN UPLAND NEST
                                             SITE








             By pinpointing the nest locations we were able to mark them to help avoid damage
             from mowing and other airfield operations. Finding the nests has become even more
             critical as construction proceeds out on the airfield as Pease is decommissioned.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *The mower operators are well versed in Upland Sandpipers and can be helpful in
             locating nests.











                                                     67














             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 68                NEST WITH EGGS










                                              UPLAND SANDPIPER
                                              NEST WITH 4 EGGS:
                                              PENCIL FOR SCALE









             The nest consists of a slight depression in tall grass, and is lined with leaves, small
             twigs or grasses. In late May or early June the female lays 4 creamy buff or white eggs
             spotted with reddish brown. Often grasses are arched over the top to hide the nest
             from above. The nest census allowed us to learn a great deal about the nesting of
             Upland Sandpipers at Pease. The timing of breeding , the synchrony of the birds,
             habitat usage.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Upland Sandpipers build typical shorebird nests and lay 4 eggs.
             *Both male and fem'a'le-will incubate the eggs for about 24 days.







                                                      68












             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 69               UPLAND SANDPIPER CHICK










                                             PEN AND INK DRAWING
                                             OF AN UPLAND
                                             SANDPIPER CHICK








             The chicks are well developed and downy when they hatch. They will follow the adults
             and feed within a day or so of hatching. They are very vulnerable to disturbance
             during the first weeks.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *We have observed chicks through our years of nest censuses as well as nests ... as we
             work to refine the timing.
             *Vehicles pose a threat to small chicks.










                                                     69












             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 70                UPLAND SANDPIPER










                                              ADULT AND CHICK
                                              IN GRASS










             Cared for by both parents, the chicks are full grown and ready to fly in about a month.
             Adult and young sandpipers feed on vast amounts of grasshoppers and other insects,
             as well as waste grain.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *Young chicks are particularly vulnerable to vehicles, as they will crouch down to hide
             from perceived dangers... making the possibility of running them over greater.
             *The adults will often bring the chicks to a common location known as a brood area.










                                                       70












             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 71               PHENOLOGY










                                             GRAPH OF UPLAND
                                             SANDPIPER PHENOLOGY









             Our observation time coupled with the nest census allowed us to get a good sense of
             breeding phenology.
             May 10-15: egg laying
             Incubation lasts approximately 24 days
             June 5: first hatch
             July 15: first young at fledging


             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This information is important as we work to come up with mowing regimes, and to
             protect the Upland Sandpipers from construction activities.









                                                     71











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




                SLIDE 72               MOWED EDGE










                                              PHOTO OF THE MOWED
                                              EDGE OF A GRASSY
                                              ISLAND








             The nest census also gave us a better indication of habitat usage. We had thought
             that the Upland Sandpipers were nesting around the wet areas in the grassy islands.
             The nest census showed that they were utilizing the edges of the islands on a more
             regular basis. We have also completed a vegetation analysis of the areas around the
             nest sites.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This information is important as we work to come up with mowing regimes, and to
             protect the Upland Sandpipers from construction activities.
             *The habitat usage information is also important as we work to evaluate other potential
             breeding areas for uplands.








                                                      72











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 73               UPLAND SANDPIPER










                                             GOOD VIEW OF UPLAND
                                             SANDPIPER ON A ROCK







             Another documented phenomenon that we were not aware of was the buildup in
             Upland Sandpiper numbers at Pease during the migration period. Uplands will move
             from their breeding grounds and spend a number of weeks feeding before heading to
             their wintering areas in Argentina. Observations show that Pease is used as a
             migration stopover.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This information highlights the importance of Pease not only as a breeding but a
             migration area as well.
             *The numbers of Uplands begins to build in the last few days of July and into the
             second week of August.











                                                     73











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 74               GRAPH OF NUMBERS






                                             GRAPH OF UPLAND
                                             SANDPIPER NUMBERS
                                             THROUGH THE SEASON










             The graph shows the very evident buildup of sandpiper numbers as you approach the
             end of July and the early part of August. The numbers have climbed to as high as 74
             individuals.




             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *This information highlights the importance of Pease not only as a breeding but a
             migration area as well.















                                                     74











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 75               CONSTRUCTION SITE






                                             CONSTRUCTION DISTURBANCE
                                             IN GRASSY AREAS AT
                                             PEASE








             Construction from the decommissioning of the airfield as an Air Force installation
             coupled with the conversion to a commercial airport has caused a fair amount of
             disurbance to the grassy areas of the infield. This is, of course, a temporary
             disturbance but we have been working with airfield operations to coordinate
             construction activities and protect the nests. Reseeding operations should help to
             restore any disturbed habitat .... and the upgrading of the runway may create additional
             habitat for uplands in the future.


             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *We have coordinated with the airfield operations in regards to construction since the
             Fall of 1993. We have a unique partnership with the NHF&G Dept. and the NHDES.












                                                     75











             THREATENED AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE'S COASTAL REGION
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1995 (prepared under a grant from the NH coastal program)




               SLIDE 76               POTENTIAL HABITAT







                                            PHOTO OF POTENTIAL
                                            HABITAT IN THE CONN.
                                            RIVER VALLEY







             Upland Sandpipers have not been confirmed breeding in any other locations in New
             Hampshire since 1985. We continue to monitor potential habitat for upland sandpiper
             activity. In addition, we hope to use the habitat usage and vegetation analysis work to
             look more closely at other potential habitat.



             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
             *The vegetation and habitat analysis will allow us to make managment
             recommendations for areas with potential habitat for breeding Upland Sandpipers.
             This is critical for the future of this species in New Hampshire













                                                    76





                                       t
                                       I
                                      im   APPENDIX B





                                     Audubon Society of New Hampshire
                 WW*                         3 Silk Farm Road, Concord, NH 03301-8200
                                                   phone: 603/224-9909 - fax: 603/226-0902


                                                                   June 30, 1995
               Kay Akerley
               Conservation Commission Chair
               325 Fox Point Rd.
               Newington, N.H.

               Dear Ms. Akerley:
               Enclosed please find a packet of materials that identify areas of important habitat for
               endangered and threatened bird species in your community. In addition to the maps,
               we've included a summary sheet that details these mapped areas and a series of
               informational brochures on the bald eagle (federally and state endangered), the
               osprey (state threatened), the common tern (state endangered) and the upland
               sandpiper (state endangered). We hope that this information will be useful as you set
               priorities for habitat protection in your town.

               The Audubon Society of New Hampshire has been working on the monitoring and
               management of coastal endangered and threatened species through the New
               Hampshire Fish and Game Department Nongame and Endangered Species Program
               since the early 1980's. The production of this packet of materials was made possible
               by funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the
               New Hampshire Coastal Program, Office of State Planning. This funding allowed us
               to bring together information that has been gathered through the years and to
               distribute it to local communities.

               In addition to the materials contained in this packet, a slide presentation entitled
               Threatened and Endangered Coastal Bird Species in New Hampshire was produced.
               This slide program highlights the natural history of each of the above species and
               shares the most current information gleaned from recent years of monitoring. This
               slide program will be given to public audiences through ASNH in Concord and at the
               Seacoast Science Center. If you are interested in a slide presentation in your local
               community, please let us know.
               I would also be happy to pro"@ e any additional infor m/atioh that you might find helpful..
               Please feel free to contacV61b atAudubon House in Concor&at (603) 224-9909. Any:.
               comments on the enclosed materials wouldbe very welcome as well'. Thank you very
               much.


                                                                   Sincerely,


                                                                   Diane De Luca
                                                                  Senior Biologist



                                                printed on recycLed paper








                                   TOWN OF NEWINGTON
                           HABITAT USE SUMMARY OF ENDANGERED
                                     AND THREATENED SPECIES



             BALD EAGLE
             The number of wintering bald eagles using Great Bay has risen steadily since the
             early 1980's. In 1994-95, seventeen eagles wintered on the Bay, many of them
             staying for a good part of the period from December through March. Bald Eagles are
             attracted to Great Bay because it provides the open water, perch and roost trees
             necessary to support them.

             The Newington shoreline provides many perch trees for the eagles to use during
             daytime foraging. The favored perch tree is located on Woodman Point, now protected
             through the Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge. This perch location has been
             documented to support more than 50% of observed perching in the Bay. In addition,
             they utilize other perch trees along the Refuge shoreline. Bald Eagles have also been
             documented to perch at Fox Point and Goat Island. See the enclosed map for
             locations.



             UPLAND SANDPIPERS
             The Upland Sandpiper is a shorebird that prefers dry, open grasslands, hayfields and
             pastures, especially those undisturbed by cultivation. Once found in good numbers,
             they have diminished with shrinking farms to only one known location in the state.

             At present, the Pease Airfield in Newington supports the only known nesting
             population of Upland Sandpipers in New Hampshire. This population is estimated at
             8-10 pairs. However, potential breeding habitat still exists, and the Town of
             Newington continues to have grasslands that could support Upland Sandpipers. If
             you know of locations where these birds may be nesting, please get in touch!

             In addition, our work at Pease has given us a much clearer picture of the habitat needs
             of this species. We would be very excited to work with landowners with an interest in
             managing their grasslands to support upland sandpipeM@I-and, other grassland bird
             species. If you know of this intefest, please let us kp,@'@.


             COMMON TERNS
             New Hampshire currently supports only small numbers of the Common Tern. This tern
             population includes scattered pairs nesting on rocky islands in the coastal bays and
             colonies in the Hampton Harbor Estuary. Field studies conducted annually since 1981
             have documented serious instability in coastal colonies, where marginal nesting
             habitat and heavy predation have significantly hampered productivity.








              The Town of Newington supports a small tern colony on Hen Island, an island
              approximately 70m. east of Fox Point on Little Bay. This colony has numbered
              between 9 and 12 pairs in recent years. The productivity at this location has been
              variable as the terns have been subject to some predation, including rats. Common
              Terns also forage all along the Newington shoreline. We have appreciated all the
              support the Town of Newington has given us in monitoring terns at this site as the
              potential for a very strong colony exists. The 1995 field season is looking very positive
              thus farl



              OSPREY
              During most of this century, the only known Osprey populations in New Hampshire
              occurred north of the White Mountains, primarily in the Androscoggin River drainage.
              In the spring of 1989, an Osprey pair took up residence in an abandoned heron
              rookery in a beaver pond in Durham. This pair has successfully fledged 12 young from
              this location, setting the stage for additional nesting pairs in the Bay. A second pair
              took up residence atop a power pole on the Squarnscoft River in 1992 and have also
              fledged young from this location. A third pair is showing interest in platforms erected at
              the Refuge in the fall of 1994. We expect to see a continued increase in the number of
              Osprey using the Bay.

              Although Newington does not have any nesting osprey at present, the Newington
              shoreline supports significant Osprey foraging. Identification and protection of nest
              sites, preferred perch trees and foraging habitat is critical to the successful expansion
              of this fledgling Osprey population. Please let us know if there are Osprey
              observations from your town!









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         What You Can Do To Help
              Contribute to our understanding of                                  The Audubon Society
              the Bald Eagle's distribution in New                                  of New Hampshire
              Hampshire by reporting any sightings                         is an independent nonprofit organization
              to the Audon Society of New                                 with programs in wildlife conservation,
              Hampshire or the NH Nongame and                              environmental affairs, land protection, and
              Endangered Wildlife Program, N.H.                            environmental education.
              Fish and Game, Department.

              Shooting or harassing threatened or
              endangered wildlife species is against
              the law. Report any illegal activities
              to the N.H. Fish and Game Depart-

              ment.


              Learn more about the habits and
              needs of birds of prey, and share your
              knowledge and concern about them.
              Urge state and federal legislators and                                                                                             Ho
              your local conservation commission
              to protect cr
                                    habitat for Bald
                                                                                                                                          The B
              Eagles                 wildlife.                                           
                                                                                                                                               birds of pre
                a     an          
                                                                                                                                               tic bird sta
             support            riINns working to                                                                                          extremely I
              protect the c     and endangered                         Further information about ASNH                               feet tip to t
              species and           -game wildlife.                                                                                       Bald Eagle
                                                                                         can be requested from:                                and power
             Volunteer to help with our monitor-                               Audubon Society of New Hampshire                                black body.
              ing programs                                                                  3 Silk Farm Road                                   plumage, b
                                                                                      Concord, NH 03301-8200                                   varying deg
                                                                                              603-224-9909                                     on their ag
                                                                                                                                               white head
                                                                             This report was funded in part by a grant from the                old. The B-,
                                                                            New Hampshire Coastal Program, as authorized by                    steady, cha
                                                                                    National Oceanic and Atmospheric                           soaring for
                                                                                         Administration, (NOAA)                                horizontal,
                                                                                                                                               the sky.



         The eaglAtill classified as threat-                                              0
    ened and endangered in the 48 contiguous                     New Hampshire Monitoring                                      Great Bay Winterill'Area
    states. Through intensive efforts by federal,                     Though eagles can be seen in New                             Great Bay is an estuary, where freshwa-
    state and local agencies it is making a                      Hampshire at any time of year, December                     ter rivers and ocean tides bring nutrients to
    comeback.                                                    through March is the best period for eagle                  nourish a wide variety of plants and animals.
                                                                 observations. A number of our waterways                     Great Bay provides a critical mix of habi-
                                                                 provide the open water, perch and roost                     tats, including open water, which gives
          Winter Eagle Ecology                                   trees necessary to support wintering Bald                   eagles access to fish and waterfowl, promi-
         Bald eagles leave their northern breed-                 Eagles. Wintering eagles are often found on                 nent spots for hunting and perching during
    ing grounds as lakes and rivers freeze and                   parts of the Connecticut and Androscoggin                   the day, and stands of tall coniferous trees
    congregate in more southern wintering areas                  rivers, the Merrimack River, the Lakes                      used as night roosts in severe weather.
    where open water allows access to food                       Region, and on Great Bay.                                   Winter eagle activity on the Bay has been
    sources. Fish are the preferred food source,                                                                             the most consistent since monitoring began.
    but they will take waterfowl and carrion as                       Through a cooperative effort with the
    well. More Bald Eagles can be found                          U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the New                           The number of winter eagles using the
    throughout the United States during the                      Hampshire Fish and Game Department and                      Bay has risen steadily since the early 1980's.
    winter months than at any other time of                      the Audubon Society of New Hampshire,                             In 1994-95, seventeen eagles wintered
    year.                                                        biologists have monitored wintering eagles                  in the Bay, many of them staying for a good
                                                                 since 1980. Biologists monitor these areas to               part of the period December through
         Bald Eagles tend to perch near their                    document the extent of eagle use, determine                 March. Marked individuals help to establish
    foraging areas during the day. Although                      what food resources the eagles are using,                   return rates and length of stay information.
    they will perch on rocks, logs, ice, power-                  evaluate the extent of human activity and                   One individual with a blue wing marker has
    lines and such, eagles prefer tree perches                   potential disturbance, and learn how eagles                 been seen every winter in Great Bay since
    over other types. Eagles tend to favor tall                  are using specific habitats. This information               1985.
    trees with spreading, open branches and                      provides a basis for evaluating potential
    snags that give them easy accessibility and a                effects of proposed land use changes within                       The many long hours of observation
    wide panoramic view. These can be either                     the wintering areas, and for setting priorities             from 1980 through 1995 has allowed biolo-
    conifers or deciduous trees.                                 for efforts to protect this habitat.                        gists to focus on the critical habitat needs
                                                                                                                             for the Great Bay wintering population. The
          A roost is an area where eagles rest                        In documenting eagle activity in New                   protection of perch and roost sites on the
    and sleep during the night. Bald eagles may                  Hampshire, biologists rely heavily on dedi-                 bay were made possible by the many hours
    roost singly or communally in roosts located                 cated volunteer observers and the coopera,                  of documentation and the hard work of
    in close proximity to, or in some cases, a                   tion of the public in reporting sightings of                numerous conservation organizations.
    good distance from foraging areas. Night                     eagles throughout the state. Results of the                 Further efforts must continue to monitor
    roosts are thought to provide protection                     statewide winter eagle monitoring effort                    habitat use so that wise management deci-
    from severe weather and possibly serve as                    reflect an increase in the number of Bald                   sions can be made for this estuary.
    "information" centers in regards to food                     Eagles using New Hampshire's waterways.
    location. These roosts may sometimes be                      The estimated numbers of eagles went from
    used during the day, particularly during                     a low of 16 in 1980-81 to a high of 83 in
    inclement weather.                                           1994-95.



                   0                                                                         0                                                 OSP Y
        What You Can Do To Help                                              The Audubon Society
                                                                               of New Hampshire                                                     Pandion haliactus
            Contribute to our understanding of the                    is an independent nonprofit organization
            Osprey's distribution within New Hamp,                    with active programs in land preservation,
            shire by reporting any sightings to the                   environmental education, legislative action,
            Audubon Society of New Hampshire or                       and non-game research and management.
            the NH Nongame and Endangered
            Wildlife Program, N.H. Fish and Game
            Department.
                                                                                                                                                  01

            Shooting or harassing threatened or
            endangered wildlife species is against the
            law. Report any illegal activities to the
            N.H. Fish and Game Department or
            your local conservation officer.                                                                                                                           R

        a   Learn more about the habits and needs
            of native wildlife so that you can
            help to educate others.
                                                                                                                                        How Can I Identify an Osprey?
        0   Share your knowledge and concern
            about birds of prey to help dispel myths                                                                                         The Osprey is a large, long-legged, fish,
            that lead others to harm them..                                                                                             eating raptor. Because of their large size,
                                                                                                                                        Osprey are sometimes mistaken for the more
        *   Urge state and federal legislators and                                                                                      massive Bald Eagle, although at two feet tall
            your local conservation commission to                            Further information about ASNH                             with a six foot wingspan, they are consider-
            protect critical habitat for Ospreys and                                can be requested from:                              ably smaller than eagles, but larger than
            other wildlife.                                               Audubon Society of New Hampshire                              most hawks. Seen in flight, the Osprey's
                                                                                       3 Silk Farm Road                                 prominent features are its white or slightly
        0   Support organizations working to pro,                               Concord, N.H. 03301-8200                                mottled underparts, dark brown back, the
            tect endangered species and other non-                                       603-224-9909                                   pronounced crook in its long wings high-
                                                                                                                                                                 Rf'

























            game wildlife.                                                                                                              lighted by distinctive black wrist patches.
                                                                         This brochure was funded in part by a grant from               Seen from closer proximity, the Osprey's
                                                                        the New Hampshire Coastal Program, as authorized                bright yellow eye and broad, dark eyestripe
                                                                              by National Oceanic and Atmospheric                       help to distinguish it from other birds of
                                                                                     Administration (NOAA).                             prey.



                  Lqle History                                   After migrating south 10tr first fall, young                      Current Status ALI"
                                                                 Ospreys spend the next year and a half on
         Ospreys arrive in New Hampshire                         their winter grounds. They do not return to                         Hampshire's Ospreys
    during April, returning year after year to the               the breeding grounds until the spring of
    same breeding grounds. An osprey nest is                     their second year.                                                 Since the early 1980's, Ospreys have
    generally placed in the flattened top of a                        The Osprey is a truly cosmopolitan                      maintained active nests in the North Coun,
    live or dead tree, but may also be placed                    bird. It is able to take advantage of water                  try region of New Hampshire. This popula@
    atop man-made structures such as power                       bodies suitable for its fishing way of life on               tion has experienced steady growth through
    transmission poles, waterfront pylons,                       every land mass on earth except New                          the period, and now produces 20-30 young
    channel markers and specially erected                        Zealand and Antarctica. Populations here                     each year from an average of 25 nests.
    nesting platforms. The nest is up to five feet               in the northeast generally migrate to the
    in diameter and is made with a large accu,                   warmer climates of Central and South                              In 1989, a pair of Osprey made Great
    mulation of various sized dead branches up                   America.                                                     Bay their home. After an early nesting
    to five feet long. Both sexes gather the                                                                                  failure that year, they have successfully
    nesting material, but the female does most                            Historical Review                                   raised young in subsequent years. Great Bay
    of the nest arrangement. Softer materials                                                                                 now has at least two successful breeding
    such as sod, seaweed or marsh grass line the                       In the two,decade period from 1950@                    pairs with the addition of a nest on a utility
    nest. Nests are often used in successive years               70, the Osprey population was severely                       tower along the Squamscott River. Each
    Iand the addition of nesting materials in                    diminished, especially in the eastern United                 year brings more Osprey sightings and
    each season cause them to become very                        States. Ospreys initially declined because of                nesting attempts to the seacoast region.
    heavy and bulky, sometimes growing as high                   pesticides such as DDT and other persistent                  You can observe Osprey in southeastern
    as eight feet.                                               chemicals in their food chain, which caused                  New Hampshire from late March through
                                                                 infertility and thinned egg shells. Since the                mid-October. The Great Bay estuary system
         Male and female Ospreys court each                      banning of DDT in the United States                          is a prime area. The marshes, harbors and
    other with spectacular and vocal soaring,                    inl972, the Osprey has made a steady                         beach areas along the seacoast can also be
    diving, and swooping. The male may hover                     comeback. Osprey may still be threatened,                    rewarding observation sites, especially
    high over his territory carrying a fish or a                 however, by pesticide use near their winter-                 during migration.
    stick; a display that serves to favorably                    ing areas in the tropics.
    influence his mate and discourage potential                                                                                                       "I N_
    rivals. The female lays from 2-4 blotched,                         Osprey face threats even before they
    oval eggs in two day intervals. Incubation                   hatch. Great -homed owls, gulls, raccoons,
    by both the male and female continues for                    and fishers may prey on eggs left unattended
    about five weeks. The chicks at hatch rely                   in nests. Food availability directly affects
    on the adults to feed them, but in 4-5 weeks                 chick survival. Declines in fish populations
    they can eat, by themselves, the prey that                   or water quality may reduce the size of local
    both parents bring to the nest. At around 8                  Osprey populations. although Osprey are
    weeks, they are capable of flight and begin                  protected under state and federal laws,
    to follow the adults to their fishing grounds.               illegal shooting still occurs.



         What I Can Do To HeIP                                                                                                                    C0MMf-)N
         ï¿½  Contribute to our understanding of the                              The Audubon Society
            distribution of terns within New Hamp-                                of New HamPshire
            shire by reporting any sightings of                           is an independent nonprofit organization                                      TERNS
            Common, Arctic or Roseate Terns to                            with programs in wildlife conservation,                                           Sterna hirun&
            the Audubon Society of New Hamp-
            shire or the NH Nongame and Endan-                            environmental affairs, land protection, and
            gered Wildlife Program, N.H. Fish &                           environmental education.
            Game Department.

         ï¿½  Shooting or harassing threatened or
            endangered wildlife species is against the
            law. Report any illegal activities to the
            N.H. Fish & Game Department or your
            local conservation officer.


         ï¿½  Urge state and federal legislators and your
            local conservation commission to protect                                                                                                   What Are Tems?
            sensitive coastal areas from development,
            pollution and exploitation.                                                                                                            Among the most elegant of seabirds,
         ï¿½  Stay away from areas where terns are                                                                                             terns are smaller and more slender in build
            known or thought to be nesting and                                                                                               than the closely related gulls and are distin-
            keep pets away from these place, to                                                                                              guished by long, narrow, pointed wings and
            avoid disturbing the birds or leaving                                                                                            deeply forked tails. They all have black
                                                                                            ----- - ---------
            scent trails for predators.                                                                                                      caps during the breeding season, and long,
                                                                                                                                             tapering bills. The varying length of the
         ï¿½  Discourage gulls in beach areas by property                                                                                      tails and the colors of their bills can be used
            disposing of garbage and trash. Never dump                          Further information about ASNH                               to tell the species apart.
            wastes of any kind into the ocean.                                         can be requested from:                                      Terns flit gracefully over the water,
         ï¿½  Learn more about the habits and needs                            Audubon Society of New Hampshire                                bills pointed downward, their long wings
            of native wildlife so that you can help to                                    3 Silk Farm Road                                   lifting them easily and swiftly 30-40 feet.
            educate others.                                                          Concord, NH 03301-8200                                  When they spy food below, they plunge
                                                                                            603,224-9909                                     headfirst into the water, often disappearing
         ï¿½  Volunteer to assist with tern protection                                                                                         completely under the surface. These birds
            at a nesting area near your home.                               This brochure was funded in part by a grant from                 sometimes gather in huge numbers over a
                                                                           the New Hampshire Coastal Program, as authorized                  school of fish, swirling in the air, screaming
         ï¿½  Support organizations working to pro.                              by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric                       and diving again and again. Fisherman can
            tect endangered species and other non-                                     Administration, (NOAA).                               often locate schools of fish by observing the
            game wildlife.                                              L_                                                                   tern's activities.



                                                                   Terns can be aggressive when they are                increase in the open dumping 1001garbage
                                                              driving potential predators away from the                 and an enormous growth in the fishing
                                                              nesting colony, especially during the height              industry. These larger, more aggressive
                                                              of their breeding season when they are                    birds compete with terns for nesting sites
                                                              defending their eggs and young. An indi-                  and prey directly on tern eggs and chicks.
                                                              vidual who wanders too close to an active                 Terns are subsequently forced into more
                                                              breeding colony is likely to be dive bombed               marginal areas for nesting and become more
                 Life    History                              and "white-washed" by crying birds. Keep                  vulnerable to predators and human distur-
                                                              in mind that you have wandered into the                   bance.
         Terns arrive in New England during                   birds' nursery, and make a careful retreat.
   the first half of May, and usually breed in                                                                               Terns have been greatly affected by
   colonies on barrier beaches, offshore islands                   By late summer, large groups of terns                coastal development and pollution. Shore-
   and in the salt marshes. After a brief court-              begin to congregate on outer beaches and                  front development has reduced available
   ship, which may include ritualized flight                  islands. Most depart for their southern                   habitat and caused greater disturbance by
   displays and intricate caressing and preening              wintering grounds in Central and South                    house pets, off-road vehicles and humans.
   of each other's feathers, mating ensues.                   America in September. Some Arctic Terns                   Human habitation has disturbed the bal-
   Common and Arctic Terns build vulnerable                   make incredible oceanic journeys 25,000                   ance of predators as well, often exposing
   nests on open shores, scooping out shallow                 miles, roundtrip between the Arctic and                   tern colonies to increased numbers of
   scrapes in the sand, placing a few weeds on                Antarctic via the coast of Africa and South               raccoons, skunks and rats.
   bare rock or nestling atop the salt marsh                  America.
   grasses. Roseate terns conceal their simple
   nests among tall grasses or vegetation or in                        Historical Review
   rock crevices.
         Between late May and late July, terns                     The numbers of terns breeding along                       Current Status of New
   lay 2,3 oval eggs with various patterns of                 the New Hampshire coast, as along the
   brown on a buff background; if one set of                  entire Atlantic coast, has fluctuated greatly                      Hampshire Terns
   eggs is destroyed, terns may lay several                   in the last century. Once among the most
   times. The chicks hatch after about 21 days                abundant nesting birds on the Atlantic and                     New Hampshire currently supports
   of incubation and within a few days seek                   Gulf coasts, they have since been plagued by              only small numbers of the Common Tern.
   shelter in the grasses or other concealing                 a variety of threats. Tremendous numbers                  This tern population includes scattered
   vegetation. Although the young are well                    of terns were killed in the late 1800's for the           pairs nesting on rocky islands in the coastal
   developed when they hatch, they will stay                  millinery trade. Although protective laws                 bays and colonies in the Hampton Harbor
   near the nest, cared for by both adults and                were eventually passed and terns increased                Estuary.
   fed on small fish caught in the coastal                    temporarily in the early 1900's, their popu-                   Field studies conducted annually since
   shallows. Young terns are capable of short                 lations have declined drastically since the               1981 have documented serious instability in
   flights three to four weeks after hatching                 1950's.                                                   coastal colonies, where marginal nesting
   and tend to gather in small groups by the                       Gull populations have increased                      habitat and heavy predation have signifi-
   water's edge, waiting to be fed.                           dramatically in recent years due to the                   cantly hampered productivity.



                                                                                                                                               UPLAID
        "at You Can Do To Help                                              The Audubon Society
        ï¿½   Contribute to our understanding of the                             of New Hampshire                                         SANDPIPERS
            Upland Sandpiper's distribution in New                     is an independent nonprofit organization
            Hampshire by reporting any sightings to                    with programs in wildlife conservation,                                   Bartramia longicauda
            the Audubon Society of New Hamp-                           environmental affairs, land protection, and
            shire or the NH Nongame and                                environmental education.
            Endangered Wildlife Program, N.H. Fish
              Game Department.

        ï¿½   Shooting or harassing threatened or
            endangered wildlife species is against the
            law. Report any illegal activities to the
            N.H. Fish & Game Department or your
            local conservation officer.


        ï¿½   Stay away from areas where Upland
            Sandpipers are known or thought to be
            nesting and keep pets away from these
            places, to avoid disturbing the birds or
                                                                                                                                                 What are Upland
            leaving scent trails for predators.
                                                                                                                                                                 ip
                                                                                                                                                      Sandp * ers
        ï¿½   Urge state and federal legislators and                                                                                          The Upland Sandpiper, formerly called
            your local conservation commission to                                                                                      the Upland Plover, is a large ( 11- 12 inch),
            protect critical habitat for wildlife.                                                                                     brownish shorebird with a short bill, slender
                                                                                                                                       neck and long legs and tail. Its wings are
        ï¿½   Learn more about the habitats and needs                          Further information about ASNH                            lined with black and. white bars, which can
            of native wildlife so that you can help to                             can be requested from:                              be seen when the bird stretches its wings as
            educate others.                                               Audubon Society of New Hampshire                             it alights. You may see it fly close to the
                                                                                      3 Silk Farm Road                                 ground with its wings bent downward,
        ï¿½   Support organizations working to                                     Concord, NH 03301-8200                                flapping with short, stiff strokes, while
            protect endangered species and other                                        603-224-9909                                   uttering musical trills and notes. It may Also
            non-game wildlife.                                                                                                         perch on posts and poles. When it lands it
                                                                         This brochure was funded in part by a grant from              stretches its neck up and points its wings
                                                                       the New Hampshire Coastal Program, as authorized                high over its back before folding them
                                                                             by National Oceanic and Atmospheric                       down. On the ground the Upland Sand-
                                                                                   Administration, (NOAA).                             piper moves like a plover, running swiftly
                                                                                                                                       and then stopping suddenly.



                  J*e History                                                                                                       Current Statuou
         Upland Sandpipers are migratory birds                                                                                      New Hampshire's
    which winter on the pampas of South
    America and return to New Hampshire in                                             'e #1`                                      Upland Sandpipers
    mid to late April. Unlike other shorebirds,                                                                                 Once found in the thousands, feeding
    they prefer dry, open grasslands, hayfields                                                                           on insect pests throughout New England's
    and pastures, especially those undisturbed by                                                                         farms, they have diminished with the
    cultivation. These birds are quite conspicu-                                                                          shrinking farms to only one known location
    ous on arrival, uttering mellow, drawn-out                                                                            in the state. Upland Sandpipers are now
    whistles, soaring high, and flying low over                                                                           considered endangered in New Hampshire.
                                                                                                                          At present, the Pease Airfield in Newington
    the ground on vibrating wings. During
    courtship, the male struts with tail cocked,                                                                          supports the only known nesting population
    wings dragging and throat puffed out.                                                                                 of Upland Sandpipers in New Hampshire
                                                                                                                          estimated at 8 - 10 pairs.
         The nest consists of a slight depression
    in tall grass, and is lined with leaves, small                                                                             Upland Sandpiper habitat at Pease
    twigs or grasses. In late May or early June                                                                           exists on the airfield, including three grassy
    the female lays 4 creamy buff or white eggs                                                                           "islands" surrounded by the runway and
    spotted with reddish brown. Often grasses                                                                             connecting taxiways. Vegetation on tIM;
    are arched over the top to hide the nest                                                                              islands is characterized by grasses widely
    from above. Both male and female incubate                                                                             interspersed with a variety of herbaceous
    the eggs for about 24 days. Nesting birds                                                                             plants and the occasional woody species.
    circle and call overhead when disturbed,                                                                              Coordination with airfield personnel and
    and will distract intruders by fluttering off                                                                         mowing operations has helped to improve
    with wings dragging. The young are well                             Historical Review                                 the productivity at this site. Migration data
    developed and downy when they hatch.                            Upland Sandpipers increased in New                    from 1989,1994 point out the importance of
    Cared for by both parents, the chicks are                  England during the late 18th century when                  the Pease airfield not only as breeding
    full grown and ready to fly in about a                     fields replaced forests, but began to dwindle              habitat for New Hampshire's only remain-
    month. Adult and young sandpipers feed on                  during the later 19th century. The return of               ing population, but as a migration stopover
    vast numbers of grasshoppers and other                     forests in New Hampshire has eliminated                    for the regional population north and east.
    insects, as well as waste grain.                           much of the open habitat suitable for breed-
                                                               ing Upland Sandpipers. Large-scale shoot-                       Casual reports of possible sightings in
         Upland Sandpipers begin to head to                    ing for food and sport in the mid-west                     other potential breeding habitat keep the
    South America in early August through                      during the 1800's decimated populations in                 search going. They are out there! (But
    September, usually migrating in the evening                that region. Today Upland Sandpipers face                  where?) If you know of locations where
    or at night. Migrants from further north                   lack of suitable nesting area in much of                   these birds may be nesting, please let us
    may begin to swell populations at breeding                 North America and the continued pressures                  know.
    areas as early as late July, and peaking into              of hunting, pesticides and land-use changes
    early to mid-August.                                       on their wintering grounds in Argentina.







                                                 APPENDIX C





        YOE 42EAY SAY ESYUARY0

              Jys CUiCYURAt 14ND




                  SLIDE PROGRAM NOTES














        DEVELOPED BY THE AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE,
        FUNDED BY A GRANT FROM THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND
        ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION THROUGH THE N.H. COASTAL
        PROGRAM.                             DECEMBER 1994.
               flAYUR14aC NJ$ Y- 0-4-R- y







                                          ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



          We would like to extend our appreciation to the various people who provided assistance in gathering
          information for this slide program, and who willingly loaned their slides for use in the program. In
          particular, we would like to thank:

          Peter Wellenberger (NHF&G Region III) and Betsy Franz (NHF&G Sandy Point Nature Center) for
          providing access to their slide collection and 1991 videotaped interviews with longtime residents on
          the Great Bay Estuary.

          Bill Penhale (Vice President, Great Bay Trust) for valuable discussions about the Great Bay
          Estuarine System Conservation Trust.

          Jack Adams (author of Drowned Valley: Yhe Piscataqua River Basin) and the New England Press for
          generously giving us permission to reproduce historic photographs from' Drowned Valley.

          Maryanna Hatch (Curator, Durham Historical Museum) for providing access to historic photographs
          and other historic information.


          Sharon Meeker (UNH Cooperative Extension, Seagrant program) for assisting in the collection of
          background materials, providing access to books, existing slide programs and videos in the MERC
          library, and allowing us to use several slides in the program.

          Steve Jones (UNH Jackson Estuarine Laboratory) for taking us out into the Estuary for photographs
          that were difficult to get from the land.

          Fred Short (UNH Jackson Estuarine Laboratory) for the loan of several slides from his collection.

          Gary Hulme (NH Division of Historic Resources) for the loan of several slides from his collection.










                                                                                              7. 1







                              INTRODUCTORY NOTES TO PRESENTERS


            PROGRAM FORMAT
            The following notes describe the format of the notes accompanying the slide program, and provide
            direction on how the program should be used. In the notes that follow, each slide is described on a
            separate page. The format for each page provides:
                          the slide number and title,
                          a graphical representation of what the slide consists of,
                          material that could be used as a script,
                          "Additional Notes" provide the presenter with additional background information for
                          some slides


            It is important to note that there is no prescribed script as such for the program. The way in which
            the program has been set out is to encourage the presenter to personalize the program and tailor it to
            their level of knowledge. This makes the presenter more involved in the program than simply
            presenting a set program. While a script of sorts is provided, the presenter should feel free to add in
            information from the Additional Notes provided or their own background, or to cut back on the
            script if a shorter program is needed. The script provides guidelines rather than a prescribed format
            for presentation. The presenter can use the script to the degree that they feel comfortable. Some
            people may prefer adhering strictly to the script provided (which is fine), while others may wish to
            follow the script more loosely, adding some of their own knowledge of the seacoast. There is no
            right or wrong way to present the program!

            Note that the term "Estuary" with a capital E refers to the entire Great Bay Estuarine system, and is
            used simply as an abbreviation. Estuarine with a capital E, is also used to refer specifically to the
            Great Bay Estuary.


            PROGRAM TIMING
            There are a total of 64 slides in the program. If the program were presented by following the script
            provided, the presentation would last approximately 30-35 minutes. However, there may sometimes
            be a time constraint and a need for a shorter program. To accommodate this need, certain slide@s
            (marked with a double asterisk on the Summary of Slide Titles) may be omitted, and the "script" for
            the remaining slides may be shortened (text marked in bold on the "script" for certain slides may
            also be omitted for a shorter program). If all the asterisked slides and the bold areas of the script
            were omitted, the shorter program would last approximately 20-25 minutes.

            FACT SHEETS
            Three fact sheets accompany this,program, and should be made available to those atten-djhg@`the--
            presentation. @the fact sheet@.,4-6@,,,@'.,@Natural History of the Great Bay Estuary (Fa&tn'@
                                                                                                      Cultural
          ,-History of the Great Bay Estuff,@,,--,,(fact Sheet 2), and Thoughts for the Future and'R660mmended
            Further Reading (Fact Sheet 3). TN@se fact sheets also provide some background information that
            complements the slide show. Presenters are encouraged to peruse some of the references
            recommended for further reading in Fact Sheet 3.









           EN@@D AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
           Several of the aerial photographs used in the program are infrared aerials. The light blue shows
           paved surfaces (as in the photo of Durham) and developed areas; vegetation shows up as various
           shades of red, and the water shows as black or a green-black-blue color. The Estuarine channels
           show up particularly well on these color infrared photos.







                    THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY- NATURAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY
                                               SUMMARY OF SLIDE TITLES

                        Slide Title                                                      Slide taken/loaned by:

                I       Title slide                                                      UNH Seagrant Program
                2.      New Hampshire's inland shoreline                                 Fred Short
                3.      What is an estuary?                                              ASNH
                4.      Great Bay Estuary is part of the Gulf of Maine"                  ASNH
                5.      What comprises the Great Bay Estuary?                            ASNH
                6.      Text slide: Tidal range of the Estuary"                          ASNH
                7.      Formation of Great Bay Estuary                                   ASNH
                8.      The role of ice in shaping the Estuarine shoreline               UNH Seagrant Program
                9.      Relocation of marsh vegetation"                                  ASNH
                10.     First Inhabitants - Native Americans                             Gary Hulme
                11.     The arrival of European settlers                                 ASNH
               -12.     Plunder of the shorebirds                                        ASNH
                13.     Eelgrass meadows                                                 ASNH
                14.     Eelgrass plants                                                  Fred Short
                15.     Inhabitants of eelgrass; - I                                     Fred Short
                16.     Inhabitants of eelgrass - 2*                                     Fred Short
                17.     Navigation using the channels"                                   ASNH
                18.     Eelgrass as a tool for navigation at night                       Fred Short
                19.     Mudflats                                                         ASNH
                20.     Mudflat feeders*                                                 ASNH
                21.     Saltmarshes                                                      ASNH
                22.     Low marsh**                                                      ASNH
                23.     High Marsh"                                                      ASNH
                24.     Channel bottom habitat                                           ASNH
                25.     Arrival of the gundalow                                          ASNH
                26.     Evolution of the gundalow                                        ASNH
                27.     Utility of the gundalow                                          ASNH    (Jack Adams (Drowned Valley)
                28.     Unloading gundalows                                              ASNH    (Jack Adams (Drowned Valley)
                29.     Gundalow cargoes*                                                ASNH    (Jack Adams (Drowned Valley)
                30.     Gundalow transporting salthay                                    ASNH
                31.     Salthay harvest                                                  UNH Seargean Program
                32.     Ditching and diking on saltmarshes*                              ASNH
                33.     Fisheries                                                        UNH Seagrant Program
                34.     Lumber yards                                                     ASNH    (Jack Adams (Drowned Valley)
                35.     The shipbuilding industry                                        ASNH    (Jack Adams (Drowned Valley)
                36.     The gundalow and the American Revoludon                          ASNH
                37.     Brickyards -                                                     ASNH    (Jack Adams (Drowned Valley)
                38.     Gundalow transporting bricks                                     ASNH    (Jack Adams (Drowned Valley)
 









               39.     Bricks used to construct mills                              ASNH
               40.     Gundalow carrying cordwood                                  ASNH    ()ack Adams (D...e Mleyl
               41.     The cotton mills                                            ASNH    (3ack Adams     VaffeyJ
               42.     Portsmouth's maritime economy                               ASNH
               43.     Demise of the gundalow                                      ASNH
               44.     Railroad bridge at Dover Point                              ASNH
               45.     Subsistence to commerce and industry                        ASNH
               46.     Recreational activities - oystering                         ASNH
               47.     Closure of shellfish beds                                   ASNH
               48.     Eelgrass wasting disease                                    Fred Short
               49.     Recreational activities - boating                           ASNH
               50.     Commercial fishing                                          ASNH
               51.     Commerce and industry                                       ASNH
               52.     Shipping activities in Portsmouth"                          ASNH
               53.     Activity in Great and Little Bays                           ASNH
               54.     Great Bay Estuarine Research Reserve                        ASNH
               55.     Chapman's Landing"                                          ASNH
               56.     Pease Air Force Base"                                       ASNH
               57.     Sewage treatment works at Exeter                            ASNH
               58.     Sewage treatment discharge into Squamscott*                 ASNH
               59.     Industrial pollution                                        ASNH
               60.     Other sources of pollution                                  ASNH
               61.     Pollution in the watershed counts"                          ASNH
               62.     The Estuary is an altered system                            ASNH
               63.     What does the future hold?                                  ASNH
               64.     Prepared by the Audubon Society of New Hampshire            ASNH

                       Slides tha t may be omitted for a shorter program











              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                        ... . .... ....






                                                Painting of gundalows moored
                                                outside the old Adams House,
                                                         Adams Point




                                               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY:
                                             ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL
                                                          HISTORY






              This program describes a region that was once the hub of New Hampshire, and
              provides some insights to the natural history of the Great Bay Estuarine system.





              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                     The cultural history of the Great Bay Estuary from the start of European settlement
                     through the end of the 19th century is depicted by examining the gundalow cargoes of
                     the day, and the role of the gundalow in shaping the economy of the region we know
                     today












                    THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                    AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                      . .. ...... .......
                                 X xx                                                      -X . .....................
                                                                                   ... . . . .....
                                                                                  ......... -- , "' -
                                .. .....................................                .....


                                           ...................... .
                                                                       ..................... ... . . ....









                                                                          Aerial Photograph of
                                                                         the Great Bay Estuary








                    The Great Bay Estuary transforms New Hampshire's modest 18 mile coastal shoreline
                    into a rich tapestry of biological diversity, with a total shoreline length of 150 miles.
                    The Estuary is one of the largest on the Atlantic coast. This slide shows the Great Bay
                    Estuarine system, with the mouth of the Piscataqua and Portsmouth in the foreground
                    and Great Bay in the background (towards the upper left of the slide) (point out
                    landmarks on slide).





                    ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                              New Hampshire's Atlantic Coast shoreline is 18 miles; the Great Bay Estuarine system
                              has a 132 mile long shoreline, making a total shoreline length of 150 miles. Not bad
                              for a coastal state with one of the shortest ocean shorelines!
                              The Estuary can be described as an "inland sea" of sorts, given the predominance of
                              saltwater species. This is New Hampshire's hidden coastline.











               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)




                                                                                                           . . ............ ....
                                                                                                            . ........... ...
                                                                                  X:.:X                          . ........









                                                     Black and white illustration
                                                    showing the formation of an
                                                    estuary (drowned river valley)






               An estuary is the place where the rivers meet the sea, where freshwater flowing
               downstream mixes with the salty ocean water. Many estuaries we know today are
               drowned river valleys. The old river channel still lies along the bottom of the estuary
               while the estuarine waters cover what had once been low coastline (point out on slide).





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                       Estuaries are fragile ecosystems, and are amongst our most important, misunderstood
                       and most abused resources.
                       Many large estuaries we know today are drowned river valleys - places where the sea-
                       level has risen, the coastal plain has subsided, or both. The ancient river beds were
                       originally cut by streams draining massive volumes of meltwater from the shrinking
                       glaciers.












              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                              .. . ..........




                                                                                .............








                                               Gulf of Maine watershed map








              The Great Bay Estuary is one of the many estuaries found along the Gulf of Maine.





              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                     The Gulf of Maine spans Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and 4Canada, a+t&
                     includes 70% of the total area of New Hampshire.
                     The entire Gulf of Maine can be considered an estuary since Gulf waters are somewhat
                     isolated from the Atlantic Ocean by uplands and submerged offshore banks, and receive
                     a tremendous volume of freshwater runoff from the land. The Northeast and the Great
                     South Channels, created by ancient streams, form the major arteries for the exchange
                     of waters between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Maine.
                     The Gulf is comprised of channels (created by ancient streams), basins and banks (that
                     were above water for hundreds of years)
                                                                                     Win












               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                            ......... ..


                       ... .............. ................
                                                                                                         .... ......
                                                                                   . ........
                                                                                  .............
                                                                                                 ............
                                                                                              . .......
                                                             .........................        . . ........








                                                   Black and white map of the
                                                   Great Bay Estuarine system






               The Great Bay Estuary starts at the mouth of the Piscataqua River. Moving upstream,
               it angles into Broad Cove and Little Bay, squeezing through the bottleneck known as
               the Furber Strait at Adams Point into Great Bay itself (point out on slide). Freshwater
               inflow comes primarily from seven tidal rivers (moving clockwise, starting in the bottom
               right hand corner of the slide, point out each of the rivers on the map.) : the Winnicut,
               Squarnscoft, Lamprey, Oyster, Bellamy, Cocheco and Salmons Falls Rivers (the latter
               two join to become the Piscataqua River).





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      The Estuary extends 15 miles from the mouth of the Piscataqua to the upper limit of
                      Great Bay.












                THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                               A JY@: ff..



                                                     TIDES RELATIVE TO PORTLAND, MAINE
                                                                            Time Lag        Tidal
                                                                                            Range
                                                  Piscataqua mouth          4 mins behind   8.1 ft
                                                  Dover Point               1.5 hrs behind  6.0 ft
                                                  Adams Point               2.0 hrs behind
                                                  Lower Squarnscott         2.5 hrs behind  6.2 ft








                The Estuarine system is dominated by tidal flow which is pushed up the Piscataqua on
                an eight foot tide. Moving up the Estuary, the tidal range (the difference between low
                tide and high tide) generally decreases and tides lag increasingly behind those of the
                open ocean e.g. in the Lower Squamscott River at the far end of Great Bay, low tide is
                2.5 hours later than low tide at Portland.






                ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                         Tidal flow dominates over freshwater inflows for much of the year, with freshwater
                         averaging around 2% of the volume of water, although this does vary seasonally
                         (increasing during wetter times such as snowmelt in spring).











               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY .
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)





                                                                                .............








                                                    Photograph of a glacier
                                                     showing meltwaters at
                                                   the base of the slide Oust
                                                            visible).









               The Estuary had its beginnings approximately 14,500 years ago following the melting of
               the last glaciers. The tremendous quantity of water released by the melting glaciers
               contributed to rising ocean waters which flooded the land, drowning the(@@@river
               valleys that make up the Estuary that we see today.




               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      It is estimated that the Estuary has existed for the last 8,000 years, which is
                      comparatively young in terms of geological time (which spans millions of years).
                       As the huge weight of the glaciers was removed, the depressed land slowly rebounded
                      to existing levels - a process that has taken many thousands of years.
                      The shoreline of the Estuary probably arrived close to its present day position a. few
                      thousand years agowhen the rise of sea level slowed down. Since   that tftne,'@'the'--.'
                                                usly modified by a slow sea level rise k6stj    av",". -,.,5,,
                      Estuary has been co@4n-
                      mm/year).












                                        THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                                        AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                                               ... ........................................                                           .. . ........           .... ...     .......
                                                                               .........................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                XX
                                                               .. ...........................................
                                                                             .......................    ..........

                                                                                   ...................   .............
                                                                       ........................................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ...                              .......
                                                               ........................   . .................
                                                               ..........   ............ --    ....................                                               ...
                                                                                                                                                                   X
                                                               .............   .....   ........................                                                                                                                        x. :::X:
                                                                                                               .X:.,X..*.*...                                                                                                                                                              XX
                                                               ............   ................    .............
                                                               .......................................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                X
                                                               ...............   .........    .................                                  .......                                                                    :%X::V
                                                                                                                                                                              ......... ..... ....








                                                                                                                                          Photograph of ice on the
                                                                                                                                                     Estuary in winter







                                        Ice has continued to play an important role in shaping the characteristics of the
                                        shoreline. During periods of ice movement, large amounts of shoreline sediments are
                                        dislodged and transported to other parts of the Estuary.




                                        ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                                                            During winter, much of the shoreline and the intertidal zone (areas that are alternately
                                                            flooded and exposed by tides) are iced over.
                                                            In winter and early spring, the effects of ice breakup causes erosion and resuspension
                                                            of estuarine sediments. During summer, deposition of sediments is more common.











             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                             )KARSO                        . .......
                              . . ....... .

                             ..........
                            ff    x%:x:.'-.-.








                                           Chunk of saltmarsh vegetation
                                            that has been relocated by ice
                                             (photo taken at Adams Pt)





             Chunks of saltmarsh and eelgrass vegetation are torn loose by ice and rafted during
             periods of thaw. Many of these chunks can be seen stranded on the mudflats at low
             tide (point out chunk of saltmarsh vegetation on the mudflat near the edge of the water
              middle left of slide).





             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                   The movement of these rooted chunks of vegetation and marsh peat facilitate the spread
                    of saltmarsh vegetation and eelgrass beds.












              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                            ..... .. .. ..


                       .. . .. ....
                                                                                  ... ..........








                                                Photograph of Native American
                                                          shell midden








              The earliest known inhabitants to reap the bounty of the Great Bay Estuary were Native
              American tribes. Evidence of ancient harvests still e)dsts today in the form of oyster
              and clam shell heaps (called middens) along the shore and in certain marshes (point
              out the midden in the slide - it is the layer of decomposing shells visible between the two
              parallel rows of colored pins). In recent times, human activities along the shores of
              the Great Bay Estuary have left a more damaging legacy than decomposing
              shells.






              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      These fishermen and hunter-gatherers lived on a bountiful harvest of the abundant
                      shellfish, finfish and waterfowl that inhabited the Estuary.
                      First impacts on Estuary with slash and burn land clearing practices.
                      Despite thousands of years of occupation, these people left little lasting impact on the
                      landscape, leaving the land more or less as they found it.
                      While the Native Americans most likely inhabited the Estuarine shores'@fdV"s
                      thousand years, there is conclusive evidence (pottery, flintheads and--harp6dri heads'
                      found in the vicinity of Adam's Point) that Native Americans occupied sites around the
                      Estuary 1200 years ago.




                                                              10














               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                . .. .........                 ......
                          X
                                ....... .. ....
                                                                  We
                                                    "ARM,



                                             In 1708, it was stated that the Great Bay
                                             abounded with fish such as


                                             ncod and haddock.... bass, shad, mackerell,
                                             herring, blew-fish, alewives, pollock, ffrost
                                             fish, perch, Mounders, sturgeons, lumbs, ells,
                                             seales, salmon.... and all sorts of shellfish such
                                             as lobsters, crabs, cockles, clams, mussels,
                                             oysters etc." (Jackson, 1944)




               The arrival of European settlers in the early 1600's began a history of increasing
               demand on the natural resources of the Estuary that continues today. They found a
               region rich in marine life - the waters teamed so many fish that they were used as
               fertilizer; oysters were abundant and clams so plentiful that they were fed to hogs; the
               skies were darkened with migrating wildfowl; and deer, bear and other wild game
               abounded in the adjacent forests.





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                       The text for the above slide, as quoted in Jackson, 1944, was originally documented in
                       the British Calendar of State Papers, American and West Indies July 6, 1708. This
                       information was communicated to the Council of Trade and Plantations during the early
                       18th century.
                       Current figures show.that the Estuary is home to 52 species of fish 'and, 140,bir  dl-,'@-,
                       species (excluding upland species), e.g. great blue heron, glossy ibiï¿½,:,"
                       snowy egrets. Several e'ndangered and threatened bird species, such 8' bald eagles,
                       use the Estuary at various times of the year. Ospreys are known to forage here during
                       migration, and several have been observed nesting in the area.
                       Invertebrate populations include Eastern Oysters, lobsters, crabs and soft shell clams.











               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                                              ... ..... ...

                                  ... . . ..........
                                                                                            .................










                                                Photograph of Lesser Yellowlegs







               The shorebirds, so numerous and in seemingly inexhaustible supply in the early days
               were hunted to near extinction by the end of the 19th century. The reason for this
               carnage was the increase in markets in coastal and inland cities for bird meat. At the
               peak of the demand, the birds were ruthlessly harvested like a crop, with little element
               of sportsmanship-





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      In the early days, shorebirds were hunted annually, but only by local people for their
                      own use. The carnage began when markets for bird meat developed in the cities up and
                      down the coast.
                      Examples of shorebirds are Black-bellied plover, golden plover, dunlin, common snipe
                      yellowlegs.











                                                              12











                THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                                                           `0
                                                                                          ..........
                                  .. . ..............                                .....
                                                             -S                           ............. ..
                                  K
                                                MUGU.'                                               ...
                                                     X1.






                                                      Eelgrass meadow at mid-tide








                A number of different habitats supported the variety of animal species that the early
                settlers found in the Estuary. Eelgrass communities, occurring as "meadows" are the
                most abundant habitat found in the Estuary.





                ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                        Eelgrass beds occur as large meadows and smaller beds, and provide the largest spatial
                        distribution within the Estuary, covering 2500 acres. The greatest concentration of
                        eelgrass beds occur in Great Bay.
















                                                                   13












              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                    F, F49
                                                     . .... ..
                               . . .. . ..........








                                                Lobster in eelgrass meadow







              Eelgrass is a submerged marine plant rooted in the Estuarine sediments. It provides
              valuable breeding and nursery grounds for the variety of finfish, shellfish, and
              crustaceans harvested by the early settlers. Eelgrass communities also filter estuarine
              waters, trapping sediments and dissolved nutrients, thereby enhancing Estuarine water
              clarity and quality.





              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                     Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is an important base of the estuarine food chain.
                     Decomposing leaves provide a food source for many invertebrates, which in turn
                     provide food for larger life forms such as fish and crabs, which in turn are predated on.
                     Sediments and larval organisms are suspended in the eelgrass meadows, and small
                     animals use the blades as anchors. As such, eelgrass plays an important role in the life
                     cycles of scallops, crabs, finfish, geese and ducks.
                     Eelgrass communities are valuable sediment traps and help stabilize bottom sediments.
                     They filter estuarine waters removing both sediments and dissolved nutrients (sediments
                     settle out, and leaves use excess nutrient inflows for their growth). Howe'.veir-,'too'!'@
                     many nutrients can produce algal blooms that shade and destroy eelgrass ecosys ms.'.1
                     The health of eelgrass communities is both a factor in, and an indicator of, the overall
                     health of the estuarine ecosystem.




                                                           14











             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)




                                                                    . ... .. .
                            ... ....... ........
                                                            :0
                                    . ........ .
                                                                                   BE  AT:@i@@ii






                                                 Canada geese feeding
                                                     on eelgrass








             Ducks and geese consume eelgrass leaves and seeds       .....



























                                                        15












              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)











                                                Great blue heron feeding
                                                       on eelgrass







              ..... wading birds and diving ducks are attracted by the many fish and other food
              sources.






              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                     Predatory fish such as striped bass are also attracted to eelgrass beds for feeding. Other
                     fish include silversides and sticklebacks (permanent residents), and smelt and river
                     herring (nursery grounds en route from river spawning grounds to open water).
















                                                         16












             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                         A
                                             PAWN
                                          M






                                            Infrared aerial photo showing
                                            Estuarine channels (Lamprey
                                             River in the upper left and
                                          the Squarnscott in the lower left)







             One of the hazards for boats in the Estuary was the shallow nature of estuarine waters.
             It was (and still is) important for boats to stay to the deeper channels to avoid possible
             grounding on shallow banks at low tide. The channels, so clearly visible in this photo,
             are not so visible from the water. Navigating these curving and twisting channels was
             no easy task (point out the Lamprey and Squamscott River mouths).




















                                                      17











              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)






                                                               ..     ......
                                                                                       ...         . ...








                                               Aerial view of Great Bay (Adam's
                                               Point in the upper right) showing
                                             eelgrass beds along the channel edges






              Eelgrass was a boon to navigation at night because it would show slick or black against
              the light. The moon reflected off the the water, but there were virtually no reflections in
              the eelgrass. In this way, vessels traversing the Estuarine waters could sail safely in
              the dark (providing of course that there was moonlight!). (Point out eelgrass beds (light
              green color) alongside the channels Bay channels).
                                                                                    W
                                                                                     "T.
                                                                                      A

















































                                                             18












                  THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                  AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)




                                                                                                                       .........
                                        ... . ............. .... .
                                         .....................
                                                                                                     . .......... .... ..... ....
                              ........                 .... .... .
                                        :: ....        ..... .........
                              ....... ...               .. ...... -- .....
                                . ... ... ... .








                                                               Photograph of mudflat in
                                                                        Little Bay








                  First the Native Americans, and later the European settlers harvested clams from the
                  productive mudflats. The second most extensive habitat in the Estuary, mudflats are
                  extremely important areas for benthic invertebrates.





                  ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                           Unvegetated mudflats are the second most extensive habitat. Mudflats are extremely
                           important areas of benthic invertebrate production, and are a major contributor to
                           primary productivity in the Bay. (Benthic invertebrates refer to invertebrates that occur
                           on the bottom of a body of water). The mudsnail, numbering                   tens of thousands feeds
                           on the highly productive benthic diatom layer. Birds, crabs and fish are the primary
                           grazers on mudflat fauna.











                                                                           19,












                  THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                  AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)




                                                                                                                      ........ ...
                                                                                                                                ...... . ...
                                     ............
                                                                                                        . .......................
                                        ........ .................
                                  . ......... ..

                                                                                                                                 . ..........
                                                                        WPM
                                              ........... .... .... .....










                                                             Great blue heron on mudflat









                  Wading birds (e.g. great blue herons) feed on clams and worms at low tide, while fish
                  and crabs move onto the flats at high tide to prey on invertebrates.



























                                                                          20












               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)




                                                                                            .. ..... ....
                                             xx
                                        ..........
                                      ..............
                                                                          .............
                                                                                                     .:.: . . ...............
                                                                            ......  ......  .................... .. .........
                                                                                     ........ . .
                                              ow
                                                  .... ............ ......       ....... ........... . . .
                                                  .....................              :% :.:.:I.*
                                     . ........   .... ... .-...   .. ............ ..... . .. ...








                                                      Saltmarsh at high tide
                                                       showing tidal creek







               Saltmarshes have long yielded rich harvests to humans. Both the Native Americans
               and the European settlers fished the creeks for alewives which came up the marshes in
               large numbers on their way to spawning grounds. The tidal creeks provide habitat for
               juvenile fish, feeding areas for birds, habitat for numerous insect species (including
               mosquitoes!), and transport large quantities of organic material into the Estuarine
               detrital cycle. The third most abundant habitat, saltmarshes are found throughout
               the Estuary, being most abundant along the Squamscoff River.





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      Estuaries are enormously productive because of the lush saltmarshes that are part of the
                      shoreline. An acre of saltmarsh with a dense growth of cordgrass produces at least
                      twice as much organic material as the best cultivated agricultural land.
                      Mummichogs provide a major source of food for wading birds. Mummichogs have no
                      commercial or recreational value, but are valuable in marsh food chains because of
                      their high abundance.
                      A number of terrestrial species, e.g. deer, raccoons, mink use saltmarshes for foraging.






                                                             21












                                     THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                                     AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)




                                                                                                                                                                                                ................ ........... ..... . . .
                                                                                             .. .. ...                                     mh                    ....                          ...............  .........................
                                                                                                                                                                                                ..........
                                                                                           . .. .....                                                              .....                                      .... ....................... .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                ............. I .....
                                                                                                                                                     . ....    .... ......                                   X"       .. .. . ....
                                                                                                                                            ......      ... .............       N            .......                                 ........ ..
                                                                                                                                             ... . ... . ................                    .............                 .. .....








                                                                                                                                 Fringing low marsh along
                                                                                                                               the Estuarine shoreline edge








                                     There are two types of marsh habitat - low marsh and high marsh. Low marsh, such as
                                     these fringing marshes found along the Estuarine shoreline, is flooded twice daily by
                                     the tides, and is dominated by saltwater cordgrass.





                                     ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                                                        Fringing marshes, which form a discontinuous band along the Estuarine shoreline, are
                                                        an example of low marsh habitat.
                                                        Fringing marshes provide habitat for a number of invertebrate species including
                                                        amphipods and snails.












                                                                                                                                                          22












              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)





                                                                                          ...........
                                   ........... ...
              low"




                                                Photograph of high marsh
                                                    showing cowlicks






              High marsh is the typical New England saltmarsh. Beyond the reach of daily tides,
              these marshes are flooded irregularly and are dominated by salt hay grass. It was the
              high marsh that the coastal farmers valued so highly for its crop of salt hay.

























                                                         23











               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                                                                 . ........ . ..
                                             .... ...... .....
                                             ... ....... ... .. ..
                                                                                                     .............
                                     . . ....                                                              ... .. .









                                                  Aerial photograph of Moody
                                                     Point area, location of
                                                            large oyster bed







               The rich and plentiful oyster harvests of the early days came from extensive beds found
               at the mouths of the tidal rivers (point out river mouths), in shallow creeks, at the edges
               of mudflats, and in the deeper channel areas (point out channels). Channel bottom
               habitat also provides refuge for fish and invertebrates retreating from the eelgrass
               meadows, mud flats and tidal marshes at low tide.





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                        Channel Bottom and subtidal (shallow but permanently inundated) habitat varies from
                        soft mud, to hard sand, to gravelly cobble and rock.














                                                                    24












             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)










                                             Photograph showing model of
                                             early open, barge-like gundalow








             The early settlers not only derived their livelihood from the Estuary and its tidal rivers;
             they also depended on them for transportation. Around the early to mid 1600's, a
             simple square-ended flat bottomed vessel without a sail made its appearance. Known
             as "gundalows" these humble barge-like vessels had a major and lasting impact on the
             economic development of the region. Without the Piscataqua gundalow, the
             development and growth of the towns on the shores of the Estuary would have
             been severely hampered.





             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                    This "commonplace" vessel affected the entire spectrum of economic, military and
                    cultural history of the Great Bay Estuary.
                    The gundalow survived and dominated the region for 200 years.










                                                         25











               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                                                  ......... .. ..............
                       ......... .                               . ........X


                                                                                                          .... .............








                                                  Model of a "mature" gundalow
                                                            with a lateen







               By the late 1800's, the gundalow had evolved to become more streamlined and had a
               triangular sail known as a lateen.





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      The gundalow evolved from a simple 20-30 foot long barge-like craft with no attached
                      rudder, deck or transom and was rarely rigged for sail.
                      Over time, it acquired a fixed rudder and tiller, platforms or decks at either end and a
                      cabin ("cuddy") for living quarters. By the early 1800's, they were rigged with a
                      single square sail.
                      In her Country By-ways (1881), Sarah Orne Jewtt, a lifelong resident of the gundalow
                      port of South Berwick, Maine, observed:
                              " When you catch sight of a tall lateen sail, and a strange clumsy craft that looks
                              heavy and low in the water, you will like to know that its ancestor was copied
                              from a Nile boat, from which a sensible old sea-captain took a lesson in
                              shipbuilding many years ago.








                                                                26












                 THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                 AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                           ..........                                             .........
                                                                                                ........ ....  ...... .. .

                                            .........
                                                 uIr L
                                                                                                   - --- ------








                                                   Pen and ink rendition by John Hatch
                                                          showing gundalows off
                                                       Adam's Point (the old Adams
                                                        house is in the background)







                 These bulky flat bottomed craft could traverse almost any shallow tributary, and were
                 surprisingly easy to maneuver in the swift currents of the Piscataqua. They provided
                 an extremely cheap and effective means of transportation. Under favorable conditions
                 of wind and tide, the gundalow could complete the 25 mile trip between Portsmouth and
                 Exeter in a little over 2 hours - at around 11 mph, that was quite an achievement of
                 speed!





                 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                         The key to the gundalow's success was its utility. It could go where ships could not,
                         and could pass easily under low bridges (the sail could be quickly and easily lowered).
                         Despite their bulky appearance, they were easy to maneuver in the swift currents of the
                         Piscataqua, and provided an extremely cheap and effective means of transportation.
                         When fully loaded, it drew no more than two feet of water.






                                                                    27











                       THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                       AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared undera grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                                                                                                                                            .. ...........
                                                                                                                                                            . ........       ...
                                                                                                                                                               ..........
                                                                                                                                                               .........
                                                                                                                                                               .........
                                                                                      W..        G
                                                                       I ............. ............ .. .............                                           ...
                                                                . ............. I ........ '-.w          !M
                                                                          .............      .............







                                                                                     Historic photograph of
                                                                                 overhanging storehouse (for
                                                                                 unloading gundalows) on the
                                                                                              Oyster River






                       That there were few riverside wharves did not matter, the gundalow was able come
                       right up to the bank. Riverside storehouses were built with an overhanging upper
                       storey (such as the one in this slide). The gundalow could pull up to the bank, and
                       goods were hauled directly into the storehouse.























                                                                                                   28












                  THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                  AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                                                                    ........... ..............
                                        ...........
                                                                                         ..................................
                                                                                         . . ... .......
                                . . ....... ..........
                                                                                                  . .........
                                                                                            1XIX..........%              ...........









                                                            Gundalow loaded with cordwood









                  The variety of cargoes carried by the gundalows during their 200 year history
                  demonstrate the evolution of an increasingly sophisticated economy in the Great Bay
                  Estuary.





                  ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                            The gundalow was the dominant cargo bearer of the Piscataqua River, moving supplies
                            throughout the river basin of NH and ME.

















                                                                              29












                THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                             . .. ......

                 .............. .....
                         ........ ....








                                                            Slide of gundalow
                                                           transporting salthay







                Salt hay, used for horse and cattle fodder was a popular part of New England
                agriculture before the end of the 19th century. Each fall, farmers brought their horses
                on the gundalows to the high marshes to harvest the wild salt grass at neap tide. The
                gundalow then transported the hay downriver on the rising tide.























                                                                   30












               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                      .........
                                   .... .......                                                           .. ...


                                                                         .. .. . ....... .








                                                       Photograph of salthay
                                                        stacked on staddles







               For local use, the cut hay was raked into beehive shaped stacks, and loaded onto
               staddles, a circle of wooden posts in the marsh that served to keep the hay high and
               dry. The farmers then returned with their horses in the winter when the marsh surface
               was frozen and easy to cross to move the hay to barn storage.





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      Salt haying was one of the few successful farming practices. Farming the land around
                      the Estuary on a large scale was difficult because the former ice sheet had left the land
                      surface with only thin and rocky soils. Much of the fertile organic topsoil had been
                      scraped off by glacial ice, leaving a rough land surface with many bare and exposed
                      bedrock outcrops, scattered boulders, stones and sand. Dairy farming was amongst the
                      more successful farming endeavors.












                                                               31











              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)










                                                      Marsh ditching






              To make the marshes more firm and accessible for haying, drainage ditches were dug
              and dikes built. Later, ditching was used in an attempt to control saltmarsh mosquitoes.





              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                     The objective of ditching for mosquito control was to drain the marshes of much of
                     their water in belief that this would discourage the breeding of the saltmarsh
                     mosquitoes. However, the ditches were never really successful in decimating the
                     mosquito population. While the effects of ditching on marsh ecology are not well
                     understood (more research is needed) we do know that they affect the physical
                     character of the marsh through altering the hydrology.















                                                           33











                 THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - JTS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                 AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                    . ......           .... ..
                                                      ..... .. . ....


                                                                            ............. ...... ......









                                                                     Salmon









                 A profitable fishing industry thrived in the Estuary through the first half of the 18th
                 century. Salmon were particularly abundant in the Salmons Falls and Cocheco Rivers.
                 In 1717, a Portsmouth merchant reported recovering 1,000 tons of salmon in a single
                 season. The gundalows transported cured fish harvested from the Estuarine waters
                 downstream for trade with other American cities and for export to Canada, Spain,
                 Portugal and the West Indies.





                 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                          The salmon which once crowded the mouths of the Salmon Falls, Exeter and Lamprey
                          Rivers are long gone, and only a vestige of the shad, herring and other fishes used by
                          the early settlers remain.
                          The construction of dams in the early 19th century was a factor leading to the
                          disappearance of many fish. Salmon tend to return to the same river for spawning year
                          after year, and apparently make little effort to find substitute spawning grounds. If the
                          spawning grounds are cut off by dams, the entire population of that river ceases to exist
                          (Jackson, 1944).






    0                                                                 33











              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 @prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                             M..         .. .. .
                                       XXX
                           X,
                                                                :x-
                                            ..............
                                       . .................. .








                                               Historic photo of lumberyard
                                                in Dover, NH, about 1885







              Lumber (mainly white pine and oak) was another important natural resource harvested
              from the shores of the Estuary. A number of water powered sawmills sprang up along
              the tidal rivers. The tremendous quanties of sawdust produced by the sawmills
              presented an early Estuarine pollution problem. Historical reports cite a thick layer of
              sawdust coating the mudflats at low tide. Sawdust destroyed finfish spawning beds and
              young fry, and reportedly had a dramatic impact on the salmon population. Evidence of
              sawdust is still present in soil cores taken from the Great Bay Estuary.





              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                     Sawmills were located on the waterways since they were run with water power, and the
                     location facilitated easy export. Along with lumber, shipbuilding became a thriving
                     business. The gundalows plied the tidal rivers with lumber for shipbuilding operations
                     and cordwood for shipbuilding at the Portsmouth Naval shipyard.
                     By the mid 1700's sawmills and shipyards covered the banks of the Piscataqua River
                     and all of the tidal rivers flowing into the Estuary. Lumber and shipbuilding
                     operations continued throughout the 200 years leading up to the Industrial Revolution.







                                                          35











              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                    ...                                               .. .......
                                                                                                   ..... .. ... *:'"'-'::@-."'::::
                                                                 IN.







                                                    Shattuck shipyard in
                                                      Newington, 1919







              Along with lumber, shipbuilding became a thriving business. A critical link in these
              operations, the gundalows plied the tidal rivers with lumber and cordwood for
              shipbuilding. Lumber and shipbuilding continued throughout the 200 years
              leading up to the Industrial Revolution. With the advent of steam powered
              vessels built of steel, the shipbuilding business declined.





              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      Shipbuilding was another major activity during the 1700s and early 1800s.
                      Shipbuilding at the Dover boatyards produced as many as six vessels a year during the
                      1800s. The shipbuilding industry and the ship and packet lines needed the support of
                      the gundalows to support their many activities.
                      The shipbuilding industry spawned profitable businesses for carpenters, shipwrights
                      and sailmakers, stimulating the coastal economy.
                      By the late 1800s, steam powered vessels built of steel replaced wooden sailing vessels.
                      Portsmouth shipyards were unable to compete with the cheaper materials, and the
                      shipbuilding industry declined.







                                                           35











               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                               ..... ....
                                      . ... .........
                                     .. . .........
                          36,
               .... ..    ..... ...... .......
               .-  .....  .... ..                                          .......      ...
               ....... .  . .............                                 . .........
                                                                                                . .........
                                                                          ..........          ....  ..........
                                                                               .. . ........ ............ .....
                  .....   .......... ...... .                                             . . ..... ............ ....... . . ....
               .........  ................                                     . .. .....
                  .....   ............... .                                    . .. ... .. ..... I I. . ....
                                                                                                ........... .......
                                                                               . . ...........x
               .......... ..........                                                        ........ .......I.... .....
               .........  ... ........                                     ..........








                                                   Photograph of Fort Constitution








               The gundalow played a little known but important role during the colonial wars and the
               Revolution. During the American Revolution, the gundalows carried raiders to Fort
               Constitution and then transported the powder back to the towns along the shoreline.
               As part of his successful strategy to defend Portsmouth, General John Sullivan
               made a pontoon bridge between Pierce's island and the mainland consisting of
               gundalows moored head to stern.





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                       The pontoon bridge was one of the first of its kind in American military history.













                                                                 36












               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                    ax
                                                                               .........

                                                                                             .. ...... ....








                                                  Historic slide of brickyard







               During the formation of the Great Bay Estuary, blue marine clay was deposited along
               the Estuarine shores immediately following ice retreat and inundation by the ocean.
               This clay was particularly suitable for brickmaking, spawning another major industry.




               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      At its peak in the late 1800's there were at least 43 brickyards, with greatest
                      concentration at Dover Point























                                                            37












               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                            ............. ..


                                         .X:'X
                                                                     .'k--- N
                                                        .............
                                                                         sp.
                                                  . .............








                                                    Historic photo of gundalow
                                                         transporting bricks







               With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, bricks and granite stone for building
               factories in the region were profitable gundalow cargoes.


























                                                               38











             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                                              .. .........
                                                                                                ..........
                                                                                           .. ........
                                              . . ...... . .. .
             low:                             .................





                                                 Photograph of mills at
                                                      Newmarket









             These bricks were used locally in the construction of mills (point out Newmarket mills
             on slide), factories and breweries, and also found a market throughout New England.
             However the supply of clay was limited, and eventually the waterside clay banks
             were eQustedl, closing down the brickyards and forever altering the contours of
             the Estuarine shoreline.






             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                    During the Industrial Revolution, the red brick mill became a ubiquitous feature of the
                    coastal landscape
                    Many homes on Beacon Hill in Boston were built of the superior Dover Pt brick.












                                                        39












              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                                                     ................ .
                                                                   ...............................

                                                                                                          ..............
                                                                                                . . . ........ ..
                                                                                                        .. ...............
                                                                                           66
                                         ......... .

                             . .....        . .. .
                                                                                           . ............
                             ....... .. . ..........
                             ........ ."..' ............
                             ....... .. .









                                                  Slide of gundalow carrying
                                                           cordwood







              The gundalows transported cordwood throughout their 200 year history. Large
              quantities of cordwood were used for lumber and shipbuilding operations. The
              brickyard kilns burned huge amounts of cordwood each year, representing many
              gundalow loads.

























                                                             40












                   THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                   AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                          . . .........
                                          ....            ...............                            I.,.,.:::-: 1 11 1. -.X-::.:
                                                                                                                            . .. . ...........
                                                         ....... .........
                                                                                             A62
                                                                                                                             . . ............ .
                                    :0. V                . . . ...
                                                                                                         ... ......
                                    X.
                                    .... .. ...                                                                    . .....
                                                                                                                                         IX
                                                         ..............                                            . .....
                                                                                          . .........      .. .... .








                                                               Photograph of workers at the
                                                                          #6 cotton mill,
                                                              Newmarket Manufacturing Co.,
                                                                           around 1905









                   The cotton industry took hold in the early 1800s. The major gundalow ports of
                   Newmarket, Durham, Dover and Portsmouth contained some of the largest mills of their
                   kind in the world. Gundalows brought up raw cotton, textile machinery, cordwood and
                   coal for the factories, and transported the finished cloth downstream to the packets.





                   ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                            The Cocheco Manufacturing Company, which dominated Dover's economy for over
                             100 years was one of the largest companies of its kind in the region.












                                                                               41










             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL MSTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAI@TSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)










                                          Aerial view of Portsmouth








             Following the American Revolution, Portsmouth was involved in a lucrative export trade
             with the West Indies. Pine lumber, dried fish and beef, were exported while molasses,
             rum, sugar and cocoa were imported. The gundalow was an important part of this
             maritime economy, moving goods to and from the schooners and other ships in
             Portsmouth Harbor.






             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

                         I
                   Portsmouth's natural deep water, ice free, harbor is located four miles inland fromt he
                   Atlantic ocean on the Piscataqua River, and is navigable to all types of boats and ships.
                   This made the area a natural early shipping and business center in the, region.













                                                       42











               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                                                                           .... .. ... ... . ......... ........









                                                 Historic photo of Boston and
                                                       Maine railroad cars







               The gundalovVs dying years were marked by the chartering of the Boston and Maine
               railroad in NH in 1835. The railroad not only took the gundalovVs cargoes and routes,
               but also operated year-round (gundalows could not operate during the V'/inter months
               when much of the Estuary and tidal rivers were icebound).





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                      By 1843, all five gundalow ports were served by railroad lines. During the last half of
                      the 19th century, railroads, bridges, and steam-powered tugs increasingly pre-empted
                      the gundalow. With the declining markets in salthay, cordwood and bricks, the
                      gundalow soon found itself without a cargo.
                      By the end of the 19th century, the gundalow had been replaced by railroads, bridges
                      and steam powered tugs.













                                                             43












               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                 ....                                                    . ......

                                                                                                            ....... ......









                                                    Old railroad bridge alongside
                                                   the Gen. John Sullivan Bridge
                                                            at Dover Point







               The construction of the railroad bridge spanning the Piscataqua at Dover Point, linking
               Portsmouth with Dover in the 1870's sealed the fate of the gundalow. By the turn of the
               century, the gundalow had disappeared from the Piscataqua





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                       The completion of the bridge not only reduced gundalow business, but posed a
                       navigational hazard. This bridge was replaced by the General John Sullivan bridge in
                       1934.




















                                                                44











             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                .............
                                                                                                   .7"







                                            Aerial view of Little Bay








             With the Industrial Revolution came a change in lifestyle, and the economy of the
             region began to turn from dependence on the natural resources of the Estuary and the
             land to manufacturing and industry.





             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                    By the 19th century, the rich self sufficient farming and fishing community of the
                     early. days could no longer feed itself and had to import large quantities of flour, butter,
                     corn and cheese. The gundalows transported these products as well.














                                                           45










      ;7 7'











              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                                                    .................
                           .. ... . .. ......... .
                                                #Wow





                                                  Photograph of oystering
                                                     off Adams Point








              Today, the economy of the region is based on commerce and industry, and
              communities are no longer dependent on the Estuary for economic survival. The
              dominant use of Estuarine waters today is recreational. Shelifishing, in particular
              oystering are popular recreational activities





              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                     Throughout its history, the Great Bay Estuary has experienced heavy use from
                     recreational as well as commercial activity.
















                                                           46











                THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                AUDUBON SOCMTY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                ...........
                                                                                                . .. ...... .... ....... . .
                                                                                                       ... ..... . ........... . .. .-

                                            ... . ....                           ...        ..








                                                           Shellfishing closed sign








                As the lifestyle of the communities around the Estuary has changed, so too has the
                ecology of the Estuarine waters. Though not heavily contaminated, the Estuary
                exhibits warning signs of its fragility. The shellfish resources of the Estuary are no
                longer as abundant as they were in the early days of settlement when they were fed to
                hogs. While there are still large populations of shellfish, many of the beds in the
                Estuary have been closed mainly because of contamination from sewage treatment
                plants and septic systems that drain directly into the water.





                ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                         As of December, 1994, approximately 60% of the oyster beds and 80% of the clam
                         flats are closed to shellfish harvesting. Most of the clam flats that are closed to
                         harvesting are located in the tidal rivers flowing into the Estuary. A greater percentage
                         of oyster beds are open since many of the oyster beds occur in the open areas of Great
                         Bay.










                                                                     48











             HE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)




                                                              ...                   . ........
                                                                                   ..... . .......
                                                                                         ....... .
                                                                                                  ..........
                               0.                                                        .......  ...








                                               Photograph of diseased
                                              eelgrass plant showing the
                                                progression of disease







             The eelgrass communities, so important to the health of the Estuary, are threatened by
             disease and pollution. Pollutants in the Estuary, such as excess suspended sediments
             and nutrients shade or smother the plants, weakening their growth. In the early 1930s,
             a "wasting disease" killed over 90% of the North Atlantic eelgrass population. The
             disease is caused by a marine slime mould - pinhead size dots appear on the
             leaves, spreading to form large black stripes and patches, and finally the whole
             leaf blackens and dies (point out different stages on the slide). Today the disease
             is again threatening eelgrass populations.

             ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                    The loss of eelgrass results in greater sedimentation, increased suspended sediments
                    (and consequently decreased water clarity), and the loss of critical habitat for scallops,
                    clams, crabs and many fish species. Although the eelgrass had recovered from the
                    disease by the 1960s, in some locations it never grew back.
                    Besides the wasting disease, pollution resulting in decreased water clarity reduces the
                    amount of light reaching the eelgrass, reducing eelgrass growth. Suspended sediments
                    shade or smother eelgrass plants, while nutrient loading shades the plants by promoting
                    algal growth. These pollutants also result in the loss of benthic diatom production,
                    both of which impact the Estuarine food chain.
                    The dramatic reduction in the Brent Goose population in recent years was associated
                    with the eelgrass wasting disease.



                                                       49















                           THE GREAT DAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                           AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                                                                                                                                      ...........I.................
                                                                                                                                                                                  ................................
                                                                                                                                                                         . . . ....................
                                                       .................. ............

                                                                                                                                                                                           .... . . ........
                                                                      .. ........
                                                      ....... .......................
                                                                      . .............                      . ...... .....
                                                                                      .........@           . ..... ... ..
                                                                                                                                 @. .:.            . . I .       -.1  .. ................... .... .......................
                                                                                                            ONA
                                                                                                       TI:                    'k T            -k@ 14E.
                                                                    .............. ...-                                                    ... ......  .. ......








                                                                                     Boats moored at Great Bay Marine








                           Pleasure boating has become an increasingly popular pastime, spawning a number of
                           marinas on the shores of the Estuary and the tidal rivers





                           ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                                         Pleasure boating, fishing, lobstering


















                                                                                                                49












                THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                                                                                          ...... .....
                                 "M           .. .
                          eQ1`::'






                                                 Photograph of Little Bay Lobster
                                                           Company sign







                There is still some limited commercial fishing in the Estuary, such as lobstering. Most
                traps are set in Little Bay and the Piscataqua, although there is some commercial
                lobstering in the main channel of Great Bay.


























                                                               50











             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)










                                               Photograph of tank farm
                                                on the Piscataqua River







             The New Hampshire side of the Piscataqua and Portsmouth Harbor are the focus of
             commercial and industrial activities on the Estuarine shore. "Tank farms" for the
             storage of oil products that are shipped all over New England are located along the
             Piscataqua River.



























                                                        51










            THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
            AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HANIPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)











                                       Portsmouth Harbor from the
                                              Piscataqua River







            The port of Portsmouth, once an important export center, is now a center for shipping
            activities such as fuel oils, undersea cable, cement, scrap metal, salt, and fishing
            activities.
































                                                     53











             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                            ..        .. .. .
                       .. . . ........ ..........
                        . ..... . ..... .... .
                         . ....................
                                                   ...... ..... ..... .
                                                                    . . . ...................
                                .........                 . ......
                            ........... ...
                         ....... ... .............
                            ...................








                                               Photograph of Great Bay
                                                residential development







             Most commercial and industrial activities in the Estuary are concentrated in the
             Piscataqua River. Commercial uses of Great and Little Bays are relatively few. Activity
             is least in Great Bay although there is continuing residential development.



























                                                        53











             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HANTSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                               ..U
                                                                                   .........
                                                                      . ........X. . ... %X.:
                                                                               ... .. ..









                                                    Map of GBNERR






             The Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (under the auspices of NH Fish
             and Game) has oversight responsibility for the management of Great Bay. Through the
             Reserve, 850 acres of upland and tidal marsh around Great Bay have been protected.


























                                                         54











                        THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                        AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)



                                                                                                                                           ........ .       . .....
                                                                                                                                   ..... ...   .. . . . . .. . . ......... ................... .
                                                                  ..........                                                                                       . ..........................
                                                                                                                                                           . . .......................
                                                                 . .... ..                                                            ...... . .-
                                                                                                                         I ......... I ........... . ...
                                                                                                                        . .. .......................
                                                                                                                         . . ... .. . ........... ......
                                          .... . ...............                                                                    . . ....    ...... .
                                                                                                                                                       ..............








                                                                                 Marsh at Chapmans Lainding








                        Two of the largest areas of land protected around Great Bay are the tidal marshes on
                        the Squamscoft River (this slide shows a portion of the protected marsh at Chapmans
                        Landing - point out the marsh behind the parking lot and the Squamscott River
                        alongside).


























                                                                                                    55











                THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                                             ..........
                                                                                                         ...... .........
                                                                                         ............... .
                                      N.   . . .. ...








                                                           Infrared aerial photo of
                                                      Pease showing weapons storage
                                                         area and wildlife refuge.
                                                        Adams Pt. is opposite Pease






                ...... and the wildlife refuge (which is over 1,000 acres) at the former Pease Air Force
                Base in Newington. (in this slide, the wildlife refuge is the forested area shown along
                the Estuarine shoreline and extending back to the weapons storage area)























                                                                     56












                          THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                          AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 @prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                              ....................                                                            ...................
                                                                                                                                                                          ...................
                                                                                                           ......... ......................... .. ....  .......           ... .........  ...... ......... ........
                                                         ..........   . ..........                                                                                                                  ........
                                                                                                                                                                          ..............  ........
                                                                                                                                                                             U   .. .........
                                                                                                                                                                                 . . ........
                                                                                                                                                                                      .........








                                                                                              Infrared photo of Exeter
                                                                                        sewage treatment works on the
                                                                                                    Squamscott River






                          There has been a long history of pollution of the Estuarine waterways by human
                          activities. Except for the Bellamy River, all the major rivers flowing in the Estuary carry
                          treated sewage effluent, contributing bacteria and excess nutrients to the Estuarine
                          waters. This slide shows the Exeter sewage treatment works on the shore of the
                          Squamscoft River                    ......






















                                                                                                               57












              THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
              AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)




                                                      .......................-           .......................
                                                                                        ..............
                                                                                         ... ..... ...........
                                                                                      . .............................. ...
                                                                                       ....................
                                                                                           ............
                                                                                        ........................








                                              Exeter sewage outflow entering
                                                   the Squarnscott River






              ..... the treated sewage effluent later enters the Squarnscott River near its mouth with
              Great Bay. The dense stand of phragmites at the outflow is indicative of the
              heavy dilution of the tidal river water vAth freshwater.





              ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                     Phragmites (common reed) is an invasive (i.e. non-native) plant that is commonly
                     found in tidal areas (especially marshes) where the salt-freshwater balance has been
                     disturbed. Phragmites can invade and eventually dominate disturbed tidal marshes,
                     causing the loss of natural plant and animal diversity.














                                                          58












               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                  ....... ......
                                                                                                    . . . ........











                                                    Portsmouth Naval Shipyard








               Industry has long relied heavily on flowing water to carry away unwanted substances.
               Historically chemicals from the tanneries and mills located on all the major rivers were
               discharged into the Estuary. More recently industrial contaminants have been
               discharged from activities associated with the former Pease Air Force Base, the
               Portsmouth Naval Shipyard and other industrial activities in the region.





               ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                       Historically, the discharge of waste into the Estuary from industries was heavier than it
                       is today, and the Estuary is actually cleaner (relatively speaking) now than it was then.

                       However, since times of early settlement in the Estuary, there have been repeated
                       inputs of contaminants, such as sawdust, fishwaste, untreated sewage and mill and
                       tannery chemicals.










                                                                59










             THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
             AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAM[PSBIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                           .........
                                                     woo






                                         Golf course fronting onto
                                                    Great Bay







             Other sources of Estuarine pollution include fertilizers from lawns and golf courses and
             agricultural fertilizers and manure.




























                                                      60












               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                                                                                      . ..... ..... .....
                                          ..............
               SEM:
                             ...                                 .. .....







                                                 Infrared aerial showing development
                                                        near the Estuary shores
                                                         (slide shows Durham
                                                         and the Oyster River)







               Because of the dynamic nature of the Estuary, pollution at any point in the watershed
               (which extends some distance inland) as well as throughout the Estuary itself will
               ultimately impact the entire system.
























                                                                 61












                THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                   ......................                                                 .............
                                                                                                          . . - - @. . . . .......
                                                                                                          ... .......
                                                 ............
                                    ................
                               ........................... ......
                                     ........ .....
                              . ........... .....................              z%X4
                                                                                                            .... ...................
                                     ... .................                                                    .. . .. .. .... ..
                                                          WWI!






                                                      Historic slide of Little Bay








                While some regard the Estuary as pristine, there have in fact been some significant
                impacts to this fragile ecosystem during the history of European settlement and in
                recent years (witness the loss of finfish and shellfish over the last 300 years)..





                ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                        Note that all other things considered, the Great Bay Estuary is one of the least altered
                        estuaries on the Atlantic coast, and in this context may be considered relatively
                         pristine".















                                                                 62












                 THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
                 AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH Coastal Program)


                                  ........ .. ....... .........                                                     ........ .


                                                      I .... .. .
                                                                                                                  ...........










                                                        Scenic view of Great at Bay at
                                                                  Adams Point







                 We are short sighted in our use of our Estuarine land and water resources. Citizens
                 need to understand the compleAty and importance of the Estuarine system so they can
                 make intelligent decisions about its future use and protection.





                 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:


                         At this point in the presentation, it is recommended that the presentation be opened up
                         to dicussion, using Fact Sheet 3 as a guideline.
















                                                                      63











               THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY - ITS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
               AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1994 (prepared under a grant from the NH CoasW Prograin)


               ......................
                                 . .... ....
               ............. W-0.
                                          ...... ....
                  .. ... ...
               ........... ..........
                                                                                                 ..........







                                                       AUDUBON LOGO


                                                Prepared by the Audubon Society
                                                       of New Hampshire,
                                                         December 1994










































                                                              64





         This program was produced by the
      AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
       and funded in part by a grant from
               Office of State Planning,
       NEW HAMPSHIRE COASTAL PROGRAM
      as authorized by the National Oceanic and
        Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
               Award Number NA470ZO237.








                     



                                       

         OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING
        NH Coastal Program
 








              BIBILIOGRAPHY OF MATERIALS USED TO COMPILE THE PROGRAM:
                                          THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY
                                   CULTURAL AND NATURAL HISTORY



              Adams, J.P., 1976. Drowned Valley - The Piscataqua River Basin. University Press
                     of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire.

              Amos, W.H,, 1980. Exploring the Fertile Complex Realm Where the River Meets the Sea.
                     Defenders Educational Supplement No. 55-4-a. Defenders of Wildlife Inc., Washington
                     DC.


              Jackson, C.F., 1944. A Biological Survey of Great Bay, New Hampshire, Marine
                     Fisheries Commission.


              Meeker, B.S., 199 1. The Great Bay Living Lab. A Resource manual for Teachers and
                     Students. Sea Grant Extension, UNH.


              NH Office of State Planning. 1989. Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
                     Management Plan. US Department of Commerce, NOAA. 188pp. (Can make a
                     photocopy at Durham Copies)

              Nixon, S., 1982. The Ecology of New England High Salt Marshes: A community
                     profile. FWS/OBS-81/55. US Fish and Wildlife Service.

              Penhale, W.D., 1993. Ten Year History of the Great Bay Trust. Part I - The Beginnings.
                     The Great Bay Trust Newsletter, Great Bay Estuarine System Conservation Trust,
                     Durham, New Hampshire.

              Penhale, W.D., 1993. Ten Year History of the Great Bay Trust. Part 1: The Beginnings.
                     The Great Bay Trust Newsletter (Winter 1993), Great Bay Estuarine System
                     Conservation Trust, Durham, New Hampshire.

              Penhale, W.D., 1993. Ten Year History of the Great Bay Trust. Part II: Growing Pains -
                     1985-1986. The Great Bay Trust Newsletter (Spring, 1993), Great Bay Estuarine
                     System Conservation Trust, Durham, New Hampshire.

              Penhale,W.D., 1993. Ten Year Histor,/ of the Great Bay Trust. Part I.Il-,198771988.
                     The Great Bay Trust Newsletter (Summer, 1993), Great Bay Estuarine System
                     Conservation Trust, Durham, New Hampshire.

              Penhale, W.D., 1993. Ten Year History of the Great Bay Trust. Part IV: 1989-1993
                     The Great Bay Trust Newsletter (Fall, 1993), Great Bay Estuarine System Conservation
                     Trust, Durham, New Hampshire.









             Ruffing, J.R. 199 1. The Estuary Book. Maine Coastal Cffice, Maine State Planning
                    Office, Augusta, Maine. (State House Station 38, ME 04333 or avail. from Seagrant office)

             Scudder Gallery. 1970. The Great Bay. A Visual History. Scudder Gallery, Paul
                    Creative Arts Center, University of NH, Durham. (copy at Seagrant office; local libraries)

             Short, F.T., 1992. (ed.): The Ecology of the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire
                    and Maine: An Estuarine Profile and Bibliography. NOAA - Coastal Ocean Program
                    Publ. 222 pp.

             Thayer, G.W. and M.S. Fonseca. 1984. The Ecology of eelgrass meadows of the
                    Atlantic Coast: A community profile. FWS/OBS-84/02. US Fish and Wildlife Service.

             Teal, J. and Teal, M., 1969: The Life and Death of the Saltmarsh. Ballantine Books,
                    New York


             Whitehouse, R.A. and C.C. Beaudoin, 1988. Port of Dover - Two Centuries of Shipping
                    on the Cocheco. Portsmouth Marine Society, Publication 1 1. Portsmouth, NH.

             Whitlatch, R.B., 1982. The Ecology of New England Tidal Flats: A community profile.
                    FWS/OBS-8 1 /0 1. US Fish and Wildlife Service.


             Winslow, R.E. Ill. 1983. The Piscataqua Gundalow. Workhorse for A Tidal Basin
                    Empire. Portsmouth Marine Society, Publication 3. Portsmouth, NH.





                                              The Great Bay Estuary
                                                       NATURAL HISTORY
                                                        FACT SHEET I                    Audubon Society of New Elampshire
                                                                                        3 Silk Farm Road, Concord, NH 03301
                                                                                        Tel: 603/224-9909. Fax: 603/226-0902




             TIIE GREAT BAY ESTUARY                                       BIRTH OF AN ESTUARY
                   The Great Bay Estuary* transforms New                    The Great Bay Estuary had its beginnings
             Hampshire's modest 18 mile coastal shoreline into 150        approximately 14,5W years ago following the melting
             miles of tidal shoreline, rich in salt and freshwater        ofthe last glaciers. The tremendous quantity of water
             diversity. This is where freshwater from many of             released by the melting glaciers contributed to rising
             New Hampshire's inland lakes and rivers mingle with          ocean waters which flooded the land, "drowning" the
             seawater pushed up the Piscataqua. River on a eight          ancient river valleys that make up the Estuary that we
             foot fide. The Great Bay Estuary has its origin at the       see today. As the glaciers melted, the release of their
             mouth of the Piscataqua River, the gateway to the            tremendous weight from the land surface caused the
             ocean.    Moving upstream, the Estuarine system              depressed land to slowly rebound to existing levels - a
             angles sharply into Broad Cove and Little Bay, and           process that has taken many thousands of years. The
             then squeezes through the bottleneck known as the            Great Bay Estuary has had a complicated sea level
             Furber Strait at Adams Point into Great Bay proper.          history since the melting of the glaciers, being flooded
             Included in the Estuarine system are the tidal rivers.       by the rising sea, then partially exposed, and later
             Likened to "spindling fingers" on an ancient hand, the       flooded by high sea levels once more. The shoreline of
             Squamscott, Lamprey, Oyster, Bellamy Cocheco and             the Estuary probably arrived close to its present day
             Salmons Falls Rivers (the latter two join for become         position a few thousand years ago when the rate of sea
             the Piscataqua River) empty their load of freshwater         level rise slowed down. Since then, slowly rising sea
             into the Estuary. A smaller contributor is the               levels (estimated at 1/16 inch/year) have continued to
             Winnicut River. The Great Bay Estuary is one of the          modify the Estuarine shoreline. It is estimated that
             largest estuaries on the Atlantic Coast.                     the Great Bay Estuary has existed as an estuary for
                 Tidal flow dominates the Great Bay Estuarine             the last 8,000 years, which is comparatively young in
             system with freshwater inflows from the tidal rivers         terms of geological time (which spans millions of
             averaging only 2% of the volume of water, although           years).
             this does vary seasonally, increasing during wetter              Ice has continued to play an important role in
             periods such as spring snowmelt. The tide lags               shaping the characteristics of the shoreline. During
             significandy as one moves further up the Estuary e.g.        winter, much of the shoreline and the intertidal zone
             in the Lower Squarnscott River at the far end of Great       (areas that are alternately flooded and exposed by
             Bay, low tide is 2.5 hours later than low tide at            tides) are iced over. During periods of ice movement,
             Portland. Similarly, the tidal range (the difference         large amounts of shoreline sediments are dislodged
             between low tide and high tide) generally decreases as       and transported to other parts of the Estuary. Chunks
             one moves up the Estuary.                                    of saltmarsh vegetation and marsh peat and shallow
                                                                          eelgrass beds are torn loose by ice and "rafted" to
                                                                          other parts of the Estuary during periods of thaw.
                                                                          Many of these chunks can be seen stranded on the
                                                                          mudflats at low tide. The movement of these rooted
              Estuary "*h a c4pital "E" refers to the e-Wire Great Bay Estuarine syslent chunks of vegetation can facilitate the spread of
                                                                          saltmarsh vegetation and eelgrass beds.








              HABITATS AND, ENHABITANTS, OF TIEIE                               and crabs) use eelgrass meadows as important
              ESTUARY                                                           breeding and nursery grounds; and predatory fish,
                The Great Bay Estuary includes five major water-                such as striped bass, are attracted to celgrass beds
              dorninated habitats: eelgrass, mudflats, saltmarsh,               for feeding. Many waterfowl and wading birds feed
              channel bottom, and rocky intertidal (in order of                 in the eelgrass meadows. Ducks and geese consume
              abundance). These rich and diverse Estuarine                      eelgrass leaves and seeds while wading birds and
              habitats are home to a variety of species, including              diving ducks feed on the fish and other food sources.
              52 species of fish and 110 bird species. Several                     In addition to providing valuable habitat for a
              endangered and threatened bird species, such as                   variety of species, eelgrass communities play an
              bald eagles and ospreys also use the Estuary are                  important role in maintaining estuarine water
              various times of the year. Invertebrate populations               quality and clarity. In this low energy environrnent
              include Eastern Oysters, lobsters, crabs and soft                 the eelgrass plants filter the estuarine waters,
              shell dams. Harbor seals may be observed in winter                allowing sediments to settle out, and using excess
              and spring especially near the mouth of the Oyster                nutrients for their growth (although too many
              River and in the channel at Furber Strait.                        nutrients can be harmfid to eelgrass communities).
                                                                                Eelgrass communities also play a role in stabilizing
                                                                                bottom sediments (rooted vegetation binds the
                                                                                sediments), which affects both water clarity and
                                                                                water quality.
                                                                                  The health of eelgrass is important to the overall
                                                                                health of the estuarine ecosystem.             However,
                                                                                eelgrass communities are threatened by two factors:
                                                                                estuarine pollution and a wasting disease. Algal
                                                                                growth caused by nutrient loading (eg. from sewage
                                                                                outflows) reduces the amount of light reaching the
                                                                                plants, and an excess of suspended sediments can
                                                                                shade or smother eelgrass plants. Both of these
                                                                                conditions adversely affect eelgrass growth. The
                                                                                second factor affecting the health of eelgrass
                                                                                communities is a wasting disease, caused by a
                                                                                marine slime mold. This disease devastated much of
                                                                                the North Atlantic eelgrass population in the 1930's,
                                                                                and is toda again threatening eelgrass communities.
                                                                                           y
                      -Aiii                                                     Much still needs to be learned about the spread of
                           I01-
                                                                                this disease.


              Eelgrass                                                          Mudflats
                Edgrass (Zostera Marina) is a submerged marine                     Large mud (tidal) flats dominate the shallower
              flowering plant growing in shallow waters and                     portions of Great and Little Bays. At low tide,
              rooted in the estuarine sediments.              Eelgrass          approximately 50% of Great Bay is exposed as
              communities occur as large "meadows" or in                        mudflat These unvegetated mudilats are the second
              smaller beds, and are the most extensive habitat in               most extensive habitat in the Estuary. Estuarine
              the Estuarine system. This habitat forms an                       mudflats are exposed at low tide and covered by
              important base of the Estuarine food chain, with a                shallow water at high tide. They are extremely
              number of invertebrates feeding on decomposing                    important      areas     of    benthic      invertebrate
              eelgrass leaves. These invertebrates in turn provide              (invertebrates that occur on the bottom of a body of
              food for larger fife forms such as fish and cribs,                water) production, and as such are a significant
              which in turn are predated on. Eelgrass habitat is a              contributor to primary productivity in the Estuary.
              rich microcosm of estuarine life. Small animals are               Mudsuails, numbering tens of thousands, feed on
              anchored to the blades; larval organisms are                      the highly productive benthic layer. Wading birds
              suspended in the water; many species of finfish and               feed on dams and worms at low tide, while fish and
              shellfish (eg. silversides, sticklebacks, smelt, scallops         crabs prey on mudflat invertebrates at high fide.







              Horseshoe crabs, survivors of ancient history pre-                 found throughout this habitat. Oyster beds are also
              dating the dinosaurs to 200 million years ago, also                found at the mouths of tidal rivers, in shallow creeks
              feed extensively in mudflats at high tide. Despite its             and at the edges of mudflats. Oysters are among the
              name, the horseshoe crab is not in fact a crab - its               few highly specialized creatures that only inhabit
              nearest relative is the spider!                                    estuaries.

              Saltmarshes                                                        Rocky Intertidal habitat
                 Large areas of saltmarsh are found throughout                    This rocky habitat, so common along the Atlantic
              the Estuary, being most abundant along the                         coast, only sporadically punctuates the estuarine
              Squamscott River.           These saltmarshes are                  shoreline. These rocky areas are donrinated by
              enormously productive, producing large quantities                  seaweeds, which add fragmented tissue to the
              of organic material (which enters the detrital cycle)              estuarine detrital cycle. These intertidal areas (i.e.
              and providing habitat for a variety of species. There              exposed at low tide) are important areas for
              are two types of marsh habitat: high marsh and low                 crustaceans, such as green crabs, and provide
              marsh. Low marsh is dominated by saltwater                         feeding grounds for some birds at low tide.
              cordgrass (Sparfina afterniflora) and is flooded twice             Predatory fish feed here at high tide.
              daily by the tides. High marsh is the typical New
              England saltmarsh, and is flooded irregularly, being
              beyond the reach of daily tides. The high marsh is
              dominated by salt bay grass (Spartina patens) that
              lies flat and grows in characteristic "cow licked"
              mats.
                   The extensive networks of tidal creeks that
              meander through the saltmarshes are an important
              fink in estuarine ecology.          These waterways
              transport large quantities of organic detritus
              (particles that result from the decomposition of
              organic material) into the Estuary. They also
              provide valuable habitat for juvenile fish and a
              number of insect species (including the ubiquitous
              saltmarsh mosquito!@ Abundant populations of
              mummichogs found in the tidal creeks are an
              important link in the saltmarsh food chain. These
              small fish, which have no commercial or
              recreational value, provide a major food source for
              wading birds. A variety of birds such as glossy ibis,
              herons, snowy egrets, and yellowlegs, use
              saltmarshes during some portion of their life cycle.
              Terrestrial species, eg. deer, raccoons, and mink are
              also attracted to the saltmarsh for foraging.


              Channel Bottom habitat
                 The channels in the Estuary are relics of ancient               Thepub1cadon "IheE-kvofJh_- Gree-t Bay Eauary, N-Hampshrre
                                                                                 wtdMaine: An F-W=iwprofd_e and BibfiWaphyff by F@-ed Short (e&),
              river beds that were originally cut by streams                     1992 vas a primary source of information for this fact sheet.
              draining massive quantities of water from the
              melting glaciers. These old river channels now lie                 This Paper isfunded by,@ grantfrom the Aational Oceanic
              along the bottom of the Grieat Bay Estuary. This                   and Atmospheric Admidistration throzigh the
              habitat varies from soft niud to san'd to gravelly,                N.H. CoastalProgram. the views expressed herein are
              cobble and rock areas. The deeper channel areas                    those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect
              provide refuge for fish and invertebrates retreating                   . the views ofNOAA or any of its sub-agencies.
              from the eelgrass meadows, mudflats, and                           0 ASNH 1994 - Not to be reproduced in any way without the
              saltmarshes at low tide. Extensive oyster beds are                 written permission of the Wildlife and Wetlands Dept





                                               The Great Bay Estuary
                                                        CULTURAL HISTORY
                   Wetlands4QaDt%,
                     Project                             FACT SHEET 2                     Audubon Society of New Hampshire
                                                                                          3 Silk Farm Road, Concord, NH 033 1
                                                                                          Tel: 603/224-9909. Fax: 603/226-0902



              THE FIRST HUMAN INHABITANTS                                   THE ARRIVAL OF T11[E GUNDALOW
                The earliest known human inhabitants to reap the              The early settlers depended on the tidal rivers and
              benefits of Great Bay Estuary* and its shores were the        estuarine waters        for their livelihood          and
              Native American Tribes. These fishermen and                   transportation. Around the early to mid 16Ws, a
              hunter-gatherers lived on a rich harvest of the               simple square-ended, flat bottomed vessel without a
              abundant shellfish, finfish and waterfowl that                sail made its appearance. Known as "gundalows"
              inhabited the Estuary. They were content to five with         these humble barge-like vessels had a major and
              nature, and took only what was necessary for survival.        lasting impact on the economic development of the
              Evidence of ancient shellfish harvests still exists today     region. This vessel, which was as commonplace then
              in the form of oyster and dam shell heaps (called             as trucks are today and seldom got a mention in
              middens) along thie Estuarine shore and in some               history books, had a dramatic impact. on the
              marshes.                                                      economic, military and cultural history of the Great
               Over several thousand years, these first settlers had        Bay Estuary, and indeed New Hampshire itself,
              little impact on the Estuarine environment. There             Without the gundalow, the development and growth
              were not many 1ndians, and the natural resources              of the towns around the Estuary would have been
              were many and varied. True, they did have some                severely hampered.
              impact on the environment through clearing small                 The early gundalow was a simple 20-30 foot long,
              areas of land for crops, such as corn, squash and             open barge-like craft, rarely rigged for sail, using
              beans, using slash and burn practices. However,               poles for propulsion. 1n a video taped interview with
              careful use of crop rotation practices which allowed          NHF&G in 1991, Phil Johnson, a former Great Bay
              the fields to lie fallow in some years, and fertilization     waterman and fisherman recalled that the early
              with fish and seaweed meant that it was possible to           gundalow "...had a running board on the side so that
              harvest the same fields for generations without               they could pole and run along the boards. They would
              exhausting the land. There was little erosion from            pole, run to the other end and pole, and so on. This
              these early cultivated lands. Primarily spring to fall        was where the running boards of cars first got their
              residents, the Indians moved inland with the onset of         names from". Over time, the gundalow acquired a
              winter.                                                       fixed rudder and tiller, platforms or decks at either
              Eshavy nith a capitat "E" refers to the adire Great Bay Estuarine system end, a cabin (known as a "cuddy") for living quarters
                                                                            and a simple square sail. By the late 1800's, the
              EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT                                           gundalow was more streamlined in shape and had a
                                                                            "lateen" or triangular sail. These later models were
                With the arrival of European settlers in the early          60 feet or more in length.
              1600's, human activities became a major force                   The gundalow was a very utilit  .arian vessel, and this
              shaping and altering the Estuarine environment. The           was the key to its success. -"Being flat bottomed, it
              eady setders found a region rich in natural resources:        could travel up almost any shallow river tributary as
              the waters teamed with fish (so many that they were           little as four feet deep,. a depth impass'able'to ships.
              psed as fertilizer); oysters were abundant and clams
                                                                            That there were few riverside wharves did not matter;
              so, plentiful that. they were fed to hogs; during the         the gundalow could come right u' 'to the bank.
                                                                                                                    p
              spring and-fall migrations the skies were darkened            Riverside storehouses were built with an overhanging
              with wildfowl; and deer, bear 'and other wild game            upper storey for this purpose. The gundalow would
              abounded in the adjacent upland forests.








              pull up to the bank beneath the upper storey, and              of Boston , so hay was the fuel for transportation in
              goods were hauled directly into the storehouse.                Boston. This is something in transportation that
              Despite their bulky and somewhat clumsy appearance,            people lose sight of today." (Phil Johnson, 1991
              the gundalows were surprisingly easy to maneuver in            interview with NHY&G).
              the swift currents of the Piscataqua, and provided an           A profitable fishing industry thrived in the Estuary
              extremely      cheap     and    effective    means       of    through the first half of the 18th century. Salmon
              transportation. They were dependent on the tides,              were particularly abundant in the Salmons Falls and
              sailing upstream on the incoming tide and                      Cocheco Rivers. A report by C.F. Jackson in 1944
              downstream on the outgoing tide. Under favorable               cites a ]Portsmouth merchant recovering 1,000 tons of
              conditions of wind and tide, the gundalow could pick           salmon in a single season in 1717. Salted alewives
              up a fair speed, accomplishing the 25 mile trip from           were sent to Boston, and exported to the West Indies.
              Portsmouth to Exeter in a little over two hours.               The wealth of fish harvested from the Estuary also
                 The variety of cargoes carried by the gundalows             included "cod and haddock... bass, shad, mackerell,
              during their brief 200 year history demonstrate the            herring, blew-fish, alewives, pollock, ffrost fish, perch,
              evolution of an increasingly sophisticated economy in          Mounders, sturgeons, lumbs, ells, seales, salmon...
              the towns bordering the Great Bay Estuary. The                 and all sorts of shellfish such as lobsters, crabs,
              gundalows: played an important role in shaping the             cockles, clams, mussels, oysters etc."          (From A
              region we know today. Much of the history of the               Biological Survey of Great Bay, NEI by C.F. Jackson,
              Great Bay Estuary since the arrival of the European            1944). The gundalows transported the cured fish
              settlers up until the end of the 19th century is               from the Estuarine waters downstream to Portsmouth
              encapsulated in the typical gundalow cargoes of the            for trade with other American coastal cities and for
              day.                                                           export to Canada, Spain, Portugal and the West
                                                                             Indies.
              AGRICULTURAL & FISHING PRODUCTS
                 The earliest gundalow cargoes were agricultural             LUMBER
              and fishing products, such as salt hay, fish, lumber,             Lumber (mainly white pine and oak) was another
              salt and farm produce. Salt hay, used for horse and            important natural resource harvested from the shores
              cattle fodder was a part of New England agriculture            of the Estuary. The water powered sawmills were
              that had all but vanished by the turn of the end of the        located on the waterways, which facilitated easy
              19th century. Each fall, farmers brought their horses          export. By 1700, there were an estimated 90 sawmills
              on the gundalows to the high marshes to harvest the            along the Piscataqua River.             The gundalows
              salt grass at neap tide.          The gundalow then            transported lumber from the riverside sawmills to
              transported the hay downriver on the rising tide. For          local shipyards and to the waiting schooners and
              local use, the cut hay was raked into beehive shaped           coastal ports for export and use elsewhere in the US.
              stacks, and loaded onto staddles, a circle of wooden
              posts (still visible in some marshes today) that served         However, the profitable sawmills had a down side.
              to keep the hay high and dry. The farmers returned             Sawdust from the sawmills presented an early
              in winter when the marsh surface was frozen to                 estuarine pollution problem. For each 1,000 feet of
              transport the hay overland to barn storage. Muchof             lumber cut, approximately 40 bushels of sawdust were
              the hay was transported via schooners to Boston                produced and disposed of in the Estuarine waters.
              where it provided fodder for the carthorses. It was            Historical reports recall a thick layer of sawdust
              also used as mulch for crops (especially strawberries)         coating the mudflats at low tide. Sawdust smothered
              because the salt hay would not grow or sprout in the           and destroyed finfish spawning beds and young fry.
              upland, - and it was, even- shipped out'f6r packing            In 1750, a visiting merchant remarked that salmon
              bananas being, imported:trom- '9ther lands.                    weren!t returning to the Piscataqua as much as in the
                   Thi Gi6at- Bay @ Estuary *as, a significant bay           past because of sawdust choking the waterways
              producing area iu-tli@'rejion@-- "They loaded an aw*ful        (Jackson, 1944). Portable sawmills still existed along
              lot on the.Oyster River. The bay was the same as our           the Estuarine tributaries as late as the 1950's.
              automobile" fuel Aoday. Everything depends on
              transportation which in turn depends on fuel. New              SHIPBUIOLDING
              Hampshire salt hay provided the "fuel" for the horses            Along with lumber, shipbuilding became a thriving
              and oxen pulling wagons along the cobblestone streets          business. By the mid 1700's, numerous sawmills and








             shipyards dotted the banks of the Piscataqua River             Hill in Boston were built of the high quality Dover
             and the other tidal rivers flowing into the Estuary.           Point brick. The gundalows were instrumental in
             The gundalows plied the tidal rivers with lumber and           transporting bricks from the brickyards to the
             cordwood for shipbuilding operations at the local              building sites and to the schooners for transport to
             shipyards, including the Portsmouth Naval shipyard.            Boston and other nearby centers. The brickyard kans
                                                                            burned around 20-30,000 cords of wood a year, which
                Shipbuilding at the Dover boatyards produced as             represented many gundalow loads. However, since
             many as six vessels a year during the 1800's. The              the clay was a limited resource, the Estuarine day
             shipbuilding industry and the ship and packet lines            banks were eventually exhausted, dosing down the
             relied on the gundalows to support their many                  brickyards. Extraction of the blue day resulted in
             activities. Shipbuilding operations in turn spawned            permanent modification to the Estuarine shoreline.
             profitable businesses for carpenters, shipwrights and
             sailmakers, further stimulating the coastal economy.           COTTON MHAS
              Lumber and shipbuilding operations continued                   During the Industrial Revolution, the red brick mill
             throughout the 200 years leading up to the Industrial          became a ubiquitous part of the Estuarine landscape.
             Revolution. By the late 18Ws, steam powered vessels            The major gundalow ports of Newmarket, Durham,
             built of steel replaced wooden sailing vessels. The            Dover and Portsmouth contained some of the largest
             shipyards were unable to compete with the cheaper              mills of their kind in the world. The cotton industry
             building materials, and the shipbuiJding industry              took hold in the early 18Ws, with five mills built in
             declined.                                                      Dover by 1827. Known as the Cocheco
                                                                                                                        IN
                   IMMI MIW,,@N "-'F, MF@J "itA, iP
                                         M
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                                                                                                                   P11,1111M V
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                                                                                h

             BRICKYARDS
                 The blue marine clay found along the Estuary               Manufacturing Corppany,'-@ these         cotton mills
             shores was found to be particularly suitable for               dominated Dover's, economy-Jor over 100 years.
             brickmaking, spawning a major industry. At its peak            Dover was an extremely prosperous town during the
             in the late 1800's there 'were at least 43 brickyards,         cotton boom years. Gundal@w
                                                                                                               S@'@ brought up raw
         ..,with the greatest number at Dover Point. These                  cotton, textile machinery, cord*oo'd     nj- coal to the
                   za





             bricks were used locally in the construction of mills,         factories, and transported the:,.', finished cloth
             factories and breweries, and also found a market               downstream to the packets and ships.
             throughout New England. Many homes on Beacon








              A LUCRATIVE EXPORT BUSINESS                                     lines served the five major gundalow ports.           The
                Sooner or later, the gundalows docked Portsmouth,             construction of the railroad bridge across the
              at the mouth of the Piscataqua. In the early years              Piscataqua at Dover Point (now the General John
              Portsmouth's economy was based on fishing and                   Sullivan Bridge), further undermined gundalow
              pinemasting. Following the American Revolution,                 business, and posed a severe navigational hazard to
              Portsmouth became a thriving export center in the               the gundalows. During the last half of the 19th
              region, being involved in lucrative export trade with           century, railroads, bridges, and steam-powered tugs
              the West Indies. Exported cargoes included pine                 increasingly displaced the gundalow. As the markets
              lumber, dried fish and beef, while molasses, rum,               in salthay, cordwood, bricks, and cotton declined, the
              sugar and cocoa were imported. The gundalow was                 gundalow became a vessel without a cargo. By the
              a critical fink in this maritime economy, transporting          turn of the century, the gundalow, so critical to the
              products from the riverside operations to the waiting           development of the economy of the region in the early
              ships, and bringing the imported products upstream              days, had quietly disappeared from the Piscataqua
              to the Estuarine towns. Ironically, by the 19th                 region. After 1900, Capt. Edward IEL Adams' (of
              century, the self sufficient farming and fishing                Adams Point and the last of the gundalow captains)
              community of the eariy days could no longer feed                "Fanny M." was the only gundalow in
              itself and had to import large quantities of flour,             operationhauling coal to Exeter and supplies
              butter, corn and cheese. The gundalows transported              toNewmarket.
              these products as well.

              THE GUNDALOW AND THE AMERICAN                                   A CHANGING ECONOMY
              REVOLUTION                                                        With the advent of the ]Industrial Revolution, the
                The gundalow played an important, but little known            economy of the towns around the Great Bay Estuary
              role during the colonial wars and the American                  started moving from dependence on Estuarine
              Revolution. During the Revolution, gundalows were               resources to manufacturing and industry. The end of
              used to carry raiders to Fort Constitution and then             the gundalow era marked the final transition to a
              transported gun powder back to the towns along the              consurner based economy. Today, local communities
              estuarine shoreline.      In 1775, part of General              are no longer dependent on the Estuary for economic
              Sullivan's plan to speed the defenses of Ports 'mouth           survival and the dominant use of Estuarine waters
              was to use the gundalows to secure access between the           today is recreational. In the 1930's, there was a move
              Portsmouth side of the Piscataqua River and Pierce's            to dam Great Bay and make it into a recreational
              Island . ..... Sullivan explained       "I immediately          lake. This plan, which would have cut off tidal flow
              Collected a Number of Gondalows moored them head                into Great Bay and devastated the ecology of the
              to stern and Laid pieces from one to the other & Plank          Estuary, fortunately never came to fridtion. Popular
              across & Soon Compleated the Bridge". This pontoon              recreational activities today include shellfishing, in
              bridge, connecting the island to the mainland,                  particular oystering, waterfowl hunting and sailing.
              constituted the first link between the two points of            There is also still some limited commercial fishing in
              land  ..... The British never breached Sullivan's               the Estuary, such as lobstering in Little Bay and the
              elaborate defenses during the war, thanks in part to            Piscataqua.
              the pontoon bridge, certainly one of the earliest in
              American Mlitary History". (Excerpt from The                    The publication "The Piscalaqua Gundalow. Workhorsefor a Tidal Basin
                                                                              Empire" By R AbWow, 1983, was a source of information for this fact
              Piscataqua Gundalow by R. Winslow).                             sheet, and is higidy recommended (and interesting) reading.


              THE END OF THE GUN.DALOW.-ERA
                The charten                                                   This paper isjunded by a grantfrom the National Oceanic
                             ng,of the Boston and Maine railroad in           and Atmospheric Administration through the
              New Hampshire, iri4ii@ Signalled 4he,beginning of the
                           , @ @." I--- @@1,.                                 N.H. Coastal Program. The views expressed herein are those
              end of theguindalow..era.; The railroad not only took           ofthe author(s) and do not necessarily reflect
              the gundaldw--s-           across a faster land based           the vie" qfX0AA or any of its sub-ageneies.
              route, but a]  'so operated year-round. Gundalows
              could not operate during the winter months when                 0 ASNH 1994 - Not to be reproduced in any way without the
              much of the Estuary was iced over. Byl.843,railroad             written permission of the Wildlife and Wetlands Dept







           Copies of the Document Wetlands Evaluation and Policy Recommendations for
           the Town of Durham N.H.- are available from The Office of State Planning
           Coastal Program, The Town of Durham Conservation Commission and the
           Wildlife and Wetlands Department of the Audubon Society of New Hampshire.





                                                                     APPENDIX D















                                                                                       Seamst
                                                                                       Sciet"
                                                                                       Cenwr



                                     X Release throughout the month of August.
            Awcomin Marsh Tour

            Weekend Dates- Sun, 8f7 Sat, 8/20 Sun, 8/28
            Weekday Dates: Wed, 813 Fri, 8/12 Wed, 8117 Fri, 8/26 Wed, 8/31
            Time:               12 Noon OR 3:00 pm
            Place:              Meet at the SeaCoast Science Center
                                Odiorne Point State Park in Rye
            Phone:              (603) 436-8043
            Fee:                Free! Registration is required.

            Wetlands are wild and wonderful places. They perform a variety of ecological functions
            and are home to countless species. Come and explore the Awcomin Marsh with a
            naturalist Bernadette Heffernan, from the Seacoast Science Center. We'll compare
            an undisturbed marsh with a disturbed one and learn about the restoration work going
            on at Awcomin Marsh.


            Join us for one of our weekend or weekend tours. Choose either a 12 Noon or 3:00
            pm tour. Wear comfortable outdoor clothing and bring a pair of water-proof boots or
            old sneakers.This tour is free. Participants are to meet at SSC. From there we will
            shuttle over to Awcomin Marsh in Rye. Space is limited to 12. Be sure to register by
            calling us at (603) 436-8043.

            The Awcomin Marsh Tour is supported by the NH Coastal Program of the NH Office of
            State Planning, and the Benjamin Allen Rowland Cultural and Environmental Fund of
            the Greater Piscataqua Community Foundation.

            The Seacoast Science Center is a non-profit organization managed by the Audubon
            Society of New Hampshire under contract with the-State of New Hampshire in
            affiliation with the Friends of Odiorne Point, Inc. and the University of New Hampshire
            Cooperative Extension/Sea Grant Program.














                                                                                       Seacoast
                                                                                       sciemice
                                                                                       Center



                                      X Release throughout the month of August.
            Coastal Resources Tour
            Weekend Date:        Saturday, 816
            Weekday Dates:       Friday, 8/5        Wednesday, 8/10
                                 Friday, 8/19       Wednesday, 8/24
            Time:                2:00 pm
            Place:               Seacoast Science Center
                                 Odiorne Point State Park in Rye
            Phone:               (603) 436-8043
            Fee:                 Free!


            Explore the coastal  resources at Odiorne Point State Park with naturalist Bernadette
            Heffernan, from the Seacoast Science Center. We'll visit various habitats and discuss
            the coastal issues that effect their health and conservation. Learn about how these
            ecosystems are valuable resources to wildlife and humans alike.

            Join us for our weekend tour on Saturday, August 6th. Tours will also be conducted on
            the following weekday dates: August 5th, August 1 Oth, August 19th and August 24th.
            The tour will begin at 2:00 pm. Meet at the Seacoast Science Center and remember to
            wear comfortable outdoor clothing.

            This tour is free. The Coastal Resource Walk is supported by the NH Coastal Program
            of the NH Office of State Planning, and the Benjamin Allen Rowland Cultural and
            Environmental Fund of the Greater Piscataqua Community Foundation.

            The Seacoast Science Center is a non-profit organization managed by the Audubon
            Society of New Hampshire under contract with the State of New Hampshire in
            affiliation with the Friends of Odiorne Point, Inc. and the University of New Hampshire
            Cooperative Extension/Sea Grant Program.










                                 Seacoast Science Center Press Release
          Seacoast               Release Dates: immediate throucrh October 13. 1994
          Science                                                    @n
          Center                 Phone: (603) 436-8043          FAX: (603) 433-2235

          sc@'c0d',' S@J,:-',:;@ Center presents: Seacoast 2000
          Odiorne Pojn@ S,,-L, P_@@'K
          PO Box ti_4
          R%C. NH                The next millennium is only 6 years away. What will our seacoast resources be like
                     FAX         then'? Seacoas12OOO, a series of five Thursday evening programs addresses
                                 challenging issues such as habitat destruction, marine pollution and fisheries decline.
                                 Join experts from the Seacoast region In lively discussion on the future of coastal

                                 I ssues,



                                 More than just another lecture series. Seacousr -1000 encourages participation.
                                 Background materials will be a,@ailable to registrants prior to each program. This
                                 series and materials are free.      Advance registration is required.       For more
                                 information, or to recister calt (603) 436-80-43,



                                 Dates & Presenters:

                                 September 1-5                                         October 6
                                 Mr. Robert Bumett-Kun'c                               Professor Rich Langan
                                 Educational Consultant                                Jackson Estuarine Lab,UNH
                                 Fish Banks. Fisheries Resources & Management          WaterQuality

                                 September 22                                          October 13
                                 Mr. Frank Richardson                                  Mr. Phil Colar-usso
                                 New Hampshire Wetlands Bureau                         Water Management Div., EPA
                                                                                                   Z:@
                                 Salt Marshes: Ecology & Restoration                   Coastal Issues, Policy

                                 September 29
                                 Professor Janet Campbell
                                 Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, UNH
                                 Gulf of Maine


                                 Time: 7 pm - 9 pni
                                 Place: Seacoast Science Center,Odlome Point State Park,
                                         Rye, New Hampshire


                                 Seacoasl 2000 is supported by the NH Coastal Program of the NH Office of State Planning, and the
                                 Benjamin Allen Rowland Cultural and Environmental Fund ofthe Greater Piscataqua.Community
                                 Foundation.







          1 he @Cj,.),N scmlo: ("CillcF k lwlll@IgCd h@ 111C A111111b0l) SOLICI% 01 NOA I L1111;A111L WhIL:r O)II[kiLl %Nilll 01L@ S1,11C 1)1 NC@k 1LlWJWlllC ill ;i1h1lJth)[]%kllh t1k
           rl@:111!1 Ill ( Miorne Point, I iic. ind ( lic I N i I ( 'ooncr @il iw I xlen@'wli S(: il ( ;:,lilt llr@ wl 1111



                                         Progra s & Education
                         Sail the World at SSC.                                                                                                                                            Seasons of the Sea
                         With BOC Oceanwatch                                                                                                                                               Weekend Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                           44" ome join in on weekend programs at the
                             n September, off Charleston, South Carolina,                                model of an ocean racer under the guidance'of an                                            SSC. Designed for families, these pro-
                             thirty to forty sailboats will start a 27,000-mile                          experienced model maker. At the end of the series,                                k.@ grams range from slide shows to crafts to
                         irace around the world. Although each boat will                                 participants will have a good knowledge of the                                    nature walks. The following gives you an over-
                                                                                                                                                                                           view of what to expect each month. Complete -
                         have only one person on board, the imaginations of                              oceans and of the challenges that face a jsolo sailor.                            schedules are developed monthly and available at
                         thousands will accompany each skipper. Now in its                                    BOC Oceanwatch and other Seasons of the Sea
                         fourth year, the BOC Challenge is an around-the-                                programs are designed for family participation.                                   the Center front desk; be sure to pick one up the
                                                                                                                                                                                           next time you visit.
                         world, single-handed sailboat race held every four                              There is no cost for this program, but the number of
                         years. This year you can follow the race at the SSC.                            participants will be limited. Please reserve your                                 August
                              Starting on Saturday, September 3 the Friends of                           space; call the SSC at 436-8043.                                                  Seacoast Garden Trail: August 6-7 (10am - 4pin)
                         0diorne Point will be presenting the first of a ten-part                                                                                                          Coastal Resource Walking Tour: August 6 (2pm)
                         program called BOC Oceanwatch. Program partici-                                                                                                                   Awcomin Marsh Tour: August 7, 13 and 28 (2pm)
                                                                                                         Healthy Heart Da                                                                  Tidepool Tours: August 13-14 (noon), August 27
                         pants will learn aboutevery aspect of the race. Each                                                                                                    y
                         will adopt,a skipper -and will follow that boat, as well -                                                                                                              (I 1:30am) and August 28 (noon)
                         as the otherlra/cers, as -they proceed from Charleston to                                  n Saturday, September 10, 1994, Cardiac                                Binocular Clinic: August 13 (2-5pm)
                                                                                                                    Care Services at HCA Portsmouth Regional                               Shorebird Decoy Carving Demo: August 20
                         Cape Town, South Africa, on to Sydney, Australia,
                         and Punta del Este, Uruguay, and return back to-                                0 Hospital will be sponsoring a special pro-                                            (Ilam-5pm)
                                                                                                         gram. "A Day in the Park for a Healthy Heart" will                                Fish Print T-shirts: August 21 (1-4pm)
                         Charleston. Each program participant will keep a log,
                         just as though they were racing too. The racers should',                        feature a presentation by walking expert and author,                                    (registration required)
                         complete theirjourney during April or May, 1995.                                Robert Sweetgall, and designated walking trails for                               Book Signing: August 26 (7-8pm) Please RSVP.
                          . This year's race is especially exciting because                              all levels of ability. Cardiac risk appraisals of choles-                         September
                         Arnie Taylor, Marine Docent and FOOPs Board                                     terol screening, literature, and healthy food samples
                                                                                                         will also be available. Watch your local papers for                               BOC Oceanwatch: September 3-October 29,
                         member Ann Taylor's son, will be sailing in this                                                                                                                        every Saturday (1-3pm)
                         year's race! Arnie has been sailing since he was 7,                             more infonrtation@or you may call 433-4054.                                       Healthy Heart Day: September 10
                         and according to Ann, comes from a sailing family.
                                                                                                                                                                                           Bird Seed Sale: September 24
                         Although she taught him how to sail, she never                                                                                                                    Every Sunday there will be slide shows and walks
                         expected him to go this far-around the world!                                   Bird Programs                                                                     on topics such as warblers, shells, and habitats.
                         Arnie's boat, Thursday's Child, which looks "like no
                                                                                                                                                                                           Please call the Center at (603) 436-8043 for more
                         other boat you've ever seen" could be seen at Bow                               and Seed Sale
                                                                                                                                                                                           information. Remember, there is something going
                         Street Dock at press time.
                              BOC Oceanwatch will be held every Saturday                                          he annual bird seed sale by the Seacoast                                 on every weekend at SSC!
                         afternoonAhn September 3-Novernber 5, 1-3 pm.                                            Chapter of the AAJN@k on Society of New
                         Starting vWthe purpose of the race, participants                                THampshire (AS)Rwill be held at the
                         will learn about the types of boats, supplies, emer-                            Center 9 am-2 pm on Saturday, September 24.
                         gency equipment, navigation, communications,                                    Having the sale in. September means that you can
                         expected apnexpected weather, even the skippers'                                stock up on seed in tftnc&imk ttract migrating birds.                              Volunte",S'
                         special clo'Tring. The program will also include                                     Order forms will beMilable at the Center
                         information on the race's ports-of-c.all, the personal                          around September 1. In addition to the seed sale,
                         sacrifices of racers, as well as a bibliography.                                there will be continuing programs on feeder use,
                                                                                                                                                                                        Volunteer Cards In
                              After the first ten weeks, a monthly update will                           and members of the Seacoast Chapter will be avail-
                         be held at the Center on the first Saturday of each                             able to identify migrating hawks and other birds.
                         month. Participants can track their skipper and race                                 Bird feeders will be on sale, and a wide range                                  f you did not come to the party on the 22nd, your
                         progress and watch videos taken throughout the race.,                           of bird field guides, as well as other bird books,                                   official SSC Volunteer card is waiting for you in
                              Participants will have the opportunity to build a                          will be available at the Nature Store.                                         ithe volunteer desk. We've put your name on the
                                                                                                                                                                                        card, but you need to add the year you started volun-
                                          @Nx                                                                                                                                           teering. So far Charles Tallman leads the list as earli-
                                .'s                                                                                                                                                           volunteer; he started in 1968 with early plenary
                                                                                 7t-
                                                                                                                                                                                        meetings with Parks Director Russell Tobey, about
                                                   V@
                                                                                                                                                                                        what the State should do with the Park.
                                                                                                                                                                                              For those of you who missed the party, join us
                                                                                                                                                                                        next year for the fun, celebration, and calorie indul-
                                          A,
                                                                                                                             V,
                                                                                                                                                                          71,
                                                                                                                                                                                        ging only this event can provide! Special thanks go
                                                                                                                                                                                        to Brandano's, Cafe Brioche, Ceres Bakery, Jeanie's
                                                                                                                                                                                        Bakery, Shaw's, and Two Girls Catering for the
                                                                                                                                                                                        superb food they provided.


                                                                                                                                                                                                       The Seacoast Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                 % Vol. I      No. 2     August-September 1994
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Editors: Wendy Lull, Dick McIntyre & Patricia Miller,
                                                                                                                                                                                                               with assistance from SSC Staff
                                                                                                                     V                                                                                 Design and Production: PM Design
                                                                                                                                                                                           The Seacoast Sun is published regularly by the Seacoast Science
                                                                                                                                                                                           Center at Odiorne Point State Park, which is solely responsible
                                                                                                                                                                                           for its content. Any portion of this newsletter may be reproduced
                                                                                                                                                                                           for educational @purposes without permission, but please credit
                                                                                                                                                                                           the SSC. Reproduction of material for non-educational uses can
                                                                                                                                                                                           be requested; call or write to the SSC at PO Box 674, Rye, NH
                                                                                                                                                                                           03870;(603) 436-8043.
                                                                                                                                                                                           0199  4 SSC/ASNH
                         Interns -on        the Job                                                                                                                                        The SSC is managed by the Audubon Society of New Hampshire
                                                                                                                                                                                           under contract with the State of New Hampshire, in affiliation with
                         The Seacoast Science Center expanded its internship program this summer to include camp teaching, envi-                                                           the Friends of Odiome Point, Inc. and the University of New
                         ronmental education, and public p'rogramnung interns in addition to its aquarist interns. Interns assist SSC                                                      Hampshire Cooperative Extension/Sea Grant Program.
                         with its programs and exhibits in exchange for the experience gained through their hard work. Pictured                                                            The mission of the Seacoast Science Center (SSQ is to interpret
                                                                                                                                                                                           coastal natural and cultural history through programs and exhibits.
                         above are: fason Drebitko, Canip Teaching; Perrin Cothran, Environmental Education; Jennifer Statile,                                                             The SSC is open throughout the year; hours vary seasonally. Call
                         Aquarist; Mike Dunnington, Aquarist; Traci Adams, Public Programming; and Tanya Ellsworth, Camp                                                                   (603) 463-8043 for program and daily schedules.
                         Teaching. Not pictured are Jon Leszcynski, Aquarist and Coastal Intem Bernie Heffernan. We are pleased                                                            For SSC membership information, call (603) 436-8043.
                         to have such qualified inte         rns on staff this summer. Welcome aboard!                                                                                     Printed on acid-free, 100% recycled paper with soy ink,


                         Page 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Vol. 1 No. 2 The Seacoast Sun






                                                                                                                                                                                                   Nonprofit Org.
                                                                                                                                                                                                 U.S. Postage PAID
                                                                                                                                                                                                   Permit No. 522
                                                                                                                                                                                                         Rye, NH
                                          Now






                     Notes and News from the Seacoast Science Center                                                                                                    August-September 1994
                     Artifacts Found in Park
                     T
                             hree artifacts from three of Odiorne's historic         she brought the,artifact to show to Lull.
                             periods were brought to light by park visitors.              According to Dupre, Pinello, and David Stewart-
                             A counterfeit coin from 1725, a ceramic                 Smith of NH Division of Historic Resources, the
                     sherd from the late 1800s, and a prehistoric pen-               piece is probably of the maritime archaic tradition,
                     dant were brought to the Center staff this spring.              which makes it between 3,000 and 300 years old!
                         Justin Rossen, an elementary school student                 Probably made of antler, the piece has incised mark-
                     from Weare, NH, found the old coin during a tide-               ings on both sides and three small holes, one of
                     pool trip with his class. According to Justin, "the             which,bas a green stain on the rim, perhaps from
                     coin was just sitting on a rock;" he uncovered it when          copper or brass. This indicates that it could be less
                                                                                     than 3,000 years old, or that it was recycled by later
                     he looked under some Knotted Wrack (Ascophylum).
                     Fortunately, Justin turned the coin over to his teacher,        American Indians who used the piece with the metal
                     Marilyn Russell, who brought it to the staff..                  that produced the stain. Further study is required to
                                                                                     detennine the pendant's age and material.
                                                                                          Having these pieces discovered and turned in
                             aving these pieces discovered and                       brings us glimpses of the many different people who             Cris Mera, SSC,Program Naturalist, will be attending the
                             turned in brings us glimpses of the                     have utilized and occupied Odiome Point through                 Wetlands Resources course at the Shoals Marine Labora-
                                                                                                                                                     tory, from June 27-July 4. The Shoals Lab is on
                             different people who have utilized and                  time. But all three@ archeologists stressed the impor-          Appledore Island, Isles of Shoals.
                             occupied 0diorne Point through time.                    tance of keeping artifacts you may discover "in
                                                                                     context  '" meaning in their original location in the
                         Executive Director Wendy Lull turned to Straw-              ground. A single artifact is only one tiny piece of a           Mera Receives
                     bery Banke's Curatorial Assistant Rodney Rowland,               much bigger picture. Knowing exactly where a piece
                     for identification of this interesting artifact. Rodney         was found and the conditions of the location, such as           Cottrell Scholarship
                     sent her to Dolloff Coin Center in Portsmouth, for              whether it has been built on or washed away; and
                     further ven.    tion. According to Dick Dolloff, the            careful examination of w ever else may be seen in                        ris Mera has been a Program N ralist at the
                     coin is a Wporary counterfeit French one 6cu.                   the nearby areg           6.1ence of hearths, founda-                    Seacoast Science Center sincWtember
                     It is probably made of lead and was used between                tions, and possibly other artifacts, will add important         C of 1993. She recently received the Annette
                     1723-075. At that time, counterfeit coins were in               clues to W9 fill in the picture.                                Cottrell Scholarship from -the Friends of Odionie
                                                                                              b/ i n t   L  11      u find something that            Point to attend the Wetlands Resources         urse at the
                     circulation,J&- up to 50 years after the first real coins            Ac  Ird"Ig o u 1
                                                                                     looks interesiin in the 01, the best approach is to             Shoals Marine Laboratory this spring* received
                     were issudwe coin is of significant historic inter-                             -9         T,
                                                                                                      S -F cad6ii
                     est, and will be studied further in late July by Pro-           carefully note it o__        and then contact a staff           both her Bachelor of Science in Biology, with a con-
                     fessor David Switzer, who specializes in underwater             member\,".nis way we can keep the piece within its              centration in animal physiology, and her Master's
                     archeology. As further information is available, it             original context and consult with an archeologist. I            degree in science education from Cornell University.
                     will be published in the Sun.                                   hope that visitors would want to let us kn6wabout                   This is the second year that support has been,
                         Mary Schilke of Merrimack, NH, turned in a                  artifacts they have seen to help us better  - understand        made 'available for an SSC naturalist to attend
                     piece of pottery, which was examined by Strawbery               Odiome's history. The things people might find here             ,4 course at the Shoals Marine Lab (SML). Last
                     Banke Archeologists Mary Dupre and Martha                       have little 'street value,' but considerable historic           yea 'r a private donation allowed Senior Program
                     Pinello. According to Pinello, the piece is of either           value. It is also important to know that because this is        Naturalist Beverly Shadley to attend the course
                     European or American manufacture and is called                  a State Park, whatever is found is the property of the          Marine Biology for Teachers. The Seacotvt't Sun
                     whiteware. Whiteware was mass-produced after the,               State, and it is illegal to remove it from the park."           caught up with Cris recently to findout more
                     1870s; it is finer than earthenware, but not as delicate             Together, these three new finds span Odiorne               about her exciting opportunity.
                     as porcelain. The patterns on the piece, especially the         Point's cultural history, and will make an excellent            SS: Are you looking forward to going back to
                     gilt edge, were most likely applied by hand.                    contribution to our History exhibits. There is further          Appledore Island?
                         The oldest of the three pieces, the pendant, was            work to be done to disclose all the stories they have           CM: Yes. I first visited the island when I took a
                     found 20 years ago by Alison Richard of Hampstead,              to tell, but we thank Justin Rossen, Mary Schilke,              course in 1991 called Adaptations of Marine
                     NH. When her son came to Odiorne for a program,                 and Alison Richard for their help in getting us started.                                             continued on page 2
                                                                                                                  Od"orne Day a Booming Success
                       Underwriters                                                  Celebrate                             I
                                            Portsmouth Regional                               lie kites started flying when families streamed        Smith, an American Indian scholar, to learn about
                          MCAHospital and Pavilion                                            into Odiorne Point State Park on June 18 to            the fiist occupants of New Hampshire's shores.
                                                                                     Tparticipate in "Celebrate Odiorne Day."                        Friends of Odiorne Point, sponsor of the celebration,
                                                                                                                                                                                        staffed food tables
                       HCA Portsmouth Regional Hospital and Paviflion                The annual celebration
                       are happy to support this edition of the Seacoast             opened with a bang when                                                                            and labored over hot
                       Suit. Appreciation of this area's natural beauty              the Eliot Independent Ar-               ffshore, sailboats drifted by, keeping a                   coals to feed the
                       and enjoyment of the outdoors contribute to the               tillery, dressed in colonial            weather eye on the steamyfog lurking                       crowds. Visitors came
                       health and well-being of all of our citizens. It is           militia uniforms, fired off             around Whaleback Lighthouse.                               early and packed the
                       our pleasure to help promote the splendor of                  a cannon marking the 50th                                                                          tent to enjoy the rous-
                       Odiome State Park and the efforts of the SSC.                 anniversary of the test firing of the 16" guns that             ing music of the 65-piece Seacoast Wind Ensemble.
                                                                                     guarded Portsmouth Harbor during World War II.                      It was a great day to spend at Odiome, visiting
                                                                                     Malcolm Chase of Durham, safety officer of the                  exhibitor booths, relaxing before a video show
                                                                                     local defense unit, recalled the test firing and how it         inside the Center, viewing the new history exhibits,
                                                                                     shattered windows in the nearby Wentworth Hotel.                or riding around the park in a horse and buggy. The
                             First@                                                                                                                                                               their pant
                                        f@AMIBajd,                                        The weather at Odiome was perfect, while                   day concluded as 35 explorers rolled up
                                                                                I    inland, people sweltered in 95-degree sticky heat.              legs to follow SSC staff and docents to tidepool dis-
                       First National Bank of Portsmouth is a proud                  Outside the Center, children.-crowded the UNH                   coveries 'while another group headed off to enjoy a
                                                             Th
                                               Seacoast Sun

                                                                                                                                                                               1%
                                                                                                                                                                              A



















































                       supporter of the Seacoast Science Center.                     Marine Docent tables to assemble hand puppets and               two-hour history walk through the park.
                                                                                     paint fish. Others sat in a circle w ith David Stewart-                                                  Conrad Quinby


                                                                                                                                                                                                         Page I
                 % The Seacoast Sun Vol. 1 No. 2



                                Noteworthy News
                                                                                                                                                         Park Site for Not-
                       SSC Receives Two Grants                                                                                                           So-Boring Study
                     T
                             he Center ha's been awarded a grant from                     We will also be revising the Coastal Issues
                             the Office of State Planning (OSP) New,                  Curriculum, first developed in the 1970s by Julia                           r. Ruth D. Turner, malacologist at the
                             Hampshire Coastal Program, and the                       Steed-Mawson. The result will be a. scripted slide                          Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
                     Greater Piscataqua Community Foundation                          -program for school groups and teachers that will                  D is conducting a field study to collect marine
                     (GPCF) for the development of new programs                       address the current "hot topics" along the coast.                  wood-boring organisms here. Along with several
                     on coastal issues. This is the Center's fifth grant              The original program was quite popular, but                        members of the Boston Malacological Club (BMC),
                     from OSP, and second from GPCF.                                  issues have changed a lot in twenty years". This                   Dr. Turner placed an experimental device in the
                          With this funding the program staff of the                  slide program will also be appropriate for park                    water off Frost Point on June 25. The set-up consists
                     S Icience Center will develop four programs on                   visitors and the public.                                           of different types of wood suspended from an inner-
                     coastal issues. These programs are: a guided                         In October, we will be offering an evening                     tube. She hopes that the nucroscopic spawn of
                     tour of the restoration project at the Awcomin                   lecture series. Says Steve, "I'm very excited                      Teredo spp. molluscs and Limnoria spp. arthropods
                     salt marsh, a resource comparison walking tour,                  about the potential for this, because we have                      will settle out on the wood samples. Dr. Turner will
                     a coastal issues school curriculum, and an eve-                  funding to bring in experts from all over coastal                  be working with the staff during the summer, and
                     ning lecture series.                                             New England."                                                      will present the results during the October BMC shell
                          According to Steve Miller, Program Director,                    To help the staff get all these programs ready                 show at the Center (see the next issue for details.)
                     "This project will give us the opportunity to up-                for summer, funding for an intern has also been
                     date our information on recent coastal i@'sues. The              obtained. In addition,to support from OSP, fund-
                     variety of program formats will @nable us       "to reach        ing has been,,red@ive4lrom the Greater Piscataqua                  Seacoast Garden
                                                                                      Communify"Found4ion for the intern's sti end.
                     adults, families and school children. By goinigon                                                               I p
                     the marsh tour, adults will get a first-,hand look@at,               /For/ the swond time the Center program                        Trail Benefits SSC
                     a leading marsh restoration project.'                            staff will be Working with members of the Wild-                         994 marks the first year for the Seacoast Garden
                          From' ust outside the Center, you can see how               life Department, Audubon Society of New
                     people put coastal resources to use. From fishing                Hampshire, to develop other programs with sup-                          Trail., a fundraising project which will benefit
                     and yachting to commercial vessels and military                  port from OSR Programs on local endangered                              the Seacoast Science Center. The Center was
                     use, you can see it A happening righi'off Odiome                 species and the Great Bay will be developed for                    chosen to receive the proceeds because it fit all the
                                                                                                                                                         re quirements: it is regional in scope, is focused on
                     Point. The Resource Walking Tour will discuss the                delivery at the Center starting late this summer.
                     implications of the activities.,th  Iey see as they walk         For more specific program schedules, call the                      nature, and is a non-profit organization.
                     along the coast.                                                 Center at-(603) 436-804il.,                                             The Trail will be comprised of flower and veg-
                                                                                                                                                         etable gardens planted by residents, children, busi
                                                                                                                                                         nesses, and municipal properties. The gardens will
                                                                                                                                                         be judged in July and open to the public on August
                   Center                  Receives'.                                 with the Lilac Society, Louise and Charles timed the               6-7, from 10am to 4pm. Trail maps and programs
                                                                                      removal and planting of the trees with the planting of             are free; there are discount coupons in the programs
                   Aw%cl                   of Merit                                   the new lilac. When L              't planting trees, she is       for those gardens which charge admis
                                                                                                               Ou'                                                                                ru
                                                                                      busy being a member of Venter Advisory Com-                             Gardens included in the tour inclusd*ee Fuller
                            n Friday, June 10th, the International Lilac              mittee and the Board of the Friends of Odiorne Point.              Gardens, Urban Forestry Center, Strawbery Banke,
                            Society presented the Park and Center with                                                                                   Prescott Park, the Rundten-May House, the Langdon
                            itsAW Award of Merit from Society Past                        0                                                              House, the Hamilton House, and the M&_Ladd
                   President, aWhost of the Society's 1994 Annual                     Binocula                             ale,,,,,,                     House. For more",   information call  . Rebec'ITHushing
                   Convention, Dr. Owen Rogers. Dr. Roger presented                                                                                      at (603) 436@-2732.
                   the plaque and a fine young purple lilac CVMonge                   and Clinic
                   to Center Executive Director Wendy Lull, who
                   accepted on behalf of the -Center. Members of the                               heffier you're birding, boating or just               Book Signing
                   Society assisted in planting the lilac behind the                               looking-out-to-see, a good set of binocu- ,@'                                 %"
                   Docent Bench on the North side of the building.                    Wlars makes all the difference. And theSSC                                 o celebrate the"release of Odiorne's first illus-
                   The award was given to the Center for its educa-                   Nature Store Binocular Sale makes a differenc@ in                          trated walking guide, Footprints in Time, A
                   tional programs and preservation of historic New                   how much binocular-power you can buyl"firoughout                   TWalk Where New HainpAire Began, a recep-
                   Hampshire seacoast plants including the lilac. The                 August, you can save on binocs and spotting scopes                 -tion -will be held at the Center on Friday, August 26
                   International Lilac Society has over 500 members                   by Bausch & Lomb and Nikon. See 6inclosedflyeif for                from 6-8,pm. At 6:00, authors Dick McIntyre and
                   from around the world.                                             details. (Flyers for ASNE Seacoast Ch4pter members                 Howard Crosby will take you through portions of
                       And if you wondered what happened to the                       are being sent separately.)                                        their book by leading two one-hour walks. After-
                   Black Cherry by the Docent Bench, Park volunteers                      To help you make a choice, Saturday, August                    ward they'will be available to autograph books and
                   Charles and Louise Tallman have replaced the dying                 13 from 2-5 pm you can test binoculars and scopes                  answer questionsi during the reception. This is a
                   tree with a fine Red Maple. Thanks to their generosi-              outdoors-where you'll use them! Sales reps from                    great oppo  rtunity :to experience Odiorne's history
                   ty and hard work, we will be able to enjoy the view                Nikon and Bausch & Lomb will be on hand to                         at its best, and p.iIck up a copy of the book as well.
                   from the bench in the shade of the tree in summer                  answer questions and show offisorne of the best                    Reservations"ar7e appreciated. Please sign up at the
                   and the splendor of its color in the fall. Working                 and newest optics available today.                                 desk or call the Center at (603) 436-8043.


                   Mera Recieves Cottrell Scholarship continuedfrom page I

                   Organisms.The following summer I worked on the                     CM: I feel it is important to teach people about                   SS: Do you find that visitors are knowledgeable
                   island as an engineer and as a lab assistant and the               the value of wetlands. Most people think of a salt                 about wetlands?
                   summer after that, I returned to work there once                   marsh as a Place that smells and where mosquitoes                  CM: Many people don't know much about wetlands.
                   again. So I have been Out there many times and think               live but what they may not know is that marshes                    They don't know what types of animals inhabit them
                   that the island is beautiful.                                      are invaluable. For example, many types of fish use                or how important they are as an ecosystem. People
                   SS: What will you learn in this course?                            salt marshes as nurseries for their young. Marshes                 need to understand that wetlands aren't a place that
                   CM: We will study coastal and freshwater wetlands                  also act as a buffer between the ocean and the up-                 can be drained and built on: they need to exist.
                   including salt and 'freshwater marshes, ponds, and                 lands. If a big storm hits the coast, the marsh will                    The support from the Annette Cottrell Scholar-
                   bogs. On the island there aren't many wetlands.                    absorb most of the water and flooding of nearby                    ship is a great opportunity for Cris and the SSC.
                   There are a few depressions that are marsh-like but                residential areas' can be avoided.                                 The new programs Cris will be designing and im-
                   dry up when the weather gets warm. Therefore we                    SS: Will there be new programs in the fall?                        plementing will supplement the coastal resource'
                   will be doing most of our field work on the main-                  CM: It is important for people to understand the                   programs the staff is developing with a grant from
                   land. We will learn about the plants and animals                   politics and issues that surround wetlands. I hope                 the Office of State Planning (see above). Watch
                   that are unique ,to each type of wetland.                          to learn more about this myself and to develop pro-                for these new programs in the upcoming monthly
                   SS: Is it important to know about wetlands?                        grams to educate visitors of the Science Center.                   program fliers, available at the front desk.
                   I





































































































                   Page 2                                                                                                                                                           Vol. I No. 2 The Seacoast Sun



                                                                                                                The History Corner Pp
                      Odiorne Poinho A
                                                                                                    ..... ....... . .........
                                                                                                                    ..........
                                                                                                                    . . ................
                      Natural Area Park
                      T
                              he area of Fort Dearborn east of Route I A
                              was deeded to the State of New Hampshire in
                              1961 to be used for "recreational purposes."
                      For almost ten years it was held without a clear man-
                      agement focus. Prof. Albion Hodgdon, UNH Botan-
                      ist, began to explore th4,lant_commufiM-es of the
                                                                                                         7.          7
                      park acreage@-A                  f the N.H. Natural Areas
                                        I a meeting 0
                      ForuT,-'@he,gaXe          ripiion of thearea as having an
                      exceptional var@ty-of plant habitats, from edge of the
                      shore, to upland forests. It was suggested that, as a
                      State Park, it should therefore be preserved as a nat-
                                                                                                                                                                                  ...........
                      ural area, and that the designation of "recreation"
                      could be compatible with environmental education.
                                                                                                                                                                                                 4
                          Attending that same meeting was Annette
                                                                                                                                           W
                                                                                                                                                                      M
                      Cottrell, representing the New England Wildflower
                                                                                                            t1V
                      Society. To urge-the-"Natural,Area" status for Fort
                      Dearborn,'shj_in&t-with-P* Director Russell B.
                      Tobey. He listened with interest to Amettesdescrip-
                                                                                                                              WALLIS      BANDS LIFE SAVING CREW IN 1891
                      tion of the range of natural features, and his response                    Front row, left to right--Capt. Selden F. Wells. Walter Rand. John Berry. Orville Varrell. Second row, left to rigbt,
                                                                                             George 0. Remick, No. I surfman. William Odiorne and William Rafidall. Only two of the group are now living. Wal-
                      was, "Prove it." Annette met tl@at-challenge b                         ter Rand resides In Massachusetts and William Randall - at RY6 narbor. captain wells was wen known in the old Life
                                                                          y com-             Saying Service. Ile was stationed at the Jerry's Point station at Now Castle and in September.,1990, went to the Wal-
                      piling essays on Odiorne's natural and cultural hi@stq-                lis Sands station when that was placed in commission.
                      ry that are still a useful reference today. An important
                      part of this initial park habitat compilation was the                  Odiorne Point Pla                                                                                      Part
                      park plant list. In an extensive study, Dr. Clotilde
                      Strauss explored and described each of the seven
                      basic plant habitats. Specimens were gathered and                      in the Lifesaving                                                                         ervice
                      mounted professionally for a herbarium collection.
                          Social history had not been contemplated origi-                             e Lifesaving Service began in 1848, when                Point because of seas breaking over the path in the
                      nally, but discovery that Odiome was the first settle-                         an amendment to the Lighthouse bill                      vicinity of the Drowned Forest. The night hours
                      ment in New Hampshire in 1623 made the story of                                secured an appropriation of $10,000 from                 were divided into three watches. At the beginning
                      the people who lived here and how they used the                        the Congress. This was to provide surf boats, rock-              of each watch two men set out from'the station on
                      land another unique feature of the park.                               ets, carronades, and othe' e essary apparatus for                patrol duty going in opposite directions along the
                      Land ancants Change                                                    the better preservation k       e and property from              shore until they met men from the adjalq@'          ta-
                          n the years since the plant study was initiated,                   shipwrecks on the coast of New Jersey.                           tions. Upon meeting, tokens were exchanged as
                          t-he upland areas of Odiome liave chang6& At                           The servive-grew, and in-1S88-,The-goverff-                  proof that-the patrols had been faithfullTexecuted.
                      ithat tim"ch of the area was at the half-way                           ment attempted to buy           for a lifesaving station         In 1894, the government bought a piecegLland at
                      point betweWeld and forest. Today, many plants                         at Wallis Sands, just so        f 0diorne Point. Not             Odiome Point from Mr. Eastman for thw@pose
                      that require sun have been lost to shade and crowd-                    being able to buy land                                                                        of erecting a small life-
                      ing. Some of the invading woody species are sumac,                     that year, the Lifesav-                                                                       saving substation to store
                      poplar, alder buckthorn. Poison ivy is all too com-                    ing Service made an                he shores were constantly patrolled, no                    a gun, lifeline and other
                      mon. The Army is largely responsible for the bitter-                   arrangement with Mr.               matter what the weather               the patrol           necessary equipment
                      sweet, planted as camouflage on the "bunkers."                         Cyrus Eastman of                  from Wallis Sands was sometimes pre-                        should a ship be in dis-
                          A positive 'contribution to the current diversity                  Odiome Point to use                ventedfrom reaching 0diorne Point                          tress off of the Point.
                      are the cultivated plants persisting on the old e     I states.        his stable to store                because of seas breaking over the path.                    This building became the
                      Samples of varieties have been propagated and used                     their lifesaving appa-                                                                        northern end of the
                      in the perennial bed at the SSC. Wildflowers also                      ratus and gun. This would keep the equipment                     beach patrol from the Wallis     'Sands station.
                      add their attractive color and form. Through the                       readily available should a wreck occur between                        According to Mr. Brown, the patrol from
                      summer we can enjoy the sparkle of Deptford Pink                       0diorne Point and Rye Harbor.                                    Wallis Sands carried a time clock into which they
                      along the trails. A related perennial, Maiden Pink,                        Eventually land for the lifesaving station was               inserted a key located at the Odiorne Point substa-
                      has been put into the bed, as well as Canadian Bur-                    acquired and at midnight on August 31, 1890, the                 tion. The key caused a mark to be made on the
                      net. This plant was was introduced to the park in the                  Wallis Sands Lifesaving Station was opened. The                  paper inside the clock which noting the time.
                      gravel used for the parking area, and has beautiful                    man in charge of the station was called a keeper                      There were four Lifesaving Stations along
                      foliage and five foot high candle-like stalks of white                 and under him were six surfmen making up the                     the short New Hampshire coast. They were locat-
                                                                                             ,lifeb oat crew. The Wallis Sands Lifesaving Station             ed at Jerry's Point on New Castle island, Wallis
                      fuzz. A favorite miniature is the Red Sand Spurrey
                      that borders sandy trails. Other plants underfoot may                  was a 11/2 story building with space inside for the              Sands, Straws Point, and Hampton Beach. In
                      have beautiful form, such as Carpetweed.                               crew to eat, work and sleep. The equipment                       1915, the Lifesaving Service became a part of
                          A recent new discovery is the' Pig Sty Daisy                       housed at the station was the surf-boati beach cart,             the U.S. Coast Guard. The Wallis Sands station
                      that grows in the center of the driveway circle and                    Lyle gun, breeches-buoy, hawsers, hauling lines,                 was discontinued on April 15, 1939.
                      blooms between mowings. Surprise guests to the                         sand anchors, and many other items.                                   This article is an overview of the Seacoast
                      flower bed are the Thin Leaf Sunflower, providing                          The men at the station were on duty ten                      Survivors flip book exhibit which features pho-
                      welcome summer color, and wild Mint.                                   months of the year. With the exception of the                    tographs and illustrations of the men, equipment,
                          It is important to identify and protect the special                keeper they were off (without pay) during June                   and locations listed here. Plan some extra time
                      plants of the park. The Heritage Garden has had res-                   and July. When on duty, their days were spent                    for this exhibit the next time you.visit the Center.
                      cue and maintenance since 1975; you can view the
                                                                                             drilling in the various methods of lifesaving and in                  The History Comer is prepared by the Friends
                      bulbs that bloom in Spring and the old-fashioned                       maintaining their building and apparatus. At night               of Odiome Point History Committee, and high-
                      roses late in June. Throughout the park, the fine old                  the shores were constantly patrolled, no matter                  lights aspects of Odiome Point history. Should you
                      apple trees are being adopted for care, and look for                   what the weather. It is reported by Mr. Ralph                    discover inaccuracies, have additional informa-
                      the rare Mountain Mint with its blue-gray bloom                        Brown that the patrol from Wallis Sands was                      tion, or possess photographs that you would like to
                      next to the bike trail, south of the entrance.                         sometimes prevented from reaching Odiome                         share, please call Howard Crosby at 431-5936.
                          Theconcept of Odiorne as a "Natural Area7 did
                      not start with just tidepools-it started with the vari-
                      ety of plant habitats. As a couple from Manchester
                                                                                             N            A Reminder
                      who walk the park weekly expressed, "Where else                                     If you want to keep up with the Seacoast Science Center by getting the Sun, rcmember to send
                      do you have so much natural variety to see?"                  an'                   in your SSC membership form. If you did not receive a membership application in the mail,
                                                                 Louise Tallm
                                                                                                          you can pick one up at the front desk the next time you come in, or call us at (603) 436-8043.


                 % The Seacoast Sun Vol. I No. 2                                                                                                                                                                         Page 3










                                                                  article from Foster'S Daily Democrat,
                                                                 AUgUSt 10, 1994


                                                              Naturalist to lead tour's in August
                                                              at Seacoast Science Center in Rye
                                                                RYE - Special programs are
                                                              running throughout the month of
                                                              August at Seacoast Science C
                                                                                                 en-
                                                              ter, Odiorne Point State Park.
                                                                Visitors are invited to join natur-
                                                              alist Bernadette Heffernan who
                                                              will lead the Awcomin Marsh and
                                                              Coatal Resources Tours.
                                                                On the Awcomin Marsh Tour, an
                                                              undisturbed marsh will be com-
                                                              pared with a disturbed one. Partic-
                                                              ipants will learn about the restora-
                                                              tion work going on at this site.
                                                              Wetlands perform a variety of eco-
                                                              logical functions and are home to
                                                              countless species.
                                                                This tour is free. Participants
                                                              meet at SSC and from there are
                                                              shuttled over to Awcomin Marsh
                                                              in Rye. Space is limited to 12. Reg-
                                                              ister by calling 436-8043.
                                                                The Awcomin Marsh       Tour will
                                                              be conducted at noon or   3 p.m. on
                                                              the following dates: Aug. 12, 17, 20
                                                              26, 28 and 31.
                                                                The Coastal Resources Tour will
                                                              explore the coastal resources at
                                                              Odiorne Point State Park. Partici-
                                                              pants will visit various habitats
                                                              and discuss the coastal issues that
                                                                                                                       V
                                                              affect their health And conserva-
                                                              tion and learn about how these
                                                                                                                      flM
                                                              ecosystems are valuable resources
                                                              to wildlife and humans alike. This
                                                              free tour will be conducted on Aug.                                    WN,
                                                                                                                                   011F
                                                              10, 19 and 24. The tour will begin at
                                                              2 p.m. and last approximately an
                                                              hour. Participants meet at SSC.         Naturalist Bernadette Hef-
                                                                The tours are supported by the        fernan will lead the Awco-
                                                              New Hampshire Coastal Program
                                                              of the New Hampshire Office of          min Marsh and Coastal Re-
                                                              State Planning and Benjamin Al-         sources Tours at Seacoast
                                                              len Rowland Cultural and Environ-       Science Center, Odiorne
                                                              mental Fund of the Greater Pisca-       State Park in Rye, through-
                                                              taqua Community Foundation.             out the month of August.






                           0
                                     Progra s &Education
                                                                                                                                                                            EDALHAB
                         Weekend Program Highfights June-July                                                                                                           - ,                               0              1
                         SATURDAY                                                                SUNDAY                                                                     'is Coming,
                         6/3                                                                     6/4                                                                                DALHAB (Engineering Design and Analysis
                         BOC Wrap Up                                                  1-3prn     Adopt a Tree                                                  2pm                  Laboratory HABitat) is an underwater habitat
                         Join us as we conclude the series on the BOC                            Part of understanding nature is learning how to make
                         Challenge: the around-the-world solo sailing race.                      critical observations of the environment. Children will                    Ethat was designed and built by seven under-
                         N .ational Trail Day                                  9am-2pm           take a guided walk to learn about nature and choose a                      graduate engineering students at the University of
                         Make a difference in the park. Join us for trail                        tree they will observe throughout the summer.                              New Hampshire in 190. This habitat allowed divers
                       I maintenance and clean-up. Additional saws and                                                                                                      to live at sites from 30 to 50 feet under water for
                                                                                                 ArtShow
                         tree-trimming tools would be helpful. Wear your                         The Seacoast Art Association opens their monthly Art                       extended periods of time. In a project spearheaded
                         boots and bring work gloves. Lunch and T-shirts                         Exhibition.                                                                by the Friends of Odiome Point, with enthusiastic
                         will be provided for those participating in the
                         effort@ Please call to sign up for work teams.                          Don't forget the Seacoast Garden Trail!                                    cooperation from the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard,
                         Sponsored by Eastern Mountain Sports.                                   To enter your garden, pick up entry blanks at SSC.                         EDALHAB is now being renovated. It will soon be
                                                                                                                                                                            on its way to 0diorne Point State Park and will be
                         6/10                                                                    6/11                                                                       sited outside, the Center.
                         Tidepool                                            1, 2, &3pm          Coastal Resources Tour                                        noon
                         Explore Odiorne's dynamic tidepools with an SSC                         Explore Odiorne's natural habitats and learn about                              EDALHAB will become the centerpiece of the
                         naturalist. Take advantage of the low tide to see what                  their value to wildlife and human beings.                                  ongoing marine exploration programs at the Center.
                         is happening on our shore. Families welcome.                            Awcomin Marsh Tour                                            2pm          Program Director Steve Miller was part of a UNH
                         This is a Stick-Up!                                          10arn      Learn about Salt. Marsh restoration. Call to sign up or                    research team last summer which spent ten days liv-
                         Dave Dupee, a seasoned birder and craftsman, leads                      for more information.                                                      ing in the NOAA Aquarius Habitat off Key 4argo
                         this program on shorebird decoys or "stick-ups." Dave                   The Awcomin Marsh and Coastal Resources Tours                              Florida. Steve has been using that experience to
                         will demonstrate the art of painting shorebird decoys                   are sponsored by the Office of State Planning.                             develop new and exciting programs. The Center
                         along with the history of their use.
                                                                                                                                                                            hopes the EDALHAB will "strike a spark7 for
                         6/17                                                                    6/18                                                                       young and old visitors alike, and interest them in fur-
                         Wildflowers and Watercolors                                  10am       Fish Print T-shirts                                l, 2, & 3pm             ther study of the undersea world.
                         Learn to paint wildflowers with Sylvia Jones. Bring                     Design and make your own colorful T-shirt. $5 for
                         paints, brushes, hat and a bag lunch. Class size is lim-                childretV$7 for adults. Call the sign up for this popular
                         ited. $3 charge for paper. Call-to reserve a place.                     program-                                                                   Rye Middle School's
                         A Walk Where New Hampshire Began                             2pm        Coastal Resources Tour                                        noon
                         From the first NE settlement to farms, estates and                      Explore Odiorne's natural habitats and learn about                         Invention Convention
                         forts, Odiorne is rich in history. Dick Maclntyre and
                         Stephen Miller bring the past to life again in this walk                their value to wildlife and human beings.                                            n April 11, Ms. Ellwood's eigh           .th grade sci-
                         around Odiome Point!                                                    The Coastal Resources Tour is sponsored by the                                       ence class at Rye Middle School held its
                         Concert and Clam Bake-by-the-Sea                     5:30-10pin         Office of State Planning.                                                  Ofirst Invention Convention. Eighteen student
                         A wonderful evening is planned for this fund raising
                         event. A         only. Call to receive an invitation.                                                                                              teams put the laws of physics to work                   esigning
                                   A                                                                                            A                                           Rube Goldbergesque machines that p0othpaste
                         6/24                                                                    6/25                                                                       on a tooth brush. The teams competed for three
                         Tidepooling                                                  2pm        Toobeirs and Zots                                             2pm          prizes (points towards their final grade). The entire
                         Explore 9Ak9rne's dynamic tidepools with an SSC                         Bring your imagination to
                                                                                                                                J@k using soft sculpture
                                            advantage of the low tide to see what                materials. Kids will love      Vands on activity. Please                   school assembled for the final demon                   on and
                         is happening on our shore. Families welcome.                            call to reserve a place.                                                   judging of the 18 machines.                   @ 9
                         7/1                                                                     7/2                                                                             Each machine was rated according to how well
                         Art in Nature                                                1-4pm      Folklore and Medicinal Uses of Wildflowers 2pul                            it met prescribed criteria including size, number of
                         Explore the impact of spirals on our everyday lives.                    Learn where the names of wildflowers originated and                        working elements used (e.g. lever, inclined plane,
                         Join us for an afternoon of discovery and instruction in                why, and how they continue to be important in society.                     screw) as well as creativity and whether the
                         sculpture, drawing, watercolors, geology, and marine                                                                                               machines worked or not. Center Executive Director
                         life. The program is supported in part by a grant from                                                                                             Wendy Lull and Visitor Services Director Peter
                         the NH State Council on the Arts and the National                                                                                                  Lareau were among the 10 judges for this competi-*
                         Endowment for the Arts.
                                                                                                                                                                            tion. According to Lull, "A lot of thought and work
                         7/8                                                                     7/9                                                                        went into each machine. The students used a remark-
                         This is a Stick-Up!                                          10am       Rhythm and Strings                                            2pm          able range of materials, from the chemical reaction
                         Dave Dupee, a seasoned birder and craftsman, leads                      The Dulcimer and rhythm instruments are part of our                        of baking soda and vinegar (creates quite an exuber-
                         this program on shorebird decoys or "stick-ups." Dave                   musical history. Join "Patches" as she goes back in time
                         will demonstrate the art of painting shorebird decoys                   and tells their story. Bepart of the music as you sing                     ant foam) to a golf ball return; ftom a fan to move a
                         along with the.history of their use.                                    and play along. V charge. Please call to reserve a space.                  sail boat that pushed a lever, to a weight falling on
                         7/15                                                                    7/16                                                                       scissor handles to cut a string. The ingenuity,was
                         Seacoast Garden Trail                                                   Seacoast Garden Trail                                                      refreshing and fun. What a great way to really find
                         Take part in this Seacoast-wide event. Odiorne!s                        Take part in this Seacoast-wide event. Odiome's                            out how the laws of physics can really be used.'?
                         Heritage Gardens will be featured as one of the many                    Heritage Gardens will be featured as one of the many
                         gardens along the coast. Follow the trail to tour many                  gardens along the coast. Follow the trail to tour many
                         splendid private gardens throughout the Seacoast.                       splendid private gardens throughout the Seacoast.                                       The Seacoast Sun
                         Wildflowers and Watercolors                                  10am                                                                                   V10 0       Vol. 2 No. 3 June-July 1995
                         Learn to paint wildflowers with Sylvia Jones. Bring                                                                                                    p7lEditors: Wendy Lull, Dick McIntyre, Patricia Miller,
                         paints, brushes, hat and a bag lunch. Class size is lim-                                                                                                        and the SSC Staff
                         ited. $3 charge for paper. Call to reserve a place.                                                                                                             Design and Production: PMDesign
                                                                                                                                                                              The Seacoast Sun is published regularly by the Seacoast Science
                         7/22                                                                    7/23                                                                         Center at Odiome Point State Park, which is solely responsible
                                                                                                                                                                              for its content. Any portion of this newsletter may be reproduced
                         Nature Walk                                                  2pm        Natural Writing and Art                                       2pm            for educational purposes without permission, but please credit
                         Explore the uplands and the life that calls this area                   Lindsay Barret George, author and artist of children's                       the SSC. Reproduction of material for non-educational uses can
                         home. Plan for a long walk and beautiful views,                         books about nature, tells her story and provides inspi-                      be requested; call or write to the SSC at 570 Ocean Blvd, Rye,
                                                                                                 ration and a wonderful outlook into animals and their                        NH 03870; (603) 436-8043.
                                                                                                 lives. Please call to reserve your place.                                    01995 SSC/ASNH
                                                                                                                                                                              The SSC is managed by the Audubon Society of New Hampshire
                         7/29                                                                    7/30                                                                         under contract with the State of New Hampshire, in affiliation with
                         A Walk Where New Hampshire Began                             2prn       This is a Stick-Up!                                           10am           the Friends of Odiome Point, Inc. and the University of New
                         From the first NH settlement to farms, estates, and                     Dave Dupee, a seasoned birder a         Ind craftsman, leads                 Hampshire Cooperative ExtensionJSea Grant Program.
                         forts, Odiorne is rich in history. Dick Maclntyre and                   this program on shorebird decoys or "stick-ups." Dave                                   The nuission of the Seacoast Science Center (SSQ is to
                         Stephen Miller bring the past to life in this walk                      will demonstrate the art of painting shorebird decoys                                   interpret coastal natural and cultural history through
                         around Odiome Point!                                                    along with the history of their use.                                        Q ï¿½r, programs       'and exhibits. The SSC is open throughout the
                                                                                                                                                                                         year; hours vary seasonally. Call (603) 463-8043 for
                         This is only a taste of SSC programming! Call 603                                                                                                     sl        program and daily schedules.
                                                                                      -436-8043 or pick up a flyer at.the SSC front desk for more details.                     sd@
                         Programs are scheduled from noon-3pm each weekend and will run daily starting in July. Unless noted otherwise, the                                    Ceta      For SSC membership information, call (603) 436-8043.
                         programs are free to SSC members. Please support the SSC by your donation or membership. Thank you!                                                  Printed on acid-free, 100% recycled paper with soy ink.



                      Page 4
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Vol. 2 No. 3         The Seacoast Sun






                                                                                                                                                                                                   Nonprofit Org.
                                    040,                                                                                                                                                        U.S. Postage PAID
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Permit No. 522
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Rye, NH
                                         MINIM




       V:


                     Notes and News from the Seacoast Science Center                                                                                                                   June-July 1995
                     SSC Legis,                                     ation Pending
                     0
                              f the two bills to support the Center, one met             But they were wrong. A vigorous 45 minute
                              a predictable fate, and the other became sur-          debate about how to fund the Center followed.
                              prisingly dramatic. The bill requesting                Some saw the fee as a tax, others felt the Center
                     $400,000 for the Center building (SB 72-FN-A)                   should be funded through a General Fund approprii-
                     was not approved by Senate Public Affairs Commit-               ation. Although supported by both the Republican
                     tee. According to Center Executive Director Wendy               and Democratic leadership, SB-91 lost a roll call
                     Lull, given the State's current                                                                   vote by three votes,
                     fiscal condition, SB-72's failure                                                        lth      Rep. Neal Kurk (R-
                                                                  assing this bill will ensure a hea Y
                     was no surprise and the Center              Seacoast Science Center                               Weare) moved the bill
                     is likely to try again.                                                                           inexpedient to legis-
                                                                                -Rep. Howard Dickinson
                         However, what happened           N                                                            late which would
                     to SB 9 1 -FN (to increase the                                                                    have killed it for two
                     park entrance fee to support SSQ was unexpected.                years. However, an eleventh hour motion to table
                     On April 4, supportive testimony for the bill was               the bill by Minority Leader, Rick Trombly (D-
                     given to the House Resource, Recreation and                     Boscawen) saved SB-91.
                     Development Committee (RRDC) by Bill Bartlett,                      The next day the RRDC amended the bill autho-               Beverly Shadley was recently promoted to Educational
                     Commissioner of the Dept. of Resources and                      rizing ASNH to collect up to $ 1, as long as they had           Program Coordinator Photo by Tim Kerwin.
                     Economic Development; Richard McLeod, Acting                    the Center management contract. During the May 9
                                                                                     House session, Dickinson moved to take the bill off
                     Director of the Division of Parks; Senator.Burt                                                                                 Keeping'Aft with
                     Cohen (D-New Castle); Representative Jane                       the table, and it passed with a resounding voice vote.
                     Langley (R-Rye); Representative Martha Fuller                   It then went to the House Finance Conu-nittee to                Beverly Shadley
                     Clark (D-Portsmouth); and Richard Moore, De-                    approve the amendment.
                     velopmenMctor, Audubon Society of New                               It was expected to r       ve Finance's approval at                  everly Shadley was the third p          hired to
                     Hampshire`@MNH). Testimony against the bill                     press time. It then goes 0 to the House. Before it                                                         'S
                                                                                                                                                              work at the Center in 1972. Aks WCenter
                     was given by Representative Warren Goddard                      can get to th -e Governor, it needs to return to the            Bevolved and grew, -so did her responsibilities.
                     (R-Portsmouth),                                                 Chair of the orIgina-ting Senate Fish,- Oame and                The Sun caught up with Bev between phone calls to
                         After gftill, was reviewed in subcommittee,                 Recreation Committee.      -J&proved, it then goes to           camp parents, summer staff, teaching             teers and
                     the RRDCJWsed the bill, with a minor amendment.                 the Governor who can AW sign or veto it in five                 the Gulf of Maine Secretariat.
                     The amended bill made a quick trip back to the                  days. If he does not sign it in five days, it becomes
                                                                                                                                                     Sun: When did you first come to Odiome Point?
                     Senate for approval, and was voted on the House                 law. All indications look positive ... but we've heard
                                                                                                                                                     BS: In 1990, when I was a student in UNH's envi-
                     floor May 2. No one expected a floor fight.                     that before!                                                    ronmental education course, LMT 743. We were
                                                                                                                                                     responsible for opening the Russell B. Tobey Visitor
                                 0                                                                                                                   Center (RBTVC) for the upcoming season, so we
                                                                                                                                                     did everything from building exhibits, getting the
                       n'dian A i
                                                      rfifad Mystery Part 11
                                                                                                                                                     tanks up and seawater running, and cleaning, to
                         n the last issue, UNH student Jason Drebitko                tile points. If I wanted to investigate the collection's        finding grant money as well as teaching.
                         reported on his research of a collection ofpro-             relevance to the Seacoast region, I still needed to             Zum Was this your first exposure to marine science?
                         ectile points which had been donated to the                 verify @yho collected the points, and exactly where             15-0 No, I had spent ILWo summers working on
                     Center by Betsy Baybut ofNew Castle. His research               the points were found.                                          a whale watch boat out of Provincetown, MA.
                     has taken some interesting turns. Fortunately Jason                 On a Thursday afternoon, I met with Strawbery               As a sophomore, I worked for Dr. Fred Short as a
                     will be at the Center teaching Safari this summer,              Banke Archeologists Martha Pinello and Mary                     research assistant at UNH's Jackson Estuarine Lab.
                     and will be continuing his investigation on the col-            Dupr6, and Carl Crossman, Senior Research Fellow,               In the summer of my senior year, I accepted the sea-
                                                                                                                                                     sonal naturalist position at Odiorne, funded by the
                     lection. Updates will be published as new informa-              to discuss the collection. First, I wanted to know
                     tion is unearthed.                                              about the excavations that Strawbery Banke had                  Audubon Society of New Hampshire (ASNH). A]-
                                                                                     done at the Wentworth Coolidge Mansion. Pinello                 though my work was essentially a continuation of
                                  en I left off in the last issue of the Sun,        stated that the purpose of the excavations was to               LMT 743, 1 dealt with visitors more and helped with
                                 I had made arrangements to meet with                look for the Wentworth's formal gardens. She men-               the Seasons of the Sea lecture series. When the visi-
                                 Strawbery Banke Archeologist Martha                 tioned-that a variety of prehistoric artifacts were             tor center closed for the fall, I took a position as, a
                     Pinello to see if she could offer any inforrnation as           unearthed, including one projectile point. Since                graduate teaching intern at the New Jersey School
                     to the artifact collection's context. This remained the         only one point was found, I began to question the               of Conservation (NJSOC). There I learned more
                     most significant factor in my research of the projec-           idea that all 62 of the points came from the                    about upland environments, and how to teach field
                                                                                     Wentworth Coolidge Mansion area.                                programs without an intertidal zone. I also learned
                                                                                                                                                     how much I inissed marine habitats.
                                                                                         Next, I needed to know why I couldn't get in
                       Underwriter                                                   touch with Betsy Baybut. Crossman mentioned that                Sun: Was there much difference between the
                                                                                     Betsy often spent the winters elsewhere. This ex-               RBTVC and NJSOC?
                                                                                                                                                     850, Yes! The NJSOC was a much older, larger,
                                                                                     plained my unanswered calls and letters. I would
                                                                                     have to wait until Spring to get in touch with her.             year-round facility. At RBTVC we taught only two
                                                                                         I decided to check back with Dr. Robert Goodby              school day-programs, compared to NJSOC with
                                                                                     at the University of New Hampshire. Goodby was                  about 50 over-night school programs. It was fun;
                                                                                     working on verifying the typology of the points by              NJSOC had an established programming foundation
                                                                                     taking quantitative measurements and examining the              with well-honed lesson plans, so I learned a lot
                               EaAeM Moulltam sports -                               materials that were used to fashion the points. He              about how environmental courses should be done.
                                                                                     will be attempting to draw some conclusions about               Sun: What did you do after the internship?
                       EMS is proud to support the Seacoast Sun as part of           the collection's context from this examination.                 BS: I went to work at the Chewonki Foundation in
                         0                                 Th
                                               Seacoast Sun



















                       National Trails -Day 1995 at Odiorne Point State Park.                                             continued on page 2                                             continued on page 2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                Page 1
                     The Seacoast Sun     Vol. 2   No. 3






                       0
                                Noteworthy News
                                                                                                                                                 SSC Wins
                                                                                                                                                 First Art Grant

                                                                                                                                                          rt and science will come together during the

                                                                                                                                                          we
                                                                                                                                                             ek of June 26, thanks to a grant awarded
                                                                                   X0 1,                                                                  to the Center by the
                                                                                                                                                 New Hampshire State
                                                                                                                                                 Council on the Arts
                                                                                                                                                 and the National

                                                                                                                          fp@
                                                                                                                                                 Endowment for Arts.
                                                                                                                                                 Artist and Center
                                                                                                                4                                staff member Joyce
                                                                                                                                                 Zarins will lead a
                                                                                                                                                 multi-media art project
                                                                                   J                                                             with a fellow artist, sculp-
                                                                                                                                                 tor Mark Ragonese. The project
                                                                                                                                                 links the artistic and scientific investigation and
                                                                                                                                                 interpretation of the spiral. Using natural materials,
                       On April 22, 1995, members of the Odiorne family dedicated two park benches in the park in honor of                       the artists will. create a spontaneous work-a giant
                       John and Mary Odiorne, who settled here in 1660. The benches were constructed by Parks employees,
                                                                                                                                                 horizontal spiral using the rocks from the shore. The
                       using oakfrom Nancy Condon's woods. Nancy hopes that others will be inspired to contribute benches                        opportunity to pai-ticipate in building and then walk-
                       to the park so that visitors can enjoy the coastal views so loved by her late mother and 12 generations                   ing through the sculpture makes this art form acces-
                       of Odiornes. 'Here the Odiornes "give " the benches to the park. Left to right: Wendy Lull, SSC Executive                 sible and engaging for@ everyone.
                       Director; Tom Mattson, Superintendent of Parks, Seacoast Regibn;, Rich McLeod, Acting Director, NH
                       Div. of Parks; Gail MacGregor; Barbara Kerr; Cynthia Carone; Nancy Odiorne Condon; and Barbara                                 To compliment the main project, sea kayakers
                       MacGregor Photo by Neil Gallagher                                                                                         from Adventure Learning and- other local kayaking
                                                                                                                                                 groups will create a spiral in the sea. Students in
                                                                                                                                                 SSC's June Safari session (K-5) will further explore
                    Spring Clambake-                                               Our          New Address the concept of the spiral through art, science, and
                                                                                                                                                 performance projects.
                    By-The=Sea                                                              o, we haven't moved, but we have outgrown                 This is the first artistic grant the Center has
                                                                                            our post office box! Thanks to the patient           applied for and received. Zarins"wrote it during her
                                               emem er the first Annual            Nefforts of volunteers Dick Maclntyre and                     winter hiatus from working at the Center. Members,
                                               Clambake-By-The-Sea is              Step hen Miller, our new mailbox is installed and we          volunteers, and Nature Store mavins know her work:
                                                un6 17th. This Friends of          have a new mailing address. Although we will con-             she led the art workshop during last November's
                            by          Odiorne Point'fundraising event            tinue to keep the post o"ox through the sum                   Volunteer Conference and painted thq& marine
                                        supports children's programming            mer, mail is being delivel*o the new mailbox, so              still-life pieces reproduced in the CenOlffnatural
                                        at the Center. The Seacoast Wind           please note our new address!                                  notecard series. You can meet Joyce on Tuesday
                                        Ensemble will be playing from                                                                            when she works in the Nature Store. It is a tribute to
                                        5:30-7pm, followed by the clam-                   Seacoast S * me Center                                 the Center that sheput so much perso"ort into
                    bake. A ra      or movies, related items and trips will                 570    .0c:3toulevard                                developing the spiral project concept aWell as'
                    be on-goin  Jickets are $37.50/person. For ticket and                                                                        researching and writing the grant. The next time you
                               9                                                                 D'affft NH 03870                                see her, be sure to give her a special thank you!
                    raffle information, call the Center at (603) 436-8043.                       INY
                    Keeping Up With Beverly continuedfroni page I                                                                                Arfifact Mystery Part 11 continuedfrom page I

                    Maine. Their program focused on outdoor experien-              the Safari program this year.                                 On April 7th, I received word from SSC Executive
                    tial environmental  'education, like rope courses, hik-        BS: One change is the addition of a 5th session for           Director Wendy Lull that she had received a letter
                    ing and canoeing. I also co-led their nature camp              the K-5 program. We found that most summer pro-               from Mr. Ralph Brown indicating that he may be
                    program. After that, I came back to Odiorne.                   grains ended too soon for working parents. But the            able to help with my research of the collection, and
                    Sun: How did you manage that?                                  changel  'am very excited about is our brand new              she suggest  'ed that I talk to him. Mr. Brown had
                    BS: I knew I would be moving black to the area to              Steward Session for children in grades 6-9. It 'gets          worked for the Coolidges for many years and knew
                    get married, so I kept tabs on the development of the          students -out into the field working With environmen-         the family and mansion grounds very well. I con-
                    new SSC. Fortunately, while I worked as ASNH's                 tal professionals. This accomplishei three things: it         tacted him, and soon after had the pleasure of
                    Seasonal -Naturalist my boss was Jeff Schwartz,                allows the students to actually experience the work           spend  'ing an afternoon listening to his wonderful
                    who was overseeing opening the Center-including                itself; it exposes them to environmental careers; and         stories and historical recollections. "If there were
                    hiring. I was in the right place at the right time.            most importantly, it shows them that they.have the            9,000 year old artifacts down by the boat launch,
                    Sun: What were the early days of the Center like?              power to make positive environmental ch      Ianges.          I would have found them," stated Mr. Brown. He
                    BS: Crazy! We were starting from scratch. We had               Sun: But you do-much more than camp. Tell us                  continued by telling of his days at the Mansion
                    a strong volunteer base plus school and summer                 about your other projects. -                                  with near perfect recollection. "Each year, rough
                    programs, as well as ASNH's camp format to build               BS: Although I still teach, I spen4a lot of time              storms would wash the gravel that lined the
                    upon. But other than the volunteers and me, the                driving a desk. Especially sincell@ieceived the grant         Co olidge's boat   .ramp out to the harbor, and each
                    entire staff was brand new. We had four weeks to               from the Gulf of Maine Counci     I on the Marine             year the Coolidges would have gravel brought in
                    prepare lesson plans and materials for our first win-          Enviroriment (see Sun Vol. 2, No. 2).                         from the pits next to the South Street Cemetery in
                    ter camp. All this without furniture, a photocopier,           Sun: You certainly have a lot on your plate.                  Portsmouth. We would fill the boat ramp up about
                    program supplies, or a registration system in place.           BS: All of Us do; fortunately, I have had some work           three inches with gravel and rake it all through,"
                    But we did it! And that summarizes my first year               relief. John Skafidas has taken on the volunteer res-         stated Mr. Brown. "If there was. anything near the
                    here; shooting from the hip and trial-and-error. After         ponsibilities (see Sun Vol. 2, No. 2). Additionally,          boat ramp, we would have found it."
                    that I was promoted to Senior Program Naturalist.              our bumper crop of teaching volunteers and non-                    Mr. Brown shared great, stories with me that
                    Sun: What changed with the promotion?                          staff naturalists, who Steve Miller has recruited will        afternoon, and was able to help me in researching
                    BS: The biggest change was being assigned the                  carry a tremendous part of the teaching load.                 the context of the collection. As I was getting
                    camp programs. That meant making sure that these               Sun: What's on deck for the upcoming year?                    ready to walk out of the door of his fannhouse,
                    programs continued to grow and improve while                   BS: As part of the grant, I am helping to organize            he exclaimed, "One thing I can say for sure is that
                    teaching, overseeing budgets, hiring and supervising           an international Gulf conference for marine educa-            there is no way all 62 of those points could have
                    a summer staff which now numbers 13. I'm pleased               tors. For me -this is another learning experience and         been found at the boat slip. There is no way!"
                    that the camps have become so successful;. last year           opportunity to grow professionally. Opportunities                  I will be continuing my research on the artifact
                    Safari booked 100% with a waiting list. .                      like this, and tackling new projects, are what keeps          collection through the summer. Be sure to look for
                    Sun: You have made some significant additions to               the Center so exciting for me.                                future developments in upcoming issues of the Sun.
                                                                                                                                                 A
                                                                                                                                                                         l(ip-











                                                                                                                                                                                           Jason Drebitko


                                                                                                                                                                                                             N F
                    Page 2                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                                                                                        Vol. 2 No. 3      The Seacoast Sun



                                                                                                                         he History Corner
                                                                                                                                        Neale Departs
                     A Colonyin Transition,
                     0
                               diome's history during the settlement years               palle fort." Later to be known as Fort William and                   and in the meantime the stewards and servants of the
                               must be pieced together-from several                      Mary and Fort Constitution, this fortified elevation                 Piscataqua settlements appropriated the land and
                               sources, which sometimes differ widely.                   was always to "command a place in New Hamp-                          other assets for themselves.
                     When preparing the Seacoast Science Center history                  shire's budget and in the defense of the'harbor."                         Mason had indeed supported the colony fully as
                     exhibits, the line most often repeatedfrom source to                     In a letter inJune of 1634, John Winter, an agent               evidenced by a 1635 inventory: 24 cows, 34 other
                     source, or the interpretation which seemed most, rea-               on Richmond's Island in         'Ma'ine, wrote: "Heare bath          neat cattle, 92 sheep, 27 goats, 64 hogs, plus 21 hors-
                     sonable, was chosen by the exhibit committee and                    not bin to this Rand one Indian all these yeare, nor to              es and colts. By way of food-stocks were: 220 bush-
                     ,now by the writer of these articles.                               the maine to our house, that brought any skins to                    els of corn and meal, 20 bushels of oatmeal, 15 bar-
                                                                 Dick MacIntyre          trade.... I sent out a boate twyse this last winter and              rels of malt and 29 of peas, 610 pounds of sugar, 512
                                                                                         got not one ounce of bever from @he Indians."                        pounds of tobacco, 6 pipes (a cask equal to 4 barrels)
                               y 1632, Captain Walter Neale felt confident                    As in the fur trade, the adventurers of the                     of wine and 2 of brandy. The inventory also num-
                               in leaving the Piscataqua settlements in the              Laconia Company soon discovered that the valuable                    bered among other items:,26 arguebuses (muskets),
                     Bhands'of his aides and heading inland with'                        minerals they sought were not to he found. However,                  4 murtherers (cannons), 46 fowling pieces, 12 pistols,
                     Henry Jocelyn and Darby Field. However, the search                  they were forced to agree with John Smith's assess-                  and 61 swords: all these matched with 13 barrels of
                     for the riches of the "Crystal Hills" proved fruitless              ment that fish and lumber were "as good gold as the                  gunpowder and a thousand pounds of bullets and
                     and Neale returned to Rendezvous.                                   mines of Potosi (in Bolivia) and Guiana." Perhaps                    shot. Finally, to cheer the settlers, 2 drums and no
                          Late in November of 1632, according to one hig-                frustrated by the failure to find sources of immediate               less than 15 hautboys (oboes) and "soft recorders."
                     torian, a pirate bolder than most raided the                        wealth, Walter Neale returned to England in 1633.                        As we noted previously, some of the stewards
                     Piscataqua fishery, destroying several small vessels.                    Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason                        and servants purloined quantities of these supplies
                     "Four pinnaces and shallops, with forty men aboard"                 divided their holdings in 1633           drawing the line            after the departure of Neale and the death of Captain
                     sailed in search of this pirate, Dixy Bull. They "gave              "down the middle" of the Piscataqua. Thus, the set-                  Mason. One Captain Francis Morton is said to have
                     chase to eastward, but were forced to lay windbound                 tlement at Pannaway became Mason's sole responsi-                    driven cattle to Boston and there sold them for 20
                     in Pemaquid for nearly three weeks" and failed to                   bility to promote and support.                                       pounds per head. The Great House at Strawbery
                     capture the attackers.                                                   Mason wrote Ambrose Gibbons in 1634 that he                     Banke was seized and occupied until 1644 by
                          As a reaction to this raid or simply because of                had "disbursed agreat deal of money in the                           Thomas Warnerton, who in that year appropriated
                     the growing importance of the colony, "foure grete                  Plantation and never received one penny         ......  When         some of the arins, ammunition, and other goods
                     guns were given by a merchant of London for the                     he died in 1635 Mason's holdings in the settlements'                 from the Mason estate and accompanied them to
                     defence of the river   ..... Captains Neale and Wiggin              were valued at 10,000 pounds. He left the house at                   Port Royal (Nova Scoria), disposing of them there.
                     made "a choise of the most convenient place in the                  .Pannaway to -grand    ,son Robert Tufton and the bal-               The Great House with its thousand acres then was
                     said river to make a for.tefecatyon for the defence                 ance of his Piscataq            s@areto grandson John                taken by Sampson Lane until 1647, when Richard
                                                                                                            -   @ua@e
                     thereof,... and they gave it the'name of Fortpoynt,                 TuftQn on the condition that each adopt the name                     Curt with his descendants came into possession of
                     and allotted it so far backe into the island (New                   Mason. While John died young, Robert fulfilled the                   the property until the house fell into ruins (c. 1685).
                     Castle) abo       bow-shoat [shot] to a gfete high                  condition and became he*                                                 Next in the Sun: Life as Part of Ma,             usetts.
                                                                                                                         *all these holdings. He
                     rocke whewas, intended in time to set the princi-                   failed to claim them fox            time, unfortunately,
                                                                                                                                                                                 istorpy
                     Book Review                                                                                                                            OF                              or Foe'
                                                                                           Staghorn Sumac* riend
                     Written in Stone, A Geological History
                     of the Northeastern United States                                                    erever you     walk at Odiome you will              The most popular use of the sumac, however, was
                     By Chet Raymo and Maureen E. Raymo                                                   0  n  c        e ass the all-intrusive,             the lemonade that its fruit produced. From mid-
                                                                                                         s 0 om cro
                                      en in all the rocks and stones in the                Wever_invasive Rhus typhina, or Staghorn                           June to mid-August, the fruit is just dripping with
                                  rit'                                                     Sumac (not to be confused with Poison Sumac).                      a tart juice that is delicious and thirst quenching.
                     Wnortheast is the history of our landscape.                           T .his large shrub has pm*-
                                  Chet  and Maureen Raymo's book Written                   nately compound leaves,
                     in Stone explains the geologic history of the north-                                                                                       11<7
                                                                                           and furry looking branch-
                     east. They make geology exciting, beginning their
                     story when the only life on earth was microscopic                     esAts fuzzy plumes of
                                                                                                                                                                   I    .
                     and living in the sea. They tell how plants and ani-                  redfruit ripen in in mid-
                                                                                           summer. Despite her best
                     mals invaded the land and dinosaurs dominated the                     efforts to keep it in check,
                     globe until their perplexing disappearance.                           R. typhina always seems
                                                                                           to be one step ahead of
                     scape which makes geology come alive. Written in
                          The Raymos have a true affection for the land-
                     Stone will captivate the interested layperson.                        park horticul-turalist
                                                                                           Louise Tallman's trim-
                                                                                           ming blade (see relat
                                                                                                                         ed
                                                                                           story in the April-May                                                                                               air--
                        Summer Hours                                                       issue of
                                                                                           the Sun (Vol. 2, No. 2)
                                  eginning June 1 the Center will be open
                                  10am-6pm. Visitor Services Director                           It is difficult to be-
                        BPeter Lareau explains that although the                           lieve that this . trouble-
                        Center has always had extended summer hours,                       some shrub was once
                                                                                           av.ery important source
                        this is the first time the Center has been open                                                   Drawing of Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina) by Sylvia Jones, 1994.
                                                                                           of medicine to Amen-
                        after 5pm. "The evening hours are for people                       can Indians and early
                        who enjoy the park after work in the summer.                       European settlers. The Indians made a tea from the                 The Gilmour household has been making "Indian
                        Traditionally there has been a little peak of visi-                bark to treat digestive disorders and the settlers                 Lemonade" for many years. The recipe? Come to
                        tors about 4:30, and those people were never                       made a tea from the sumac's leaves for sore throats                the Science Center in July and we'll make some!
                        able to enjoy all our exhibits in the half hour                    and lung ailments. The red fruit was crushed and                   It will be a treat you will not soon forget, and may
                        before we closed. Early evening is a beautiful                     simmered to make a cough syrup, and the leaves                     want to try at home.
                        time to come to the shore and now it's a good                      were smoked to control asthma attacks.                                                                  -Marilyn Gilmour
                        time to visit the Center as well,"
                                                                                                                T




















































































                 I% The Seacoast Sun        Vol. 2    No. 3                                                                                                                                                                  Page 3





                                       Seacoast 2000
                                      An Interactive Lecture Series

                   Where:             Seacoast Science Center
                                      Odiorne Point State Park
                                      Rye, NH
                   When:              September 15, 22, 29;
                                      October 6 and 13

                   Time:              7 pm - 9 pm

                   Price:             Free!

                   Join experts from the Seacoast region in lively
                   discussions on the future of coastal resource issues such
                   as habitat destruction, marine pollution, and fisheries
                   decline. Lectures will precede each discussion;
                   background materials will be available. Explore the
                   issues relevant to your coastal future.
                   Please call the Seacoast Science Center
                   for more details and to register. at
                   (603) 436 - 8043.






                   Seacoast 2000 is supported by the NH Coastal Program of the NH Office of State,
                   Planning, and the Benjamin Allen Rowland Cultural & Environmental Fund of the
                   Greater Piscataqua Community Foundation.
 




        Foster's Daily Democrat, Dover, N.H.
          Friday Evening, September 16, 1994


                               Fish game goes swimmingly
                                    UNH students learn first-hand about industry
                                       By DIANE SCARPONI                      vironment too," he said. "By                  cost, less.
                                       Democrat Staff Writer                  planned growth. you can have                    Transactions were handled
                                                                              a sustainable natural re-                     on a computer, and also ac-
                                  RYE -Fifteen people                         source."                                      counted for the fish taken..
                              learned how to bankrupt the                       The game, developed by                      their reproduction rate, and
                              fishing industry and wipe out                   UNH professor Dennis Mead-                    weather variables.
                              the fish population in about an                 ows, divides participants into                  In order to "maximize as-
                              hour Thursday night.                            teams to represent fishing                    sets," most teams bought be-
                                  By playing a game called                    companies.                                    tween 10 and 13 boats and de-
                              "Fish Banks," participants,                       The companies are told to                   ployed them in deep water:
                              including University of New                     "maximize your- assets," and                    The companies caught fish
                              Hampshire students, learned                     are given money to buy boats                  and made money, which the
                              first-hand how the fishing in-                  and put them out to sea.                      teams used to buv more boats
                              dustry has recently reached                       Money is extracted for oper-                and deploy into deep water.
                              crisis proportions.                             ating costs, interest on loans                  Team Two believed they
                                  Robert Burnett-Kurie, an                    and purchase of boats, but                    were in competition with other
                              education consultant who                        teams can earn money by sell-                 teams, and members decided
                              tours the country exhibiting                    ing fish or boats.                            to leave their 15 boats in deep
                              the interactive games to ev-                      Teams must decide how                       water to catch as many fish as
                              eryone from high school stu-                    many boats to buy ahd where                   they could.
                              dents to federal regulators,                    to deploy them. In the deep                     The team members rea-
                              told the participants not to feel              sea, boats catch more fish, but               soned that they would make a
                              badly about the loss.'                          the long trip costs more to op-              lot of money in the first few                                            --You can attain the inter-                 erate each boat.
                              ests of your company, and                         In the coastal waters, boats                      Fish game
                              have your economics and en-                     catch less fish, but the trips                    -Please turn to Page 15
                                 
                                 Fish game Continued from Portsmouth Page

                                                 rounds, arid then would        trade and the Pacific sardine trade.             economic resource needs to be sus-
                                  sell their boats when the fish stocks            After the game was over, partici-             tained.''
                                  started decreasing.                           pants seemed troubled by the re-
                                    Team Three, on the other hand, re-          sults, but noted that there are few                The teams played the game at the
                                  alized after the second round that            simple answers to such complex                   Seacoast Science Center in Rye as
                                  stocks were decreasing in the deep            problems.                                        part of the Seacoast 2000 lecture se-
                                  sea, so they moved all 13 of their               "I need to learn more about it,"              ries on the future of the Seacoast.
                                  boats to coastal waters, where stocks         said UNH student Cicely Buckley.                 The event was sponsored by the Off-
                                  were still strong.                           "Our real assets are the environ-                 ice of State Planning and the Greater
                                                                                ment and the food chain, while the               Piscataqua Community Foundation.
                                    In the end, Kurie said all teams
                                  would have gone bankrupt. except
                                  for Team Three, if they were able to
                                  sell their boats to more competitive
                                  teams.
                                    Even Team Three's scenario was
                                  dangerous. he said, and is similar to
                                  local fishermen's fear of the closing
                                  of Georges Bank, which will drive
                                  deep-sea fishing boats into local wa-
                                  ters.
                                    Kurie  told the teams, after bank-
                                  ruptcy and environmental destruc-
                                  tion was Imminent, that the teams
                                  should not have assumed they were
                                  in competition with each other.
                                    He also said that the teams should have
                                  included the value of the fish at sea
                                  as an asset instead of only seeking
                                  to maximize profits.
                                    The game's scenario has actually
                                  happened in many places, he said.
                                  including in thre Peruvian anchovy
                                                                                                                                             




















                                  


                                                                                  Ad     APPENDIX E       I


















                     Seacoast
                     Science
                     Center
                                    Outline of Awcomin Marsh Tour

                          1.     Before Starting Out
                                        Introduction/Welcome
                                               - hand out binoculars


                          1111.  Shuttle Over


                          111111. Marsh Tour
                                        A.     Wetlands Discussion:
                                               What are they & why are they important?
                                               (See sheets "All About Salt Marshes".)
                                        B.     Common plants & animals of a salt marsh
                                               (See field guide component of Teacher Guide#2 "The Salt Marsh")
                                        C.     Salt Marsh Disturbances
                                               (See "All About Salt Marshes")
                                        D.     Awcomin Marsh Restoration Project
                                               (See sheet with this title.)

                          IV. Wrap-Up
                                        Answer questions

                          V.     Shuttle back to     SSC













                                               0

















                   Seacoast
                   Science
                  Center





                             Outline of Coastal Resources Tour

                       1.    Before Starting Out
                                   Introduction/Welcome
                                           hand out binoculars



                       [11.  Exploring the Coastal Habitats
                                   A.    Fresh Water Marsh
                                   B.    Salt Marsh
                                   C.    Rocky Shore
                                   D.    Gulf of Maine
                                   (See sheets with these titles.)


                       111.  Wrap-Up
                                    Answer questions


                       IV.   Back to SSC







            The list of speakers and reading materials for the evening lecture series,
            Seacoast 2000

            September 15
            Robert Burnett-Kurie, Certified Trainer, Fish Banks, Inc.
            The Tragedy of the Commons

            September 22
            Frank Richardson, Senior Inspector, NH Dept. Environmental Services
            Life and Death of the Salt Marsh, John & Mildred Teal, @ 1969

            September 29
            Dr. Janet Campbell, Research Assoc. Professor, Institute for the Study of Earth,
            Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire (UNH)
            Mission to Planet Earth, by Isabell Abrams, in Current Health, April 1991.

            October 6:
            Dr. Richard Langdon, Mgr. Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, UNH
            Pollutants in Long Island Sound (copy on file at SSC)

            October 13:
            Phil Colarusso, Marine Biologist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
            Creating and Restoring Wetlands in Wetlands Issues, Environmental Issues
            Forum, North American Association for Environmental Education

            Restoring Seagrass in Systems in the United States by Mark Fonseca, in Restoring
            the Nation's Marine Environment, Symposium





     Coastal Issues Slide Show
     SLIDE              TEXT
     Coastal views (1 & 2New Hampshire's 18 mile coastline is rich in resources. Our
                        waterways and harbors, salt marshes and estuaries, and rocky shores
                        in the Gulf of Maine provided early coastal settlers with most of the
                        resources they needed for survival. Today we still count on these
                        resources to provide food, transportation, recreation and a place to
                        live. In this presentation we will examine how humans have utilized
                        each of these resources in the past and what the future holds for our
                        ability to utilize them conscientiously.

     River shot (3)     Waterways have always played vital roles as territorial boundaries,
                        food and water sources, avenues for transportation and recreation. In
                        the 15th century, Indians of the Merrimack Valley area gathered at
                        seasonal fishing sites in large numbers. The fish they dried and
                        smoked during the harvest sustained them through the winter. In
                        addition to using this river resource for food, the harvest was a time
                        for communicating with large gatherings of families who lived apart
                        the rest of the year. It was also a festive time, with group sports, gaming
                        and making marriage contracts.


     iscataqua River (4) European explorers were always on the lookout for waterways that
                        would provide access to the interior and its rich timber and fur
                        resources. The Piscataqua River was first explored in 1603 by Capt.
                        Martin Pring, who ran his ship, the Discoverer, 12 miles up river. Like
                        the explorers who preceeded him along the coast, he looked for deep
                        rivers that went far inland. The Piscataqua fit the bill. The first
                        European settlement in New Hampshire was established by David
                        Thomson in 1623, on the coast near Odiorne Point, and the mouth of
                        the Piscataqua River. Thomson's objectives were to establish trade
                        relations with the Indians, provide fishermen and lumbermen a year-
                        round base, and to establish a community.













     Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM





       Old Ports. Harb. (5)         Portsmouth Harbor and its waterways served as an access port to the
                                    riches of the interior from the sea. Pring noted evidence of Indian use,
                                    of the river, but did not elaborate. They launched ocean-going canoes
                                    from here, fished along the coast and at the Isles of Shoals, 9 miles off-
                                    shore. Although the Shoals were already an established fishing
                                    ground when Captain John Smith surveyed the area in 1614, he
                                    named them after himself. Smyth.s Isles. His description of them
                                    reflects their rich fishing resource: "...barren rocks ... in the heart of the
                                    strangest fish-pond I ever saw..." Although the islands were given to
                                    Smith a few years later, his name never stuck; the islands were too
                                    well known as the Isles of Shoals (shoals referred to schools of fish).


       Falkland frigate (6)         Until the steam engine and reliable overland transportation were
                                    developed, ships.were the primary method of transporting goods and
                                    people throughout human Iiistory. American Indians built ocean
                                    going canoes, as well as canoes for in-shore and in-land use.

                                    It is not surprising that shipbuilding was among the first industries
                                    Europeans established here, especially since shipwrights were needed
                                    to support the area's first industry: fishing. Shipbuilders set up shop
                                    along the shores of the harbor and the Piscataqua River. This is the
                                    frigate Falkland. She and her sister British warship, the Bedford
                                    Galley were built in 1690 marking the birth of naval shipbuilding in
                                    America and the beginning of a shipbuilding industry that thrived in.
                                    the Portsmouth Harbor area until 1829.


                                    Portsmouth Harbor not only provided a deep water port for the ships
                                    and yards, the coastal lands provided much needed timber. In the
                                    1600s white pines, 200 feet tall and 24 inches in diameter were
                                    marked as the Kings Mast Trees, to be used only for building His
                                    Majesty's ships. The mast trees were an extremely valuable resource
                                    for England because most of its forests were depleted. The importance
                                    of trees becomes clearer when you realize that it took 2,500 trees to
                                    make a 200 foot long warship in the 1770s.











       Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM                                       2





      Fort Constitution (7)     Portsmouth Harbor's strategic importance was quickly recognized.
                                Near herethe first cannons were placed to protect early settlers from
                                pirates and the French (at that time the Indians were still friendly). On
                                this site the British built Fort William and Mary in 1635, renamed
                                Fort Constitution during the Revolutionary War. This fort was active
                                in all subs e'quent American wars from the War of 1812, the Civil War,
                                and World Wars I and If. Today, it is an active Coast Guard Station.
                                During President Bush's term (1988-92) over 60 men were on active
                                duty here to protect the coast around his home in Kennebunkport,
                                Maine. Usually the station has 20 crew on active duty.


      Shipyard river front (8)  The Harbor's strategic value was greatly increased when the
                                Portsmouth Naval Shipyard was built in Kittery, Maine in 1800. This
                                photo shows the shipyard-built USS Portsmouth which was taken in
                                the 1880s. Yard built ships served in every American conflict, from
                                the War of 1812 to Vietnam. The yard's motto is "from sails to atoms"
                                because their construction record stretched from sailing ships to
                                nuclear submarines.


      Yard today (9)            The first fast attack nuclear submarine, the Sand Lance, was launched
                                here in 1969. Today the shipyard no longer builds submarines, but
                                overhauls and repairs them. Its economic value to the community is
                                significant and Portsmouth is fortunate that the Yard was not
                                recommended for closure in 1995.


      LPG tanker (10)           Portsmouth Harbor is an active commercial port for transoceanic
                                ships; some of which, like this Liquefied Petroleum Gas tanker, carry
                                hazardous or potentially environmentally damaging cargo. Coal, fuel
                                Oil, salt, scrap metal and cable are among the other regular cargoes
                                carried by ships here today. That these cargoes are carried upriver to
                                Newington while we still have such a clean'coastal environment is a
                                testament to how humans can utilize a resource without damaging it--
                                so far.


      Gundalow (1.1)            How many of you think that carrying explosive cargoes, like LPG, or
                                potentially damaging cargoes like oil is more hazardous to the coastal
                                environment than the way this resource was used in 100 years ago.?
                                The cargoes of the 1780s to 1830s included molasses, rum, sugar, salt,
                               Xoral, coffee and brandy, so it would seem that we are taking greater
                               --risks today.


      Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM                              3





                                  However, increased industrial activity and population expansion in
                                  the 19th century brought on many problems to these waters that we
                                  do not have today. Sewage, fisheries and slaughterhouse wastes were
                                  some of the biological pollutants entering the waterways. Outbreaks of
                                  yellow fever, tuberculosis, cholera and smallpox occurred because of
                                  these unsan; itary practices. Sawmills disposed of large amounts of
                                  sawdust into the estuaries, smothering them. Dyes from cotton mills
                                  and tanneries were also dumped into the tributaries, contributing
                                  chemical pollutants to the waterways.


      Hampton Beach (12)          We still have problems related to pollution and over-development.
                                  While sewage and control has improved, non-point source pollution,
                                  such as fertilizer run-off from lawns, and trash from boats, continues
                                  to be a problem. As our understanding and awareness of the
                                  interrelationships between our actions, our environment's health and
                                  human health increases, we make better choices and even find more
                                  responsible ways to have fun.


      Little Harbor (13)          The recreational value of Little Harbor and near-shore waters is
                                  significant. Day sailors, cigarette boats, wind surfers and private ocean-
                                  going yachts all ply these waters. The marinas and launching areas
                                  built for them impact on the second coastal resource. group we are
                                  going to discuss today: estuaries and salt marshes.


      Estuary (14)                The ecological importance of estuarine and marsh systems is just now
                                  being appreciated. Estuaries are where fresh and salt water mix. This
                                  is part of Great Bay estuary, formed where the fresh waters of the
                                  Piscataqua and other rivers meet saltwater at high tide. These brackish
                                  waters sustain many kinds of life. Rivers also provided sources of
                                  power and transportation, so that towns were often sited near them.
                                  Since estuarine systems are so ecologically important, it is critical that
                                  we utilize this resource carefully.

                                  Among the Great Bay's resources was the blue marine clay found'
                                  along its shoreline. It could be used to make very high quality bricks..
                                  Two dozen brickyards eventually were built along the Bay's shores. By
                                  1900 over 20,000 bricks were manufactured here per year and
                                  shipped throughout the east coast. The industry died when the clay
                                  source. was exhausted.





      Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM                                  4





       Estuary (15)               The waters of an estuary are always moving.     Tidal action causes the
                                  fluctuation of temperature, salinity, water clarity and current speeds.
                                  This state of constant flux brings in nutrients and takes away' wastes
                                  and sediments. You might think that the plants and animals that
                                  thrive in estuarine *systems would be able to tolerate wide ranges of
                                  temperature, salinity, and suspended sediments, and thus b     e less
                                  sensitive to pollution and disturbances caused by boat traffic and
                                  propeller blades. Not necessarily.

      Eelgrass bed (16)           Eelgrass bedsare important sub-habitats of the open water an'd.tidal
                                  creek habitats in an estuary'. Unlike marine algae, Eelgrass is a
                                  flowering rooted plant that has adapted to live partially submerged.
                                  Since it needs sunlight for photosynthesis it is only found in the
                                  shallow soft bottoms throughout the Bay. Eelgrass beds are extremely
                                  productive.. Many creatures find refuge in these thick stands; others
                                  eat the living plants or consume them after they have died.


      Eelgrass & lobster (17)     Eelgrass needs sunlight to photosynthesize. When the water becomes
                                  too turbid for light to penetrate, the plants die. Running small boats
                                  through Eelgrass beds not only stirs up sediment, blocking sunlight,
                                  but propeller blades cut the plant, often uprooting it. This type of
                                  disturbance not only affects the Eelgrass, but has negative impact on
                                  the entire Eelgrass bed community.


      Osprey (18)                 Estuarine systems sustain over 60 plant and animal species that are
                                  listed as rare, threatened or endangered or are candidates for such
                                  listing. Here in New Hampshire osprey (shown here), the piping
                                  plover, the common tern and short-nose sturgeon are just some of the
                                  species on the infamous list. These animals have experienced
                                  significant population decline primarily from habitat loss and the
                                  effects of pollution.


      Marsh creek (19)            Although many people still think of salt marshes as bug-ridden
                                  wastelands, we now know that marshes serve many important
                                  ecological functions. By definition, they are subject to daily tidal flow.
                                  Tidewater brings in marine organisms and nutrients and exports other
                                  nutrients and organisms to the ocean.







      Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM                                 5





      Marsh zone shot (20)      Marshes can be- divided into High and Low marsh zones, defined by
                                the vegetation found in each. High marsh plants (those closer to the
                                freshwater source) have a low tolerance for saltwater; low marsh plants
    0                           have a low tolerance for fresh. The run-off from our streets and lawns
                                not only carries fertilizers and toxic pollutants, it is fresh water. Even
                                too much clean water run-off can offset the chemical balance of the
                                marshes if it floods the low marsh with fresh water.


      Marsh creek bank (21)     Like estuaries, they are nurseries for many fish and the habitat for
                                many shellfish. Two-thirds of the commercially harvested fish and
                                shellfish utilize marsh-estuarine systems at some point in their life
                                cycle. Salt marshes'provide flood, storm and erosion control. They
                                buffer and absorb water and energy, minimizing coastal erosion and
                                damage. Marshes serve as water filtration systems, trapping sediments;
                                marsh vegetation can take up some organic pollutants, converting
                                them to useful nutrients.


      Mud flat (22)             Mud flats are sub-habitats in the Low Marsh. Although mud flats
                                don't look like much at first, they are very productive biological
                                systems, alive with different species of microscopic algae. Snails and
                                zooplankton are attracted to this rich food source.


                                Certain species of bacteria are also well adapted to this environment
                                Anaerobic bacteria metabolize sulfur instead of oxygen. The strong
                                odor associated with mud flats is caused by this bacteria's release of
                                hydrogen sulfide.


      Phragmites (23)           Other species are indicators of a marsh's condition. Phragmites and
                                purple loose strife are two problematic plants which indicate that the
                                system is going through ecological change. These plants cannot
                                tolerate salt water, therefore their presence indicates a reduction in
                                salinity, which may reflect changes or damage to water circulation
                                within the marsh.














      Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM                            6





       Loose strife (24)            Some people find the presence of these plants aesthetically pleasing
                                    but these plants provide little food value for wildlife and are not part
                                    of a healthy salt marsh flora.

                                    Historically, people have utilized salt marshes and estuaries prim        arily
                                    as a food resource. They were fished and harvested by American
                                    Indians. When the European settlers arrived, the Indians showed
                                    them how to harvest the marshes. The marshes made quick pastures
                                    for cattle in a land that was heavily forested.


      Marsh grass (25)              During the 1800s the marshes were extensively harvested for their
                                    "hay." Spartina alterniflora and S. patens are the two primary marsh
                                    plants. S. patens thrives in the high marsh and along marsh creeks,
                                    and was preferred by cattle. Farmers dug trenches through the
                                    marshes to enco  urage the spread of S. patens.


      Staddle (26)                  Harvested hay was stored on concentrically arranged wooden
                                    staddles, shown here. Two factors were instrumental in the decline of
                                    commercial salt marsh haying. Tractors could not be used in the soft
                                    marshes, and tractors rapidly replaced the horse or ox teams.
                                    American tastes were changing as well, and milk was becoming a
                                    popular beverage. Milk from cows that grazed in salt marshes tasted
                                    salty. As soon as dairies began to refase milk from salt marsh pastured
                                    cows, the practice ceased.


      Dumping. in marsh (2 7)       Human. population growth and development had greatly affected
                                    wetland habitats. In fact, in the mid-19th century the Swamps Land
                                    Acts was established to encourage agricultural development on these
                                    habitats. In a 1990 Report to Congress, the Department of the Interior
                                    gave an estimate of 53 percent loss of original wetlands since the
                                    1780s. Remaining wetlands have suffered from other human activities.
                                    This picture was taken in 1986. Fortunately, it's a scene we should not
                                    see often anymore-at -least not legally!












       Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM                                       7





     Power plant & marsh (28)Although marsh systems are able to absorb some pollution, their
                              filtering capability is limited. It is unlikely that the marsh system
                              could absorb radioactive waste, although some deep ocean sediments
                              have been shown to absorb it. Using the marsh as a site for the
                              Seabrook nuclear power plant was very controversial when
                              construction began in 1976. (Construction was completed in 1986;
                              full power production began on. August 19, 1990.)Power plant (29)
                                   The plant uses ocean water for cooling and as a repository for
                              the heated water. A 17,140 foot intake tunnel brings seawater in from
                              7,000 feet offshore. The 16,500 foot long discharge tunnel discharges
                              the heated water 5,500 feet from shore. The surface water temperature
                              increase over the discharge area is about 3' F. The long term effect of
                              this "heat pollution" is unknown.

                              Today the plant's safety record ranks it in the top 25% of the safest in
                              the country. Whether or not building the power plant here is a good
                              use of the marsh and coastal resource'is as problematic as shipping
                              liquefied petroleum gas up the Piscataqua River. An accident in either
                              case would be disastrous.


                              If an LPG tanker exploded, the damage would impact a large, densely
                              populated area. What would be the effect of a melt-down. at the power
                              plant melts down? And yet hazardous cargos have been transported
                              by ship up and down Piscataqua River for hundreds of years. The
                              Seabrook Plant has been on-line for 5 years, generating power for 1
                              million homes (40-50% of the area's electrical power). Are these uses
                              worth the risk?


     Marsh and harbor (30)    The State of New Hampshire estimates that half of its coastal wetlands
                              have been destroyed since colonial times. Much of that destruction
                              was caused by development, rather than storm damage. As we.have
                              described, waterfront property has been a prized resource, and as
                              solid ground was developed, people found ways to build on marshes.
                              Today New Hampshire's seacoast is one of the fastest growing areas of
                              the state. Seacoast population has grown 31% over the last 18 years.
                              Meeting the demands for this growth without negatively, impacting
                              coastal resources is a challenge we must meet.


      Fisherma.n statue (31)  When we discussed human use of the harbors and waterways you
                              probably noticed that fishing played a large role. Fish have been the
                              primary.commercial resource of the last coastal resource we will
                              discuss today: the Gulf of Maine.
      Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM                      8





      Gulf of Maine map (32)    The Gulf of Maine extends from Georges Banks of the shore of Cape
                                Cod, (USA) north to include the Bay of Fundy in Canada. It is often
                                called a "sea within a sea" because its waters are separated from the
                                Atlantic Ocean by the submerged plateaus of Georges Bank and ,
                                Browns Bank. As a result, the Gulf's temperatures and salinities differ
                                from that of the Atlantic. Where temperature variation, tides, currents
                                and bottom topography combine and bottom and surface waters
                                combine, biological productivity is at its highest.

                                These physical characteristics make the Gulf a prime feeding ground
                                for fish, and thus a prime fishing ground for humans. By 1616, 200
                                European fishing boats were working in the Gulf. Two years later,
                                138,000 pounds of fish were landed from Gulf waters. One of the
                                compelling reasons David Thomson gave for funding his settlement in
                                1620 was that fishermen could take advantage of the second (fall) cod
                                run if they could survive winter on the coast.

                                In modern times, lobsters, shrimp, herring, bluefish, whiting and
                                bluefin tuna are some of the commercial species that are harvested
                                from these waters.


      Fishing boats (33)        Better and more efficient ways of catching more and more fish were
                                constantly being developed. Eventually people became too efficient.
                                A decline in the fisheries was felt as early as the mid-18th century. In
                                the 1970s Russian fishing trawlers crossed into American waters at
                                night to fish Jefft-eys Ledge, 20 miles east of the Isles of Shoals.

                                In 1977 the United States and Canada pushed back their t   'erritorial
                                waters boundaries to 200 miles off shore. This reduced factory ship
                                access to fish populations, which should have allowed those
                                populations to rebound. However, this was not enough and fish
                                landings continued to decrease. Cod catches dropped from 200,000
                                tons in 1977 to 22,000 tons. Drastic measures were needed. In 199X
                                Canada closed its fishing grounds in the Gulf, the United States closed
                                its grounds in 1994. It is hoped that this drastic measure will give the
                                fish stock a chance to recover.


      Live & kicking (34)       As the fishing industry collapses, the survival of many coastal towns is
                                threatened. Towns with no other industry and few other commercial
                                reslources to utilize, face very hard times and even harder decisions.



      Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM                               9





      Shore & Shoals.(35)       The Gulf of Maine provides more than food. Like all coastal waters.it
                                is used for transportation and recreation. Its beauty captivated early
                                explorers like Pring and Smith, and captivates tourists and residents
                                today. Nearly half the US. population lives within 50 miles of the
                                coast. There is another population that lives along the coast-@-the
                                plants an&animals that live in the intertidal zone--the land exposed at
                                low tide.


      Zonation (36)             Plants and animals dominate each area because of their tolerance to
                                exposure at low tide and submersion at high tide. At low tide, these
                                zones look like colored stripes, as you see here.

                                The highest part of the rocky shore is called the splash zone, its only
                                contact with sea water is the occasional splashing of waves. This zone
                                is also called the black zone, because of the black cynobacteria (once
                                called blue-green algae) that dominate here.

                                Below the splash zone is the barnacle zone, named for the dense
                                populations of barnacles that live here. Seaweeds dominate the
                                middle or brown zone. This area is submerged with every tide. The
                                lower orrred zone is only exposed during very low tides and marks
                                the end of the intertidal.


      Tide pooling (37)         Throughout the inter tidal zone, there are areas where the outgoing
                                tidewater is trapped in tide pools. In these sub-habitats plants and
                                animals that cannot withstand prolonged exposure to air thrive. These
                                include amphipods, nudibranchs, flat and coiled worms, sponges,
                                anemones, sea stars and sea urchins.


      Beach trash (38)          As the human population increased along the coast its impact on the
                                intertidal and near-shore plant and animal communities was
                                increasingly detrimeAtal. Dumping from ships, on-shore litter and
                                trash were not only ruining the esthetic value of the coast, they
                                created health hazards. Negative human impact on coastal areas was
                                significant enough in 1972 for Congress to pass the Coastal Zone
                                Management Act (CZMA). The CZMA addresses coastal 'resource
                                issues by having states develop comprehensive coastal man   Iagement
                                programs with federal guidance from the National Oceanic and
                                Atmospheric Association (NOAA).




       Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12-.24PM                              10





       Trash display (39)          Coastal clean-ups, which are now international. On specific dates
                                   around the world people volunteer to clean up the trash on their
                                   communities' c O*ast. The trash is classified and quantified; the results
                                   tallied and published annually in the Center's report, Coastal
                                   Cleanup Results.

                                   New Hampshire communities have participated in the clean-up since
                                   it began 'in 1988. Current trash trends show that beach goers
                                   contribute more trash than ocean goers. Cigarette butts and food
                                   containers on sandy beaches account for more trash than found on
                                   rocky shores. Rocky shore trash is mostly from that which washes
                                   ashore from boaters-including fishing boats, ocean liners and
                                   recreational boats.


      Fishing boat (40)            The future of our ability to live near and utilize coastal resources is
                                   mixed. We are much more aware of the impact our actions have, and
                                   no longer use waterways as waste disposal sites. However, the human
                                   population continues to grow, putting more and more demands on
                                   finite resources.


                                   There are no easy or simple answers; no known quick fixes. However,
                                   there are positive signs. The eagle has returned to Great Bay and is no
                                   longer endangered. We are beginning to take drastic steps to prevent
                                   further degradation, such as closing economically valuable fishing
                                   grounds we have fished for ov'er 300 years.-Let's put the same amount
                                   of energy, zeal and resources into conserving our resources as we do
                                   utilizing them!


       This presentation was funded by the Office of State Planning, New Hampshire Coastal Zone Program, as
       authorized by the national Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Grant Award #NA470ZO237.


















       Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 12:24 PM






      References


      Center for Marine Conservation, 1993 National Coastal Cleanup Results. center for Marine
      Conservation, Washington, DC, 1994. 275 pp.

      Crosby,..MacIntyre & Lull, 1994. Foo: tprints in Time. Alan Sutton Ltd. Bath, England. 104 pp.

      Stewart-Smith, David, 1994. Pennacook Lands and Relations. Masters thesis unpub.

      Stewart-Smith, David, 1993. Pennacook-Pawtucket Relation.s: The Cycles of Family Alliance.
      on the Merrimack River in the 17th Century. Union Institute Graduate School, Norwich
      University-Vermont College.


      Whittaker, Robert H. 1994. Portsmouth Kittery Naval Shipyard. Alan Sutton Pub. Inc. Dover,
      NH. 160 pp.


      Whittaker, Robert H. 1993. Land of Lost Content. Alan Sutton Pub. Inc. Dover, NH. 221 pp.


      Photo credits:
      Richard Cook: Wildlife & Wetlands Director, ASNH
      Tim Kerwin: Kerwin Photography, Somersworth, NH
   0
      Wendy Lull: Executive Director, SSC
      svteve J. Miller: Program Director, SSC
      C. Raymond
      Dr. Fred Short: Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, UNH
      Lee Yoeman: graduate, SSC/UNH RMP 743 class





















      Coastal resources slide show rev date 6/30/95 2:03 PM                         12



        What You Can Do To Help                                              The Audubon Society                                                OSPREY
                                                                               of New Hampshire                                                     Pandion haliaetus
            Contribute to our understanding of the                    is an independent nonprofit organization
            Osprey's distribution within New Hamp-                    with active programs in land preservation,
            shire by reporting any sightings to the                   envirorimental education, legislative action,
            Audubon Society of New Hampshire or                       and non-game research and management.                                      0        0
            the NH Nongame and Endangered
            Wildlife Program, N.H. Fish and Game
            Department.                                                                                                                                V1

            Shooting or harassing threatened or
            endangered wildlife species is against the
            law. Report any illegal activities to the
            N.H. Fish and Game Department or
            your local conservation officer.

        ï¿½   Learn more about the habits and needs
            of native wildlife so that you can
            help to educate others.
                                                                                                                                       How Can I Identify an Osprey?
        ï¿½   Share your knowledge and concern                                                   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
            about birds of prey to help dispel myths                                                                                        The Osprey is a large, long-legged, fish-
            that lead offietstQ  ,harm th  Iem I,j                                                                                    eating raptor. Because of their large size,
                                                                                                                                      Osprey are sometimes mistaken for the more
        ï¿½   Urws.,tatp ar4            leeislatorsand,                                                                                 massive Bald Eagle, although at two feet tall
            your local.,cons'eiTy.ation commission.to.                       Further information about ASNH                           with a six foot wingspan, they are consider-
            protect critical habitat.for Osp                                       can be requested from-                             ably smaller than eagles, but larger than
                                               reys and
            0
             th
               @r,:Tijd ife"                                              Audubon Society of New Hampshire                            most hawks. Seen in flight, the Osprey's
                                                                                      3 Silk Farm Road                                prominent features are its white or slightly
                                                                                Concord, N.H. 03301,8200                              mottled underparts, dark brown back, the
            Support organizations working to''pr'o-      .    ,,
                                                 1''                                    603,224-9909                                  pronounced crook in its long wings high-
            tecteridangpred species and offier.non-'
            game wildlife.                                                                                                            lighted by distinctive black wrist patches.
                                                                         This brochure was funded in part by a grant from             Seen from closer proximity, the Osprey's
                                                                       the New Hampshire Coastal Program, as authorized               bright yellow eye and broad, dark eyestripe
                                                                              by National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                                                                                                                                      help to distinguish it from other birds of
                                                                                    Administration (NOAA).                            prey.



                    Life History                                       After migrating south their first fall, young                          Current Status of New
                                                                       Ospreys spend the next year and a half on
          Ospreys arrive in New Hampshire                              their winter grounds. They do not return to                              Hampshire's Ospreys
    during April, returning year after year to the                     the breeding grounds until the spring of
    same breeding grounds. An osprey nest is                           their second year.                                                      Since the early 1980's, Ospreys have
    generally placed in the flattened top of a                              The Osprey is a truly cosmopolitan                           maintained active nests in the North Coun-
    live or dead tree, but may also be placed                          bird. It is able to take advantage of water                       try region of New Hampshire. This popula,
    atop man-made structures such as power                             bodies suitable for its fishing way of life on                    tion has experienced steady growth through
    transmission poles, waterfront pylons,                             every land mass on earth except New                               the period, and now produces 20-30 young
    channel markers and specially erected                              Zealand and Antarctica. Populations here                          each year from an average of 25 nests.
    nesting platforms. The nest is up to five feet                     in the northeast generally migrate to the
    in diameter and is made with a large accu-                         warmer climates of Central and South                                   In 1989, a pair of Osprey made Great
    mulation of various sized dead branches up                         America.                                                          Bay their home. After an early nesting
    to five feet long. Both sexes gather the                                                                                             failure that year, they have successfully
    nesting material, but the female does most                                   Historical Review                                       raised young in subsequent years. Great Bay
    of the nest arrangement. Softer materials                                                                                            now has at least two successful breeding
    such as sod, seaweed or marsh grass line the                            In the two-decade period from 1950-                          pairs with the addition of a nest on a utility
    nest. Nests are often used in successive years                     70, the Osprey population was severely                            tower along the Squamscott River. Each
    and the addition of nesting materials in                           diminished, especially in the eastern United                      year brings more Osprey sightings and
    each season cause them to become very                              States. Ospreys initially declined because of                     nesting attempts to the seacoast region.
    heavy and bulky, sometimes growing as high                         pesticides such as DDT and other persistent                       You can observe Osprey in southeastern
    as eight feet.                                                     chemicals in their food chain, which caused                       New Hampshire from late March through
                                                                       infertility and thinned egg shells. Since the                     mid-October. The Great Bay estuary system
          Male and female Ospreys court each                           banning of DDT in the United States                               is a prime area. The marshes, harbors and
                           @ I . . ) @1                                                                                                  beach areas along the seacoast can also be
    other with's''pectaculaeaind vbical s 6aring,                      in 197 2, the Osprey has made a steady                            rewarding observation sites, especially
    div,ing, and swoop.ing.. The male may hover                        comeback. Osprey may still be threatened,                         during migration.
    high -6ver his teff itibliy ca trying@ 15 hsh or a                 however, by pesticide use near their winter-
    stick; "a display tha t's'6r'v` es- to f a@v6 rably'               ing areas in the tropics.
    influ6n`c'e'his mate'and alis'60-1  'Y'               al
                                      _n
                                         oge potend
    rivals. The female lays frori@ I-A'    .blotched,                       Osprey face threats even before they
    oval eggs in two day intervals. Incubation                         hatch. Great -homed owls, gulls, raccoons,
    by b6ih the @rnale and fema'k @ @ontinu'eis for                    and fishers may prey on eggs left unattended
    about five weeks. The [email protected] hitch-'rely                        in nests. Food availability directly affects
    on the adults to feed them, but in 4-5,Weeks                       chick survival. Declines in fish populations
    they can eat, by themselves, the prey that                         or water quality may reduce the size of local
    both parents bring to the nest. At around 8                        Osprey populations. although Osprey are
    weeks, they are capable of flight and begin                        protected under state and federal laws,
    to follow the adults to their fishing grounds.                     illegal shooting still occurs.




      What You Can Do To Help
          Contribute to our understanding of the                             The Audubon Society                                             COMMON
          distribution of terns within New Hamp-                               of New Hampshire
          shire by reporting any sightings of                          is an independent nonprofit organization                                    TERNS
          Common, Arctic or Roseate Terns to                           with programs in wildlife conservation,
          the Audubon Society of New Hamp-                                                                                                              Sterna hirundo
          shire or the NH Nongame and Endan-                           environmental affairs, land protection, and
          gered Wildlife Program, N.H. Fish &                          environmental education.
          Game Department.

          Shooting or harassing threatened or
          endangered wildlife species is against the
          law. Report any illegal activities to the
          N.H. Fish & Game Department or your
          local conservation officer.

          Urge state and federal legislators and your
          local conservation commission to protect                                                                                                 What Are Terns?
          sensitive coastal areas from development,
          pollution and exploitation.                                                                                                         Among the most elegant of seabirds,
          Stay away ftom areas where terns are                                                                                          terns are smaller and more slender in build
          known or thought to be nesting and                                                                                            than the closely related gulls and are distin-
                                                                                          . . . . . . . . . . ..
          keep pets away from these place, to                                                                                           guished by long, narrow, pointed wings and
          avoid disturbing the birds or leaving                                                                                         deeply forked tails. They all have black
          scent trails for predators.                                                                                                   caps during the breeding season, and long,
                                                                                                                                        tapering bills. The varying length of the
      ï¿½   Discourage gulls in beach areas by properly                                                                                   tails and the colors of their bills can be used
          disposing of garbage and trash. Never dump                         Further information about ASNH                             to tell the species apart.
          wastes of any kind into the ocean.                                        can be requested from:                                    Terns flit gracefully over the water,
      ï¿½   Learn more about the habits and needs                           Audubon Society of New Hampshire                              bills pointed downward, their long wings
                                                                                       3 Silk Farm Road                                 lifting them easily and swiftly 30-40 feet.
          of native wildlife so that you can help to                              Concord, NH 03301-8200                                When they spy food below, they plunge
          educate others.                                                                603-224-9909                                   headfirst into the water, often disappearing
      ï¿½   Volunteer to assist with tern protection                                                                                      completely under the surface. These birds
          at a nesting area near your home.                               This brochure was funded in part by a grant from              sometimes gather in huge numbers over a
                                                                        the New Hampshire Coastal Program, as authorized                school of fish, swirling in the air, screaming
      ï¿½   Support organizations working to pro-                             by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric                     and diving again and again. Fisherman can
          tect endangered species and other non-                                    Administration, (NOAA).                             often locate schools of fish by observing the
          game wildlife.                                                                                                                tem's activities.





                                                                     Terns can be aggressive when they are                  increase in the open dumping of garbage
                                                                driving potential predators away from the                   and an enormous growth, in ihe fishing.,.
                                                                nesting colony, especially-Auring the: height               industry. These'largeri: more. aggressive @k,
                                                                of their breeding season when. they are                     birds compete, with iteTns for nesting sites
                                                                defending their eggs and young. An indi-                    and prey direictly. on tern eggs and chicks..
                                                                vidual who wanders too close to an active                   Terns are subsequently forced into more!,,
                  Life History                                  breeding colony is likel .y to be dive bombed               marginal areas-for nesting and become more
                                                                and "white-washed" by'crying birds. Keep                    vulnerable to predators and..human distur-@-:
                                                                in mind that you have wandered into the                     bance.
         Terns arrive in New England during                     birds' nursery, and make a careful retreat.
     the first half of May, and usually breed in                                                                                 Terns have been greatly affected by
     colonies on barr ier beaches, offshore islands                  By late summer, large groups of terns                  coastal development and pollution. Shore-
     and in the salt marshes. After a brief court,              begin to congregate on outer beaches and                    front development has reduced available
     ship, which may include ritualized flight                  islands. Most depart for their southern                     habitat and caused greater disturbance by
     displays and intricate caressing and preening              wintering grounds in Central and South                      house pets, off-road vehicles and humans.
     of each other's feathers, mating ensues.                   America in September. Some Arctic Terns                     Human habitation has disturbed the bal-
     Common and Arctic Terns build vulnerable                   make incredible oceanic journeys 25,000                     ance of predators as well, often exposing
     nests on open shores, scooping out shallow                 miles, roundtrip between the Arctic and                     tern colonies to increased numbers of
     scrapes in the sand, placing a few weeds on                Antarctic via the coast of Africa and South                 raccoons, skunks and rats.
     bare rock or nestling atop the salt marsh                  America.
     grasses. Roseate terns conceal their simple
     nests among tall grasses or vegetation or in                        Historical R,gview
     rock crevices.

                                                                     The numbers,of terns breeding along
          Between late May and late July, terns                                                                                  Current,"Si'a'tu`              .N*
                                                                the New Hampshireco@@t,@ as'alork the                                                       9f
     lay 2-3 oval eggs with various patterns of
     brown on a buff background; if one set of                  entire Atlantic, coast,'Iias fluctuated greatly                      Hamps hire @Tems -
     eggs is destroyed, terns may lay several                   in the last century. Once among the most
     times. The chicks hatch after about 21 days                abundant nesting birds on the Atlantic and                       New'Ha   .n@'pshire currently t@4-'P&ts
                                                                Gulf coasts, th6y'have--sinc'e been plagued, by
     of incubation and within a few days seek                                                             Ka                only small numbers of the'Com ri@'ori Tern.
                                                                a variety of threats. tremendous numbers
     shelter in the grasses or other concealing                                                                             This tern population includes scatt'e-r4
                                                                of terns were killed'in the late 1800's for the                                       I        , -.' @
     vegetation. Although the young are well                                                                                pairs nesting on rocky isl@' rids in'thecoastal
                                                                millinery trade. Although protective laws
     developed when they hatch, they will stay                                                                              bays and colonies" in the Ham' to* Harbor
                                                                                                                                                             p n
                                                                were eyentuallyp'assed'and te ms increased
     near the nest, cared for by both adults and                temporarily in the early 1900's, their popu-                Estuary.
     fed on small fish caught in the coastal                                                                                     Field s udi@s` 6iducte'd annu'a- lly since
                                                                lations have de*eO drasticalky@ainceithe                                t
     shallows. Young terns are capable of short                                                                             1981 have do*cuthe'A&d seri6di iiikability in
                                                                1950's.
     flights three to four weeks after hatching                                                                             coastal colonies, where marginal nesting
     and tend to gather in small groups by the                                                                              habitat and heavy predation have signifi-
                                                                     Gull populations have increased
     water's edge, waiting to be fed.                                                                                       cantly hampered'pio(luctivity.
                                                                dramatically in recent years due to the


















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