    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                         COA'
                         INFO Ri'li'A"HON C'CNTER

                          letis protect ouremb

                           NEW JERSEY

          DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

                    OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

             QL
             82
             -K36
             1976

                                       COASTAL ZONE
                                       INFORMATION CENTER

                                  UPLAND LIVING RESOURCES:
                                 ENDANGERED, THREATENED, AND
                                         RARE WILDLIFE

                                    A Staff Working Paper

                                                 Property Of CSC Library

                                      Richard A. Kantor

                                                 U.S. DEPARTMENT Of COMMERCE NOAA
                                                 COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                 CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

                                         October, 1976

                      New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
                                 Division of Marine Services
                              Office of Coastal Zone Management

                                         P.0. Box 1889
                           Trenton, New Jersey 08625

             Note: This staff working paper is one of a series of Issue and

             Policy Alternative-Papers presenting facts, analyses, and

             conceptual policy alternatives on coastal resources and coastal

             land and water uses. The purpose of this draft document is to

             stimulate discussion and comments that will assist preparation

             of the management program for the New Jersey coastal zone.

             This report was prepared in part with financial assistance from

             the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under the

             federal Coastal Zone Management Act, P.L. 92-583.

             Comments, criticism, additions, and suggestions are welcome and

             should be addressed to the New Jersey Office of Coastal Zone

             Management.

                                                  CONTENTS

                                                                                           PAGE

                          Introduction  ............................................        1

                     I. Issue  ..................................................           3

                    II. Policy Alternatives      ....................................       4

                   III. Environmental Characteristics and Natural Factors            ...... 6

                               A.    Wildlife Habitat Types in the Coastal Zone... 6

                               B.    Endangered and Rare Wildlife Habitats        ........  9

                    IV. Analysis   ...............................................          13

                               A.    Historical Perspective     .......................     13

                               B.    Problems Facing Rare Wildlife       ......o .......... 14

                                     1.   Habitat Destruction and Degradation..... 15

                                     2.   Exploitation by Man     .....                     17

                                     3.   Pollution   ....... o .......................     18

                                     4.   Natural Behavior Patterns       ...............   20

                               C.    InformationNeeds....     ...... oo ....o ... o... oo.. 21

                                                  Appendices

                               A.    Tables .....         ...... ooooo.o..o.-     ........  23

                               Bo    Management Tools.....    ....... oo .... o-   ........ 37

                               C.    References..  ........  oo ...o.....     -oooe-o 38

                                                       -ii-

                                          INTRODUCTION

                      Over 500 species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and

                 amphibians have been recorded to occpr in New Jersey (Apple-

                 gate, 1974). Of these, 90 species have been designated by

                 the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection as

                 endangered, threatened, peripheral, or undetermined status.

                 The populations of these animals is precariously low or

                 decreasing, mostly due to the effects of human activities.

                 Extinction of endangered species within the state could

                 result unless strong protective measures are ensured.

                      This paper is intended to further debate'on important

                 issues relating to preservation of endangered and rare

                 wildlife species. This first section briefly defines these

                 issues in the coastal zone and then presents.alternative

                 policies which could be incorporated in the coastal zone

                 management program in New Jersey.

                      Section III describes environmental characteristics and

                 natural factors which affect endangered and rare wildlife in

                 coastal New Jersey. The various habitats are defined.

                      Section IV analyzes endangered wildlife from a historic

                 perspective, present problems, human interaction, and     some

                 management problems.

                      Three appendices conclude the paper. First, tables are

                 presented which generally list the occurrance of endangered

                                                  -1-

                 and rare wildlife in specific habitat types, and summa.riie

                 habitat dependency   The second appendix discusses possible

                 management tools which could be used,to implement endangered

                 wildlife policies. The final appendix provides reference

                 sources.

                                             -2-

                                            I. ISSUES

                      Certain species of wildlife face local, state, or total

                 extinction unless present development trends are altered.

                 Destruction and alteration of critical habitats is the most

                 important factor effecting these "listed species"      (species

                 listed as endangered, threatened peripheral or undetermined

                 by the Department of Environmental Protection, Division of

                 Fish, Game and Shellfisheries). Specific sites, habitats,

                 habitat complexes and regions of value to listed species

                 must be protected if populations of these species are to be

                 perpetuated for future generations.

                      Direct exploitation of listed species has in the past

                 had great influence on their numbers and distribution.

                 Though State regulations exist today making such exploitation

                 illegal, problems of enforcement continue. Migratory species

                 may face exploitation outside the state or country which

                 affect state populations. Pollutants, especially'pesticides,

                 have adversely effected wildlife populations in the past and

                 continue to threaten species existence. Many species exibit

                 behavior that has made them incompatible with man and his

                 activities. Such behavioral patterns have contributed to

                 reductions of many listed species.

                      A lack of knowledge presently exists regarding current

                 status, distributioh, factors contributing to scarcity,

                 habitat needs and possibilities for management of listed

                 species. This hampers programs aimed at stabilizing, or

                 increasing numbers of such species and maintaining their

                 needed habitats.

                                                  -3-

                                  II. POLICY ALTERNATIVES

                1. Protective status could be given to sites, habitats and

                regions based on their value to maintaining listed species.

                Information regarding individual sites and regions of value

                to listed species could be mapped. Scale of such mapping

                would depend on' use: small scale maps could be used for

                reference and planning, while large scale maps would be

                necessary for some types of regulatory control. (Presently,

                information available to state and local environmental

                officials is scattered or non-existent.)

                2. A cooperative program could be encouraged to gather

                existing data concerning present status and distribution of

                species in the coastal area. Sources of such information

                would include: federal, state, county, and local wildlife

                experts, private university and wildlife organizations.

                3. A policy could be instituted to maximize protection of

                listed species from human exploitation. It would also give

                increased publicity to problems facing listed species,

                hopefully increasing public support of existing legislation

                and programs.

                4. migratory species facing problems outside New Jersey

                would benefit from increased protection on a Federal level.

                The state could encourage the inclusion of state listed

                species into federal listing and protection.

                                              -4-

                5. A program could be instituted to discourage or prohibit
                impacting activities, including discharge of pollutan@s and

                use of,pesticides,.adversely effecting listed species.

                5. Research and management programs of listed species in

                the coastal zone could be initiated. Sixteen species listed

                as "undetermined status" and present in the coastal zone,

                should be investigated as to their present status and reclas-

                sified. Status of listed species populations, especially

                those endangered or thought to be declining could be monitored

                on a regular basis to determine population trends and environ-

                mental problems. Research in cooperation with other agencies

                would attempt to stabilize, maintain or increase populations

                of listed species. Such research could consider reasons for

                present status, needs of species and potential for management.

                                              -5-

                   III. ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NATURAL FACTORS

                     'The physical characteristics of an area play a strong

                role in determining the distribution of wildlife species.

                Soil, topography, hydrologic conditions, and climate have

                shaped the vegetative communities found within the New

                Jersey Coastal Zone. Natural processes such as frequency of

                fire, flooding, and vegetative succession help determine

                vegetation type of specific sites.

                A. Wildlife Habitat Types in the Coastal Zone

                     Natural factors and human activities have combined to

                establish, perpetuate and alter various,habitat types. The

                classification of these is somewhat arbitary. For the

                purposes of this report, eleven identifiable New Jersey

                types are distinguished. These  are listed and defined

                below.

                Marine - ocean waters seaward from mean high tide line along

                the Atlantic coastline from Sandy Hook south to Cape May

                Point.

                Aquatic - permanent areas of freshwater, either tidal or

                non-tidal such as streams, rivers, lakes, or ponds.

                Barrier Beach - areas supporting natural dunes and/or barrier

                beach vegetation which includes beach grasses Ammophila sp.,

                beach plums, poison ivy, block cherry, red cedar, etc.

                These areas primarily are limited to State and Federal owned

                                             -6-

                  open space along the Atlantic Ocean Coastline. Barrier
                  beaches along with salt marsh and tidal waters toge@her

                  comprise the estuarine zone.

                  Salt Marsh -,low-lying areas  supporting vegetative species

                  adaptedto twice daily tidal   flooding with brackish water.

                  Spartina alterniflora, S._ patens, Distichlis spicata, Iva

                  frutescens, and Baccharis halimifolia are dominant plant

                  species. Tidal wetlands (salt marshes) have been delineated

                  by the Department.

                  Freshwater Marshes - tidal or non-tidal vegetated areas with

                  wet mucky soils not innundated with saline waters. Dominant

                  plants include: cattail, Typha, sp., wild rice, Zizania;

                  yellow water lily, Nuphar advena, and common reed, Phragmites

                  communis.

                  Bogs - low lying open areas with a seasonal high groundwater

                  table, frequently underlain with peat, and with very poor

                  drainage. Common bog plants include leatherleaf, laurel,

                  swamp azalea, cranberry, sphagnum moss, sedges, pitcher

                  plant, sundews and curly-grass ferns. These plants are

                  adapted to waters extremely acidic and of low fertility.

                                                 -7-

                 Lowland Swamp Forest - three distinct vegetative...swamp

                 forests are found in the state: Atlantic white - cedar

                 forest, Pitch Pine lowland forest, and hardwood swamp

                 forest with red maple, blackgum, and sweetbay as dominant

                 species. Lowland forest are only found in drainage areas-

                 frequently flood plains.

                 Pine Forest - upland wooded areas of Pine Barrens supporting

                 predominantly pitch pine and short-leaf pines. Black cherry

                 and black oaks are also common but less abundant. Blueberries

                 are common in understory. The Plains -or Dwarf Forests

                 is a unique forest type of stunted blackjack oaks, and

                 closed cone (serotinous) race pitch pines found only in

                 Burlington and Ocean County. Soils are arid.

                 Hardwood Forest - upland areas of northern and southern New

                 Jersey dominated by mixed hardwoods. Common trees include:

                 scarlet, white, and black oak, hickory, tulip tree, dogwood,

                 and sassafras. Pitch pine and short-leaf pine are frequently

                 mixed in southern New Jersey where as hemlock is more common

                 in northern New Jersey.

                 Agricultural Fields  areas presently or recently under

                 cultivation. Common field crops include blueberries,

                 soybeans, corn, tomatoes, potatoes, and wheat. Except for

                 blueberry fields, this habitat is restricted to inner coastal

                 plain region, and portions of Cape May, Cumberland, and

                 Monmouth Counties.

                                               -8-

                 Meadows and Grasslands - moderatly moist open areas with

                 fertile soil, dominated by grasses. This includes pastures

                 and savannas.

                 Urban - area developed into cities, town, industrial or

                 residential uses, excluding rural hamlets.

                 B. 'Endangered and Rare Wildlife Habitats

                     All species of wildlife are dependent upon their environ-

                 ment for survival. These requirements can be quite specific

                 or less specific for more adaptable species. Generally,

                 endangered, threatened, peripheral and undetermined status

                 species (as officially listed in the State Department of

                 Environmental Protection and hereafter referred to as "listed"

                 species) have more restrictive requirements than more common

                 species. Habitats used by listed species are therefore of

                 great interest and importance to their continued existence.

                      Table 1 summarizes the habitat preference of each

                 species of endangered, threatened,. peripheral, or undetermined

                 wildlife listed in the New Jersey Register (1975).

                      Status designation are taken directly from official

                 listing (New Jersey Register, 1975). Definition*for each

                 status are as follows:

                                                 -9-

                   ENDANGERED   A species of native fish or wildlife shal.1 be

                                regarded as threatened with extinction whenever

                                its existence in New Jersey is endangered

                                because its habitat is threatened with

                                destruction, drastic modification, or severe

                                curtailment, or because of overexploitation,

                                'disease, predation, or because of other

                                factors, and that its survival requires assis-

                                tance.

                   THREATENED - May become ENDANGERED if conditions surrounding

                                the species begin or continue to deteriorate.

                   PERIPHERAL - A species (usually a mammal, amphibian or

                                reptile) whose occurrence in New Jersey is

                                at the edge of its present natural range and

                                which may be threatened with extinction within

                                New Jersey although not in its range as a

                                whole. Special attention may be necessary to

                                assure retention in the State's fauna.

                   STATU&'UNDETERMINED - A species that has been suggested as

                                possibly threatened with extinction,

                                but about which there is not enough

                                information to determine the status.

                                More information is needed.

                        Relative importance of various habitat types to listed

                   species are to some degree reflected by the number of such
                                                 _10-

                species they support (Table 2). Aquatic areas support by

                far the highest number of species (42), but include 14

                marine mammals (whales) and 5 marine reptiles (sea turtles)

                which are seldom found within state waters. Other habitats

                suppor -@,from 12 to 20 species except for urban areas which

                support only 4. Within phylla some trends of habitat use

                are notable. Barrier beach habitat is used by the highest

                number of birds (15) with agricultural fields, salt marshes

                and freshwater marshes also receiving high use. Reptiles

                and amphibians use pine forests, lowland swamp forests and

                aquatic areas more than other habitat types.

                     Because most species use more than one habitat type,

                improved understanding of species needs may result from

                reviewing the number of listed species supported by major

                communities of the coastal zone. Habitat types similar or

                adjacent to each other can be lumped into six major com-

                munities: Marine (aquatic-marine habitat); Estuarine and

                Barrier Beach,(aquatic-estuarine, salt marsh, and barrier

                beach habitats); Freshwater Wetlands (aquatic-fresh, fresh-

                water marsh, bog and lowland swamp forest habitats); Forests

                 (pine forest and hardwood forest habitats); Open Lands

                 (argicultural fields and meadow grasslands habitats); Urban

                 (urban centers). Freshwater wetland communities support the

                 greatest number of listed species (36), followed by the

                 marine community (33) and range down to the urban community

                 (4) (See Table 3). Generally, aquatic and water dominated

                 communities support greater numbers of listed species than

                 dry upland habitats. This is notably similar to endangered

                 and rare vegetation distributions within the coastal zone

                 (See Issue and Policy Alternative Paper, Upland Living

                 Resources: Endangered and Rare Vegetation). The majority

                 of endangered coastal vegetation is found in moist habitats.

                      Value of various habitats to listed species is not only

                 dependent on the number of species using such habitat, but

                 also the intensity and type of use, the time of year for

                 which the habitat is critical for species survival and

                 scarcity or vulnerability of such habitat. Habitat infre-

                 quently used by a species or a habitat casually passed

                 through during migration is of less value than habitats

                 heavily used by species or on which they are specifically

                 dependent. Habitats that are rare or disappearing are

                 worthy of more concern than those which are common, even

                 though in some cases, they support fewer listed species.

                                             -12-

                                        IV. ANALYSIS

                A. Historical Pers2ective

                    Problems presently facing rare species can be viewed

                from a historical perspective. Species now extinct or

                previously threatened in the coastal zone of New Jersey

                (Table 4) serve to point out the varying problems presently

                threatening wildlife existence. The passenger pigeon,

                exterminated by the 1900's was heavily exploited by market

                hunters. Flocking (as with the eskimo curlew and many

                shorebirds) and colonial nesting increased the opportunity

                for exploitation, a single shot into a flock killing many

                individuals. Passenger pigeons required extensive natural

                oak and beech forests to provide food. Farming, land clearing

                and the expanding influences of man destroyed the continuity

                of such habitat and hastened their demise. Low tolerance to

                change, natural disasters Affecting remaining flocks, and

                altered behavior once large flocks were broken up, have been

                advanced as reasons for final extinction of this species.

                    Many species were reduced in number by unrestricted

                hunting combined with destruction of habitat. The heath

                hen, white-tailed deer, turkey, mountain lion, black bear

                and wolf were heavily exploited for food, fur, sport or

                because of their predatory habitats (real or imagined).

                Many of these species may have survived better if their

                needed habitats had not been greatly altered by agricultural

                and other land uses of man. Some bird species: shorebirds,

                snowy egret, and wood duck were heavily hunted for feathers.

                                           . -13-

                  These returned to common status once market hunting was

                  restricted. Deer, almost gone from New Jersey around 1900,

                  quickly-returned to.become a common game species after

                  hunting was restricted and beneficial habitat changes took

                  place. The anadromous Atlantic shad suffered from degrada-

                  tion of river systems whose quality is essential for breeding

                  and survival of young.

                  B. Problems Facing Rare'Wildlife

                       Species of animals occupy various locations in community

                  food chains (tropic levels). A simplified example of a food

                  chain would be plants (producers) being eaten by rabbits

                  (herbivors-plant eaters), which are in turn eaten by hawks

                  (predators). Predators high in the chain tend to exist in

                  lower numbers than species lower tropic levels. Predators

                  and secondary predators have the disadvantage of naturally

                  smaller populations and are therefore more threatened by

                  factors reducing species numbers. Generally factors leading

                 .to reductions of rare species remain problems today. They

                  are:

                                                -14-

                       1.   Habitat destruction and degradation

                       2.   Exploitation by man

                       3.   Pollution (including pesticides)

                       4.   Natural behavioral patterns

                       Analysis of problems facing listed species can be

                  divided into these four topics, though factors work together

                  (synergistic) to threaten many species.

                  1. Habitat Destruction and Degradation

                       Habitat destruction and degradation is the major problem

                  facing wildlife populations in New Jersey (See Issue and

                  Policy Alternative Paper, Upland Living Resources: Upland

                  Wildlife Habitat). With listed species however, extinction

                  may be the result of continuation of present t   rends. Listed

                  species, expecially those with restricted habitat needs,

                  require protection of remaining habitat which supports them.

                  Rare habitats, including aquatic habitats, subject to degra-

                  dation and specific combinations of habitats appear of

                  greatest concern.

                       Barrier beach islands have been highly exploited by

                  man. most have little remaining natural vegetation. This

                  rare habitat is crucial to great numbers of birds during

                  fall migration, including many listed species. It is also

                  the winter home of the Ipswich sparrowl listed as threatened

                  by both the State and Federal governments. This species is

                  found exclusively in this habitat type and is dependent on

                                                  -15-

               natural dunes for its survival. Many species depend on rare

               or specific decreasing freshwater wetland types for survival.

               The Eastern tiger salamander and gray treefrog are dependent

               largely on gravel pit ponds, obviously rare. The bog turtle

               is dependent on isolated pockets of highly specialized

               habitat, sphagnum bogs, swamps and marshy meadows having

               clear bottoms. The Pine Barrens treefrog and the carpenter

               frog-greatly depend on the Atlantic white-cedar swamps, a

               relatively rare but productive habitat. Meadows support

               several listed species. The Henslow's sparrow and short-

               billed marsh wren rely on sedge habitat. The upland plover,

               short-eared owl, bobolink, and vesper sparrow are almost

               totally dependent on open habitat, particular meadows and

               fields. The marsh hawk nests almost exclusively in cattails

               and salt marshes.

                    Complexes of habitat types are critical for many listed

               species. Amphibians usually need suitable forested uplands

               adjacent to their specific breeding wetlands. Low mobility

               of these species requires that such habitats be in close

               proximity. Birds such as the osprey, bald eagle and yellow-

               crowned night heron need forest nesting sites near the

                                             -16-

               areas where they catch fish. Often specific habitat require-

               ments or requirements of combinations of habitats are largely

               unknown.

               2. Exploitation by Man

                   over exploitation, long a problem to wildlife, has been

               greatly restricted by State and Federal legislation.

               Special protection exists on State or Federal levels for

               many endangered or threatened species, nevertheless over-

               exploitation remains a problem causing endangerment of some

               species. Hawks, eagles, and owls have long been persecuted

               because of their predatory habits. Though illegal, and of

               no real value in maintaining game species numbers, killing

               of predator birds, including listed species, continues.

               Falconers to often harass or rob nests of raptors, illegally,

               to obtain birds for their sport. Endangered species, valuable

               because of their scarcity are sought out and collected for

               sale to zoos or private individuals. The bog turtle and

               other rare reptiles and amphibians may be subject to signifi-

               cant exploitation from this source. Species which are

               migratory and present in New Jersey for only part of their

               lives may face exploitation problems outside the state. Few

               species listed -in New Jersey are given special Federal

               status (Table 5). While protection may be adequate within

               New Jersey, protection in other states or outside the country

               may be limited or non-existent. Marine reptiles and mammals,

               especially those of commerical value, have been greatly

               reduced in number in all oceans of the world. Listed species

                                           -17-

                  occur in state coastal waters only rarely, often beached

                  when sick or injured. The Division of Fish, Game and Shell-

                  fisheries has developed a procedure to deal with such occur-

                  ences. Some birds are highly migratory and may face problems

                  of habitat destruction, exploitation or contamination from

                  pollutants on their travels to other states and countries.

                  Solutions to such problems can only be accomplished on the

                  Federal level through cooperative efforts of all states

                  which they pass.

                  3. Pollution

                      Pollution in its many forms, affects a number of listed

                  species. Direct effect on survival and reproductive ability-

                  or degradation of needed habitats are the main problems.

                      Energy stored in body tissues pass through the food

                  chain eventually reaches those species at the top. Some

                  chemicals which are retained in lower animals in lesser

                  concentrations, tend to concentrate at high levels in species

                  high in the food chain. Predators accumulate the sum of

                  such.materials found in their prey. This process is called

                  biomagnification. Potential toxins, such as chlorinate

                  hydrocarbons (pesticides such as DDT) are concentrated in

                specific organs, such as ovaries, with high fat content.

                Reproductive inabilities in birds, resulting from this

                process have been well documented.

                    The osprey, bald eagle, and peregrine falcon have

                undergone drastic reductions over large portions of their

                ranges due to pesticides. Ospreys once had their highest

                breeding populations in Long Island and New Jersey. Repro-

                ductive success in New Jersey has been poor in recent

                years. Restrictions in the use of DDT has resulted in some

                signs of recovery. Only a single bald eagle pair was known

                to nest in New Jersey in 1976. Peregrine falcons have not

                bred successfully for many years in the U.S. east of the

                Mississippi River. In New Jersey, the Palisades was once a

                productive breeding area for these birds. Effects of pesti-

                cides to other species are not entirely known. Eleven of

                the 28 birds on the state list are raptors. Indications are

                that effects of pesticide and other pollutan ts which con-

                centrate in the food chain reach a variety of listed raptors

                and other predators besides the three discussed here.

                Pesticide use has killed large numbers of songbirds. Orchard

                orioles exist mostly in rural farmlands and in orchards

                where-pesticides are not used. Various pollutants effect

                water quality discouraging use by amphibians and fish.

                Breeding sites of amphibians, often specific as to pH and

                other water characteristics, can easily be altered by pollutants

                to eliminate successful breeding. Fishes, particularly ana-

                dromous species, are susceptable to effects of pollution.
                Five of seven listed fish species are anadromous, breeding

                                              _19-

                in fresh water but living most of their lives in the sea.

                Such species must navigate estuaries and river systems  to

                reach breeding sites sometimes in small streams. Pollution

                blockages, including thermal pollution, may prevent this

                upstream migration or foul breeding sites thereby preventing

                successful breeding.

                4. Natural Behavior Patterns

                     Animal behavior covers a large range of topics, some

                already discussed, which effect the survival capabilities of

                various species. Listed species are often unable to adjust

                to man's activities or vulnerable to persecution by man.

                Obvious examples include problems faced by migrating species.

                Anadromous fish are often prevented from moving upstream by

                the construction of dams. Migratory birds flying at night,

                often collide with lighthouses, buildings or telephone

                wires. Other species often fall prey to automobiles, this

                is true of many less mobile reptiles and amphibians as well

                as bird species. The red-headed woodpecker, a prime example,

                tends to swoop low over roads when feeding or flying from

                tree to tree. Flocking, colonial nesting, or ground nesting

                species face a disadvantage due to their increased potential

                for harassment by man and his domestic animals. Flocking

                                              -20-

              birds have received greatest damage from unrestricted or

              illegal hunting. Some species, besides ones at the top of

              the food chain, appear to have never been present in large

              numbers in New Jersey, though it is within their range.

              Among birds, whose past and present occurrence is well docu-

              mented relative to members of other phylla, the king rail,

              yellow rail, roseate tern, and Ipswich sparrow would fall in

              this.category. Species adaptation which limit numbers in

              this way are not clearly understood. Perhaps the listed

              species, most unfortunate in terms or behavior, are those

              which directly interfere with or endanger man and his domestic

              animals. Eagles, hawks, owls, mammalian predators such as

              bobcat and black bear, and timber rattlesnakes are listed

              species which have been or continue to be limited by man

              because of their habits or reputations whether real or

              imagined.

              C. Information Needs

                   Determination of species status, needs, and potential

              for management are not well known for many listed species.

              TwentY7three of 73 species listed are of undetermined status.

              Others may have changed in status since the list was published.

              Species not currently listed may be added to the list if

              numbers are decreasing or threatened. For most listed

              species there is no ongoing program to monitor populations.

              Fragmented field observations presently supply information

              regarding change in status. Information regarding species

                                             -21-

                distribution, important breeding sites, migration stops and

                wintering areas of endangered species are not well known.

                This information is fragmentary and when present not compiled

                by any one agency or in any one location. Maps of this

                information are'not available to check the effects development

                of particular sites on listed species.

                     .Needs and potential for management of listed species

                are little known. Many species have become rare for unknown

                reasons. Knowledge of habitat needs varies greatly among

                species, publicly recognized or economically important

                species generally have attracted more research and concern.

                The Non-Game and Endangered Species Project, Division of

                Fish, Game and Shellfisheries has coordianted research and

                management of certain listed species. Unfortunately, such

                activities so far have been largely confined to a few

                specific species such as the peregrine falcon, osprey, bog

                turtle and eastern tiger salamander. Little or no other

                management specific to listed species in the coastal zone

                has been initiated by other agencies or groups. Without

                management, recovery of many listed species is doubtful.

                                             -22-

                                           APPENDIX A,
                                             TABLES

              Table 1. Habitats used by endangered, threatened, rare and peripheral animals in New Jersey. (Table prepared in cooperation with personnel of the
              Endangered and Nongame species Project,NJ Division of Fish, Game, and Shellfisheries.)

                                                                                                       IV03ITATS

                                                      Range      Coastal Aquatic Barrier Salt          Fresh Rog Lowland Pine           Hard-    Agricul- Meadow Urban           Remarks
                     Anitnals (status)                in N.J.    Zone                Beach     Marsh   Water         Swamp     Forest    Wood    ture        Grass-
                         Mammals                                                                       Marsh         Forest             Forest   Fields      lands

               Long-Tailed Shrew              (u)     north       no                                                                                                             Specific
                  Sorex dispar                                                                                                                                                   habitat use
                                                                                                                                                                                 unknown

               Water Shrew                    (p)     north      no           x                                  x
                  Sorex palustris
               New England Cottotail          (P)     north      no                                              -     x                   x
                  Sylvilagus transitionalis

               Snowshoe Rabbit                (p)     north      no                                              -     x                   x
                  Lepus americanus
          .1
         Lj    Porcupine                      (P)     north      no                                                                        x
                  Erethizon dorsatum

               Indiana Bat                    (e)        ?       no                                                                                                              One known
                  Myotis sodalis                                                                                                                                                 record in N.J.

               Keen's Myotis (Bat)            (t)     state      yes          -                                                            x                           x
                  Myoti s keenii

               Eastern Woodrat                (P)     north      no           -                                                            x
                  Neotoma floridama

               Woodland Jumping Mouse         (u)     north      no           -                                                            x
                  Napeozapus insignis

               Southern Bog Lemming           (t)     state      yes          -                                  x     x                                       x                 colonial
                  Synaptomys cooperi

               (e) = endangered
               (t) = threatened
               (p) = peripheral
               (u) = undetermined
               W = occurrence in habitat
                             Sources: Applegate       (1974) C Ilins      (1959!)   Hje@ntzeAman (19 1)
                                       McCormick (.970) and J. Bur au of Wi d i        fe     agemen
                                                                                           7

                                                                                                    HABITATS

                Table I (continued)
                                                    Range     Coastal Aquatic Barrier      Salt    Fresh Bog Lowlan                   d-  !Agricul-  IlMeadow!Urban!    Remarks
                                                                                                                      d   Pine     Har
                  Animals (Status)                  in N.J. Zone                 Beach     Marsh Water          Swamp     Forest  Wood     ture      lGrass-1
                                                                                                   Marsh        Forest            Forest   Fields     lands

                Deer Mouse                (p)          ?       yes                  x                                                                   x
                                                                                                                                    x        x
                  Peromyscus maniculatus

                Marsh Rice Rat            (u)       south      yes                  x        x       x                                                  x
                  Oryzomys palustris

                Ermine                    (p)       north        no                                                                 x        x
                  Mustela erminea

                Bobcat                    (p)       north        no                                               x
                                                                                                                                    x
                  Lynx rufus

                Black Bear                (p)       north        no                                                                 x
                  Ursus americanus

                Sperm Whale               (e)       coastal    yes         x
                                                                                                                                                                        marine
                  Physeter catodon

                Blue Whale                (e)       coastal    yes         x                                                                                            marine
                  Sibbaldus musculus

                Finback Whale             (e)       coastal,   yes         x
                                                                                                                                                                        marine
                  Balaenoptera physalus

                Sei Whale                 (e)       coastal    yes         x                                                                                            marine
                  Balaenopters borealis

                Sourced: Applegate (1974)
                Collins (1959) Heintzelman
                                                                                                                                            7
                (1971) McCormick (1970)
                and N.J. Bureau of Wildlife
                Management

                Table 1 (continued)                                                              HABITATS

                Animals (status)                 Range     Coastal Aquatic Barrier Salt         Fresh Bog Lowland Pine          Hard-   Agricul-   Meado    Urban!'   Remarks
                                                 in N.J. Zone
                                                                               Beach    Marsh   Water        Swamp     Forest   Wood    ture       Grass
                    Birds                                                                       Marsh        Forest             Forest  Fields     lands

             Sharp-Shinned Hawk           W       state      yes                                                                                                      Rare breeder
                                                                                  x                             x        x        x
                Accipiter striatus

             Cooper's Hawk                (e)     state      yes                                                         x        x
                Accipiter cOoperii                                                                                                                                    known nester

             Red-Shouldered Hawk          M       state      yes                                                x        x        x                               Wet wood preferred
                .Buteo lineatus

             Bald Eagle                   (e)     coastal    yes         x        x        x                                      x
                Haliaeetus leucocephalus                                                                                                                              near water
                                                                                                                                                                      eats fish
             Marsh Hawk                   W       state      yes                  x        x        x                                      x          x               coastal marshes
                Circus cyaneus                                                                                                                                        grasslands,
        a,
        I                                                                                                                                                             rare breeder

             Osprey                       (e)     coastal    yes         x        x        x        x
                Pandion nuliaetus                                                                        7                                                            near water
                                                                                                                                                                      eats fish
             Peregrine Falcon             (e)     state      yes                  x        x                                                                 x        once nested in
             Falco peregrinus                                                                                                                                         Palisades
             Merlin (Pigeon Hawk)         W       coastal    yes                  x        x        x                    x                 x                          no current nests
                Falco columbarius                                                                                                                                     coastal imigrank
             Turkey                       (p)     north        no                                                                 x                                   Sussex County
                Melegris gallopavo

             Least Bittern                (t)     state      yes         x
                Ixobrychus exilis                                                                   x                                                                 wading bird

             Yellow-Crowned Night Heron(t)        coastal    yes         x        x        x        x                                                            j    Wading bird
                Nyctanassa violacea                                                                                                                                   breeds on bar-
                                                                                                                                                                      rier islands

             King Rail                    M       state      yes         x                          x
                Rallus elegans                                                                                                                                   i    mostly fresh
                                                                                                                                                                 i    water

             Sources': Applegate (1974)      Collins (19 9) Heintzelman
                                                                          (19 0   & 197  Mcco ick     .970)@.Mr. Riciard Kane   Mr. Ri  hard Ryan and N.J. Burl  Pau  of Wildlife
                                                                                                                                                                         Mgt.

                                                                                               HABITATS
                  Table 1 (continued)

                                                  Range    Coastal Aquatic Barrier Salt       Fresh Bog Lowland Pine         Hard-   Agricul-  Meadow'Urban!     Remarks
                 Animals (status)                 in N.J. Zone                Beach    Marsh Water         Swamp    Forest   Wood    ture      Grass-i
                                                                                              Marsh        Forest            Forest  Fields   Ilands  I

               Yellow Rail               (u)      state      yes        x                 x      x                                               x               mostly coastal,
                 Coturnicops noveboracenis                                                                                                                       very rare

               Black Rail                M        coastal    yes        x                 x                                                                      south coast,
                 Laterallus jamaicensus                                                                                                                     iDelaware Bayshore

                                                  coastal    yes        x       x
               Piping Plover             M
                 Charadrius melodus
               Upland Plover             M        state      yes                                                                       x         x          land airport margins
                 Bartramia americana.

               Roseate Tern              M        coastal    yes        x       x                                                                             no known breeders
                 Sterna dougallii

         _j    Barred owl                M        state      yes        -                              x     x                 x       x                      Swamp forest
                 Strix varia                                                                                                                                     preferred

               Long-Eared Owl            (u)      state      yes        -                                              x       x                         x       winters near
                 Asio otus                                                                                                                                    garbage dumps

               Short-Eared Owl           (t)      state      yes        -       x         x      x                                     x         x               open country,
                 Asio flammeus                                                                                                                                mostly coastal

               Red-Headed Woodpecker     (t)      state      yes        -       x                                      x       x       x                         local breeder
                 Melanerpes erythrocephalus

               Short-Billed Marsh Wren   M        coastal    yes                x         x      x                                               x               sedge habitat,
                 Cistothorus platensis                                                                                                                           rare, local

               Sources; Applegate (1974)
               Collins (1959) Heintzelman
               (1970) McCormick (1970), Mr.
               Richard Kane, Mr. Richard
               Ryan, and N.J. Bureau of
               Wildlife Management

                                                                                                    _LABI!@ATS
               Table 1 (continued)
                  Animals    (status)               Range     Coastal Aquatic Barrier Salt           Fresh Bog    Lowland Pine       Hard-    Agricul-   Meadow  Urban      Remarks
                                                    in N.J.    Zone                Beach     Marsh Water          Swamp     Forest   Wood    iture       Grass-!
                                                                                                     Marsh        Forest             Forest Fields       -Lands

                                                                                                       x
               Bobolink                     M        north      yes
                 Dolichonyx oryzivorus

               Orchard Oriole               (u)      state      yes                                                           x         x       x                           Along Route 9
                 Icterus spurius                                                                                                                                       lCape May    Ocean Co.

               Ipswich Sparrow              W        coastal    yes                  x
                                                                                                                                                                            winters on
                 Passerculus princeps
                                                                                                                                                                            coastal dunes
               Henslow's Sparrow            (t)      state      yes                                    x                                        x                        Old fields,
                 Passerherbulus henslowii                                                                                                                                   sedges
               Grasshopper Sparrow          (t)      state      yes                  x                                                          x           x            Old fields along
         I       Ammodraimus savannarum
                                                                                                                                                                         coast, Cape May
        00
                                                                                                                                                                         Brigantine
               Vesper Sparrow               (t)      state      yes                  x                                                          x          x             in migration
                 Poaecets gramineus

               Sources: Applegate (1974)
               Collins (1959) Heintzelman
               (1971) McCormick (1970),
               Mr. Richard Kane, Mr. Richard
               Ryan and N.J. Bureau of
               Wildlife Management

                                                                                                  HABITATS
                  Table 1 (continued)

                  Animals (status)                 Range   Coastal Aquatic Barrier Salt         Fresh Bog Lowland Pine        Hard-    Agricul- Meadow    Urbanj   Remarks
                                                                                                                                                I             i
                                                   in N.J. Zone                Beach    Marsh Water         Swamp     Forest  Wood     ture     lGrass-
                    ME@L@bians                                                                  Marsh       Forest            Forest   Fields    lands

               Jefferson Salamander       (u)      north      no                                               x                 x
                  Ambystoma jeffersonianum

               Blue-Spotted Salamander (e)         north      no                                               x                 x
                  Ambystoma laterale

               Silvery Salamander         (u)      north      no                                               x                 x
                  Ambystoma platineum

               Eastern Tiger Salamander   (e)      south     yes                                   x     -     x        x        x                                 Pine Barrens
                  Ambystoma tiqrinum                                                                                                                               Gravel pits
               Mountain Salamander        (u)      north      no                                   -     -     x                 x                                 Damp woods
                  Desmognatus ochrophaeus
          %O
               Eastern Mud Salamander     (u)      south     yes         x                 -       -     -     x        x        x                                 Pine Barrens,
                  Pseudotriton montanus                                                                                                                            springs
               Pine Barrens Treefroq      (t)      south     yes         x                 -       -     x     x        x                                          Pine Barrens
                  Hyla andersoni                                                                                                                               white-cedar swamps

               Gray Treefrog              (u)
                                                                                                                                                                   very similar
                  Hyla versicolor (northern)       state     yes         x                 -       x     x     x        x        x       x                    iCape May, Toms Rive
                  Hyla chrysoscelis (southern)     south     yes                                                                                              iNorth, New Jersey
                                                                         x                 -       x     x     x        x        x       x                    Fape May, Cumber-
                                                                                                                                                               and counties.
               New Jersey chorus Frog     (u)      south     yes         x                 -       x     x     -        x                                          subspecies
                  Pseudacris triseriata kalmi

               Upland Choruis Frog        (u)      north      no         x                 -       x     x     -                 x
                  Pseudacris triseriata fercarup

               Carpenter Frog             (u)      south     yes         x                               x     x        x               x                          Pine Barrens
                  Rana virgatipes                                                                                                                              white-cedar swamps

               Sources: Applegate (1974)
               Collins (1959) Heintoelman (197     McCormi k (1970) and N. J. Bureau of Wildtfe Ma. agem nt

                  Table 1 (continued)                                                                   HABITATS

                     Animals (status)                 Range      Coastal Aquatic Barrier Salt          Fresh Bog Lowland Pine           Hard-    Agricul-   I Meadow; Urban@    Remarks
                                                      in N.J.    Zone                Beach     Marsh Water                                                  I       I
                                                                                                                     Swamp     Forest   Wood     ture         Grass-!
                                                                                                       Marsh         Forest             Forest   Fields      lands

                         Reptiles

              Bog Turtle                      (e)     State      Yes
                 Clemmys mublenbergi                                         x                                 x                                               x              Pine Barrens,
                                                                                                                                                                              sphagnum bogs,
                                                                                                                                                                              marshy meadows.
              W00A Turtle                     (u)     State      Yes         x                            x    x      x                     x
                 Clemmys insculpta

              Red-bellied Turtle              (u)     State      Yes         x                                 x      x         x
                 Chrysenys rubriventris

              Atlantic Leatherback            (e)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                                Marine
                 Dermocheiys coviacea
              Atlantic Green Turtle           (e)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                                Marine
                 Chelonia mYdas

              Atlantic Loggerhead             (p)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                                Marine
                 Caretta caretta

              Atlantic Hawksbill              (e)     Coastal    Yes         x
                                                                                                                                                                              Marine
                 Eretmochelys imbricata
              Atl4ntic Ridley                 (e)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                                Marine
                 Lepidochelys kempi

                 Sources: Applegate (1974)
                 Collins (1959) Heintzelman
                 (1971) McCormick (1970) and
                 N.J. Bureau of Wildlife Manage-
                 ment

                                                                                                  HABITATS
                   Table 1 (continued)

                  Animals (status)                 Range     Coastal Aquatic Barrier Salt        Fresh Bog Lowland Pine         Hard-   Agricul-  imeadovUrban!      Remarks
                                                   in N.J.   Zone               Beach    Marsh Water          Swamp    Forest Wood     iture       Grass-I
                                                                                                                                                          I
                                                                                                 Marsh        Forest             orest IFields     lands

                Ground Skink                                                                                                      x                                  Pine Barrens
                  Leiolopisma laterale     (P)      south     yes

                Five-line Skink            (u)      state    yes                                                                                                     Pine Barrens
                                                                                                                x         x       x
                  Eumeces fasciatus                                                                                                                                  rotten logs

                Eastern Earth Snake        M        south    yes                                                          x       x        x          x
                  Virginia valeriae

                                           (u)
                Corn Snake                          state    yes                                                          x       x        x         x       x       roadsides
                  Elaphe guttata

                Northern Pine Snake        (u)      south    yes                                                x         x
                  Pituophis melanoleucus
                Northern Scarlet Snake     (u)      south    yes                                                x         x       x                             @unaer'gxound, sandy
                  Cemophora coccinea                                                                                                                             or mucky soils

                Timber Rattlesnake         W        state    yes                                                x         x       x
                  Crotalus horridus

                Sources: Applegate (1974)
                Collins (1959) Heintzelman
                (1971) McCormick (1970)
                and N.J. Bureau of Wildlife
                Management

                                                                                               HABITATS
               Table 1   (continued)
                                               Range     Coastal Aquatic Barrier Salt         Fresh Bog Lowland Pine        Hard-   lAgricul-   Meadowiurban@      Remarks
                 Animals (status)              in N.J.    Zone              Beach     Marsh Water         Swamp     Forest  Wood     ture       Grass-i
                                                                                             Marsh        Forest            Forest Fields       lands

                     Fishes

           Shortnose Sturgeon          (e)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                        Anadromous
             Acipensor brevirostrus

           Atlantic Tomcod             (t)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                        Anadromous
             Microgradus tomcod

           Rainbow Smelt               (p)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                        Anadromous
             Osmerus mordox

           American Shad               (u)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                        Anadromous
             Alosa sapidissima

           Atlantic Sturgeon           (u)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                        Anadromous
             Acipenser oxyrhynchus

           Slimy Sculpin               (u)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                        Freshwater
             Cottus cognatus                                                                                                                                   species
           Spotfin Killfish            (u)     Coastal    Yes         x                                                                                        Also called
             Fundulus luciae                                                                                                                                   Lucy's
                                                                                                                                                               Killifish,
                                                                                                                                                               esturine

             Sources: Breeder (1948)
             Collins (1959) McCormick  (1970)
             and N.J. Bureau of Wildlife
             Management

                                                   Table 3. Numbers of listed-spepies present in major coastal zone communities.

                         F@hylla             Number in           Marine            Esturine            Freshwater        Forests           Open              urban
                                             Coastal Zone                           and Barrier        Wetlands                            Lands
                                                                                    Beach

                       Mammals                     19               14                 3                   2                2                3                  1

                       Birds                       27               -8                 is                  is               11               13                 2

                       Reptiles                    6                5                  0                   -8               .9               3                  1

                       Amphibians                  1-5              0                  0                   6                5                1                  0

                       Fish                        -6               6                  6                   5                -                -                  -

                       TOTAL                       73               33                 27                  36               27               20                 4

                             Totals do not add across because species are present in more than one community.

                                                       Table 2. Numbers of listed species supported by various coastal zone habitats.

                    Phylla    Number in      Aquatic    Barrier   Salt    Fresh     Bog   Lowland    Pine     Hardwood   Agricultural    Meadow   Urban
                              Coastal Zone              Beach     Marsh   Marsh           Swamp     Forest    Forest     Fields          Grass-
                                                                                          Forest                                         lands

                   Mammals         19             14      2         1        1       1       1          0         2             1          3        1

                   Birds           27             9       15        11       11      1       3          7         9            12          9        2

                   Reptiles        15             8       0         0        1       3       .7         8         7             2          3        1

               I   Amphibians        6            5       0         0        3       4       5          5         2             1          0        0
               Lj

                   Fish              6            6       -         0        0       0       -          -         -             -          -        -

                   TOTAL           73             42      17       12"       16      9       16         20        20           16          15       4

                      *Totals do not add across because  many species use more than  one habitat.

                Table 4. Some species whose populations were greatly-reduced

                in the coastal zone before 1920 and their present

                status'.

                              Species                       Present Status

                Timber wolf                              extinct in N. J.

                Black bear                               recovering in north

                White-tailed deer                        recovered

                Mountain lion                            extinct in N. J.

                Bobcat                                   recovering in north

                Eskimo curlew                            extinct as a species

                Other sandpipers                         most have recovered

                Wood duck                                recovered

                Snowy egret                              recovered.

                Heath hen (race of Prairie Chicken)      extinct as a race

                Passenger Pigeon                         extinct'as a species

                Diamond-backed terrapin                  recovered

                Atlantic salmon                          extinct in N. J.

                                             -35-

                 Table S. Federal endangered or threatened species foiind

                 in New.Jersey.

                 Endangered

                 Shortnose sturgeon

                 Bald eagle

                 Peregrine falcon

                 Sperm whale

                 Blue whale

                 Finback whale

                 Sei whale

                 Humpback whale

                 Right whale

                 Threatened

                 Bog turtle

                 Pine Barrens treefrog

                 Ipswich sparrow

                 *Resource Publication 114, March 1973

                                               -36-

                                            TABLE B
                                        MANAGEMENT TOOLS

                                                         i

                Upland Living Resources: Endangered and Rare Wildlife

                     Title 23 of the New Jersey Statutes contains numerous

                laws regulating the capture and hunting of upland living

                resources. The broadest statute currently regulating such

                resources is the New Jersey Rare and Endangered Species Act

                NJSA 23:2A-1 et seq.

                     Under the mandates of this law the State must accord

                special protection, to maintain, and enhance species or

                subspecies of wildlife indigenous to the State.

                     The State must also assist in the protection of species

                which are deemed to be endangered elsewhere; by regulating

                the possession, transportation, exportation-, sale, or offer

                for sale or shipment within this State of species of wild-

                life including those on any federal endangered species list.

                     The Director of the Division of Fish, Game and Shell-

                fisheries within DEP is to conduct investigations on wild-

                life to develop information relating to populations, destri-
                bution, and habitat needs, to determine if management mecha-

                nisms will be necessary for.the species to sustain themselves.

                An official listing of rare and endangered species has been

                proposed for adoption.

                                           -37-

                                           References

                  Applegate, J. E. The Wildlife Resources of New Jersey in

                        New Jersey Trends, T. P. Norman Ed. Institute for

                        Envrionmental Studies, Rutgers State University, 1974.

                  Breeder, C. M., Jr. Field Book of Marine Fishes of the

                        Atlantic Coast, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1948.

                  Collins, H. H. Complete Field Guide to American Wildlife,,

                        Harper & Row, New York, 1959.

                  Heintzelman, D. S. The Hawks of New Jersey, New Jersey State

                        Museum, Bull. No. 13, Trenton, New Jersey, 1970.

                  Heintzelman, D. S. Rare or Endangered Fish.and Wildlife of

                        New Jersey, New Jersey State Museum, Science Notes No.

                        4. Trenton, New Jersey, 1971.

                  Kane, R. New Jersey Audubon Society and New Jersey Nongame

                        Council. -(personal communication) Helped in review of

                        Table 1.

                  McCormick, J. The Pine Barrens, A Preliminary Ecological

                        Inventory. Research Report No. 2, New Jersey State

                        Museum, Trenton, New Jersey, 1970.

                  New Jersey Devision of Fish,, Game, and Shellfisheries,

                        Bureau of Wildlife Management, Endangered and Nongame
                        Species Project, Ms. Joan Galli assisted in review and
                                                 -39-

                        preparation of Table 1.

                   New Jersey Register Endangered, Threatened, Peripheral and
                        Undetermined Wildlife Specie@ in New Jersey - official

                        List. New Jersey Register, Vol. 7, April 10, 1975.

                   Robbins, C. S., B. Bruun, and H. S. Zim. Birds of North America,

                        Golden Press, New York, 1966.

                   Ryan, R. New Jersey Nongame Council (personal communication)

                        Helped in review of Table 1.

                   U. S. Department of Interior Threatened Wildlife of the

                        United States, Resource Publ. 114, Bur. Sport Fish.

                        Wildlife, Washington, D.C., 1973.

                                        APPENDIX C
                                        REFERENCES

                                            COAST'       K'ill E
                                            INFO PxMiAT 10 N CENTER

                                                      ISERTy.,             ZRITIr

                                                                 1 76

                                                     3 6668 00002 7096