[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
Computeki3ed cPtxd ailid @./Vammd t-4tivatmg Uk Coastal as fod:fd Ego costrimalt, 11"I'le D"I Illosesseptal "I Offict ol Resources magglez@p" Bur of will, Resourm Visit *,", D., It coastal lose 111JAS11me.1 ZonE IF . . . . . . Fell I-Nappoiq Tivigion 'Nit 1996 QL j ![ypp 708.2 T46 ,I f 1986 c.2 WE 'it lilt IF s I it I ., A I It 1*111. 1., .14 Yj Ilia ;1k '7 7==L Aik of IVA Apt @Al& (16@%t (DV W' j COMPUTERIZED BIRD AND MAMMAL INVENTORY FOR THE LAKE ERIE COASTAL ZONY Prepared by: DIVISION OF WILDLIFE PLANNING BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT 4C3 PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION Cx JUNE, 1986 The preparation of this report was financed in part through the Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program under provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, administered by the Division of Coastal Zone Management, Bureau of Water Resources Management, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No._ INTRODUCTION ................................................... I Data Base Contents ........................................ 1 Data Base Management ...................................... 2 Data Base Availability .................................... 2 Applications .............................................. 2 Updating .................................................. 3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE .............................................. 4 METHODS ........................................................ 5 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES PROFILE CONTENTS ........................ 8 DATA BASE FORMAT ............................................... 10 IMPLEMENTATION AND FUTURE PLANS ................................ 47 LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Figure 1. Birds included in the computerized faunal inventory for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone ......................... 6 Figure 2. Mamm-Als included in the computerized faunal inventory I for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone ......................... 7 Figure 3. Fieldnames and definitions of data categories defined in the Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base ........ 11 Figure 4. Short-tailed shrew species account prior to updating completed during this study ............................ 14 Figure 5. Short-tailed shrew species account after updating completed by this study ................................ 19 APPENDICES Appendix A. List of subcontractors used for compiling faunal inventory information Appendix B. Sample of Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base Species Workbook Appendix C. Updated species profile: Kingfisher, belted Appendix D. Updated species profile: Loon, red-throated Appendix E. Updated species profile: Plover, piping Appendix F. Updated species profile: Weasel, long-tailed Appendix G. Updated species profile: Raccoon INTRODUCTION One of the major limiting factors in the analysis of environmental projects is the availability of faunal inventory data for the project area. Ideally, the project manager should know which animal species are present within the project area.(atall times of year, not just the present time), how many (abundance) of each species are present, the habitats utilized by each species and the responses likely elicited by the species (individuals and populations) due to habitat changes and use on the project site. Many times a plethora of faunal information already is available for a project area, but is widely dis- persed in books, filing cabinets, field notebooks, and the expert minds of pro- fessional ecologists and research biologists. Advances in computer technology have made it possible for biologists to summarize data from these diffuse sources into a concise, easily accessible database, with the ability subsequently to analyse complex environmental problems for faunal concerns in minutes rather than hours, days, and weeks. A computerized database of Pennsylvania's faunal resources was devel- oped in the early 1980's by a group of research biologists with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Eastern Energy and Land Use Team. Management of this database was transferred to the Pennsylvania Game Commission in 1982. The data- base subsequently was named the Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base. Data Base Contents The Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base contains complete profiles for 844 resident and common migrant vertebrate and invertebrate species occurring within Pennsylvania. The Data Base includes all 578 vertebrate species known to be present in Pennsylvania and a select group of "important" invertebrates. In- vertebrates are considered important if identified by federal or state agencies as endangered or threatened, if the species is recognized by the professional biological community as an indicator of environmental quality or sensitive to environmental changes, or if the species is of some economic significance. The 844 species in the Data Base are represented by nine major animal groups, as follows: amphibians (38), reptiles (41), fishes (184), birds (250), mammals (65), molluscs (69), crustaceans (4), aquatic invertebrates (93), and terrestrial in- vertebrates (100). Each species.profile in the Data Base was compiled using a standard format containing standard definitions and classifications. The definitions, clas-sifications, and data collection format evolved out of an extensive survey of hundreds of professional natural resource agencies, industry, universities, and private conservation organizations. Each species profile contains descriptors defining distribution in Pennsylvania, legal and use statuses, habitat associations, food habits, environ- mental associations and requirements, life history, and the influence of typical land management activities and land use changes on the species. All of this information, compiled in the standard coding booklet, was summarized by profes- sionals with sound research backgrounds and expert knowledge of the species or species group. Each species profile was developed from a combination of published reports and field notes, and also includes professional opinion. Each data base entry is fully referenced to the original source documents. All species data was edited and verified prior to entry into the Data Base. Data Base Management The Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base operates on the Univac computer at Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg,. Pennsylvania, using the MANAGE database management system; this system allows users with limited computer experience to have complete control of their particular data files. Interactive access or batch processing is possible via telephone with compatible computer hardware. Data Base Availability The Fish and Wildlife Data Base is available to federal and state agencies, universities, conservation organizations, environmental organizations, environmental and engineering consulting firms, and any individual needing fish and wildlife information. Two modes of access are possible; direct interactive access, and over-the-counter request service through the Game Commission. Interactive access is at present available only to public agencies. All other prospective users must request information through the Game Commission's Division of Wildlife Planning. Users of the Data Base include the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (Eastern States Office), U.S. Office of Surface Mining (Eastern Technical Center), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh District Offices), U.S. Forest Service-(Allegheny National Forest, Northeastern,State and Private Forestry, and the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station), U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (Bureaus of Water Quality Management, Water Resource Management, Dams and Waterways Management, Information Systems, and Forestry), and numerous environ- mental/engineering consulting firms. Applications Each species profile in the Data Base is divided into 125 separate data- fields (e.g., species common name, or occurrence within a watershed). Literally thousands of combinations, i.e., questions, are answerable given this type of data organization. The Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base will give almost instantan- eous answers to questions like the following: � What fish and wildlife species are found in Erie County? � What birds and mammals are found in riparian habitats of the Chatauqua- Conneaut drainage of eastern Lake Erie? � What species occurring in the Chatauqua-Conneaut drainage would be ad- versely affected (or benefited) by channelizing and/or impounding water? � What vertebrate wildlife species in Erie County require cavities in snags for nesting? � What endangered or threatened species occur in palustrine habitats in Erie County and what types of activities would adversely affect their survival? 2 What are the habitat requirements and limiting factors of the federally endangered piping plover? Specific applications already noted by Data Base users 'include: 1. Basic descriptions of individual species, their.habitat associations, and life histories. 2. Preparation and review of permit applications for surface mining, power plant siting, point source discharge, solid waste and hazardous waste disposal, and wetland encroachments. 3. Analysis of proposals to designate species water quality classifica- tions for waterways. 4. Evaluation and review of energy development project sites flood control projects, road construction and improvement projects, bridge replacements, and fly ash disposal sites. 5. Preparation and review of environmental assessments and impact statements (fish and wildlife section) related to items 2 and 4. 6. Preparation of wildlife research proposals. 7. Guilding species (grouping by common attributes) for habitat analysis procedures and the construction of species models. 8. Analysis of forest wildlife trends in Pennsylvania. 9. Information source for biological technical training and public infor- mation requests. Updating The Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base, like any other data source, remains valuable only as long as the information obtained is current.and meets the expressed needs of the end-user. Information must be updated periodically, incor- porating new research findings and new information elements required by users to maintain value and integrity. Through an extensive review of the present Data Base elements and capabilities with Data Base users, several new elements or categories of information (e.g., life history - behavior, reproduction, population dynamics, and limiting factors) and new element values had been identified for inclusion in the Data Base. Additionally, evaluators emphasized the need to review and incor- porate new information on species distribution and life history reported in ecolo- gical publications. 3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE The objective of this research was to update select Erie coastal zone dwelling species in the Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base by summarizing the best available information and adding it to existing and new data cate- gories in the Data Base; that is, by compiling data on animal species seasonal distribution, forest-habitat relationships, environmental associations and pref- erences, food habits, life history, HEP/PAM-HEP model data, and additional manage- ment practices and effects. This effort consisted of a comprehensive survey of existing literature and records, without further field investigation, i.e., a summary of our state-of-knowledge. This information was entered into the Data Base and stored in key-word searchable fashion to facilitate data retrieval and analysis. Updated faunal data stored and retrieved in the Data-Base from this project may be readily obtained to advance Coastal Zone Management program goals requiring the consideration of wildlife resources, including port projects in lakefront areas, public access projects along the coastal zone, coastal zone comprehensive plan updates, and educational programs informing the public of the value of coastal zone areas. 4 METHODS Species to be updated were identified.by geographic location (Erie Coastal Zone Area), and habitats (e.g., lacustrine littoral systems with cobble/ gravel beaches) occurring within the area. Emphasis was placed on species that breed, over-winter, and use adjacent habitats for a significant purpose. The species selected for the project are identified in Figures I and 2. Information from existing literature sources and agency records were obtained to facilitate data summary, and computerized literature surveys (i.e. DIALOG) were completed by Game Commission (PGC) staff. At the same time, con- sulting biologists were contracted with via Commonwealth competitive contracting procedures to review, critique, and summarize the available species information in the standard Species Workbook format. See Appendix A for a list of subcontrac- tors. Species Workbooks were reviewed and corrected as needed by PGC staff in Harrisburg. Species Workbook contents were entered into individual files on the Univac computer at Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA, reviewed and edited as necessary. Each edited species file was verified and batch loaded into the re- vised Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base. At the time of data review and summarization in Species Workbook format by consulting biologists, PGC staff 1) compiled 23 data entry files on the com- puter to facilitate data entry of Species Workbook information, and 2) designed and tested a new, revised format for the Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base that was capable of accepting data being compiled in the Species Workbooks. All other species profiles in the Data Base (the remaining 802 species) will be updated and loaded into this new, state-of-the-art format. 5 Figure 1. Birds included in the computerized faunal inventory for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone Common Name Scientific Name Bufflehead Bucephala albeola Coot, American Fulica americana Duck, Black Anas rubripes Duck, Ring-necked Aythya collaris Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied Empidonax flaviventris Gadwall Anas strepera Goldeneye, Common Bucephala clangula Heron, Little blue Egretta c.aerulea Kingfisher, Belted Megaceryle alcyon Loon-red-throated Gavia stellata Merganser, Red-breasted Mergus serrator Pintail, Northern Anas acuta Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus Redhead Aythya americana Scoter, Surf Melanitta perspicillata Swallow, Bank Riparia riparia Swallow, Rough-winged Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Swallow, Tree Tridoprocne bicolor Tern, Common Sterna hirundo Waterthrush, Louisiana Seiurus motacilla Waterthrush, Northern Seiurus noveboracensis Yellowthroat, Common Geothlypis trichas 6 Figure 2. Mammals included in the computerized faunal inventory for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone Common Name Scientific Name. Beaver Castor canadensis Ermine Mustela erminea Lemming, Southern bog Synaptomys cooperi Mink . Mustela vison Mole, Hairy-tailed Parascalops breweri Mole, Star-nosed Condylura cristata Mouse, Deer Peromyscus maniculatus Mouse, Meadow jumping Zapus hudsonius Mouse, Woodland jumping Napaeozapus insignis Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Opossum, Virginia Didelphis virginiana Pipistrelle, Eastern Pipistrellus subflavus Raccoon Procyon lotor Shrew, Masked Sorex cinereus Shrew, Short-tailed Blarina brevicauda Shrew, Smoky Sorex fumeus Squirrel, Flying, northern Glaucomys sabrinus Squirrel, Flying, southern Glaucomys volans Vole, Meadow Microtus pennsylvanicus Weasel, Long-tailed Mustela frenata 7 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES PROFILE CONTENTS Species descriptions were compiled by species experts using the standard format, the Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base Species Workbook. Appendix B contains a sample. This workbook provides a standard format for species profiles in ten information categories: 1. Taxono Standard, generally accept*ed, taxonomic references are used to enter common and scientific names, and a complete taxonomic profile from phylum to subspecies. Also included is a narrative discussion of the species taxonomy, and commonly used scientific and common name synonyms that permit greater search efficiency. 2. Status The status category allows for a description of the species current legal and use status within the Commonwealth and the identification of regulatory authorities. Status types are identified.to'facilitate locating federal/state endangered/threatened/vulnerable species, as well as a variety of other cate- gories. 3. Distribution Species distribution within Pennsylvania is discussed narratively and fully referenced. Distribution is coded into separate searchable fields by county using Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) codes; 7 1/2' quadrangles; U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Data Coordination (OWDC) Hydrologic Units; Bailey's Ecoregion Classification; Kuchler's Potential Natural Vegetation; and, for special status species, latitude/longitude of specific point and areal locations. Also included is seasonal occurrence within each county and relative abundance by county. 4. Habitat Associations Species - habitat associations are described narratively as discussed in the reviewed literature and using a series of standard habitat surrogates commonly used for habitat inventory and environmental review. Habitat associa- tions used include the U.S. Geological Survey's Land Use and Land Cover Classi- fication syste m; the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory Classes and Timber Size Classes; and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetland Inventory Classification System. Additionally, environmental (physical, biological-, and ecological) associations and requirements were recorded for each species by life stage. 5. Habitat Evaluation Procedures Models If final or draft habitat evaluation models were available for a species, .this was recorded and the model type identified. Habitats and model elements are listed as well. 6. Animal and Plant Associations Important animal and/or plant associations, e.g., commensalism, are re- corded in this section. 8 7. Food Habits Species food habits are described narratively and using a standard set of food resources. Foods consumed by each life stage (e.g., juvenile is recor- ded separately. 8. Life History A complete narrative profile of the species life history is compiled in six separate sections: physical description, origin within Pennsylvania, behavior, reproduction, population dynamics, and limiting factors. Select life history para- maters were recorded into 22 separate searchable fields. 9. Management Management activities that affect the species survival and population levels either positively or negatively are narratively described and recorded using a standard set of management practices. 10. References All the literature sources and other information sources referenced in compiling the previous nine sections are compiled in this category. 9 DATA BASE FORMAT . The revised format for the Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base includes 120 separate fields of information for each species (Figure 3). Data from each completed Species Workbook are inserted into the Data Base in the designated fields. (Note: only 108 fields contain descriptive information; 12 fields are blank "expansion" fields and receive no data). These fields of data are stored and retrieved using the MANAGE database management system. Printouts or listings of species accounts before and after updating completed during this study provide an excellent illustration of the additional fields of information included in updating and additional values in existing data fields. Printouts of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) prior to updating (Figure 4) and after updating (Figure 5) are provided for comparative purposes. A field-by-field comparison of these two printouts will highlight the 46 new data fields for each species account, including the expanded narrative discussions and the additional values added in pre-existing fields. In addition to-the short-tailed shrew (a non-game mammalian insectivore occurring in woodlands of the Erie Coastal Zone) displayed in Figure 5, the following updated species accounts are provided as representative examples of the nature and extent of information generated by this project: Appendix C - Kingfisher, Belted (Megaceryle 'alcyon): A non-game avian carnivore that nests in sand and dirt banks in riparian and lakeside areas Appendix D - Loon, Red-throated (Gavia stellata): A non-game migrant and occasional wintering bird found at Presque Isle and the Erie coast Appendix E - Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus): A federally-endangered bird that historically nested (and may nest again) on the sand/gravel beaches of Lake Erie Appendix F - Weasel, Long-tailed (Mustela frenata): A carnivorous predatory mammal occupying open woods and riparian edges in the Erie Coastal Zone Appendix G - Raccoon (Procyon lotor): An omnivorous furbearer occurring in urban, forested, agri- cultural, and wetland habitats of the coastal zone area. 10 Figure 3. Fieldnames and definitions-of data categories defined in the Pennsyl- vania Fish and Wildlife Data Base No. Fieldname Definition I Spp-code Species identification number 2 Category Common name for species class or order (e.g. birds) 3 Com-name Species common English name 4 Sci-name Species scientific name (genus and species) 5 Tax-phylum Species taxonomic classification: phylum 6 Tax-subphylum Species taxonomic classification: subphylum 7 Tax-class Species taxonomic classification: class 8 Tax-subclass Species taxonomic classification: subclass 9 Tax-order Species taxonomic classification: order 10 Tax-suborder Species taxonomic classification: suborder * 11 Tax-superfam. Species taxonomic classification: superfamily 12 Tax-family Species taxonomic classification:, family 13 Tax-sbfamily Species taxonomic classification: subfamily * 14 Tax-tribe Species taxonomic classification: tribe 15 Tax-genus Species taxonomic classification: genus 16 Tax-subgenus Species taxonomic classification: subgenus 17 Tax-species Species taxonomic classification: species 18 Tax-subspec Species taxonomic classification: subspecies 19 Tax-author Taxonomic authority for species 20, Spp-status Species legal status/use category 21 Res-status Species residency status with the Commonwealth 22 Habitat General habitat classification for species 23 Trophic Trophic (food) habit best characterizing the species 24 Territory Territorial behavior of species 25 Terr-size Territory size 26 Home-range Home range size 27 Dispersion Dispersion pattern of the species 28 Periodicity Daily and seasonal periodicity of species activities 29 Forag-strat Foraging strategy(ies) employed by species 30 Mating Seasonal mating system of species 31 Pair-bond Duration of mating pair bond 46 32 Display-site Reproductive display site(s) 33 Preg-incubat Length of gestation/incubation period 34 Ave-young Average number of young/reproductive effort 35 Reprod-year Number of reproductive efforts per year 36 Devel-young Neonate development 37 Parent-care Parental care of young/offspring 38 Pop-trend Species population trend 39 Pop-future Species population potential in the future 40 HEP Existing HEP models 41 Entered Date species record was entered into Data Base 42 Updated Last date species.record was updated in Data@Base 43 Expandl Expansion fields for revisions 44 Expand2 Expansion fields for revisions 45 Expand3 Expansion fields for revisions 46 Expand4 Expansion fields for revisions 47 Expand5 Expansion fields for revisions 48 Com-synonyms Common name synonyms 49 Sci-synonyms Scientific name synonyms New data fields - 11 - Figure 3. (Continued) No. Fieldname Definition 50 Occur-county Counties in which species occurs 51 Abs-county Counties in which species is absent 52 Unk-county Counties in which species occurrence is unknown 53 Seas-occur Species occurrence within counties by season 54 Abund-cty Species rtlative abundance by county 55 Hydro-name Watershed (name) in which species occurs 56 Hydro-code Watershed (code) in which species occurs 57 Ecoreg-name. Ecoregion (name) in which species occurs 58 Ecoreg-code Ecoregion (code) in which species occurs 59 PNV potential natural vegetation type in which species occurs 60 Quad-name 7 1/2' quadrangle (name) in which species occurs 61 Quad-code 7 1/2' quadrangle (code) in which species occurs 62 Latlong Latitude/longitude points and areas in which species occurs 63 Landuse-asoc Landuse/cover types with which species is associated 64 Landuse-pref Landuse/cover types species prefers 65 Forest-type Forest types and size classes with which species is associated 66 Forest-size Forest size classes with which species is associated 67 Wetland-name Wetland types (names) with which species is associated 68 Wetland-code Wetland types.(codes) with which species is associated 69 Envir-assoc Environmental parameters with which the species is associated 70 Envir-lim Environmental parameters which the species requires 71 Envir-lim-e Environmental parameters which the species requires:egg stage 72 Envir-lim-lf Environmental parameters which the species requires:feeding lar. 73 Envir-lim-lr Environmental parameters which the species requires:rest. larv. 74 Envir-lim-p Environmental parameters which the species requires:pupa . 75 Envir-lim-jf Environmental parameters which the species requires:feed. juv. 76 Envir-lim-jr Environmental parameters which the species requires:rest. juv. 77 Envir-lim-af Environmental parameters which the species requires:feed. adult 78 Envir-lim-ar Environmental parameters which the species requires:rest. adult 79 Envir-lim-ab Environmental parameters which the species requires:breed. adult * 80 Food-gen Foods consumed by species generally 81 Food-1 Food types consumed by species as larval life stage 82 Food-j Food types consumed by species as a juvenile 83 Food-a Food types consumed by species as an adult * 84 Forag-site Foraging site(s) used by species * 85 Breed-season Breeding season months * 86 Spawn-site Spawning site(s) used by species * 87 Nest-site Nest site(s) used by species * 88 Nest-matrls Nesting materials used by species * 89 Trend-cause Causes for population trend 90 Mgmt-benefit Management practices beneficial to the species 91 Mgmt-harm Management practices harmful to the species * 92 N-taxonomy Narrative discussion of the species taxonomy * 93 N-spp- status Narrative discussion of the species legal/use status 94 N-distrib Narrative discussion of the species distribution 95 N-habitat. Narrative discussion of the species habitat requirements 96 N-food Narrative discussion of the species food habits 97 N-mgmt Narrative discussion of the species management requirements * 98-- HEP-data Identification description of HEP models available * 99 Animal-plant Discussion of animal-plant associations * New data fields - 12 Figure 3. (Continued) No. Fieldname Definition *100 Description Narrative description of the physical appearance of the sp. *101 Origin Narrative discussion of the species origin in Pennsylvania *102 Behavior Narrative discussion of the species behavior *103 Reproduction Narrative discussion of the species reproductive requirements *104 Pop-dynamics Narrative discussion of the species population ecology *105 Lim-factors Narrative discussion of the factors limiting the species pop. 106 R-taxonomy References used for taxonomy information 107 R-Spp-status References used for status information 108 R-distrib References used for distribution information 109 R-habitat References used for habitat information 110 R-food References used for food habits ill R-mgmt References used for management information 112 R-life-hist References used for life history information 113 References Complete citations for references used 114 Expand6 Expansion fields for revisions 115 Expand7 Expansion fields for revisions 116 Expand8 Expansion fields for revisions 117 Expand9 Expansion fields for revisions 118 ExpandlO Expansion fields for revisions 119 Expandll Expansion fields for revisions 120 Expand12 Expansion fields for revisions New data fields 13 Figure 4. Short-tailed shrew species account prior to updating completed during this study. <SPECIES-CODE> 0500007 <GROUP> MAMMALS <COMMON-NAME> SHREW, SHORT-TAILED <SCI-NAME> BLARINA BREVICAUDA <%COUNTIES> 100% <STATUS> SEE COMMENTS <HABITAT> TERRESTRIAL <TROPHIC-L> <TROPHIC-J> CARNIVORE <TROPHIC-A> CARNIVORE <ORIGIN> NATIVE <PAST> UNKNOWN <FUTURE> UNKNOWN <OWNERSHIP> <TERRITORY> UNKNOWN <DISPERSION> UNKNOWN <ACRES> .5 <SQ.MILES> .00078 <PERIODICITY> NOCTURNAL <PHYLUM> CHORDATA <CLASS> MAMMALIA <ORDER> INSECTIVORA <FAMILY> SORICIDAE <GENUS> BLARINA <SPECIES>BREVICAUDA <SUBPHYLUM> <SUBCLASS> <SUBORDER> <SUBFAMILY> <SUBGENUS> <SUBSPECIES> <AUTHORITY> SAY <ENTERED> 81/07/14 <UPDATED> <Dummyl> <DUMMY2> <DUMMY3> <DUMMY4> <DUMMY5> <DISTRIB-PRES> 001,003,005,007,009,011,013,015,017,019,021,023,025,027,029, 031,033,035,037,039,041,043,045,047,049,051,053,055,057,059, 061,063,065,067,069,071,073,075,077,079,081,083,085,087,089, 09l,O93,095,097,099,101,103,105,107,109,111,113,115,117,119, 121,123,125,127,129,131,133 <D-PRES-T) ADAMS,ALLEGHENY,ARMSTRONG,BEAVER,BEDFORD,BERKS,BLAIR,BRADFORD,BUCKS, BUTLER,CAMBRIA,CAMERON,CARBON,CENTRE,CHESTER,CLARION,CLEARFIELD, CLINTON,COLUMBIA,CRAWFORD,CUMBERLAND,DAUPHIN,DELAWARE,ELK,ERIE, FAYETTE,FOREST,FRANKLIN,FULTON,GREENE,HUNTINGDON,INDIANA,JEFFERSON, QUNIATA,LACKAWANNA,LANCASTER,LAWRENCE,LEBANON,LEHIGH,LUZERNE,LYCOMING, MCKEAN,MERCER,MIFFLIN,MONROE,MONTGOMERY,MONTOUR,NORTHAMPTON, NORTHUMBERLAND,PERRY,PHILADELPHIA,PIKE,POTTER,SCHUYLKILL,SNYDER, SOMERSET,SULLIVAN,SUSQUEHANNA,TIOGA,UNION,VENANGO,WARPEN,WASHINGTON, WAYNE,WESTMORELAND,WYOMING,YORK <DISTRIB-ABS> <D-ABS-T> <DISTRIB-UNK> <D-UNK-T> <ABUNDANCE-HI> <A-HI-T> <ABUNDANCE-M> <A-P-T> <ABUNDANCE-LO> <A-LO-T> <LATLON> <QUAD> <QUAD-T> <HYDROUNIT> 02040101,02040103,02040104,02040105,02040106, 02040201,02040202,02040203,02040205, 02050101,02050103,02050104,02050105,02050106,02050107, 02050201,02050202,02050203,02050204,02050205,02050206, 02050301,02050302,02050303,02050304,02050304,02050306, 02060002,02060003, 02070002,02070003,02070004,02070009, 04110003, 04120101, 04120200, 04130002, 05010001,05010002,05010003,05010004,05010005, 05010006,05010007,05010008,05010009, 05020003,05020004,05020005,05020006, 05030101,05030102,05030103,05030104,05030105,05030106 (Continued on next page) - 14 - Figure 4. (Continued). <ECOREGION> 21130000,22110000,22120000,22140000,23200000 <ECOREGION-T> NORTHERN HARDWOODS,MIXED MYSOPHYTIC FOREST,BEECH-MAPLE FOREST, APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST,SOUTHEASTERN MIXED FOREST <PNV> 093,094,095,097,101 <PNV-T> BEECH-MAPLE,MIXED MESOPHYTIC,APPALACHIAN OAK,NORTHERN HARDWOODS, OAK-HICKORY-PINE <FTYPE> 001,005,014,015,016,017,018,019,020,021,022,023,024,025,026,027,028, 029,030,031,032,033,034,035,036,037,038,039,040,041,042,043,044,045, 046,047,048,049,050,051,052,053,054,055,056,057,058,059,060,061,062, 063,064,065,075,076,077,078,079,095,097 <FTYPE-T> JACK PINE,BALSAM FIR,NORTHERN PINE OAK,RED PINE,ASPEN,PINE CHERRY, PAPER BIRCH,GRAY BIRCH-RED MAPLE,WHITE PINE-RED OAK-WHITE ASH, WHITE PINE,WHITE PINE-HEMLOCK,HEMLOCK,HEMLOCK-YELLOW BIRCH, SUGAR MAPLE-BEECH-YELLOW BIRCH,SUGAR MAPLE-BASSWOOD,SUGAR MAPLE, BLACK CHERRY-SUGAR MAPLE,BLACK CHERRY,RED SPRUCE-YELLOW BIRCH, RED SPRUCE-SUGAR MAPLE-BEECH,RED SPRUCE,RED SPRUCE-BALSAM FIR, RED SPRUCE-FRASER FIR,PAPER BIRCH-RED SPRUCE-BALSAM FIR, WHITE SPRUCE-BALSAM FIR-PAPER BIRCH,NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR,TAMARACK, BLACK ASH-AMERICAN ELM-RED MAPLE,POST OAK-BLACK OAK,SCARLET OAK, BUR OAK,BEAR OAK,CHESTNUT OAK,PITCH PINE,EASTERN REDCEDAR, EASTERN REDCEDAR-PINE,EASTERN REDCEDAR-HARDWOOD, EASTERN REDCEDAR-PINE-HARDWOOD,BLACK LOCUST,WHITE PINE-CHESTNUT OAK, WHITE PINE-RED OAK-HICKORY,WHITE OAK,RED OAK-BASSWOOD-WHITE ASH, RED OAK,RED OAK-MOCKERNUT HICKORY-SWEETGUM,YELLOW POPLAR, YELLOW POPLAR-HEMLOCK,YELLOW POPLAR-WHITE OAK-RED OAK, BEECH-SUGAR MAPLE,RIVER BIRCH-SYCAMORE,SILVER MAPLE-AMERICAN ELM, COTTONWOOD,SASSAFRAS-PERSIMMON,PINE OAK-SWEETGUN,SHORTLEAF PINE, SHORTLEAF PINE-OAK,SHORTLEAF PINE-VIRGINIA PINE, VIRGINIA PINE-SOUTHERN RED OAK,VIRGINIA PINE,BLACK WILLOW, ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR <FSIZE> UNSTOCKED,SEEDLING/SAPLING,POLE,MATURE,OVER-MATURE <RANGELAND> 32 <RANGELAND-T> SHRUB-BRUSH <AGRICULTURE> 20,21,22,23,24 <AGRI-T> ALL AGRICULTURAL LAND,CROPLAND-PASTURE,ORCHARDS-VINEYARDS-NURSERIES, CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS,OTHER AGRICULTURE LAND <FOREST> 40,41,42,43 <FOREST-T> ALL FOREST LAND,DECIDUOUS,EVERGREEN,MIXED <URBAN> 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 <URBAN-T> ALL URBAN LAND,RESIDENTIAL,COMMERCIAL-SERVICES,INDUSTRIAL, TRANSPORTATION-UTILITIES,INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL,MIXED URBAN, OTHER URBAN LAND (Continued on next page) - 15 - Figure 4. (Continued). <WATER> <WATER-T> <BARREN> <BARREN-T> <NWI-SYSTEM> <NWI-AHC> <NWI-AHC-T> <AQUATIC> <TERRESTRIAL> ANIMAL ASSOCIATIONS UNKNOWN PLANT ASSOCIATIONS UNKNOWN <FOOD-L> <FOOD-L-T> <FOOD-J> 7080,7170,7590,7620,7650,7680,7710,7770,7830,8040,8370,8460,8490,8580 <FOOD-J-T> HEREACEOUS PLANT PARTS,HERBACEOUS FRUIT,INSECTS-ADULT TERRESTRIAL, INSECTS-IMMATURE TERRESTRIAL,ARTHROPODS-OTHER TERRESTRIAL, WORMS-TERRESTRIAL,INVERTEBRATES-OTHER TERRESTRIAL,CRUSTACEANS-AQUATIC, SNAILS-AQUATIC,MAMMALS-JUVENILE/NESTLINGS,REPTILE JUVENILES, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES,AMPHIBIAN ADULTS,CARRION <FOOD-A> 7090,7180,7600,7630,7660,7690,7720,7780,7840,8050,8380,8470,8500,8590 <FOOD-A-T> HERBACEOUS PLANT PARTS,HERBACEOUS FRUIT,INSECTS-ADULT TERRESTRIAL, INSECTS-IMMATURE TERRESTRIAL,ARTHROPODS-OTHER TERRESTRIAL, WORMS-TERRESTRIAL,INVERTEBRATES-OTHER TERRESTRIAL,CRUSTACEANS-AQUATIC, SNAILS-AQUATIC,MAMMALS-JUVENILE/NESTLINGS,REPTILE JUVENILES, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES,AMPHIBIAN ADULTS,CARRION <NICHE-E> <NICHE-E-T> <NICHE-LF> <NICHE-LF-T> <NICHE-LR> <NICHE-LR-T> <NICHE-P> <NICHE-P-T> <NICHE-JF> 089005,093205,093805,094405,095005,095605,096205,096805,097405,098005 <NICHE-JF-T> LEAF LITTER/DEBRIS/HUMUS:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSES:SEE COMMENTS, ORCHARDS:SEE COMMENTS,PASTURES:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSLAND:SEE COMMENTS, MEADOWS:SEE COMMENTS,OLD FIELDS:SEE COMMENTS,SHRUBS:SEE COMMENTS, CONIFEROUS FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS, HARDWOOD FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS <NICHE-JR> 089005,093205,093805,094405,095005,095605,096205,096805,097405,098005, 090205 <NICHE-JR-T> LEAF LITTER/DEBRIS/HUMUS:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSES:SEE COMMENTS, ORCHARDS:SEE COMMENTS,PASTURES:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSLANDS:SEE COMMENTS, MEADOWS:SEE COMMENTS,OLD FIELDS:SEE COMMENTS,SHRUBS:SEE COMMENTS, CONIFEROUS FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS, HARDWOOD FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS,NEST SITES:SEE COMMENTS <NICHE-AB> 089205,093405,094005,094605,095205,095805,096405,097005,097605,098205, 090405 (Continued on next page) - 16 - Figure 4. (Continued). <NICHE-AB-T> LEAF LITTER/DEBRIS/HUMUS:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSES:SEE COMMENTS, ORCHARDS:SEE COMMENTS,PASTURES:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSLAND:SEE COMMENTS, MEADOWS:SEE COMMENTS,OLD FIELDS:SEE COMMENTS,SHRUBS:SEE COMMENTS, CONIFEROUS FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS, HARDWOOD FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS,NEST SITES:SEE COMMENTS <NICHE-AF> 089105,093305,093905,094505,095105,095705,096305,09690,097505,098105 <NICHE-AF-T> LEAF LITTER/DEBRIS/HUMUS:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSES:SEE COMMENTS, ORCHARDS:SEE COMMENTS,PASTURES:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSLAND:SEE COMMENTS, MEADOWS:SEE COMMENTS,OLD FIELDS:SEE COMMENTS,SHRUBS:SEE COMMENTS, CONIFEROUS FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS, HARDWOOD FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS <NICHE-AR> 089105,093305,093905,094505,095105,095705,096305,096905,097505,098105, 090305 <NICHE-AR-T> LEAF LITTER/DEBRIS/HUMUS:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSES:SEE COMMENTS, ORCHARDS:SEE COMMENTS,PASTURES:SEE COMMENTS,GRASSLAND:SEE COMMENTS, MEADOWS:SEE COMMENTS,OLD FIELDS:SEE COMMENTS,SHRUBS:SEE COMMENTS, CONFEROUS FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS, HARDWOOD FOREST ASSOCIATION:SEE COMMENTS,NEST SITES:SEE COMMENTS <MANAGEMENT-B> 014,022 <MGMT-B-T> PLANTINGS,REFORESTATION <MANAGEMENT-A> 002,003,001 <MGMT-A-T> APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES,APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES, APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES <REFERENCES> 01BURT,W.H. 1969. MAMMALS OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION. UNIV. OF 01MICHIGAN PRESS, ANN ARBOR. 246 PP. 02DOUTT, J.K., C.A. HEPPENSTALL, AND J.E. GUILDAY. 1977. MAMMALS OF 02PENNSYLVANIA. PA. GAME COMM., HARRISBURG. 282 PP. 03KIRKLAND, G.L., JR. 1978. THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA 03(SAY), IN THE CENTRAL MOUNTAINS OF WEST VIRGINIA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 03PA. ACAD. SCI. 5Z:126-30. 1978. 04PALMER, R.S. 1954. THE MAMMAL GUIDE. DOUBLEDAY AND CO., INC., GARDEN 04CITY, N.Y. 384 PP. 05RHODES, S.N. 1903. THE MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 05PRIVATELY PUBLISHED, PHILADELPHIA. 266 PP. <REF-CODES> C-OCCURRENCE 02 AUTHORITY 01 DISTRIBUTION/ABUNDANCE 021977 %COUNTIES 02 HYDROUNIT 02 ECOREGION 02 PNV 02 FTYPE 02,04 FSIZE 02,03 STATUS 01,02 ORIGIN 02 (Continued on next page) - 17 - Figure 4. (Continued). PERIODICITY 02 HABITAT 02 RANGELAND V4 AGRICULTUFE Cl FOREST c! I URBAN 02 FOOD-J 01902904vC5 FCOD-A 01902YC49C5 NICHE-JF 01,02,03,04 NICHE-JR 01902vC3904 NICHE-AS 01902903904 NICHE-AF 01,02,03,G4 NICHE-AR 019029C39C4 C-NICHE-S 02 MANAGEMENT-B 02 PANAGEMENT-A 02 (C-CCCURRENCE) PPOBABLY COMMONEST MAMMAL IN STATEo*02* (C-TAXONOMY) <C-STATUS) CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AS INSECT DESTROYER.*01* <C-FOOL-L> <C-FOOD-j> <C-FOOO-A) <C-FCOD-G> <C-FOOD-S> <C-hICHE-E) <C-NICHE-LF) <C-hICHE-LR) <C-NTCHE-P) <C-NTCHE-.JF) TUNNELS IN TOP INCHES OF LEAF LITTER-, UNDER COVER, IN SNOW.*02* < C - hi C HE _JR > TUNNELS IN TOP FEW INCHES LEAF LITTER OR UNDER COVER.*02* NESTS 6-8 IN* DIAMETER OF CRY LEAVES, GRASSES, INFREQUENTLY MOUSE FUR UNDER LOGS **Cl* <C-hTCHE-AB) NESTS 6-8 IN. DIAMETER OF DRY LEAVES, GPASSESP INFREQUENTLY MOUSE FUR, 1-12 IN9 UNDER LOGS**Cl* <C-1p2pHE-AF) FEED IN TUNNELS A FEW INCHES IN LEAF LITTER, SNOW, UNDER COVER.*02* <C-NICHE-AR) NESTS 6-8 IN* DIAMETER OF DRY LEAVES, GRASSES, INFREQUENTLY MOUSE FUR UNDER LOGS 1-12 IN**Ol* <C-NICHE-6) (C-NICHE-S) TUNNEL IN SNOW IN WINTER,*C2* <C-PANAGEMENT> <C-OTHER) *****DISTRIBUTICN EY SAF FOREST COVER TYPES (FTYPEi***** ALL TYPES OF WOCOLANCS**C4* *****PERIODICITY DESCRIPTORS (PERIODICITY)***** OCCASIONALLY ACTIVE DURING DAY.*02* *****GENERAL HAEITAT ASSOCIATIONS (HABITAT)***** EURROW IN TOP FE6 INCHES OF SOIL, LEAF LITTFR**C2* (OLPHY6) <DLPMV7) - 18 0 Figure 5. Short-tailed shrew species account after updating completed by this study. <SPP-CO0E>. @JS'3130a7 <CATEGORY> KAMMtL <CQA@-NAME> SHIE6, @H:,FT-TAILED CSCI-NAME> &LAPINA BREVICAUDA CTAX-PHYLUM> CHO"-LAT*A <TAX-SE)PHYLUM> VLRTEeRATA <TAX-CLASS> NAIMALTA e.TjkX-SUBC:L0,S> <TjLX-ORDER>_INSELTIVCRA <TAX-SU6OPUEF> f.TAY-SUP-@-vFAM> <TAX-FAMILY> SORICIDAE <TAX-Sr3FAMILY> SORIC.'NAF KAPTNINT <TAX-GZhUS> SLARINA <TAX-SUBGZUS> <TAX-SP:'C1ZS>'6PLVISAUDA <TAX-SUESPEC> <TAX-AUTHOR> SAY 18Z3 <SPP-S@ATUS> NON@' (PES-STATuS> RES-YR. <HAE1&TAT> T_ZRRES7R1tL,RIPAF?1AN <TF,,OPIJIC> CAP41VO-r <TERRITCRY> OREED-ING/FEEDING/NES7INZ3 TEPRITGRY <7ERP-S1ZF> <-40ME-RANGE> 1/4-.1 ACRE,A'-5 ACRES <DISPERSION> (PERILDICITY> CYCL.IC DAY-NIGHT ACTIVITY - <FORAG-STRAT> PROBInG CMATT.NC-7> CPAIR-BON,@> <0ISPLA'Y-SITE> @(PREG-INCUBAT> 3-4 WEEKS <AVE-YOUNG> F-7 <R;__?ROD-YF> 293,.>3 <DLVEL-YOUNG> ALTRICIAL <PARENT-CARF> FEMALLE (POP-TRE?irj> No TREND 4(PQP-FUT.URE> CHU> NONC <UP0AT!:C> <1:04-SYNON., IMS> SHFEw, NOPTHER.1 SHORT-1AILE0;SHP;_7iv,M0L_--;MCLSE, SHPFa; ZHPEW, BOB-TAILEJ;SHREat BIG SHORT-TAILE:U;SLARI@jA <2_C1__SYNON'YMS> SRFX F.@LVICAUDUS,6LARIN.-; BFE-V-_CAUf;A,BLARj1'.A CQSTAC?TC,-NS_S BLARINA FOSSALIS98LARINA BEEVTCAUDA K1F'TLAi,,C1 <@';CCUR-COUNTY> ADAMS, ALLEGHENY, ARMSTRONG, BEAVER, BEDFORD, BERKS, BLAIR, BRADFORD, BUCKS, BUTLER, CAMBRIA, CAMERON, CARBON, CENTRE, CHESTER, CLARION, CLEARFIELD, CLINTON, COLUMBIA, CRAWFORD, CUMBERLAND, DAUPHIN, DELAWARE, ELK, ERIE, FAYETTE, FOREST, FRANKLIN, FULTON, CREENE, HUNTINGDON, INDIANA, JEFFERSON, JUNIATA, LACKAWAHNA, LANCASTER, LAWRENCE, LEBANON, LEHIGH, LUZERNE, LYCOMING, MCRAY, MERCER, MIFFLIN, MONROE, MONTGOMERY, MONTOUR, NORTHAMPT9N, NORTHUMBERLAND, PERRRY, PHILADELPHIA, PIKE, POTTER, SCHUYLKILL, SNYDER, SOMERSET, SULLIVAN, SUSQUEHANNA, TIOGA, UNION, VENINGO, WARREN, WASHINGTON, WAYNE, WESTMORELAND, WYOMING, YOPM. <ABS-COUNTY> <SNK-COUNTY> <SEAS-OCCUR> ADAMS SBFW, ALLEGHENY SBFW, ARMSTRONG SBF, BEAVER SEFW, BEDFORD SEFL BERKS SEFW, BLAIR SBF, BRADFORD SBF, BUCKS SBFW, BUTLER SBFW CAMBRIA SBFW, CAMERON SBFW, CARBON SBF, CENTRE SBFW, CHESTER SBFW, CLARION SBFW, CLEARFIELD SBFW, CLINTON SBFW, COLUMBIA SBFW, CRAWFORD SBFW, CUMBERLAND SBFW, DAUPHIN SBFW, DELAWARE SBFW, ELKS SBFW, ERIE SBFW, FAYETTE SBFW, FOREST SBFW, FRANKLIN SBFW, FULTON, SBFW, GREENE SBFW, HUNTINGDON SBFW, INDIANA SBFW, JEFFERSON SBFW, JUNIATA SBFW, LACKA WANNA SBFW, LANCASTER SBFW, LAWRENCE SBFW, LEBVANON SBFW, LEHIGH SBFW, LUZERNE SBFW, LYCOMING SBFW, MCKEAN SBFW, MERCER SBFW, MIFFLIN SBFW, NONTOE SBFW, MONTFOMERY SBFW, MONTOUR SBFW, NOTHAMPTON SBFW, NORTHUMBERLAND SBFW, PERRY SBFW, PHILADELPHIA SBFW PIKE SBFW, POTTER SBFW, SCHUYLKILL SBFW, SNYDER SBFW, SOMERSET SBFW SULLIVAN SBFW, SUSQUEHANNA SBFW, TIOGA SBFW, UNION SBFW, BERNON SBFW, WARREN SBFW, WASHINGOTN SBFW, WAYNE SBFW, WESTMORELAND SBFW, WYOMING SBFW, YORK SBFW <ABUND-CTY> ADAMAS A, ALLEGHENY A, ARMSTRONG A, BEAVER A, BEDFORD A, BERKS A, BLAIR A, BRADFORD A, BUCKS A, BUTLER A, CAMBRIA A, CAMERON A, CARBONA, CENTRE A, CHESTER A, CLARION A, CLEARFIELD A, CLINTON A, COLUMBIA A, CRAWFORD A, CUMBERLAND A, DAUPHIN A, DELAWARE A, ELK A, ERIE A, FAYETTE A, FOREST A, FRANKLIN A, FULTON A, GREENE A, HUNTINGDON A, INDIANA A, JEFFERSON A, JUUNIATA A, LACKAWANNA A, LANCASTER A, LAWRENCE A, LEBANON A, LEHIGH A, LUQERNE A, LYCOMING A, MCKEAN A, MERCER A, MIFFLIN A, MONROE A, MONTGOMERY A, MONTOUR A, NORHTAMPTON A, MNORTHUMBERLAND A, PERRY A, PHILADELPHIA A, PIKE A, POTTER A, SCHUYLKILL A, SNYDER A, SOMERSET A, SULLIVAN A, SUSQUQHANNA A, TIOGA A, UNION A, VERNON A, WARREN A, WASHINGTON WASHINGTON A, WAYNE A, WESTMORELAND A, WYOMING A, YORK A, <HYDRO-NAME> UPPER DELAWARE:UPPER DELAWARE, -19- (Continuted on next page) 0 Figure 5. (Continued). UPPER 0ZLAwARE:LACKAavAX-f-R' UPPER DELAWARL:MIDDLL L@ELAWAPE/MGNGAUP/81;3L)@IERi';p UPPER DELAWARL:MIDDL4 UELAWARE/MU3CCN-TC3NL@j UPPEP.DELAWARE:LEHIGH, LOWER D@-:LAWARL:CROSSwI%@.KS-NESNAMINY, L06ER DELAWARLE:LOWEP Di:LAWA;Z!:, LOWER DELAWARE:SCHUYLKiLLo LOWE7F 07LAWAR@@:BRANi)YWINE-CHF.'ASTIi4A, UPPER SUSQUENANNA:UPPER SUSQUENANNA UPPER SUSQUFHkNNA:06EGO-JAPPASENING UPPER SUSQUENANNA:TIOGA, UPPER SUSQUFHA4NA:CHEmuNGw UPPER SUSQUEHANXMUPPZ,@ SUSQUEEik-'*NA-T;,NKHA!-,t-'OCK, UPPER SjSQUFHANNA-:UPPEt-; SUSQUUMttiNA-,-ACKAWi...,,N.49 WEST BRANCH SUSQUE-HANhA:UPPER WE.@T ERANCH '-@USQUEHANNA, WE@jT BRANCH SUSQUEHANN.@:@PINN--PAHZ)NI'4'Li, agEST BP ikNCH SUSQUEHANNA: MIDDLE W-@-ST 6@ANCH SUSQUEHh'44A, 4EST B@ANH SUSQUEHANN;.: BALD EAGLZ-9 WLST BRANCH SUSQUFHANN,@:PINZ, wZLT bRANCH SUSQUEHANNA: LOWER W!-'S'T ZUSC.U;HA%k!A, L06ER SUSQUEHANA:LGkL-..-% SUSQU7HANNA-KA.14-11 LOWF-F SUSQUFHAi01A:UPPEfk' JUNTATA L 0 1. RS6@7--QUFhAtiNA:FAYST@)ii.4, LQkEr SUSQUFH.A1,iNA:L0wE-'. JUNIATA LOWER SUSQUFHANb#A:LQ4-7R'4USQJEHA4NNA----i,;ATARAj, L0wEF SuSQUFHANNA:L0,iER [email protected] UPPEF CH@--SAPEAKE:CHE.@T@-@P,-SAS:[email protected] JPPER CiiLStPELK7-:GUNPOaD;-'R-P.fTXPSCO PJT0?@AC:N0:-TH EIPANCH P4-240MAC, POTOMAC :CAC1k'w't4-T0&PJw POTOMAC:CONOCi,@[email protected]'4P@-'QUO@'it P0TOKAC:M0N0ACY S@'JTHL@@ (i L AKE: E' IE: -1, SH I-A,-,JL ,-A@@TERN LAO-c' Lill C:Ch,;UTAUQU@ Ti LAi%7- E;Z!--::LAKppRIZ-f !@'@'@:THWE STERN' LAKE- ONTAAI@':UPPE.".' ALL;-'FjHE',iY:UPP;_P ALLECaHE"AY, ALLEGHEt.Y:C0KL1mA:,iGU, ALLECH1-NY:MlDLLF ALLELSH-@-'Y, ALLEGH71;@Y:FREtZH, ALLE7GHE'*,Y:CLA31CN ALLEEHFIL@y:MIDDLE ALL L-3HLf1Y-P- ':D--@ Aii%, AL.LqZ-GHz--Ny:C0NZMAUGH, j@LLE*GHE@Y:KTSKIMIKETAS, ALLEGHENY:LO6ZR ALLE6H:@NY 56qc '@CNON6AH'@Li:UPPER MCN3,GAHELA, HONOKCAHi@LA:CHLAT, t@0NONGAHELA:LCWER MO,*40-NGAHEL,'$ f'ONIONGAH@;-Lt.:[email protected], UPPER OHIO:UPPZP OHIO, UPPER 0inl0:SHLNA:4GUv UPPER C10,;PKAh,@NIN6,, UPPER OH10:8EAVER9 UPPER 0i-I0:CO0QUENLS@;--,NG9 UPPER Oqr.10:UPPLR OHI- -wHEFELING 0-@--14L1C1,C204U103jL;2j4 '-1U4,CZ04J1FJ5, "rL4L1-6,P- 1.: 4 0" FT 1 2 L 0105, D-'C4f;ZL3G204;205,Q2J5 1C1fG2';501J-7 C501 4,ri'LUS 0 -109 4 1 f Z V 4 13 L '12 , Q 5 U 0 0 1 , C 5 11 @i;-j J 2 q, Z" 10 1 L, a 9 S 0 1 D! ' 4 , 15 11 L; C 5 L I L r 5 11 0 C 7 , C 5 C; 1 j 7 8 , f-7 r-- I -J L j 7 , 0 2 J 3 ip 1 ' 7@ -':, C 2! 1; F 2 -0 C 5 , @ - 20 (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). .rSC20UC 05C31;10 I, 355301c2,0593F; I C39 25C3jlZ:4 @!BL: 10 6 <Z CORZ-G-N A ME> NORTHEfi HARDWOODS FOREST* 5 C-80% GENTLY SLOFING, j-tj_.,-3rj FT. ELEVATICN SL-75Z OF GZNTLE SLOPE IS IN LJwLAfl-!".; ORThLPN HARDWOODS FORLST 50-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 39U-@iCj FT. ELEVATION, 50775Z OF GZNTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; 14ORTHEP.,v HARCkOODS, FOR@I'STv 22 -5,2Z GEkTLY SLOPING, =r!r'- FT@ LLEVATION9 SO-75% OF G'NTLE SLOPE IS Lt.' UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FORZSTv 2C-50%. GENITLY SLOPINCe EICY-1'J , FT. ELEVATION,, MORE'THAN 7zo% OF UNTLE SLOPE IS OW UPLN14L; NORTHERN HAPDW%10,00S FOR"ST, 20-50% GEN7LY SLOPING, IC!03-3J9!@ FT. ELLVATIC-N, MORE- T14AN 7@A% OF GENTLL SLOPE IS IN LOWLANI; NORTHLRN HARD40CUS FOR@;ST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPTNG, 13C,1-3jfl,,@ FT. LLEVATIC;N, 50-7,5Z or -NTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLANO; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FaR@-STip Lr-SS THAN @,EtiTL-' SLOPING, 100073UOC FT* ELEVATION; % MIXED MESOPHYTIC FORFSTip 20--SC:% GENTLY SLOPING9 SOC-10617, FT . ELEVATICN, 5--l-75Z OF G--NTLZ: SLOP-E ILS UIN UPAP4 q1, 0- MIXEC, r-:S0PHYT-lC FOREST, 20-50% CiLNTLY SLJPING, FT. ELZVATIGN, 50-75X OF GENTLL SLOPE IS Oh UPLAND; MIXED PLSOPHYTIC FOR:Siv LESS THAN.' 2'Z GLATLY SLGPIN@jv 50-A'L@Cz. FT. LLIVATIJf1i' bEECH-VAPLK FC@YEST, .oL-8C% GENTLY SLOP14G, : --3 J: FT@ L.LEVATISti, Fa-T.Zz @;F G.q@NTLqE SLaPZ IS IN L')wLANZ; BLECH-,APLE FOPEST, 50-aU@% G--ti6%Y SLQK-1-4Co, 3-:F-15@]O FT. ELL-VATi,jN v:0-75Z UF G,-r4TLE SLOpL IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOPEST, M3Rr THAN 8CX &rN!*Ly !@LOPING, 0-1*1q0 FT* ELEVAT--GN; APPALACHIAN OAK FOR-EST, 149E THAN 81,@@ 6'g-ti%f SLOPIhG, IJC-3L@-, FT. CLEWATIONs SC-75% OF 6EkL.E SqL@PE IS I;," LOWLANU; APPALACHIAN OAK FOPZST, c-:3-8--z G!--tjTLY qSLU?INC, lT,;0-!V0 FT. I . --0-7q5Z -3F 1@-*-ATLqEq: SLOP@. ITE ON UP,@'Nr-,; ELEVAT N, L APPALACHT-0 % OAK FORES r, E 1p1pZ Gt:NT L Y @LO!31,%G rr F T - -'L^-VAT I F 0-7 E@% OF 3--'sTLE SLJ -7 1 UE I-J.LANU; APPALACHIAN OAK FCRESrt G@@JTLY SLOPING, 3-0-5-JO, FT . LLLVATIONP 1-0-7-SiZ W`IF G-ZATLE LLOP@' IS Ot. u3L.11471; [email protected],F, (,AK F0kESrl, GE";TLY SLQ:ll%G0 A b Fro c'-LEVATIONt LIZ3 THAN 7.-JZ OF GF1,TL-- SLI@F;Z. 1-': @' L,) WL 0 N % APP,kLA6'H:AN OAK FOREST, Zfl-53-Z GL.NITLY ZLORING, F T ZLEVAT10- @-75% GF. G-ENTLE SLOPZ. IS Lit, APPALACHIAN OAK FCREST, GZINTLY SLO?If.@ 5-'Q-10nO FT* ELE'VAT110:49 MORZ. THAN 7@j% OF GFNTLZ S!-C@K: IS ON UPLANL; APPALALHZAN OAK FOREST, 21-E---. G--hTLY FT. --UVATICNg LESL THAN 7.;o% OF G77i%'TLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST9 20-52% GLNTLY SLOP11G, FT- ELEVATICN, EO-75Z OF G-7NTL-- -SLOP-z IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OkK FOREST, LESS THAN 201@ GENTLY SLOPIPG, FT. EL;EVATI UN; APPALACt-IAN OAK FOKES, LESS THAN 26C% C-:-:*tiTLY SLOPING, jr,32p2pp1p1p1ppFT. ELLVATION; SOUTHER.iN MIXED FORESTv SO-Er,% GEr#TLY SLOPING, !Ci@-50,- FT. -'-LFVAT!ltlv 5C-75Z OF G-:NTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAhE, 2113EZE,2113B3C,2113CCT2113C4D,2113C5A,2113CSL*2113@@s,,.-?j'@IC4C 221IC5C,--2llC4J,@-212b2i@,2212L3C,2214A!E,2:!14A2E,--@Zl4E2Ct'@1?14838v 1 @21.453C,-21484AIC@214C4C92214@-40,2@-14C5A,2214-@5C,&-214C,4@,,24-i46-;.-,r.@ 232CP-3C SE!:Cp MAPLEPMIXED HESf3i-HYTIC,APPALACH.,A,-4 -OAK, NOl-l.THEi!,%; HA7i@WCCIDS, OAK-HICKORY-PIIE <CUAD-NAM L > l,'Ei,AiA% iEST,BAY VIEW W,@003UPY FR'IDGE P@,0q@ T, ANi'@C.US mO0K,WIL.41NrjTON NOiKTrip KEi4%LTT SQUAR--:'jWr--STb GR -V-:',OX FOR-r- , CAt' LLt@, PHIL @DLL PH! A LA" :@ D C W N M r-l I a v 21 - (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued) WEST CHESTER,UNIONVILLE,COASTESVILLE,PARKESBURG,RISING SUN, CONOWINGO DAM,DELTA, FAWN GROVE,NORRISVILLE, NEW FREEDOM,LINEBORO, MANCHESTER,KIRKWOOD,WAKEFIELD,HOLTWOOD,AIRVILLE,STEWARTSTOWN, GLEN ROCK,SEVERN VALLEYS,HANOVER,GAP,QUARRYVILLE,CONESTOTGA,SAFE HARBOR, RED LION,YORK,WEST YORK,ABBOTTSTOWN,LITTLESTOWN,TANEYTOWN,EMMITSBURG, BLUE RIDGE SUMMIT,SMITHSBURG,HAGERSTOWN,MASON DIXON,CLEAR SPRING, MC SHERRYSTOWN,GETTYSBURG,FAIRFIELD,IRON SPRINGS,WAYNESBORG, GREENCASTLE,WILLIAMSON,MERCERSBURG,HAMPTON,BIGLERVILLE,ARENOTSVILLE, CALEDONIA PARK,SCOTLAND,CHAMBERSBURG,ST THOMAS,MC CONNELLSBURG, CHERRY RUN,HANCOCK(WV),BELLEGROVE,ARTEMAS,FLINTSTONE, EVITTS CREEK,CUMBERLAND,FROSTBURG,BIG COVE TANNERY,NEEDMORE,AKARANTH,, CHANEYSVILLE,BEANS COVE,HYNDMAN,FAIRHOPE,WITTENBERG,MEADOW GROUNDS, BREEZEWOOD,MENCH,CLEARVILLE,RAINSBURG,BUFFALO MILLS,NEW BALTIMORE, BERLIN, AVILTON,GRANTSVILLE,ACCIDENT,FRIENDSVILLE (MD), BRANDONVILLE, BRUCETON MILLS, LAKE LYNN,MORGANTOWN NORTH,.MEYERSDALE,MARKLETON CONFULENCE,OHIOPYLE,FT NECESSITY,BROWNFIELD,SMITHFIELD,MASONTOWN, MURDOCK,ROCKWOOD,KINGWOOD,MILL RUN,SOUTH CONNELLSVILLE,UNIONTOWN, NEW SALEM,CARMICHAELS,OSAGE,BLACKSVILLE,WADESTOWN,HUNDRED,LITTLETON, GARARDS FORT,OAK FOREST,HOLBROOK,NEW FREEPORT,CAMERON (WV) MATHER, WAYNESBURG,ROGERSVILLE,WIND RIDGE,MAJORSVILLE,BRISTOL,BEVERLY, TRENTON EAST,TRENTON WEST,LANGHORNE,PENNINGTON,LAMBERTVILLE,STOCKTON FRANKFORD,GERMANTOWN,NORRISTOWN,VALLEY FORGE,MALVERM,DOWNINGTOWN, WAGONTOWN,HONEY BROOK,HATBORO,AMBER,LANSDALE,COLLEGEVILLE, PHOENIXVILLE,POTTSTOWN,ELVERSON,MORGANTOWN,BUCKINGHAM,DOYLESTOWN. TELFORD,PERKIOMENVILLE,SASSAMANSVILLE,BOYERTOWN,BIRDSBORO,READING LUMBERVILLE,BEDMISTER,QUAKERTOWN,MILFORD SQUARE,EAST GREENVILLE, MANATAWNY,FLEETWOOD,TEMPLE,FRENCHTOWN,RIEGELSVILLE,HELLERTOWN, ALLENTOWN EAST,ALLENTOWN WEST,TOPTON,KUTZTOWN,HAMBURG,EASTON,NAZAPETH, CATASAUGUA,CEMENTON,SLATEDALE,NEW TRIPOLI,NEW RINGGOLD,BELVIDERE BANGOR,WIND GAP,KUNKLETOWN,PALMERTON,LEHIGHTON,NESQUEHONING,TAMACUS, PORTLAND, STROUDSBURG,SAYLORSBURG,BRODHEADSVILLE,POHOPOCO MIN, CHRISTMINS,WEATHERLY,HAZLETON,NEW HOLLAND,LEOLA,LANCASTER, COLUMBIA,EAST,COLUMBIA WEST,YORK HAVEN,DOVER,WELLSVILLE,TERRE HILL EPHRATA,LITITZ,MANHEIM,ELIZABETHTOWN,MIDDLETOWN,STEELTON,LEMOYNE SINKING,SPRING,WOKELSDORF,RICHLAND,LEBANON,PALMYRA,HERSHEY, HARRISBURG EAST,HARRISBURG WEST,BERNVILLE,STRAUSSTOWN,BETHEL FREDERICKSBURG,SWATARA HILL,PINE GROVE,TOWER CITY,LYKENS,ELIZABETHVILLE, MILLERSBURG,ORWIGSBURG,POTTSVILLE,MINERSVILLE,TREMONT,VALLEY VIEW, KLINGEPSTOWN,PILLOW,DALMATIA,DELANO,SHENANDOAH,ASHLAND,MT CARMEL SHANOKIN,TREVORTON,SUNBURY,FREEBURG,CONYNGHAM,NUREMBERG,SHUMANS, CATAWISSA,DANVILLE,RIVERSIDE,NORTHUMBERLAND,LEWISBURG,DILLSBURG, MOUNT HOLLY SPRINGS,DICKINSON,WALNUT BOTTON,SHIPPENSBURG,ROXBURY, FANNETTSBURG,BURNT CABINS,MECHANICSEBURG,CARLISLE,PLAINFIELD,NEWVILLE, NEWBURG,DOYLESBURG,SHADE GAP,ORBISONIA,WERTZVILLE,SHERMANS DALE, LANDISBURG,ANDERSONBURG,BLAIN,BLARIS MILLS,AUGHWICKS,BUTLER KNOG, DUNCANNON,NEWPORT,ICKESBURG,SPRUCE HILL,MC COYSVILLE,MC VEYTOWN, NEWTON HAMILTON,MOUNT UNION,REWARD,MILLERSTOWN,MEXICO,MIFFLINTOWN, LEWISTOWN,BELLEVILLE,ALLENSVILLE,DONATION,RICHFIELD,BEAVER SPRINGS, MC CLURE,ALFARATA,BURNHAM,BARRVILLE,MC ALEVYS FORT,PINE GROVE HILLS, MIDDLEBURG,BEAVERTOWN,EIKERT,COBURN,SPRING HILLS,CENTRE HALL, STATE COLLEGE,JULIAN,MIFFLINBURG,HARLETOH,WOODWARD,MILLHEIM, MADISONBURG,MINGOVILLE,BELLEFONTE,BEAR KNOE,HUSTONTOWN,WELLS TANNERY, EVERETT EAST,EVERETT WEST,BEDFORD,SCHOLLSBURG,CENTRAL CITY,STOYSTOWN, SALTILLO,SAXTON,HOPEWELL,NEW ENTERPRISE,ALUN BANK,OGELTOWN,WINDBER, HOOVERSVILLE,CASSVILLE,ENTRIKEN,MARTINSBURG,ROARING SPRING,BLUE KNOB, BEAVERDALE,GEISTOWN,JOHNSTOWN,HUNTINGDON,WILLIAMSBURG,FRANKSTON, HOLLIDAYSBURG,CRESSON,EBENSBURG,NANTY GLO,CINTONDALE,ALEXANDRIA, SPRUCE CREEK,BELLWOOD,ALTOONA,ASHVILLE,CARROLLTOWN,COLVER,STRONGSTOWN, FRANKLINVILLE,TYRONE,TIPTON,BLANDBURG,COALPORT,HASTINGS,BERNESBORO, COMMODORE,PORT MATILDA, SANDY RIDGE,HOUTZGALE,RAMEY,IRVONA,WESTOVER, BURNSIDE,ROCHESTER MILLS,BLACK MOSHANNON,PHILIPSBURG,WALLACETON, GLEN RICKEY,CURWENSVILLE,MAHAFFEY,MCGEES HILLS,PUNXSUTAWNEY,SOMERSET, -22- (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). BAKERSVILLE,SEVEN SPRINGS,DOMEGAL,CONNELLSVILLE,DAWSON,FAYETTE CITY, CALIFORNIA,BOSWELL,LIGONIER,STAHLSTOWN,MAMMOTH,MT PLEASANT,SMITHTON, DONORAS, MONONGAHELA,RACHELWOOD,WILPEN,DERRY,LATROBE,GREENSBURG,IRWIN, MC KEESPORT,GLASSPORT,NEW FLORENCE,BOLIVAR,BLAIRSVILLE,SALTSBURG, SLICKVILLE, MURRYSVILLE, BRADDOCK,PITTSBURGH,EAST,BRUCH VALLEY,INDIANA, MC INTYRE,AYONMORE,VANDERGRIFT,NEW KENSINGTON EAST NEW KENSINGTON WEST, GLENSHAW,CLYNER,ERNEST,ELDERTON,WHITESBURG, LEECHBURG, FREEPORT,CURTISVILLE,VALENCIA,MARION CENTER,PLUMVILLE, RURAL VALLEY,MOSGROVE,KITTANNING,WORTHINGTON,SAXONBURG,BUTLER,WALTER, DAYTON,DISTANT,TEMPLETON,EAST BRADY,CHICORA,EAST BUTLER,MT CHESTNUT, ELLSWORTH, AMITY, PROSPERITY, CLAYSVILLE,VALLEY GROVE,HACKETT, WASHINGTON EAST,WASHINGTON WEST,WEST MIDDLETOWN,BETHANY,BRIDGEVILLE, CANONSBURG,MIDWAY,AVELLA,STEUBENVILLE EAST,PITTSBURGH WEST,OAKDALE, CLINTON BURGETTSTOWN,WEIRTON,EMSWORTH,AMBRIDGE,ALIQUIPPA,HOOKSTOWN, EAST LIVERPOOL SOUTH,MARS,BADEN,BEAVER,MIDLAND,EAST LIVERPOOL NORTH, EVANS CITY,ZELIENOPLE,BEAVER FALL,NEW GALILEE,EAST PALESTINE, PROSPECT, PORTERSVILLE,NEW CASTEL SOUTH,BESSEMER,NEW MIDDLETOWN, FLATBROOKVILLE,CULVERS GAP,LAKE HASKENOXAH,PORT JERVIS SOUTH,MILFORD, EDGEMERE,PORT JERVIS NORTH,POND EDDY,SHOHOLA,ELDRED (NY),BUSHKILL, EAST STROUDSBURG,MOUNT POCONO,POCONO PINES,BLAKESLEE,HICKORY RUN, WHITE HAVEN,FREELAND,THELVEMILE,POND,SKYTOP,BUCK HILL FALLS,TOBYHANNA, TH0RHUSRT,PLEASANT VIEW SUMMIT,WILKES-BARRE EAST,WILKES-BARRE WEST, PECKS POND,PROMISED LAND,NEWFOUNDLAND,STERLING,MOSCOW,AVOCA,PITTSTON, KINGSTON,ROWLAND,HAWLEY,LAKEVILLE,LAKE ARIEL,OLYPHANT,SCRANTON,RANSON CENTER MORELAND,NARROWSBURG,WHITE MILLS,HONCSDALE,WAYMART,CARBONDALE, DALETON,FACTORYVILLE,TUNKHANNOCK,DAMASCUS,GALILEE,ALDENVILLE, FOREST CITY,CLIFFORD,LENOXVILLE,HOP BOTTOM,SPRINGVILLE,CALLICOON, LONG EDDY,LAKE COMO,ORSON,THOMPSON,HARFORD,MONSTROSE EAST, MONTROSE WEST,HANCOCK,TARRUCCA,SUSQUEHANNA,GREAT BEND,FRANKLIN PARKS, LAUREL LAKE, SYBERTSVILLE,BERWICK,MIFFLINVILLE,BLOOMSBURG,MILLVILLE, WASHINGTONVILLE,MILTON,ALLENWOOD,NATICOKE,SHICKSHINNY,STILLWATER, BENTON,LAIRDSVILLE,HUGHESVILLE,MUNCY,MONTOURSVILLE SOUTH,HARVEYS LAKE, SWEET VALLEY,RED ROCK,ELK GROVE,SONESTOWN,PICUTRE ROCKS,HUNTERSVILLE, MONTOURSVILLE NORTH,NOXEN,DUTCH MTN,LOPEZ,LAPORTE,EAGLES MERE, HILLSGROVE,PARBUPS,BOUNES,MESHOPPEN,JENNINGSVILLE,COLLEY,DUSHORE, OVERTON,SHUNK,GROVE,RALSTON,AUBURN CENTER,CACEYVILLE,WYALUSTING, MONROETON,POWELL,LEROY,CANTON,GLEASON,LAWTON,LE RAYSVILLE,ROME. TOWANDA,ULSTER,EAST TROY,TROY,ROSEVILLE,FREINDSVILLE.LITTLE MEADOWS, WINDHAM,LITCHFIELD,SAYRE,BENTLEY CREEK,GILLETT,MILLERTON, WILLIAMSPORT SE,CARROLL,LOGANTON,MILL HALL,BEECH CREEK,HOWARD, SNOW SHOE SE,SNOW SHOE,WILLIASMPORT,LIRDEN,JERSEY SHORE,LOCK HAVEN, FARANDSVILLE,HOWARD N.,SHOW SHOE NE,SNOW SHOW NW,COGAN STATION. SALLADASBURG,WATERVILLE,JERSEY MILLS,GLEN UNION,REBOVO EAST, RENOVO WEST,KEATING,TROUT RUN,WHITE PINE,ENGLISH CENTER,CAMMAL SLATE RUN,YOUNG WOMANS CREEK,TAMARACK,HAMMERSLEY FORK,LIBERTY,NAUVGO, MORRIS,CEDAR RUN,LEE FIRE TOWER,OLEONA,SHORT RUN,CONRAD,BLOSSBURG, CHERRY FLATS,ANTRIM,TIADAGHTON,MARSHLANDS,GALETON,CHERRY SPRINGS, AYERS HILL,MANSFIELD,CROOKED CREEK,KEENEYVILLE,ASAPH,SABINSVILLE, WEST PIKE,BROOKLAND,SWEDEN VALLEY,JACKSON SUMMIT,TIOGA,ELKLAND, KNOXVILLE,POTTER BROOK,HARRISON VALLEY,ULYSSES,ELLISBURG,KARTHAUS, FRENCHVILLE,LECONTES MILLS,CLEARFIELD,ELLIOTT PARK,LUTHERSBURG, DU BOIS,REYNOLDSVILLE,POTTERSDALE,DEVILS ELBOW,THE KNOBS,HUNTLEY, PENFIELD,SABULA,FALLS CREEK,HAZEN,SINNEMAHOING,DRIFTWOOD,DENIS RUN, WEEDVILLE,KERSEY,BRANDY CAMP,CARMAN,MUNDERF,FIRST FORK,CAMERON, WEST CREEK,RATHBUN,ST MARYS,RIDGEWAY,PORTLAND MILLS,HALLTON,WHARTON, EMPORIUM,RICH VALLEY,WILDWOOD FIRE TOWER,GLEN HAZEL,WILCOX,JAMES CITY, RUSSELL CITY, AUSTIN, KEATING SUMMIT,NORWICH,CROSBY,HAZEL HURST, MT JEWETT,KANE,LUDLOW,COUDERSPORT,ROULETTE,PORT ALLEGANY,SMETHPORT, CYCLONE,LEWIS RUN,WESTLINE,CORNPLANTER BRIDGE,OSWAYO,SHINGLEHOUSE, BULLIS MILLS,ELDRED,DERRICK CITY,BRADFORD,STICKNEY,CORNPLANTER RUN, COOLSPRING,SUMMERVILLE,NEW BETHLEHEM,SLIGO,RIMERSBURG,PARKER. HILLIARDS,WEST SUNBURY,BROOKVILLE,CORSICA,STRATTANVILE,CLARION,KNOX, EMLENTON,EASU CLAIRE,BARKEYVILLE,SIGEL,COOKSBURG,LUCINDA,FEYBURG, 23 - (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). KOSSUTH,CRANBERRY,KENNERDELL,POLK,MARIENVILLE-EAST,MARIENVILLE WEST TYLERSEURS,TIONESTA,PRESIDNET,OIL CITY,FRANKLIN,UTICA,LYNCH,MAYBURG, KELLETTVILLE,WEST HICKORY,PLEASANTVILLE,TITUSVILLE, SOUTH DEMPSEYTOWN, SUGAR LAKE,SHEFFIELD,CHERRY GR0VE,COEHAM,TIDIOUTE,GRAND VALLEY, TITUSVILLE NORTH, CENTERVILLE, TOWNVILLE,CLARENDON,WARREN,YOUNGSVILLE PITTSFIELD,SPRING CREEK,SPARTANSBURG,LAKE CANACOHTA,MILLERS STATION, SCANDIA,RUSSELL,SUGAR GROVE,LOTTSWILLE,COLUMBUS,CORPY,UNION CITY, WATERFORD,SLIPPERY ROCK HARLANSBURG,NEW CASTLE NORTH,EDINBURG, CAMPBELL,GROVER CITY,MERCER,GREENFIELD,SHARON EAST,SHARON WEST, SANDY LAKE,JACKSON CENTER,FREDONIA,SHARPSVILLE,ORGANGEVILLE, NEW LEGANON,HADLEY,GREENVILLE EAST,GREENVILLE,WEST,KINSMAN,COCHRANTON, GENEVAtCONN-EAUT LAqKEpHARTqSTo4KvANUqOqVqEqRoqBLqOqOMqING.VALLEY,MEAqDqVILqLqF-, HARMONSBURG,LINESVILLE,LEON,CAMBRIDGE SPRINGS,EDINBORO SOUTH, CONNEAUTVILLE,BEAVER CENTER,PIERPONT,CAMBRIDGE SPRINGS NE, EDINBORO NORTH, ALBION, EAST SPRINGFIELD,CONNEAUT,WAVERLY WELLSBURG qELMIPA,sr.FqLc-*Y CREEqK,CATONqALLENTqOw,%qq6qQqLqlwAqR (NYqJqWATTSqBUqRqGtHAMMv"qTTq NORTH EAST,HARBORCREEK,EPIE SOUTH,SWANVILLE,FAIRVIEW,FAIRVIEW SE, ERIE NORTH <QUAD-CODE) 3907567,3907568,3907572,3907573,3907574,3907575,3907576,3907577, 3907578,3907581,3907582,3907583,3907584,3907585,39 7586,39 7587, 3907588,3907661,3907662,3907663,3907664,3907665,3907666,3907667, 3907668,3907671,3907672,3907673,3907674,3907675,3907676,3907677, 3907678,3907681,3907682,3907583,3907884,3907685,3907686,3907687, 3907688,3907761,3907762,3907763,3907764,3907765,3907766,3907767, 39 7768,39 7771,39 7772,3907773,3907774,39 7775,39 7776,39 7777, 39 7778,3907781,3907782,3907783,3907784,3907785,3907786,3907787, 3907788,3907861,3907862,3907863,3907804,3907865,3907833,3907867, 3907868,3907871,3907872,3907873,3907874,3907875,3907876,3907877, 3907878,3907881,3907882,3907883,3907884,3907885,3907886,3907887, 39 7888,39 7981,39 7962,3907963,3907894,3907965,3907966,3907967, 3907968,3907971,3907972,3907973,3907974,3907975,3907976,3907977, 3907978,3907981,3907982,3907983,3907984,3907985,3907986,3907967, 3907988,3908061,3908062,3908063,3908064,3908065,3908071,3908072, 3908073,3908074,3908072,3908081,3908082,3908083,3908084,3908085, 4007417,4007418,4007426,4007427,4007426,4007437,4007438,4007448, 4007511,4007512,4007513,4007514,4007515,4007516,4007517,4007518, 4007521,4007522,4007523,4007524,4007525,4007526,4007527,4007528, 4007531,4007532,4007533,4007534,4007535,4007536,4007537,4007538, 4007541,4007542,4007543,4007544,4007545,4007546,4007547,4007548, 4007551,4007552,4007553,4007554,4007555,4007556,4007557,4007558 4007562,4007563,4007564,4007565,4007566,4007567,4007568,5007571, 4007572,4007573,4007574,4007575,4007576,4007577,4007578,5007581, 4007582,4007583,4007584,4007585,4007586,4007587,4007588,4007611, 4007612,4007613,4007614,4007615,4007616,4007617,4007618,4007621, 4007622,4007623,4007624,4007625,4007626,4007627,4007628,4007631, 4007632,4007633,4007634,4007635,4007636,4007637,4007638,4007641, 4007642,4007643,4007644,4007645,4007646,4007647,4007648,4007651, 4007652,4007653,4007654,4007655,4007656,4007657,4007658,4007661, 4007662,4007663,4007664,4007665,4007666,4007667,4007668,4007671, 4007672,4007673,4007674,4007675,4007676,4007677,7007678,4007681, 4007682,4007683,4007684,4007685,4007686,4007687,7007688,4007711, 4007712,4007713,4007714,4007715,4007716,4007717,4007718,4007721, 4007722,4007723,4007724,4007725,4007726,4007727,4007728,4007731, 4007732,4007733,4007734,4007735,4007736,4007737,4007738,4007741, 4007742,4007743,4007744,4007745,4007746,4007747,4007748,4007751, 4007752,4007753,4007754,4007755,4007756,4007757,4007758,4007761, 4007762,4007763,4007764,4007765,4007766,4007767,4007768,4007771, 4007772,4007773,4007774,4007775,4007776,4007777,4007778,4007781, 4007782,4007783,4007784,4007785,4007786,4007787,4007788,4007811, 4007812,4007813,4007814,4007815,4007816,4007817,4007818,4007821, 4007822,4007823,4007824,4007825,4007826,4007827,4007828,4007831, 4007832,4007833,4007834,4007835,4007836,4007837,4007838,4007841, -24 - (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). 4007842,4007843,4007844,4007845,4007846,4007848,4007848,4007851 4007852,4007853,4007854,4007855,4007356,4007857,4007858,4007861 4007862,4007863,4007864,4007865,4007866,4007867,4007868,4007871 4007872,4007873,4007874,4007875,4007876,4007877,4007878,4007881 4007882,4007883,4007884,4007885,4007886,4007887,4007988,4007911 4007912,4007913,4007914,4007915,4007916,4007917,4007918,4007921 4007922,4007923,4007924,4007925,4007926,4007927,4007928,4007931 4007932,4007933,4007934,4007935,4007936,4007937,4007938,4007941 4007942,4007943,4007944,4007945,4007946,4007947,4007948,4007951 4007952,4007953,4007954,4007955,4007956,4007957,4007958,4007961 4007962,4007963,4007964,4007965,4007966,4007967,4007968,4007971, 4007972,4007973,4007974,4007975,4007976,4007977,4007878,4007881, 4007982,4007983,4007984,4007985,4007986,4007987,4007888,4008011, 4008012,4008013,4008014,4008015,4008021,4008022,4007823,4008024, 4008025,4008031,4008032,4008033,4008034,4008035,4008041,4008042, 4008043,4008044,4008045,4008051,4008052,4008053,4008054,4008055, 4008061,4008062,4008063,4008064,4008065,4008071,4008072,4008073, 4008074,4008075,4008081,4008082,4008083,4008084,4008085,4107418, 4107427,4107428,4107436,4107437,4107438,4107446,4107447,4107448, 4107458,4107511,4107512,4107513,4107514,4107515,4107516,4107517, 4107518,4107521,4107522,4107523,4107524,4107525,4107526,4107527, 4107528,4107531,4107532,4107533,4107534,4107535,4107536,4107537, 4107538,4107541,4107542,4107543,4107544,4107545,4107546,4107547, 4107548,4107551,4107552,4107553,4107554,4107555,4107556,4107557, 4107558,4107561,4107562,4107563,4107564,4107565,4107566,4107567, 4107568,4107571,4107572,4107573,4107574,4107575,4107576,4107577, 4107578,4107583,4107584,4107585,4107586,4107587,4107588,4107611, 4107612,4107613,4107614,4107615,4107616,4107617,4107618,4107621, 4107622,4107623,4107624,4107625,4107626,4107627,4107628,4107631, 4107632,4107633,4107634,4107635,4107636,4107637,4107638,4107641, 4107642,4107643,4107644,4107645,4107646,4107647,4107648,4107651, 4107652,4107653,4107654,4107655,4107656,4107657,4107658,4107661, 4107662,4107663,4107664,4107665,4107666,4107667,4107668,4107671, 4107672,4107673,4107674,4107675,4107676,4107677,4107678,4107681, 4107682,4107683,4107684,4107685,4107686,4107687,4107688,4107711, 4107712,4107713,4107714,4107715,4107716,4107717,4107718,4107721, 4107722,4107723,4107724,4107725,4107726,4107727,4107728,4107731, 4107732,4107733,4107734,4107735,4107736,4107737,4107738,4107741, 4107742,4107743,4107744,4107745,4107746,4107737,4107748,4107751, 4107752,4107753,4107754,4107755,4107756,4107757,4107758,4107761, 4107762,4107763,4107764,4107765,4107766,4107767,4107768,4107771, 4107772,4107773,4107774,4107775,4107776,4107777,4107778,4107781, 4107782,4107783,4107784,4107785,4107786,4107787,4107788,4107811, 4107812,4107813,4107814,4107815,4107816,4107817,4107818,4107821, 4107822,4107823,4107824,4107825,4107826,4107827,4107828,4107831, 4107832,4107833,4107834,4107835,4107836,4107837,4107838,4107841, 4107842,4107843,4107844,4107845,4107846,4107847,4107848,4107851, 4107852,4107853,4107854,4107855,4107856,4107857,4107858,4107861, 4107862,4107863,4107864,4107865,4107866,4107867,4107868,4107871, 4107872,4107873,4107874,4107875,4107876,4107877,4 7878,4107881, 4107882,4107883,4107884,4107885,4107886,4107887,4107888,4107911, 4107912,4107913,4107914,4107915,4107916,4107917,4107918,4107921, 4107922,4107923,4107924,4107925,4107926,4107927,4107928,4107931, 4107932,4107933,4107934,4107935,4107936,4107937,4107938,4107941, 4107942,4107943,4107944,4107945,4107946,4107947,4107948,4107951, 4107952,4107953,4107954,4107955,4107956,4107957,4107958,4107961, 4107962,4107963,4107964,4107965,4107966,4107967,4107868,4107971, 4107972,4107973,4107974,4107975,4107676,4107977,4107978,4107981, 4107982,4107983,4107984,4107985,4107686,4107987,4107988,4108011, 4108012,4108013,4108014,4108015,4108021,4108022,4108023,4108024, 4108025,4108031,4108032,4108033,4108034,4108035,4108041,4108042, 4108043,4108044,4108045,4108051,4108052,4108053,4108054,4108055, 4108061,4108062,4108063,4108064,4108065,4108071,4108072,4108073, 25 (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). 4188074,4188075,7108081,4108082,4108083,4108084,4108085,4207615, 4207616,4207617,4207618,4207711,4207811,4207812,4207917,4207918, 4207921,4207922,4208011,4208012,4208013,4208014,4208021 <LATLONG> <LANDUSE-ASOC> URBAN:RESIDENTIAL,URBAN:MIXED URBAN,AGRIC:CROPLAND-PASTURE, AGRIC:ORCHARDS-VINEYARDS-NURSERIES,RANGE:HERGACEOUS,RANGE:SHRUB-BRUSH, RANDE:MIXED,FOREST:DECIDUOUS,FOREST:EVERGREEN,FOREST:MIXED, WETLAND:FORESTED,WETLAND:NONFORESTED,BARREN:TRANSITIONAL AREAS <LANDUSE-PREF> FOREST: (ECIDUOUS,FOREST:MIXED <FOREST-TYPE> RED PINE:GRASS/FORB, RED PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED PINE:SAPLING, RED PINE:POLE, RED PINE:MATURE, RED PINE:OLD GROWTH, WHITE PINE:GRASS/FORG, WHITE PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE PINE:SAPLING, WHITE PINE:POLE, WHITE PINE:MATURE, WHITE PINE:OLD GROWTH, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:GRASS/FORE, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:SAPLING, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:POLE, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:MATURE, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:OLD GROWTH, HEMLOCK:GRASS/FORB, HEMLOCK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, HEMLOCK:SAPLING, HEMLOCK:POLE, HEMLOCK:MATURE, HEMLOCK:OLD GROWTH, SCOTCH PINE:GRASS/FORB, SCOTCH PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, SCOTCH PINE:SAPLING, SCOTCH PINE:POLE, SCOTCH PINE:MATURE, SCOTCH PINE:OLD GROWTH, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:GRASS/FORB, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:SAPLING, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:POLE, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:MATURE, RES SPURCE/BALSAM FIR:OLD GROWTH, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):GRASS/FORB, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):SEEDLING/SHRUB, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):SAPLING, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):POLE, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):MATURE, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):OLD GROWTH, WHITE SPRUCE:GRASS/FORB, WHITE SPRUCE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE SPRUCE:SAPLING, WHITE SPRUCE:POLE, WHITE SPRUCE:MATURE, WHITE SPRUCE:OLD GROWTH, NORWAY SPRUCE:GRASS/FORB, NORWAY SPRUCE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, NORWAY SPRUCE:SAPLING, -26- (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). NORWAY SPRUCE:POLE, NORWAY SPRUCE:MATURE, NORWAY SPRUCE:OLD GROWTH, LARCH:GRASS/FORB, LARCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, LARCH:SAPLING, LARCH:POLE, LARCH:MATURE, LARCH:OLD GROWTH, VIRGINIA PINE:GRASS/FORB, VIRGINIA PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, VIRGINIA PINE:SAPLING, VIRGINIA PINE:POLE, VIRGINIA PINE:MATURE, VIRGINIA PINE:OLD GROWTH, EASTERN REDCEDAR:GRASS/FORB, EASTERN REDCEDAR:SEEDLING/SHRUB, EASTERN REDCEDAR:SAPLING, EASTERN REDCEDAR:POLE, EASTERN REDCEDAR:MATURE, EASTERN REDCEDAR:OLD GROWTH, PITCH PINE:GRASS/FORB, PITCH PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, PITCH PINE:SAPLING, PITCH PINE:POLE, PITCH PINE:MATURE, PITCH PINE:OLD GROWTH, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:GRASS/FORB, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:SAPLING, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:POLE, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:MATURE, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:OLD GROWTH, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:GRASS/FORB, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:SEEDLING/SHRUB, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:SAPLING, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:POLE, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:MATURE, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:OLD GROWTH, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:GRASS/FORB, VIRGINIA PINE/S0UTHERN RED OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:SAPLING, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:POLE, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:MATURE, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:OLD GROWTH, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:GRASS/FORB, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:SAPLING, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:POLE, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:MATURE, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:OLD GROWTH, CHESTNUT OAK:GRASS/FORB, CHESTNUT OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, CHESTNUT OAK:SAPLING, CHESTNUT OAK:POLE, CHESTNUT OAK:MATURE, CHESTNUT OAK:OLD GROWTH, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:GRASS/FORB, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:SAPLING, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:POLE, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:MATURE, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:OLD GROWTH, - 27 - (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). WHITE OAK:GRASS/FORB, WHITE OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE OAK:SAPLING, WHITE OAK:POLE, WHITE OAK:MATURE, WHITE OAK:OLD GROWTH, NORTHERN RED OAK:GRASS/FORB, NORTHERN RED OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, NORTHERN RED OAK:SAPLING, NORTHERN RED OAK:POLE, NORTHERN RED OAK:MATURE, NORTHERN RED OAK:OLD GROWTH, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:GRASS/FORB, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:SAPLING, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:POLE, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:MATURE, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:OLD GROWTH, BLACK LOCUST:GRASS/FORB, BLACK LOCUST:SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK LOCUST:SAPLING, BLACK LOCUST:POLE, BLACK LOCUST:MATURE, BLACK LOCUST:OLD GROWTH, BLACK WALNUT:GRASS/FORB, BLACK WALNUT:SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK WALNUT:SAPLING, BLACK WALNUT:POLE, BLACK WALNUT:MATURE, BLACK WALNUT:OLD GROWTH, YELLOW POPLAR:GRASS/FORB, YELLOW POPLAR:SEEDLING/SHRUB, YELLOW POPLAR:SAPLING, YELLOW POPLAR:POLE, YELLOW POPLAR:MATURE, YELLOW POPLAR:OLD GROWTH, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:GRASS/FORB, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:SEEDLING/SHRUB, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:SAPLING, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:POLE, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:MATURE, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:OLD GROWTH, SCARLET OAK:GRASS/FORB, SCARLET OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, SCARLET OAK:SAPLING, SCARLET OAK:POLE, SCARLET OAK:MATURE, SCARLET OAK:OLD GROWTH, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:GRASS/FORB, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:SEEDLING/SHRUB, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:SAPLING, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:POLE, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:MATURE, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:OLD GROWTH, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORB, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:SAPLING, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:POLE, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:MATURE, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORB, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:SEEDLING/SHRUB, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:SAPLING, - 28 - (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:POLE, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:MATURE, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:GRASS/FORB, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:SAPLING, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:POLE, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:MATURE, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:OLD GROWTH, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:GRASS/FORB, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:SAPLING, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:POLE, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:MATURE, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:OLD GROWTH, COTTONWOOD:GRASS/FORB, COTTONWOOD:SEEDLING/SHRUB, COTTONWOOD:SAPLING, COTTONWOOD:POLE, COTTONWOOD:MATURE, COTTONWOOD:OLD GROWTH, WILLOW:GRASS/FORB, WILLOW:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WILLOW:SAPLING, WILLOW:POLE, WILLOW:MATURE, WILLOW:OLD GROWTH, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:GRASS/FORB, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:SAPLING, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:POLE, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:MATURE, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:OLD GROWTH, BLACK CHERRY:GRASS/FORB, BLACK CHERRY:SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK CHERRY:SAPLING, BLACK CHERRY:POLE, BLACK CHERRY:MATURE, BLACK CHERRY:OLD GROWTH, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORB, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SEEDLING/SHRUB RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SAPLING, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:POLE, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:MATURE, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:GRASS/FORB, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:SEEDLING/SHRUB, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:SAPLING, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:POLE, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:MATURE, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:OLD GROWTH, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORB, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SEEDLING/SHRUB, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SAPLING, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:POLE, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:MATURE, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, ASPEN:GRASS/FORB, ASPEN:SEEDLING/SHRUB, ASPEN:SAPLING, ASPEN:POLE, ASPEN:MATURE, ASPEN:OLD GROWTH, - 29 - (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). PAPER BIRCH:GRASS/FORB, PAPER BIRCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, PAPER BIRCH:SAPLING, PAPER BIRCH:POLE, PAPER BIRCH:MATURE, PAPER BIRCH:OLD GROWTH, GRAY BIRCH:GRASS/FORB, GRAY BIRCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, GRAY BIRCH:SAPLING GRAY BIRCH:POLE, GRAY BIRCH:MATURE, GRAY BIRCH:OLD GROWTH <FOREST-SIZE> UNSTOCKED, SEEDLING/SAPLING, POLE, MATURE, OVER NATURE <WITLAND-NAME> ESTUARINE, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL, ESTUARINE: INTERTICAL/FORESTED, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:BROAD-LEAVED DECIDOUS, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:DEAD ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:DECIDUCUS, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:EVERGREEN, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/SCRUB-SHRUB, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/SCRUB-SHRUB:BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUCUS, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/SCRUB-SHRUB: DECIDOUS, PALUSTRINE/ PALUSTRINE:FORESTED, PALUSTRINE/ FORESTED:BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/ FORESTED:NEEDLE-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/ FORESTED:NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN, PALUSTRINE/ FORESTED:DEAD, PALUSTRINE/ FORESTED:DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/ FORESTED:EVERGREEN, PALUSTRINE/ SCRUB SHRUB, PALUSTRINE/ SCRUB-SHRUB, BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/ SCRUB-SHRUB: DECIDUOUS <WETLAND-CODE> E.....,S2....,E2FO.,E2FO-,E2FO3,E2FO4,E2FO5,E2FO6,E2FO7,E2SS.,E2SS1, E2SS6,P....,PG...,PDFOI,FDFO2,FDFO4,FDF05,PDFO6,POF07,PDSS.,PCSS1, PDSSE <ENVIR-ASSOC> INLAND WELLAND: VEGETATED STREAM BANKS: INLAND WETLAND: ISLAND INHABITANT: INLAND WETLAND: BOGS: INLAND WETLAND: WET MEADOWS: COASTAL ZONE: BRACKISH WATER MARSH: COASTAL ZONE: FRESHWATER MARSH: COASTAL ZONE: COASTAL MARSH: COASTAL ZONE: SWAMP: COASTAL ZONE: DUNES: SOIL: LOAM: SOIL PROFILE: UNDECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER (01 HORIZON): SOIL PROFILE: PARTIALLY CECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER (02 HORIZON): SOIL PROFILE: MINERAL SOIL/MIXED WITH HUMUS (A1 HORIZON): SOIL DRAINAGE: MODERATELY WELL DRAINED: SOIL DRAINAGE: IMPERFECTLY AND POORLY DRAINED: PORTION OF THE YEAR): SOIL MOISTURE: MOIST: SOIL COMPACTION: EASILY PENETRATED: ASPECT: NORTHEAST: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: STANDING SNAGS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: DOWNED LOGS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: RIDGES: -30- (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). TERRESTRAIL FEATURES: LOAF NESTS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: BRUSH PILES/ROCK PILES: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: HEDGEROWS/WIND BREAMS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: FENCE ROWS TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: ROADSIDE DITCHES: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: GRASSY UNCULTIVATED AREAS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: LEAF LITTER: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: VEGETATION MOSAICS/EDGES: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: HIGHWAY MEDIANS: ECOTONE: WOODLAND/CROP FIELDS: ECOTONE: WOODLAND/SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD: ECOTONE: WOODLAND/OPEN WATER: ECOTONE: WOODLAND/HERBACEOUS FIELD: ECOTONE: CROP FIELD/HERBACEOUS FIELD: ECOTONE: HEPBACEOUS FIELD/SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD: ECOTONE: CONIFEROUS FOREST/DECIDOUS FOREST: ECOTONE: WOODLAND/WETLAND: ECOTONE: WOODLAND/URBAN LAND: ECOTONE: SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/CROP FIELD: ECOTONE: SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/WETLAND: ECOTONE: SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/URBAN LAND: ECOTONE: HERBACEOUS FIELD/WETLAND: ECOTONE: HERPACEOUS FIELD/URBAN LAND: FOREST ECOTONE: CLEARCUT/SEEDLING-SAPLING STAGE: FOREST ECOTONE: CLEARCUT/POLE STAGE: FOREST ECOTONE: CLEARCUT/MATURE STAGE: FOREST ECOTONE: SEELING-SAPLING/POLE STAGE: FOREST ECOTONE: SEEDLING-SAPLING/MATURE STAGE: FOREST ECOTONE: POLE/MATURE STAGE: TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY: SURFACE LAYER: NEST SITES: UNDERGROUND BURROW: NEST SITES: DOWNED LOGS: AGRICULTURAL TUPAL: PASTURELAND: AGRICULTURAL TURAL TYPES: SPRING GRAINS (OATS, CORN, BUCKWHEAT, ETC.). AGRICULTURAL TURAL TYPES: ORCHARDS (APPLE, PEAR, PEACH, CHERRY, ETC.): PEACH, (ETC.): AGRICULTURAL TYPES: VINEYARDS: AGRICULTURAL TYPES: HAYLANDS: AGRICULTURAL TYPES: CORN: AGRICULTURAL TYPES VEGETABLE CROPS: VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: ABANDONED FIELDS: VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: SAND DUNE: VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: STABLE FOREST: VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: SUBCLIMAX FOREST: VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: CLIMAX FOREST: VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: STABLE PRAIRIE/GRASSLAND: CONIFEROUS TREES: NORWAY SPRUCE: CONIFEROUS TREES: WHITE SPRUCE: CONIFEROUS TREES: (EASTERN) WHITE PINE: CONIFEROUS TREES: SCOTCH PINE: CONIFEROUS TREES: HEMLOCK: CONIFEROUS TREES: NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR (THUGS): CONIFEROUS TREES: RED SPRUCE/BLACK SPRUCE: CONIFEROUS TREES: LARCH/TAMARACK: HARDWOOD TREES: ALDER: HARDWOOD TREES: ASPEN: HARDWOOD TREES: BIRCH: HARDWOOD TREES: HICKORY: HARDWOOD TREES: SYCAMORE: HARDWOOD TREES: SASSAFRAS: HARDWOOD TREES; DOGWOOD SPECIES: HARDWOOD TREES: WHITE OAKS GROUP: HARDWOOD TREES: MAPLE, BOX ELDER: -31- (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). HARDWOOD TREES: ASHES: HARDWOOD TREES: BLACK WALNUT/BUTTERNUT: HARDWOOD TREES: WILLOW: HARDWOOD TREES: CHERRY SPECIES: HARDWOOD TREES: RED OAKS GROUP: HARDWOOD TREES: ELM: HARDWOOD TREES: TULIP OR YELLOW POPLAR: HARDWOOD TREES: BEECH: HARDWOOD TREES: BASSWOOD: HARDWOOD TREES: COTTONWOOD: HARDWOOD TREES: HOP HORNBEAM: HUMAN ASSOCIATION: RESIDENTIAL LAWN/ORNAMENTAL TREES/SHRUBS: HUMAN ASSOCIATION: RESIDENTIAL HOUSES/CHIMNEYS/ATTICS: HUMAN ASSOCIATION: FARM OUTBUILDINGS (BARNS,SHEDS): HUMAN ASSOCIATION: FARMS (CROPLAND/PASTURES): HUMAN ASSOCIATION: PUBLIC CITY PARKS: HUMAN ASSOCIATION: PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL PARKS: HUMAN ASSOCIATION: STATE AND COUNTY PARKS <ENVIR-LIM> SOIL PROFILE: UNDECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER IO. HORIZON): SOIL MOISTURE: MOIST <ENVIR LIM-E> <ENVIR-LIM-LF> <ENVIR-LIM-LR> <ENVIR-LIM-P> <ENVIR-LIM-JF> SOIL MOISTURE: MOIST <ENVIR-LIM-OR> MOIL MOISTURE: MOIST <ENVIR-LIM-AF> SOIL PROFILE: UNDECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER (01 MOSIZOW): SOIL MOISTURE: MOIST <ENVIR-LIM-AR> SOIL PROFILE: UNDECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER (S) HORIZON): SOIL MOISTURE: MOIST <ENVIR-LIM-AB> SOIL PROFILE: UNDECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER (C) HORIZONS: SOIL MOISTURE: MOIST <FOOD-GEN> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN), HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPSULES), FUNGI, ROOTS-TEBERS-RHIZONES, INSECTS-ADULT, INSECTS-IMMATURE, ARTHROPODS (NCT INSECTS), WORMS, INVERTEBRATES-OTHER TERRESTRIAL, MAMMALS-DUVENILES/NESTLINGS, MAMMALS-SMALL, BIRD NESTLINGS, REPTILE JUVENILES, REPTILE ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN ADULTS, FECES <FOOD-L> <FOOD-J> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FUIT/NUTS/GRAIN), HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPSULES), FUNGI, ROOTS-RUBERS-RHIZOMES, INSECTS-ADULT, INSECTS-IMMATURE ARTHROPODS (NOT INSECTS), WORMS, INVERTEBRATES-OTHER TERRESTRIAL, MAMMALS-JUVENILES/NESTLINGS, MAMMALS-SMALL, BIRD NESTLINGS, REPTILE JUVENILES, REPTILE ADULST, AMPHIBIAN ADULTS, FECES <FOOD-A> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN). HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPUSLES), FUNGI, ROOTS-TUBERS-RHIZOMES, INSECTS-ADULT, INSECTS-IMMATURE, ARTHROPODS (NOT INSECTS), WORMS, INVERTEBRATES-OTHER TERRESTRIAL, MAMMALS-JUVENILES/NESTLINGS, MAMMALS-SMALL BIRD NESTLINGS, REPTILE JUVENILES, REPTILE ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN ADULTS, FECES <FORAG-SITE> GROUND SURFACE, STUMPS, LOGS, UNDERGROUND BURROWS <BREED-SEASON> -32- (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). BEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER <SPAWN-SITE> <NEST-SITE> UNDERGROUND BURROW, STUMPS, LOGS, UNDER LEAVES <NEST-MATRLS> GRASSES, LEAVES, HAIR AND FEATHERS <TREND-CAUSE> <MGMT-BENEFIT> RETENTION OF WILDERNESS: MAINTAINING UNDISTURBED/UNDEVELOPED AREAS; MAINTAINING NATURAL VEGETATION INATIVE): MAINTAINING NATURAL ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION: MAINTAINING WOODLOTS: CREATING/MAINTAINING SNAGS: RETAINING DEAD/DOWNED WOODY MATERIALS: ESTABLISHMENT OF FIELD BORDERS: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING HEDGEROWS: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING BRUSH OR SLASH PILES: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING STREAMBANK/STREAMSIDE VEGETATION: MAINTAIN MATURE HARDWOOD FORESTS: REFORESTATION-DECIDUOUS; REFORESTATION-CONIFEROUS: REFORESTATION-MIXED DICIUOUS/CONIFEROUS: FOREST FIRE SUPPRESSION <MGMT-HARM> BRUSH REMOVAL/CUTTING IN PASTURES AND CROPLAND: TIMBER HAPVEST: TIMBER HARVESTING-CLEARCUTTING: CONVERTING WOODLAND TO OPEN LAND: SURFACE MINING: INTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: CREATION OF SUBUREAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS: LOCATING/CONSTRUCTING POWERLINES AND OTHER RIGHTS OF WAY <N-TADXONCMY> IN 1972 THE GENUS BLARINA UNDERWENT A REVISION WHEREBY TWO SPECIES WERE RECOGNIZED: THE NORTHERN SHORT-TAILED SHPEW, BLARINA SRIVICAUDA (SAY) TO WHICH PENNSYLVANIA POPULATIONS BELONG: AND THE SMALLER, SOUTHERN SHORT-TAILED SHREW, E. CAROLINENSTS (BACHMAN). THE LATTER SPECIES HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN CONSIDERED A SUBSPECIES OF B BREVICAUDA. *01* FURTHER SUPPORT FOR THIS REVISION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THROUGH MORPHOMETRIC AND NARYOTYPIC ANALYSCS. *02,03 04, 05: 404, 06:68* IN 1982 ANOTHER SPECIES, B. HYLOPHAGA ELLIOT WAS CONSIDERED DISTINCT FROM B. CAROLINESEIS.*0** SOME WORKERS LIST A FOURTH SPECIES. B> TELMALESTES HERRIAM. AN ISUL*R POP- ULATION CONFINED TO THE DIMAL SWAMP OF VIRGINIA. *06:68, 08:54-56* AN EAST TO WEST CLINE OF INCREASING BCDY SITE HAS BEEN DEMON- STRATED BY B. BREVICAUDA IN PENNSYLVANIA, ILLINGIS, AND CONNECTICUT. *04,09,10* A NORTH TO SOUTH CLINE OF DECREASING BODY SIZE BETWEEN PENNSYLVANIA AND WEST VIRGINIA IS SUGGESTED: AND AN ALTITUDENAL CLINE OCCURS IN TENNESSEE, WITH THE LARGER ANIMALS INHABITING THE MORE MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS. *05,07* THE TYPE LOCALITY FOR B. BREVICAUDA IS WASHINGTON CO., NEBRASKA NEAR BLAIR ON THE WEST BANK OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. *06:68, 8:D4* THE SCIENTIFIC SYNONYMY OF THE SPECIES IS AS FOLLOWS: SOREX BREVICAUDUS SAY 1823: BLARINA BREVICAUDA BAIRD 1858: BLARINA COSTARCENSTS ALLEN 1891: AND BLARINA FOSSALIS HIBBARD 1943. *D8:54* OTHER COMMON NAMES INCLUDE NORTHERN SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BIG SHROT- TAILED SHREW, BOB-TAILED SHREW, MOLE SHREW, SHPEN MOUS, AND BALRINS, *02, 08:54, 12:53, 13:42* THE SUBSPECIES THAT OCCURS IN PENNSYLVANIA IS B.B. KRITLANDT BOLE AND MOUTHROP 1942. ITS TYPE SPECIMEN IS FROM HOLDEN APBORETUM, KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP, LAKE COUNTY, AND CHADRON TOWNSHIP, GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO (COUNTY LINE BISECTS TYPE LOCALITY). -33- (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). SINCE BLARINA BREWICAUDA IS THE LARGEST OF THE PENNSYLVANIA SORICIDS IT IS OFTEN MISTAKEN FOR A MOLE. iT IS, HOWEVER, MUCH SMALLER THAN AN ADULT MLE AND DOES NOT HAVE THE ENLARGED, SPECIALIZED FRONT FEET CHARACTERISTIC OF MOLES. iT IS ALSO SOMETIMES MISTAKEN FOR A MEADOW MOLE, MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS, AT A DISTANCE, SINCE BOTH ARE DARK AND MOVE VERY CLOSE TO THE GROUND SURFACE WITH THEIR SHORT LEGS. CLOSER EXAMINATION REV ALS THE MOLES'S RODENTIFORM DENTITION AND COARSER PELAGE. (N-SPP-STATUS) THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREWICAUDA, HAS NO RECOGNIZED STATUS IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA BY EITHER STATE OR FEDERAL GFOVERNMENT AGENCIES. THERE IS OVERWHELMING EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THAT THIS IS, AND HAS BEEN FOR A LONG TIME. THE MOST WIDESPREAD AND ABUNDANT SPECIES OF MAMMAL IN THE COMMONWEALTH, OCCUPYING ALMOST EVERY CONCEIVABLE TERRESTRIAL HABITAT, *37, 13:42-44,14:193,16:VIII:3-4,22,33,34:52-53,35:46-47,36:52-53, 37:45-46,38:41,39:39-40* IN THE CONTIGUOUS STATES OF NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, MARYLAND, AND WEST VIRGINIA THE PPEVALENCE OF THIS SPECIES HAS ALSO BEEN RECORED *27,26:28-32,34:193,20,21,40:445, 41* (N-DISTRIB) IN LIGHT OF THE RECENT REVISIONS OF THE GENUS SLARINA *01,24* THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW DIFFERS IN ITS SOUTHERN LIMITS FROM THAT GIVEN BY HALL. *08:55* IT OCCURS FROM CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN TO SOUTHEASTERN CANADA, SOUTH TO SOUTHERN NEBRASKA AND IOWA, AND EAST TO CENTRAL TENNESSEE AND NORTHEASTERN GEORGIA, OMITTING ONLY THE EASTERN PART OF THE CAROLINAS AND A SMALL POR- TION OF VIRGINIA ALONG THE EASTERN SEABOARD. *04,06:67* tHIS SPECIES IS FOUND THROUGHOUT THE COMMONWEALTH AND IS PROBABLY OUT MOST ABUNDANT SHALL MAMMAL. HISTORICALLY, PHOADS IN 1903 CONSIDERED THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW TO BE SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHER SPECIES OF PENNSYLVANIA MAMMALS IN ABUNDANCE AND IN THEIR UNIVERSAL TERRESTRIAL DISTRIEUTION. *14:93* THE PENNSYLVANIA MAMMAL SURVEY OF THE LATE 1940'S AND EARLY 1950'S LISTED P. B EVI- CAUDA AS OCCURING IN ALL COUNTIES OF THE COMMOWEALTH. *34:52-53, 35:46-47,36:52-53,37:45-46,38:41,39:39-40* HOWEVER, THERE WERE A FE COUNTIES (ALLEGHENY, ARMSTRONG, CLARION, CRAWFORD, DAUPHIN, ELK, FOREST, LACKAWANNA, PHILADELPHIA, SNYDER, AND TIOGA) THAT NOT SAMPLED AT THAT TIME. APPARENTLY THE INFIEDENCE WAS MADE THAT IF ALL OF THE SURROUNDING OR ADJACENT COUNTIES SUSTAINED REASONABLY HIGH POPULATIONS OF THE SHREWS, THEN CERTAINLY THE OMITTED ONE MUST ALSO. CUNNINGHAM *33* HAS RECORDS OF SMALL MAMMALS COLLECTED AND/OR OBSERVED WHICH ATTEST TO THE PRESENCE OF B. BREWICAUDA IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY IN THE 1960'S BEAVER COUNTY *1989*, CRAWFORD COUNTY *1957, 59, 60, 61, AND ERIE COUNTY *19 95*. KIRKLAND *30* HAS COLLECTIONS FROM ADAMS, CENTRE, CUMBERLAND, AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES FROM 1980 THROUGH 1984. HE INDICATES THAT IN SOUTHCENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA BLARINA IS OBIQUITOUS. *31*. WILKINSON *29* HAS RECORDS OF B. BREVICAUDA FROM PERRY COUNTY FOR 1984. DALBY *32* CITES THE ABUNDANCE OF THE SPECIES IN CLARION COUNTY IN 1985. BRENNER ET AL *22* FOUND THIS SPECIES TO BE ABUNDANT IN MERCER COUNTY IN 1982. IN COMPARING THE NUMBERS OF BARINA COLLECTED DURING THE MAMMAL SURVEY IT CAN BE SEEN THAT THE NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTH- WESTERN SECTIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA, COMPRISING IT COUNTIES. YIELDED 2386 SPECIMENS WHICH IS ABOUT TWICE THE NUMBER COLLECTED IN THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN REGIONS, RESPECTIVELY. WHETHER THIS IS AN ARTIFACT OF DIFFERENTIAL EFFORT OR REPRESENTS A TRUE PICTURE OF RELATIVE ABUNDANCE IS NOT KNOWN AS INFORMATION ON TRAPPING INTENSITY WAS NOT AVAILABLE. iT SEEMS SAFE TO SAY THAT THIS SPECIES OF SHREW IS FOUND IN ALL COUNTIES OF PENNSYLVANIA AND, IS EITHER COMMON OR ABUNDANT. THERE IS NO EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THAT POPULATIONS IN ANY GIVEN REGION SHOW -34- (continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). A DECLINING TREND OR THAT AN IMPENDING PERTURASTION IMPERILS THIS SPECIES IN PENNSYLVANIA. tHE CONCLUSIONS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY ARE THU PROBABLY STILL VALID TODAY. (N-HABITAT) tHROUGHOUT ITS RANGE, BLARINA BREVICACDA IS FOUND IN PRACTICALLY ALL TERRESTRIAL HABITATS, BUT OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR ITS EXISTENCE OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN MOIST DECIDUOUS FORESTS WITH A THICK LITTER LAYER AND FRIABLE, LOAMY SOIL. THIS IS RELATED TO ITS BURROWING AND FOREGIN ACTIVITY. *16-VII:3-4,11:22-23,12:54,42:106-115,43:37-41,24,27,:42-43 21,44:42-54,26:28-32,28:48-51,49,7,25,54,60,* INDEED, EVEN THOUGH THEY OCCUR BY A MUCH WIDER RANGE OF HABITATS, THEY MAY DURING PERIODS OF DROUGHT, PULL BACK INTO FOREST REFUGIA. *11:22-23,44:42-54*. GETZ *49( FOUND THAT IN AREAS WITH SOIL MOISTURE LOWER THAN THAT REQUIRED TO KEEP AIR IN THE BURROWS OR HUMUS SATURATED, WERE NOT INHABITED BY BLARINA. WRIGLEY ET AL *5*. CONCURS THAT MOISTURE IS A LIMITING FACTOR IN THE HABITAT SELECTION OF BLARINA. WHITAKER *18* CONSIDERED MOISTURE, TO BE A LIMITING FACTOR IN EXCLUDING BLARINA FROM THE QUICK DRYING, SANDY SOILS OF VIGO COUNTY, INDIANA. PRUITT *56* IN STUDYING THE MICROHABITAT OF BLARINA IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN, FOUND THE SPECIES TO OCCUR IN LOCAL POCKETS WHERE SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS WERE SUCH THAT FREE WATER OR WATER OF CONDENSATION WAS PRESENT AND WHERE. NEITHER EXTENSIVE SOIL FREEZING NOR HEATING ABOVE LETHAL LIMITS OCCUR. THESE CONDITIONS ARE BEST MET ON LEANS IN MATURE DECIDUOUS FORESTS. PALMER AND GOOD *1804* FOUND GREATER NUMBERS OF BLARINA ON NORTHEAST FACING SLOPES THAN SOUTHWEST FACING SLOPES IN OHIO. THE FORMER WAS MOISTER THAN THE LATTER AND HAD A MORE CONTINUOUS LITTER LAYER AND A BETTER DEVELOPED HUMUS LAYER. THESE FACTORS APPARENTLY CONTRIBUTED TO A GREATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF INVERTEBPATE FOOD SPECIES ON THE NORTHEAST SLOPE. IN THE DRIER, WESTERN EXTRENITY OF THE SPECIES RANGE, IN THE DAKOTAS AND NEBRASKA, BLARINA IS RRESTRICTED TO RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES. *12:54* OTHER HABITATS INCLUDE: OLD-FIELDS *16-VIII:3-4,11:22-23, 12:54,43:37-41*44:42-54,14:193,26:28-32,46,51,20,17,18,55, 57,105*, CULTIVATED FIELDS *19,58*, PASTURES *43:37-41,55*, EDGES BETWEEN FIELDS AND WOODLANDS * :54,43:37-41,44:42-54, 51,17,43,23*, SHELTER BELTS OF TREES IN THE MIDWEST *59*, FLOWER AND VEGETABLE GARDENS *44:42-54*, 30GS, SWAMPS, AND MARSHES *11:22-23, 44:42-54,45:53-62,14:193,41,56,58*, HOUSES, SHEDS, AND BARNS *44:42-54,41,33,58*, IN ROADSIDE HERBACEOUS VEGETATION *58:33*, SHRUBBY AREAS *16-VIII:3-4,42:106-115,44: 42-54,43,20,13,7,105*, CITY AND SUBURBAN LOTS *13:43-44,43:37-41, 45:53-62*, CONIFER WOODS AND PLANTATIONS *20,41,23,22,57*, RIGHT OF WAY CLEAR-CUTS *23,7*, AND RECLATIMED STRIP MINE HABITAT *22*. THE FOLLOWING REPACESENTS COMMENTS OF VARIOUS WORKERS WHO HAVE CHOICE OF HABITATS: THE MOST UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED OF OUR SMALL MAMALS *35:46-47*, FOUND IN ALL TERRESTRIAL HABITATS *34:52-53,37:45-46,38:41*, DENSE FOREST *39:39-40*, CULTIVATED FIELDS *37:45-46,39:39-40*, PREFERS MOIST AREAS WHETHER FORESTED OR NOT: *35:46-47*, EQUALLY ABUNDANT IN FORESTED OR NON-FORESTED *34:52-53,37:45-46*, OPTIMUM HABITAT HAS EITHER FRIABLE SOIL OR DENSE COVER ON THE SURFACE OF MATTED VEGETATION OR LEAVES *36:52-53*, CUNNINGHAM HAS COLLECTED THEM IN ERIE COUNTY FROM NORHTERN HARDWOOD-HEMLOCK FOREST, IN OLD-FIELDS, IN SERVERAL OF THE WOODED RAVINES OF STREAMS FLOWING INTO LAKE ERIE, IN LAWNS, AROUND FOUNDATION PLANTINGS OF PRIVATE HOMES, AND ALONG INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ROADSIDES*33*. IN EASTERN MOST ERIE COUNTY, THE SPECIES HAS MOST ABUNDANT IN A NORTHERN HARDWOOD-HEMLOCK FOREST THAT WAS RATHER DAMP: AND AT LEAST ABUNDANT IN AN OLD-FIELD WHERE MICMICPOTUS PENNSYLVANICUS APRREARED TO BE IN A RAPID GROWTH PHASE OF ITS POPULATION CYCLE, *_6-VIIII:3 4*. HE ALSO -35- (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). WHILE IT HAS BEEN WIDELY HELD THAT BLARINA MUST CONSUME MORE THAN ITS WEIGHT OF FOOD DAILY, IT IS NOW BELIEVED THAT ON HALF 0* LESS OF ITS WEIGHT EQUIVALENT IN FOOD IS AMPLE *12:54,77*. IN FACT, ONE LARGE MALE WAS OBSERVED FASTING FOR 36 HOURS WITHOUT ANY APPARENT ILL EFFECTS *77*. SUCKNER *81* IN CHEMICALLY ANALYZING THE STOMACH CONTENTS OF BLARINA AFTER EATING LARCH SA FLIES SHOWED THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: 89 MG. PROTEIN, 27 MG. CARBOHYDRATES, 78 MG. FAT, AND 1.21K CALCIUM. THE ASSIMILATION EFFECIENCY, WAS 78% ON A DIET OF LARCH SAWFLIES, AS COMPARED TO 92% ON A DIET OF COMMERCIAL DOG FOOD. (N-MGMT) THERE IS NO LITERATURE THAT ADDRESSES OR PRESCRIBES A MANAGEMENT REGIME FOR THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW. INDEED, IN VIEW OF THE SEEMINGLY UBIQUITOUS NATURE OF ITS DISTRIBUTION, THERE IS LITTLE FORESEEABLE NECESSITY FOR MANAGING THE SPECIES. IF ANY SUGGESTION MIGHT BE MADE IT WOULD BE TO MAINTAIN ADEQUATE PATCHES OF DECIDUOUS FOREST WITH AN ABUNDANCE OF LEAF LITTER. STEPS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO ALLOW OLD LOGS AND STUMPS TO REMAIN IN PLACE IN THOSE HABITATS TO PROVIDE REFUGES AND NESTING SITES *11:22-23,44:42,54,49,18,56,104,12:54*. (MEP-DATA) (ANIMAL-PLANT) THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW LIVES SYMPATRICALLY WITH A NUMBER OF OTHER SPECIES OF SAMLL MAMMALS. IN WOODED AREAS, IT IS OFISN STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH PERGMYSCUS LEUCOPUS. *42:106-115,20,45: 53-62,21,23,25,60*. OTHER SPECIES ARE: MICROTUS PENNSYLVANIOUS, IN OPEN FIELDS OR BOGGY HABITATS *45:53062,16VIII:3-4*, MICROTUS PINETORUM IN MOIST WOODS WITH SOFT SOIL *42:106-115, 21*, SOREX CINEREUS, S. ARTICUS, BIPACUSTRIS, MICROSOREX MOYI, CONDYLURA CRISTAIA, CLETHRIONEMYS GAPPERI,SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI, ZAPUS MUDSONICUS, MAPAEOZAPUS INSIGNIS AND TAMIAS STRIATUS, IN MORE NORTHERN HABITATS *45:53-62,48,20,21,23,25,58,60*. IN TENNESSEE. THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW IS AN OCCASIONAL ASSOCIATE OF REITPRODONTOMYS HUMILUS, OCHROTOMYS NUITALLI, AND SIGNS IN HISPIDUS *23*. ZEGERS *51* SUGGESTED THAT BLARINA AND PERMYSCUS LEUCOPUS SOMETIMES SHARE THE SAME FOOD RESOURCES BUT CONFLICT COMPETI- TION IS AVOIDED SPATIAL.LY AS PERMYSCUS TENDS TO BE MORE BLARINA MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR EXCLUDING SOREX FUMSUS FROM SOME FOREST HABITATS AND MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS FROM ISLANDS THAT THEY ARE ABLE TO COLONIZE *19:53*. WILD HOGS, SUS SCROFA, HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO DISRUPT THE LEAF LITTER AND HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER IN PARTS OF THE SMOKY MOUNTAINS TO THE EXTENT THAT BLARINA WAS NCARLY ELIMINATED *1: 2*. INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION HAS BEEN CITED BY MARTIN *62*. BLARINA BREVICAUDA IS KNOWN TO BE PREYED UPON BY SEVERAL SPECIES OF OWLS, HAWKS, OPOSSUMS, MINK, SEVERAL SPECIES OF WEASELS, STRIPED SKUNKS, FISHER, RACCOONS, BOBCATS, DOMESTIC CATS, RED AND GRAY FOXES, WATER SNAKES, PINE SNAKES, PILOT SNAKES, MILK SNAKES, RATTLE SNAKES, COPPERHEADS, RAINBOW TROUT, LAKE TROUT, NOTHERN PIKE, GAR, LARGE MOUTH BASS, AND GREEN SUNFISH *13:43-44,11: 22-23,10:54,42:106-115,44:42-54,45:53-62,47,100,108,111*. ECTOPARASITES THAT HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO OCCUP ON BLASINA BREVICAUDA ARE FLEAS, MITES, TICKS, AND BOT FLY LARVAE. ENCORARISTIES INCLUDE CESTODES, TREMATODES, NEMATODES, AND ACANTHOCEPHALANS *12:54*. SPECIFICALLY, THE COMMONEST ECTOPARASTIES THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED ARE MITES, OF WHICH SEVEN SPECIED HAVE BEEN REPORTED FORM INDIAN *42:106-115*, SIXTEEN SPECIES FROM WISCONSIA *44:42-54*, FIVE GENEDA FROM NEW YORK *100*. BAKER *45:53-62*, CITES MICHIGAN SHREWS INFESTED WITH CHIGGERS. THERE ARE THREE SPECIES OF FLEAS LISTED FROM INDIANA *42:106-115*, MINE FROM WISCONSIN *44:42-54*, TWO FROM MICHIGAN *45:53-62*, AND SEVEN FROM ILLINOIS *69*. THE TWO -36- (Continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). COLLECTED BLARINA ALONG FENCE ROWS AND IN A HOUSE IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY; IN A SHRUBBY OLD-FIELD IN BEAVER COUNTY; AND IN MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST IN CRAWFORD COUNTY. (N-FOOD) VARIOUS INVESTIGATORS HAVE RECORDED THE DIETS OF BLARINA BREVICAUDA. BELYING THE NAME INSECTIVORE, IT FEEDS ON A WIDE VARIETY OF FOODS DESIDES INSECTS. WHILE SOME AUTHORS HAVE SHOWN INSECTS TO BE THE PREFERRED FOOD *45:53-62*,11:22-23,12:54,43: 37-41,27:42-43,77,97*, OTHERS CONSIDER EARTHWORMS TO BE THE SINGLE MOST ABUNDANT FOOD ITEM IN BLARINA'S DIET *28:48-51,42: 106-115*. THE INSECTS THEY HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO EAT ARE: CRICKETS, MOTHS AND THEIR LARVAE, DIPTERANS, GROUND LIVING BEES AND WASPS, BEETLES AND THEIR LARVAE *45:53-62,97*. OTHER ARTHROPCOS INCLUDE SPIDERS (INCLUDING THEIR EGG MASSES), MILLIPEDES, CENTIPEDES, AND SNOWBUGS *45:53-67,11:22-23,12:54, 42:106-115,43:37-41,27:42-43,77*, SNAILS AND SLUGS FOUND THROUGHOUT THE LITTER LAYER ARE OFTEN CONSUMED. *45:53-62,28: 48-51,11:22-23,12:54,42:106-115,43:37-41,27:42-43,61,67,76,77,78,79,80 97,103*. THE DIET IS COMPLETED BY VEGETABLE MATTER: INCLUDING FRUITS, ROOTS, ACORNS AND BEECHNUTS: AND ENDOGONE, A SUB- TERRANEAN FUNGUS, SPORTS OF WHICH HAVE BEEN FOUND IN BLARINA STOMACH CONTENTS ON NUMBEROUS OCCASSIONS *45:53-62,28:48-51, 11:22-23,42:106-115,43:37-41,76,77*. ONE WORKER HAS REPORTED OBSERVING COPROPHAGY IN BLARIKA *97*. THERE HAS BEEN SOME QESTION AS TO THE IMPORTANCE OF MICE IN THE DIET OF BLARINA. SOME FEEL THAT AT CERTAIN TIMES OF THE YEAR, OR WHEN MICE ARE PARTICULARLY PLENTIFUL THAT THEY MAKE UP A MAJOR PAT OF BLARINA'S DIET, *13:43-44,76,78,53,79,97*, WHILE OTHERS FEEL THEIR CONTRIBUTION HAS BEEN OVERRATED *28: 78-51,12:54,42:106-115*. AT ANY DATE, IT HAS BEEN AMPLY DEMONSTRATED THAT IN CAPTIVITY THESE SHREWS WILL EAT MICE WITH GREAT ENTHUSIASM *42:106-115,76,33*. IN DEALING WITH MICE, AND TO SOME EXTENT WITH LARGE INSECTS, BLARINA HAS OFTEN BEEN OBSERVED TO KILL THE PREY BY BITING IT IN THE SEGIN EATING THE BRAINS FIRST BEFORE GOING ON TO THE OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY *33,67,72,76,96,97*. THIS BEHAVIOR MAY BE RELATED TO THE FACT THAT THE SALIVA OF BLARINA IS TOXIC AND THE BITE MAY SUBDUE THE PREY SOONER, THE CLOSER IT GETS TO THE BRAIN *72*. IT IS THOUGHT BY MANY THAT THE MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE TOXIC SALIVA IS TO IMMOBILIZE ARTHROPOUS, EARTHWORMS, AND MOLLUSCS, ENABLING THEM TO BE HOARDED. ORGANISMS STORED ALIVE ARE NOT APT TO DECOMPOSE. THUS, THE SHREW IS ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF TEMPORARY SURPLUSSES OF PREY BY QUICKLY SUEDUING THEM AND STORING AGAINST A FOOD SHORTAGE LATER *52,43,37-41,11:22-23,71,72,73,75,77*. EVIDENCE OF SEASONAL SHIFT IN DIET IS PRESENTED BY JONES ET AL *12:54* WHO SUGGEST THAT IN WINTER BELOW O DEGREES CELSIUS, BLARINA EATS PROPORTIONALLY MORE INSECTS THAN IN SUMMER, MOSTLY DORMANT BEETLES AND PUPAE. ALSO, MORE PLANT MATERIAL IS EATEN AT THAT TIME: HAMILTON *77* SHOWED THAT IN WINTER, INSECTS MADE UP 60% OF THE DIET OF BLARINA. IN RESPONSE TO OUTBREAKS OF LARCH SNOWFLIES, BLARINA HAS BEEN KNOWN TO NOT ONLY INCREASE IN NUMBER IN THE INFESTED AREA *57*, BUT ALSO TO EAT A SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER NUMBER OF PUPAE OF THE SINSECTS PER INDIVIDUAL *81*. OLFACTION SEEMS TO BE THE MAJOR MEANS BY WHICH BLARINA IS ABLE TO DETECT ITS PREY *85,87,74*, BUT GUSTATION IS IMPORTANT IN THE ULTIMATE ACCEPTANCE OF THE FOOD *74*. IN VIEW OF THIS, IT SEEMS WORTH MENTIONING THAT SOME VERTEBRATES HAVE DEVELOPED GLANDULAR SECRETIONS THAT SERVE AN ANTI-PREDATOR FUNCTION AND ARE EFFECTIVE IN SLOWING BLARINA'S ATTACKS BUT NOT IN THWARTING THEM ENTIPELY. NOTABLE AMONG THESE ARE SOME SPECIES OF FROGS AND SALAMANDERS *59,61,103*. SHREWS WOULD NOT EAT WEASELS CAUGHT IN A TRAP, EVEN THOUGH THEY WILL CONSUME MANY OTHER SPECIES OF TRAPPED MAMMALS *78*. -37- (Continued on next page) figure 5. (continued). species that seem to be common to all these findings are ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes and doratopsylla blarirae. five species of beetles from shrew nests have been reported, but possibly only one of these is parasitic *42:106-115,44:42-54. helminths have a particularly high incidence in blarina, one hundred-eighty one specimens from indiana showed 9.41 had nematodes, 29.8% had trematodes, and 43% had cestodes #42:106- 115*. of 53 shrews examined in iowa, only three wer negative for helminths. eighteen species were indentified: 4 trematodes, 7 cestodes, and 7 nematodes. capillaria oesophagicola was the most common nematode: profogyrella blarinae and pseudodiorchis reynolds were the most cestodes and panobistus pricei was the most common trematode. of the 93 blarine oswalk #64 examined, 83.9% had helminths 6 species of cestodes, 4 trematodes, 8 nematodes, and 1 acanthocephalan. a similar rate of infes- tation was found in connecticut *67# with 3 species of trema- todes, 3 cestofes, 7 nemadodes, and 1 acanthocephalan. solomon and handley *66* established a new record for capillaria hepatica, a nematode, in the short-tailed shrew *66*. huffman and roscoe *63* reported a sporozoan parasite, probably a species of sarcocystis in the heart muscle of blanina. this had not been previously cited for blarina. (description) the short-tailed shrew, blarina brevincauda, is the largest of the north american sopicids. the two insectivora with which it migh be confused are the least shrew, cryptotis farva, from which it can be distinguished by its larger size (about four times as heavy), its dark gray to black coloration as opposed to brown and its five, rather than four, upper unicuspius per row and the hairy-tailed hole, parascalops breweri which is three to five times as heavy and has enormously enlarged front paws for digging. the teeth of blarina have dark chestnut enamel while all of our moles have white enamel *13:43-44, 12:54, 38:48-51 *. the short legs, minute eyes, and concealed ears are good field characteristics. while it has sharp pointed snout, it is not nearly as prominent as those of the genera sorex, microsorex, and oryptotis. adults are slate gray dorsally, becoming pale on the ventral surface. the short tail and feet are dark gray above and paler below. en. fur is glossy and tends to be blacker in young individuals than adults *28:48-51*. the fur similar to that of other snsectivires is velvet-like and can be brushed in either a craniad or caudad direction and it will lie down. shrews born in spring and early summer molt from a juvenile to summer pelage, and later to a winter pelage. the spring molt and post-juvenile molts proceed from the head in a caudad direction, while the reverse is true for the fall molt *42:106-115.90*. hamilton *91* feels the molts occur rather rapidly as only a small percentage ever show the molt lines in a collection. the standard measurements are from doutt, et al *13:258* rather than hall *6:54* because the latter's measurements do not reflect the revision of genoways and cloate *1* and still include the smaller blarina carolinensis. if all the measurements in doutt et al are from pennsylvania specimens, it is assured. that they are exclusively glarina brevicauda. the total length ranges from 100- 132 mm tail length 18-32 mm hind foot length 12-17 mm and 12-23.5 g. (orgin) blarian brevicauda is native to pennsylvania *13:42 45, 8:54-56*. the first in-depth account of the species was published in 1903 by rhoads *14:193*. (behavior) blarina brevicauda is active throughout the year, being most active at night but showing peridic bursts of activity during the -38- (continued on next page) figure 5. (continued). entire day *11:22, 23,42:106-115*. martin *82 using microswitches to determine activity patterns found blarina to be most active between 1 a.m. and 3 a. m., and least active from noon until 3 p.m., thus adjusting their daily activity to minimize energy used in thermoregulation. in the winter locamotory activity increased immediately after dark while some heat remained from the daylight hours. these shrews have been shown to be active only between 10% and 16% of the time, with activity coming in short bursts averaging 49 minutes. average intervals between activity periods are 99 minutes *88,93*. martinsen *88*, showed the shrew's minimum resting metabloism to be 2.18cc 03/g/h, and that this tripled during feeding activity, and quadrupled during hyperactivity. deavers and hudson *84* showed a linear increase in oxygen consumption with a decrease in ambient temperature. this increase was 0.22cc 02/g/h/cc which is greater than in mich or moles. blarina apparently has a higher evaporative heat loss than the others. these shrews died from heat stress in one hour at 32 degrees celcius. martinsen *88* feels that the short-tailed shrew has adapted to cold temperature regions by its ability to eat anything of enery value, and its pending most of its time inactive at a low resting metabolism. estimates of blarina's home vary from 1/2 acre 10 4.43 acres with most falling between 1/2 and 1-1/2 acres *11: 22-23, 10:54,24,07:42 40, 48,92*. this shrew seems to be solitary during most of the year and can be very pugnacious toward its conspecifics *26:28-32, 15*. it is thought that at least one of the functions of the secretions of the ventral and lateral scent glands is territorial marking. these glands are more pronounced in males than females *12:54, 42:106-115,15*. vocal communication is probably also used to maintain territories, as blarina is known to emit several sounds *42:106-115,23:48-51,(*,100,15*. these shrews also use ultrasound, apparently as an echolocation device in exploring their tunnel systems *43*. the burrow systems of blarina consist of tunnels a few inches below the soil surface 0 in the litter layer; and those that occupy a deeper zone, 16-22 inches below the surface. the two are joined at irregular intervals by abrope connections *12:54*. the surface burrows are usually 25-30 mm in diameter and may extend as far as 30 meters in a zig-zagging fashion. the two openings to a burrow system are never more than 4 meters apart, nor closer than 1 meter *97*. (reproduction) not much is known about the actual mating behavior of blarina. the mating season extends frome early spring ot late fall *13:42-45*. more specifically, the first pregnancies are noticed in april and end in september in canada *11:22-23*. in michigan, they are reproductively active from march to september *45:53-62*. christian *95* estimated that speeding began by fedruary 10 in northeastern pennsylvania. hamilton and whitaker *23* found young to be born from early spring to late september. pruitt *56* feels that blarina does not have a single uniform breeding season, as those inhabitating hardwood and pine areas have their breeding completed before mid-june in bogs and pines breeding is still in progress in midsummer. in the bog area, there is reduced light incident on the forest floor. therefore, if light controls the breeding cycle, it would yield a late onset of breeding in the shrews. the gestation period is generally thoug to be between 17 and 22 days *13:42-45, 11:22-23,12:54, 42:106-115, 43:37-41,27:42-43, 44:4-54*. estimates of the number in each litter range from 4 to 10 with some investigators projections 2 to 4 litters per year. others consider this number unknown -39- (continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). *13:42-45, 28:49-51,11:22-23,12:54,42:106-115,43:37-41,27: 42-43,44:42-54* nests are fairly simple hollow balls constructed of shedded or unshredded leaves, grass, and sometimes mouse hair. usually it is placed beneath an old log or stump *13:42-45, 28:49-51,12-54,42:37-41*. one worker found a nest as deep as nine inches in the ground *99* there are usually two types of nests; resting nests and breeding nests which are much smaller *12:54*. the yound grow very rapidly, becoming half-grown when only a month old *38:49-51*. they develop fur between day 6 and 10, and teeth by day 22 *12:54, 43:37-43*. they are usually weaned between 2 and 3 weeks of age, although some extend this to 25 days *13:42-45, 94*. the young often stay in the nest until nearly full grown which accounts for the fact that one rarely cathces a juvenile shrew in a trap *42-106-115*. it has been reported from canada that 17 days after birth, young ranging from 9 to 12 grams were beginning to dispense *11:22-23*. one worker found a nest with a lactating shrew weighing 13.56 which had three young females, weighing respectively 8.0, 9.0, 9.6, attached to her nipples *99*. activity out of the nest increzsed during pregnancy and greatly increased during lactation. the adult shrew retrives the pups by draggin them or caravanning them. once weaning occurs, material behavior ceases entirely *109*. pearson *89* studied all aspects of the reporductive processes of blarina. ages of blarina can be estimated by tooth wear, although this method is subject to the different habitats *56*. however, pearson *101* found it a quite reliable method of aging. blarina rarely lives 2 years and those that do are practically toothless *13:42-45, 12:54, 101*. a study done on 383 short tailed shrews born and raised in captivity showed that only 8.7% of those born survived one year, and 15.4% of those weaned survived for a year. females become sexually mature at about 6 weeks of age, while males don't reach this point until 12 weeks old *11:22-23,10:54*. this has led most workers to believe that blarina does not breed during its first year *12:54,43:37-41,48*, although there is the possibility that female young of the year may have a fall litter *11:22-23. (pop-dynamics) there is a great deal of variance in the population densities reported for blarina brevicauda. in canada, banfield *11:22-23* cities populations that vary from less than 1 to 11.6 per acre in good habitat. cunningham *1Lviii: 3-4* estimated 96 per acre in northeastern ohio. others have reported 6.8-2.2/acre, 3-5 /acre, 25/acre, and 4 pairs of shrews per acre of choice habitat *12:54,27:42-43, 100.92*. christian *95* collected 139 in 1000 trap-nights in the first 24 hours of trapping, but found fewer than 5% of this number the following year. pruitt *56* showed that in hardwood forest. blandina showed a normal distribution of age groups, i.e., a substantial number of middle-aged groups. in non-hardwood areas, the animals were either young or old. the concluded that the hardwoods wer the centers of distribution with the other areas being in habited by either young or old invaders. while these shrews rarely live 2 full years, a wild caught female lived 36 months in capitivity and 2 males live 29 and 33 months respectively, in captivity *12:54*. while some workers have determine the sex ratios in blarina populatins to be about 1:1 *25,92*, pruitt *56* found that in undisturbed areas the ratio was approximately -40- (continued on next page) figure 5. (continued). 1 male: 2 females, while in disturbed areas, the reverse was true. this was explained on the basis of males being the primary invadors of a distrubed area with females following at a later date. other population data is sparse. (lim-factors) it would appear that the only major factors limiting populations of blarina brevicauda are soil moisture and the presence of leaf litter *11:22-23,44:42-54,49,18,56,58,104, 12:54*. even the appliation of persistent pesticides like ddt do not appear to have limited blarina., at least in the quantities used by braham and neal *86* who showed that the shrew's metabolism increased during the second and third weeks as liver enzymes were induced to metabolize the poison. two other studies show that the accumulation of ddt residues continue to build up in blarina's tissues after application of the chemical has been discontinued, as it does in other species of shrews and microtus pennsylvanicus *106,110*. (r-taxonomy) 01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,12,13 (r-spp-status) 07,13,14,16,19,20,21,22,23,25,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41 (r-distrib) 04,06,08,14,22,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 (r-habitat) 07,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,38,33,34,35,37,38,39, 41,42,43,44,45,46,49,50,51,54,55,56,57,58,70,104 (r-food) 11,12,13,27,28,33,42,43,45,52,53,37,59,61,m0,71,72,73,74,75,76, 77,78,79,80,81,85,87,96,97,103 (r-mgmt) 11,12,18,44,49,56,104 (r-life-hist) 08,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,24,25,27,28,42,43,44,45,48,49,56,58,82,86,88 89,92,93,94,95,97,98,99,100,101,104,106,109,110 (references) 00- harry n cunningham, jr., the pennsylvania state univer- sity, behrend college, erie, pa. 16563. (814)898-6274 01- genoways, h. h. and j. r. choate, 973 a multivariat analysis of systematic relationships among populations of the short-tailed shrew (genus blarina) in nebraska. syst. zool. 21:106-116. 02- genoways, h. h., j.c. patton, iii, and j. r. choate, 1977. karotypes of shrews of the general cryprtotis and blarina (mammalia:soricidae) experientia 33:1294-1295. l.s. ellis, v.e. diersing and d.f. hoffmeister, 1978. toxonomic status of short-tailed shrews (blarina) in illinois. journal of mammalogy 59 (2):305-311 04- s. b. george, h.h. genoways, j.r. choate, and r.j. baker, 1982. karyotypic relationships within the short tailed shrews, genus blarina. journal of mammalogy 63(4):639-645. 05-braun.j.k. and m.l. kennedy 1983. systematics of the genus blarina in tennessee and adjacent areas. journal of mammolgoy 64 (3):414-425 06- j.m. hopacki, k.e. kinnman, and j.w. koeppl, 1982. mammal species of the world. allen press, lawrence, 694 pp. 07-g.l. kirkland, jr., 1978. the short-tailed shrew, blarina brevicauda (say) in the cental mountains of west virginia. proc. pennsylvania academy of science 52:126-130 e.r. hall, 1981- the mammals of north america. vol I, second edition, john wiley and sons, new york. 600 pp. 09- choate, j.r., 1973. variation within and among -41- (continued on next page) Figure 5. (Continued). POPULATIONS OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW IN CONNECTICUT. JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY 53(1):116-125. 10 - J.E. GUILDAY, 1957. INDIVIDUAL AND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN BLARINA BREVICAUDA FROM PENNSYLVANIA. ANN. CARNEGIE MUSEUM 35:41-69 11 - A...F. BANFIELD, 1974. THE MAMMALS OF CANADA. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS. TORONTO. 438 PP. 12 - J.R. JONES, JR., O.M. ARMSTRONG, R.S. HOFFMAN, AND C. JONES, 1963. MAMMALS OF THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 379 PP. 13 - J. R. DOUTT, C.A. HEPPENSTALL, AND J.E. GUILDAY, 1967. MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 181 PP. 14 - SAMUEL N. RHOADES, 1903. THE MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. PRVIATELY PUBLISHED, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 266 PP. 15 - W.J. PLATT, 1976. THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND TERRITORIALITY OF SHORT-TAILED SHREW (BLARINA BREVICAUDA) POPULATIONS IN OLD-FIELD HABITATS. ANIM. BEHAV. 24:305-3:6. 16 - H. N. CUNNINGHAM, JR., 1977. MAMMALS IN: ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF PROPOSED LAKEFRONT PLANT SITE, CONNEAUT, OHIO. PRELIMINARY FINAL DRAFT REPORT, VOL. 2 TERRESTRIAL REPORT. AQUATIC ECOL- OGY ASSOCIATES, PITTSBURGH, PA. SECTIONS 1-IX. 17 - A.B. CAREY, A.J. MAIN, JR., AND M. G. CAREY, 1981. SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF SMALL MAMMALS IN CONNECTICUT FORESIS. 58TH NL FISH AND WILDLIFE CONFERENCE, 15 PP., MIMED. 18 - J.C. WHITAKER, JR., 1967. HABITAT AND REPRODUCTION OF SOME OF THE SMALL MAMMALS OF VIGO COUNTY. INDIANA, WITH A LIST OF MAMMALS KNOWN TO OCCUR THERE. OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE C.C. ADAMS CENTER FOR ECOLOGICAL STUDIES. NO. 8, 23 PP. 19 - E.W. JAMESON, 1949. SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF WOODLAND SMALL MAMMALS IN CENTRAL NEW YORK. J. MAMM. 30131:221-233. 20 - J.W. ROMANSKY, JR., 1973. EFFECTS OF POPULATION REMOVAL ON THE HABITAT OF SMALL MAMMALS. N.Y. FISH AND GAME JOURNAL 17(2):1K2-109. 21 - J.N. KRULL, 1970. SMALL MAMMAL POPULATIONS IN CUT AND INCUT NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS. NEW YORK FISH AND GAME JOURNAL 17(2):128-131. 22 - F.J. BRENNER, R.B. KELLY, AND J. KELLY, 1982. MAMMALIAN COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS ON SURFACE MINE LANES IN PENNSYLVANIA. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 6(3)241-249 23 - W.C. JOHNSON, R.K. SCHREIBER, AND R.L. BURGESS, 1979. DIVERSITY OF SMALL MAMMALS IN A POWERLINE RIGHT-OF-WAY AND ADJACENT FOREST IN EAST TENNESSEE. AM. MIDL. NAT. 101410:231.235 24 - W.F. BLAIR, 1941. SOME DATA ON THE HOME RANGE AND GENERAL LIFE HISTORY OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, RED-BACKED MOUSE, AND WOODLAND JUMPING MOUSE IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN. AM. MIDL. NAT. 25(3):681-685 25 - G.L. KIRKLAND, JR. AND J.E. HENCH, 1980. NOTES ON THE SMALL MAMMALS OF THE CARBAUGH RUN NATIONAL AREA, ADAMS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. PROC. ADAD. SCI. 54:31-35 26 - J.L. PARADISO, 1969. MAMMALS OF MARYLAND. N.A. FAUNA NO. 66. BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE, WASHINGTON, DC. 193 PP. 27 - W.H. BURT, 1957. MAMMALS OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION. UNIV. OF MICHIGAN PRESS, ANN ARBOR, MI. 246 PP. 28 - W.W. HAMILTON, JR. AND J.O. WHITAKER, JR., 1979. MAMMALS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES, SECOND EDITION. CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS, ITHACA, NY. 346 PP. 29 - A.M. WILKINSON, 1984. ANNUAL REPORT OF COLLECTING PERMITTEE TO PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION FOR 1984. 30 - G.L. KIRKLAND, JR. ANNUAL REPORTS OF COLLECTING PERMITTEE TO PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION FOR 1921, 1983, 1984. (Continued on next page) - 42 - Figure 5. (Continued). 31 - G.E. KIRKLAND, JR. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY - SHIPPENSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY, SHIPPENSBURG, PA. MAY, 1985. 32 - PETER DALBY, 1985. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION. PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY - CLARION STATE UNIVERSITY, CLARION, PA. MAY 1985. 33. H.N. CUNNINGHAM, JR., 1985. PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS FROM 1957-84. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY-BEHREND COLLEGE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, ERIE, PA. 34 - W.C. GRIMM AND R. WHITEBREAD, 1952. MAMMAL SURVEY OF NORTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 82PP. 35 - H.A. ROBERTS AND R.C. EARLY, 1952. MAMMAL SURVEY OF SOUTH EASTERN PENNSYVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 75 PP. 37. W.C. GRIMM AND H.A. ROBERTS, 1950. MAMMAL SURVEY OF SOUTH WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 99 PP. 38 - H.R. ROSLUND, 1951. MAMMAL SURVEY OF NORTH CENTRAL PENNSYL- VANIA. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 55 PP. 39 - N. D. RICHMOND AD H.R. ROSLUND, 1949. MAMMAL SURVEY OF NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 67 PP. 40 - L.J. WOLGAST, 1979. MAMMALS OF THE NEW JERSEY PINE BARRENS IN: PINE BARRENS:ECOSYSTEM AND LANDSCAPE. R.T.T. FORMAN (ED.). 41 - CONNER, P.F. 1953. NOTES ON THENAMMALS OF A NEW JERSEY PINE BARRENS AREA. J. MANN. 34(2):227-235. 42 - MUMFORD, R.E. AND J.O. WHITAKER, JR., 1982. MAMMALS OF INDIANA, INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, BLOOMINGTON, IN. 537 PP. 43 - R.,. BARBOUR, R.W. AND W.H. DAVIS, 1974. MAMMALS OF KENTUCKY. UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY, LEXINGTON, KY. 322PP. 44 - H.H.T. JACKSON, 1961. MAMMALS OF WISCONSIN. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN PRESS, MADISON, WI. 642 PP. 46 - P.G. PEARSON, 1959. SMALL MAMMALS AND OLD FIELD SUCCESSION ON THE PIEDMONT OF NEW JERSEY. ECOLOGY 42(2):249-255. 47 - C.D. FOWLE AND R.Y. EDWARDS, 2955. AN UNUSUAL ABUNDANCE OF SHORT-TILLED SHREWS, BLARINA BREVICAUDA. J.MAMM. 36(1):36-41 48 - C.H. BUCKNER, 1966. POPULATION AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF SHREWS IN TIMARACK BDGS OF SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA. J. MANN. 42(2):161-194 49 - L.L. GETZ, 1961. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF SHREWS. AM. MIDL. NAT 65(1):67-68 50 - R.I. YAHNER, 1982. MICROHABITAT USE BY SMALL MAMMALS IN FARMSTEAD SHELTERBELTS. J. MAMM. 63(3):446-445. 51 - D.A. ZEGERS AND J.C. HA, 1981. NICHS SEPARATION OF PEROMYSOUSLEUTOPUSAND BLARINA BREVICAUDA. J. MAMM. 67(1): 199-201 52 -I.G. MARTIN, 1981. VENOM OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA AS AN INSECT IMMOBILIZING AGENT. J. MAMM. 62(1): 187-192 53 - M.V. LOMOLINO, 1984. IMMIGRANT SELECTION PREDATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MICROTOS PENNSYLVANICUS AND BLARINA BREVICAUDA ON ISLANDS. AM. NATURALIST 123(4):468-483 54 - G.L. KIRKLAND, JR., 1976. SMALL MAMMALS OF A MINE WASTE SUITABLE IN THE CENTRAL ADIRONDACKS, NEW YORK: A CASE OF OPPORTUNISM BY PERONYSEUS MONICULATUS. AM. WILD. NAT. 95(1): 103-110 55 - A.R. GEIER AND D.B. BEST, 1980. HABITAT SELECTION BY SMALL MAMMALS OF RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES: EVALUATIONARY EFFECTS OF HABITAT ALTERATION. J.W. WILDL. MANAGE. 44(1):16-24 56 - W.O. PRUITT, JR., 1954. NOTES ON THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA KIRTLANDI, IN NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN. AM. MIDL. NAT. 52(1):236-24 (Continued on next page) - 43 - Figure 5. (Continued). D.M. HARMAN AND J.A. CHAPMAN, 1972. COMPARISON OF ABUNDANCES OF TWO SPECIES OF SHREWS IN FOUR MARYLAND HABITAT TYPES. CHESAPEAKE SCI. 13(2):149-150 58 - R.E. WRIGLEY, J.E. DUBOIS, AND H.W.R. COPLAND, 1979. HABITAT, ABUNDANCE, AND DISTRIBUTION OF SIX SPECIES OF SHREWS IN MANITOBA. J. MAMM. 60(3):505-520 59 - M. DIGIOVANNI AND E.D. BRODIE, JR., 1981. EFFICACY OF SKIN GLANDS IN PROTECTIVE THE SALAMANDER, AMBYSTOMA OPAUCM, FROM REPEATED ATTACKS BY THE SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA. HERPE- TOLOGICAL 37(4):234-237 60 - D.W. MORRIS, 1979. MICROHABITAT UTILIZATION AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTION OF SYMPATRIC SMALL MAMMALS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO. AM.MIDL. NAT. 101(2):373-384 61 - D.R. FORMANOWICZ, JR. AND E.D. BRODIE, JR., 1979. PALATABILITY AND ANTI-PREDATOR BEHAVIOR OF SELECTED RANA TO THE SHREW, BLARINA. AM. MIDL. NAT. 101(2):456-458 62 - I.G. MARTIN, 1981 - TOLERANCE OF CONSPECIFICS BY SHORT TAILED SHREWS (BLARINA BREVICAUDA) IN SIMULATED NATURAL CON- DITIONS, A.M. MIDL. NAT. 106(1):206-Z86 63 - D.D. WHITTROCK AND G.L. HENDRICKSON, 1979. HELMINTS OF SHREWS, BLAPINA BREVICAUDA, AND SOREX CINEREUS IN IOWA. J. PARASITOL 65(6):985-968. 64 - V.H. OSWALD, 1958. HELMINTHA PARASITES OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW IN CENTRAL OHIO. OHIO J. SCI. 58(6):325-334 65 - J.E. HOFFMAN AD D.E. ROSCOE, 1981. THE OCCURRENCE OF 4 SPOROZOAN IN THE NYOCARDIUM OF SHORT-TAILED (BLARINA BREVICAUDA). J. WILDLIFE DIS. 17(2):209-211 66 - G.E. SOLOMON AND C.O. HANDLEY, JR., 1971. CAPILLARIA HEPATICS (BANCROFT 1893) IN APPALACHIA MAMMALS. J. PARASITOL 57(5):142-1144 67 - J.E. HUFFMAN AD L.R. PENNER, 1981. HELMINTHS FROM THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW (BLARINA BREVICAUDA) IN CONNECTICUT WITH REFERENCE TO THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF CAPILLARIC PROC. HOLMINTHOLOGICAL SOC. WASH. 48(2):209-213 J.O. WHITAKER, JR. AND K.W. CORTHUN, JR., 1967. FLEAS OF VIGO COUNTY, INDIANA. PROC. INDIANA ACAD. SCI. 76:431-440 69 - B.J. VERTS, 961. OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLEAS (SIPHONOPTERA) OF SOME SMALL MAMMALS IN NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS. AM. MIDL. NAT. 66(2):471-476 70 - KIRK, G.L., 1921. SHREWS AND WEASELS. J. MANN. 2(2):1:1 71 - INGRAM, W.M., 1942. SNAIL ASSOCIATES OF BLARINA BREVI- CAUDA (SAY). J. MAMM. 23(3):255-258 72 - TOMASI, T.E., 1978. FUNCTION OF VENOM IN THE SHORT- TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA. J. MANN. 59(4):852-854 73- I.G. MARTIN, 1981. VENOM OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW (BLARINA BREVICAUDA) AS AN INSECT IMMOBILIZING AGENT. J. MAMM. 62(1):189-192 74 - C.S. HOLLING, 1956. SENSORY STIMULI INVOLVED IN THE LOCATION AND SELECTION OF SAWFLY CACOONS BY SMALL MAMMALS. CAN. J. ZOOL. 36:633-653 75 - D.E. ROBINSON AND E.D. BRODIE, JR., 1982. FOOD HOARDING BEHAVIOR IN THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW (BLARINA BREVICAUDA). AM. MIDL. NAT. 108(2):369-373 76 - H.L. BABCOCK, 1914. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOOD HABITS OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA. SCIENCE 40:526-530 77 - W.J. HAMILTON, JR., 1930. THE FOOD OF THE SORICIDAZ. J. MAMM. 1(1):23-39 78 - W.R. EADIE, 1948. SHREW-MOUSE PREDATION DURING LOW MOUSE ABUNDANCE. J. MAMM. 29(1):33-37 79 - W.R. EADIE, 1944. THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW AND FIELD MOUSE PREDATION. J.MAMM. 25:359-364 80 - W.R. EADIE, 1949. PREDATION ON SOREX BY BLARINA. J. (Continued on next page) - 44 - Figure 5. (Continued). 81 - C.H. BUCKNER, 1964. METABOLISM, FOOD CAPACITY AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN FOUR SPECIES OF SHREWS. CAN. J. ZOOL. 42(2):259-27 82 - I.G. MARTIN, 1983. DAILY ACTIVITY OF SHORT-TAILED SHREWS (BLARINA BREVICAUDA) IN SIMULATED NATURAL CONDITIONS. AM. MIDL. NAT. 109(1):136-144 83 - TOMASI, T.E., 1979. ECHOLOCATION BY THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA. J.MANN. 60(4):751-759 84 - R.D. DEAVERS AND J.W. HUDSON, 1981. TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN TWO RODENTS (CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPORI AND PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS) AND A SHREW (BLARINA BREVICAUDA) INHABITING THE SAME ENVIRONMENT. PHYSIOL. ZOOL. 54(1):94-108 85 - A.W. SCHORGER, 1947. THE SENSE OF SMELL IN THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW. J.MANN. 28(2):180 86 - H.W. BRAHAM AND C.M. NEAL, 1974 - THE EFFECTS OF DDT ON ENERGETICS OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA. BULL ENVIRON. CONTAM. AD TOXICOL. 12(1):32-37 87 - J.E. LUTZ, 1964. NATUPAL HISTORY OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PH.D. DISS. 354 PP. 88 - D.L. MARTINSON, 1969. ENERGETICS AND ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF SHORT-TAILED SHREWS (BLARINA) ON RESTRICTED DIETS. ECOLOGY 50(3):505-51C 89 - O.P. PEARSON, 1944. REPRODUCTION IN THE SHREW (BLARINA BREVICAUDA BAY), AM. J. ANAT. 75:59-03 J.S. FINDLEY AND J.K. JONES, JR., 1950. MOLT OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA. AM. MIDL. NAT. 56(1):246-249 91 - W.J. HAMILTON, JR., 1940. THE MOLT OF BLARINA BREVICAUDA. J.MAMM. 2.(4):457 458 92 - W.F. BLAIR, 1945. NOTES ON HOMERANGES AND POPULATIONS OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW. ECOLOGY 21(2):284-283 93 - P.M. MANN AND R.H. STINSON, 1957. ACTIVITY OF THE SHORT- TAILED SHREWS (BLARINA BREVICAUDA) IN CAPTIVITY. LAB. ANIMAL SCI. 21(6):884-89 95 - J.J. CHRISTIAN, 1969. NATURATION AND BREEDING OF BLARINA BREVICAUDA IN WINTER. J.MAMM. 50(2):272-276 96 - J.J. CHRISTIAN, 1950. BEHAVIOR OF THE MOLE (SCALOPUS) AND THE SHREW (BLARINA). J. MAMM. 31:231-237 97 - A.F. SHULL, 1907. HABITS OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW, BLARINA BREVICAUDA (SAY). AM. NATURALIST 41(488):495 522 98 - E. GOULD, 1969. COMMUNICATIONS IN THREE GENERA OF SHREWS (SORICIDAE): SONCUS, BLARINA, AND CROPTOTIS. COMM. IN BEHAV. BIOL. PART A, 3:11-31 99 - J.L. DUSI, 1951. THE NEST OF A SHORT-TAILED SHREW. J. MAMM. 32(1):115 100 - W.J. HAMILTON, JR., 1931. HABITS OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW. OHIO J. SCI. 31(2):97-106 O.P.PEARSON, 1945. LONGEVITY OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW. A,. MIDL. NAT. 34(2):531-546 102 - F.J. SINGER, W.T. SWANK, AND E.E.C. CLEBSCH, 1984- EFFECTS OF WILD PIG SUS SCROFA ROOTING IN A DECIDUOUS FOREST. J. WILD. MANAGE. 48(2):464-473 103 - E.D. BRODIE, JR., R.T. NOWAK, AND W.R. HARVEY, 1979. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIPREDATOR SECRETIONS AND BEHAVIOR OF SELECTED SALAMANDERS AGAINST SHREWS. COPEIA NO. 7: 270-274 104-D.T. PALMER ANDL.E. GOOD, 1980. DISTRIBUTION OF SHORT-TAILED SHREWS IN A WOODED VALLEY SOUTHEASTERN OHIO. OHIO J. SCI. 80(3):119-121 105 - D.A. LOWEJOY, 195. THE EFFECT OF LOGGING ON SMALL MAMMAL POPULATIONS IN NEW ENGLAND NORTHERN HARDWOODS. - 45- (Continued on next page) UNIV. CONN. OCCAS. PAP. BIOL. SCI. SER. 2(17):269-291 106 - D.J. FORSYTHE AND T. J. PETERLE, 1984. SPECIES AND AGE DIFFERENCES IN ACCUMULATION OF CHLORINE - 36 LABELLED DDT BY VOLES AND SHREWS IN THE FIELD. ENVIRON. POLLUT. SER. A. ECOL. BIOL. 33 (4):327-340 107 - P.T.K. WOO, D.R. GRANT, AND L. MCLEAN, 1980. TRY-PANDSOHES OF SMALL MAMMALS IN SOUTHERN ONTARION, CANADA. CAN. J. ZOOL. 58(14):567-571 108 - M. RAYMOND, J. M. BORGERON, AND Y. PLANTS, 198 - SEXUAL DIMORPHISH AND FOOD RATIONS OF THE ERMINE ISN AN AGPOSYSTEM OF QUEBED, CANADA. CAN J. ZOOL. 62 (4):594-600 109 - I.G. MARIN, 1982. MATERNAL BEHAVIOR OF A SHORTTAILED SHREW IBLARINA BREVICAUDA). ACTA THERICL 21(1):153-156 110 - D.J. FORSYTHE, TLJ. PETERLE, AND L.W. BONDY, 1983 - PERSISTENCE AND TRANSFER OF CHLORIEN - 36 LABELLED DDT IN THE SOIL AND BIOTA OA AN OLD-FIELD ECOSYSTEM: A SIX-YEAR BALANCE STUDY. ECOLOGY (64(6):1620-1636 111 - H.N. CUNNINGHAM, JR., 1979. BORN OWLS FEEDING ON STARNOSED MOLES. PROC. PA. ACAD. SCI. 53:269-271 IMPLEMENTATION AND FUTURE PLANS The Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base is used regularly by the Game Commission, federal and state agencies (e.g., the U.S. Army Corps of Engi-. neers and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources), and environ- mental impact statements and permit applications, species inventories by loca- tion and habitat, the preparation of research proposals, habitat management plan- ning, and as a public information source. More comprehensive information in each species profile as provided by this updating will be immediately available to permit more precise searches of location than previously possible, guilding for habitat analysis using life requirements and associations for species, more management effects information, and comprehensive species narratives. This updating project is only the beginning of a program to update comprehensively the life requirements and distribution of every vertebrate animal.occurring in the Commonwealth. As stated earlier, 802+ additional species must be reviewed and data compiled before the system is complete; and the need for updating never ends as we learn more about our natural ecosystems and the fauna inhabiting them. Additional proposals for outside funding are being written to further updating the Data Base and additional Game Commission funds have been authorized to fund data collection by qualified resource professionals. We envision many management and research opportunities as a result of this updating program. Examples include a catalog of endangered, threatened, and vulnerable wildlife defining locations, population levels, and reasons.for population trends; literature reviews of potential research species and the identification of research data gaps for sound management; development of a guidebook for state game lands, state forest land, and state park land management that identifies species present, their habitat requirements, and suggested bene- ficial management practices; and habitat guilding for improved environmental assessments and habitat mitigation proposals. Our goal is to establish the Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base as the central source and repository of faunal inventory data in the Commonwealth. A 47 I v APPENDICES I -i@. JI, APPENDIX A List of Subcontractors lk Appendix A. List of subcontractors used in compiling the computerized bird and mammal inventory for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone Name Title Address Telephone Kenneth W. Anderson Associate Professor Department of Biology (814)871-7633 Gannon University Erie, PA 16541 Harry N. Cunningham, Jr. Associate Professor Biology Department (814)989-6403 Behrend College Penn State University Erie, PA 16563 J. Timothy Kimmel Assistant Professor Villa Maria College (814)838-1966 2551 West Lake Road Erie, PA 16505 Larry J. Miller Assistant Professor Department of Biology (814)871-7639 Gannon University Erie, PA 16541 Appendix A. List of subcontractors used in compiling the computerized bird and mammal inventory for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone Name Title Address Telephone Kenneth W. Anderson Associate Professor Department of Biology (814)871-7633 Gannon University Erie,-PA 16541 Harry N. Cunningham, Jr. Associate Professor Biology Department (814)989-6403 Behrend College Penn State University Erie, PA 16563 J. Timothy Kimmel Assistant Professor Villa Maria College (814)838-1966 2551 West Lake Road Erie, PA 16505 Larry J. Miller Assistant Professor Department of Biology (814)871-7639 Gannon University Erie, PA 16541 41, :4 APPENDIX B Species Workbook Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base 74 4; PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Pennsylvania P 0. BOX 1567 Fish and Wildlife., HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17105-1567 Data Base SPECNS VORMMK Species Code Number: Species Common Name: Species Scientific Name: Workbook Compilers: Name: Name: Agency: Agency: Address: Address: Phone: Phone: Workbook Reviewers: Name: Name: Agency: Agency: Address: Address: Phone: Phone: Computer Entry: Comguter Entry Verification: Name: Name: Date: Date: Date loaded into Data Base' System: P E N N S Y L V A N I A FISH AND WILDLIFE D A T A B A S E S P E C I E S W 0 R K B 0 0 K Pennsylvania Game Commission P.O. Box 1567 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105-1567 Developed by Calvin W. VuBrock Biometrician and Data Base Coordinator Division of Environmental Impact Assessment and Minerals Bureau of Land Management August 1984 (Revised September, 1985) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This Species Workbook and the resulting Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base are the result of a continuing effort over several years by many individuals and agencies to provide readily accessible species information for use in natural resource planning and management. Agencies that have contributed to this project over the many years include the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Office of Surface Mining, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Missouri Department of Conservation, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Illinois Department of Conservation, Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries, and the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. Special thanks are due many for their support in this program and development of the workbook. In particular, I would like to recognize and thank for their assistance and helpful comments: Charles Cushwa, Gene Ludlow, Henry Gerke, James Brown, Glenn Gravatt, David Putnam, Jerry Touval, David Reese, John Forren, Richard Heaslip, Stephen Miller, Robert Brooks, Joseph Barnard, Richard Roth, Edwin Pentecost, Germain LaRoche, Daniel Devlin, Richard Croop, Ken Hickok, Paul Steblein, Jerry Hassinger, John Kriz, Bill Palmer, Bill Shope, Calvin Butchkoski, Jerry Wunz, Arnie Hayden, Fred Hartman, John Dunn, Gregory Grabowicz, John Byerly, Frank Mazzotti, and Bruce Anderson. Special recognition and thanks are due to Arlene Miller and Joan Mehaffey for their patience, perserverance, and typing and editorial skill's that permitted completion of this workbook. PENNSYLVANIA FISH AND WILDLIFE DATA BASE SPECIES WORKBOOK Table of Contents General Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. Taxonomic Nomenclature o o o . . . o . . o o . . . . . o . o 3 B. Taxonomic Narrative . o . o . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C. Taxonomic Synonyms o * . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . o 5 D. Reference for Taxonomy o . . . o . o . . . o . . . o . o . . . . 5 Status . # o * o o . o o . o . o . . . . . . . . . . . . o o 6 A. Status Narrative o o . . o o o . . . . . . . . o 6 Bo References for Status . . . o . . o o . . . o o . . o 7 C. Status Checklist . 0 . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 7 Species Distribution . o . 0 0 . . . 0 . . . 0 0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . 9 A. Distribution Narrative . . . o . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . 10 B. References for Distribution . . o . . . . . . o . o . o o . . o . . 13 C. Statewide Resident Status . . . . . . . . . o . . . . o o . . . . 14 D. Distribution by County 14 E. Distribution by Office of Water Data Coordination (OWDC) Hydrologic Units . . . . . o o . . . . . o . o . . . . . o . o 18 F. Distribution by Ecoregions and Land Surface Forms . . o . . . . . . 21 G. Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation Types . . . . . . o . o 24 H. Distribution by USGS 7 1/21 Quadrangles o . . . o . . . o . o . . 26 I. Distribution by Latitude and Longitude o . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Habitat Associations . . . . . . . . . o . . . o o . . o . . . . . . . . 29 A. Habitat Associations Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . o . . 29 Bo References for Habitat Associations o 0 0 . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . 31 Co General Habitat Associations . o . o . . . . . . . . o . o . . o . 32 D. Land Use/Land Cover Associations . . . . . o . . o . . . . . . . . . 33 E. Forest Habitat Associations o . . o o . o . . . 0 . . . . . 0 . 34 F. Timber Class Associations . . o . . o o . . . . . o o . . . . 36 G. Wetland Habitat Associations . . . . o . o . . . . . . . . 37 Niche/Environmental Requirements q* . o q* . q* . o o . o o q. 43 Habitat Evaluation Procedures Models o o q0 q. q9 q. q0 q. q0 q0 a q0 q. q. q* q. q067 Animal and Plant Associations . . . . . . q0 q. q. q0q0 q0 . . . . . . 68 Food Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 A. Food Habits Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 B. References for Food Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 C. General Food Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 D. Food Habits Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Life History . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . * . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 A. Life History Narrative . . . . . . o . 0 . 0 0 . 75 1. Physical Description . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2. Origin Within Pennsylvania o . o . . . . . . . . . 75 3. Behavior . o o o . o . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . 76 4. Reproductive Characteristics and Requirements - . . . . . . 77 5. Population Biology . . . . . . . . . . o . 0 . . . . . 78 6. Limiting Factors . . o o o . . a . * . . . . . . . . . . o 79 B. References for Life History o . . . o. . . . . . . . . . 79 C. Life History Checklists . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 0 . . 80 Management . . o . . . . . . o 0 . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 A. Management Narrative . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . 87 B. References for Management o . . o . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . 88 C. Management Checklists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 References 96 GENERLL INSTRUCTIONS This Species Workbook has been developed to compile information in a standard format for the Pennsylvania Fish and Wildlife Data Base. The Data Base is a computerized library of species information that is keyword searchable, providing instant access to information for 840+ animals occurring in Pennsylvania. The Data Base provides an important focus for storing and acces sing animal for Pennsylvania species. Game Commission personnel and others use this Data Base for environmental assessments, habitat evaluation and management, species management research, wildlife extension, and education. This workbook has been designed for compiling a complete, concise profile of the distribution, status, biology, and management of the species. You will find several "narrative" and "checklist" sections in this workbook, with specific instructions accompanying each section. Most of the reference materials required to complete a section have been incorporated into the instructions and checklists. Additional materials or references that might be required to correctly complete a section, but were too voluminous or inappropriate to include in the workbook, are included in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual. Some of the information requested in sections of the workbook will appear to be duplicated; therefore, it is important to understand the different functions of the narrative sections and checklists. Narratives The narratives should be written in a flowing, readable format. They should provide quick, fully referenced, documentation to the Data Base user for environmental assessments, planning decisions, etc. The narratives should be written to stand alone; that is, even if the information is requested again in a summary checklist, it is essential that all relevant/appropriate information for the topic be included in the narrative text. An individual retrieving narrative information from the Data Base probably will not have viewed any of the checklist information. All information presented in these narratives must be referenced. Assign each reference a numerical code (sequentially beginning with 01, based upon order of appearance in the text); then record the complete citation in the REFERENCE section of this workbook. Use these codes along with the page numbers in the citation throughout the narratives to indicate the sources for each item of information; e.g., this species depositi eggs in warm, well-drained, sandy soils (03:14, 14:350-353, 15:4-5). When completing the narratives (and other sections requesting text), it is preferred that the information first be drafted and then typed or neatly printed in the workbook. Slash all zeros ("U") to prevent confusion with the letter "0". These steps Will greatly decrease the incidence of keypunch errors when the Information is entered into the computer. Summary Checklists The checklists are designed to summarize selected information in the narratives into standardized keywords to allow rapid retrievals from the Data Base. Many of the checklist codes/words are established standards used by other agencies. By using these standards, the checklists will permit specific retrievals from the Data Base; e.g., what species occur in palustrine wetlands? These standard keywords also are useful for crosswalking to other existing databases or mapping systems and for regional/national summaries. Use your professional judgment to resolve cases in which there may be overlap or gray areas in the checklists. If a species relationship to a standard code/word is uncertain, it is better to indicate a positive connection rather than not indicate it and not be able to retrieve the species in situations involving that code/word. Remember, the narratives will always serve as the definitive source for describing the species. 2 TAXONOMY A. Taxonomic Nomenclature Note: If this Workbook is being used to describe more than one subspecies, indicate all subspecies being described in the Taxonomic Narrative section. Complete the taxonomic description below to the species level only and enter the taxonomic authority for species. Group (check only one): Amphibian Bird Crustacean Fish Insect - Aquatic Insect - Terrestrial Mammal mollusc Other Aquatic Invertebrate (not insect) Other Terrestrial Invertebrate (not insect) Peptile Phylum: Subphylum: Class: Subclass: Order: Suborder: Superfamily: Family: Subfamily: Tribe: Genus: Subgenus: Species: Subspecies: Taxonomic Authority and Date (for Species/Subspecies): 3 B. Taxonomic Narrative Briefly discuss any variations or disagreements on species identification, classification, and/or nomenclature. Identify any common synonyms for both common and scientific names found in the literature (past or present) or in Use in other databases or by other administrative agencies. Additionally, Identify type specimens and/or references to descriptions, photographs, drawings, or collections which may be useful for species identification. For all information provided in the narrative, provide reference codes identifying the information source and source page(s) within the text (e.g. 03:438-440) and record the complete citation in the REFERENCE section at the back of th13 workbook. 4 C. Taxonomic Synonyms Sequentially list (one per line) all other nomenclature variations and common names used for this species and reported in the Taxonomic Narrative. Other Scientific Names (Genus, species, subspecies): Other Common Names: D. Peferences for Taxonomy [enter the reference codes for all references used in compiling the entries in this section, separate each reference code with a comma]: 5 STATUS A. Status Narrative Develop a parrative profile describing the current legal and use status of this 3pecie3 in the Commonwealth of Pennyslvania. If the species is recognized as endangered, threatened, or a species Of special concern, Indicate the reasons for the special status and factors that may be threatening to populations of the species. For federally listed species, include the date of listing, whether or not a federal recovery plan exists, and where designated critical habitats have been identified in Pennsylvania. Also, Indicate all federal and state agencies that have executive, legislative, or other designated responsibilities for this species and describe the nature of this responsibility following the agency name. Provide appropriate reference codes including page number(s) for all information, and record the complete citation in the REFERENCE section at the back of this workbook. Note: In developing this narrative, it may be helpful to be aware of the status categories that are included in the checklist that follows. B. References for Status (enter the reference codes for all references used in compiling the entries in this section, separate each reference code with a comma): C. Status Checklist Check all the status categories that apply to the species. Code- Status Definition F-E Federal Endangered Species is officially classified by the Federal Government as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range. (Consult the Federal Register listing in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual.) F-T Federal Threatened Species is officially classified by the Federal Government as beinj likely to become endangered withir the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant part of its range. (Consult the Federal Register listing in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual.) F-P Federal Proposed Species is officially identified by the Federal Government as beinj likely to become endangered or threatened and has been proposed for listing. (Consult the Federal Register listings in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual.) F-C Federal Candidate Species is offically identified bN the Federal Government as under review or consideration for listir as an endangered or threatened species. (Consult the Federal Register listings in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual.) S-E State Endangered Species is officially classified by the responsible State Govern- ment agency (Game Commission or Fish Commission) as endangered. S-T State Threatened Species is officially classified by the responsible State Govern- ment agency (Game Commission or Fish Commission) as threatened. 7 Code Status Definition S-SC State Special Concern Species is officially classified by the Species responsible State Goverment agency (G.-me Commission or Fish Commission) as a species of special concern. S-SU State Status Species is officially recognized by the Undetermined responsible State Government agency (Game Commission or Fish Commission) as status undetermined or status indeterminate. -S-X State Extirpated Species is officially classified by the responsible State Government agency (Game Commission or Fish Commission) as extir- pated. These generally include species that have disappeared from Pennsylvania, but still exist elsewhere. For birds, includes species that do not presently nest in Pennsylvania, but did at one time. MIGRATORY Federal Migratory Species is officially recognized by the Federal Government as a migratory bird in 50 CFR. (Consult the Species Workbook SU plemental Manual for a complete listing.@- COMMERCIAL Commercial Species is commercially harvested for fur or flesh value. CONSUMP-REC Consumptive Rec- Species is harvested recreationally for fur: reational flesh, or trophy value and its defined as such by State or Federal Law; may be of- ficially classified as "protected", t'non- game or "wild" animal. - NON-CONSUMP-REC Non-consumptive Species is not defined by State or Federal Recreational law as a species to be harvested recrea- tionally; may be officially classified as $I protected", "nongame", or "wild" animal. - INDICATOR Biological Indicator Species whose occurrence indicates environ- mental quality (e.g., presence indicates low levels of dissolved oxygen). - SENSITIVE Sensitive Species especially susceptible to environ- mental perturbation (e.g., raptor breeding success has been closely tied to pesticide application and exposure). - UNCLASSIFIED Unclassified Species has no recognized status in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or its status does not correspond to any of the above categories. 8 SPECIES DISTRIBUTION The following sections have been designed to record the species distribution in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. First, the species distribution should be described in "narrative" form. Each item of information presented in this narrative should be referenced in the Narrative Peference section. After the narrative is completed, this information can then be used to fill out the remaining distribution sections [County distribution, distribution by watershed (OWDC Hydrologic Units), 1:24,000 scale USGS maps, latitude/longitude point locations, etc.]. Consider and Use the following DEFINITIONS in completing the distribution section of this workbook: Occurrence - a species occurs in an area if it breeds, winters, or significantly Uses habitat in that area. A species would occur in an area if the animal occurs there sometime during the year and the presence of that area served some vital or essential role in the animal's life cycle (even though habitat utilization may not be considered great). When defining the species occurrence, remember that you are specifying those areas in which the species will be considered in environmental studies, research project planning, management planning, etc. The following values will be used in recording species occurrence geographically in the Commonwealth: known to occur, known not to occur, occurrence is unknown. Use the following guideline and definitions to interpret reports and other data sources for recording species distribution and occurrence: Known to occur: a species has "known" occurrence in an area if there exists recorded sightings, specimen data, and documentation/evidence that suggest occurrenc e (e.g., sightings in an area of previously documented ocurrence), or documentation/evidence judged by professional, expert opinion to be valid. Range maps might, but do not necessarily, qualify or meet these criteria. Occurrence must qualify as defined above. Known not to occur: a species is "known not to occur" in an area, i.e., area is outside the range of the species distribution. This value only applies for County Distribution. Unknown: a species occurrence in the area is unknown, i.e., unable to determine from the available information base or from expert opinion whether species occurrence is "known" in an area or whether the species is "known not to occur" in an area. 9 A. Distribution Narrative The Distribution Narrative section is provided for compiling a complete profile of the species distribution within Penny3lvania. The schematic below is provided for mapping the species distribution. This narrative will provide the core or base for data recorded in subsequent distribution sections and the database. Individuals accessing the database should find in this narrative a complete and concise description of known locations of the species and/or populations of the species, and be able to discern breeding locations, wintering locations, and areas of migratory occurrences. In the first paragraph, provide a brief description of the species current and historic distribution in the Commonwealth. (This paragraph should be brief and concise, not exceeding 3-4 sentences or 10 lines of text.) In the next paragraphs, highlight areas of year-round occurrence, seasonal occurrence, and migratory occurrence. If the species is migratory only in Pennsylvania, indicate the general migratory movement pattern (e.g. by major water drainage or mountain chain) and general dates of movement. When describing the species distribution in these paragraphs, first indicate the general area of occurrences (region, county, watershed, national forest, game lands, state park/forest, etc.), then record information (if feasible) on site locations using reference points such as cities, road s/m ileposts, topographic f eature3/elevat ions, r iver3 /stream s/reservo irs, quads, latitude /longitude, UTM coordinates, etc. Be sure that 'possible occurrence (speculation and professional opinion) is noted as such, and that the occurrence type or mode is indicated (i.e., breeds in the following locations: 0 . .; winters in the following locations: . . ., etc.). Information related to relative abundance might also be included when available. If precise distribution is considered too sensitive or secure to present in this workbook and the database give the name, title, affiliation, address, and business telephone number of the person(3) maintaining this information. Make certain that the individual(s) is consulted prior to providing the information. Be certain to follow each item of distribution information with the reference code indicating the source of information, e.g., "known to occur in southeastern Pennsylvania in the counties of Chester, Delaware, and Berks (Gr3:21, 75:14-16, 11:149r)." Note that persons providing expert opinion/interpretation are considered a reference and should be assigned a reference code and cited in the REFERENCE section at the back of this workbook. 10 Map the species distribution below and narratively describe the distribution as in3tructed above in the space provided below and on the following pages. late 04,0011o @mg at" "often two& boame" twUM &." in goal, it's WIND 91AL L IVAN as at a C I, son= Lust@ mette C1,460009L somme Amm"act Cleveg memob umoo &BMTOMN Off-Se $00"8 TWAMN 99WTLE &ON SALCONSM Chmamm Seem INAVANINAN, LtN-4, &game Wiese to gmts$ k BLOM Lame"Te 964""" &,,III POISON PO&Nftto Asams lose- VIRMS, FOR BIRDS ONLY Area location Im Breeding locations Point location El Wintering locations El Migration corridors v i ol 1 p B. References for Distribution (enter the reference codes for all references used in compiling the entries in this section, separate each reference code with a comma): 13 C. Statewide Resident Status Check the one category that best describes the species' resident status in the Commonwealth. Code Status Definition RES-B Breeding Resident Species primarily present during the Only breeding season only. FES-W Winter Resident Species only present during most or all Only of the winter months. RES-YR Year-round Species breeds in Pennsylvania and is Resident present year-round. MIGRANT Migratory Species Species does not occur in Pennsylvania year-round or for an extended time period as described above, (i.e. is not a breeding or winter resident). Pensylvania is used only as a migration corridor. UNKNOWN Unknown Species for which so few records exist in Pennsylvania that it cannot be classified into a different resident status cateogory. D. Distributionby County Complete the table that follows indicating species occurrence at the county level, seasonal occurrence within the counties in which the species "occurs". and species relative abundance within counties in which the species "occurs". Your entries in this table must correspond with information presented in the Distribution Narrative (Section A). Use the following codes and definitions in completing the table. 14 1. Occurrence codes and definitions are those defined earlier in the definitions. Occurrence Codes 0 - Known to occur N - Known not to occur X - Occurrence is unknown 2. Seasonal occurrence codes should be entered for counties in which the species is "known to occur". If the species does not occur in a county, or its occurence in a county is unknown, do not make an entry in that county blank for seasonal occurrence. Seasonal Occurrence Codes A - Spring Migration only B - Spring Migration/Breeding Season C - Spring Migration/Fall Migration D - Spring Migration/Winter Season E - Spring Migration/Breeding Season/Fall Migration F - Spring Migration/Breeding Season/Winter Season G - Spring Migration/Fall Migration/Winter Season H - Breeding Season only I - Breeding Season/Fall Migration J - Breeding Season/Winter Season K - Breeding Season/Fall Migration/Winter Season L - Fall Migration only M - Fall Migration/Winter Season N - Winter Season only 0 - Year-round Fesident X - Occurrence in the county by season is unknown 3. Abundance codes should be entered for counties in which the species is "known to occur". If the species does not occur in a county, or its occurrence in a county is unknown, do not make an entry in that county blank for relative species abundance. Abundance Codes A - abundant (occurs regularly or in large numbers in appropriate habitat or season or is frequently observed) C - medium abundance (i.e., common - occurs in small numbers in appropriate habitat or season; observed occasionally in prime habitat) U - low abundance (i.e., uncommon - occupies a small percentage of suitable habitat; occupies a very specific limited habitat; very few individuals observed in prime habitat) X - abundance in county is unknown 15 County Seasonal Occurrence Occurrence Abundance County Name Code Code Code Code ALL COUNTIES ALL Adams 001 Allegheny 003 Armstrong 005 Beaver 007 Bedford 009 Berks. Oil Blair 013 Bradford 015 Bucks 017 Butler 019 Cambria 021 Cameron 023 Carbon 025 Centre 027 Chester 029 Clarion 031 Clearfield 033 Clinton 035 Columbia 037 Crawford 039 Cumberland 041 Dauphin 043 Delaware 045 Elk 047 Erie 049 Fayette 051 Forest 053 Franklin 055 Fulton 057 Greene 059 Huntingdon 061 Indiana 063 Jefferson 065 Juniata 067 Occurrence Codes Seasonal Occurrence Codes Abundance Codes 0 - Known to occur A- Spring Migration only A - Abundant N - Known not to occur B- Spring Migration/Breeding Season C - Medium abundance X - Occurrence is unknown C Spring Migretion/Fall Migration U - Low abundance 0 Spring Migration/Winter Season X - Abundance is unknown E Spring Migration/Breeding Season/Fell Migration F Spring Migration/Breeding Se83on/Winter Season G Spring Migretion/Fall Migration/Winter Season H Breeding Season only I Breeding Sesson/Fall Migration J Breeding Season/Winter Season X Breeding Se@30n/Fall Migration/Winter Season L Fall Migration only M Fall Migration/Winter Season N Winter Season only 0 Year-round Rt3Ldent X Occurrence In the county 16 by Season is unknown County Seasonal FIPS Occurrence Occurrence Abundance County Name Code Code Code Code Lackawanna 069 Lancaster 071 Lawrence 073 Lebanon 075 Lehigh 077 Luzerne 079 Lycoming 081 McKean 083 Mercer 085 Mifflin 087 Monroe 089 Montgomery 091 Montour 093 Northampton 095 Northumberland 097 Perry 099 Philadelphia 101 Pike 103 Potter 105 Schuylkill 107 Snyder 109 Somerset ill Sullivan 113 Susquehanna 115 Tioga 117 Union 119 Venango 121 Warren 123 Washington 125 Wayne 127 Westmoreland 129 Wyoming 131 York 133 occurrence Codes Seasonal Occurrence Codes Abundance Codes 7 0 - Known to occur A - Spring Migration only A - Abundant N - Known not to occur 9 - Spring Migration/Breeding Season C - medium abundance X - Occurrence, is unknown C - Spring Migration/Fall Migration U - Low abundance D - Spring Migration/Winter Season X - Abundance is unknown E - Spring Migration/Breeding Sea3on/Fall Migration F - Spring Migration/Breeding Se83on/Winter Season G - Spring Migration/Fall Migration/Winter season H - Breeding Season only I - Breeding Sesaon/Fell Migration J - Breeding Season/Winter Season K - Breeding Se83on/Fall Migration/Winter Season L - Fall Migration only M - Fall Migration/Winter Season N - Winter Season only 0 - Year-round Resident X - Occurrence In the county by season Is unknown 17 General Distribution E. Distribution by Office of Water Data Coordination (OWDC) Hydrologic Units in Pennsylvania NOTE: OWDC hydrologic units refer to watersheds in the state, not aquatic habitats only; therefore, complete this section for all species. For bird species, entries should correspond with "resident" occurrence (breeding, wintering, year-round occurrences). Using the map provided below (or the large scale - 1:500,000 USGS Hydrologic Unit Map of Pennsylvania) and the checklist on the next two pages, check all the OWDC hydrologic units (watersheds) in which the species "occurs". if the species is found statewide and in all watersheds, check "all" at the top of the list. Your entries should correspond with county level occurrence information (Section D) and the Distribution Narrative (Section A). 04120200 OS010002 04130002 020$0105 02050,03 0205CIO1 a . wages NINC age. 00 Niel was @save. 4 2.* 6 05010001 02050104 0204C101 02050106 020 205 05010004 5010005 v LIN 6q@4qFO=205'0q2q@2 SULLOW&M nalmn 00S '. C"Ores TCOU"w a 10 ...1 D5030102 C 02050203 02050206 9 INassalsoas 10006 02050201 0q:q:5020 Cap 0 No"&" 040106 a RON - 02040105 0. 20 31 ..a 0linswas k can".& &44 FL jowl a 02050 2 11110111 0503 01 050 7 0 030 0204020 Not. 9 OZ040105 Lanus" -1. 01050303 050305 4? 02040201 q2 0502 5 20006 02050304 070004 0 I (q? 02040202 a got fit notesar 0 a too f sweLle TAMNA.-%- 9 05020q603 0520004 ataT0002 OICT000qi 01qd*0003 02060002 02070003 Ar*a location Point location E. Distribution by OWDC Hydrologic Units (continued) Species occurs in all OWDC hydrologic units to cataloging unit level as displayed on the USGS Hydrologic Unit Map. Species does not occur statewide (i.e., in all OWDC hydrologic units), but occurs in the following units: Code Definition 02040101 Upper Delaware: Upper Delaware 02040103 Upper Delaware: Lackawaxen 02040104 Upper Delaware: Middle Delaware - Mongaup - Brodhead 02040105 Upper Delaware: Middle Delaware - MU3conetcong 02040106 Upper.Delaware: Lehigh 02040201 Lower Delaware: Cr033Wicks - Ne3haminy 02040202 Lower Delaware: Lower Delaware 02040203 Lower Delaware: Schuylkill 02040205 Lower Delaware: Brandywine - Christina 02050101 Upper Susquehanna: Upper Susquehanna 02050103 Upper Susquehanna: Owego - Wappa3ening 02050104 Upper Susquehanna: Tioga 02050105 Upper Susquehanna: Chemung 02050106 Upper Susquehanna: Upper Susquehanna Tunkhannock 02050107 Upper Susquehanna: Upper Susquehanna Lackawanna 02050201 West Branch Susquehanna: Upper West Branch Susquehanna 02050202 West Branch Susquehanna: Sinnemahoning 02050203 West Branch Susquehanna: Middle West Branch Susquehanna 02050204 West Branch Susquehanna: Bald Eagle 02050205 West Branch Susquehanna: Pine 02050206 West Branch Susquehanna: Lower West Branch Susquehanna 02050301 Lower Susquehanna: Lower Susquehanna Penns 02050302 Lower Susquehanna: Upper Juniata 02050303 Lower Susquehanna: R8y3tOwn 02050304 Lower Susquehanna: Lower Juniata 02050305 Lower Susquehanna: Lower Susquehanna Swatara 02050306 Lower Susquehanna: Lower Susquehanna 02060002 Upper Chesapeake: Chester - Sassafras 02060003 Upper Chesapeake: Gunpowder - Patapsco 02070002 Potomac: North Branch Potomac 02070003 Potomac: Cacapon - Town 02070004 Potomac: Conococheague - Opequon 02070009 Potomac: Monocacy 04110003 Southern Lake Erie: Ashtabula 04120101 Eastern Lake Erie: Chautauqua - Conneaut 04120200 Lake Erie: Lake Erie 19 E. Distribution by OWDC Hydrologic Units (continued) Code Definit 04130002 Southwestern Lake Ontario: Upper Genesee 05010001 Allegheny: Upper Allegheny .09-010002 Allegheny: Conewango 05010003 Allegheny: Middle Allegheny 05010004 Allegheny: French 05010005 Allegheny: Clarion 05010006 Allegheny: Middle Allegheny - Pedbank 05010007 Allegheny: Conemaugh 05010008, Allegheny: Kiskiminetas 05-010009 Allegheny: Lower Allegheny 05020003 Monongahela: Upper Monongahela 05020004 Monontahela: Cheat - 05020005 Monongahela: Lower Monongahela 05020006 Monongahela: Youghiogheny 05030101 Upper Ohio: Upper Ohio 05030102 Upper Ohio: Shenango 05030103 Upper Ohio: Mahoning 05030104 Upper Ohio: Beaver 05030105 Upper Ohio: Connoquenessing 05030106 Upper Ohio: Upper Ohio Wheeling 20 F. Distribution by Ecoregions and Land Surface Forms in Pennsylvania NOTE: Complete this section for all species. Ecoregion3 are designed to stratify ecologically similar areas based on vegetation, soils, climate, and other factors. They are named after a vegetation type characteristic of the area and secondarily by landform. Although an animal species may not specifically associate with the particular vegetation type and/or landform used to name a region (e.g. Appalachian Oak Forest, High Hills), if it "occurs" in that map unit, it should be marked as occurring in that ecoregion. Using the ecoregion map provided below and the checklist on the next page, check all ecoregions in which the species "occurs". For descriptions and definitions consult the explanatory notes in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual. Bird species entries should correspond with "resident" occurrence (i.e., breeding, wintering, year-round occurrences). All entries should correspond with county level occurrence information (Section D), and the Distribution Narrative (Section A). go.# Oswego C14C @gas PDT '6q%""' 00 00 qc4c 2b q8q3C C4d D5 6q1 qcq5c OULLOW&O 000 CLINT 6qC6qN CLAIRTON C4d D5 C5c L 5 D5 0qC8q%0qJ, q83c MOILD 4c 0 Now q)qc ILIG C4c C4d 04 5 C5o Lit C4C D4 StL C4C cww KAI L ago", C5o Last AIPPWID Pff q8q315 q840 Dole I&, Cqr C4c 8qc8q5qc C5qo qB4q0 q83c Aq21q5 q1q1q"ID4q4 saw qt"names, eve" qOqLqTqDqO I'm qo C5 vs on* Al 2q83qC _q,q@q' T 2211 Area location 2320 12q0 Point location 21 F. Distribution by EcoregiOn3 andland Surfade Forms in Pennsylvania (cont.) Species occurs in all Ecoregion3 and Land Surface Forms in Pennsylvania as displayed on the preceding map. Species does not occur statewide (i.e., in all Ecoregion3 and Land Surface Forms in Pennsylvania), but occurs in the following units: Code Definition 2113B2b Northern Hardwoods Forest, 50-80% gently sloping, 100-300 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is in lowland 211393c Northern Hardwoods Forest, 50-80% gently sloping, 300-500 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 2113C4c Northern Hardwoods Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 500-1000 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 2113C4d Northern Hardwoods Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 500-1000 ft. elevation, more than 75% of gentle slope is on upland 2113C5a Northern Hardwoods Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 1000-3000 ft. elevation, more than 75% of gentle slope is in lowland 2113C5c Northern Hardwoods Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 1000-3000 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 2113D50 Northern Hardwoods Forest, less than 20% gently sloping, 1000-3000 ft. elevation 2211C4c Mixed Me3ophytic Forest, 20-50% gently sloping. 500-1000 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 2211C5c Mixed Me30phytic Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 1000-3000 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 221ID40 Mixed Me30phytic Forest, less than 20% gently sloping, 500-1000 ft. elevation 2212B2b Beech-Maple Forest, 50-80% gently sloping, 100-300 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is in lowland 2212B3c Beech-Maple Forest, 50-80% gently sloping, 300-500 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 2214A10 Appalachian Oak Forest, more than 80% gently sloping, 0-100 ft. elevation 2214A2b Appalachian Oak Forest, more than 80% gently sloping, 100-300 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is in lowland 2214B2c Appalachian Oak Forest, 50-80% gently sloping, 100-300 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope 13 on upland '2214B3b Appalachian Oak Forest, 50-80% gently sloping, 300-500 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on lowland 2214B3c Appalachian Oak Forest, 50-80% ge'ntly sloping, 300-500 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 2214B4a Appalachian Oak Forest, 50-80% gently sloping, 500-1000 ft. elevation, less than 75% of gentle slope is in lowland 2214C4c Appalachian Oak Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 500-1000 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 22 F. Distribution by Ecoregions and Land Surface Forms in Pennsylvania (cont.) Code Definition 2214C4a Appalachian Oak Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 500-1000 ft. elevation, more than 75% of gentle slope is on upland 2214C5a Appalachian Oak Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 1000-3000 ft. elevation, less than 75% of gentle slope is in lowland 2214C5c Appalachian Oak Forest, 20-50% gently sloping, 1000-3000 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 221040 Appalachian Oak Forest, less than 20% gently sloping, 500-1000 ft. elevation 221050 Appalachian Oak Forest, less than 20% gently sloping, 1000-300C ft. elevation 2320B3c Southern Mixed Forest, 50-80% gently sloping, 300-500 ft. elevation, 50-75% of gentle slope is on upland 23 G. Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation Types in Pennsylvania NOTE: Complete this section for all species. Potential natural vegetation types are vegetation types that would exist today if man were removed and plant succession after his removal were telescoped Into a single moment; however, the effects of man's earlier activities are permitted to stand. As such the potential natural vegetation type portrays the biological potential of a site. Using the map provided below and the checklist on the next page (or a large scale USGS map of potential natural vegetation types), identify all the potential natural vegetation types in which the species "occurs". Bird species entries should correspond with resident occurrence (i.e., breeding, wintering, year-round occurrences). Keep in mind that if the species "occurs" in the map unit, it should be marked as occurring in the potential natural vegetation type. All entries should correspond with county level occurrence information (Section D) and the Distribution Narrative (Section A). 24 G. Distribution by Potential Natural Vegetation Types in Pennsylvania (cont.) Species occurs in all Potential Natural Vegetation types in Pennsylvania as displayed on the preceding page. Species does not occur statewide (i.e., in all Potential Natural Vegetation types in Pennsylvania), but occurs in the following types: Code Definition 093 Beech-Maple Forest 094 Mixed Me3ophytic Forest 095 Appalachian Oak Forest 097 Northern Hardwoods 101 Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest 25 Site-Specific Distribution H. Distribution by 7 1/2' Quadrangles NOTE: Complete this section for all species. Using the U.S. Geological Survey Index to Topographic Map Coverage in Pennsylvania provided in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual, identify the seven (7) digit USGS 7 1/2' quadrangle code(s) and names that define the species occurrence within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The format for quadrangle codes is as follows: (N) (W) The first two digits indicate the reference point latitude in degrees; the third, fourth, and fifth digits indicate the reference point longitude (values are right-justified - all longitudes in PA. would begin with 0, e.g., 80 would be 080); the sixth digit is the vertical one-degree row number counting up from the reference point; and the seventh digit is the horizontal one-degree cell counting over from the vertical row number. This is diagrammatically described in the appendix to the USGS 7 1/2' (1:24,000) series Quadrangle Map in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual. All entries should correspond with occurrence information provided in the Distribution Narrative (Section A). - Species occurs in all 7 1/2' quadrangles in Pennsylvania. Species does not occur statewide, but occurs in the following quadrangle: Qu4d-No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 3907567 Newark West 3907661 Rising Sun 3907568 Bay View 3907662 Conowingo Dam 3907572 Woodbury 3907663 Delta 3907573 Bridgeport 3907664 Fawn Grove 3907574 Marcus Hook 3907665 Norrisville 3907575 Wilmington North 3907666 New Freedom 3907576 Kennett Square 3907667 Lineboro 39C7577 West Grove 3907668 Manchester 3907578 Oxford 3907671 Kirkwood 3907581 Camden 3907672 Wakefield 3907582 Philadelphia 3907673 Holtwood 3907583 Lansdowne 3907674 Airville 3907584 Media 3907675 Stewartstown 3907585 West Chester 3907676 Glen Rock 3907586 Unionville 3907677 Seven Valleys 3907587 Coatesville 3907678 Hanover 3907588 Parkesburg 3907681 Gap 3907682 Quarryville 3907683 Conestoga 26 Quad No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 3907684 Safe Harbor 3907961 Avilton 3907685 Red Lion 3907962 Grantsville 3907686 York 3907963 Accident 3907687 West York 3907964 Friendsville (MD) 3907688 Abbottstown 3907965 Brandonville 3907966 Bruceton Mills 3907761 Littlestown 3907967 Lake Lynn 3907762 Taneytown 3907968 Morgantown North 3907763 Emmitsburg 3907971 Meyersdale 3907764 Blue Ridge Summit 3907972 Markleton 3907765 Smithsburg 3907973 Confluence 3907766 Hagerstown 3907974 Ohiopyle 3907767 Mason Dixon 3907975 Ft Necessity 3907768 Clear Spring 3907976 Brownfield 3907771 McSherrystown 3907977 Smithfield 3907772 Gettysburg 3907978 Masontown 3907773 Fairfield 3907981 Murdock 3907774 Iron Springs 3907982 Rockwood 3907775 Waynesboro 3907983 Kingwood 3907776 Greencastle 3907984 Mill Run 3907777 Williamson 3907985 South Connellsville 3907778 Mercersburg 3907986 Uniontown 3907781 Hampton 3907987 New Salem 3907782 Biglerville 3907988 Carmichaels 3907783 Arendtsville 3907784 Caledonia Park 3908061 Osage 3907785 Scotland 3908062 Blacksville 3907786 Chambersburg 3908063 Wadestown 3907787 St. Thomas 3908064 Hundred 3907788 McConnellsburg 3908065 Littleton 3908071 Garards Fort. 3907861 Cherry Run 3908072 Oak Forest 3907862 Hancock (W. VA.) 3908073 Holbrook 3907863 Bellegrove 3908074 New Freeport 3907864 Artemas 3908075 Cameron (W. VA.) 3907865 Flintstone 3908081 Mather 3907866 Evitts Creek 3908082 Waynesburg 3907867 Cumberland 3908083 Rogersville 3907868 Frostburg 3908084 Wind Ridge 3907871 Big Cove Tannery 3908085 Majorsville 3907872 Needmore 3907873 Amaranth 4007417 Bristol 3907874 Chaneysville 4007418 Beverly 3907875 Beans Cove 4007426 Trenton East 3907876 Hyndman 4007427 Trenton West 3907877 Fairhope 4007428 Langhorne 3907878 Wittenberg 4007437 Pennington 3907881 Meadow Grounds 4007438 Lambertville 3907882 Breezewood 4007448 Stockton 3907883 Mench 3907884 Clearville 4007511 Frankford 3907885 Rainsburg 4007512 Germantown 3907886 Buffalo Mills 4007513 Norristown 3907887 New Baltimore 4007514 Valley Forge 3907888 Berlin 26-A Quad No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 4007515 Malvern 4007585 Pohopoco Mtn 4007516 Downingtown 4007586 Christmans 4007517 Wagontown 4007587 Weatherly 4007518 Honey Brook 4007588 Hazleton 4007521 Hatboro 4007522 Ambler 4007611 New Holland 4007523 Lansdale 4007612 Leola 4007524 Collegeville 4007613 Lancaster 4007525 Phoenixville 4007614 Columbia East 4007526 Pottstown 4007615 Columbia West 4007527 Elverson 4007616 York Haven 4007528 Morgantown 4007617 Dover 4007531 Buckingham 4007618 Wellsville 4007532 Doylestown 4007621 Terre Hill 4CO7533 Telford 4007622 Ephrata 4007534 Perkiomenville 4007623 Lititz 4007535 Sassamansville 4007624 Manheim 4007536 Boyertown 4007625 Elizabethtown 4007537 Birdsboro 4007626 Middletown 4007538 Reading 4007627 Steelton 4007541 Lumberville 4007628 Lemoyne 4007542 Bedminster 4007631 Sinking Spring 4007543 Quakertown 4CO7632 Womelsdorf 4007544 Milford Square 4007633 Richland 4007545 East Greenville 4007634 Lebanon 4007546 Manatawny 4007635 Palmyra 4007547 Fleetwood 4007636 Hershey 4007548 Temple 4007637 Harrisburg East 4007551 Frenchtown 4007638 Harrisburg West 4007552 Riegelsville 4007641 Bernville 4007553 Hellertown 4007642 Strausstowr, 4007554 Allentown East 4007643 Bethel 4007555 Allentown West 4007644 Fredericksburg 4007556 Topton 4007645 Indiantown Gap 4007557 Kutztown 4007646 Grantville 4007558 Hamburg 40076,47 Enders 4007562 Easton 4007648 Halifax 4007563 Nazareth 4007651 Auburn 4007564 'Catasauqua 4007652 Friedensburg 4007565 Cementon 4007653 Swatara Hill 4007566 Slatedale 4007654 Pine Grove 4007567 New Tripoli 4007655 Tower City 4007568 New Ringgold 4007656 Lykens 4007571 Belvidere 4007657 Elizabethville 4007572 Bangor 4007658 Millersburg 4007573 Wind Gap 4007661 Orwigsburg 4007574 Kunkletown 4007662 Pottsville 4007575 Palmerton 4007663 Minersville 4007576 Lehighton 4007664 Tremont 4007577 Nesquehoning 4007665 Valley View 4007578 Tamaqua 4007666 Klingerstown 4007581 Portland 4007667 Pillow 4007582 Stroudsburg 4007668 Dalmatia 4007583 Saylorsburg 4007671 Delano 4007584 Brodheadsville 4007672 Shenandoah 26-B Quad No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 4007673 Ashland 4007758 Donation 4007674 Mt Carmel 4007761 Richfield 4007675 Shamokin 4007762 Beaver Springs 4007676 Trevorton 4007763 McClure 4007677 Sunbury 4007764 Alfarata 4007678 Freeburg 4007765 Burnham 4007681 Conyngham 4007766 Barrville 4007682 Nuremberg 4007767 McAlevys Fort 4007683 Shumans 4007768 Pine Grove Mills 4007684 Catawissa 4007771 Middleburg 4007685 Danville 4007772 Beavertown 4007686 Riverside 4007773 Weikert 4007687 Northumberland 4007774 Coburn 4007688 Lewisburg 4007775 Spring Mills 4007776 Centre Hall 4007711 Dillsburg 4007777 State College 4007712 Mount Holly Springs 4007778 Julian 4007713 Dickinson 4007781 Mifflinburg 4007714 Walnut Bottom 4007782 Hartleton 4007715 Shippensburg 4007783 Woodward 4007716 Roxbury 4007784 Millheim 4007717 Fannettsburg 4007785 Madisonburg 4007718 Burnt Cabins 4007786 Mingoville 4007721 Mechanicsburg 4007787 Bellefonte 4007722 Carlisle 4007788 Bear Knob 4007723 Plainfield 4007724 Newville 4007811 Hustontown 4007725 Newburg 4007812 Wells Tannery 4007726 Doylesburg 4007813 Everett East 4007727 Shade Gap 4007814 Everett West 4007728 Orbisonia 4007815 Bedford 4007731 Wertzville 4007816 Schellsburg 4007732 Shermansdale 4007817 Central City 4007733 Landisburg 4007818 Stoystown 4007734 Andersonburg 4007821 Saltillo 4007735 Blain 4007822 Saxton 4007736 Blairs Mills 4007823 Hopewell 4007737 Aughwick 4007824 New Enterprise 4007738 Butler Knob 4007825 Alum Bank 4007741 Duncannon 4007826 Ogletcwn 4007742 Newport 4007827 Windbur 4007743 Ickesburg 4007828 Hooversville 4007744 Spruce Hill 4007831 Cassville 4007745 McCoysville 4007832 Entriken 4007746 McVeytown 4007833 Martinsburg 4007747 Newton Hamilton 4007834 Roaring Spring 4007748 Mount Union 4007835 Blue Knob 4007751 Reward 4007836 Beaverdale 4007752 Millerstown, 4007837 Geistown 4007753 Mexico 4007838 Johnstown 4007754 Mifflintown 4007841 Huntingdon 4007755 Lewistown 4007842 Williamsburg 4007756 Belleville 4007843 Frankstown 4007757 Allensville 4007844 Hollidaysburg 26-C Quad No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 4007845 Cresson 4007932 Wilpen 4007846 Ebensburg 4007933 Derry 4007847 Nanty Glo 4007934 Latrobe 4007848 Vintondale 4007935 Greensburg 4007851 Alexandria 4007936 Irwin 4007852 Spruce Creek 4007937 McKeesport 4007853 Bellwood 4007938 Glassport 4007854 Altoona 4007941 New Florence 4007855 Ashville 4007942 Bolivar 4007856 Carrolitown 4007943 Blairsville 4007857 Colver 4007944 Saltsburg 4007858 Strongstown 4007945 Slickville 4007861 Franklinville 4007946 Murrysville 4007862 Tyrone 4007947 Braddock 4007863 Tipton 4007948 Pittsburgh East 4007864 Blandburg 4007951 Brush Valley 4007865 Coalport 4007952 Indiana 4007866 Hastings 4007953 McIntyre 4007867 Barnesboro 4007954 Avonmore 4007868 Commodore 4007955 Vandergrift 4007871 Port Matilda 4007956 New Kensington East 4007872 Sandy Ridge 4007957 New Kensington West 4007873 Houtzdale 4007958 Glenshaw 4007874 Ramey 4007961 Clymer 4007875 Irvona 4007962 Ernest 4CO7876 Westover 4007963 Elderton 4007877 Burnside 4007964 Whitesburg 4007878 Rochester Mills 4007965 Leechburg 4007881 Black Moshannon 4007966 Freeport 4007882 Philipsburg 4007967 Curtisville 4007883 Wallaceton 4007968 Valencia 4007884 Glen Richey 4007971 Marion Center 4007885 Curwensville 4007972 Plumville 4007886 Mahaffey 4007973 Rural Valley 4007887 McGees Mills 4007974 Mosgrove 4007888 Punxsutawney 4007975 Kittanning 4007976 Worthington 4007911 Somerset 4007977 Saxonburg 4007912 Bakersville 4007978 Butler 4007913 Seven Springs 4007981 Valier 4007914 Donegal 4007982 Dayton 4007915 Connellsville 4007983 Distant 4007916 Dawson 4007984 Templeton 4007917 Fayette City 4007985 East Brady 4007918 California 4007986 Chicora 4007921 Boswell 4007987 East Butler 4007922 Ligonier 4007988 Mt Chestnut 4007923 Stahlstown 4007924 Mammoth 4007925 Mt Pleasant 4007926 Smithton 4007927 Donora 4007928 Monongahela 4007931 Rachelwood 26-D Quad No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 4008011 Ellsworth 4107514 Pocono Pines 4008012 Amity 4107515 Blakeslee 4008013 Prosperity 4107516 Hickory Run 4008014 Claysville 4107517 White Haven 4008015 Valley Grove 4107518 Freeland 4008021 Hackett 4107521 Twelve Mile Pond 4008022 Washington East 4107522 Skytop 4008023 Washington West 4107523 Buck Hill Falls 4008024 West Middletown 4107524 Tobyhanna 4008025 Bethany 4107525 Thornhurst 4008031 Bridgeville 4107526 Pleasant View Summit 4008032 Cannonsburg 4107527 Wilkes-Barre East 4008033 Midway 4107528 kilkes-Barre West 4008034 Avella 4107531 Pecks Pond 4008035 Steubenville East 4107532 Promised Land 4008041 Pittsburgh West 4107533 Newfoundland 4008042 Oakdale 4107534 Sterlina 4008043 Clinton 4107535 Moscow 4008044 Burgettstown 4107536 Avoca 4008045 Weirton 4107537 Pittston 4008051 Emsworth 4107538 Kingston 4008052 Ambridge 4107541 Rowland 4008053 Aliquippa 4107542 Hawley 4008054 Hookstown 4107543 Lakeville 4008055 East Liverpool South 4107544 Lake Ariel 4008061 Mars 4107545 Olyphant 4008062 Baden 4107546 Scranton 4008063 Beaver 4107547 Ransom 4008064 Midland 4107548 Center Moreland 4008065 East Liverpool North 4107551 Narrowsburg 4008071 Evans City 4107552 White Mills 4008072 Zelienople 4107553 Honesdale 4008073 Beaver Falls 4107554 Waymart 4008074 New Galilee 4107555 Carbondale 4008075 East Palestine 4107556 Dalton 4008081 Prospect 4107557 Factoryville 4008082 Portersville 4107558 Tunkhannock 4008083 New Castle South 4107561 Damascus 4008084 Bessemer 4107562 Galilee 4008085 New Middletown 4107563 Aldenville 4107564 Forest City 4107418 Flatbrookville 4107565 Clifford 4107427 Culvers Gap 4107566 Lenoxville 4107428 Lake Maskenozha 4107567 Hop Bottom 4107436 Port Jervis South 4107568 Springville 4107437 Milford 4107571 Callicoon 4107438 Edgemere 4107572 Long Eddy 4107446 Port Jervis North 4107573 Lake Como 4107447 Pond Eddy 4107574 Orson 4107448 Shohola 4107575 Thompson 4107458 Eldred 4107576 Harford 4107577 Montrose East 4107511 Bushkill 4107578 Montrose West 4107512 East Stroudsburg 4107583 Hancock 4107513 Mount Pocono 4107584 Starrucca 26-E Quad No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 4107585 Susquehanna 4107672 Le Raysville 4107586 Great Bend 4107673 Rome 4107587 Franklin Forks 4107674 Towanda 4107588 Laurel Lake 4107675 Ulster 4107676 East Troy 4107611 Sybertsville 4107677 Troy 4107612 Berwick 4107678 Roseville 4107613 Mifflinville 4107681 Friendsville -4107614 Bloomsburg 4107682 Little Meadows 4107615 Millville 4107683 Windham 4101616 Washingtonville 4107684 Litchfield 4107617 Milton 4107685 Sayre 4107618 Allenwood 4107686 Bentley Creek 4107621 Nanticoke 4107687 Gillett 4107622 Shickshinny 4107688 Millerton 4107623 Stillwater 4107624 Benton 4107711 Williamsport SE 4107625 Lairdsville 4107712 Carroll 4107626 Hughesville 4107713 Loganton 4107627 Muncy 4107714 Mill Hall 4107628 Montoursville South 4107715 Beech Creek 4107631 Harveys Lake 4107716 Howard 4107632 Sweet Valley 4107717 Snow Shoe SE 4107633 Red Rock 4107718 Snow Shoe 4107634 Elk Grove 4107721 Williamsport 4107635 Sonestown 4107722 Linden 4107636 Picture Rocks 4107723 Jersey Shore 4107637 Huntersville 4107724 Lock Haven 4107638 Montoursville North 4107725 Farrandsville 4107641 Noxen 4107726 Howard NW 4107642 Dutch Mtn 4107727 Snow Shoe NE 4107643 Lopez 4107728 Snow Shoe NW 4107644 Laporte 4107731 Cogan Station 4107645 Eagles Mere 4107732 Salladasburg 4107646 Hillsgrove 4107733 Waterville 4107647 Barbours 4107734 Jersey Mills 4107648 Bodines 4107735 Glen Union 4107651 Meshoppen 4107736 Renovo East 4107652 Jenningsville 4107737 Renovo West 4107653 Colley 4107738 Keating 4107654 Dushore 4107741 Trout Run 4107655 Overton 4107742 White Pine 4107656 Shunk 4107743 English Center 4107657 Grover 4107744 Cammal 4107658 Ralston 4107745 Slate Run 4107661 Auburn Center 4107746 Young Womans Creek 4107662 Laceyville 4107747 Tamarack 4107663 Wyalusing 4107748 Hammersley Fork 4107664 Monroeton 4107751 Liberty 4107665 Powell 4107752 Nauvoo 4107666 Leroy 4107753 Morris 4107667 Canton 4107754 Cedar Run 4107668 Gleason 4107755 Lee Fire Tower 4107671 Lawton 4107756 Oleona 26-F Quad No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 4107757 Short Run 4107844 Rathbun 4107758 Conrad 4107845 St. Marys 4107761 Blossburg 4107846 Ridgway 4107762 Cherry Flats 4107847 Portland Mills 4107763 Antrim 4107848 Hallton 4107764 Tiadaghton 4107851 Wharton 4107765 Marshlands 4107852 Emporium 4107766 Galeton 4107853 Rich Valley 4107767 Cherry Springs 4107854 Wildwood Fire Tower 4107768 Ayers Hill 4107855 Glen Hazel 4107771 Mansfield 4107856 Vilcox 4107772 Crooked Creek 4107857 James City 4107773 Keeneyville, 4107858 Russel City 4107774 Asaph 4107861 Austin 4107775 Sabinsville 4107862 Keating Summit 4107776 West Pike 4107863 Norwich 4107777 Brookland 4107864 Crosby 4107778 Sweden Valley 4107865 Hazel Hurst 4107781 Jackson Summit 4107866 Mt Jewett 4107782 Tioga 4107867 Kane 4107783 Elkland 4107868 Ludlow 4107784 Knoxville 4107871 Coudersport 4107785 Potter Brook 4107872 Roulette 4107786 Harrison Valley 4107873 Port Allegany 4107787 Ulysses 4107874 Smethport 4107788 Ellisburg 4107875 Cyclone 4107876 Lewis Run 4107811 Karthaus 4107877 Westline 4107812 Frenchville 4107878 Cornplanter Bridge 4107813 Lecontes Mills 4107881 Oswayo 4107814 Clearfield 4107882 Sh nglehouse 4107815 Elliott Park 4107883 Bullis Mills 4107816 Luthersburg 4107884 Eldred 4107817 Du Bois 4107885 Derrick City 4107818 Reynoldsville 4107886 Bradford 4107821 Pottersdale 4107887 Stickney 4107822 Devils Elbow 4107888 Cornplanter Run 4107823 The Knobs 4107824 Huntley 4107911 Coolspring 4107825 Penfield 4107912 Summerville 4107826 Sabula 4107913 New Bethlehem 4107827 Falls Creek 4107914 Sligo 4107828 Hazen 4107915 Rimersburg 4107831 Sinnemahoning 4107916 Parker 4107832 Driftwood 4107917 Hilliards 4107833 Dents Run 4107918 West Sunbury 4107834 Weedville 4107921 Brookville 4107835 Kersey 4107922 Corsica 4107836 Brandy Camp 4107923 Strattanville 4107837 Carman 4107924 Clarion 4107838 Munderf 4107925 Knox 4107841 First Fork 4107926 Emlenton 4107842 -, Cameron 4107927 Eau Claire 4107843 West Creek 4107928 Barkeyville 26-G Quad No. Quad Name Quad No. Quad Name 4107931 Sigel 4108021 Grove City 4107932 Cooksburg 4108022 Mercer 4107933 Lucinda 4108023 Greenfield 4107934 Fryburg 4108024 Sharon East 4107935 Kossuth 410802-5 Sharon West 4107936 Cranberry 4108031 Sandy Lake 4107937 Kennerdell 4108032 Jackson Center 4107938 Polk 4108033 Fredonia 4107941 Marienville East 4108034 Sharpsville 4107942 Marienville West 4108035 Orangeville 4107943 Tylersburg 4108041 New Lebanon 4107944 Tionesta 4108042 Hadley 4107945 President 4108043 Greenville East 4107946 Oil City 4108044 Greenville West 4107947 Franklin 4108045 Kinsman 4107948 Utica 4108051 Cochranton 4107951 Lynch 4108052 Geneva 4107952 Mayburg 4108053 Conneaut Lake 4107953 Kellettville 4108054 Hartstown 4107954 West Hickory 4108055 Andover 4107955 Pleasantville 4108061 Blooming Valley 4107956 Titusville South 4108062 Meadville 4107957 Dempseytown 4108063 Harmonsburg 4107958 Sugar Lake 4108064 Linesville 4107961 Sheffield 4108065 Leon 4107962 Cherry Grove 4108071 Cambridge Springs 4107963 Cobham 4108072 Edinboro South 4107964 Tidioute 4108073 Conneautville 4107965 Grand Valley 4108074 Beaver Center 4107966 Titusville North 4108075 Pierpoint 4107967 Centerville 4108081 Cambridge Springs NE 4107968 Townville 4108082 Edinboro North 4107971 Clarendon 4108083 Albion 4107972 Warren 4108084 East Springfield 4107973 Youngsville 4108085 Conneaut 4107974 Pittsfield 4107975 Spring Creek 4207615 Waverly 4107976 Spartansburg 4207616 Vellsburg 4107977 Lake Canadohta 4207617 Elmira 4107978 Millers Station 4207618 Seeley Creek 4107981 Scandia 4107982 Russell 4207711 Caton 4107983 Sugar Grove 4107984 Lottsville 4207811 Allentown 4107985 Columbus 4207812 Bolivar 4107986 Corry 4207917 Wattsburg 4107987 Union City 4107988 Waterford 4207918 Hn-mett 4207927 North East 4108011 Slippery Rock 4207928 Harborcreek 4108012 Harlansburg 4108013 New Castle North 4208011 Erie South 4108014 Edinburg 4208012 Swanville 4108015 Campbell 4208013 Fairview 4208014 Fairview SW 4208021 Erie North 26-H Distribution by Latitude and Longitude NOTE: Complete this section for 1) special status species, including federal and/or state designations of endangered* threatened, species of special concern, status undetermined, and status indeterminate, and 2) species with a limited resident distribution in Pennsylvania Uee#p species occurring in less than 5% of Pennsylvania counties). This section is divided into two data entry parts - In part one point locations should be entered and/or the second part enter a series of latitude/longitude points that enclose an area or polygon in which the species occurs. Latitude and longitude are to be expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Examples are: latitude 030261110", longitude 996036115". Latitude and longitude should be entered in the following parts as a string separated by commas (e.g., 0320100963615,0320100953629, etc.). All entries in this section should correspond with occurrence information provided in the Distribution Narrative (Section A). 1. Point Locations - this should be used for species of very limited distribution to designate occurrence (e.g. bald eagle nests, Indiana bat caves, etc.). Separate each latitude/longitude string (13 characters) with a comma. LATITUDE LONGITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE 2. Polygon or Areal Locations - Use this part to describe a more widespread ipecie3, or a species of more general occurrence (but still falling into one of the above special status designations). Most appropriately describe the boundary Using a series of latitudes and longitudes that encompass a number of point locations that are Clustered should fully define the species areas Qf occurrence in regions of the State. POLYGON fl: POLYGON 02: 27 POLYGON 03: POLYGON #4: POLYGON #5: POLYGON #6: POLYGON 07: 28 MBITAT ASSOCIATIONS A. Habitat Associations Narrative Develop a complete and concise narrative describing this spe@cies habitat associations and preferences. Specifically describe the species associations and preferences with urban lands, agricultural lands, rangelands (i.e. herbaceous fields), forests, wetlands, barren lands, etc. Before developing this narrative, It may be best to review and be aware of the types of information required to complete the checklists that follow in this section and the Environmental Associations' sections. The object is to identify and describe fully the habitats in which this species occurs and those habitats, which if disturbed, would adversely impact the species. Be 3ure to describe any minimum area requirements, significant seasonal variations in habitat use, variations in habitat requirements which occur in different life stages and geographic areas, requirements or preferences for habitat interspersion and juxtaposition, habitat condition, etc. Devote a section of this narrative to describing specific environmental parameters required by the species in certain habitats (e.g. temperature, pH, alkalinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, flow rates, velocity, salinity, 30il Moisture, 30il depth, elevation, etc.). Again, it would be most helpful to review the Environmental Associations section prior to compiling this information. Be certain to cite the appropriate reference codes (e.g. 03:435-45(l, 06:14) for all information, and record the complete citations in the REFERENCE section at the back of this workbook. 29 i 4 0 N 30 B. Peferences for Habitat Associations (enter the reference codes for all references used in compiling the entries in this section, separate each reference code with a comma): 31 C. General Habitat Associations In the following checklist, check all appropriate categories that correspond to the species habitat associi-tions (i.e., where the species normally occurs): Terrestrial habitats Aquatic habitats Riparian habitats: Terrestrial land bordering streams, lakes, reservoirs (i.e. water): ecotone between aquatic and upland habitats that is influenced by the water regime. 32 D. Land Use/Land Cover Associations In the following list, check all appropriate land U3e/land cover types with which the species is associated and those that are Most important or preferred by the species. (Consult A LAND USE AND LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR USE WITH REMOTE SENSOR DATA, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper No. 964, 1976, for use/cover descriptions, or the land use/cover explanatory notes in the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual). Association with specific land use/land cover types are unknown Assoc. (A) = Species is generally associated with land use/cover type Pref. (P) z Species demonstrates a preference for the land use/cover type specified A P Code Land Use/Land Cover Type URBAN OR BUILT-UP LAND 11 Residential 12 Commercial and Services 13 Industrial 14 Transportation, Communications, and Utilities 15 Industrial and Commercial Complexes 16 Mixed Urban or Built-up Land AGRICULTURAL LAND 21 Cropland and Pasture 22 Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries & Ornamental Horticulture 23 Confined Feeding Operations RANGELAND 31 Herbaceous Rangeland 32 Shrub and Brush Rangeland 33 Mixed Rangeland FOREST LAND 41 Deciduous Forest Land 42 Evergreen Forest Land 43 Mixed Forest Land WATER 51 Streams and Canals 52 Lakes 53 Reservoirs 54 Bays and Estuaries WETLAND 61 Forested Wetland 62 Nonfore3ted Wetland BARREN LAND 72 Beaches 73 Sandy Areas other than Beaches 74 Bare Exposed Rock 75 Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits 76 Transitional Areas 77 Mixed Barren Land 33 E. Forest Habitat Associations In the table that follows, check all appropriate forest types/size classes with which the species 13 associated. Use the Species Workbook Supplemental Manual for forest cover type descriptions. If available species information fails to identify a specific size class association, check all size classes. Size class definitions are as follows: A. Gra33/Forb = under3tory is in grasses and forb3 or other vegetation, no regeneration of tree species B. Seedling/Shrub = under3tory predominately trees less than 1" diameter C. Sapling = young stand of trees (trees 1" to 5" dbh) D. Pole Young stand of trees [ trees 5" - 9" dbh (sof twoods) or 11 dbh (hardwoods)] E. Mature = mature stand of trees [trees > 9" dbh (30ftwoods) or 1111 dbh (hardwoods), but not "@Ild growth"] F. Old Growth = old growth stand of trees (trees which are rotting or dying due to old age) Association with specific forest types are unknown Species does not associate with forests W V5 42 C U N U. Z U Z FOREST GROUP & TYPE CODE White/Red/Jack Pine Group 10 Red Pine 02 White Pine 03 White Pine/Hemlock 04 Hemlock 05 Scotch Pine 06 Spruce/Fir Group 20 Red Spruce/Bal3am Fir 13 Tamarack (eastern larch) 15 White Spruce 16 Norway Spruce 17 Larch 18 Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Group 30 Virginia Pine 33 Eastern Redcedar 35 Pitch Pine 38 34 N rz. z U FOREST GROUP & TYPE CODE W En CL Oak/Pine Group 40 White Pine/Northern Red Oak/ White Ash 41 Eastern Redeedar/Hardwood 42 Virginia Pine/Southern Red Oak 45 Oak/Hickory Group 50 Post, Black, or Bear Oak 51 Chestnut Oak 52 White Oak/Red Oak/Hickory 53 White Oak 54 Northern Red Oak 55 Yellow Poplar/White Oak/Northern Red Oak 56 Black Locust 57 Black Walnut 83 Yellow Poplar 94 Central Hardwood Reverting Field 95 Scarlet Oak 96 SaS3afras/Per3immon 97 Red Maple/Central Hardwoods 29 Mixed Central Hardwoods 59 Elm/Ash/Red Maple Group 70 Black Ash/American Elm/Red Maple 71 River Birch/Sycamore 72 Cottonwood 73 Willow 74 Maple/Beech/Birch Group 80 Sugar Maple/Beech/Yellow Birch 81 Black Cherry 82 Red Maple/Northern Hardwoods 84 Northern Hardwood Reverting Field 88 Mixed Northern Hardwoods 89 A3pen/BIrch Group 90 Aspen 91 Paper Birch 92 Gray Birch 93 35 F. Timber Class Association Check the box(es) below that represent the timber inventory size classes with which the apecies is associated. Species Association with specific timber size classes is unknown or insufficient data to make a determination Species is not associated with timber/forest land All Forest Size Classes Unstocked (nonstocked areas) - timberland less than 10 percent occupied with growing-stock trees Seedling/Sapling - stands at least 10 percent occupied with growing stock trees of which more than half of the stocking is in 3aplings (1.0 - 4.9 inches dbh) and/or seedlings' (<1.0 inch dbh) Pole (Poletimber stands) - stands at least 10 percent occupied with growing stock trees of which half or more of this stocking is in poletimber (5.0 - 9.0 inches dbh for 30ftwoods; 5.0 - 11.0 inches dbh for hardwoods) and/or 3aWtimber trees, and with poletimber stocking exceeding that Of 3aWtimber Mature (Sawtimber stands) - stands at least 10 percent occupied with growing stock trees, with half or more of total stocking in sawtimber Q9.0 inches dbh for 30ftwoods; >11.0 inches dbh for hardwo(Tds) or poletimber trees, and -with sawtimber stocking at last equal to poletimber stocking Over Mature stands at least 10 percent occupied with growing stock trees, with half or more Of total stocking in over mature (decadent) or sawtimber trees, and with over mature stocking at least equal to 3awtimber stocking 36 G. Wetland Habitat Associations From the lists that follow, check all wetland habitat types with which the 3pecies is associated. Note that the system is hierarchical, indicate wetland associations to the subclass level in the checklists. Use the Wetland Classification Scheme information presented below and on the next two pages, and the booklet, CLASSIFICATION OF WETLANDS AND DEEPWATER HABITATS OF THE UNITED STATES, FWS/OBS-79/31, Washington, D.C., for habitat descriptions. WETLAND CLASSIFICATION SCHEME Use of Wetland Legend: Specie3 are related to wetlands by a series of letters and numbers (alpha numerics) with the first letter representing the system and 3ub3equent alpha numerics representing, in sequential order, the subordinate levels of detail to modifier level. Note: The lists that are provided in this section require specifying wetland associations to the subclass level only. Special modifiers, i.e. water regime, water chemistry, and other modifiers, should be identified and referenced in the Habitat Associations Narrative. Example Classification of wetlands to water regime and special modifier: System: Estuarine Subsystem: Intertidal Class: Emergent Subclass: Narrow-leaved persistent Water Regime: Regular 7 Special Modifier: Partially drained/ditched E 2 EM I d System SYSTEMS AND SUBSYSTEMS Subsystem M Marine R Riverine 1 Subtidal 1 Tidal Intertidal 1 Lower Perennial 3 Upper Perennial Intermittent E Estuarine Unknown Perennial 1 Subtidal Intertidal L Lacustrine 1 Limnetic P Palustrine Littoral 0 No Subsystem 37 Class CLASSES AND SUBCLASSES Subclass AB Aquatic Bed FO Forested SB Streambed 1 Submergent Algal 1Broad-Leaved 1 Cobble/Gravel Submergent Vascular Deciduous Sand Submergent M033 2Needle-Leaved Mud 4 Floating-Leaved Deciduous Organic Floating 3 Broad-Leaved Evergreen 4Needle-Leaved SS Scrub/Shrub Evergreen 5Dead 1 Broad-Lea*ved BB Beach/Bar -6 Deciduous Deciduous .Z Evergreen 2 Needle-Leaved 1 Cobble/Gravel Deciduous Sand 3 Broad-Leaved 2W Open Water/ Evergreen Unknown Bottom 4 Needle-Leaved EM Emergent Evergreen RB Rock Bottom 5 Dead 6 Decidous 1Persistent 1 Bedrock 7 Evergreen 2Nonper31stent T Boulder 3Narrow-Leaved Nonpersistent RS Rocky Shore 4Broad-Leaved UB Unconsolidated Nonpersis *tent 1 Bedrock Bottom 5Narrow-Leaved Boulder Pee31stent Vegetated I Cobble/Gravel 6Broad-Leaved Nonpioneer 2 Sand Persistent Mud Organic FL F 1 a t US Unconsolidated 1 Cobble/Gravel shore TSand 3 Mud 1 Cobble/Gravel Organic 2 Sand Vegetated Pioneer 3 Mud Vegetated 4 Organic Nonpioneer 5 Vegetated 38 MODIFIERS TO WETLAND CLASSIFICATION WATER REGIME MODIFIERS Nontidal Nontidal and Tidal A Temporary U Unknown 8 Saturated K Artificial C Seasonal D Seasonal./Well-Drained Tidal E Sea3onal/Saturated F Semipermanent L Subtidal G Intermittently Exposed M Irregularly Exposed H Permanent N Regular J Intermittently Flooded P Irregular R Seasonal Nontidal Combined S Temporary T Semipermanent Z Intermittently Exposed/ V Permanent Permanent (G,H above) W Intermittently Flooded/ Temporary (A,J above) Y Saturated Semipermanent/ All Seasonals (B,C,D,E,F above) WATER CHEMISTRY MODIFIERS Coastal Halinity Inland Salinity 1 Hyperhaline 7 Hypersaline 2 Euhaline 8 Eusaline 3 Mixohaline (Brackish) 9 Mixosaline 4 Polyhaline 0 Fresh 5 Me3ohaline' 6 Oligohaline pH Freshwater 0 Fresh a Acid t Circumneutral I Alkaline OTHER MODIFIERS Special Soils b Beaver g Organic d Partially Drained/Ditched n Mineral f Farmed h Diked/Impounded r Artificial 3 Spoil x Excavated Association with specific wetland types are unknown Species is not associated with wetlands ESTUARINE HABITATS E.... El ... E2... EMB. EM. E2RS. E1AB1 E2AB1 E2RS1 E1AB2 E2AB2 E2RS2 E1AB4 E2RS3 E1AB5 E2BB. E2BB1 E2SB. ElOWO E2BB2 E2SB1 E10WO E2SB2 E2EM. E2SB3 E1RB. E2EM1 E2SB4 E1RB1 E2EM2 E1RB2 E2EM3 E2SS. E2EM4 E2SS1 ElUB. E2EM5 E2SS3 E1UB1 E2EM6 E2SS4 E1UB2 E2SS5 E1UB3 E2FL. E2SS6 E1UB4 E2FL1 E2SS7 E2FL2 E2FL3 E2US. E2FL4 E2US1 E2FL5 E2US2 E2FL6 E2US3 E2US4 E2FO. E2US5 E2FO1 E2FO3 E2FO4 E2FO5 E2FO6 E2FO7 4o PALUSTRINE HABITATS LACUSTRINE HABITATS P 0.0. - L.... PO. L2FL. L2FL1 POAB. - POOWO LlAB. L2FL2 - POAB1 POOWO LlAB1 L2FL3 - POAB2 LlAB2 L2FL4 - POAB3 - PORB. LlAB3 L2FL5 - POAB4 - PORB1 LlAB4 L2FL6 - POAB5 - PORB2 LlAB5 POEM. POSS. L10WO L20WO - POEM1 Possi L10WO - L20WO - POEM2 POSS2 L2RB. - POEM3 POSS3 LlRB. L2RB 1 - POEM4 POSS4 LlRB1 L2RB2 - POEM5 POSS5 LlRB2 - P03M6 - POSS6 URS. - POSS7 LUB. L2RSl - POFL. LlUB1 L2RS2 - POFL1 POUB. LIUB2 - POFL2 - POUB1 LlUB3 L2UB. - POFL3 - POUB2 LlUB4 L2UB1 - POFL4 - POUB3 L2UB2 - POFL5 - POUB4 L2... L2UB3 - POFL6 POUS. L2AB. L2UB4 - POFO. - Pousi L2AB1 L2US. - POF01 - POUS2 L2AB2 L2US1 - POF02 - POUS3 L2AB3 L2US2 - POF03 - POUS4 L2AB4 L2US3 - POF04 - POUS5 L2AB5 L2US4 - POF05 L2US5 - POF06 L2BB. - POF07 L2BB1 L2BB2 L2EM. L2EM2 L2EM3 L2EM4 41 RIVERINE HABITATS R2. . R3... R4... It 1 AB. R2AB. R3AB. R40WO RlAB1 R2AB1 R3AB1 R40WO RlAB2 R2AB2 R3AB2 RlAB3 R2AB3 R3AB3 R4SB. RlAB4 R2AB4 R3AB4 R4SB1 RlAB5 R2AB5 R3AB5 R4SB2 R4SB3 RlBB. R2BB. R3BB. R4SB4 RlBB1 R2BB1 R3BB1 RlBB2 R2BB2 R3BB2 RlEM. R2EM. R3FL. RlEM2 R2EM2 R3FL1 RlEM3 R2EM3 R3FL2 RIEM4 R2EM4 R3FL3 R3FL4 - RlFL. R2FL. R3FL5 RlFL1 R2FL1 R3FL6 RlFL2 R2FL2 RlFL3 R2FL3 R30WO RlFL4 R2FL4 R30WO RlFL5 R2FL5 RlFL6 R2FL6 R3RB. R3RB1 - R10WO R20WO R3RB2 Rlowo R20WO R3RS. - RlRB. R2RB. R3RS1 RlRB1 R2RB1 R3RS2 RLRB2 R2RB2 R3UB. MRS. R2RS. R3UB1 - RlRS1 R2RS1 R3UB2 - RlRS2 R2RS2 R3UB3 RlUB. R2UB. R3UB4 RlUB1 R2UB1 R3US- RlUB2 R2UB2 R3US1 RlUB3 R2UB3 R3US2 RlUB4 R2UB4 R3US3 R3US4 Rius. R2US. R3US5 RlUS1 R2US1 RlUS2 R2US2 RlUS3 R2US3 RlUS4 R2US4 RlUS5 R2US5 42 NICHE/ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS Use the following lists to describe 1) the range of environmental conditions in which the species occurs regardless of life stage/activity (even though the conditions may represent suboptimal conditions); and 2) the specific limiting environmental conditions that are necessary for the species to survive and complete its life cycle for the species as a whole and by activity/life stage. Keep in mind that this 3ection is an extension of Habitat Associations and any explanations of entries in this section and references should be cited in the Habitat Associations narrative. Apply the following instruction in deciding whether an environmental parameter is necessary - an environmental parameter is necessary if a change or modification of the parameter or condition has the potential for negatively impacting the 3pecie3 3urvival (and the species population, behavior, or distribution). .Using the lists on the pages that follow, check those parameter values that represent conditions in which the species will occur (column labeled Environmental Associations) and check those values that represent conditions that are necessary for the species to survive and complete its life cycle (column labeled Limiting Factors). Note: A species may be associated with many parameters and values, but have limiting factors identified for only a few parameters and values. For every limiting factor, check the activity/life stage for which the factor is important. To illustrate, a fish species x will be found in a variety of aquatic habitats with water temperatures ranging from 40C to 250C on a seasonal basis; however, breeding adults require water temperatures between 1 10C and 14.50C to spawn and the eggs must have water temperatures of 160C to 180C to hatch. On the first page of the checklist for the parameter "Water Temperature" for the fish just described, the following checks would be placed: The Environmental Associations column would have checks placed across from second order values B and C (water temperatures between OOC to 300C); the Limiting Factors column would have checks across from second order values B and C, too; the Egg column would receive a check for the value B; and the Breeding Adult column would-receive a check for the value C. Keep in mind that these checklists are designed to summarize specific information recorded in the narrative sections of the workbook into standard keywords. These keyword values will permit rapid retrievals from the database, but precise values and explanations should be recorded in the narrative. Remember, the narrative should function as a source for these checklists. 43 Different life 3tages will be completed in the following pages depending on taxonomic group. The five life stages - egg, larva, pupa, juvenile, and adult are defined for the following taxonomic groups: Taxonomic Group Egg Larva Pupa Juvenile Adult 01 Fishes x x x x 02 Amphibians x x x 03 Reptiles x x x 04 Birds x x x 05 Mammals x x 06 Aquatic M011USC3 x x x 07 Aquatic Crustaceans x x x x 08 Aquatic Insects x x x x x 09 Other Aquatic Invertebrate Taxa x x x x x 10 Terrestrial Insects x x x x x 11 Other Terrestrial Invertebrate Taxa x x x x x 44 0 9: 924 0 V' 0 Environmental Parameter Environmental Parameter (First Order) (Second order) > r: W 0 W W 94 04 W C4 94 04 gn 1. Physical /Chemical A. AIR OF3CRIPTONS Air Temperature 90010 Less than OPC (3eF) N N NEEMENIMMIN 00 - 40 1 32OF 39PF) NNEEMEEN C No - 150 (1100F 599F) 150 - IeC (6eF - 9&F) E-. Greater then 320C 1)900F) B. AQUATIC I*:3CRIPTORS Water Temiperstoire 000-(0,11 tuthermal - prefers temperature greater then 3&C teen "esothermat - prefers temperature between 150-30PC (59OF - Bel') 011gothermal - prefers temperature between 00-ISOC (32OF - 590F) D. Indifferent - enjoys a wide range In temperatures \jl Vissolve?d Oxygen ()0130 1 Niglio A. tuosyphilous - needs high 09 mg/1) 02 concentrations (saturated) MEEMENEWN ---W. filesoxyphilou3 - needs moderate (6-9 mg/1) 02 concentrations MINIMIMMINIMMIN C. Oligosyphilous - needs low 02 concentrations ((6 mg/1) INIMMINIMMINIM 0. Anonyphilaus - 0"JOY3 a wide 02 concentration range Water pit 00 90 1 NONNI A. Aeldoblontle - prefers pit below 5.5 1 NNIMMINIMMINIME 11. Acidophilous - prefers pit below 7 MENNENNEMEN C. Neutrel - prefers pit about 7 MINNIMMINIMEM --F Alkellphilous - prefers pit above 7 00MOMMMISM ---e Alkeliblontle - prefers VH above 6.5 F. indifferent - no pit preference shown spectric 1%Mductan ce 01220 A. Less then 800 8. 600-6000 C. 8000-30,000 D. 30,000-115,000 U U) -4 :3 W1 1111111111 1 1 E. 45.000-60,000 F. Greater then 60.000 0 ul a 16a r-4 r-1 0 .94.4 4j si 0 a 93 93 Aj 4j @4 U a a @f r-4 :3 Environmental Parameter 0 -@4 Environmental Parameter (First Order) .14 V4 14 ..4 -@l "a -0 "4 10 &j 0 -0 &j -0 &j 0 (Second Order) 0 9 W 11 0 (a 0 0 W "4 W a 0 0 0 0 W P W 44 04 04 9LI W 9" 94 M Alkalinity 01230 . . . . . . . . A. Less than 30 ppn/CsC03 INIMMINIMMINIMMIN 30-120 ppm/C8C0 --C. 120-200 ppa/ca@43 W--T. Greater than 200 ppm/CDC03 Total "artiness 012,10 11 selling A. Less than 20 ppo 0 IN IMMINIMMINIMEN 2o-150 ppm a IN INIMIMMINIMMINE Greater then 150 ppm Current Velocity 00790 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 .4. .5 fps or 1@39 No I I I I [-I I I I K .5-.99 fps I I I I I- C. 1.0-1.49 rps sro INIMMINE 4. 1.5-1.99 fps 01% 1 1 1 1 1 2.0-2.49 fps IMMINIMMINIMMIN - 2.5-2.99 fps MEMO 3.0-3.49 fps 3.5 - greater fps F low 00710 A. Rheophile - living to flowing water a. Helokrene - living In a marsh spring MIM- Intermittent flow - periodic standing water am Small stream Inhabitant - flows less then 50 era seen annual flow M E. "edlum 912e stream Inhabitant - flows between 50-1,000 efs Peon annual riow F. Large size stream Inhabitat - flows between 1.000-5,000 oft man an"Usl flow 0. River Inhabitant flows %rester then 5.ono era mean annual flow Gradient 00700 A. Low M 8. Moderate C. 141gh 0 10 a U 0 Ul 0 16a 0 si to U V 0 :3 0 to :@ r. 9R4 to V Environmental Parameter Environgiental Parameter 0 9139 10, 9113 W 1H V4 .1-4 .4 1 -144 10 (Second order) (First Order) 4-1 12 " -U &J -0 si 41 a 611 0 a W 0 0 W 0 W W W 04 904 od 94 V4 to Vater flepth 01250 A. Less then I ft. =8 1-5 ft. C. 5-10 ft. 10-25 ft. E. 25-50 ft. V I F. 50-100 ft. I I A_ G. 100-200 rt. 200-500 rt. I. soo- woo rt. i . 1000- 1500 rt. K . Greater then 1500 rt. Water Level 01030 A. Permanently flooded - species prererenc*9 0 8. Intermittently exposed Sem1permanently flooded Seasonally flooded E. Saturated Temporarily flooded Intermittently flooded IR Artificially flooded I: Reservoir tallwater J. Steady-state reservoir levels MIN R. Fluctuating reservoir water levels riubstrate and 00670 A. Eplbenthic - occurring on. but not penetrating the substrate Relat.14po to and submerged objects !"Ilbstrate 8. Embenthic - occurring In, penetrating. the substrate C. Eplpellc - occurring on (or In) mud end silt D. Eplanbulle occurring an (or In) send ION_ or under) rocks 0 N Epilithic occurring on I 1 0 EpIxylous occurring on (or Into) wood G. Epizooic - occurring on (or within) other animals 11. Epiphytic - occurring on (or within) plants 1. Attached - normally spastle J. Unattached normally free living. and capable or locomotion I G. U U 0 &J 1 -4 10 o U. 0 f j K. A. W 0 44 U) a a 14 0-4 0 -r4 V4 W H 0 41 Aj @I U I Environmental Parameter 0 "4 93 a a V 93 -4 Environmental Parameter (First Order) .4 -ro v4 v4 4-4 -94 V (Second Order) v4 -0 ta -1 41 to -0 .0 4j 0 rx W 0 :3 0 0 W 0 $4 IQ Bottom Type '(Aquatic) 00675 A. Mid or silt a. Send Pebble Gravel - - - - - -- Rubb I e - - - - - - - - - Boulders G. bedrock Organic debris Rooted aquatic vegetation Percent of Substrate/ 0067 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 A. Less than 20% Bottom Covered (by MENEM MMIMM B. 20-110% aquatic vegetation. INNESENIENNE . 40-60% lops. debris. el.C.) D. 60-809 ---F Greater then 60% 00 Stability of Bottom 0064 1 A. Stable I-M B. Unstable turbidity 0031t 10 1 L-A- Eullchotophilous - prefers low turbldittes (clear water) I'MMMOMMOMME 0. Nesolichtephiloug - prefers generally clear water. but tolerates periodic cloudiness H C. Polylichtophilaus a enjoys a wide range of turbidttles so I I I I I I I [ 0. OligitchtophilOU3 - prefers high turbiditits murky water Total M3901ved Solids 003710 A. Less than SOW ppm a. Between 5000-10.000 ppm C. Greater than 10.000 ppm 0 U G- 0 L) CIS -r4 U 0 0 44 &j 0 a 9: 9: M &A -1 > (A IX 19 1 Environmental Parameter Environmental Parameter 0 93 93 OX .94 -9-4 @q (Second order) (First Order) W 9k 04 1:, 994 011 994 ad 00 Nutrients (ftwsphorus 00430 A. tutrophic prefers high nutrient concentrations avid Nitrogen) 9. "esotrophle prefers moderate nutrient concentrations --C.- 011gotrophic prefers low nutrient concentrations -V. Dystrophic prefers wars. humic rids habitat 71-1 1 1 - Blodegrafleable Organics 00610 A. Seprophille prefers polluted waters with brier periods of 00 concentractions under 5 mg/l. pil 2 3113. and temps exceeding WC Feculatative - wide range or tolerance to organic pollution. pff tolerance Sepromenous - prefers clean water habitats, can tolerate Infrequent periods of low 00 If pH and tempo are unaltered Sepropholvic - restricted to clean waters that have not been exposed to pollution Trophir ?onex 00850 Heterotrophic - belonging to.fionself-su3talni"g community or orgentausl needs outside energy Autotrophic - belonging to a self-murishing community of Troploogenle Zones 00910 A. Epillmnlon Inhabitant needs well lighted, upper layer of standing water. 13. Hypollmnlon Inhabitant needs dark. lower layer or -- standing water Aristatir Ilabitat 00970 A. Littoral zone Inhabitant - prefers the shallows with /onat I ote - - - - - - - --- - emergent vegetation 8. Sublittoral zone Inhabitant - prefers dimly lighted. region without emergent vegetation C. Prorundal zone Inhabitant - prefers the cold. stratified region with no light and reduced oxygen levels and high pH, temperatures or@ uniform. sediments fine Srsined 0. Pelagic - needs open water E. Planktonlo - microscopic plants and animals it tc:' 0 qd 0 0 @4 si &j Le to u 0 r @ A Environmental Parameter 0 (First Order) a" 11 -1 Environmental Parameter -H V4 -A 10 V4 'a " 0.0 4j .0 Sj 0 (Second Order) Ix 0 A4 P4 9" W. W 94 M Aquntle Vegetation 00685 A. Pondweeds relweed L c. Aigoe Iqo9ses E. Widgeon Gross MENOMONEE F. Wild Celery EMMEMEMIEN G. bladderworts NEEMINIMEME CoontelI3 -NMEMMEMOM Cordgres3 NOMMEMEME J. Pushes MENOMINEE K.- Sedges Cattails S"rtweeds Wild Nice 0. Alder P. White Cedar F N MENOMONEE --w- 'bra-tells NMMMMMMMMMM Burreedq ME_ Eelgrs33 NM-- Arrow Weeds V. Nice Cutgreas I L I U. Duckweeds Water lilies Relative I*nsity of 0()6901 1 A. Low Aqu:fti,! Ve-fretation WE- I T- a. Noderate Ilfgh u 0 U 0 in 0 14 n 0 u u U 0 0 @4 -A 41 a to U :3 Aj fd t > > V: 44 0 0 0 Environmental Parameter 0 44 93 C1 a Environmental Parameter (First Order) $4 -r4 -rf "4 @4 V4 -ro V (Second Order) -0 Aj U &j 'U 41 0 0 0 In 0 0 0 00 W00014 W ad W 1 0 1 0@0-0 390 a. 'vegetated stress banks Intend Wetland 01 0 Now IN D. Deaver-do mme d streams C. Island inhabitant Dogs Emboyments F! Sloughs. bayous -G. Ditches 1. taro ponds Seasonal wet depressions Slit bottom streams L. Detritug bottom btreama Rocky bottom stream Stream riffles 0. Stream pool areas P. Stream/river weedbedg Lek* weedbeds A. Sink holes T. Wet meadows - - - - - - - Woodland ponds v Man-made Impoundments Coastal lonr 0141 A. Saltwater marsh _11. Brackish water marsh G. Typho-ScIrpus marsh D. Freshwater marsh E: Coastal marsh G. Swoop, general Cypress Swamp 1. Peers A A- . Sandy beaches K. Sand bars L. Intercoastal waters M. Mud riots 0 W. al 0 U 'M A .4 Q. U. T VK. L_ M. wnps 0. 111ndune 0 u 0 &J -I si wo 9: &J fe > > :J C: 914 :3 V Environmental Paiameter 0 930 Environmental Parameter (First Order) -r4 &J &J 10 (Second Order) w 0 w w Pd Aw w 94 1" W. on Salinity 01090 A. Folyholobous - prefers salt cone"trations above 40.000 MR/I (240 ppt) r Euhalebous - prefers salt concentrations above 30.000 Mg/I (230 ppt) C. "esoholobous - prefers salt concentrations between 500-30.000 mg/I 4=0.5-30 PPU D. 011gahelobous - prefers salt concentrations less then 500 Mg/I E. Euryhallnous - enjoys a vide range of salt concentrations 5eeps/Sprl"gs 012to A. Flowing - Spring 8. Pool - Spring %A TENRESTRIAL DESCRIPTIONS I 01280 A. Clay 0. Slit Send -JFJ I-L- Loan Gravel F. Rocky loll Tpxture 01290 A. Coarse "edlum C. Fine 0 VA to 0 'J [A. F. PA. 0 44 aj to 0 r-4 r4 0 "4 "4 U 41 a 9 &j &j @4 to U r4 :3 &j to Environmental Parameter Environmental Parameter 0 C3 0 V4 4 -rf "I V (First Order) V4 &# 0.0 &J U 0 (Second Order) > IX fa A 0 v 1A 0 0 A te 0 :3 0 V W W $# W 0 W 9U Ad ad U4 W N V4 on Soil "th Ot3OO A. Loss then 10 Inches 10-20 Inches 20-36 Inches Greater than 36 Inches Sell Prorile 01310 Organic Matter - Undecomposed (Of Horizon) 8. Organic Matter - Partially Decomposed (02 Horizon) Mineral Soil/Mixed with humus (Al Horizon) D. Mineral sotilzone or Elurfation (112 Horizon) TrAnsitional zone between the A and 8 Horizons (91 Horizon) F. zone or Illuvistion with accumulation or clay. Fe. Al. (92 Iforlion) G. %consolidated Nock Material (C Horizon) Soil Drainage 01320 A. Excessively drained (coarse soil. very porous) 8. Well drained (medium texture golls) Moderately well drained (wet a small but signirieent portion of the year) 0. Imperfectly and poorly drained (wet a significant portion or the year) E. Very poorly drained (water table at or near surface greater part or the year) Soil P" 01330 A. Less then 5.0 8. 5.0-6.0 0' 0 U U C. A. f F- G A. JE 6.0-8.0 8.0-10.0 Greater then 10.0 r,otl "nisture 01350 A. wet "olst Dry 0 0 4j r 4j 41 41 -4 U C 'X Environmental Parameter Environmental Parameter -r4 r. 9: 'OX tot a -@4 (First Order) $4 *P4 44 V4 "4 -A r4 *0 (Second Order) rx > 0 C: bc W W W tu C4N gN 04 ru Cd CQ Sotl Ct"paction 01360 1 1 1 1 A. Easily penetrated L 8 Difficult to penetrate U: Not penetrable Aspect 01270 A. North 0. Northeast U. East D. Southeast E. South Southwest N West H. Northwest %A Flevntinn 01260 A Below sea level 0 0-100 ft. C. 100-3oo ft. 3oo-wo ft. -mt-ED:: 500- 1. 000 ft. ff. 1,000-2.ooo ft. N M G- 2.000-3,000 ft. 3,000-11,000 ft. 1. Greater than 4.ooo ft. 3 1 ope 01340 A. Level (no slope) D. Less that 5% C. 5-10% D. 10-15% E. 15-25% V. Greater then 25% 0 0) In 4 4 0 tD* A. IL 0 aj U1 0 0 4 F 0 Aj r-4 to U t 0 0 1 0 to > > 93 9" to to :3 :3 t: Ix 1A 0 V4 9: 9: 193, Environmental Parameter Environmental Parameter 64 U 4-4 v4 4-4 -A -r4 V4 a (First Order) -r4 &J 10 10 &J -0 4J 0 (Second order) W 64 W tu 04 04 W 04 W Cd Co Terrestrial Features 01310 A. Burrows Talus C. Standing Snags Downed Logs Rock Outcrops Ridges G. Depressiong/Sinkholeg Bare Ground Lear nests Brush Piles/Rock Piles ClIffs/Ledges L. Dry Coves Wet Coves N. beaches 0. "edgerows/lit"d Breaks Fence Rows Roadside Ditches Grassy Uncultivated Areas Large, Lone Trees (Wolf Trees) Leaf Litter Vegetation Mossics/Edges W. Insect Hounds Tree Cavities - - - - - - - - NJ Z. Highway Medians 0 U 0 0 410 @l r4 :J rat re 0-3 Environmental Parameter t: am at fx at ac .0 0 0 0 @ a Environmental Parameter (First order) "4 44 1 V4 10 (Second Order) 44 " 10 " V " V > 1A CL 0 M 0 In W 93 0 0 0 0 0 W P W tu Cd 04 9" 04 tu ad on Ecotones 02000 A. Woodland/crop fields 9- Voodland/shrub-bruSh field C. VoWlend/water 0. WoWlondtherbaceaus field Shrub-bru3h rield/water Crop field/water Crop field/herbaceous field Herbaceous field/ahrub-brush tield Herbaceous field/water - - - - - - Coniferous rorest/deciduoug forest - - - - - - Voodla"d/barren land Woodle"d/wetiand (not open water) H. Woodland/urban land Shrub-brush rield/berre" land Shrub-brush field/crop field P: Shrub-brush field/wetland (not open water) Shrub-brush field/urban land Crop field/barren land S. Crop field/urban land T. Crop rield/wetland (not open water) U. Woodland/herbaceous field V. Barren land/herbaceous field W. Herbaceous field/wetiond (not open water) 1. Herbaceous field/urban land Barron land/wetiand Wetland/urban land Forest Ecotones 016" 1 A. Clearcut, (opening)/geedling-sepling stage R. Clearcut (opening)/pole stage Clearcut (openin1g)/Pature stage D. Seedling-seplinli/pole stage E. Seedling-seplinS/psture stage F. Pole/mature stage 1'erri?3trial Vertical 01750 Subsurface layer Svirrace layer (bare soft. organic layer and leaf litter) llprbaceou3 layer Shruh layo@r - - - - - - - E. Understory tree layer (canopy) Overstory tree layer (canopy) 0 0 41 0 41 > > Ix tit W Environmental Parameter Environmental Parameter r. 93 11 g3 (First Order) 54 4j -rf -r4 -#4 -rf -@ 14 -0 (Second Order) 44 v4 7g 46 *0 '0 >0.9 W 0 W 9U g4 VW W od W ed 03 Npst 019" A. Cavities In live trees cavities in dead trees underground burrow (Upland) MEMO EMMONS D. Underwater burrow Riparian burrow F. Depressions M G. Rock outcrops H. Rare ground/very spores vegetation 1. Emergent vegetation over/near water J Ledges ON Caves M Sand beaches/pebble beach H. Lear nests In live trees 0 N N. Twig nests In live trees 0. Lear litter P. Hedgerows Q. Downed logo R. Grassy uncultivated areas/hey fields T. Roadside ditches - - - - - - - - U. Wush plies - - - - - - - - T. Shrubs/3hrubbery trees - - - - - - - Trees - Size of Forest 02010 A. Less then 112 acre Clear Ings/Openings B. 112-1 acre t-5 acres 5-20 acres 20-40 acres Greater then 40 acres ?',Izf. or continuous 020M A. Logs then 10 acres Foroited rMand H. 10-19 acres C. ;.10-49 acres 50-99 acres 100-499 acres (a in 0 H. ME C. 0. F. C. 500-5000 acres 5000-10.000 acres 11. Greater than 10,000 acres U .4 r4 r4 0 -A ji 93 td U W @4 V to :113 :1 W to do 0 .1 :z Environmental Parameter 0 t: 114M " bt rx 111111 0 -re 21 a Environmental Parameter (First order) 14 rq -rl V4 "0 44 .0 .0 " 0 (Second Order) t I IN) CL 0 0 0 M V W IX4 C4 P4W 011 9" 04 gn Distance to Forest 02030 es) Less then 500 ft. (.1 oil 500-261to rt. (.1-.5 miles) Greater then 264o rt. (.5 miles) Perch Sites Location 02050 Near permanent water 1 1 IB- Overhangl"i; permanent water Perer"t Ovorstory 02060 A . Greater then lot closure Canopy Closure B. 404011 closure Less than 401 closure Average lleight or 02070 A. Less then 20 ft. Overstory Trees 20-40 ft. c. ilo-go rt. %A D. Greater then 80 ft. CD Average nail or 02080 A. Less then 4 Inches Ov"rstory Trees D. 4-11 Inches C 12-16 Inches D. Greater then 18 inches Percent Shrub Crown 03010 A. Less than 10% Cover 10-25% cover 1C. 25-50% cover 50-151 cover Greater than 75% Average fleight or 03020 A. Less than 3 rt. 4srub Cover 3-6 rt. 1 6-12 ft. D. Greater then 12 ft. C 0 cc r-l A' M C [A. C D A C D A. 6 V4 U 0 0 0 U fd t I t > Environmental Parameter tx ?A 0 93 93 11 M23 IC34 009 Environmental Parameter (First Order) si 44 "a m4 Aj ofa &j 10 0 (Second Order) W 0 9U ad P4 W od 9U ad gn Percent Herbaceous 03040 Less then 10% Ground Cover 10-2511 (SprIng/Forly Sumer) f-C. 25-50% D. 50-75 E. Greater then 75% Average Height or 03050 A. Less than I Inches Herbaceous Cover B. 4-8 Inches (Sumer I C. 8-12 Inches D. 12-24 Inches E 211-36 Inches F Greater then 36.Inches %.n Agricultural Types 03100 A. Postureland II.- Winter groins ("barley. wheat. rye) + C. Spring groins (oats. corn, buckwheat, soybeans) [-U-.-. Orchards (fruits - apple. pear. peach. etc.) E. Vineyards - - - - - -- -- Hayland3 M Wheat Rye I . Oats J. Barley Soybeans Corn H. Potatoes Tobacco I U. Vegetable crops (beans. tomatoes, cabbage, etc.) Cherry M Apples R. Pears Peaches U 0 V4 U 0 'd U 'V 0 0 -0 F- A. E fF A. K 0 M Cd 0 LO V 0 0 1 (d t I :I 9: 924 to to :3 0 1-30 0-) Environmental Parameter I t: N M (X w 'X M Environmental Parameter 0 V4 93 V3 0 0 a a -0 V4 44 V4 @4 -r4 '0 (First Order) &j go -0 si -0 &J 0 (Second Order) > a be 0 0 0 0 V w 0 w Vegetation Sueces3lonal 02630 A. Abandoned fields B Send dune -C. Stable forest Sdbelfwas forest E. Climax forest Pond pt@neer aquatic vegetation G. Filled pond Bore rock Pioneer community - - - - - - - - J. Stable prairlo/gres3land I K. Subellmax grassland L. Climax gra3sisnd Vegetation-choked pond Distant.-e to Perch Sites 02840 A. Less then 100 ft. (rorlon. trees, rvnce# 100-300 rt. tPlephone polp. etc.) C. 300-600 ft. 600-1320 ft. 1320-2640 ft. (1/4-1/2 mile) Greater then 112 wile Percent Conirorous 07850 A. Less then 5% Treen In "ixpd Forest 5-10% to-251 D-. Greater then 2511 thember or SnaRs (Desel 07060 - - - - - I or less Tree-3) per acre 8. 2 - - - T C. 3 --JL 4 E. Greater then 4 0 tA. C_ M MCT- mom I M 0 -r4 $4 r4 W4 0 V4 V4 0 Aj 92 93 AJ JJ @4 to U r4 :3 Environmental Parameter t: (A ix bt W fx i -0 0 a @ 0 Environmental Parameter (First Order) A A a 44 -r4 -0 -H -0 &j " .0 " 0 (Second Order) > 0 64 0 0 110 fa 0 a 0 b[W9:fWWWW14 Percent or Overstory 02870 A. Less then 10% Canopy Trees In B. 10-25% Deciduous Species C. 25-50% 50-75% Greater then 755 Shrubs 021poll 1 1 1 11 A. Spleebush E:: I 1 8. Serviceberry Mountain Maple/Striped Maple D. Dogwood Species Sumacs F. Hazelnut C. Elderberry (American elder) H. Chokeberry 1. Viburnum Species J. Wintergreen R. WInterberry L. Juniper 01. Mountain-ash N.- Buttonbush 0. Buckthorn --F.*, Rubus (blackberry. raspberry, dewberry) Q.- "uItIflors Nose Vaceinium Species (blueberry. deerberry) Alder U. Huckleberry Barberry W. Rhododendren T. Laurel D. U 0 0 "4 Lp a C: U U Cd U Aj to W 11 C3 Environmental Parameter Environmental Parameter 44 IC34 C: 93 Cl C, -4 (First Order) 14 V -A -rq rf (Second Order) -0 .0 Aj f1l A 0 14 04 04 W od f- ad on 111ore Shrubs 02130 A. Poison Ivy Hawthorn 4- -H-`Z: Witch 1192el Tartartan honeysuckle + Autumn olive/Russian olive F. Rugose rose C. Willow species H. Amur honeysuckle Sweet bay J. Sweet tern Wines 02170 A. Japanese honeysuckle Trumpet creeper Poison Ivy F. Virginia creeper U. Grope -V.- Greenbrier Bittersweet Kud2u K. English Ivy V J* A. fK. 0 4( &j 0 U) a 4 14 P4 4 0 -pf P4 U U U -4 Environmental Parameter 00 6.4 N t.4 a., N Environmental Parameter (First Order) 14 v11,41,41,41V .0 &J -0 &J -0 &A 0 (Second Order) Legumen/fIther Ilerbs 02230 A. Partridge Des Crown vetch C-- Soybean D. latpen E. Serices lespedets --F.- Common lespede28 G.- Robe lespedeze Buckwheat Sunriower/Asters H J. Dirdafoot treroii K._ Alfalfa L. Sweet clover Alsike clover W Red clover Ladino clover/White clover P. lialry vetch Cowpea R. Bristly locust T. Spartweeds U. Crimson clover Milkweed W. Pokeveed T. Goldenrod 1 JL- Z. Thistles IM ITT 0 M 0 4ILA r-1 r4 0 si a a V: IllU V4 V &J to t t Environmental Pa' K a rameter 0 0 C3 0 Environmental Parameter (First Order) 14 4j -r4 v4 v4 -@l v4 (Second Order) -rf 0 .0 5.A "M A V (A V 0 V 0 0 W W 14 W0 W 93W 04 04 lu 04 lu Cd M Grosses 0229011111 -1 1 1 A. Big bluestem -IMMM 8 Bermuda gross Orchard gross b D. Japanese millet MIN E. Weeping love gro93 0 IN F. Tall fescue No . Annual ryegross ME ff. Perennial ryegraso 1. Switch gross Redtop Little bluestem Pearl millet Need canary gross Timothy FoRtall millet P. Gorman at I let CY% Q. Indian gross R. Grain sorghum I . Pro3o of I let Nore Grasses 02295 A. Smooth bronegross S. Doer tongue C. Field bromegrogs American beachgress E. Quackgr993 F. Poverty gross G. Panic gross a Bristle grasses @ r 0 4 41 0 t-4, 'aU 0 1. Ij J. K. L. 0 $4 r-I V4 0 V.1 &j 0 4 d lj aj &j @4 U M 93 U4 to to :3 Environmental Parameter 0 -r4 93 0 10, 10, 104 14 Environmental Parameter (First Order) $4 -A -94 -,4 -A *0 &j 41 Aj 0 (Second Order) W 0 9U 04 9" nd 9U 04 fn Ie conirerouq Trees 02720 A. Eastern redeeder (Juniperus) F II I a. Norway spruce C. White spruce .0. Shorttear pine Austrian pine Red pine G. Pitch pine H. (Eastern) white pine 1. Scotch pine J. Virginia pine K. Jack pine L. Hemlock 14. Northern white ceder (Thujs) N. Table mountain.pine 0. Balsam rIr Red spruce/Black spruce Larch/Tamarack Hardwood Trees 02780 A. Alder Aspen birch Hickory E. Sycamore F. Dogwood species White oaks group sassarres Haple. Ron elder J. Chinese chostnut/Goiden ChinquepIn K. Ashes L Russian olive/Autumn olive Black walnut/Butternut N. "ackberry o. Locust - Honey and Black Willow Cherry species Red oaks group 0 -#4 &J to -r4 U 0 41 Aj &j 91 r-4 Id U -4 V4 :j gj Id > :1 :3 00 41 Environmental Parameter 0 at 1A fu text (A 0 0 0 a Environmental Parameter 14 r4 4-4 -f-I -H "4 (First Order) V4 010 " .0 W 0 (Second Order) % W 0 44 od 9L4 9" 94W Cd 03 "ore Hardwood Trees 02?90 Elm a. tulip or yellow poplar C. Crabapple "ountain ash Beech Banswood Cottonwood American holly/hollies 4. "ulberry Hotel "op hornbesm Ifornbeam N. Bitternut Hickory U. Peralmson CY% Ifuman Association 028" A. Residential lawn/ornamental trees/ghrubs a. Ne-side"tial houses/chimneys/ettles Form outbuildings (barns, sheds) Abandoned buildings For 3 (cropland/pastures) F. For: ponds G. Public city parks - - - - - Public residential parks I State and county parks J. National parks/h13torte landmarks K. Vildilre refugeg/senctuaries Zoos -M. --JL HABITAT EVALUATION PROCEDURES MODELS Is there an existing model for this species? Yes No If yes, indicate type(s) below: PAMHEP HEP DRAFT-HEF Habitat Evaluation Procedures Models Description (enter the model preparer, date prepared, agency affiliation, habitats and land use types for which the model applies): 67 ANIMAL AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS Use the space provided below to identify important animal and plant associations; i.e., predation, parasitism, symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, etc. Of particular interest are dependent relationships where such relationships offer predictability of occurrence. Describe each pair or group of species in an association using their common and scientific names, with the names preceded by the type of relation- ship, and explain the relationship. Be certain to follow each entry with the reference code of the reference for the source of the relationship. References for Animal and Plant Associations (enter the reference code for all references used in compiling the entries in this section, separate each referencE code with a comma): 68 FOOD HABITS A. Food Habits Narrative Develop a complete and concise description of the food items consumed by this species during its life. If available, give specific information on the foods (e.g. deer mice, frogs, and fungi, etc.) and food parts (e.g. leaves, bark, cambium, flower petals, hair, blood, etc.) consumed during each life stage of the species, i.e., the foods consumed by larva, juvenile, and adult life stages. Devote a section of the description to preferred food types and those foods essential to the species as a whole. Also, devote a paragraph or section to a discussion of seasonal variations or changes in food habits and preferences by food types and/or food parts. Provide appropriate reference codes, including page numbers, for all information and record the complete citations in the Reference Section at the back of this workbook. 69 B. References for Food Habits (enter the reference codes for all references used in compiling the entries in this section, separate each reference code with a comma): 70 C. General Food Habit of the species (check the one value that best characterizes the food habits of the species): Carnivore Insectivore Herbivore Omnivore D. Food Habits Checklist (check all that apply): Check the appropriate column identifying the foods consumed by the species at the various life stages. For example, if the animal consumes bird eggs as a juvenile and adult, then you would check the Juvenile and Adult columns next to the value "Bird eggs - 2150". The three life stages - larva, juvenile, and adult - are defined for the following taxonomic groups: Taxonomic Group Larva Juvenile Adult 01 Fishes x x x 02 Amphibians x x 03 Reptiles x x 04 Birds x x 05 Mammals x x 06 Aquatic Molluscs x x 07 Aquatic Crustaceans x x x 08 Aquatic Insects x x x 09 Other Aquatic Invertebrate Taxa x x x 10 Terrestrial Insects X x x 11 Other Terrestrial Invertebrate Taxa x X x iLarva - includes the immature life stages of aquatic insects known as nymphs, the free-swimming and glochidi8 stage of molluscs and the nauplius stage of crustaceans. 2Juvenile - a young individual (not larva) that resembles an adult, but is not sexually mature. 3Adult - a sexually mature individual. 71 tc ca AJ M z > Foods Consumed MICRO ORGANISMS Bacteria 1010 Other Micro-organisms 1040 PLANTS Herbaceous plant parts; buds, leaves, stems, 1070 flowers Woody plant parts; buds, leaves, stems, twigs, bark 1100 Flower nectar, pollen 1130 Herbaceous fruit; berries, capsules, fruit, nuts, grain 1160 Softwood fruit; seeds of Taxaceae and Pinaceae 1190 Hardwood fruit; berries, seeds, nuts, capsules 1220 Plant sap 1250 Phytoplankton Diatoms 1280 Algae 1290 Other Phytoplankton 1310 Aufwuchs (attached plants and animals) 1340 Rooted aquatic plants 1370 Fungi (including sporo- carps and mycelium) 1380 T2 I-j 0 0 0 C+ ct 4c ts ct 0 0 (a 0 or 0 %C 11 0 t f@ 10 :r :7 E4 0 it aq 0 -1 C+ rA CL "I . a) 'I $.- 9+ W ta 0.- I-j M o 10 to C+ 0 ct ct aq ct f@ (A 0) 0 :3 to 0 C+0 C+ ct a a) c ct OQ 0 no C+ 0 W Or *1 ct to (a or 0 ZI E4 OQ c 0 to ct .0 w 0 0 Es (D -S ct CD 'I - - -1 Or 1@ H C C+ (a 1-4 0) 0 ID 11 ct 03 0) (D 0 Ea 0 1 1 car m ct cr Is mr 1-& 0 ct .0 "1 ::r c 1 06 44 -1 91+0 00 ICD+ OcIt -1 CD -1 CL m c to (D 13 OQ P@ @-j 0 of o- to ID 0 C4 0 c (a 0 1% (D (D c 0--i n ct 0 [a :3 Ct ct V I- - ct 11 W CL El 1.4 tb ct m 11 0 Ct ct to 0 CL -4 LA) ma 0 ct (D 0 (D t@ C4 :3 (A 0 ct ct %a %0 00 0:) 00 -4 --3 -4 0% 0% %.n *r ru %0 ON LA) m --4 4-- - oo %.n w %o o% w Is -4 *r - 00 ON w in Is m fm is Is is %m VD m m w M m m 19 ea z > w z > Foods Consumed U Bird eggs 2150 Bird nestlings 2180 Bird adults 2210 Fish eggs 2240 Fish fry 2270 Fish adults 2300 Reptile eggs 2330 Reptile juveniles 2360 Reptile adults 2390 Amphibian'eggs 2420 Amphibian juveniles 2450 Amphibian adults 2480 Domestic mammals 2510 Domestic birds 2540 Carrion 2570 Feces 2600 Garbage/Tra3h 2630 74 LIFE HISTORY In the following sections, describe the species life history. Be as complete and concise as possible. Attempt to address most of the elements described in each section, but be con- cise. Be certain to follow each item of information with the reference code and page numbers that indicate the source of the information. A. Life History Narrative 1. Physical Description Provide a brief morphological description of the species including descriptors for size, color, etc. 2. Origin Within Pennsylvania Describe this species origin within Pennsylvania (e.g., native, introduced, etc.). If the species is not native to Pennsylvania, include descriptive information concerning the source of animals, etc. 75 Behavior Describe the behavior of the species including: territoriality, home range size, dispersion within natural habitat, diurnal periodicity, seasonal periodicity, movement/migration patterns within and out of Pennyslvania, dispersal, foraging strategy and sites, and interspecific and intraspecific interactions. 76 4. Reproductive Characteristics and Requirements Describe the details of this species breeding behavior and characteristics, as well as reproductive site requirements, including: breeding season, mating system, duration of pair bond (if any), display site, gestation/incubation period, delayed fertilization or implantation, number of offspring per repro- ductive cycle, number of reproductive cycles per year, type of nesting/denning/ spawning site, placement of nest/den, type of materials required for nesting/ denning/spawning site, development of offspring, parental care of offspring, age at sexual maturity, minimum and maximum and breeding age, sex ratio's of clutch/litter/offspring. 77 Population-Biology Describe the population biology of this species, including: relative population trend, average annual mortality rate, survival rates, average and optimum population densities, rate of increase, sex ratio, and turnover rates. 78 6. Limiting Factors Describe limiting factors that are influencing this species in including: predation, disease, food, competition, population levels, space, cover, natural catastrophes, and other factors. B. References for Life History (enter the reference codes for all references used in compiling the entries in this section, separate each reference code with a comma): 79 C. Life History Checklists Complete the following life history checklists. These checklists are used to summarize information in a consistent format with standard definitions facilitating automated data element search and retrieval. Checklist entries should be consistent with the life history narrative. Check all categories and values in a category that apply. If a category does apply, but an appropriate value does not exist to describe the species, then write in the appropriate value or entry in the category checklist. 1. ORIGIN WITHIN PENNSYLVANIA Jb 001A Native 001B Transplanted - originally native to another state, now in Pennsylvania 001C Exotic - originally native to another country, now in Pennsylvania 001D Feral - animals which have escaped from domestication 001E Hybrid - offspring of two separate, but closely related species 001F Reintroduced native species once extirpated in Pennsylvania, now reintroduced 001G Stocked - populations are artificially maintained 2. BEHAVIOR A. Territoriality 024A Defends entire breeding, feeding, and nesting territory 024B Defends breeding and nesting territory 024C Defends breeding territory only 024D Defends nesting territory only 024E Defends feeding territory only 024F Non-territorial 80 B. Territory Size 025A Less than 1/4 acre 025B 1/4 - 1 acre 025C 1 - 5 acres 025D 5 - 20 acres 025E 20 - 100 acres 025F Greater than 100 acres C. Home Range Size 026A Less than 1/4 acre 026B 1/4 - 1 acre 026C 1 - 5 acres 026D 5 - 20 acres 026E 20 - 100 acres 026F Greater than 100 acres D. Dispersion -027A Random 027B Uniform 027C Clumped E. Periodicity 028A Active at night 028B Active in day 028C Active at dawn and/or dusk (crepuscular) 028D Cyclic day-night activity rhythms 028E Most active in winter 028F Most active in early spring 028G Most active in late spring 028H Most active in early summer 0281 Most active in late summer 028J Most active.in fall 81 F. Foraging Strategy 002A Gleaning 002B Probing 002C Hovering 002D Hawking 002E Grazing 002F Browsing 002G Scavenging 002H Stalking 0021 Filtering @002J Flycatching 002K Diving (Aquatic) 002L Stooping 002M. Ambushing 002N Pouncing G. Foraging Sites 003A Ground Surface 003B Air 003C Herbaceous vegetation 003D Snags (dead/dying trees) 003E Stumps 003F Shrubs Cover/Canopy 003G Understory tree canopy 003H Branche s of overstory trees 0031 Canopy of overstory trees 003J Trunk of trees 003K Tree cavities 003L Rocks 003M Logs 003N Underground burrows 0030 Caves 003P Cliff3/Ledge3 003Q Standing Water - Littoral Zone 003R Standing Water - Limnetic Zone 003T Standing Water - Profundal Zone 003U' Flowing Water - Riffles 003V Flowing Water - P0013 003W Flowing Water - aquatic weedbeds/vegetation VO 2 REPRODUCTION A. Breeding/Spawning Season 004A January 004B February 004C March 004D April 004E May 004F June 004G July 004H August 0041 September 004J October 004K November 004L December B. Mating System (Single breeding season) 006A. Monogamy (male or female mates once or with only one male or female) 006B Polygyny (male mates with more than one female) 006C Polyandry (female mates with more than one male) 006D Promiscuity (both males and females mate with more than one male or female) 006E Polybrachygamy 006F Colonial C. Duration of Pair Bond 007A Pair for life 007B Pair for one breeding season 007C No pair bond formed D. Display Site 008A Ground 008B Water 008C Air 008D Perch 008E Cavity 008F Lek/Arena 008G Log 008H West 83 E. Gestation/Incubation Period (insemination to parturition or egg laying to hatching) 015A Less than 1 day 015B 1-2 days 015C 3-4 days 015D 5-7 days 015E 1-2 weeks 015F 3-4 weeks 015G 1-2 months 015H 3-4 months 0151 5-6 months 015J 7-8 months 015K Greater than 8 months F. Average Number of Offspring/Reproductive Effort 016A 1 016B 2 016C 3-4 016D 5-7 016E 8-10 016F 11-15 016G 16-30 016H 31-100 0161 101-1000 016J 1000-10,000 016K Greater than 10,000 G. Number of Broods/Litters (Reproductive Efforts) Per Year 017A One 017B Two 017C Three 017D Greater than three H. Spawning Site 010A Standing water 010B Flowing water 010C Sand 010D Gravel 010E Rocks 01OF Detritus 010G Mud 010H Aquatic vegetation 84 1. Ne3t/Den Site 009A Cavity in live tree 009B Cavity in dead tree 009C Primary cavity (excavates its own) 009D Secondary cavity (Use cavity excavated by another species) 009E Under bark 009F On the ground 009G Underground burrow 009H Hole in ground 0091 Depre331on 009J Gr833/Forb3 009K Shrubs 009L Stumps 009M Trees 009M Floating aquatic vegetation .0090 Emergent aquatic vegetation 009P Rush and cattails 009Q Log .009R Dirt bank 009T Cave 009U Under rock3/rock outcrops 009V Man-made structures (houses, barns, silos, etc.) 009W Under leaves 009X Underwater burrow 009Y Ledge3 009Z Bare ground (no or 3parce vegetation)/3and beaches 009AA Upturned tree roots J. Rest Materials 013A Grasses 013B Forb3 013C Stick3 013D Vegetative Crown 013E Leaves 013F Bark 013G Mud 013H Hair and feathers 0131 Rootlets 013J NO nest 3tructure 013K M033 013L Sand LIP 013M Gravel 013N Organic debris 0130 Inorganic debris 013P Aquatic vegetation 85 K. Development of Young at Birth/Hatching 018A Altricial 018B Precocial L. Parental Care of Young 019A Female 019B Male 019C Both parents 019D Foster parents 019E No care given young 4. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS A. Population Trend (Statewide) 036A Increasing 036B Stable 036C Decreasing 036D No trend-variable B. Reasons For Population Trend 032A Low Reproductive Potential 032B Periphery of Range 032C Overharvesting 032D Disease 032E Predation 032F Environmental Contaminants (including heavy metals) 032G Herbicides 032H Pesticides/InZeCticide3 0321 Habitat Loss 032J Habitat Improvement 032K Range Expansion (Habitat Addition) 032L Underharve3ting 032M High Reproduction 032M Seasonal and Catastrophic Weather Conditions 0320 Interspecific Competition '032P Intraspecific Competition C. Population Potential Through Habitat Manipulation (MGMT) 037A Increase < 10% 037B Increase 10-25% 037C Increase > 25% 037D Decrease < 10% 037E Decrease 10-25% 037F Decrease,> 25% 86 KMAGEMENT A. Management Narrative Develop a narrative describing those management activities or human actions that affect the species survival. Identify and describe those actions or activities that improve or are harmful to the species or its habitat. Also explain actions or activities that have a varying influence depending on how the action is implemented, and any other variations by geographic area, season, etc. 87 B. References for Management (enter the reference codes for all references used in compiling the entries in this section, separate each reference code with a comma): 88 C. Management Checklists Check as beneficial those actions that improve a species habitat or benefit the species chance for survival. Check as harmful those actions that have an adverse impact on a species or its habitat and present a threat to the species survival. Check as many values as apply for both beneficial and harmful. Some actions may be both beneficial and harmful (make certain this situation is properly explained in the Management Narrative). ACTION 001 Regulate numbers and sex of harvest 002 Prohibiting harvest of species being described 00-3 Transplanting wild animals 004 Stocking captive-reared domestic-strain animals 005 Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals 006 "Put-and-Take" stocking 008 Restricting/regulating human use of habitats 009 Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations 010 Restrict human harassment during migration 011 Restrict human disturbance during breeding or other stressful periods 101 Retention of wilderness 102 Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas 103 Limit number of roads and road usage 104 Suppressing wild fire 110 Maintaining natural vegetation (native) 111 Maintaining natural ecological succession 112 Maintain early stages Of succession 113 Creation and maintenance of edge situation 89 z ACTION 120 Maintaining woodlots 121 Maintain mast producing trees 122 Creating/maintaining snags 123 Retaining dead/downed woody materials 124 Maintaining large trees for denning, nesting, or roosting 125 Creating tree cavities by mechanical excavation/ introduction of fungi/etc. 126 Retain or produce special habitat features as caves, cliffs, rims, ledges, etc. 127 Developing/maintaining greenspace (wildlife corridors) 128 Establish/maintain escape cover 129 Establishing/maintaining nesting cover 130 Providing artificial nesting sites 131 Providing ledges on highwalls 132 Providing nesting cavities in highwalls 133 Creating artificial leks or display grounds 134 Providing artificial nesting/spawning sites 135 Creating/maintaining supplementaLl water sources 136 Develop artificial water devices or catchments 137 Developing/maintaining water holes, ponds, potholes, etc. 140 Providing food and cover for birds in urban/ suburban areas 141 Development of food plots 142 Supplemental feeding (winter, spring, etc.) 150 Grassland burning 151 Prescribed burning of brushland habitat 152 Haying/mowing - May up to mid-June 153 Haying/mowing - After mid-June 154 Brush removal/cutting in pastures and cropland 155 Chaining vegetation to improve habitat 156 E3tablishment of field borders 157 Locating/constructing fences 158 Creating wind and snowbreaks 159 Developing/maintaining hedgerows 160 Creating/maintaining rock piles 161 Developing/maintaining brush or slash piles 162 Developing/maintaining ditchbank vegetation 163 Removal of hedgerows 164 Removal Of stone walls go L) 4. W Z ACTION 170 Plantings (shrubs, grasses, trees, etc.) 171 Planting hardy, drought-resistant plants 172 Plantings (grasses) 173 Plantings (shrubs) 174 Plantings along roadsides 175 Transplanting native vegetation 176 Transplanting nursery grown plants 180 Using flushing devices on mowers 181 Using taste repellents 182 Using odor repellents 183 Using noise or visual repellents 200 Stream bank preservation 201 Stream bank protection - gabion matting or riprap 202 Developing/maintaining streambank/streamside vegetation 203 Removal of streamside vegetation 204 Siltation 205 Controlling sedimentation 206 Providing overstory shade adjacent to waterways to prevent high water temperature 207 Maintaining dry streambeds and/or gullies 208 Planting hedgerows along dry streambeds and/or gullies 209 Creating artificial stream meanders 210 Creating pools in streams 211 Creating riffles in streams 212 Developing/maintaining stream structures 213 Mechanical manipulation of stream bottoms 214 Maintaining/protecting riparian habitat 215 Man caused fluctuations in water level during breeding season 216 Placing artificial islands or rafts in water 217 Creating/maintaining islands within permanent impoundments 218 Maintain and/or create submerged brush and timber in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs 219 Seeding aquatic plants 220 Plantings (aquatic plants) 221 Developing/maintaining suitable salinity 222 Developing/maintaining suitable pH 223 Liming and fertilizing ponds/lakes 224 Controlling vegetation in ponds and waterways 225 Nutrient and bacteria loading of streams 91 z ACTION 300 Developing/maintaining/protecting freshwater wetlands 301 Developing/maintaining/protecting brackish wetlands 302 Draining/excavating wetlands, including marshes with vegetatior 303 Draining/excavating ponds and lakes 304 Subsurface land drainage 400 Dredging 401 Deposition of fill 402 Channelization 403 Channel Realignments 404 Channel deepening 405 Channel widening 406 Channel lining 407 Creation of concrete channel 408 Clearing/snagging 420 Navigational improvements (i.e., dams and locks) 421 Constructing/maintaining piers 422 Constructing/maintaining moring piles, dolphins and buoys 423 Constructing/maintaining bulkheads, seawalls and dikes* 424 Constructing/maintaining jetties, groins and breakwaters 425 Dry dam construction for flood control 426 Impoundment of waterways (flood control, recreation, etc.) 427 Development of shallow water impoundments 428 Increase in deep water habitats 429 Developing fishways 430 Establishment of elevated floodways 431 Maintain constant water pool level 432 Water levels seasonally fluctuating in reservoirs 433 Entrainment/impingement from water intakes 92 ACTION 500 Even age timber management 501 Uneven age timber management 502 Timber harvest 503 Maintain mature hardwood forests 504 Maintain overmature hardwood and coniferous forests 505 Regeneration cuts (i.e., clearcut, selection, seed tree, shelterwood, etc.) 506 Timber harvesting - clearcutting 507 Timber harvesting - selection cuts 508 Timber harvesting - shelterwood cuts 509 Timber harvesting - seed tree cuts 510 Timber stand improvement (thinning, release cuttings, pruning) 511 Converting woodland to open land 512 Clearing/controlling understory vegetation in woodlots and forests 513 Developing/maintaining forest openings 514 Reforestation - Deciduous 515 Reforestation - Coniferous 516 Reforestation - Mixed deciduous/coniferous 517 Prescribed burning in forest habitat 518 Forest fire suppression 519 Cut-and-bend 'or hinge-cutting trees 520 Locating/constructing access/haul roads in forested habitat 521 Maintain haul roads/access roa.ds in forested areas 522 Daylight cutting along roads 523 "Vista" cutting along roads and trails to open up views 600 Surface mining 601 Underground mining/deep mining 602 Dozer basin and gouging methods Of surface manipulation 603 Deep chizelng 604 Creating small depressions or furrows to incr ease water filtration 605 Stabilizing highwalls 606 Contouring to create water holes, knolls, gentle slopes and windbreaks 93 0-4 U j ACTION 700 Intensive agricultural practices 701 Clean farming (complete removal of residue) 702 Conventional tillage agriculture 703 Strip cropping 704 Minimum tillage agriculture (strip tillage) 705 Non-inver3ion tillage (deep offset disk, disk plow, chizel plow, disk harrow, spring tooth cultivator) 706 No-till farming 707 Retaining crop residue (over winter) 708 Grazing 709 Delayed grazing pastures/fields until late June or July 710 Fencing out cattle, sheep, horses, or other livestock 711 Overgrazing by livestock 712 Drainage land grading (reshaping land surface to drain soil) 713 Farm pond development 714 Farm pond removal 715 Irrigating 716 Irrigating - drip or trickle 717 Irrigating - sprinkler 718 Development/maintenance of grassed waterways 800 Site preparation for revegetation 801 Planting preparatory crops (cover and green manure crop) 802 Mowing of preparatory crop before seeding 803 Planting seed 804 Planting seed - broadcasting 805 Planting seed - drilling 806 Application of herbicides 807 Application of insecticides 808 Application of pesticides 809 Application of fertilizers 810 Mulching 811 Mulching - organic 812 Mulching - inorganic 813 Mulching - frabic or mats 814 Mulching - manure or sludge 815 Mulching - straw or hay 816 Mulching - native grasses 817 Mulching - wood residues 818 Mulching - asphalt 819 Mulching - resin or latex emulsion 94 z W ACTION goo Intensive recreational development 901 Rights-of-way management.for wildlife 902 Creation of suburban residential areas 903 Industrial pollution 904 Locating/constructing powerlines and other rights-of-way 905 Controlling pollution (thermal, chemical, physical) 906 Controlling refuse disposal (landfills) 950 Specimen collection 951 Egg collection 95 14 .X APPENDIX C Updated Species Profile Kingfisher, Belted (Megaceryle alcyon) 4#@ <SPP-CODE> 0400114 <CATEGORY> BIRD <COM-NAME> KINGFISHER, BELTED <SCI-NAME> CERYLE ALCYON <TAX-PHYLUM> CHORDATA <TAX-SBPHYLUM> VERTEBRATA <TAX-CLASS) AVES . <TAX-SUBCLASS> NEORNITHES <TAX-ORDER> CORACIIFORMS <TAX-SUBORGER> ALCEDINES <TAX-SUPERFAM> ALCEDINOIDEA <TAX-FAMILY> ALCEDINIDAE <TAX-SBFAMILY> CERYLINAE <TAX-TRIBE> <TAX-GENUS) CERYLE <TAX-SUBGENUS> <TAX-SPECIES> ALCYON <TAX-SUBSPIC> ALCYON <TAX-AUTHOR> LINNALUS <SPP-STATUS> MIGRATORY,NON-CONSUMP-REC, INDICATOR <RES-STATUS> RES-YR <HABITAT> TERRESTRIAL,RIPARIAN <TROPHIC> CARNIVORE <TERRITORY> BREEDING/FEEDING/NESTING TERRITORY <TERR-SIZE> 2O-100 ACRES <HOME-RANGE> >lO0 ACRES <DISPERSION> CLUMPED <PERIODICITY> ACTIVE IN DAY <FORAG-STRAT> HOVERING, HAWKING, POUNCING <MATING> MONOGAMY <PAIR-BOND> ONE SEASON ONLY <DISPLAY-SITE> AIR <PREG-INCUBAT> 3-4 WEEKS <AVE-YOUNG> 5-7 <REPROD-YR> 1 <DEVEL-YOUNG> ALTRICIAL <PARENT-CARE> BOTH PARENTS <POP-TREND> STABLE <POP-FUTURE> <HEP> DRAFT-HEP <ENTERED> 86/04/23 <UPDATED> <EXPANDI> <EXPANDZ> <EXPAND3> <EXPAND4> <EXPAND5> <COM-SYNONYMS> KINGFISHER; KINGFISHER, EASTERN BELTED <SCI-SYNONMS> CECRYLE ALCYON ALCYON,STREPTOCERYLE ALCYON ALCYON, MEGACER ILE ALCYON ALCYON <OCCUR-COUNTY> ADAMS, ALLEGHENY, ARMSTRONG,BEAVER,BEDF0RD, BERKS,BLAIR,BRADFORD,BUCKS, BUTLER, CAMBRIA, CAMERON,CARBON,CENTRE,CHESTER,CLARION,CLEARFIELD, CLINTON, COLUMBIA, CRAWFORD,CUMBERLAND, DAUPHIN,DELAWARE,ELK,ERIE, FAYETTE,FOREST,FRANKLIN, FULTON, GREENE, HUNTINGDON, INDIANA, JEFFERSON, JUNIATA, LACKAWANNA, LANCASTER, LAWRENCE,LEBANON,LEHIGH,LUZERNE, LYCOMING, MCKEAN,MERCER,MIFFLIN,MONROE, MONTGOMERY,M0NTOUR, NORTHAMPTON, NORTHUMBERLAND, PEPRY, PHILADELPHIA,PIKE,POTTER,SCHUYLKILL,SNYDER, SOMERSET, SULLIVAN,SUSQUEHANNA, TIOGA, UNION,VENANGO,WARREN,WASHINGTON, WAYNE, WESTMORELAND,WYOMING,YORK <AES-COUNTY> <UNK-COUNTY> <SEA-OCCUR> ADAMS:SBFW,ALLLGHENY:SBF.,ARMSTRONG:SBF.,BEAVER:SBFW,BEDFORD:SBFW, BERKS:SBFW,BLAIR:SBF.,BRADFORD:SBF.,BUCKS:SBFW,BUTLER:SBFW, CAMBRIA:SBF.,CAMERON:SBF.,CARBON:SBFW,CENTRE:SBF.,CHESTER:SBFW, CLARION:SBF.,CLEARFIELD:SBF.,CLINTON:SBF.,COLUMBIA:SBFW, CRAWFORD:SBF.,CUMBERLAND:SBF.,DAUPHIN:SBFW,DELAWARE:SBFW,ELK:SBF., ERIE:SBFW,FAYETTE:SBF.,FOREST:SBFW,FRANKLIN:SBFW,FULTON:SBFW, GREENE:SBF.,HUNTINGDON:SBFW,INDIANA:SBF.,JEFFERSON:SBF.,JUNIATA:SBFW, LACKAWANNA:SBFW,LANCASTER:SBFW,LAWRENCE:SBFW,LEBANON:SBFW,LEHIGH:SBFW, LUZERNE:SBFW,LYCOMING:SBFW,MCKEEAN:SBF.,MERCER:SBFW,MIFFLIN:SBFW, MONROE:SBFW,MONTGOMERY:SBFW,MONTOUR:SBFW,NORTHAMPTON:SBFW, NORTHUMBERLAND:SBFW,PERRY:SBFW,PHILADELPHIA:SBFW,PIKE:SBFW, POTTER:SBF.,SCHUYLRILL:SBFW,SNYDER:SBFW,SOMERSET:SBF., SULLIVAN:SBFW,SUSQUEHANNA:SBFW,TIOGA:SBF.,UNION:SBFW,VENANGO:SBFW, WARREN:SBFW,WASHINGTON:SBFW,WAYNE:SBFW,WESTMORELAND:SBF., WYOMING:SBFW,YORK:SBFW <ABUNO-CTY> ADAMS:U,ALLEGHENT:X,ARMSTRONG:U,BEAVER:U,BEDFORD:U,BERKS:U,BLAIR:U, BRADFORD:A,BUCKS:C,BUTLER:C,CAMBRIA:X,CAMERON:X,CARBON:U,CENTER:U, CHESTER:U,CLARION:U,CLEARFIELD:X,CLINTON:A,COLUMBIA:X,CRAWFORD:C, CUMBERLAND:C,DAUPHIN:U,DELAWARE:X,ELK:U,ERIE:C,FAYETTE:U,FOREST:U, FRANKLIN:X,FULTON:U,GREENE:A,HUNTINGDON:U,INDIANA:U,JEFFERSON:X, JUNIATA:U,LACKAWANNA:X,LANCASTER:C,LAWRENCE:U,LEBANN:C,LEHIGH:C, LUZERNE:U,LYCOMING:C,MCKEAN:C,MERCER:U,MIFFLIN:U,MONROE:U, MONTGOMERY:U,mONTOUR:C,nORTHAMPTON:U,NOTHRUMBERLAND:X,PERRY:X, PHILADELPHIA:X, PIKE:A,POTTER:U,SCHUYLKILL:U,SNYDER:U,SOMERSET:U, SULLIVAN:U, SUSQUEHANNA:C,TIOGA:C, UNION:X,VENANGO:X,WARREN:U, WASHINGTON:A,WAYNE:C,WESTMORELAND:U,WYOMING:A,YORK:C <HYDRO-NAME> UPPER DELAWRE:UPPER DELAWARE, UPPER DELAWARE:LACKAWAXEN, UPPER DELAWARE:MIDDLE DELAWARE/MONGAUP/BROODHEAD, UPPER DELAWARE,MIDDLE DELAWARE,MUSCONETCONG, UPPER DELAWARE:LEHIGH, LOWER DELWARE:CROSSWICKS-NESHAMINY, LOWER DELAWRE:LOWER DELWARE LOWER DELAWARD:SCHUYLKILL, LOWER DELAWARE:BRANDYWINE-CHRISTINA, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER SUSQUEHANNA, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:OWEGO-WAPPASENING, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:TIOGA, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:CHEMUNG, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER SUSQUEHANNA-TUNKHANNOCK, UPPER SUSQUAHANNA:UPPER SUSQUEHANNA-LACKAWANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:SINNEMAHONGIN, WEST BRANDH SUSQUEHANNA:MIDDLE WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:BALD EAGLE, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:PINE, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA-PENNS, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER JUNIATA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:RAYSTOWN, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER JUNIATA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA-SWATARA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA, UPPER CHESAPEAKE:CHESTER-SASSAFRAS, UPPER CHESAPEAKE:GUMPOWDER-PATAPSCO, 02050301,02050302,02050303,02050304,02050305,02050306,02060002, 02060003,02070002,02070003,02070004,02070009,04110003,04120101, 04130002,05010001,05010002,05010003,05010004,05010005,05010006, 05010007,05030102,05030103,05030104,05030105,05030106 <ECOREG-NAME> NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOP IS ON UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON LOWLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLE SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION; MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. BEECH-MAPLE FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; BEECH-MAPLE FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, MORE THAN 80% GENTLY SLOPING, 0-100 FT. ELEVATION; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, MORE THAN 80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLOAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOP IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, LESS THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, LESS THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION; SOUTHERN MIXED FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT, <ECOREG-CODE> 2113B2B,2113B3C,2113C4C,2113C4D,2113C5A,2113C5C,2113D5D,2211C4C, 2211C5C,2211D4D,2212B2B,2212B3C,2214A1D,2214A2B,2214B2C,2214B3B, 2214B3C,2214B4A,2214C4C,2214C4D,2214C5A,2214C5C,2214D4D,2214D5C, 2320B3C <PNV> BEECH-MAPLE,MIXED MESOPHYTIC, APPALACHIAN OAK, NORTHERN HARDWOODS, 0AK- HICKORY- PINE <QUAD-NAME> NEWARK WEST, BAY VIEW, WOODBURY, BRIDGEPORT, MARCUS, HOOK, WILMINGTON NORTH, KENNETT SQUARE, WEST GROVE, OXFORD, CAMDEN, PHILADELPHIA, LANSDOWNE, MEDIA, WEST CHESTER, UNIONVILLE, COATESVILLE, PARKESBURG, RISING SUN. CONOWINGO DAN, DELTA, FAWN GROVE, MORRISVILLE, NEW FREEDOM, LINEBORO, MANCHESTER, KIRKWOOD, WAKEFIELD, HOLTWOOD, AIRVILLE, STEWARTSTOWN, GLEN ROCK, SEVEN VALLEYS, HANOVER, GAP, QUARRYVILLE, CONESTOGA, SAFE HARBOR, REC LION, YORK, WEST YORK, ABBOTTSTOWN, LITTLESTOWN, TANEYTOWN, EMMITSBURG, BLUE RIDGE SUMMIT, SMITHSBURG, HAGERSTOWN, MASON DIXON, CLEAR SPRING, MC SHERRYSTOWN, GETTYSBURG, FAIRFIELD, IRON SPRINGS, WAYNESBORG, GREENCASTLE, WILLIAMSON, MERCERSBERG, HAMPTON, BIGLERVILLE, ARDENTSVILLE, CALEDONIA PARK, SCOTLAND, CHAMBERSBURG, ST THOMAS, NC CONNELSBURG, CHERRY RUN, HANCOCK (WV), BELLEGROVE, ARTEMAS, FLINTSTONE, EVITTS CREEK, CUMBERLAND, FROSTBURG, BIG COVE TANNERY, NEEDMORE, AMARANTH, CHANEYSVILLE, BEANS COVE, HYNDMAN, FAIRHOPE, WITTENBERG, MEADOW GROUNDS, BREEZEWOOD, MENCH, CLEARVILLE, RAINSBURG, BUFFALO MILLS, NEW BALTIMORE, BERLIN, AVILTON, GRANTSVILLE, ACCIDENT, FRIENDSVILLE (MD), BRANDONVILLE, BRUCETON MILLS, LAKE LYNN, MORGANTOWN NORTH, MEYERSDALE, MARKLETON, CONFLUENCE, OHIOPYLE, FT NECESSITY, BROWNFIELD, SMITHFIELD, MASONTOWN, MURDOCK, ROCKWOOD, KINGWOOD, MILL RUN, SOUTH CONNELLSVILLE, UNIONTOWN, NEW SALEM, CARMICHAELS, OSAGE, BLACKSVILLE, MADESTOWN, HUNDRED, LITTLETOWN, GARARDS FORT, OAK FOREST, HOLBROOK, NEW FREEPORT, CAMERON (WV), MATHER, WAYNESBURG, ROGERSVILLE, WIND RIDGE, MAJORSVILLE, BRISTOL, BEVERLY, TRENTON EAST, TRENTON WEST, LANGHORNE, PENNINGTON, LAMBERTVILLE, STOCKTON, FRANKFORD, GERMANTOWN, NORRISTOWN, VALLEY FORGE, MALVERN, DOWNINGTON, WAGONTOWN, HONEY BROOK, HATBORO, AMBLER, LANSDALE, COLLEGEVILLE, PHOENIXVILLE, POTTSTOWN, ELVERSON, MORGANTOWN, BUCKINGHAM, DOYLESTOWN, TELFORD, PERKIOMENVILLE, SASSAMANSVILLE, BOYERTOWN, BIRDSBORO, READING, LUMBERVILLE, BEDMINSTER, QUAKERTOWN, MILFORD SQUARE, EAST GREENVILLE, MANATAWNY, FLEETWOOD, TEMPLE, FRENCHTOWN, RIEGELSVILLE, HELLERTOWN, ALLENTOWN EAST, ALLENTOWN WEST, TOPTON, KUTZTOWN, HAMBURG, EASTON, NAZARETH, CATASAUNUA, CEMENTON, SLATEDALE, NEW TRIPOLI, NEW RINGGOLD, BELVIDERE, BANGOR, WIND GAP, KUNKLETOWN, PALMERTON, LEHIGHTON, NESQUEHONING, TAMAQUA, PORTLAND, STROUDSBURG, SAYLORSBURG, BRODHEADSVILLE, POHOPOCO MTN, CHRISTMAS, WEATHERLY, HAZELTON, NEW HOLLAND, LEOLA, LANCASTER, COLUMBIA EAST, COLUMBIA WEST, YORK HAVEN, DOVER, WELLSVILLE, TERRE HILL, EPHRATA, LITITZ, MANHEIM, ELIZAEETHTOWN, MIDDLETOWN, STEELTON, LEMOYNC, SINKING SPRING,WOMELSDORF, RICHLAND, LEBANON, PALMYRA, HERSHEY, HARRISBURG EAST,HARRISBURG WEST, BERNVILLE, STRAUSSTOWN, BETHEL, FREDRICKSBURG, INDIANTOWN GAP, GRANTVILLE, ENDERS, HALIFAX, AUBURN, FRIEDENSBURG, SWATARA HILL, PINE GROVE, TOWER CITY, LYKENS, ELIZABETHVILLE, MILLERSBURG, ORWIGSBURG, POTTSVILLE, MINERSVILLE, TREMONT, VALLEY VIEW, KLINGERSTOWN, PIKKOW, DALMATIA, DELANO, SHENANDOAH, ASHLAND, MT CARMEL, SHAMOKIN, TREVORTON, SUNBURY, FREEBURG, CONYNGHAM, NURENBERG, SHUMANS, CATAWISSA, DANVILLE, RIVERSIDE, NORTHUMBERLAND, LEWISBURG, DILLSBURG, MOUNT HOLLY SPRINGS, DICKINSON, WALNUT BOTTOM, SHIPPENSBURG, ROXBURY, FANNETTSBURG, BURNT CABINS, MECHANICSBURG, CARLISLE, PLAINFIELD, NEWVILLE, NEWBURG, DOYLESBURG, SHADE GAP, ORBISONIA, WERTZVILLE, SHERMANS DALE, LANDISBURG, ANDERSONBURG, BLAIN, BLAIRS HILLS, AUGHWICK, BUTLER KNOB, DUNCANNON, NEWPORT, ICKESBURG, SPRUCE HILL,MC COYSVILLE, MC VEXTOWN, NEWTON HAMILTON, MOUNT UNION, REWARD, MILLERSTOWN, MEXICO, MIFFLINTOWN, LEWISTOWN, BELLEYVILLE, ALLENSVILLE, DONATION, RICHFIELD, BEAVER SPRINGS, MC CLUR E ALFARATA, BURNHAM, BARRYVILLE, MC ALEVYS FORT, PINE GROVE MILLS, MIDDLEBURG, BEAVERTOWN, WEIKERT, COBURN, SPRING MILLS, CENTRE HALL, STATE COLLEGE,JULIAN, MIFFLINBURG, HARTELTON, WOODWARD, MILLHEIM, MADISONBURG, MINGOVILLE, BELLEFONTE, BEAR KNOB, HUSTONTOWN, WELLS TANNERY, EVERETT EAST, EVERETT WEST, BEDFORD, SCHNELLSBURG, CENTRAL CITY, STOYSTOWN, HOOVERSVILLE, CASSVILLE, ENTRIKEN, MARTINSBURG, ROARING SPRING, BLUE KNOB, BEAVERDALE, GEISTOWN, JOHNSTOWN, HUNTINGTON, WILLIAMSBURG, FRANKSTOWN, HOLLIDAYSBURG, CRESSON, EBENSBURG, NANTY GLO, VINTONDALE, ALEXANDRIA, SPRUCE CREEK, BELLWOOD, ALTOONA, ASHVILLE, CARROLLTOWN, COLVER, STRONGSTOWN, FRANKLINVILLE,TYROME,TIPTON, BLANDBURG, COALPORT, HASTINGS, BARNESBORO, COMMODORE, PORT MATILDA, SANDY RIDGE, HOUTZDALE, RAMEY, IRVONA, WESTOVER, BURNSIDE, ROCHESTER HILLS, BLACK MOSHANNON, PHILIPSBURG, WALLACETON, GLEN RICHEY, CURWENSVILLE, MAHAFFEY, MCGEES HILLS, PUNXSUTAWNEY, SOMERSET, BALERSVILLE, SEVEN SPRINGS, DONEGAL, CONNELLSVILLE, DAWSON, FAYETTE CITY, CALIFORNIA, BOSWELL, LIGOMIER, STAHLSTOWN, MAMMOTH, MT PLEASANT, SMITHTON, DONORA, IONONGAHELA, RACHELWOOD, WILPEN, DERRY, LATROBE, GREENSBURG, IRWIN, MC KEESPORT, GLASSPORT, NEW FLORENCE, BOLIVAR, BLAIRSVILLE, SALTBURG, SLICKVILLE, MURRYSVILLE, BRADDOCK, PITTSBURG EAST, BRUSH VALLEY, INDIANA, MC INTYRE, AVONMORE, VANDERGRIFT, NEW KENSINGTON EAST, NEW KENSINGTON WEST, GLENSHAW, CLYMER, ERNEST, ELDERTON, WHITESBURG, LEECHBURG, FREEPORT, CURTISVILLE, VALENCIA, MARION CENTER, PLUMVILLE, RURAL VALLEY, MOSGROVE, KITTANNING, WORTHINGTON, SAXONBURG, BUTLER, VALIER, DAYTON,DISTANT, TEMPLTON, EAST BRADY, CHICORA, EAST BUTLER, MT CHESTNUT, ELLSWORTH, AMITY, PROSPERITY, CLAYSVILLE, VALLEY GROVE, HACKETT, WASHINGTON EAST, WASHINGTON WEST, WEST MIDDLETOWN, BETHANY, BRIDGEVILLE, CANONSBURG, MIDWAY, AVELLA, STEUBENVILLE EAST, PITTSBURG WEST, OAKDALE, CLINTON, BURGETTSTOWN, WEIRTON, ENSWORTH, AMBRIDGE, ALIQUIPPA, HOOKSTOWN, EAST LIVERPOOL SOUTH, MARS, BADEN, BEAVER, MIDLAND, EAST LIVERPOOK NORTH, EVANS CITY, ZELIENOPLE, BEAVER FALLS, NEW GALILEE, EAST PALESTINE, PROSPECT, PORTERSVILLE, NEW CASTLE SOUTH, BESSEMER, NEW MIDDLETOWN, FLATBROCKVILLLE, CULVERS GAP, LAKE MASKENOZHA, PORT JERVIS SOUTH, MILFORD, EDGEMER, PORT JERVIS NORTH, POND EDDY, SHOHOLA, ELDRED (NY), BUSHKILL, EAST STROUDSBURG, MOUNT POCONO, POCONO PINES, BLAKESLEE, HICKORY RUN, WHITE HAVEN, FREELAND, TWELVEMILE POND, SKYTOP, BUCK HILL FALLS, TOBYHANNA, THORNHURST, PLEASANT VIEW SUMMIT, WILKES- BARRE EAST, WILKES- BARRE WEST, PECKS POND, PROMISED LAND, NEWFOUNDLAND, STERLING, MOSCOW, AVOCA, PITTSTON, KINGSTON, ROWLAND, HAWLEY, LAKEVILLE, LAKE ARIEL, OLYPHANT, SCRANTON, RANSON, CENTER MORELAND, NARROWSBURG, WHITE HILLS, HONESDALE, WAYMART, CARBONDALE, DALTON, FACTORYVILLE, TUNKHANNOCK, DAMASCUS, GALILEE, ALDENVILLE, FOREST CITY, CLIFFORD, LENOXVILLE, HOP BOTTOM, SPRINGVILLE, CALLICOON, LONG EDDY, LAKE COMO, ORSON, THOMPSON, HARFORD, MONTROSE EAST, MONTROSE WEST, HANCOCK, STARRUCCA, SUSQUEHANNA, GREAT BEND, FRANKLIN FORKS, LAUREL LAKE, SYBERTSVILLE, BERWICK, MIFFLINVILLE, BLOOMSBURG, MILLVILLE, WASHINGTONVILLE, MILTON, ALLENWOOD, NANTICOKE, SMICKSHINNY, STILLWATER, BENTON, LAIROSVILLE, HUGHESVILLE, MUNCY, MONTOURSVILLE SOUTH, HARVEYS LAKE, SWEET VALLEY, RED ROCK, ELK GROVE, SONESTOWN, PICTURE ROCKS, HUNTERSVILLE, MONTOURSVILLE NORTH, MOXEN ,DUTCH MTN, LOPEZ, LAPORTE, EAGLES MERE, HILLSGROVE, BARBOURS, BODINES, MESHOPPEN, JENNINGSVILLE, COLLEY, DUSHORE, OVERTON, SHUNK, GROVER, RALSTON, AUBURN CENTER, LACEYVILLE, WYANLUSING, MONROETON, POWELL, LEROY, CANTON, GLEASON, LAWTON, LE RAYSVILLE, ROME, TOWANDA, ULSTER, EAST TROY, TROY, ROSEVILLE, FRIENDSVILLE, LITTLE MEADOWS, WINDHAM, LITCHFIELD, SAYRE, BENTLEY CREEK, GILLETT, MILLERTON, WILLIANSPORT SE, CARROLL, LOGANTON, MILL HALL, BEECH CREEK, HOWARD, SNOW SHOE SE, SNOW SHOE, WILLIAMSPORT, LINDEN, JERSEY SHORE, LOCK HAVEN, FARRANDSVILLE, HOWARD NW, SNOW SHOE NE, SNOW SHOW NW, COGAN STATION, SALLADASBURG, WATERVILLE, JERSEY HILLS, GLEN UNION, RENOVO EAST, RENOVO WEST,KEATING, TROUT RUN, WHITE PINE, ENGLISH CENTER, CAMMAL, SLATE RUN, YOUNG WOMANS CREEK, TAMARACK, HAMMERSLEY FORK, LIBERTY, NAUVOO, MORRIS, CEDAR RUN, LEE FIRE TOWER, OLEONA, SHORT RUN, CONRAD, BLOSSBURG, CHERRY FLATS, ANTRIM, TIADAGHTON, MARSHLANDS, GALETON, CHERRY SPRINGS, AYERS HILL, MANSFIELD, CROOKED CREEK, KEENEYVILLE, ASAPH, SABINSVILLE, WEST PIKE, BROOKLAND, SWEDEN VALLEY, JACKSON SUMMIT, TIOGA, ELKLAND, KNOXVILLE, POTTER BROOK, HARRISON VALLEY, ULYSSES, ELLISBURG, KARTHAUS, FRENCHVILLE, LECONTES HILLS, CLEARFIELD, ELLIOTT PARK, LUTHERSBURG, DU BOIS, REYNOLDSVILLE, POTTERSDALE, DEVILS ELBOW, THE KNOBS, HUNTLEY, PENFIELD, SABULA, FALLS CREEK, HAZEN, SINNEKAHONING, DRIFTWOOD, DENTS RUN, WEEDVILLE,KERSEY, BRANDY CAMP, CARMAN, MUNDERF, FIRST FORK, CAMERON, WEST CREEK, RATHBUN, ST MARYS, RIDGWAY, PORTLAND HILLS, HALLTON, WHARTON, EMPORIUM, RICH VALLEY, WILOWOOD FIRE TOWER, GLEN HAZEL, WILCOX, JAMES CITY, RUSSELL CITY, AUSTIN, KEATING SUMMIT, NORWICH, CROSBY, HAZEL HURST, MT JEWETT, KANE, LUDLOW, COUDERSPORT, ROULETTE, PORT ALLEGHANY, SMETHPORT, CYCLONE, LEWIS RUN, WESTLINE, CORNPLANTER BRIDGE, OSWAYO, SHINGLEHOUSE, BULLIS MILLS, ELDRED, DERRICK CITY, BRADFORD, STICKNEY, CORNPLANTER RUN, COOLSPRING, SUMMERVILLE, NEW BETHLEHEM, SLIGO, RIMBERSBURG, PARKER, HILLIARDS, WEST SUNBURY, BROOKVILLE, CORSICA, STRATTANVILLE, CLARION, KNOX, EMLENTON, EAU CLAIRE, BARKEYVILLE, SIGEL, COOKSBURG, LUCINDA, FRYBURG, KOSSUTH CRANBERRY, KENNERDELL, POLK, MARIENVILLE EAST, MARIENVILLE WEST, TYLERSBURG, TIONESTA, PRESIDENT, OIL CITY, FRANKLIN,UTICA, LYNCH, MAYBURG, KELLETTVILLE, WEST HICKORY, PLEASANTVILLE, TITUSVILLE SOUTH, DEMPSEYTOWN, SUGAR LAKE, SHEFFIELD, CHERRY GROVE, COBHAM, TIDIOUTE, GRAND VALLEY, TITUSVILLE NORTH,CENTERVILLE, TOWNVILLE,CLARENDON, WARREN, YOUNGSVILLE, PITTSFIELD, SPRING CREEK, SPARTANSBURG, LAKE CANADOHTA, MILLERS STATION, SCANDIA ,RUSSELL, SUGAR GROVE, LOTTSVILLE, COLUMBUS, CORRY, UNION CITY, MATERFORD, SLIPPERY ROCK, HARLANSBURG, NEW CASLE NORTH, EDINBURG, CAMPBELL, GROVE CITY, MERCER, GREENFIELD, SHARON EAST, SHARON WEST, SANDY LAKE, JACKSON CENTER, FREDONIA, SHARPSVILLE, ORANGEVILLE, NEW LEBANON, HADLEY, GREENVILLE, EAST GREENVILLE, WEST GREENVILLE, KINSHAN, COCHRANTON, GENEVA, CONNEAUT LAKE, HARTSTOWN, ANDOVER, BLOOMING VALLEY, MEADVILLE, HARMONSBURG, LINESVILLE, LEON, CAMBRIDGE SPRINGS NE, EDINBORO SOUTH, CONNEAUTVILLE, BEAVER CENTER, PIERMONT, CAMBRIDGE SPRINGS NE, EDINBORO NORTH, ALBION, EAST SPRINGFIELD, CONNEAUT, WAVERLY, WELLSBURG, ELMIRA, SEELEY CREEK, CATON, ALLENTOWN, BOLIVAR (NY), WATTSBURG, HAMMETT, NORTH EAST, HARBORCREEK, ERIE SOUTH, SWANVILLE, FAIRVIEW, FAIRVIEW SW, ERIE NORTH <QUAD-CODE) 4007782 4007783 4007784 4007785 4007786 4007787 4007788 4007811 4007812 4007813 4007814 4007815 4007816 4007817 4007818 4007821 4007822 4007823 4007824 4007825 4007826 4007827 4007828 4007831 4007832 4007833 4007834 4007835 4007836 4007837 4007838 4007841 4007842 4007843 4007844 4007845 4007846 4007847 4007848 4007851 4007852 4007853 4007854 4007855 4007856 4007857 4007858 4007861 4007862 4007863 4007864 4007865 4007866 4007867 4007868 4007871 4007872 4007873 4007874 4007875 4007876 4007877 4007878 4007881 4007882 4007883 4007884 4007885 4007686 4007887 4007888 4007911 4007912 4007913 4007914 4007915 4007916 4007917 4007918 4007921 4007922 4007923 4007924 4007925 4007926 4007927 4007928 4007931 4007932 4007933 4007934 4007935 4007936 4007937 4007638 4007941 4007942 4007943 4007944 4007945 4007946 4007947 4007948 4007951 4007952 4007953 4007954 4007955 4007956 4007957 4007958 4007961 4007962 4007963 4007964 4007965 4007966 4007967 4007968 4007971 4007972 4007973 4007974 4007975 4007976 4007977 4007978 4007981 4007982 4007983 4007984 4007985 4007986 4007987 4007988 4008011 4008012 4008013 4008014 4008015 4008021 4008022 4008023 4008024 4008025 4008031 4008032 4008033 4008034 4008035 4008041 4008042 4008043 4008044 4008045 4008051 4008052 4008053 4008054 4008055 4008061 4008062 4008063 4008064 4008065 4008071 4008072 4008073 4008074 4008075 4008081 4008082 4008083 4008084 4008085 4007416 4107427 4107428 4107436 4107437 4107438 4107446 4107447 4107448 4107458 4107511 4107512 4107513 4107514 4107515 4107516 4107517 4107518 4107521 4107522 4107523 4107524 4107525 4107526 4107527 4107528 4107531 4107532 4107533 4107534 4107535 4107536 4107537 4107538 4107541 4107542 4107453 4107544 4107545 4107546 4107547 4107548 4107551 4107552 4107553 4107554 4107555 4107556 4107557 4107558 4107561 4107562 4107563 4107564 4107565 4107566 4107567 4107568 4107571 4107572 4107573 4107574 4107575 4107576 4107577 4107578 4107583 4107584 4107585 4107586 4107587 4107588 4107611 4107612 4107613 4107614 4107615 4107616 4107617 4107618 4107621 4107622 4107623 4107624 4107625 4107626 4107627 4107628 4107631 4107632 4107633 4107634 4107535 4107636 4107637 4107638 4107641 4107642 4107643 4107644 4107645 4107646 4107647 4107648 4107651 4107652 4107653 4107654 4107655 4107656 4107657 4107658 4107661 4107662 4107663 4107664 4107665 4107666 4107667 4107668 4107671 4107672 4107673 4107674 4107675 4107676 4107677 4107678 4107681 4107682 4107683 4107684 4107685 4107686 4107687 4107688 4107711 4107712 4107713 4107714 4107715 4107716 4107717 4107718 4107721 4107722 4107723 4107724 4107725 4107726 4107727 4107728 4107731 4107732 4107733 4107734 4107735 4107736 4107737 4107738 4107741 4107742 4107743 4107744 4107745 4107746 4107747 4107748 4107751 4107752 4107753 4107754 7107755 4107756 4107757 4107758 4107761 4107762 4107763 4107764 4107765 4107766 4107767 4107768 4107771 4107772 4107773 4107774 4107775 4107776 4107777 4107778 4107781 4107782 4107783 4107784 4107785 4107766 4107787 4107788 4107811 4107812 4107813 4107814 4107815 4107816 4107817 4107818 4107821 4107822 4107823 4107824 4107825 4107826 4107827 4107828 4107831 4107832 4107833 4107834 4107835 4107836 4107837 4107838 4107841 4107842 4107843 4107844 4107845 4107846 4107847 4107848 4107851 4107852 4107853 4107854 4107855 4107856 4107857 4107858 4107861 4107862 4107863 4107864 4107865 4107866 4107867 4107868 4107871 4107872 4107873 4107874 4107875 4107876 4107877 4107878 4107881 4107882 4107883 4107884 4107885 4107886 4107887 4107888 4107911 4107912 4107913 4107914 4107915 4107916 4107917 4107918 4107921 4107922 4107923 4107924 4107925 4107926 4107927 4107928 4107931 4107932 4107933 4107934 4107935 4107936 4107937 4107938 4107941 4107942 4107943 4107944 4107945 4107946 4107947 4107948 4107951 4107952 4107953 4107954 4107955 4107956 4107957 4107958 4107961 4107962 4107963 4107964 4107965 4107966 4107967 4107968 4107971 4107972 4107973 4107974 4107975 4107976 4107977 4107978 4107981 4107982 4107983 4107984 4107985 4107986 4107987 4107988 4108011 4108012,4108013,4108014,4108015,4108021,4108022,4108023,4108024, 4108025,4108031,4108032,4108033,4108034,4108035,4108041,4108042, 4108043,4108044,4108095,4108051,4108052,4108053,4108054,4108055, 4108061,4108062,4108063,4108064,4108065,4108071,4108072,4108073, 4108074,4108075,4107081,4108082,4108083,4108084,4108085,4207615, 4207616,4207617,4207618,4207711,7207811,4207812,4207917,4207918, 4207921,4207922,4208011,4208012,7208013,4208014,4208021 <LATLONG> <LANDUSE-ASOC> AGRIC:CROPLAND-PASTURE, FOREST:DECIDUOUS,FOREST:EVERGREEN,FOREST:MIXED, WATER:STREAMS-CANALS,WATER:LAKES,WATER:RESERVOIRS, WATER:BAYS-ESTUARIES,WETLAND:FORESTED,WETLAND:NONFORESTED, BARREN:STRIP MINES-QUARRIES-GRAVEL PITS <LANDUSE-P EF> WATER:STREANS-CANALS,WATER:LAKES,WATER:RESERVOIRS, WATER:BAYS-ESTUARIES,WETLAND:FORESTED,WETLAND:NONFORESTED, BARREN:STRIP MINES-QUARRIES-GRAVEL PITS <FOREST-TYPE> RED PINE:GRASS/FORB, RED PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED PINE:SAPLING, RED PINE:POLE, RED PINE:MATURE, RED PINE:OLD GROWTH, WHITE PINE:GRASS.FORB, WHITE PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE PINE:SAPLING, WHITE PINE:POLE, WHITE PINE:MATURE, WHITE PINE:OLD GROWTH, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:GRASS/FORB WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:SAPLING, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:POLE, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:MATURE, WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:OLD GROWTH, HEMLOCK:GRASS/FORB, HEMLOCK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, HEMLOCK:SAPLING, HEMLOCK:POLE, HEMLLOCK:MATURE, HEMLCOK:OLD GROWTH, SCOTCH PINE:GRASS/FORB, SCOTCH PINE:SEEDLING;SHRUB, SCOTLH PINE:SAPLING, SCOTCH PINE:POLE, SCOTCH PINE:MATURE, SCOTCH PINE:OLO GROWTH, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:GRASS/FORB, RED SPURCE/BALSAM FIR:SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:SAPLING, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:POLE, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:MATURE, RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:OLD GROWTH, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):GRASS/FORB, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):SEEDLING/SHRUB, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):SAPLING, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):POLE, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):MATURE, TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):GROWTH, WHITE SPRUCE:GRASS/FORB, WHITE SPRUCE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE SPRUCE:SAPLING, WHITL SPRUCE:POLE, WHITE SPRUCE:MATURE WHITE SPRUCE:OLD GROWTH, NORWAY SPRUCE:GRASS/FORB, NORWAY SPRUCE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, NORWAY SPRUCE:SAPLING, NORWAY SPRUCE:POLE, NORWAY SPRUCE:MATURE, NORWAY SPRUCE:OLD GROWTH, LARCH:GRASS/FORB, LARCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, LARCH:SAPLING, LARCH:POLE, LARCH:MATURE, LARCH:OLD GROWTH, VIRGINIA PINE:GRASS/FORB, VIRGINIA PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, VIRGINIA PINE:SAPLING, VIRGINIA PINE:POLE, VIRGINIA PINE:MATURE, VIRGINIA PINE:OLD GROWTH, EASTERN REDCEDAR:GRASS/FORB, EASTERN REDCEDAR:SEEDLING/SHRUB, EASTERN REDCEDAR:SAPLING, EASTERN REDCEDAR:POLE, EASTERN REDCEDAR:MATURE, EASTERN REDCEDAR:OLD GROWTH, PITCH PINE:GRASS/FORB, PITCH PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, PITCH PINE:SAPLING, PITCH PINE:POLE, PITCH PINE:MATURE, PITCH PINE:OLD GROWTH, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:GRASS/FORB, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:SAPLING, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:POLE, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:MATURE, WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:OLD GROWTH, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:GRASS/FORB, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:SEEDLING/SHRUB, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:SAPLING, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:POLE, EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:MATURE, EASTERN REDCEDAR,HARDWOOD:OLD GROWTH, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:GRASS/FORB, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:SAPLING, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:POLE, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:MATURE, VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:OLD GROWTH, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:GRASS/FORB, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:SAPLING, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:POLE, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:MATURE, POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:OLD GROWTH, CHESTNUT OAK:GRASS/FORB, CHESTNUT OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, CHESTNUT OAK:SAPLING, CHESTNUT OAK:POLE, CHESTNUT OAK:MATURE, CHESTNUT OAK:OLD GROWTH, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:GRASS/FORB, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:SAPLING, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:POLE, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:MATURE, WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:OLD GROWTH, WHITE OAK:GRASS/FORB, WNITE OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE OAK:SAPLING, WHITE OAK:POLE, WHITE OAK:MATURE, WHITE OAK:OLD GROWTH, NORTHERN RED OAK:GRASS/FORB, NORTHERN RED OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, NORTHERN RED OAK:SAPLING, NORTHERN RED OAK:POLE, NORTHERN RED OAK:MATURE, NORTHERN RED OAK:OLD GROWTH, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:GRASS/FORB, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE 0AK/NORTHERN RED OAK:SAPLING, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:POLE, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:MATURE, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:OLD GROWTH, BLACK LOCUST:GRASS/FORB, BLACK LOCUST:SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK LOCUST:SAPLING, BLACK LOCUST:POLE, BLACK LOCUST:MATURE, BLACK LOCUST:OLD GROWTH, BLACK WALNUT:GRASS/FORB, BLACK WALNUT:SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK WALNUT:SAPLING, BLACK WALNUT:POLE, BLACK WALNUT:MATURE, BLACK WALNUT:OLD GROWTH, YELLOW POPLAR:GRASS/FORB, YELLOW POPLAR:SEEDLING/SHRUS, YELLOW POPLAR:SAPLING, YELLCW POPLAR:POLE, YELLOW POPLAR:MATURE, YELLOW POPLAR:OLD GROWTH CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:GRASS/FORB, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:SEEDLING/SHRUB, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:SAPLING, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:POLE CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:MATURE, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:OLD GROWTH SCARLET OAK:GRASS/FORS, SCARLET OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB, SCARLET OAK:SAPLING, SCARLET OAK:POLE, SCARLET OAK:MATURE, SCARLET OAK:OLD GROWTH, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:GRASS FORB, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:SEEDLING/SHRUB, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:SAPLING, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:POLE, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:MATURE, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON:OLD GROWTH, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORB, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS: SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:SAPLING, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:POLE, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:MATURE, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORB, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:SEEDLING/SHRUB, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:SAPLING, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:POLE, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:MATURE, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:GRASS/FORB, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:SAPLING, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:POLE, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:MATURE, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE:OLD GROWTH, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:GRASS/FORB, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:SEEDLING/SHRUB, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:SAPLING, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:POLE, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:MATURE, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE:OLD GROWTH, COTTONWOOD:GRASS/FORB, COTTONWOOD:SEEDLING/SHRUB, COTTONWOOD: SAPLING, COTTWOOD: POLE, COTTONWOOD:MATURE, C0TTONWOOD:OLD GROWTH, WILLOW:GRASS/FORB, WILLOW:SEEDLING/SHRUB, WILLOW:SAPLING, WILLOW:POLE, WILLOW:MATURE, WILLOW:OLD GROWTH, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:GRASS/FORB, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH: SAPLING, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:POLE, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:MATURE, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:OLD GROWTH, BLACK CHERRY:GRASS/FORB, BLACK CHERRY:SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK CHERRY:SAPLING, BLACK CHERRY:POLE, BLACK CHERRY:MATURE, BLACK CHERRY:OLD GROWTH, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORB, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SAPLING, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:POLE RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:MATURE RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:GRASS/FORB, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:SEEDLING/SHRUB, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:SAPLING, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:POLE, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:MATURE, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:OLD GROWTH, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORBS, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SEEDLING/SHRUB, MIXED NCRTHERN HARDWOODS:SAPLING, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:POLE, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:MATURE, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, ASPEN:GRASS/FORB, ASPEN:SLEDLING/SHRUB, ASPEN:SAPLING, ASPEN:POLE, ASPEN:MATURE, ASPEN:OLD GROWTH, PAPER BIRCH:GRASS/FORB, PAPER BIRCH: SEEDLING/SHRUB, PAPER BIRCH: SAPLING, PAPER BIRCH: BIRCH:POLE, PAPER BIRCH:MATURE, PAPER BIRCH:OLD GROWTH, GRAY BIRCH:GRASS/FORB, GRAY BIRCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, GRAY BIRCH:SAPLING, GRAY BIRCH,POLE, GRAY BIRCH,MATURE, GRAY BIRCH:OLD GROWTH <FOREST-SIZE> UNSTOCKED,SEEDLING/SAPING,POLE,MATURE,OVER-MATURE <WETLAND-NAME> ESTAURINE, ESTUARINE:SUBTIDAL,ESTUARINE:SUBTIDAL/OPEN WATER, PALUSTRINE,PALUSTRINE:OPEN WATER,LACUSTRINE,LACUSTRINE:LITIORAL, LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/OPEN WATER,RIVERINE,RIVERINE:TIDAL, RIVERINE:TIDAL/OPEN WATER,RIVREINE,LOWER, RIVERINE:LOWER/OPEN WATER,RIVERINE,UPPER, RIVERINE:UPPER/OPEN WATER, RIVERINE:UPPER/UNCONSOLIDATED BOTTOM, RIVERINE:UPPER/UNCONSOLIDATED BOTTOM:COBBLE-GRAVEL, RIVERINE:UPPER/CONSOLIDATED BOTTOM:SAND, RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT,RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT/OPEN WATER <WETLAND-CODE> E----,E1---,E10W0,P----,PO---,POOWO,L----,L2---,L20WO,R----,R1---, R10W0,R2---,R20W0,R3---,R30W0,R300-,R3UB1,R3UB2,R4---,R40W0 <ENVIR-ASSOC> WATER TEMPERATURE:INDIFFERENT TO TEMPERATURES: CURRENT VELOCITY:<.5 FPS:CURRENT VELOCITY:.5-.00 FPS; CURRENT VELOCITY:1.0-1.49 FPS; GRADIENT:LOW;WATER DEPTH:<1 FT.;WATER DEPTH:1-5 FT.; SUBSTRATE TYPE:SAND;SUBSTRATE TYPE;PEBBLE; SUBSTRATE TYPE;GRAVEL;SUBSTRATE TYPE;RUBBLE; SUBSTRATE (%) COVERED:<20%;TURBIDITY:CLEAR WATER; TURBIDITY:GENERALLY CLEAR WATER,BUT PERIODIC CLOUDINESS; TROPHOGENIC ZONES:WELL LIGHTED,UPPER LAYER OF STANDING WATER; AQUATIC VEGETATION DENSITY:LOW; INLAND WETLAND:VEGETATED STREAM BANKS; INLAND WETLAND:BEAVER-DAMMED STREAMS;INLAND WETLAND:FARM PONDS; INLAND WETLAND:ROCKY BOTTOM STREAM;INLAND WETLAND:STREAM RIFFLES; INLAND WETLAND:STREAM POOL AREAS; INLAND WETLAND:MAN-MADE IMPOUNDMENTS;SOIL:CLAY; SOIL=SAND;SOIL:LOAM;SOIL:GRAVEL;SOIL TEXTURE:COARSE; SOIL TEXTURE:MEDIUM; SOIL DRAINAGE:EXCESSIVELY DRAINED [COASE SOIL,VERY POROUS]; SOIL DRAINAGE:WELL DRAINED (MEDIUM TEXTURE SOILS); SOIL CO. PACTION:EASILY PENETRATED;SLOPE:>25%; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BURROWS;TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:STANDING SNAGS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:CLIFFS/LEDGES; ECOTONE:WOODLAND/OPEN WATER;ECOTONE:SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE;CROP FIELD/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE:HERBACEOUS FIELD/OPEN WATER; NEST SITES:CAVITIES IN DEAD TREES;NEST SITES:RIPARIAN BURROW; PERCH SITES:NEAR PERMANENT WATER; PERCH SITES:OVERHANGING PERMANENT WATER; PERCH SITES DISTANCE:<100 FT. HUMAN ASSOCIATION:FARM PONDS <ENVIR-LIM> WATER DEPTH:<1 FT.;WATER DEPTH:1-5 FT.; SUBSTRATE (%) COVERED:<20%; TURBIDITY:CLEAR WATER TURBIDITY:GENERALLY CLEAR WATER, BUT PERIODIC CLOUDINESS; AQUATIC HABITAT ZONATION:OPEN WATER ZONE; AQUATIC VEGETATION DENSITY:LOW;INLAND WETLAND:VEGETATED STREAM BANKS; INLAND WETLAND:MAN-MADE IMPOUNDMENTS;SOIL:CLAY;SOIL:SAND;SOIL:LOAM; SOIL:GRAVEL;SLOPE:>25%;TERRESTRIAL FEATURE:BURROWS; NEST SITES:RIPARIAN BURROW;PERCH SITES:OVERHANGING PERMANENT WATER <ENVIR-LIM-E> <ENVIR-LIM-LF> <ENVIR-LIM-LR> <ENVIR-LIM-P> <ENVIR-LIM-JF> WATER DEPTH:<1 FT.; WATER DEPTH:1-5 FT.; SUBSTRATE (%) COVERED:<20%;TURBIDITY:CLEAR WATER; TURBIDITY:GENERALLY CLEAR WATER, BUT PERIODIC CLOUDINESS; AQUATIC HABITAT ZONATION:OPEN WATER ZONE; AQUATIC VEGETATION DENSITY:LOW; INLAND WETLAND:VEGETATED STREAM BANKS; INLAND WETLAND:MAN-MADE IMPOUNDMENTS; PERCH SITES:OVERHANGING PERMANENT WATER; <ENVIR-LIM-JR> INLAND WETLAND:VEGETATED STREAM BANKS; PERCH SITES:OVERHANGING PERMANENT WATER <ENVIR-LIM-AF> WATER DEPT:<1 FT.;WATER DEPTH:1-5 FT.; SUBSTRATE (%) COVERED:<20%; TURBIDITY:CLEAR WATER; TURBIDITY:GENERALLY CLEAR WATER, BUT PERIODIC CLOUDINESS; AQUATIC HABITAT ZONATION:OPEN WATER ZONE; AQUATIC VEGETATION DENSITY:LOW;INLAND WETLAND:VEGETATED STREAM BANKS; INLAND WETLAND:MAN-MADE IMPOUNDMENTS; SUBSTRATE TYPE:PEBBLE; SUBSTRATE TYPE:GRAVEL;SUBSTRATE TYPE:RUBBLE; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:STANDING SNAGS; PERCH SITES:OVERHANGING PERMANENT WATER <ENVIR-LIM-AR> INLAND WETLAND:VEGETATED STREAM BANKS; PERCH SITES:OVERHANGING PERMANENT WATER <ENVIR-LIM-AB> INLAND WETLAND:VEGETATED STREAM BANKS;SOIL:CLAY;SOIL:SAND;SOIL:LOAM; SOIL:GRAVEL;SLOPE:>25%; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BURROWS; NEST SITES:RIPARIAN BURROW;PERCH SITES:OVERHANGING PERMANENT WATER <FOOD-GEN> HERBACEOUS FRUIT {BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAINS, HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPSULES), INSECTS-ADULT,INSECTS-AQUATIC,CRUSTACEANS,CLAMS,MAMMALS-SMALL, BIRD NESTLINGS,BIRD ADULTS,FISH FRY,FISH ADULTS,REPTILE JUVENILES, REPTILE ADULTS,AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES,AMPHIBIAN ADULTS <FOOD-L> <FOOD-J> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAINS), HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPSULES?,INSECTS-ADULTS, INSECTS-AQUATIC,CRUSTACEANS,CLAMS,MAMMALS-SMALL,BIRD NESTLINGS, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES,AMPHIBIAN ADULTS <FOOD-A> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN), HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPSULES),INSECTS-ADULTS, INSECTS-AQUATIC.CRUSTACEANS,CLAMS,MAMMALS-SMALL,BIRD NESTLINGS, BIRD ADULTS,FISH FRY,FISH ADULTS,REPTILE JUVENILES,REPTILE ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES,AMPHIBIAN ADULTS <FORAG-SITE> GROUND SURFACE,STANDING WATER-LITTORAL ZONE, STANDING WATER-LIMNETIC ZONE,FLOWING WATER-RIFFLES, FLOWING WATER-POOLS <BREED-SEASON> APRIL,MAY,JUNE,JULY <SPAWN-SITE> <NEST-SITE> CAVITY IN DEAD TREE,PRIMARY CAVITY (EXCAVATES ITS OWN), UNDERGROUND BURROW,DIRT BANK <NEST-MATRLS> SAND,GRAVEL,ORGANIC DEBRIS <TREND-CAUSE> <MGMT-BENEFIT> RESTRICITING/REGULATING HUMAN USE OF HABITATS; RESTRICTING/REGULATING HUMAN DISTURBANCE OF POPULATIONS; RESTRICT HUMAN DISTURBANCE DURING BREEDING OR OTHER STRESSFUL PERIODS; CREATING/MAINTAINING SNAGS; RETAIN OR PRODUCE SPECIAL HABITAT FEATURES AS CAVES, LEDGES, ETC.; PROVIDING ARTIFICIAL NESTING/SPAWNING SITES; DEVELOP ARTIFICIAL WATER DEVICES OR CATCHMENTS; DEVELOP ING/MAINTAINING WATER HOLES,PONDS, POTHOLES, ETC.; STREAM BANK PRESERVATION; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING STREAMSIDE/STREAMBANK VEGETATION; REMOVAL OF STREAMSIDE VEGETATION;CONTROLLING SEDIMENTATION; CREATING ARTIFICAL STREAM MEANDERS;CREATING POOLS IN STREAMS; CREATING RIFFLES IN STREAMS;DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING STREAM STRUCTURES; MAINTAINING/PROTECTING RIPARIAN HABITAT; CONTROLLING VEGETATION IN PONDS AND WATERWAYS; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING/PROTECTING FRESHWATER WETLANDS; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING/PROTECTING BRACKISH WETLANDS; IMPOUNDMENT OF WATERWAYS (FLOOD CONTROL, RECREATION, ETC.; DEVELOPMENT OF SHALLOW WATER IMPOUNDMENTS;FARM POND DEVELOPMENT; CONTROLLING POLLUTION (THERMAL,CHEMICAL,PHYSICAL) <MGMT-HARM> STREAM BANK PROTECTION-GABION MATTING OR RIPRAP; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING STREAMBANK/STREAMSIDE VEGETATION; REMOVAL OF STREAMSIDE VEGETATION;SILTATION;SEEDING AQUATIC PLANTS; PLANTINGS (AQUATIC PLANTS);NUTRIENT AND BACTERIA LOADING OF STREAMS; DRAINING/EXCAVATING WETLANDS,INCLUDING MARSHES WITH VEGETATION; DRAINING/EXCAVATING POND AND LAKES;DREDGING;DEPOSTION OF FILL; CHANNELIZATION;CHANNEL DEEPENING;CHANNEL WIDENING;CHANNEL LINING; CREATION OF CONCRETE CHANNEL; NAVIGATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS (I.E. DAMS AND LOCKS); FARM POND REMOVAL;APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES; APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES;APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES; APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS;INTENSIVE RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT; INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION;SPECIMEN COLLECTION;EGG COLLECTION <N-TAXONOMY> THERE ARE 86 SPECIES IN THE KINGFISHER FAMILY (FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE). MEMBERS OF THIS FAMILY ARE FOUND THROUGHOUT MOST OF THE WORLD,BUT ONLY THE BELTED KINGFISHER (CERYLE ALCYON ALCYON) OCCURS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, INCLUDING PENNSYLVANIA *02:315,04:162*. ANOTHER SUBSPECIES, THE WESTERN BELTED KINGFISHER (C.A. CAURINA) OCCURS ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, AND IS SIMILAR IN APPEARANCE BUT GENERALLY LARGER IN SIZE *15:129*. THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE YIELDED NO INFORMATION REGARDING THE LOCATION OF THE TYPE SPECIMEN. HOWEVER, PETERSON *22:186* PROVIDES A SUITABLE FIELD DESCRIPTION AND PAINTING OF THE BELTED KINGFISHER. THE BELTED KINGFISHER IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE KINGFISHER OR EASTERN BELTED KINGFISHER *02:313,02:315,03:72,04:162*. SCIENTIFIC SYNONYMS INCLUDE ALCYON ALCYON *03:71* AND STREPTOCERYLE ALCYON ALCYON *02:315*. <N-SPP-STATUS> THE BELTED KINGFISHER MAY NOT BE AS COMMON LOCALLY AS IN FORMER TIMES, BUT IT IS IN NO SPECIAL DANGER OF EXTERMINATION *02:313*. THUS, IT IS NOT LISTED ON EITHER FEDERAL OR PENNSYLVANIA LISTS OF EN- DANGERED, THREATENED OR SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN; IT IS PRO- TECTED UNDER THE MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT *13*. THE BELTED KINGFISHER IS CONSIDERED A NON-CONSUMPTIVE RECREA- TIONAL SPECIES (FOR BIRD WATCHERS, NATURE PHOTOGRAPHERS, ETC.) ALSO, BECAUSE IT IS SO DEPENDENT UPON AQUATIC ANIMAL LIFE FOR FOOD, IT CAN ALSO BE CONSIDERED AN INDICATOR SPECIES FOR THE QUALITY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS WITH WHICH IT ASSOCIATES *02:313*. <N-DISTRIB> THE BELTED KINGFISHER IS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN MOST PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA AS FAR NORTH AS THE BARREN GROUNDS *02:313,03:72,04:162,05:118 22:186*, AND IT IS GENERALLY FOUND WITHIN ITS RANGE WHEREVER THERE ARE AREAS OF SUITABLE OPEN WATER *38*. THE KINGFISHER BREEDS THROUGHOUT PENNSYLVANIA, AND ALSO OCCURS AS A NON-BREEDING TRANSIENT (SPRING/ FALL MIGRANT) ACROSS THE COMMONWEALTH *03:72,06:270,23*. iT OCCURS OCCASIONALLY AS A WINTERING BIRD IN MANY PARTS OF THE STATE, PARTIC- ULARLY THE NW AND SE *22:340*. (NOTE: WINTER OCCURRENCE OF KING- FISHERS BY COUNTY IN THE KEY WORD CHECKLIST ROUGHLY FOLLOWS PETERSON'S WINTER RANGE MAP *22:340,MAP 205*.) THE KINGFISHER IS CONSIDERED A "REGULAR SPRING MIGRANT" DURING THE MONTHS OF MARCH AND APRIL, AND A "REGULAR FALL MIGRANT" IN SEP- TEMBER AND OCTOBER *01:5,02:313,03:72*. HOWEVER, IT MAY ARRIVE AS EARLY AS FEBRUARY AND DEPART IN DECEMBER *04:163*, GENERALLY ARRIVING AS SOON AS THE ICE MELTS IN SPRING AND LEAVING WHEN THE WATER FREEZES *02:314,17*. THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE SHOWS THE KINGFISHER HAS BEEN RECORDED DURING THE BREEDING SEASON FRO ALL PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES EXCEPT NORTHUMBERLAND AND PERRY COUNTIES *01:5,02:315,06:270,07,23*,: BUT, BECAUSE THESE TWO COUNTIES WOULD HAVE SUITABLE BREEDING HABITAT, AND BECAUSE THE SURROUNDING COUNTIES HAVE "BREEDING" KINGFISHERS, BOTH NORTHUMBERLAND AND PERRY COUNTIES SHOULD HAVE BREEDING KINGFISHERS AS WELL *00*. DATA FROM THE BREEDING BIRD SURVEYS (GBS) CONDUCTED FROM 1966-77 SUGGEST THAT KINGFISHERS ARE RELATIVELY LESS ABUNDANT IN PENNSYL- VANIA (0.570 MEAN KINGFISHERS PER BREEDING SURVEY ROUTE) AS COMPARED TO THE ENTIRE EASTERN U.S. (0.629 MEAN KINGFISHERS PER BREEDING SURVEY ROUTE *06:9*. IT WAS NOT INDICATED WHETHER THIS DIFFERENCE IS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF KINGFISHERS FOR MOST PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES WAS OBTAINED FROM BBS DATA. THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THESE COUNTIES, WITH THE VALUES IN PARENTHESES REPRESENTING MEAN NUMBER OF KINGFISHERS PER 500 BBS STOPS *06:270*: ADAMS (1); ARMSTRONG (2); BEAVER (2); BEDFORD (5); BERKS (5); BLAIR (4); BRADFORD (22);BUCKS (6); BUTLER (6); CARBON (1); CENTRE (4); CHESTER (4); CLAIRON (3); CLINTON (13); CRAWFORD (6); CUMBERLAND (6); DAUPHIN (4); ELK (4); ERIE (6); FAYETTE (4); FOREST (1); FULTON (3); GREENE (20); HUNTINGDON (4); INDIANA (1); JUNIATA (5); LANCASTER (); LAWRENCE (2); LEBANON (6); LEHIGH (8); LUZERNE (3); LYCOMING (11); MCKEAN (6);MERCER (5); MIFFLIN (3); MONROE (4); MONTGOMERY (1); MONTOUR (7); NORTHAMPTON (4); PIKE (13); POTTER (4); SCHUYLKILL (3); SNYDER (4); SOMERSET (3); SULLIVAN (5); SUSQUEHANNA (6); TIOGA (6); WARREN 95); WASHINGTON (19); WAYNE (8); WESTMORELAND (4); WYOMING (17); YORK (6). THE MEAN NUMBER OF KINGFISHERS PER 500 BBS STOPS RANGES FROM 1-22. FOR PURPOSES OF INDICATING RELATIVE ABUNDANCE ON THE CHECKLIST, THE COMPILER ARBITRARILY DECIDED THAT VALUES OF 1-5, 6-12, AND 13-22 WOULD REFLECT LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH ABUNDANCE, RESPECTIVELY. <N-HABITAT> ALL AMERICAN KINGFISHERS, INCLUDING THE BELTED KINGFISHER, GENERALLY LIVE NEAR WATER #02:313*.INCLUDING THE BELTED KINGFISHER UTILIZIES BOTH TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC HABITATS *06:270*, IT WOULD BE CONSIDERED A RIPARIAN SPECIES. IT USUALLY IS FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH ANY OPEN BOYD OF WATER, STILL OR FLOWING, WHERE SHALL FISH ARE ABUNDANT AND AVAILABLE *20:IV-I*24*. AQUATIC HABITATS USED BY KINGFISHERS INCLUDE RIVERS, STREAMS, CREEKS, PONDS, LAKES, FISH HATCHERIES, BAYS, COASTA AND ESTUARIES *03:71,04:162,08,15:III, 22:186*. PREFERRED AQUATIC HABITATS INCLUDE RELATIVELY OPEN LOW- LAND STREAMS AND OTHER BODIES OF WATER FRINGED WITH TREES AND SHRUBBERY *02:315,21:5-74*. THEY TEND TO AVOID SMALL WATERCOURSES FLOWING THROUGH DENSE WOODLAND, AND MOUNTAIN STREAMS IN GENERAL, BUT WILL SOMETIMES ASCEND THESE WHEN THEY HAPPEN TO FURNISH AN ABUNDANT FOOD SUPPLY *02:315*. REGARDING LAND USE/LAND COVER TYPES, THE BELTED KINGFISHER IS ASSOICATED IWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND (CROPLAND AND PASTURE), FOREST LAND (DECIDUCUS, EVERGREEN AND MIXED), WATER (SREAMS AND CANALS, LAKES, RESERVOIRS, BAY AND ESTUARIES), WETLANDS (FORESTED AND NONFORESTED), AND BARREN ALND (GRAVEL PITS), WHILE PREFERRING THE WATER AND WETLAND TYPES #15,16,18,19,25*. THE KINGFISHER IS NOT DIRECTLY TIED TO ANY PARTICULAR FOREST COVER TYPE OR SIZE CLASS *25*; THUS, IT IS ASSUMED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH ALL FOREST TYPES FOUND WITHIN PENNSYLVANIA *00*. HOWEVER, IN THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S. OPTIMAL FOREST HABITAT IS ELM-ASH-COTTON WOOD SAWTIMBER; SUBOPTIMAL FOREST HABITAT IS OAK-GUM-CYPRESS POLL- TIBMER AND SAPLING: AND, MARGINAL FOREST HABITAT IS WHITE PINE- HEMLOCK, POND PINE, SPRUCE PINE, AND OAK-HICKORY POLETIME *24:251*. IT HAS ALSO BEEN RECORDED ASSOCIATING WITH RIVER BIRCH-SYCAMORE, SILVER MAPLE-AMERICAN ELM, COTTONWOOD, SUGARBERRY-AMERICAN ELM-GREEN ASH, SYCAMORE-SWEETGUM, AMERIAN ELM, BLACK WILLOW *25*, MATURE PINE, SPRUCE AND MAPLE AND OAK FORESTS *31:354*. MANY KINDS OF WETLANDS ARE USED BY KINGFISHERS. THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALL OF THE WETLAND STYSTEMS. MORE SPECIFICALLY, THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPEN WATER WETLANDS OF: SUBTIDAL ESTU- ARINE*08,15:111*; PALUSTRINE *15,16,18,19,25*: LITTORAL LACUSTRINE *15,16,18,19,25*: LOWER PERENNIAL RIVERINE *15,16,18,19,25*; UPPER TIDAL AND INTERMITTENT RIVERINE *15,16,18,19,25*. KINGFISHERS TOLERATE A WIDE RANGE OF AIR AND WATER TEMPERATURE AS EVIDENCED BY THEIR WIDESPREAD GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. HOWEVER, THEY ARE HARD PRESSED FOR FOOD WHEN STREAMS AND OTHER WATER FREEZES OVER, INTERFERRING WITH AND LIMITING THEIR FISHING *02:313,17*. NESTING KINGFISHERS STRONGLY PREFER VERTICAL CLAY, SAND, LOAMY, OR GRAVEL BANKS NEAR OPEN WATER *02:315,11l108,25*. SOIL CONSIS- TENCY IS IMPORTANT IN WEST CONSTRUCTION, AND SANDY-CLAY SOILS ARE PREFERRED AND ROCKY SOILS ARE AVOIDED *16*. LOW BANKS WITH DENSE VEGETATION ARE UNSUITABLE AS NESTING HABITAT *16*. THE AVAILABILITY OF SUITABLE NESTING HABITAT HAS BEEN KNON TO LIMIT KINGFISHER POPU- LATIONS *18,29:835*. ON A FEW OCCASIONS, KINGFISHERS HAVE BEEN OB- SERVED NESTING IN HOLES IN DEAD TREES OR STUBS OVER WATER *15:114*. PERCHES (E.G., LEAFLESS BRANCHES OR SNAGS) ARE USUALLY FOUND WITHIN 100 FEET OF NESTS *16*. FEEDING ADULT AND JUVENILE KINGFISHERS GENERALLY REQUIRE OPEN WATER & THEY WILL TOLERATE SOME SPARSE AQUATIC VEGETATION, WITH LOW TRUBIDITY, AND AN ABUNDANT AND AVAILABLE SUPPLY OF FISH FOR FOOD *02:315,19,20:IV-I-24,25*. MOST FISH ARE CAPTURED IN WATER LESS THAN TWO FEET DEEP *18,19,25*. FISHING SUCCESS IS USUALLY BEST IN SHALLOW STRETCHES OF WATER WHERE THE CURRENT IS MODERATE TO SLOW *19*, AND SHALLOW RIFFLES ARE PREFERRED *31:356*. THE PRESENCE OF SUITABLE PERCHES OVER FORAGING ARAS IS ALSO IMPORTANT *20:IV-I-26*. <N-FOOD> THE KINGFISHER IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN AQUATIC POUNCING CARNIVORE *24:70*. THE PREDOMINANT TYPE OF FOOD EATEN IS SMALL FISH *02:314, 03:72,04:163,05:118,09,15:118*, WITH ONE STUDY INDICATING THAT SMALL FISH COMPRISE BETWEEN 50-88% OF THE KINGFISHER'S DIET *16*. MOST FISH CAPTURED AND EATEN ARE FROM ONE TO SEVENINCHES IN LENGTH, AND USUALLY LESS THAN THREE INCHES LONG *19*. IN MOST INSTANCES, THE SPECIES OF FISH CAUGHT ARE OF LITTLE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, INCLUDING MINNOWS OF VARIOUS KINDS, CHUBS AND SUCKERS; HOWEVER, SOMETIMES KING- FISHERS BECOME PESTS WHEN THEY FORAGE AT PONDS OR HATCHERIES WHERE TROUT AND OTHER VALUABLE SPECIES OF FISH ARE ARTIFICIALLY REARED *02:314,09*. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE FISH WHICH ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT, MOST AVAILABLE (IN CLEAR WATER LESS THAN TWO FEET DEEP), AND OF A SUITABLE SIZE WILL BE THOSE CAPTURED MOST FREQUENTLY *31:355*. ALTHOUGH KINGFISHERS FEED PREDOMINANTLY ON FISH, THEY HAVE ALSO BEEN OBSERVED FEEDING ON FROGS, *02:314,05:118,15:118*. TOADS *15:120*, TADPOLES *15:118,28:140*, SALAMANDERS *02:314, 15:120*, CRABS *05:118, 15:120*, CRAYFISH *02:314,15:120-2*, YOUNG *15:120*, MICE *04:163, 15:120* AND SQUID *15:121*. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN KINGFISHER DIET PROBABLY REFLECTS THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, AVAILABILITY AND SUITABILITY OF PREV IN ANY LO- CATION. APPARENTLY, IN THE ARID SOUTHWESTERN U.S., TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES (AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, AND SOME BIRDS AND MAMMALS) AND TERRESTIAL INVERTEBRATES (MOSTLY INSECTS) ARE FAVORED *15:120*. ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES IN NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS, GIZZARD SHAD (DOROSOMA CEPEDIANUM) ARE PREFERRED *30:310*. AND IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO, ONE STUDY REVEALED THAT KINGFISHERS DIETS INCLUDED 37.6% STONEROLLERS (CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM), 26.1% UNIDENTIFIED CYPRINIDS, 12.7% "MINNOWS", 10.2% NON-MINNOW FISH, AND 13.5% CRAYFISH *31.355*. ADULTS FEED YOUNG NESTLINGS (LESS THAN FIVE DAYS OLD) PARTLY DIGESTED, REGUARTIATED FISH: THEY FEED OLDER NESTLINGS WHOLE, FRESH FISH 15:116-7,16,36:40*. ONE STUDY REPORTED THAT FLEDGED JUVENILES FIRST CAPTURED INSECTS (PREDOMINANTLY MAYFLIES), THEN CRAYFISH AND THEN FISH (DURING THE SECOND WEEK FOLLOWING FLEDGING) *19*. NO INFORMATION WAS FOUND TO ASCERTAIN SEASONAL VARIATION IN KING- FISHER DIETS. <N-MGMT> THE BELTED KINGFISHER SHOWS "SOME POTENTIAL" FOR MANAGEMENT *06:270*. GENERALLY, MANAGEMENT PRACTIECES SHOULD BE AIMED AT EN- SURING AN ADEQUATE QUANTITY, QUALITY, AND DIVERSITY OF AQUATIC HABI- TATS AS FORAGING AREAS, AS WELL AS THE MANAGEMENT OF NESTING HABITAT *02:313,14,25*. BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR TERRESTIAL PORTIONS OF KINGFISHER HABITAT WOULD INCLUDE: SEASONAL RESTRICTION ON HUMAN USE OF KINGFISHER HABITATS; MAINTAIN RIPARIAN HABITATS; MAINTAIN UNIQUE OR SPECIAL HABITAT FEATURES SUCH AS SNAGS, WETLANDS, ETC.; MAINTAIN STREAM BANSK; AND, MAINTAIN APPROPRIATE STREAMSIDE VEGETATION *25*. (WITH REGARD TO STREAMSIDE VEGETATION, THE REMOVAL OF POTENTIAL PERCHES WOULD BE DETRIMENTAL; HOWEVER, THE REMOVAL OF VEGETATION MIDING AN OTHERWISE EXPOSED BANK WOULD BENEFIT NESTING POTENTIAL.) ALSO, SINCE KINGFISHERS ARE LARGELY DEPENDENT UPON STEEP BNAKS ALONG OR NEAR (WITHIN ONE-HALF MILE) WATER *14*. THE CREATION OR RETENTION OF SUCH BANKS WOULD BE BENEFICIAL FOR EXPANDING OR INCREASING LOCAL POPULARIONS *29:835*. IF NOT OVER WATER, BANKS SHOULD BE AT LEAST TWELVE FEET HIGH TO PROTECT AGAINST PREDATION *14*. BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR WATER WOULD INCLUDE: CON- TROL POLLUTION; EXCLUDE LIVESTOCK FROM BANKS AND WATER; DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN LAKES, PONDS AND WETLANDS; CONTROL SEDIMENTATION; AND STABI- LIZE STREAM BANK *25*. ADVERSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES WOULD INCLUDE: APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND HERBICIDES (PESTICIDES IN GENERAL); APPLICATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS: DREDGING, FILLING OR DRAINING WET- LANDS; NAVIGATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS (CHANNELIZATION, DAMS AND LOCKS); AND STREAM CHANNELIZATION *25*. ALSO, THE GRADING OF BANKS AT UNUSED GRAVEL PITS AND NEAR STRAMS HAS DESTROYED MANY KINGFISHER NEST SITES *14*. KINGFISHERS WILL READILY DESERT THE WES, PARTICULARLY DURING EGG LAYING AND EARLY STAGES OF INCUBATION *36:28*; THUS, MANAGEMENT PRACTICES SHOULD CONSIDER THIS IN RELATION TO HUMAN ACTIVITY NEAR KINGFISHER NESTING AREAS. <HEP-DATA> TWC DRAFT-HEP MODELS WERE FOUND: 1. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1978, BELTED KINGFISHER (DESCRIPTION AND MODEL FOR RIPARIAN ZONE). PP. 24-28. IN: TERRESTIAL HABITAT EVALUATION CRITERIA HANDBOOK FOR ECOREGION 2213 (MIDWEST). USDI, FWS, DIVISIONOF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES, WASHINGTON D.C. *20*. 2. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1978, BELTED KINGFISHER (DESCRIPTION AND MODEL FOR BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS). PP. 6-161 TO 6-163. IN: TERRESTRIAL HABITAT EVALUATION CRITERIA HANDBOOK FOR ECOREGION 2211 (APPLACHIANS). USDI, FWS, DIVISIONOF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES, WASHINGTON, D.C. *21* HSI CRITERIA INCLUDE WATER TURBIDITY, PERCH SITE AVAIL- DISTANCE FROM WATER TO NEST EMBANKMENT, AND NEST EMBANKMENT SOIL TYPE. <ANIMAL-PLANT> PREDATION: PREDATION IS USUALLY NOT A SERIOUS FACTOR EXCEPT WHEN YOUNG LEAVE THE NEST CAVITY *16*. HOWEVER, KINGFISHERS HAVE BEEN RECORDED AS BEING PREYED UPON BY MAN (HOMO SAPIENS) *16*,15:124,5*, TELA VISION) *16,15:124-5*, SKUNKS (MEMPHITIS MEPHITIS) *16,15:124,K*, "SNAKES" (SUBORDER SERPENTES) *16,15:124-54, INCLUDING GREAT RAT SNAKE (ELAPHE OBSOLETA SPIOLIDES) *32:22*, "LARGE FISH" *15:124-5*, COOPER'S HAWKS (ACCIPITER COOPERII) *15:124-5, 33:25*, SHARP-SHINNED HAWKS *UK: 124-5*, RED-TAILED HAWKS (BUTED JAMAICENSIS*15:124-54, AND THEY HAVE ALSO BEEN PURSUED BY GOSHAWKS (ACCIPITER GENITILIS) *26:599*. PAPASITISM: LITTLE INFORMATION WAS AVAILABLE ON ECTO-OR ENDO- PARASITIS OF KINFSIHERS, ALTHOUGH ONE SOURCE INDICATED PARASITES INCLUDE 'ROUNDWORMS AND RINGWORMS " *15:134-5*. COMMENSULISM: COMMENSULISTIC FEEDING OF KINGFISHERS WITH HOODED MERGANSERS (LOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS), SNOWY EGRET (EUCOPHOYX THULA) AND LOUISIANA HERON (HYDRANASSA TRICOLOR) HAS BEEN OBSERVED. THE KINGFISHERS CAPTURED FISH STIRRED UP BY THE FEEDING MERGANSERS AND HERONS *27:199*. NESTING SYMBIOSIS: INNEW YORK, ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOWS (STEL- GIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLUSIS) USED AN ACTIVE KINGFISHER NEST ENTRANCE, AL- THOUGH THE SWALLOW NEST CAVITY WAS PROBABLY SEPARATE FROM THE KING- FISHER NEST CAVITY *15:113-4*. KINGFISHER BURROWS FROM PREVIOUS YEARS (OR INCOMPLETELY EXCAVATED BURROWS) IN MINNESOTA HAVE BEEN USED BY ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOWS AND BANK SWALLOWS (RIPARIA RIPARIA) *36:13*. ALSO, SOURCES INDICATE THAT YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKERS (COLAPTES SURATUS) OCCSIONALLY SELECT BURROWS OF KINGFISHERS AS NEST SITES, ESPECIALLY IN PRAIRIE AND NORTHERN REGIONS *35:233-4*. SPRING MIGRATION ARRIVAL DATES IN PENNSYLVANIA GENERALLY COIN- CIDE WITH THOSE FOR COMMON FLICKER (COLAPTES AURATUS), MOURNING DOVE (ZENAIDA MACROURA) AND COWBIRD (MOLOTHRUS ATER) *02:313*. <DESCRIPTION> KINGFISHERS ARE STOCKY BIRDS WITH BIG HEADS AND LARGE HERON-LIKE BILLS, THEIR FEET AR SMALL, EAK AND UNFIT FOR WALKING; THE MIDDLE AND OUTER TOES ARE JOINED AT THE BASE FOR HALF THEIR LENGTH *02:313*. THE BELTED KINGFISHER IS ABOUT 13 INCHES IN TOTAL LENGTH, AND HAS A WINGSPREAD OF ABOUT 22 INCHES. IT HAS A LARGE CRESTED HEAD, AND A STRAIGHT BLACK BILL WHICH IS STRONG, SHARP AND ABOUT TWO INCHES LONG *04:162*. IN ONE STUDY, THE BODY WEIGHTS OF 14 ADULT BIRDS RANGED FROM 140 TO 169 GRAMS WITH AN AVERAGE OF 147.1 GRAMS *36:07*. THE PLUMAGE OF THE MALE AND FEMALE ARE QUITE SIMILAR WITH ONE EXCEPTION NOTED BELOW). THE MALE'S COLORATION IS: UPPERPARTS BLUISH- SLATE; WINGS AND TAIL BLACKISH WITH WHITE BARS AND SPOTS; TOP AND SIDE OF HEAD BLUISH-SLATE (WITH A WHITE SPOT ON THE LOWER EYELID AND IN FRONT OF EYE); THROAT AND MOST OF NECK WHITE; REMAINING UNDERPARTS LARGELY WHITE WITH A BROAD COLLAR OF WHITE. ADDITIONALLY, THE FE- MALE HAS A BAND OF REDDISH-BROWN SPREADING DOWN AND OUT OVER HER SIDES *02:313, 04:162,22:186*. IN YOUNG KINGFISHERS THE BREAST MARKINGS ARE SUF- FUSED WITH REFOUS AND BROWNISH TINTS *02:313*. <ORIGIN> THE BELTED KINGFISHER IS NATIVE TO PENNSYLVANIA *02:313, 06:270*. <BEHAVIOR> THE BELTED KINGFISHER BELONGS TO THE GUILD OF BIRDS CHARAC- TERIZED AS BURROW NESTING, AQUATIC POUNCING CARNIVORES #24:70#, KING- FISHERS ARE SOLITARY #02:314,10#, EXCEPT DURING THE BREEDING SEASON WHEN THERY OCCUR IN PAIRS #02:314*. ALTHOUGH THE KINGFISHER IS PRI- MARILTY A DIURNAL BIRD #18#, SOME EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT IT MAY SHOW LIMITED OCTURNAL AND/OR CREPUSCULAR ACTIVITY #04:162,16#. GENERALLY, THE KINGFISHER AT THE ENDS OF BRANCHES OF TREES THAT ARE 100 TO 2000 FEET FROM WATER #16*. DURING THE BREEDING SEASON, THE MALE MAY ROOST IN A BURROW HE EXCAVATES NEAR THE NEST BURROW *11:105*. IN MICHIGAN, THE DAILY FEEDING ACTIVITY OF ADULTS CARING FOR NESTLINGS PEAKED IN MORNING, AFTERNOON, AND EARLY EVENING *19*; AND, IN MINNESOTA, SIMILAR ACTIVITY PEAKED IN EARLY MORNING *16*. IN THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S., BREEDING DENSITIES OF KINGFISHERS AVERAGE 0.2 BREEDING PAIRS PER 40 HECTARE (S.E. = 0.06), AND WINTER DENSITIES AVERAGE 1.6 INDIVIDUALS PER 40 HECTARE (S.E. = 0.39) *24:212*. BELTED KINGFISHERS ARE VERY TERRITORIAL *02:315,15:123*, BEING OVERTLY AGGRESSIVE BIRDS THAT DEFEND WELL-DEFENDED TERRITORIES *31:353*. DURING THE BREEDING SEASON BOTH MALE AND FEMALE JOINTLY DEFEND THEIR NESTING TERRITORY, AND OUTSIDE OF THE BREEDING SEASON INDIVIDUAL KINGFISHERS DEFEND FORAGING TERRITORIES *31:353*. BECAUSE MOST STUDIES OF KINGFISHER TERRITORIALITY HAVE BEEN UNDERTAKEN WITH BIRDS NESTING ALONG STREAMS, TERRITORY SIZE IS GENERALLY GIVEN IN LINEAR DIMENSIONS. THE BEST SSTUDY OF KINGFISHER TERRITORIALITY AVAILABLE (19 TERRITORIES STUDIED) REPORTS THAT TEPRI- TORY SIZE ALONG A STREAM RANGED FROM 230 TO 560 METERS, WITH AN AVERAGE OF ABOUT 400 METERS *31:357*. (NOTE: AREAL TERRITORY SIZE HAS BEEN CALCULATED ONA CIRCULAR BASIS, USING A DIAMETER OF 400 METERS. THIS YIELDS AN AVERAGE TERRITORY SIZE OF ABOUT 31 ACRES.) HOME RANGES, AS EXPECTED, ARE MUCH LARGER, AS ADULTS MAY TRAVEL UP TO FIVE MILES FROM THE NEST TO A FORAGING AREA *19*, AND DAILY FORAGING FLIGHTS OF TWO MILES FROM THE NEST SITE ARE NOT UNUSUAL *16*. (NOTE: AREAL HOME RANGE SIZE HAS BEEN CALCULATED ON A CIRCULAR BASIS, USING A DIAMETER OF ONE MILE. THIS YIELDS A HOME RANGE SIZE OF APPROXIMATELY 500 ACRES.) KINGSFISHER FORAGING STRATEGY INVARIABLY INVOLVES PLUNGING INTO THE WATER AFTER AQUATIC PREY, OR POUNCING ON TERRESTRIAL PREY, CAPTUR- ING THE PREY IN THEIR BILL. PREY MAY BE PURSUED DIRECTLY FROM A CON- VENIENT PERCH (USUALLY OVER THE WATER), FROM A HOVER (USUALLY TEN TO TWENTY-FIVE FEET OVER WATER), OR USING A COMBINATION OF THESE TWO STRATEGIES (FROM PERCH TO HOVER TO DIVE) *02:314*. MOST AQUATIC PREY IS CAPTURED IN LESS THAN TWO FEET OF WATER *21:5-74*. ALTHOUGH NO SPECIFIC DATA ON FISHING SUCCESS WAS FOUND IN THE LITERATURE, KING- FISHERS ARE REPORTED TO BE "PECULIARLY SUCCESSFUL IN THEIR FISHING EFFORT'S *02:314*. ONE SOURCE REPORTS THAT KINGFISHERS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED CAPTURING FISH STIRRED UP BY FEEDING MERGANSERS AND HERONS *27:199* (SEE ANIMAL AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS). BOTH ADULTS PARTICIPATE IN THE FEEDING OF THE NESTLINGS, BUT THE MALE APPARENTLY TAKES ON A MAJORITY OF THIS RESPONSIBLITY *36:41*- AFTER THE YOUND PLEDGE, THE FAMILY REMAINS TOGETHER FOR ABOUT 10 TO 15 DAYS* YOUNG KINGFISHERS USUALLY FEED WITHIN, ONE-QUARTER TO ONE- HALF MILE FROM THE NLST AT FIRST, THEN MOVE GREATER DISTANCES BY LATE AUGUST APPROXIMATELY SIX WEEKS AFTER PLEDGING) *19*. OTHER THAN BREEDING AND MIGRATION, NO INFORMATION WAS AVAILABLE ON SEASCNAL PERIODICITY OF BEHAVIOR. PENNSYLVANIA KINGFISHERS ARE "REGULAR MIGRANTS" IN MARCH-APRIL AND IN SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER *03:72*, BUT THEY SOMETIMES REMAIN UNTIL LATE NOVEMBER OR DECEMBER. WITH FAILURE OF FOOD SUPPLY (FROZEN WATER) RATHER THAN COLD WEATHER BEING RESPONSIBLE FOR SOUTHWARD MOVEMENT *02:313*. THEY WITNER PRINCIPALLY IN THE SOUTHERN U.S. AND MIDDLE AMERICA *03:72*, BUT AS FAR SOUTH AS PANAMA *22:186* AND NORTHWARD TO THE MARINE PROVINCES *22:MAP 205*. IN SPRING, THE MALES ARRIVE ABOUT ONE MONTH BEFORE FEMALES TO SELECT A NEST SITE *31:358*. PENNSYLVANIA RECORDS FOR FEBRUARY AND EARLY MARCH PROBABLY REFER TO WINTERING BIRDS. IT Is UNKNOWN WHETHER THESE FEW WINTERING KINGFISHERS ARE BIRDS THAT HAVE BRED HERE OR BIRDS THAT HAVE ARRIVED FROM FURTHER MORIN *02:313*. INTRASPEcIFIC AGGRESSION IS GENERALLY ATTRIBUTED TO TERRITOR- IALITY SINCE KINGFISHERS ARE KNOWN TO BE VERY TERRITORIAL TOWARDS CONSPECIFICS *02:315*. INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS REPORTED INCLUDE AGGRESSION TOWARDS COOPER'S HAWKS AMU GOSHAWKS (INTERPRETED AS ROBBING BEHAVIOR) *26:598-98*, AND ESCAPE FROM PURSUING RAPTORS BY DIVING INTO WATER *5:124,26:598-9,33:25* AND TAKING REFUGE INM THICK BRUSH PILES <REPRODUCTION> SINCE KINGFISHERS ARE OBSERVED AS SOLITARY BIRDS, EXCEPT DURING BREEDING SEASON WHEN THEY OCCUR IN APRIS *02:314*, IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME THAT THEY ARE MONOGAMOUS AND FORM A PAIR BOND ONLY DURING THE BREEDING SEASON. LITTLE IS KNOWN OF THE COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR OF THE BELTED KINGFISHER . IN THE BEST STUDY Of REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR AVAILABLE, NO ELABORATE PRE-COPULATORY DISPLAYS WERE EVER DOCUMENTED. AT THE TIME OF COPULATION, THE MALE LANDS ON THE FEMALES PERCH, PAUSES BRIEFLY AND THEN MOUNTS HER. COPULATION LASTS FROM 7 TO 12 SECONDS (SEVEN OBSERVATIONS). AFTER COPULATION, THE MALE (FOLLOWED BY THE FELMALE) LEAVES THE PERCH AND BOTH FLY OVER A BODY OF WATER. DURING THIS POST-COPULATORY FLIGHT, THE MALE OCCASIONALLY SOARS AND DIPS CLCOSE TO THE WATER AS THE FEMALE FOLLOWS. THEN THE FEMALE RETURNS TO A PERCH ALONG THE SHORE,AND THE MALE CONTINUES ON AN ASCENDING FLIGHT (REACHING AN ALTITUDE OF 200-300 FEET), PAUSES BRIEFLY AND PROCEEDS TO EXECUTE A DIVE, OFTEN SOMERSAULTING IN THE DESCENT. JUST BEFORE REACHING THE WATER THE MALE PULLS OUT OF THE DIVE AND INTO AN ASCENDING GLIDE IN WHICH THE WINGS ARE FULLY EXTENDED, READILY EXPOSING THE WHITE PATCHES ON HIS WINGS. AT THIS POINT, THE FEMALE SOMTIMES FOLLOWS THE MALE AND THE PAIR AGAIN CIRCLES THE WATER *36:9* NESTS ARE GENERALLY EXCAVATED I VERTICAL BANKS *02:313,03:72, 04:162.11:108*, ALTHOUGH SOME KINGFISHER NESTS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN HOLES It DEAD TREES OR STUBS OVER WATER (FLORIDA, WEST VIRGINIA, AND LOUISIANA) *03:72,15:114*. PREFERABLEY, NESTS ARE DUG IN STREAM OR RIVER BANKS *04:162,11:108*, ALTHOUGH IF SITES WEAR WATER ARE NOT AVAILABLE, KINGFISHERS HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO NEST AT LEAST ONE-HALF MILE FROM WATER *14*. OTHER BANKS USED FOR NEST SITES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIAT- ED WITH SAND/GRAVEL PITS OR QUARRIES *02:315,04:162,11:108,29:835*, ROAD OR RAILROAD CUTS *02:315,04:162,11:106,29:835*, SANITARY LAND FILLS *29:835*, SAWDUST PILES *32:22* AND TERMITE NESTS *03:72*. BOTH SEXES TAKE TURNS EXCAVATING THE BURROW, AND THE MALE REPORTEDLY DOES A MAJORITY OF THE WORK *36:16* EXCAVATION TIME DEPENDS UPON THE NATURE OF THE SOIL BUT IT USUALLY REQUIRES LESS THAN TWO TO THREE MEEKS *11:10*. IN MINNESOTA THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE COMPLETION OF NESTS WAS FOUR TO SEVEN DAYS, *36:17*. THE NEST ENTRANCE IS GENERALLY ONE TO THREE FEET FROM THE TOP Of THE BANK (RARELY IF EVER MORE THAN FOUR FEET) *02:315,11:108*. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE NEST ENTRAMCE ARE THREE AND ONE-HALF TO FOUR INCHES WIDE AND THREE TO THREE AND ONE-HALF INCHES HIGH *11:108*. OCCUPIED NESTS CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE NETRANCE. SHOWING TWO FURROS SEPARATED BY A RIDGE, FORMED BY THE BIRD'S FEET AS IT ENTERS THE BURROW *15:112*. THE BURROW EXTENDS INTO THE BANK ABUT THREE TO SIX FEET (RARELLYTEN TO FIFTEEN FEET), AND SLOPES SLIGHTLY UPWARD *11:108*. OCCASIONALLY, THE BURROWS ARE STRAIGHT, BUT USUALLY THEY ARE DIRECTED TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT OF THE ENTRANCE *02:315,04:162*. THE BURROW TERMINATES IN THE NESTING CAVITY PROPER, WHICH IS A CIRCULAR DOME-SHAPED CAVITY *02:315,04:162*, MEASURING TEN TO TWELVE INCHES IN DIAMETER AND SIX TO SEVEN INCHES HIGH *11:108*. A PAIR MAY RETURN TO THE SAME BANK AND OFTEN USE THE SAME BURROW YEAR AFTER YEAR IF UNDISTURBED. EGGS LAID IN FRESHLY EXCAVATED BURROWS ARE LAID ON BARE GROUND. BUT, IN SUCCEEDING YEARS EGGS ARE ALID ON FISH SCALES WHICH ACCUMULATE FROM THE REGURGITATION OF UNDIGESTED PORTIONS OF THE DIET *02:315,04:163,11:108*. A SINGLE BROOD OF YOUNG IS RAISED PER REPRODUCTIVE SEASON *11:108*, AND IF THE EGGS ARE REMOVED FROM THE NEST, THE FEMALE MAY LAY ANOTHER CLUTCH *15:144*. THE NUMBER OF EGGS PER CLUTCH RANGES FROM FIVE TO EIGHT, BUT COMMONLY THEY ARE SIX OR SEVEN EGGS PER CLUTCH *02:315,04:162,11:108*. THEY HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED AS SHORT-OVAL DIMENSIONS OF KINGFISHERS EGGS ARE 1.05 BY 1.34 INCHES *02:315,11:108*. IN PENNSYLVANIA, EGG LAYING DATEES RANGE FROM VERY LATE APRIL THROUGH LATE MAY *02:315*. ICUBATION IS BY BOTH SEXES (BUT MOSTLY BY THE FEMALE) AND TAKES 22 TO 24 DAYS *11:108,36:25*. KINGFISHER EGGS USUALLY HATCH SYNCHRONOUSLY WITHIN A 12-19 HOUR PERIOD, INDICATING THAT INCUBATION BEGINS WHEN THE LAST EGG IS LAID *36:25*. YOUNG ARE ALTRICIAL AND CARED FOR BY BOTH PARENTS *02:315*. THEY REMAIN IN THE NEST UNTIL READY TO FLY AT FOUR WEEKS Of AGE *15:115*. AFTER THE YOUNG HAVE FLEDGED, THE FAMILY REMAINS TOGETHER FOR ABOUT TEN TO FIF- TEEN DAYS *19*. A STUDY KINGFISHER EGGSHELLS IN ONTARIO REVEALED A STATIS- TICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN SHLLL THICKNESS AKD SHELL STRENGTH BETWEEN SAMPLES OF EGGSHELLS FROM PRE- AND POST-DDT ERAS *34:358*. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER OR NOT THIS CHANGE IN EGGSHELL QUAL- ITY WAS SUFFICIENT TO AFFECT REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS. NO INFORMATION WAS FOUND ON THE AGE OF SEXUAL MATURITY, MINIMUM AMD MAXIMUM BREEDING AGES OR SEX RATIOS OF THE CLUTCH. HOWEVER, BASED UPON THL MINIMUM BREEDING AGES OF SIMILAR SIZED BIRDS, ONE COULD REASONABLY ASSUME THAT KINGFISHERS WOULD BREED AT ONE YEAR OF AGE *00*. <POP-DYNAMICS> ACCORDING TO DATA FROM 1966-77 BREEDING BIRD SURVEYS (BBS), THE KINGFISHER IS RELATIVELY LESS ABUNDANT IN PENNSYLVANIA (0.570) KINGFISHERS PER BBS ROUTE) AS COMPARED TO EASTERN NORTH AMERICA IN GENERAL (0.629 KINGFISHERS PER BBS ROUTE) *06:9*; HOWEVER, IT WAS NOT INDICATED IF THIS DIFFERENCE WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. ALS0, USING THE 1966-77 BBS DATA, IT HAS BEEN CONCLUDED THAT THE PENNSYLVANIA KINGFISHER POPULATION WAS STABLE DURING THIS PERIOD, BUT THE POPULATION IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT (P LESS THAN 0.(5) INCREASE *06:150*. NO POSSIBLE REASON FOR THIS INCREASE WAS INDICATED. ONE SOURCE (FROM 1978) CONTRADICTS THE ABOVE BY STATING THAT POPULATIONS (GEOGRAPHIC REGION UNKNOWN) ARE DECREASING DUE TO THE DESTRUCTION OF NESTING HABITAT WITH THE GRADING OF BANKS AT UNUSED GRAVEL PITS AND NEAR STREAMS *14*. ALTHOUGH. OPTIMUM POPULATION DENSITIES COULD NOT BE FOUND IN THE LITERATURE, ONE STUDY ESTIAMTES BREEDING DENSITIES FOR THE SOUTHEAS- TERM U.S. TO BE 0.2 PAIRS PER 40 HECTARES (S.E.=0.06) AND WINTER DENSITIES TO BE l.6 INDIVIDUALS PER 40 HECTARES 15.E.=0.39) *24:212*. NO INFORMATION COULD BE FOUND REGARDING SEX RATIOS, TURN- OVER RATES RATES OF INCREASE, SURVIVAL RATES, OR ANNUAL MORTALITY RATES. <LIM-FACTORS> GENERALLY, THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS LIMITING KINGFISHER POPULATIONS ARE (1) THE ABUNDANCE AND AVAILABILITY OF FOOD AND (2) THE AVAILABILITY OF USITABLE WESTING SITES. ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF FOOD IS REDUCED BY THE POLLUTION OF STREAKS AND THE RESULTING DECLINE IN AQUATIC LIFE. A STREAM RICH IN AQUATIC LIFE WILL SUPPORT A GREATER NUMBER Of KINGFISHER PAIRS THAN ONE WHICH IS POOR IN SUCH LIFE *02:315*. AVAILABILITY OF FOOD IN COLD WEATHER IS OFTEN DETERMINED BY ICE COVERING BODIES OF WATER, AND THIS WILL LIMIT WINTER POPULATIONS *02:313,17*. OTHER FACTORS WHICH LIMIT KINGFISHER POPULATIONS BY REDUING THE SUITABILITY OF RIVERS, STREAMS, PONDS, ETC. FOR FORAGING ARE HIGH WATER TURBIDITY *19,20:IV- I-24), WATER DEPTH MORE THAN TWO FEET, DENSE VEGETATION OVERHANING A STREAM, AND A PAUCITY OF FORAGING PERCHES OVER THE WATER *20:IV-I-24*. THE AVAILABILITY OF SUITABLE NESTING HABITAT IS IMPORTANT AND KNOWN TO LIMIT KINGFISHER POPULATIONS *02:315,16,18*. SOIL CONSIS- TENCY IS IMPORTANT FOR NEST TUNNEL EXCAVATION, WITH SANDY-CLAY SOILS BEING MOST SUITABLE AND ROCKY SILS NOT USED *16*. ALSO, LOW BANKS WITH DENSE VEGETATION ARE UNSUITABLE *16*. <R-TAXONOMY> 02,03,01,15,22 <R-SSP-STATUS> 02,13 <R-DISTRIB> 00,01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,17,22,23 <R-HABITAT> 00,02,03,04,05,06,08,11,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,29,31 <R-FOOD> 02,03,04,05,09,15,16,19,24,28,31,36 <R-MGMT> 02,06,14,25,29,36 <R-LIFE-HIST> 00,02,03,04,06,10,11,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,26,27,29,31,32,33,34,36 <REFERENCE> 00-KIMMEL, J. TIMOTHY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, VILLA MARIA COLLEGE, 2551 WEST LAKE ROAD, ERIE, PA 16505. PHONE (814)638-1966 01-PRESQUE ISLE AUDUSON SOCIETY. 1982. CHECKLIST OF BIRDS RECORDED IN ERIE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA INCLUDING PREWQUE ISLE STATE PARK. P.O. BOX 1783, ERIE, PA. 16507 8 PP. 02-TODD, W.E.C. 1940. BIRDS OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PRESS, PITTSBURGH, PA. 710 PP. 03-WOOD, M. 1979. BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. COLLEGE OF AGRILCULTURE, PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA. 16801 133 PP 04-WARREN, B.H. 1890. REPORT ON THE BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA, SECOND EDITION. PENNSYLVANIA STATE PRINT., HARRISBURG, PA PP. 162-163. 05-MARTIN, A.C., H.S. ZIM AND A.L. NELSON 1951. AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND PLANTS. DOVER PUBLICATIONS, NEW YORK. 500 PP. 06-ANDERSON, S.H., C.S. ROBBINS, J.R. PARTELOW AND J.S. WEEKE. 1981 SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF AVIAN POPULATION AND HABITAT DATA FOR PENNSYLVANIA. (FINAL PROJECT REPORT) MIGR. BIRD AND HAB. RES. LAB., USFWS, LAUREL, MD. 407 PP. 07-PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION. 1983. ANNUAL REPORT, COLLECTING PERMIT REPORTS (SHERWOOD S. STUTZ, PERMIT #57335) 08-SPRUNT, A., AND E.B. CHAMBERLAIN. 1949. SOUTH CAROLINA BIRD LIFE. UNIVERSITY OF S. CAROLINA PRESS, COLUMBIA, SC 585 PP. 09-HENDERSON, J. 1927. THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF BIRDS. MACMILLIAN CO., NEW YORK. 342 PP. 10 - FOUGH, R.H. 1946. AUDOBON BIRD GUIDE, EASTERN LAND BIRDS. DOUBLEDAY PRINTING, GARDEN CITY, NY. 312 PP 11 - HARRISON, H. 1975. FIELD GUIDE TO BIRDS NESTS. HOUGHTON MIFFLI CO., BOSTON, MA. 257 PP. 12 - IMHOF, T.A. 1976. ALABAMA BIRDS, SECOND EDITION, UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA PRESS. 445 PP. 13 - ANDERSON, S.H. 1978. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION (IN REFERENCE 06) 14 - BYSTRAK, D. 1978. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION (IN REFERENCE 06) 15 - BENT, A.C. 1940. LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN CUCKOOS, GOATSUCKERS, HUMMINGBIRDS, AND THIER ALLIES. BULL 176., U.S. GOVERN- MENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, DC. 244 PP. 16 - CORNWELL, G.W. 1963. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF A NESTING POPULATION OF BELTED KINGFISHERS. COND OR 6515): 426-431. 17 - ROBERTS, T.S. 1932. THE BIRDS OF MINNESOTA. VOL. 1, THE UNIVERSITY MINN. PRESS, MINNEAPOLIS, MN. 691 PP. 18 - WHITE, H.C. 1953. THE EASTERN BELTED KINGFISHER IN THE MARITIME PROVINCES. FISH RES. BOARD CANADA BULL. #97. 44 PP. 19 - SAYLER, J.C., AND K.F. LAGLER 1946. THE EASTERN BELTED KINGFISHER, MEGACERYLE ALCYON ALCYON, IN RELATION TO FISH MANAGEMENT. TRANS. AM. FISH. SOCIETY 16:97-117. 20 - FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 1978. BELTED KINGFISHER (RIPARIAN ZONE TERRESTRIAL HABITAT EVALUATION CRITERIA HANDBOOK FOR ECOREGION 2213 (DRAFT). USDI, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DIV. ECOL. SERV., WASHINGTON, D.C. PP. 24-28 21 - FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 1978. BELTED KINGFISHER TERRESTRIAL HABITAT EVALUATION CRITERIA HANDBOOK FOR ECOREGION 2211 (DRAFT). USDI, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DIV. ECOL. SERV., WASHINGTON, D.C. PP. 5-74 TO 5-75. 22 - PETERSON, R.T. 1980. A FIELD GUIDE TO THE BIRDS EAST OF THF ROCKIES. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY, BOSTON, MA. 384 PP. 23 - BRAIMOMG. D.E. 1984. RESULTS FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA BREEDING BIRD ATLAS PROJCECT (COMPUTER PRINTOUT). ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 19TH AND THE PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 24 - LEGRAND, J.E., JR., AND P.B. HAMEL. 1980. BIRD HABITAT ASSOCI- ATIONS CN SOUTHEASTERN FOREST LANUS. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, CLEMSON, SC. 276 PP. 25 - MISSOURI FISH AND WILDLIFE DESCRIPTION. PRINTED 19 JUNE 1984. BELTED KINGFISHERS (MEGACERYLE ALCYON) 26 - KIRBY, R.E. AND M.R. FULLER 1978. OBSERVATIONS AND REINTERPRE- TATION KINGFISHER-REAPTOR INTERACTIONS. AUK 95(3):598-599 27 - PARKS, J.M. AND S.L. BRESSLER 1963. OBSERVATIONS OF JOINT FEEDING ACTIVITIES OF CERTAIN FISH-EATING BIRDS. AUK 80(2):1198-199 28 - TERRES, J.K. 1968. KINGFISHERS EATING BULLFROG TADPOLES. AUK 85(1):140 29 - hAMAS, M.J. 1974. HUMAN INCURSION AND NESTING SITES OF THE BEL- TED KINGFISER. AUK 91(4):835-836 30 - SOUTHERN W.E. 1966. UTILIZATION OF SHAD AS WINTER FOOD BY BIRDS. AUK 83(2):309-311 31 - DAVIS., W.J. 1962. TERRITORY SIZE IN MEGACERYLE ALCYON ALONG A STREAM HABITAT. AUK 99(2):353-362 32 - HOPKINS, M.M., JR. 1980. BELTED KINGFISHER NESTING IN A SAWDUST PILE. ORIOLE 45(1):22 33 - BROWN, W.H. 1981. HAWK PRUSUIT OF A KINGFISHER. THE KENTUCKY WARBLER 57(1):25 34 - FOX, G.A. 1974. CHANGES IN EGGSHELL QUALITY OF BELTED KINGFISHE NESTING IN ONTARIO. CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 88:3589359 35 - VERBEEK, M.A.H. 1974. A POSSIBLE YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER NEST IN A RIVER BANK. CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 88:233-234 BREEDING IN THE BELTED KINGFISHER IMEGACERYLE ALCYON). ADAPTATIONS FOR SERTATION, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 86 PP. <EXPAN06), <EXPANDT> AEXPAND6> <EXPAN09> <EXPANDLG> <EkPAMOII> . . <EXPAND12> -m. 'i6 b APPENDIX D Updated Species Profile Loon, Red-throated (Gavia stellata) t <SPP-CODE> 0400002 <CATEGORY> BIRD <COM-NAME> LOON RED-THROATED <SCI-NAME) GAVIA STELLATA <TAX-PHYLUM> CHORDATA <TAX-SBPHYLUN> <TAX-CLASS> AVES <TAX-SUBCLASS> <TAX-ORDER> GAVIIFORMES <TAX-SUBORCER> <TAX-SUPERFAM> <TAX-FAMILY> GAVIIDAE <TAX-SBFAMILY> <TAX-TRIBE> <TAX-GENUS> GAVIA <TAX-SUBGENUS> <TAX-SPECIES) STELLATA <TAX-SUBSPEC> <TAX-AUTHOR> PONTOPPIDAN <SPP-STATUS> NON-CONSUMP-REC <RES-STATUS> RES-W <HABITAT> AQUATIC <TROPHIC)CARNIVORE <TERRITORY> NESTING TERRITORY ONLY DEFENDED <TERR-SIZE> <1/4 ACRE <HOME-RANGE> >100 ACRES <DISPERSION> CLUMPED <PERIODICITY> ACTIVE AT NIGHT, ACTIVE IN DAY, CREPUSCULAR <FORAG-STRAT> HAWKING,DIVING <MATING> MONOGANY <PAIR-BOND> ONE SEASON <DISPLAY-SITE> WATER <PREG-INCUBAT> 3-4 WEEKS <CAVE-YOUNG) 2 <REPROD-YR> 1 <DEVEL-YOUNG> PRECOCIAL <PARENT-CARE> BOTH PARENTS <POP-TREND> NO TREND <POP-FUTURE> <HEP> NONE <ENTERED> 86/04/15 <UPDATED> <CON-SYNONYMS> DIVER, RED-THROATED <SCI-SYMONYMS> COLYMBUS STELLATA,GAVIA STELLATA SQUARATA,URINATOR LUMME,GAVIA LUMME <OCCUR-COUNTY> ALLEGHENY,BERKS,BUCKS,BUTLER,CENTRE,CHESTER,CLINTON,CRAWFORD, ERIE, INDIANA,LEHIGH LUZERNE, LYCOMING,MONTOUR,NORTHHAMPTON,PERRY, PHILADELPHIA,SCHUYLKILL,YORK <ABS-COUNTY> <UNK-COUNTY> ADAMS,ARMSTRONG,BEAVER,BEDFORD,BLAIR,BRADFORD,CAMBRIA,CAMERON, CARBON,CLARION,CLEARFIELD,COLUMBIA,CUMBERLAND,DAUPHIN, DELEWARE,ELK,FAYETTE,FOREST,FRANKLIN,FULTON,GREENE,HUNTINGDON, JEFFERSON,JUNIATA,LACKAWANNA,LANCASTER,LAWRENCE,LEBANON,MCKEAN, MERCER,MIFFLIN,MONROE,MONTGOMERY,MORTHUMBERLAND,PIKE,POTTER, SNYDER,SOMERSET,SULLIVAN,SUSQUEHANNA,TIOGA,UNION,VEMANGO,WARREN, WASHINGTON,WAYNE,WESTMORELAND,WYOMING <SEAS-OCCUR> ALLEGHENY: S.FW,BERK S:S.FW,BUCKS:S.FW,BUTLER:S.FW,CENTRE:S.FW, CHESTER: S.FW,CLINTON:S.FW,CRAWFORD:S.FW,ERIE:S.FW,INDIANA:S.FW, LEHIGH:S.FW,LUZERNE:S.FW,LYCOMING:S.FW,MONTOUR:S.FW,NORTHAMPTON:S.FW, PERRY:S.FW,PHILADELPHIA:S.FW,SCHUYLKILL:S.FW,YORK:S.FW <ABUND-CTY> ALEGHENY:U,BERKS:U,BUCKS:U,BUTLER:U,CENTRE:U,CHESTER:U, CLINTON:U,CRAWFORD:U,ERIE:U,INDIANA:U,LEHIGH:U,LUZERNE:U, LYCOMING:U,MONTOUR:U,NORTHAMPTON:U,PERRY:U,PHILADELPHIA:U, SCMUYLKILL:U,YORK:U <HYDRO-NAME> UPPER DELAWARE:MIDDLE DELAWARE/MUSCOMETCONG, UPPER DELAWARE:LEHIGH,LOWER DELAWARE: CROSSWICKS-NESHAMINY, LOWER DELAWARE:LOWER DELAWARE,LOWER DELAWARE:SCHUYKILL, LOWER DELAWARE:BRANDYWINE-CHRISTINA,UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:CHEMUNG, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER SUSQUEHANNA-TUNKHANNOCK, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER SUSQUEHANNA-LACKAWANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA: MIDDLE WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA: BALD EAGLE, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA: PINE, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA: LOWER WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA-PENNS, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER JUNIATA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER JUNIATA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA-SWATARA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA, UPPER CHESAPEAKE:CHESTER-SASSAFRAS, UPPER CHESAPEAKE:GUNPOWDER-PATAPSCO, SOUTHERN LAKE ERIE:ASHTABULA, EASTERN LAKE ERIE:CHAUTAUQUA-COMMEAUT,LAKE ERIE:LAKE ERIE, ALLEGHENY:FRENCH,ALLEGHENY:MIDDLE ALLEGHENY-REDBANK, ALLEGHENY:COMEHAUGH,ALLEGHENY:KISKIMINETAS,ALLEGHENY:LOWER ALLEGHENY, MONONGAHELA:LOWER MONONGAHELA,MONONGAHELA:YOUGHIOGHENY, UPPER OHIO:UPPER OHIO,UPPER OHIO:SHEKANGO, UPPER OHIO:COMMOQUENESSING <HYDRO-CODE> 02040108,020040106,02040201,02040202,02040203,02040205,02050105, 02050106,02050107,02050201,02050203,02050204,02050205,02050206, 02050301,02050302,02050304,02050205,02050306,02060002,02060003, 04110003,04120101,04120200,05010004,05010006,05010007,05010008, 05010009,05020005,05020006,05030101,05030102,05030105 <ECOREG-NAME> MORTHERA HARDWOODS FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND: NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION,50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND: NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLE SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION: MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: BEECH-MAPLE FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND: BEECH-MAPLE FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, MORE THAN 80% GENTLY SLOPING, 0-100 FT. ELEVATION: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, MORE THAN 80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, LESS THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, LESS THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT ELEVATION <ECOREG-CODE> 2113828,211383C,2113C4C,2113C5A,2113C5C,2113D50,2211C5C, 2212828,221283C,2214A10,2214A2B,2214B2C,2214B3B, 2214B3C,2214B4A,2214C4C,2214C40,2214C5A,2214C5C,2214D4D,2214050 <PNV> BEECH-MAPLE,APPALACHIAN OAK,NORTHERN HARDWOODS,OAK-HICKORY-PINE <QUAD-NAME> <QUAD-CODE> (LATLONG> <LANDUSE-A SOC> WATER:STREAMS-CANALS,WATER:LAKES,WATER:RESERVOIRS, WATER:BAYS-ESTUARIES <LANDUSE-PREF> WATER:LAKES,WATER:BAYS-ESTUARIES <FOREST-TYPE> NOT ASSOCIATED <FOREST-SIZE> NOT ASSOCIATED <WETLAND-NAME> ESTUARINE,ESTURINE:SUBTIDAL,ESTUARINE:SUBTIDAL/OPEN WATER, PALUSTRINE,PALUSTRINE/OPEN WATER, LACUSTRINE,LACUSTRINE:LIMMETIC,LACUSTRINE:LIMMETIC/OPEN WATER, RIVERRINE,RIVERRINE:TIDAL,RIVERRINE:TIDAL/OPEN WATER, RIVERRINE:LOWER PEREMINIAL,RIVERRINE:LOWER PEREMNIAL/OPEN WATER <WETLAND-CODE> E....,E 1...,E1OWO,P....,PO...,POOWO,L....,L1...,L10W0,R....,R1..., R1OWO,R2...,R2OWO <ENVIR-ASSOC> AIR TEMPERATURE:<0 DEGREES CELCIUS: AIR TEMPERATUTE: 0-4 DEGREES CELCIUS: AIR TEMPERATURE: 4-15 DEGREES CELCIUS: AIR TEMPERATURE: 15-32 DEGREES CELCIUS: FLOW:RIVER->5,000 CFS MEAN ANNUAL FLOW: WATER DEPTH: 1-5 FT.;WATER DEPTH:5-10 FT.;WATER DEPTH:10-25 FT.; AQUATIC HABITAT ZONATION:OPEN WATER ZONE: INLAND WETLAND:WOODLAND AND PONDS;INLAND WETLAND:MAN-MADE IMPOUNDMENTS; COASTAL ZONE:SALTWATER MARSH:COASTAL ZONE:BRACKISH WATER MARSH: COASTAL ZONE:FRESHWATER MARSH:COASTAL ZONE:COASTAL MARSH: NEST SITES:BARE GROUND/VERY SPARCE VEGETATION:NEST SITES:DEPRESSIONS: NEST SITES:EMERGENT VEGETATION OVER/NEAR WATER <ENVIR-LIM> WEST SITES:BARE GROUND/VERY SPARCE VEGETATION: WEST SITES:EMERGENT VEGETATION OVER/NEAR WATER <ENVIR-LIM-E> <ENVIR-LIM-LF> <ENVIR-LIM-LR> <ENVIR-LIM-P> <ENVIR-LIM-JF> <ENVIR-LIM-JR> <ENVIR-LIM-AF> <ENVIR-LIM-AR> <ENVIR-LIM-AB> WEST SITES:BARE GROUND/VERY SPARCE VEGETATION: WEST SITES:EMERGENT VEGETATION OVER/NEAR WATER <FOOD-GEN> CRUSTACEANS,FISH EGGS,FISH FRY,FISH ADULTS,AMPHIBIAN ADULTS <FOOD-L> <FOOD-J> CRUSTACEANS,FISH EGGS,FISH FRY,FISH ADULTS,AMPHIBIAN ADULTS <FOOD-A> CRUSTACEANS,FISH EGGS,FISH FRY,FISH ADULTS,AMPHIBIAN ADULTS <FORAG-SITE> STANDING WATER-LITTORAL ZONE,STANDING WATER-LINMITIC ZONE, FLOWING WATER-POOLS <BREED-SEASON> JUNE,JULY,AUGUST <SPAWN-SITE> <WEST-SITE> ON THE GROUND,DEPRESSION,FLOATING AQUATIC VEGETATION <WEST-MATRLS> GRASSES,MOSS,AQUATIC VEGETATION <TREND-CAUSE> <MGMT-BENEFIT> RESTRICTING/REGULATING HUMAN USE OF HABITATS; RESTRICTING/REGULATIN HUMAN DISTURBANCE OF POPULATIONS; RESTRICT HUMAN HARASSMENT DURING MIGRATION; RESTRICT HUMAN DISTURBANCE DURING BREEDING OR OTHER STRESSFUL PERIODS; RETENTION OF WILDERNESS;MAINTAINING UNDISTURBED/UNDEVELOPED AREAS; MAINTAINING NATURAL VEGETATION (NATIVE); DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING WATER HOLES, PONDS, POTHOLES,ETC.; PLACING ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS OR RAFTS IN WATER; CREATING/MAINTAINING ISLANDS WITHIN PERMANENT IMPOUNDMENTS; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING/PROTECTING FRESHWATER WETLANDS; IMPOUNDMENT OF WATERWAYS (FLOOD CONTROL, RECREATION, ETC.); INCREASE IN DEEP WATER HABITATS; MAINTAIN CONSTANT WATER POOL LEVELS; CONTROLLING POLLUTION (THERNAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL) <MGMT-HARM> ORAINING/EXCAVATING WETLANDS, INCLUDING MARSHES WITH VEGETATION; ORAINING/EXCAVATING PONDS AND LAKES; SPECIMEN COLLECTION;EGG COLLECTION <N-TAXONMONY> HISTORICAL SCIENTIFIC SYNONYMS INCLUDE COLYMBUS STELLATA, URINATOR LUMME, AND GAVIA LUMME *01,02:34*. THE SYNONYM COLYMBUS STELLATA CAN BE TRACED TO HUXLEY *01* WHO UNITED THE LOONS AND GREBES INTO A SINGLE FAMILY, THE COLYMBIDNE. HE ARGUED THE COLYMBIDAE APPEAR TO BE CLOSELY CONNECTED ON ONE HAND WITH THE GULLS, AND ON THE OTHER, PORE REMOTELY BUT STILL REALLY WITH THE RAILS *01:458*. THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LOONS AND GREBES ARE NOW GENERALLY ATTRIBUTED TO CONVERGENCE *03:55* ONLY. CONSEQUENTLY, LOONS AND GREBES ARE NOW PLACED IN SEPARATE ORDERS, GAVIIFORMES AND PODICIPEDIFORMES, RESPEC- TIVELY. CURRENTLY, LOONS ARE THOUGHT TO BE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO THE GULLS (CHARADRIIFORMES) *03:0A4:2*. THE COMMON SYNONYM, RED-THROATED DIVER, IS GENERALLY SEEN IN EUROPEAN PUBLICATIONS. THE LITERATURE REVEALS NO OTHER COMMON NAME. A SUBSPECIES, GAVIA STELLATA SQUAMATA (PORTENK0), HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS OCCURRING FROM THE SCANDANAVIA-BALTIC SEA REGION. VAURIE *05:4* SUPPORTS THIS DESIGNATION WHILE STORER DOES NOT *04:7*. BASED ON COMPARISONS OF FOSSIL EVIDENCE WITH CHARACTERS OF EX- TANT LOONS, GAVIA STELLATA MAY BE THE MORE PRIMITIVE OF THE LOONS *04:3*. THESE CHARACTERS INCLUDE RELATIVELY SIMPLE NUPTIAL PLUMAGE, SMALLER SIZE, AND GOOD FLYING ABILITY. <N-SPP-STATUS> RED-THROATED LOONS ARE PROTECTED UNDER THE GAME LAWS OF PENN- SYLVANIA *06*. THEIR STATUS IS NON-CONSUMPTIVE RECREATIONAL. THIS SPECIES ALSO IS PROTECTED UNDER THE MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT *19*. THE SPECIES APPEARS TO BE SENSITIVE TO HUMAN DISTURBANCE *07:60*. THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR IS CHARGED WITH THIS SPECIES PROTECTION AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL. THE PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION PROVIDES PROTECTION AT THE STATE LEVEL. <N-DISTRIB> THE RED-THROATED LOON IS AN OCCASIONAL WINTER RESIDENT IN PENNSYLVANIA *02,08,09*. IT ALSO IS SEEN DURING BOTH SPRING AND FALL MIGRATORY SEASONS. EXCEPT WHEN SEEN FLYING, SIGHTINGS WITHIN PENNSYLVANIA HAVE BEEN MADE FROM VARIOUS BODIES OF FRESH WATER, INCLUDING LAKES, BAYS, AND RIVERS. THIS SPECIES OCCURS ACROSS THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE IN BOTH EUR- ASIA AND NORTH AMERICA. IT BREEDS ON THE TUMORA AND FAVORS WINTERING ALONG THE COASTS AS FAR SOUTH AS FLORIDA AND THE BAJA PENINSULA *07:53*. CONSEQUENTLY, THE NUMBERS OF RED-THROATED LOONS RECORDED FOR PENNSYLVANIA HAS NEVER BEEN LARGE. IN SPRING, MIGRANTS MAY BE SEEN IN APRIL AND EARLY MAY PRESUMABLY COMING FROM THE ATLANTIC *07:54*. IN FALL, MOST MIGRATION IN THE EASTERN U.S. AGAIN OCCURS ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST, GENERALLY DURING OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER. RECORDS TAKEN FROM THE JOURNAL, AMERICAN BIRDS, FROM 1975-1983 INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES: ERIE-PRESQUE ISLE $24; 718,26:176,28:331,32:176,33:261,36:160,45:869,46:2014; CENTRE-STATE COLLEGE $31:1005,34:770,46:2014; CENTRE-BALD EAGLE STATE PARK $32; 176,40:181,42:822,43:293*; CENTRE-ME ELHATTAN $41:2998; PERRY-LITTLE BUFFALO STATE PARK $44:851*; MONTOUR $29:1000,32:176*; CRAWFORD-PYMA- TUNING LAKE $20:58,23:67*; CRAWFORD=CONNEAUT LAKE $32:176*; LUZERNE- DALLAS $21:827*; LUZERNE-HARVEY'S LAKE $30:183*; CHESTER-MARSH CREEK STATE PARK $22:39,25:156*; BUTLER-LAKE ARTHUR $29:1000,36:160,39:775, 46:201*; LEHIGH-ALLENTOWN @27:312*; YORK-HANOVER $38:272*; BUCKS-PEACE VALLEY PARK $37:257*; BERKS AND SCHUYLKILL-HAWK MOUNTAIN $35:144*; ALLEGHENY-PITTSBURGH $46:201*; AND INDIANA $46:20*. AN EARLIER SUMMARY (1940) REPORTED SIGHTINGS ON THE SHENANGO RIVER IN GREENVILLE (MERCER COUNTY), AND THE WEST BRANCH OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT RENOVO (CLINTON COUNTY) *20*. sPECIMENS HAVE BEEN REPORTED CAPTURED IN LYCOMING, CLINTON, NORTHAMPTON, AND PHILADELPHIA COUNTIES IN THE LATE 1800'S *80*. IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO CONCLUDE THAT RED-THROATED LOONS PROBABLY OCCUR SPORADICALLY DURING THE WINTER AND MIGRATORY SEASONS THROUGHOUT <N-HABITAT> THE RED-THROATED LOON HAS BEEN SIGHTED SPORADICALLY IN A VARIETY OF FRESH-WATER HABITATS (LAKES, BAYS, RESERVOIRS, AND REIVERS) WITHIN PENNSYLVANIA (SEE THE DISTRIBUTION NARRATIVE) DURING THE WINTER AND MIGRATORY SEASONS. THERE ARE NO RECORDS FOR BREEDING WITHIN THE COMMONWEALTH. BREEDING OCCURS COMMONLY ALONG SHALLOW TUNDRA PONDS AND LAKES SHORTLY AFTER THE ICE MELTS IN NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, AND ASIA. SPECIFICALLY, NESTING SEEMS TO BE FAVORED ON NATURAL OR CONSTRUCTED ISLANDS AT THESE LANES *10,11,12*. WETLANDS SELECTED BY RED-THROATED LOONS WERE PREDOMINATELY THOSE FOUND IN LARGE AND SHALLOW. PARTIALLY DRAINED LAKES (BASIN-COMPLEX) *10*. <N-FOOD> RED-THROATED LOONS ARE ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY FISH-EATERS THROUGHOUT THEIR BREEDING AND WINTERING RANGES. COD (GADUS CALLARIAS) COMPRISES THE BULK OF THE DIET OF BIRDS STUDIED IN BOTH NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE *10,13*. OTHER FISH EATEN INCLUDE GOBIES (GOBIUS SPP.). STICKLEBACKS (GASTEROSTEUS SPP), AND HERRING (CLUPEA HARENGUS) *13*. IN THE SAME STUDY, PORE THAN HALF (58%) SUBSISTED ON A SINGLE KIND OF FISH. OCCASIONALLY, CRUSTACEANS, FROGS, AND FISH EGGS ARE EATEN *13,14*. WHILE G. STELLATA MAY NEST ON INLAND FRESHWATER LAKES. THEY MAY FLY SEVERAL MILES TO SEA TO SEEK FOOD *10*. SUCH BEHAVIOR WAS NOTED IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES OF CANADA WHERE FISH WERE ABSENT FROM ALL WETLAND CLASSES WHERE LOONS NESTED. <N-MGMT> RED-THROATED LOONS GENERALLY WEST ON ISLANDS OF SHALLOW ARCTIC FRESH-WATER LAKES YET OBTAIN MOST, IF NOT ALL OF THEIR FOOD FROM THE SEA. THEREFORE, POLLUTION OF FREST WATER WILL INFLUENCE FOOD GATHERING LESS THAN POLLUTION (I.E., OIL) AT SEA *10*. ANY LIMITA- TIONS OR SIGNIFICANT DESTRUCTION OF NESTING HABITAT HAS NOT BEEN DESCRIBED. HUMAN ACTIVITY DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR AF- FECTING THE STABILITY OF THIS SPECIES *07:60*. HOWEVER, THEIR HABIT OF MAKING FEEDING FLIGHTS TO THE SEA AND BACK MAKES THEM MORE LIKELY TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH HUMANS (ESPECIALLY ESKIMO). THE BIRDS REPORTEDLY REACT TO SUDDEN SHOUTS. THE ESKIMOS OF BAFFIN ISLAND SHOUT TO INDUCE PASSING BIRDS TO ALIGHT ON NEARBY FRESH WATER *07:60*. FEWER BIRDS OR EGGS ARE TAKEN NOW BY ESKIMOS THAN IN THE PAST, WITH LITTLE OVERALL EFFECT ON THE SPECIES POPULATION. VERY LITTLE CAN BE DONE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THIS SPECIES ON WINTERING SITES IN <HEP-DATA> <ANIMAL-PLANT> BECAUSE THE MAINSTAY OF THE DIET OF RED-THROATED LOONS IS FISH. LOONS MAY BE EXPECTED TO OCCUR NOT FAR FROM A SOURCE OF FISH (SEE FOOD HABITS NARRATIVE). FURTHERMORE, COD (GADUS CALLARIUS) APPEARS TO BE A FAVORITE SPECIES IN BOTH WINTERING AND BREEDING AREAS. CONSEQUENTLY, ANY AREAS WITH PREDICTABLY HIGH POPULATIONS OF COD MAY BE AREAS IN WHICH LOONS WILL OCCUR *10:14,13:19*. FOX, JAEGERS, SKUAS, AND GULLS ARE THE PRINCIPAL PREDATORS OF RED-THROATED LOONS, ESPECIALLY EGGS AND JUVENILES *17:141*. <DESCRIPTION> THE RED-THROATED LOON IS A SMALL LOON WITH SEXES SIMILAR, L.:24- 27 IN., MALES AVERAGE SLIGHTLY LARGER, WT. TO OVER 4.5 LB., WINGSPREAD 42-45 INCHES. SUMMER ADULT PLUMAGE: BACK, WING, TAIL IS TAN WITH SPOTTED WHITE HEAD; REST OF HEAD AND SIDES OF NECK IS ASH-GRAY; BACK OF NECK IS BLACK STREAKED WHITE; FRONT OF NECK IS RUST OR CHESTNUT; UNDERSIDE IS WHITE; BILL IS DULL BLUISH-GRAY WITH PALER STRIPE ALONG RIDGE. IRIS IS REDDISH BROWN, UPPERPARTS BLACKISH-BROWN WITH SLIGHT GREENISH GLOSS, FEATHERS AT SHOULDERS LIGHTLY WASHED WITH GRAYISH. EACH HAVING A PAIR OF SMALL GRAYISH-WHITE SPOTS AT ITS TIP FORMING WHITE STREAKS. WINTER ADULT PLUMAGE: SIMILAR TO SUMMER EXCEPT LOSS OF RUST ON THE NECK *07:49-51*. <ORGIN> RED-THORATED LOONS ARE OCCASIONALLY SEEN IN PENNSYLVANIA DURING FALL AND SPRING MIGRATIONS AND DURING THE WINTER. MOST INDIVIDUALS FAVOR WINTERING ALONG THE COASTS AND BREEDING IN NORTHERN CANADA. <BEHAVIOR> TERRITORIALITY OCCURS ON THE BREEDING GROUNDS FOR DISPLAY. COPU- LATING, NESTING AND FEEDING IF FOOD IS PRESENT. YEARLINGS AND UNMATED LOONS VISIT TERRITORIES-ARE SOMETIMES DRIVEN AWAY BUT OFTEN TOLERATE OTHER WATER BIRDS, INCLUDING DUCKS, ARE OFTEN TOLERATED WITHIN TERRI- TORIES, BUT JAEGERS USUALLY ELICIT DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR *07:58,17*. THE RED-THROATED LOON IS VERY VOCAL DURING THE BREEDING SEASON, BOTH NIGHT AND DAY, BUT RATHER SILENT AT OTHER TIMES. A CALL REPEATED AS "COCRA-CRAH-OH* *15" AND "KA-KA-KA-KA" AS A FLIGHT CALL HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED *16*. A SINGLE "KWUK" OR "KARA" IS MADE AS AN ALARM NOTE *07:52*. DURING THE SUMMER, THEY MAKE A FAR-CARRYING "GAYORWORRAK" REPEATEDLY EVERY MINUTE OR SO *07:53*. THEY ARE MIGRATORY, FLYING BETWEEN BREEDING GROUNDS ON ARCTIC TUNDRA LAKES AND THE COASTS OF NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE. IN PENNSYL- VANIA. THEY ARE SEEN INFREQUENTLY DURING MIGRATION OR AS TEMPORARY WINTER RESIDENTS. THE HOME RANGE OF NESTING BIRDS VARIES WITH THE DISTANCE COVERED TO FIND FOOD. IN ONE STUDY CONDUCTED IN THE NORTH- WEST TERRITORIES, LOONS FLEW FROM THEIR NESTS ON INLAND FRESHWATER LAKES SEVERAL MILES TO SEA TO OBTAIN FOOD *10*. ON BREEDING GROUNDS, ONE PAIR MAY OCCUPY A SMALL POND. THEY HAVE ALSO BEEN OBSERVED TO BREED COLONIALLY WHERE NESTS MAY BE ONLY A FEW YARDS APART *07:59*. INMATURES SUMMER MOSTLY ON COASTAL SALT WATER BUT ARE SOMETIMES FOUND ON LARGER FRESH WATER PONDS. DAILY ROUNTINE OUTSIDE BREEDING SEASON IS MAINLY CONCERNED WITH OBTAINING FOOD; THIS IS WHEN THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE SEEN TOGETHER IN LARGE NUMBERS. THEY ARE EXCELLENT SWIMMERS AND DIVERS, USING MAINLY THEIR FEET, BUT ALSO THEIR WINGS FOR PROPULSION *07:59*. FISH ARE CAPTURE BY GRASPING WITH THE BILL AND ARE BROUGHT TO THE SURFACE BEFORE SWALLOWING. SMALL FISH MAY BE EATEN UNDER WATER. ORDINARILY THEY DIVE QUIETLY FROM THE WATER SURFACE. THEY ALSO ARE STRONG FLIERS WITH RAPID WINGBEATS. THEY REQUIRE A SMALLER WATER SURFACE FOR TAKEOFF THAN OTHER LOONS, AND UNLIKE OTHER LOONS CAN FLY DIRECTLY FROM LAND *07:59*. SHORT FLIGHTS MAY BE LOW OVER OPEN WATER. WHILE MIGRATORY FLIGHTS MAY OCCUR AT SEVERAL HUNDRED FEET. THEY MAY FLY TO CONSIDERABLE HEIGHTS ON BREEDING GROUNDS, HURTLE DOWN IN A STEEP GLIDE, AND LAND WITH GREAT FORCE ON THE WATER *07:59*. BIRDS COME ASHORE MOSTLY FOR NESTING AND MOVE AWKWARDLY ON LAND. <REPRODUCTION> RED0THROATED LOONS ARE MONOGAMOUS AT LEAST FOR THE DURATION OF THE BREEDING SEASON *07:57*. BIRDS ARRIVE ON THE BREEDING GROUNDS IN ALASKA IN THE FIRST TWO WEEKS OF JUNE *10*. COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR IS DESCRIBED AS SIMILAR TO WELL-KNOWN DISPLAY OF THE WESTERN GREBE *16*. BIRDS RUSH ABOUT SWIFTLY IN THE WATER IN A NEARLY UPRIGHT ALTITUDE WITH ONLY THE REAR OF THE BODY SUBMERGED AND HEAD AND NECK RAISED AND EXTENDED. NESTS ARE BUILT PREFERENTIALLY ON SMALL VEGETATION ISLANDS IN SHALLOW, TUNDRA LAKES *10,11,12*. ONLY 11% WERE FOUND ON MAINLAND SHORES *10*. THESE ISLANDS MAY BE NATURAL OR CONSTRUCTED FROM AQUATIC VEGETATION. NESTA CAN BE A BARE DEPRESSION IN THE GROUND *14*. THERE APPEARS TO BE A TENDENCY TOWARD NEST-SITE LOYALTY. IN ONE STUDY 19 OF 27 NESTS FOUND OCCURRED AT PONDS USED BY PAIRS DURING MORE THAN ONE SUMMER *11*. NESTING SUCCESS WAS GREATER IN THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES AND FOR PAIRS NESTING ON ISLANDS THAN ON MAINLAND SHORES A LUTCH IS GENERALLY TWO EGGS *10,17* LAID 48 HOURS APART. EGGS ARE BLOTCHED OLIVE-GREEN AND AVERAGE 2.83 BY 1.73 INCHES *14*. THE ADULTS ALTERNATE INCUBATING. WHEN CHANGING, THE BIRD LANDING FROM THE WATER USUALLY FLICKS MOSS OVER ITS BACK AND OFTEN TURNS AROUND A FEW TIMES BEFORE SETTLING DOWN *17*. THE INCUBATOR ALWAYS FACES WATER, NEVER INLAND. INCUBATION PERIOD IS 27 DAYS. BASED ON ONLY ONE INSTANCE *07:58*. NESTING ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED INTO AUGUST IN A POPULATION STUDIED ON HAFFIN ISLAND *15* AND IN EAST GREENLAND *17*. CHICKS CAN SWIM WITHIN 24 HOURS OF HATCHING *17*. BOTH ADULTS BRING FOOD TO NEST. THE PARENTS "COO" GENTLY, THE CHICKS LEAVE THE NEST AND SWIM OUT TO BE FED. THE FISH OFFERED TO CHICKS IS SMALL AND THEREFORE TAKEN WHOLE. ARCTIC COD WERE FED TO YOUNG IN AN ALASKAN POPULATION *10*. THESE LOONS MAY BEGIN REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY AT 2 YEARS OF AGE *07:54*. <POP-DYNAMICS> THERE APPEARS TO BE NO INFORMATION REGARDING THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF THIS SPECIES *00*. <LIN-FACTORS> PREDATION AFFECTS MOSTLY EGGS AND JUVENILES. FOX, JAEGERS, SKUAS, AND GULLS ARE THE PRINCIPAL PREDATORS *17*. TUCK AND BOROTRA *18* FOUND THAT LOONS DID NOT BREED ON NEWFOUNDLAND BUT DID ON A NEARBY ARCHIPEELAGO. THEY ATTRIBUTED THE SCARCITY OF MA- MAMMALIAN PREDATORS. PARTICULARLY THE RED FOX, ON THE ARCHIPELAGO TO THE OCCURRENCE OF BREEDING THERE. ON ITS COASTAL WINTER GROUNDS, SOME MORTALITY IS CAUSED BY OILING *07:60* AND ILLEGAL SHOOTING. LATE SPRINGS, COLD SUMMERS, OR EARLY FALLS MAY HAVE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON BREEDING DUE TO LACK OF OPEN WATER *07:60*. <R-TAXONOMY> 01,02,03,04,05 <R-SPP-STATUS> 06,07,19 <R-DISTRIB> 02,07,08,09,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38, 39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46 <R-HABITAT> 10,11,12 <R-FOOD> 10,13,14 <R-MGMT> 07,10 <R-LIFE-HIST> 07,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18 <REFERENCES> 00-LARRY MILLER, BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, GANNON UNIVERITY, ERIE, PA 16541, PHONE (814)871-7639 01-HUXLEY, T.N. 18670 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS; AND ON THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF THE MODIFICATIONS OF CERTAIN OF THE CRANIAL BONES OBSERVABLE IN THAT CLASS. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, PROC. 1867: 415-472 02 - TODD, W.E. 1940. BIRDS OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. UNIVERSITY 1867: PITTSBURGH PRESS. 710 PP. 03 - SIBLEY, C.G. AND J.E. AHLQUIST. 1972. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EGG-WHITE PROTEINS OF NON-PASSERINE BIRDS. BULLETIN 39. PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, YALE UNIVERSITY. 276 PP. 04 - STORER, R.W. 1978. SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON THE LOONS (GAVIIDAE: AVES). BREVORIA 448:1-8 05 - VAURIE, C. 1965. THE BIRDS OF THE PALEARCTIC FAUNA. NON- PASSERIFORMES. H.F. AND G. WITHERBY. XX + 763 PP. 06 - PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION. 1967. THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA GAME LAWS. HARRISBURG, PA. 137 PP. 07 - PALMER, RALPH S. (ED.). 1962. HANDBOOK OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS, VOLUME 1. YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS PP. 49-61 08 - WARREN, B.H. 1890. BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. HARRISBURG, PA. 434 PP. 09 - WOOD, M. 1979. BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA. 133 PP. 10 - BERGMAN, R.D. AND D.V. DERKSEN. 1977. OBSERVATIONS ON ARCTIC AND RED-THROATED LOONS AT STORKERSEN POINT, ALASKA. ARCTIC 30(1):41- 51. 11 - LINDBERG, P. 1968. NAGOT ON STORLONMENS (GEVIA ARCTICA) OCH SMALONMENS (GAVIA STELLATA) EKOLOGI. ZOOLOGISK REVY 30:83-88 120DAVIS, R.A. 1972. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE USE OF HABITAT BY ARCTIC LOONS AND RED-THROATED LOONS. UNPUBLISHED PH.D. THESIS. 13 - MADSEN, F.J. 1957. ON THE FOOD HABITS OF SOME FISH-EATING BIRDS IN DENMARK. DANISH REVIEW OF GAME BIOLOGY 3(2):19083 14 - LANGELIER, G. 1935. LES PLONGEONS. LE NATURALISTE CANADIEN 62(11):301-309 15 - SUTTON, G.M. AD D.F. PARMALEE. 1956. ON THE LOONS OF BAFFIN ISLAND. AUK 73(1):78-84 16 - HOHN, E.O. 1958. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CERTAIN ARCTIC BIRDS. ARCTIC 11(2):93-101 17 - HALL, A.B. AND G.P. ARNOLD. 1966. BRIEF OBSERVATIONS ON A PAIR OF RED-THROATED DIVERS (GAVIA STELLATA) NESTING IN EAST GREENLAND. 18 - TUCK, L.M. AND M.J. BOROTRA. 1972. ADDITIONS TO THE AVIFAUNA OF ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON. CANADIAN FIELD NATURALIST 86(3):279-284. 19 - TITLE 50. CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS. PART 10.13. 20 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1975. VOLUME 29(1):58 21 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1975. VOLUME 29(4):627 22 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1975. VOLUME 30(1):39 23 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1975. VOLUME 30(1):67 24 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1975. VOLUME 30(3):718 25 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1976. VOLUME 31(2):156 26 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1976. VOLUME 31(2):176 27 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1976. VOLUME 31(3):312 28 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1976. VOLUME 31(3):331 29 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1976. VOLUME 31(5):1000 30 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1977. VOLUME 32(2):183 31 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1978. VOLUME 32(5):1005 32 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1978. VOLUME 33(2):176 33 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1979. VOLUME 33(3):281 34 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1979. VOLUME 34(5):770 35 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1979. VOLUME 34(2):144 36 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1979. VOLUME 34(2):160 37 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1979. VOLUME 34(3):257 38 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1979. VOLUME 34(3):272 39 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1980. VOLUME 34(5):775 40 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1980. VOLUME 35(2):181 41 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1980. VOLUME 35(3):299 42 - AMERICAN BIRDS 1981. VOLUME 35(5):822 43- AMERICAN BIRDS 1981. VOLUME 36(3):293 44- AMERICAN BIRDS 1983. VOLUME 37(5):851 45- AMERICAN BIRDS 1983. VOLUME 37(5):869 46- AMERICAN BIRDS 1983. VOLUME 38(2):201 I . . 14@1 APPENDIX E Updated Species Profile Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) -if <SPP-CODE> 0400075 <category> bird <com-name>plover,piping <sci-name>charadrius melodus <tax-phylum> chordata <tax-SBPHYLUM> VERTEBRATA <TAX-CLASS>AVES <TAX-SUBCLASS> NECORNITHES <TAX-ORDER>CHARADRIFORMES <TAX-SUBORDER>CHARADRII <TAX-SUPERFAM> <TAX-FAMILY> CHARADRIIDAE <TAX-SBFAMILY> CHARADRINNAE <TAXPTRIBE> <TAX-GENUS>CHARADRIUS <TAX-SUBGENUS> <TX-SPECIES>MELODUS <TAX-SUBSPEC>CIRCUMCINCTUS<TAAX=AUTHOR>ORD (1824) <SPP-STATUS> F-E,S-X, MIGRATOR, NON-CONSUMP-REC, INDICATOR, SENSITIVE <<RES-STATUS> MIGRANT <HABITAT> TERRESTRIAL, RIPARIAN <TROPHIC>CARNIVORE <TERRITORY>BREEDING/FEEDING/NESTING TERRITORY <TERR-SIZE> 1/4-1 ACRE, 1-5 ACRES <HOME-RANGE> <DISPERSION>CLUMPED <PERIODICITY>ACTIVE IN DAY <FORAG-STRAT> CLEANING, PROBING <MATING> MONGAMY <PAIR-BOND> ONE SEASON ONLY <DISPLAY-SITE> GROUND <PREG-INCUBAT> 3-4 WEEKS <AVE-YOUNG> 3-4 <REPROD-YR>1 <DEVEL-YOUNG> PRECOCIAL <PARENT-CARE> BOTH PARENTS <POP-TRENT>DECREASING <POP-FUTURE> <HEP> NONE <ENTERED> 85/06/03 <UPDATED> <EXPANDI> <EXPAND2> <EXPAND3> <EXPAND4> EXPAND5> <COM-SYNONYMS> BIRD, BEACH;PLOVER, BEACH; PLOVER, PIPING, BELTED; CALM-BIRD; BIRD, MOURNING,; RING-NELK, PALE; RING-NECK; PLOVRE, SAND; PLOVER, PIPING, WESTERN; BUTTER-BIRD; YLE=O; PEEP-LO;FEEBLT <SCI=SYNONYMS> AEGIALITIS MELODUS, AEGIALITIS MELODA CIRCUMCINCTA <OCCUR-COUNTY> BUCKS, DRAWFORD, ERIE, LANCASTER <AGS-COUNTY> <UNK-COUNTY> ADAMS, ALLEGHENY,ARMSTRONG,BEAVER, BEDFORD,BERKS,BLAIR, BRADFORD, BUTLER,CAMBRIA,CAMERON,CARBON,CENTERE,CHESATER,CLARION,CLEARFIELD, CLINTON,COLUMBIA,CUMBERLAND,DAUGHIN,DELAWARE,ELK, FAYETTE,FOREST,FRANKLIN,FULTON,GREENE,HUNTINGDON,INDIANA,JEFFERSON, JUNIATA,LACKAWANNA,LAWRENCE,LEBANON,LEHIGH,LUZERNE,LYCOMING, MCKEAN,MERCER,MIFFLIN,MONROE,MONTGOMERY,MONTOUR,NORTHAMPTON, NORTHUMBERLNAD, PERRY,PHILADELPHIA,PIKE,POTTER,SCHUYLKILL,SNYDER, SOMERSET,SULLIVAN,SUSQUEHANNA,TIOGA,UNION,VENANGO,WARREN,WASINGTON, WAYNE,WESTMORELLAND,WYOMING,YORK <SEAS-OCCUR> BUCKS:..F.,CRAWFORD:..F.,ERIE:S.F.,LANCASTER:..F. <ABUND-CITY> BUCKS: U,CRAWFORD:U,ERIE:U,LANCASTER:U <HYDRO-NAME> UPPRE DELAWARE:MIDDLE DELAWARE/MUSCONECCONG, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA, EASTER LAKE ERIE:CHAUTAUQUA-CONNEAUT, ALLEGHENY:FRENCH <HYDRO-CODE> 02040105,02050306,04120101,05010004 <ECORE G- NAME> NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; BEECH-MAPLE FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND: APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50/80% GENTLY SLOPOING, 300-500FT. ELEVATION, 50-75\% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND <ECORE G-CODE> 211383C,21282B,2214B3B,221483C <PNV> BEECH-MAPLE,APPALACHIAN OAK, NORTHERN HARDWOODS <QUAD-NAME> <QUAD-CODE> <LATLONG> <LANDUSE-ASOC> WATER:LAKES,WATER:RESERVIORS,WETLAND:NONFORESTED,BARREN:BEACHES <LANDUSE-PREF> BARREN:BEACHES <FOREST-TYPE> <FOREST-SIZE> <WETLAND-NAME> ESTUARINE,ESTUARINE:INTERITIDAL,ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/BEACH-BAR, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/BEACH-BAR:SAND, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT,ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/FLAT:SAND, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT:MUD, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE:SAND, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE:MUD, PALUSTINE,PALUSTRINE/FLAT,PALUSTRINE/FLAT:SAND,PALUSTRINE/FLAT:MUD, PALUSTRINE/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE, PAU.LUSTRINE/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE:SAND, PALUSTRINE/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE:MUD,LACUSTRINE,LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL, LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/BEACH-BAR,LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/BEACH-BAR:SAND, LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/FLAT,LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/FLAY:SAND, LACUSTIRNEa:LITTORAL/FLAT:MUD,LUCUSTRINE:LITTORLA/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE, LACUSTIRNE: LITTORAL/UNCONSOLIDATED SHOIRE:SAND, LACUSTIRNE: LITTTORAL/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE:MUD, RIVERINE,RIVERINC:TIDAL, RIVERTIME:TIDAL/BEACH-BAR,RIVERINE:TIDAL/BEACH-BAR:SAND, RIVERTIME:TIDAL/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE, RIVERTIME/TIDAL/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE:SAND, RIVERTIME:TIDAL/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE:MUD, RIVERTINE:LOWER,RIVERINC:LOWER/BEACH=BAR, RIVERINE:LOWER/BEACH-BAR:SAND, RIVERRINE:LOWER/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE, RIVERINE:LOWE/UNCONSOLIDATED SHOIRE:SAND, RIVERINE:LOWRE/UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE:MUD <WETLAND-CODE> E....,EZ...,EZBB.,E2BB2,2FL.,E2FL2,E1FL3,L2US.,EZUS2,E2US3,P...., PC...,POFL.,POFL2,POFL3,POUS.,POUS2,POUS3,L....,L2...,L2BB.,L2BB2, L2FL.,L2FL2,L2FL3,L2US.,L2US2,L2US3,R....,R1...,R188.,R1BB2,RUUS., R1US2,R1US3,R2...,R2BB.,R2BB2,R2US.,R2US2,RSUS3 <UNVIR-ASSOC> AIR TEMPERATURE: 4-15 DEGREES CELCUUS: AIR TEMPERATURE:15-32 DEGREES CELCIUS: AIR TEMPERATURE;>32 DEGREES CELCIUS; AQUATIC VEGETATION: RUSES;COASTAL ZONE:SANDY BEACHES; COASTAL ZONE: SAND BARS;COASTAL ZONE;MUSD FLATS;COASTAL ZONE;DUNES: SOIL:SAND;TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BEACHES; ECO TONE :BARREN LAND/WETLAND:WEST SITES:SAND BEACHES/PEBBLE BEACH: CHRUB CROWN COVER:<10%; SHRUB COVER HEIGHT: <3 FT.; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER:<10%;VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL:SAND DUNE; GRASSES:AMERICAN BEACHGRASS;HUMAN ASSOCIATION:STATE AND COUNTY PARKS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION;NATIONAL PARKS/HISTORIC LANDMARKS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION:WILDLIFE REFUGES/SANCTUARIES <ENVIOR-LIM> COASTAL ZONE:SANDY BEACHES;COASTAL ZONE:SAND BARS; COASTAL ZONE:MUD FLATS;TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BEACHES: NEST SITES:SAND BEACHES/PEBBLE BEACH: HERBACEOU GROUND COVER: <10%;GRASSES:AMERICAN BEACHGRASS <ENVIR=LIM-E> COASTAL ZONE:SANDY BEACHES;TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BEACHES: NEST SITES:SAND BEACHES/PEBBLE BEACH:HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER:<10%: GRASSES:AMERICAN BEACHGRASS <ENVIR-LIM-LF> <ENVIR-LIM-LR> <ENVIR-LIM-P> <ENVIR-LIM-JF> COASTAL ZONE:SANDY BEACHES;COASTAL ZONE:SAND BARS; COASTAL ZONE:MUD FLATS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: BEACHES; NEST SITES:SAND BEACHES/PEBBLE BEACH ;HERBACEOus GROUND COVER:<10% <ENVIR-LIM-JR> COASTAL ZONE:SANDY BEACHES;COASTAL ZONE:SAND BARS; COASTAL ZONE:MUD FLATS,TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BEACHES; NEST SIETE:SAND BAECHES/PEBBLE BEACH;hERBACEOUS GROUND COVER:<10% <ENVIR-LIM-AF> COASTAL ZONE:SANDY BEACHES;COASTAL ZONE :SAND BARS; COASTAL ZONE:MUD FLATS;TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BEACHES: NEST SITES;SAND BEACHES/PEBBLE BEACH :HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER :<10% <ENVIR-LIM=AR> COASTAL ZONE:SANDY BEACHESL;COASTAL ZONE:SAND BARS; COSATAL ZONE:MUD FLATS;TERRESTIRAL FEATURES:BEACHES; NEST SITS:SAND BEACHES/PEBBLE BEACH; HERBACEOUS GROUJND COVER:<10% (ENVIR-LIM-AB> COASTAL ZONE:SANDY BEACHES;TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BEACHES: NEST SITES:SAND BEACHES/PEBBLE BEACH:HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER: <10%; GRASSES:AMERICAN BEACHGRASS <FOOD -GEN> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN), INSECTS-ADULT,INSECTS-IMMATURE,ARTHROPODS (NOT INSECTS),WORMS, INSECTS=AQUATIC,CRUSTACEANS,CLAMS,SNAILS,WORMS-SEGMENTED <FOOD-L> <FOOD-J> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN), INSECTS-ADULT,INSECTS-IMMATURE,ARTHROPODS (NOT INSECTS), WORMS, INSECTS-AQUATIC, CRUSTACEANS, CLAMS, SNAILS, WORMS-SEGMENTED <FOOD-A> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN), INSECTS-ADULT,INSECTS-IMMATURE,ARTHROPODS (NOT INSECTS), WORMS, INSECTS-AQUATIC,CRUSTACEANS, CLAIMS,SNAILS, WORMS-SEGMENTED <FORAG-SITE> GROUND SURFACE <BREED-SEASON> APRIL,MAY,JUNE,JULY <SPAWN-SITE> <NEST-SITE> ON THE GROUND,BARE GROUND/SAND BEACHES <NEST-MATRLS> SAND,GRAVEL.ORGANIC DEBRIS,INORGANIC DEBRIS <TREND-CAUSE> PREDATION,HAVITAT LOSS <MGMT-BENEFIT> PROHIBITING HARVEST OF SPECIES BEING DESCRIBED: TRANSPLANTING WILD ANIMAlS: STOCKING CAPTIVE-REARED WILD-STRAIN ANIMALS: RESTRICITING/REGULATING HUMAN USE OF HAVITATS: RESTRICITING/REGULATING HUMAN DISTURBANCE OF POPULATIONS; RESTRICT HUMAN HARRASSMENT DURING MIGRATION: RESTRICT HUMAN DISTURBANCE DURING BREEDING OR OTHE RSTRESSFUL PERIODS; RETENTION OF WILDERNESS/MAINTAINING UNDISTURBED/UNDEVELOPED AREAS; MAINTAIN EARLY STAGES OF SUCCESSION RETAIN OR PRODUCE SPECIAL HAVITAT FEATURES AS CAVES,LEDGES, ETC., PROVIDEING ATIFICIAL NESTING/SPAWNING SITES; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING WATER HOLE,PONDS,POTHOLES,ETC., MAINTIANING PROTECTING RIPARINA HABITAT; CREATING/MAINTAINING ISLAND WITHIN PERMANLNT IMPOUNDMENTS; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING/PROTECTING FRESHWATER WETLANDS; DEVELOPING/MAINTIANING/PROTECTING BRACKISH WESTLANDS; DEVELOPMENT OF SHALLOW WATER IMPOUNDMENTS; MAINTAIN CONSTANT WATER POOL LEVEL: FENCING OUT CATTLE, SHEEP, HORSES, OR OTHER LIVESTOCK; FARM POND DEVELOPMENT: CONROLLING POLLUTION (THERMAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL) <MGMT-HARM> MAINTAINGIN NATURAL ECOLOGICAL SUCESSION: PLANTINGS (SHRUBS, GRASSES, TREES, ETC.): PLANTINGS (GRASSES): PLANTINGS (SHRUBS): MAN CAUSED FLUCTUATIONS IN WATER LEVEL DURING BREEDING SEASON: SURFACE MINING; DRAINING/EXCAVATING WETLANS, INCLUDING: DRAINING/EXCAVATING WETLANDS, INCLUDING MARSHES WITH VEGETATION: DREDGING; DEPOSITION OF FILL: CHANNELIZATION: CHANNEL REALIGNMENTS: CHANNEL DEEPENING: CHANNEL WIDENING: NAVIGATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS (I.E., DAMS AND LOCKS): IMPOUNDMENT OF WATERWAYS (FLOOD CONTROL, RECREATION, ETC.): WATER LEVELS SEASONALLY FLUCTUATING IN RESERVOIRS: INTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: GRAZING: FARM POND REMOVAL: SITE PREPERATION FOR REVEGETATION: APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES: APPLIATION OF INSECTICIDES: APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES: INTENSIVE RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION: SPECIMEN COLLECTION: EGG COLLECTION <IN-TAXONOMY> THE PIPING PLOVER (CHARADRIUS MELODUS) WAS FIRST DESCRIBED IN 1824. THE LOCATION OF THE TYPE SPECIMEN WAS NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE LITERATURE. CURRENTLY, THE AMERICAN ORITHOLOGISTS' UNION RECOGNIZES TWO SUBSPECIES OF THE PIPING PLOVER, AND BOTH NEST STRICTLY WITHIN NORTH AMERICA. C. M. MELODUS GENERALLY BREEDS ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, WHILE C. M. CIRCUMCINCTUS BREEDS IN THE INTERIOR GREAT PLAINS OF THE U. S. AND CANADA AND IN THE GREAT LAKES DRAINAGE EASIN *26:44712*. THE PIPING PLOVER IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE MORE SOUTHERN SNOWY PLOVER (C. ALEXANDRNUS). HOWEVER, THE SNOWY PLOVER CAN BE DISTINGUISHED BY ITS MORE SLENDER BACK GILL, BLACKISH LEGS, AND A DARK EAR PATCH: THE PIPING PLOVER TYPICALLY LACKS THE DARK EAR PATCH AND HAS YELLOWISH LEGS AND A YELLOW BILL AT THE BASE *02:126*. OTHER COMMON NAMES INCLUDE BEACH BIRD, BEACH PLOVER, BELTED PIPING PLOVER, CALM-BIRD, MOURNING BIR, PALE RING-NECK, RING-NECK, SAND PLOVER, WESTERN PIPING PLOVER, BUTTER-BIRD, YEE-O, FEEBLE, AND PEEP-LO *06:744,14:45* TAXONOMIC SYNONYMS INCLUDE AEGIALITIS MELODUS AND AEGIALITIS MELODA CIRCUMCINCTA *18:197*. <N-SPP-STATUS> THE PIPING PLOVER IS PROTECTED UNDER THE MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT. IT WAS ONCE VERY ABUNDANT, BUT IS NOW UNCOMMON OVER MOST OF ITS RANGE, AND IT HAS DISAPPEARED FROM MANY HISTORICAL NESTING AREAS *20:4*. ON DECEMBER 30, 1982, THE PIPING PLOVER WAS FIRST LISTED AS BEING CONSIDERED FOR ADDITION TO THE U. S. LIST OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE. CATEGORY 2 SPECIES (A SPECIES NEEDING MORE DATE BEFORE A PROPOSED LISTING CAN BE MADE) *27:50727*. BECAUSE OF THE DRASTIC POPULATION DECLINE IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION, THIS POPULATION WAS BELIEVED IN 1984 TO BE IN DANGER OF EXTINCTION *26:44713*. AT THE TIME, THERE WERE FEWER THAN 20 BREEDING PAIRS REMAINING IN THIS POPULATION *20:4*. THE PIPING PLOVER WAS PROPOSED AS ENDANGERED IN THE GREAT LAKES WATERSHED AND THREATENED THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF ITS RANGE ON NOVEMBER 8, 1984 *26:44712*. THE FINAL RULING OF ENDANGERED IN THE GREAT LAKES WATERSHED (INCLUDING PENNSYLVANIA) AND THREATENED THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF ITS RANGE BECAME EFFECTIVE ON DECEMBER 11, 1985. THE CANADIAN COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF ENDANGERED WILDLIFE IN CANADA (CCSEWC) ASSIGNED THE STATUS OF ENDANGERED TO THE PIPING PLOVER IN APRIL, 1985 *27:50726*. THE REASONS FOR THE RECENT DECLINE OF THE PIPING PLOVER GENERALLY INCLUDE BEACH DISTURBANCE BY PEOPLE AND THEIR PETES AND VEHICLES, LOSS OS SANDY BEACH HABITAT DUE TO RECREATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT, AND EXTENSIVE DAMMING AND CHANNELIZATION OF RIVERS IN THE MIDWESTERN U. S. *02:MAP 120,20:4*. THE PIPING PLOVER IS LISTED AS A PENNSYLVANIA SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN (EXTRIPATED) *22:348*. CURRENTLY, IT IS CONSIDERED ONLY A RARE MIGRANT IN PENNSYLVANIA, AND IT IS FOUND ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY ALONG THE LAKE ERIE SHORELINE *04:82*. IT USED TO NEST ON PRESQUE ISLE (ERIE COUNTY), BUT BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF PROTECTION OF NESTING SITES AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THE NESTING HABITATS BY RECREATONISTS, IT BECAME EXTIRPATED BY THE MID-1950'S. IF ITS FORMER NESTING AREA AT PRESQUE ISLE WERE STRICTLY PROTECED, THE PIPING PLOVER MIGHT RETUREN *22:348*. EFFORTS BY THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES (BUREAU OF STATE PARKS) AND THE PRESQUE ISLE AUDUBON SOCIETY ARE BEING MADE TO ENCOURAGE THE RETUREN OF THIS SPECIES AS A NESTING BIRD TO THE FULL AREA OF PRESQUE ISLE *04:43*. THE PIPING PLOVER HAS BEEN ON THE NATIONAL AUDUBON SOCIETY'S BLUE LIST (AN EARLY WARNING LIST OF DECLININE, THREATENED, OR VULMERABLE SPECIES) SINCE 1972 *11:7*. IT IS CONSIDERED AN INDICATOR SPECIES, IN THAT IT SHOWS A NARROW RANGE OF TOLERANCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE *08:177*. IT IS CONSIDERED A NON-CONSUMPTIVE RECREATIONAL SPECIES (FOR BIRD WATCHING, NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY, ETC.). AT THE CURRENT TIME, NO FEDERAL RECOVERY PLAN EXISTS. HOWEVER, THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (USFWS) HAS INITIATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RECOVERY PLAN. THE FIRST DRAFT SHOULD BE COMPLETED BY OCTOBER 1.1986, AND THE FINAL PLAN SHOULD BE APPROVED BY JULY, 1987. THE LEADER OF THE USFW PIPING PLOVER RECOVERY TEAM IS JOHN G. SIDLE,. ENDANGERED SPECIES DIVISION, FORT SNELLING TWIN CITIES, MN 55111. PHONE (612)725-3276 *10*. NO CRITICAL HABITATS HAVE BEEN DESIGNATED IN PENNSYLVANIA OR ELSEWHERE DUE TO THE EPHEMERAL NATURE OF PIPING PLOVER HABITAT AND ITS WIDELY SCATTERED DISTRIBUTION *20:4*. THE USFWS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND THE PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION ARE THE FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES LEGALLY MANDATED TO PROTECT AND MANAGE THIS SPECIES. <N-DISTRIB> THE PIPING PLOVER NESTS LOCALLY ACROSS CNAADA FROM CENTRAL ALBERTA, SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, SOUTHERN MANITOBA, NORTHERN MICHIGAN, SOUTHERN ONTARIO. THE NORTH SHORE OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, TO MAGDELENS AND SOUTHWEST NEWFOUNDLAND, SOUTH TO SOUTHEAST SOUTH DAKOTA, CHENTRAL NEBRASKA, SOUTHERN SHORES OF LAKES MICHIGAN AND ERIE, AND ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST TO VIRGINIA *32:MAP 120.06:744*. THE THREE DISTINCT BREEDING POPULATIONS OF THE PIPING PLOVER ARE FOUND IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS, ATLANTIC COAST, AND GREAT LAKES WATERSHED REGIONS. THE GREAT LAKES POPULATION HISTORICALLY NESTED FORM THUNDER BAY AND OULUTH ON LAKE SUPERIOR LOCALLY AS FAR EAST AS THE HEADWATERS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER AND SOUTH TO THE INDIANA DUNES AND OHIO SHORE. IN 1983, THE GREAT LAKES POPULATION WAS VIABLE BUT APPARENTLY DECREASING, AND IT EXISTED ONLY IN MICHIGAN'S UPPER PENINSULA. AT WILDERNESS STATE PARK ON THE STRAITS OF MACKINAC, AND ON SOME OF THE OFFSHORE ISLANDS IN NORTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN. AT THAT TIME, THE SPECIES WAS NEARING EXTIRPATION IN THE DULUTH-SUPERIOR REGION OF WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR, AND IT HAS RECENTLY DISAPPEARED AS A BREEDING SPECIES FROM SOUTHERN ONTARIO *24:951*. THE PIPING PLOVER WINTERS SOUTH ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST FROM SOUTH CAROLINA TO FLORIDA AND WEST ALONG THE GULF COAST TO TEXAS, RARELY TO THE BAHAMA'S AND GREATER ANTILLES *02:MAP 120,06:744*. IN PENNSYLVANIA, THE PIPING PLOVER HAS HISTORICALLY BEEN A VERY RARE AND IRREGULAR VISITOR EVERYWHERE EXCEPT ALONG THE SHORES OF LAKE ERIE WHERE IT USED TO NEST *16:29,19:101-102,32:304 AND 309*. ONLY A FEW RECORDS EXIST FOR LOCATIONS OTHER THAN THE LAKE ERIE SHORELINE. AND ALL OF THESE ARE LATE SUMMER OR EARLY AUTUMN RECORDS (IF ALL MIGRANTS). A GROUP OF FOUR WERE SEEN AT THE TINICUM WILDLIFE PRESERVE IN BUCKS COUNTY (LUMBERVILLE QUADRANGEL) ON 1 AUGUST 1950 *16:29*. PRIO TO 1984, INDIVIDUAL PLOVERS HAD BEEN RECORDED ON SIX DIFFERENTE OCCASIONS AT THE CONEJOHELA FLATS ALONG THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER IN LANCASTER COUNTY (BORDER OF THE COLUMBIA EAST AND SAFE HARBOR QUADRANGELS). ALL SIX OF THESE RECORDS WERE BETWEEN AUGUST 21 AND SEPTEMBER 25 *13:140. THERE ARE TWO RECORDS FROM CRAWFORD CUNTY. ONE RECORD (1908) IS OF A SINGLE PLOVER SIGHTED AT MEADVILLE (HEADVILLE QUADRANGLE(*18:196*. THE OTHER RECORD IS OF A SINGLE PIPING PLOVER SEEN AT WOODCOCK CREEK LAKE ON 8 SEPTEMBER 1983 (BLOOMING VALLEY QUADRANGLE) 21:180*. BOTH OF THESE RECORDS ARE VERY UNUSUAL AS THESE AREAS GENERALLY LACK TYPICAL PIPING PLOVER HABITAT, AND THEY ARE NOT ALONG ANY KNOWN MIGRATION CORRIDORS*00*. PIPING PLOVERS NESTED ON PRESQUE ISLE (ERIE COUNTY) UNTIL THE MID TO LATE 1950'S, WHEREAS IN THE EARLY 1900'S ABOUT 15 PAIRS NESTED THERE ANNUALLY *04:82*. THIS WAS THE ONLY PLACE WHERE THIS SPECIES HAS EVER BEEN RECORDED NESTING IN THE STATE, AND THE LACK OF PROTECTION OF NESTING SITES AND RECREATIONAL USE OF THIS SITE LED TO THE PIPING PLOVERS EXTIRPATION AS A BREEDER IN PENNSYLVANIA *22:348*. ACCORDING TO THE MOST RECENT PENNSYLVANIA BREEDING BIRD ATLAS PROJECT REPORT (1984-1985 RESULTS). THE SPECIES STILL OCCURS AT PRESQUE ISLE AS A MIGRANT BUT NOT AS A BREEDER *36*. IF ITS FORMER NESTING AREA (GULL POINT AREA,, PRESQUE ISLE) WERE STRICTLY PROTECTED. SOME BELIEVE THE PIPING PLOVER MIGHT RETURN *12:345*. FOR THE PERIOD WHEN THE PIPING PLOVER USED TO NEST ON PRESQUE ISLE. THE EARLIST ARRIVAL DATE FOR BREEDING BIRDS WAS APRIL 16, AND THE LATEST DEPARTURE DATE WAS SEPTEMBER 26 *18:196*. CURRENTL THE PIPING PLOVER IS CONSIDERED AN IRREGULAR, RARE SPRING AND FALL VISITOR IN ERIE COUNTY *03:3*. DURING SPRING MIGRATION IT MAY OCCUR ALONG PENNSYLVANIA'S LAKE ERIE SHORELINE BETWEEN THE LAST WEEK OF APRIL AND THE THIRD WEEK OF MAY. DURING THE FALL MIGRATION IT MAY BE SEEN THERE FROM THE LAST WEEK OF JULY THROUGH THE FIRST WEEK OF SEPTEMBER *03:3*. THE LAKE ERIE SHORELINE IS THE ONLY KNOWN TRUE MIGRATION CORRIDOR IN THE STATE *80*. ALTHOUGH IN THE MIDWESTERN U. S. THE PIPING PLOVER DOES MIGRATE ALONG MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMS SUCH AS AS MISSISSIPPI VALLEY *02:MAP 120*. <N-HABITAT> THE PIPING PLOVER IS A RIPARIAN SPECIES *34*. IT IS GENERALLY FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH SANDY BEACHES, TIDAL FLATS, MUDFLATS, SANDBARS, TRAVEL SPITS, AND SALINE AND ALKALINE WETLANDS *02:120,13:140,25:3940*. THIS SPECIES NORMALLY OCCUPIES WIDE, OPEN BEACHES WITH LITTLE BRUSH, DEBRIS, OR COASTAL VEGETATION *01:64,24:951*.: IT USUALLY SHUNS THE SHORES OF ALL BUT THE LARGEST BODIES OF WATER *18:196*. ALSO, IT IS USUALLY ABSENT FROM NARROW BLUFF-LINKED BEACHES, SHINGLE, ROCKY OR CLAY SHORES, AND HEAVILY DISTURBED SITES *24:951*. THE PIPING PLOVER HAS A RATHER NARROW RANGE OF HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND PREFERENCES FOR UNSPOILED AND UNDEVELOPED BEACHES WITH LITTLE VEGETATION *33:224*, AND IT IS THUS CONSIDERED AN INDICATOR SPECIES *06:177*. HABITAT PREFERENCES DO, HOWEVER, VARY SOMEWHAT GEOGRAPHICALLY, ON THE ATLANTIC COAST AND THE SHORES OF THE GREAT LAKES, THE PIPING PLOVER PREFERS ESSENTIALLY A NARROW BAND OF OPEN OR SPARSELY VEGETARED, DRAY SANDY BEACH UP TO SEVERAL HUNDRED METERS WIDE *08:173,08:177*. ALONG THE UPPER MISSOURI RIVER SYSTEM, IT PREFERS BARE AREAS ON NATURAL ALLUVIAL ISLANDS; AND, IN THE DAKOTAS, MONTANA, AND THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE PROVINCES IT PREFERS SALT-ENCRUSTED, BARE PATCHES OF SAND, GRAVEL, OR PEBBLY MUD ALONG INTERIRO ALKALI LAKES *58:173,1259,20:4*. THE PIPING PLOVER IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ANY FOREST HABITATS *33*. LAND USE/LAND COVER TYPES WITH WHICH THE PIPING PLOVER IS ASSOCIATED INCLUDE WATER (LAKES AND RESERVOIRS), WETLANDS (NONFORESTED), AND BARREN LAND (BEACHES), WITH A PREFERENCE FOR BEACHES *34,35*. IT HAS ALSO BEEN KNOWN TO COLONIZE MAN-MADE HABITATS AND DREDGE FILL AREAS *06:173*. WETLAND HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS INCLUDE MARINE (INTERTIDAL BEACH/BAR SAND, IRREGULAR TIDAL), ESTUARINE (INTERTIDAL FLAT), PALUSTRINE (FLAT SAND, UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE OF SAND AND MUD). RIVERINE, (LOWER PERENNIAL, BEACH/BAR, AND UNCONSOLIDTATED SHORE OF SAND AND SATURATED MUD), AND LACUSTRINE (LITTORAL, FLAT LITTORAL BEACH/BAR, AND LITTORAL UNCONSOLIDATED SHORE OF SAND AND SATURATED MUD *34,35*. BREEDING PIPING PLOVERS REQUIRE WIDE AND RELATIVELY UNDISTURBED SANDY BEACHES WITH LITTLE VEGETATION *07:235,29:531, 30:135,33:224*. ON LONG ISLAND (NEW YORK) THIS SPECIES FAVORED DRY SANDY OUTER BEACHES FOR NESTING *30:134. IN NOVA SCOTIA, 55 OF 61 NESTS (90%) WERE FOUND ON RELATIVELY BARE AREAS OF SANDSPITS *06:173*. THE PRESENCE OF RIVER OR STREAM OUTLETS, LAGOONS, OR COATAL STORM PONDS INCREASES THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SITES FOR BREEDING PLOVERS *24:951*. ANOTHER STUDY AREA OF BREEDING PLOVER IN NOVA SCOTIA HAD UNCONSOLIDATED SAN STREWN WITH GRAVEL, CLODS OF PEAT, DRIFTWOOD, AND OTHER DEERIS, AND EXTREMELY SCANTY VEGETATION CONSISTING OF SEABEACH SANDWORTH (ARENARIA PEPLOIDES) AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, MARRAM BEACH GRASS (AMMOPHILA BREVILIGULATA) *29:531*. PIPING PLOVERS HAVE ALSO BEEN OBSERVED NESTING ON A GRAVEL PAVEMENT ON A SAND DUNE 100 M. FROM THE SHORE, SEPERATED BY RUSHES (JUNCUS BALTICUS) AND OTHER VEGETATION *12:59*. ANOTHER STUDY OF BREEDING PIPING PLOVERS (LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK) EMPHASIZES THE PIPING PLOVERS PREFERENCE FOR LITTLE OR NO VEGETATION. THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT ONCE MARRAM BEACH GRASS BECAME ESTABLISHED, THE REEDING PLOVER DESEKTED THE BEACH *30:135*. PREFERRED FEEDING HABITATS IN COASTAL AREAS INCLUDE WET SANDS ALONG THE EDGES OF INCOMING MAVLS AND MUD FLATS EXPOSED AT LOW TILE *33:225*. A STUDY OF FEEDING HABITAT PREFERENCES ON LONG POINT, ONTARIO (LAKE ERIE) SHOWED A DIFFERENTIAL USE OF SPARSELY VEGETATED BEACH POOL VS. THE BEACH-LAKE INTERFACE. THIS DIFFERENTIAL USE OF THESE HABITATS WAS CORRELATED WITH SLASON AND WAS APPARENTLY THE RESULT OF SEASONAL VARIATION IN FOOD DENSITIES IN THESE TWO HABITATS. IN SPRING (APRIL-JUNE), THE BEACH-LAKE INTERFACE WAS FAVORED (80% UTILIZATION): IN SUMMER (JULY-AUGUST), THE SHIFT WAS TO THE BEACH POOL HABITAT (70% UTILIZATION): AND, IN FALL (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER), THE BEACH POOL HABITAT WAS MOST HEAVILY USED (90% UTILIZATION) *07:232*. DURING MIGRATION ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST, THE PREFERRED HABITAT IS MOSTLY OUTER BEACHES, ESPECIALLY TE SAND-WATER INTERFACE OF WET OR WATER-DOVERED SAN *03:174*. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT SPECIFIC HABITAT REQUIEMENTS ON THEIR WINTERING GROUNDS *08:180. <N-FOOD> THE PIPING PLOVER FEEDS PRIMARILY ON INVERTEBRATE FOODS (ANNCLIDS, MOLLUSCS, AND ARTHROPOUS) WHICH IT LOCATES GENERALLY IN THE WET SAND OF THE SHORELINE. FOOD ITEMS IDENTIFIED INCLUDE MARINE WORMS, SMALL CRUSTACEANS, MOLLUSCS, VARIOUS SHORE-BRED INSECTS (ESPECIALLY FLY LARVAE AND BETTLES), "HOPPERS", AND "OTHER SMALL MARINE ANIMALS AND THEIR EGGS" *06:744,14:44,28:240*. THEY HAVE ALSO BEEN KNOWN TO CONSUME SEEDS FOUND ALONG THE DRY, SANDY BEACHES THEY INHABIT *34*. BEYOND THIS, VERY LITTLE IS APPARENTLY KNOWN REGARDING ADDITIONAL DETAILS OF PIPING PLOVER DIETS. NO INFORMATION WAS FOUND FOR EITHER SEASONAL VARIATION IN DIET OR ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DIETS OF ADULT AND JUVENILE PIPING PLOVERS. THE PRECOCIAL YOUNG ARE NOT FED BY THEIR PARENTS, BUT INSTEAD FEED THEMSELVES *24:241*. IT IS ASSUMED THAT ADULT AND JUVENILE PIPING PLOVER DIETS ARE BASICALLY THE SAME *00*. (N-MGMT) ONCE A VERY ABUNDANT BIRD, THE PIPING PLOVER IS NOW UN- COMMON OVER MOST OF ITS RANGE, DUE. PRINCIPALLY TO VARIOUS KINDS OF DISTURBANCE AND HABITAT LOSS *20:4*. IT REQUIRES RELATIVELY WIDE, UNDISTURBED AND UNVEGETATED BEACHES FOR NESTING *07:235*. BECAUSE OF DECLINGING PIPING PLOVER NUMBERS AND CONTINUAL LOSS OF SUCH HABITATS, IT WAS CONCLUDED IN 1983 THAT THE ENTIRE GREAT LAKES POPULATION WOULD BECOME EXTIRPATED WITHIN A DECADE UNLESS IMMEDIATE MEASURE WERE TAKEN TO AFFORD MORE THAN MINIMAL PROTEC- TION TO THE REMAINING BIRDS AND THEIR HABITAT *24:955*. IT IS GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT THE PRESENT DECLINE IS THE RESULT OF REPRODUCTIVE FAILURES (DUE TO HABITAT CHANGE, DISTURBANCE TO NESTING BIRDS, AND THE DESTRUCTION OF EGGS AND YOUN) RATHER THAN AN INCREASE IN POST-FLEDGING MORTALITY *09*. ANY MEASURES WHICH WOULD INCREASE, ENHANCE, OR MAINTAIN APPROPRIATE HABITAT, AND PROVIDE GREATER PROTECTION TO NESTING BIRDS AND THEIR EGGS/YOUNG WOULD BE BENEFICIAL. SOME BELIEVE THAT IF THE PIPING PLOVER'S FORMER NESTING HABITAT ON PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA (ERIE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA), WAS STRICTLY PROTECTED, IT MIGHT RETURN AS A BREEDER *22:348*. HOWEVER, THE NEAR TOTAL ABSENCE OF SOURCE BIRDS ON THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES FROM WHICH A NEW COLONY MIGHT BE ESTABLISHED WOULD REDUCE THIS POSSIBILITY *24:954*. IN AN ATTEMPT TO ENCOURAGE THE RETURN OF THIS SPECIES AS A BREEDER TO PRESQUE ISLE IN 1985, THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND THE PRESQUE ISLE AUDUBON SOCIETY (ERIE, PA.) CREATED EXCLOSURE AREAS TO REDUCE THE DISTURBANCE OF TRADITIONAL PLOVER BREEDING HABITAT BY PEOPLE AND THEIR PETS ON GULL POINT. SIL- HOUETTE DECOYS HAVE ALSO BEEN PLACED WITHIN THE EXCLOSURE AREAS IN AN ATTEMPT TO ENTICE MIGRANTS TO REMAIN IN THE AREA *50*. THE SUCCESS OF MANAGING PROSQUE ISLE FOR THE RETURN OF BREEDING PLOVERS COULD BE INCREASED IF GREATER PROTECTIVE POLICIES WERE ES- TABLISHED AND ENFORCED ON PRESQUE ISLE. THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER AGENCIES SUCH AS THE PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION (PGC) AND U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (USFWS) IS CERTAINLY WARRANTED. BECAUSE OF THE RECENT LISTING OF THE PIPING PLOVER AS ENDANGERED OR THREA- TONED, THE AUTHORITY OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS INCREASED. SECTION OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT AUTHORIZES THE ACQUISITION OF LANDS FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONSERVING ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES; AND, PURSUANT TO SECTION 6, THE USFWS COULD GRANT FUNDS TO THE PGC FOR MANAGEMENT ACTIONS AIDING THE PROTECTION AND RECOVERY OF THE PIPINE PLOVER ON PRESQUE ISLE ONCE A RECOVERY PLAN IS COMPLETED AND AP- PROVED *26:44714*. EVEN IF THE APPROPRIATE PHYSICAL HABITAT COULD BE PROTECTED, HOWEVER, PREDATION BY AVIAN AND MAMMALIAN PREDATORS WOULD STILL POSE SERIOUS THREATS. PIPING PLOVER EGGS AND CHICKS HAVE BEEN DE- STROYED BY GULLS, CROWS, MICE, RATS, OPPOSSUMS, SKUNKS, RACCOONS, AND FERAL DOGS AND CATS *09,11:7,23:294,31:50*. THUS, ANY SERIOUS ATTEMPT AT MANAGING PIPING PLOVERS MUST ALSO INCLUDE SOME DEGREE OF PREDATOR CONTROL OR EXCLUSION. OTHER BENEFICIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES INCLUDE: RESTRICTING/ REGULATING HUMAN USE OF HABITATS, RESTRICTING/REGULATING HUMAN DISTURBANCE OF POPULATIONS, MAINTAINING WILDERNESS ENVIRONMENTS. CREATING IMPOUNDMENTS, DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING WILDERNESS ENVIRONMENTS. UNDISTURBED RESTING AREAS FOR MIGRATING PIPING PLOVERS, MAINTAINING NATURAL RIVER AND LAKE DYNAMICS, MAINTAINING EARLY STAGES OF SUC- CESSION, PREDATOR CONTROL, CREATION OF OPEN SANDY AREAS BY BURNING, CUTTING VEGETATION OR USE OF EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT OUTSIDE OF THE BREEDING SEASON, TEMPORARY AND CAREFULLY CONTROLLED LOWERING OF WATER LEVELS ON LAKES OR RESERVOIRS TO CREATE MUD AND SAND FALTS FOR FEEDING, DEPOSITION OF FILL MATERIAL (SAND) ALONG SHORELINES, AND PROHIBITION OF THE TAKING OR HARASING OF BIRDS, EGGS, AND YOUNG *08:176,09,20:4,34,35*. ADVERSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES INCLUDE: COMMERICIAL AND RE- CREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF BEACHES, RAISING WATER LEVELS WHICH MIGHT FLOOD THE BREEDING HABITAT, INCREASED NOISE LEVELS, APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES, INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, SURFACE MINING, RIVER STABILIZATION, MAINTAIN OR ENHANCING NORMAL PLANT SUCCESSION, VEHICULAR TRAFFIC ON BEACHES, DAMMING AND CHANNELIZATION OF RIVERS, DREDGING, HARVESTING OF BIRDS OR THEIR EGGS, AND GRAZING *07:235, 08:176-179,09,20:4,26:44713,31:50*. (HEP-DATA) (ANIMAL-PLANT) GENERAL ANIMAL ASSOCIATIONS: MUCH OF THE RIVERINE HABITAT IN THE MIDWEST USED BY PIPING PLOVERS MAY ALSO BE USED BY THE INTERIOR LEAST TERN (STERNA ANTILLARUM ATHALASSOS) *20:4*. PREDATION: SUSPECTED EGG PREDATORS INCLUDE NORWAY RATS (RATTUS NORVEGICUS), HOUSE MICE (MUS. MUSCULUS), RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR), STRIPED SKUNKS (MEPHITIS MEPHITIS), AND RING-BILLED GULLS (LARUS DELAWARENSIS) *08:174,09,20:4,23:294,30:140*. CONFIRMED PREDATORS OF EGGS/YOUNG INCLUDE COMMON CROWS (CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS), RED FOX (VULPES VULPES),DOGS (CANIS FAMILIARIS), AND OPOSSUM (DID- ELPHIS MARSUPIALIS),*08,20:4,30:140*. ALSO, FERAL DOMESTIC CATS (FELIS DOMESTICUS) ARE THOUGHT TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR PREDATION ON EGGS/YOUNG *09*. <DESCRIPTION> THE PIPING PLOVER IS A RELATIVLY SMALL PLOVER VERY SIMILAR IN APPEARANCE TO THE MORE SOUTHERN SNOWY PLOVER (CHARADRIUS ALEXAN- DRINUS) *02:120*. THE PLUMAGE OF THE ADULT MALE PIPING PLOVER IS DESCRIBED AS: FOREHEAD, RING AROUND BACK OF NECK, AND ENTIRE UNDER- PARTS ARE WHITE;BLACK BAND ABOVE WHITE FOREHEAD;BAND ENCIRCLING THE NECK IS BLACK (THIS BAND IF OFTEN INTERRUPTED IN FRONT): HEAD ABOVE AND UPPERPARTS OF BODY LIGHT ARE BROWNISH CINEREOUS;RUMP AND UPPER TAIL COVERTS ARE LIGHTER AND OFTEN WHITE; TAIL AT BASE IS WHITE, WITH THE OUTER FEATHERS WHITE; MIDDLE TAIL, FEATHERS WITH A WIDE SUB-TERMINAL BANK OF BROWNISH-BLACK; TIPPED WITH WHITE. BILL IS ORANGE-YELLOW AT BASE, TIPPED WITH BLACK; LEGS ARE ORANGE-YELLOW. THE FEMALE IS SIMILAR TO THE MALE, BUT WITH THE DARK COLORS BRIGHTER AND LESS IN EXTENT *19.151*. WHEN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE ARE COMPARED IN THE HAND, THE MALES APPEAR TO HAVE LARGER BILLS AND A BROADER BLACK BANK ON THE FOREHEAD. THESE CHARACTERISTICS WILL DISTINGUISH THE SEXES ABOUT 95% OF THE TIME IN THE HAND *30:147-148*. TOTAL LENGTH OF THE PIPING PLOVER IS 6 TO 7-1/2 INCHES *02: 120*. THE WEIGHTS OF 49 BREEDING MALES AVERAGED 54.9 GM. (RANGE, 46.5 TO 63.7 GM.), AND THERE IS A SLIGHT INCREASE IN WEIGHT WITH AGE *30:148*. <ORIGIN> THE PIPING PLOVER IS NATIVE TO PENNSYLVANIA *19*. <BEHAVIOR> THE PIPING PLOVER IS A DIURNAL SPECIES *34* WHICH IS USUALLY SEEN SINGLY OR IN SMALL FLOCKS *06:744*. ITS GENERAL BEHAVIOR IS ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE SEMIPALATED PLOVER (CHARADRIUS SEIMPALMATUS) *28:241*. IN FLIGHT, ITS COURSE HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS WILDER THAN THE HEADLONG FLIGHT OF THE SANDERLING (CALIDRIS ALBA); BY CONTRAST THE PIPING PLOVER'S FLIGHT INVOLVES MORE TWISTING AND TURNING *06:744*. WHILE FLYING LOW OVER SANDY BEACHES, IT UTTERS A CLEAR, MELODIOUS WHISTLE DESCRIBED AS PEEP, PEEP, PEEP-LO, AND WHILE RUNNING ON THE SAND THE CALL IS A PLAINTIVE, TWO-SYLLABLED PEEP-LO *02:120,06:744*. ON THE GROUND, THE PIPING PLOVER FREQUENTLY BOBS IN CHARACTERISTIC PLOVER FASHION. THIS BEHAVIOR IS A SINGLE HITCHING MOTION BY WHICH THE BODY IS TILTED UP AND DOWN ON THE LEGS AS A FULCRUM *28:244*. WHEN IT CROUCHES, IT SEEMS TO DISAPPEAR DUE TO ITS CRYPTIC COLORATION *06:744*. THE PIPING PLOVER GENERALLY FORAGES ON SANDY BEACHES OR MUD FLATS EXPOSED AT LOW TIDE *08:172,33:225*. ITS FORAGING STRATEGY IS PROBING AND GLEANING THE SAND ALONG THE EDE OF THE WATER *33:225, 35*. FEEDING HABITS ARE DESCRIBED AS LEISURELY AND DELIBERATE, AND MUCH LIKE THAT OF THE ROBIN (TURDUS MIGRATORIUS) *06:744,28:240*. IT WILL RUN A SHORT DISTANCE, PAUSE TO STARE AT THE SAND, HEAD TILTED SLIGHTLY TO ONE SIDE, THEN PICK UP SOMETHING FROM THE SAND *0 :744*. ALSO, IT OFTEN STANDS ON ONE FOOT AND VIBRATES THE OTHER FOOT AGAINST THE MOIST SAND BEFORE PROBING. IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT THIS FOOT- TREMELING HELPS THE BIRD DETECT FOOD ITEMS. WHEN ACTIVELY FEEDING, THE BIRD AVERAGES ABOUT 30 PECKS PER MINUTE *08:172*. BOTH NESTING AND FEEDING TERRITORIES ARE DEFENDED THROUGHOUT THE BREEDING SEASON BY BREEDING PAIRS. UNMATED MALES, NON-BREEDING PAIRS, AND PAIRS THAT HAVE LOST A CLUTCH ALSO DEFEND BOTH KINDS OF TERRI- TORIES *29:532*. CAIRNS *1982* DESCRIBES TERRITORIAL DISPLAYS IN DETAIL *29:533-536*. GENERALLY, THEY INCLUDE BOTH GROUND AND AERIAL DISPLAYS FOR ADVERTISEMENT AND DEFENSE OF THE TERRITORY. NESTING TERRITORIES FOR A POPULATION IN NOVA SCOTIA RANGED FROM 500-8000 SQ. M. AND AVERAGED ABOUT 4000 SQ. M. (0.4 HA OR ONE ACRE). OF 23 NESTS STUDIED ONE YEAR, THE AVERAGE DISTANCE TO THE NEAREST NEIGHBOR WAS 51 M.; AND OF 27 NESTS STUDIED ANOTHER YEAR, THE AVERAGE DISTANCE WAS 53 M. THE CLOSEST SIMULTANEOUSLY ACTIVE NESTS WERE 3 M. APART *29:532*. FEEDING TERRITORIES REPORTED FOR THE SAME POPULATION WERE ADJACENT TO THE NESTING TERRITORIES AND INCLUDED FROM 50 TO 100 M. OF THE BEACH-WATER INTERFACE *29:532*. WHEN THE YOUNG HAVE HATCHED AND ARE MOVING ABOUT IN THE NESTING/FEEDING TERRITORY, THE PARENTS WILL CHASE AWAY OTHER ADULTS IF THEY COME TOO NEAR *30:136*. INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS INCLUDE BOTH INTERSPECIFIC TERRI- TORIAL DEFENSE AND FEIGNING INJURY ("BROKEN WING ACT"}. PIPING PLOVERS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED DEFENDING THEIR TERRITORY AND YOUNG FROM ROBINS, HERRING GULLS, AND GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULLS *30:144*. A MALE WAS ONCE SEEN FEIGNING INJURY TO A LEAST TERN WHICH WAS NESTING NEAR THE PLOVERS'S NEST *30:144*. THIS TYPE OF DISTRACTION BEHAVIOR USUALLY BEGINS ABOUT ONE TO TWO WEEKS BEFORE THE EGGS HATCH AND IS MOST FREQUENT AND INTENSE ABOUT THE TIME OF HATCHING *14:43-44, 29:539,30:144*. OTHER DISTRACTION DISPLAYS TO INTRUDERS (AVIAN, HUMAN ANT OTHER MAMMALIAN) INCLUDE SQUATTING, FALSE BROODING, HIGH- TAILES RUNNING, AND CROUCH RUNNING. BOTH BIRDS OF A PAIR MAY SIMULTANEOUSLY ENGAGE IN DISTRACTION DISPLAYS, OR ONE MAY LEAD THE YOUNG AWAY WHILE THE OTHER DISPLAYS TOWARDS THE INTRUDER *29: 539*. THE YOUNG SEEM TO LEAVE THE BREEDING AREA SOON AFTER BEING ABLE TO FLY (FLEDGING). THE JUVENILES WERE OBSERVED TO LEAVE THE BREEDING BEACH 32 AND 47 DAYS AFTER HATCHING. THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT SUGGESTS THE BIRDS REMAIN IN FAMILY GROUPS AFTER THEY LEAVE THE NESTING AREA *06:1748. IN NOVA SCOTIA, THE OLDEST OF THE FLEDGED YOUNG AND SOME ADULTS FLOCKED ON NEUTRAL FEEDING AREAS AND ASSOCI- ATED WITH OTHER MIGRANTS IN EARLY JULY PRIOR TO MIGRATION. THESE OTHER MIGRANT SPECIES INCLUDED LEAST SANDPIPERS, GREATER YELLOWLEGS, SANDERLINGS, SEMIPALMATED PLOVERS AND SPOTTED SANDPIPERS *29:543- 544*. MIGRATION ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OCCURS MOSTLY ON TEH THE OUTER BEACHES, ESPECIALLY ONWET OR WATER-COVERED SAND *08:174*, AND IN PENNSYLVANIA MIGRATION OCCURS ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY ALONG THE LAKE ERIE SHORELINE *18:196*. ON THE WINTERING GROUNDS, PIPING PLOVERS CON- GREGATE IN SMALL WINTER FLOCKS *32:225*. ADULTS TEND TO RETURN TO PREVIOUSLY USED NESTING TERRITORIES; HOWEVER, YOUNG SHOW LESS FIDELITY TO THEIR NATAL AREA AS DETERMINED FROM BANDING STUDIES *30:136*. <REPRODUCTION> THE PIPING PLOVER HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS BOTH A SOLITARY NESTING SPECIES *01:644 AND A SEMI-COLONIAL NESTER *08:175*. GENERALLY, NESTING HABITAT INCLUDES RELATIVELY WIDE UNVEGETATED, LIGHT-COLORED SANDY BEACHES ALONG THE OUTER SHORE OF COASTAL AREAS; HOWEVER, SPECIFIC NESTING HABITATS MAY VARY GOEGRAPHICALLY. ALONG THE GREAT LAKES, THEY USUALLY NEST ON SANDY BEACHES OR OTHER OPEN, UNVEGETATED AREAS. SOME HAVE BEEN FOUND TO NEST ON ROCKY BEACHES, ALTHOUGH THIS IS RATHER UNUSUAL. OTHER REPORTED NEST SITES INCLUDE: UNVEGETATED FLATS NEAR ALKALINE OR SALT LAKES; BARE AREAS NEXT TO WATER WITH GRAVEL, SAND OR PEBBLY MUD SUBSTRATE; BARE SANDSPITS; AND RIVER SANDBARS *08:172-173*. THE PRESENCE OF RIVER OR STREAM OUTLETS, LAGOONS, OR COASTAL STORM PONDS APPARENTLY INCREASE THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SITES FOR BREEDING PLOVERS *24:952*. THE NEST IS USUALLY LOCATED WELL ABOVE THE HIGH TIDE MARK WHERE THERE IS LITTLE OR NO VEGETATION. IN CONTRAST TO OTHER SPECIES OF CHARADRII, THE CHOICE OF NEST SITES BY PIPING PLOVERS IS NOT TIED TO THE PROXIMITY OF VEGETATION OR OTHER PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES *29: 539*. IN FACT, IF TOO MUCH VEGETATION BECOMES ESTABLISHED PIPING PLOVERS MAY DESERT THE NESTING ARA *30:135*. THE NEST IS A SLIGHT HOLLOW IN THE SAND, SOMETIMES LINED WITH BITS OF BROKEN SHELL, DRIFTWOOD, OR PEBBLES *01:64,06:744*. PIPING PLOVERS OCCUPY THEIR BREEDING GROUNDS FROM LATE MARCH TO AUGUST *20:4*. PENNSYLVANIA BREEDING BIRD ATLAS PROJECT "SAFE DATES" FOR NESTING PIPING PLOVERS ARE JUNE 15 TO JULY 20 *05: APPENDIX A2*. ON LONG POINT, ONTARIO (LAKE ERIE), PIPING PLOVERS USED TO ARRIVE IN EARLY APRIL, AND EGGS WERE GENERALLY LAID FROM THE FIRST OF MAY TO THE END OF JULY *07:226*. HISTORICAL EGG DATES FOR PRESQUE ISLE ARE MAY 24, 29, AND 31 *16:196*, AND ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, THE EARLIEST EGG DATE IS APRIL 26 AND LATEST IS JULY 23 *30:141*. IT IS LIKELY THAT THIS LATE EGG DATE IS FROM A SECOND CLUTCH OF A FAILED FIRST CLUTCH. ONE PAIR ON LONG ISLAND RENESTED AFTER A 10-DAY INTERVAL FOLLOWING FAILURE OF THE FIRST CLUTCH *08:173*. CAIRNS *1982* PROVIDES DETAILS OF COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR OF PIPING PLOVERS. THE DISPLAY SITE IS ON THE GROUND. TWO PRECOPULATORY DISPLAYS INCLUDE "SCRAPING", WHERE THE COURTING MALE SQUATS, LEANS FAR FORWARD ON HIS BREAST, KICKS SAND BACKWARDS, AND PRODUCES A SHALLOW DEPRESSION OR SCRAPE IN SAND; AND, A "TILT DISPLAY" WHERE THE MALE HOLDS IS BODY HORIZONTAL, BUT WITH TAIL ELEVATED UPWARD AT AN ANGLE OF ABOUT 30 DEGREES. THE FEMALE OFTEN THEN CROUCHES SLIGHTLY BEHIND THE MALE, AND THRUSTS HER BEAK ONE OR MORE TIMES AMONG THE FEATHERS AT THE BASE OF HIS TAIL. COPULATION IS TYPICAL OF OTHER CHARAURIUS SPP., AND LASTS FOR UP TO 1.5 MINUTES. NO POST-COPULATORY DISPLAYS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED, ALTHOUGH BOTH BIRDS MAY PREEN AFTER COPULATION. PIPING PLOVERS WILL COPULATE ANYWHERE WITHIN THEIR NES- TING AND FEEDING TERRITORY, ALTHOUGH OTHER CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES COPULATE ONLY AT THE NEST OR SCRAPE SITES *29:537-539*. EGG LAYING BEGINS ABOUT TWO WEEKS FOLLOWING SCRAPE FORMATION, AND CLUTCHES ARE GENERALLY COMPLETED IN SIX DAYS WITH INTERVALS BETWEEN LAYING RANGING FROM 44-77 HOURS, GENERALLY 44-54 HOURS, *29: 540*. DATA FROM 56 CLUTCHES (215 EGGS) INDICATE THAT THE PIPING PLOVER ALMOST ALWAYS LAYS FOUR EGGS (AVERAGE CLUTCH SIZE,3.96 EGGS;RANGE 3-4). SECOND CLUTCHES (FROM FAILED FIRST CLUTCHES), USUALLY CONTAIN ONLY THREE EGGS *01:64,29:450*. ONE UNUSUAL CLUTCH WAS FOUND CONTAINING EIGHT EGGS *23:294*; ALL INDICATIONS WOULD SUGGEST THAT THIS WAS THE RESULT OF TWO FEMALES HAVING PRO- DUCED THIS "DOUBLE CLUTCH". EGGS ARE OVAL TO PYRIFORM, LIGHT BUFF, EVENLY AND LIGHTLY MARKED WITH FINE SPOTS OF DARK BROWN WITH A SMOOTH, DULL SHELL (AVE. LENGTH 32.5 MM, AVE. WIDTH 24.8 MM, AVE. WT. 9.6 G.) *01:64,08:173,29:450*. INCUBATION BEGINS WITH THE LAYING OF THE THIRD OR FOURTH EGG *01:64,30:141* AND IS SHARED APPROXIMATELY EQUALLY BY BOTH SEXES DURING THE DAYTIME PERIOD *01:64,29:540-541*. ONE STUDY REVEALED A MEAN TIME OF DAYTIME INCUBATION BOUTS OF 79.4 MINUTES (RANGE, 25-153 MINUTES; N-17) *29:540-541*. THE INCUBATION PERIOD IS GENERALLY 27-28 DAYS, SOMETIMES SLIGHTLY LONGER *01:64,06:744, 08:173*. THE ENTIRE CLUTCH GENERALLY HATCHES WITHIN FOUR TO EIGHT HOURS, AND THE YOUNG LEAVE THE NEST AS SOON AS THEY ARE DRY, USUALLY WITHIN TWO. TO THREE HOURS. YoUnG ARE CARED FOR BY BOTH PARENTS, AND THE ADULTS MAY BROOD THE YOUNG UNTIL THEY ARE 20 DAYS OLD, GENERALLY, THE yOUNg STAY WITHIN 100 TO 200 mETERS OF THE -NEST UNTIL ThEY CAN FLY WHEN FOUR TO FIVE wEEkS OLD *08:174,30:142*. IF A YOUNG BIRD IS PReSSED TO ESCAPE A POTENTIAL PREdAToR, IT WILL NOT HESITATE. TO TAKE TO THE, WATER, AND EVEN THOSE ONLY A FEW HOURS OLD CAN SWIM WELL *28: 239*. A STUDY ON LOnG ISLAND REPORTED THAT 612 OF 668 EGGs (91%) In 174 NESTS HATCHED, WITH AN AVERAGE OF 3.5 YOUNG HATCHed PER NeST. IN ANOTHER STUDY (NOVA SCOTIA), 152 OF 201 EGGS IN 51 NESTS HATCHED (76%) FOR AN AVERAGE OF 3.0 yoUNg PER NEST *08:173-174*. LESS INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE ON FLEdgING SUCCESs, AND THIS CAN BE mORE DIFFICULT. TO ASSESS. HOWEVER, ON A REMOTE BEACH SITE IN NOVA SCO- TIA, 1.3 to 2.1 YOUNg PER PAIR FLEDGEd, WHILE ON A RECREATIONAL BEACH 0.7 to 1.1 YOUNG PER PAD FLEDGED *29:542-543*. AT HATCHING, THE YOUNG WEIGH AN AVERAGE OF 6.8 G. AT TEN DAYs THEY WEIGH 12.4 G.; 21 DAYS 25*7 G.; AND 29 DAYS*, 29.4 g. THUS, AT THE TIRE OF FLEDGINg, THEY WEIGH ONLY A LITTLE OVER HALF THE AdULt WEIGHT. THE YOUUG,APPARENTLY LEAVE THE BREEDING AREA SOON AFTER FLegDING and THERE IS NO EVIDenCE THAT THE BIRDS STAY IN A FAMILY GROUP AFTER THEY LEAVE *8:174*. PIPING PLOVERS ARe REPRODUCTIVELY MATURE AT ONE YEAR OF AGE *33:225*. PIPING PLOVERS ARe considered MONOGAMOUS. THEY MAy CHANGE OATES BETWEeN YEARS ON A REGULAR BASIS, ALTHOUGH A FEW birds ARe KNOWN TO HAVL HAD THE SAME HATE IN CONSECUTIVE YEARS *08: 175*. NO INFORMATION wAS AVAILAbLE REGARDING SEX RATIOS OF OFF- SPRInG OR MAXIMUM BREEDING AGE. ONE PIPING PLoVeR, HOWEVER, Is KNOWN TO HAVE LIVED TO BE. AT LEAST 14 YEARs OLD *08:175*. <POP-DYNAMICS> THE PIPING PLOVER, WHICH WAS ONCe A VeRY ABUNDANT BIRd, IS NOW UNCOMMON OVeR. MOST OF ITS RANGE ANd HaS DiSAPPEARED From MANY HISTORICAL nesTING AREAS. THIS decline IN THE POPULATION HAS been DUE LARGELY TO disTURbaNCe AND hAbITAt loss *07:MAP 120,20:4*. A 1977 PUbLICATiON INDICATES THAT U.s. PIPING PLOVER HABITAT HAs incREASed REcently IN ONLY ONE STATE (KANSAS), DECREASED IN 10 sTATEES, REMAINeD STATIC IN FIVE STaTes, AND THe HABITAT TREND WAs UNKNOWN IN NINe OTHER STATES *32:314*. THREE DISTINCT breeding POPULATIONS OF PIPING PLOVERS EXIST: ATLANTIC COAsT, NORTherN GREaT PLaINs, ANd GREAT LAKeS POPULATIONS *20:4*. THE gReAT LAKLS POPULATION WAS SUFFereD THE MOST dRAmaTIC declinE, AND IT NOW (AS OF DECEMBER 11,1985) HAS THE LEGAL STATUS oF ENDANGEREd WHILE THE OTHER TWO POPULATIoN ARE LISTED AS THrEA- TLNED IN THE U.S. *27:50726*. The GReAT LAKES POPULATIOn WHICH WAS ESTIMATED AT ONE TIME TO be 644-802 bReEDING PAIRS, SHRUNK TO AboUT 38 PAirs BY 1979 AND 17-19 PAIRS BY 1962 *24:955*. ON LONg, POINT, ONTARIO (LAKE ERIE),PIPING PLOVERS WERE LOST AS BREeDINg biRDS IN 1978 (ONE PAIR IN 1977) ALTHoUGH THE brEEDING POPULATION MAY HAVE bEEN CLOSE to 100 IN 1927 *24:954*. about 15 PAIRS USED TO neST ON PResQuE ISLL PENINSULA (ERIE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA) IN THE 194O'S *l8:196*, bUT THEY HAVE NOT BRED THERE SINCE THE KID- TO LAtE-1950'S *04:82*. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT AVERAGE ANNUAL MORTALITY RATES BUT DATA FROM LONG-TERM BANDING STUDIES on LONG ISLANd, NEW YORK (FROM 1937 TO 1958) PROVIDE soME GOOD INFORMATION ON AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM LONGEVITY. 47 Pl0vERS BANDED AS CHICKS WERE LATER RETRAPPED AS ADULTS AND HAD ACHIEVED AN AVERAGE MINIMUM AGE OF 3.4 YEARS (MALeS AVERAGED 4.4 yEARS, FEMALES 2.6 YEARS). 13% Of THE FEMALES AND 28% OF THE MALES LIVED FIVE YEARS OR LONGeR, WITH AN EXTREME Of 14 YEARS *06:175*. SURVIVAL RATES OF EGGS TO HATCHING IN ONE STUdY WAS 79.4% ONE YEAR (DATA FOR 25 NESTS), AND 72.l% ANOTHER YEAR (DATA fOR 26 NESTS) *29:541-542*. ALTHOUGH SURViORSHIP OF HATCHED YOUNG TO FLEDGING IS MORE DIFFICULT TO ASSESS, THiS SAmE STUDY ESTIMATED THAT ON A RE- NOTE BEACH IN NOVA SCOTIA APPROXIMATELY l.3 TO 2.l CHICKS FLEDGED PER PAIR, WHEReAS ONLY ABOUT 0.7 TO 1.1 CHICKS FLEDGED PEP PAIR ON A RECREATIONAL BEACH *29:542-543*. THE MAXIMUM BREEDING POPULATION denSITY REPORTED WAS ABOUT 5.6 BREEDING PAiRS/HA (OR 13.8 PAIRS/ACRe)*08:175*. ANOTHER STUDY YIELDeD .A POPULATION DENSITY OF 2.5 bREeding PAIRS/HA (OR 6.2 PAIRS/ (acre),AND PAIRS NESTED AN AVERAGE OF ABOUT 52 M, APART. THE clO- SESt TWO NESTS MERE ONLY 3 m APART *29:532*. NO INFORMATIOn WAS FOUND ON RATES OF INCREASE, SEX rATIOs OR TURNOVER RATeS. <LIm-FACTORS> THE MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS FOR THe PIPING PLOVERS ARE DISTUR- BANCE OF BREEDING PLOVeRS BY HUMANS AND THEIR PETS, mORTALITY DUE TO AVIAN AND MAMMALIAN PrEdATORS, AND HABITAT LOSS in GENERAL *02: mAP 120,04:82,20:4,25:3940,26:44713*. THE LACK OF PROTECTION OF NESTING SiTES AnD ThE SUBSEQUENT DISTURBANCe OF NESTING PLOVERS ON PRESQUE ISLE (ERIE COUnTY, PEnnsYLVANIa) BY RECREATIONISTS, PRE- SUmABLY RESULTED IN THE LOSS OF THIS bIRD AS A BREEDINg SPECIES IN PEnNSYLVANIA DURING THe 1950's *22:346*. PREDATION OF EGGS AND yOUNG By GULLs, CROWS, FOXES, SKUNKS OPOSSUms, mICE, RATS, AND FERAL dogs AND CATS HAVE HAD A DRAMATIC AFFECT ON REDUCING Piping PLOVER NUMBERS IN SoME AREAs *08:174,09,20:4,23:294,30:140*. THE REDUCTION OF PIPING PLOVER habiTAT CAN TAKE MANY FORMs INCLUDING ReCrEATIONAL ANd commerical DEVELOPMENT *26:44713*, ALTeRATIoN OF WATeR LEVELS *07:235* AND NATURAL RIVER DYNAMICS *25:3940*, UNFAVORAbLE PLAnT sUCCession *25:3940*, AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICeS SUCH AS GrAZING *26:44713*. SINCE THE PIPING PLOVER HAS ONE OF THE MOST RESTrICTed BREEDING HABITATS OF ALL BREEDING BIrds (AT LEAst IN THE GREAT PLAINs Region) *27:50729*, THe LOSS OF hAbITAt bY ANY OR ALL OF THEse FAC- TorS COULD HAVE PROFOUND EFFECTS ON PIPING PLOVER NUMbeRS. (r-TAXONOMY> 02,06,14,18,26 <R-SPP-STATuS> 02,04,08, 10, 11, 20, 22,26,27 <r-distrib> 00,02,03,04,06,13,17,18,19,21,22,24,32,36 <r-habitat> 01,02,07,08,12,13,18,20,24,25,29,30,33,34,35 <r-food> 06,14,28,34 < r-mgmt> 00,07,08,09,11,20,22,23,24,26,31,34,35 <r-life-hist> 01,02,04,05,06,07,08,09,14,18,19,20,33,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,32, 33,34,35 <references> O0 - KIMMEL, TIMOTHY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR of biology, villa maria college, 2551 west lake road, erie, pa 16505. telephone (814) 838-1956; extension 258. 01- harrison, h. 1975. a field guide to birds' nests. houghton mifflin company, boston, ma. 257 pp. 02 - peterson, r. t. 1980. a field guide to the birds east of the rockies. houghton mifflin company. 1982. checklist of birds re- corded in erie county. pennsylvania, including presoue isle state park. p.o. box 1783, erie, pa. 8pp. 04-stull, j., j.a. stull, and g.m. mcwilliams. 1985. birds of erie county including presque isle. allegheny press, elgin, pa. 173 pp. 05-pennsylvania breeding bird atlas project handbook. 1984. 14 pp. 06-terres, j.k. 1982. the auoubon society encyclopedia of north american birds. alfred a. knopf, new york, ny. 1109 pp. 07-bradstreet, m.s.w., g.w. page, and w.g. johnston. 1977. shorebirds at long point, lake erie, 1966-1971: seasonal occurrence. habitate preference, and variation in abundance. canada field-natur- alist 9113):225-236. 08 - dinsmore, j.j. 1983. piping plover (charadrius melodus). pp. 170-184. in: j.s armbruster, ed. impacts of coal surface mining on 25 migratory species of high interest. division of biological services, u.s. fish and wildlife service, department of the interior, fws/obs- 83/35. 348 pp. 09 - cairns, w. e., and i.a. mclaren. 1980. status of the piping plover on the east coat of north america. american birds 34 (2): 207-208. 10- sidle, j.g. personal communication (phone call 3/20/86). usfws, endangered species division, fort snelling, twin cities, mn. 55111 11- tate, j., jr. 1961. the blue list for 1981. american birds 35(11:3-10). 12-adam, c.i.g. 1984. piping plover, charadrius melodus, at lake athabasca, saskatchewan: a significant northward range exten- stion. canada field-naturalist 98(1):59-60. 13- lancaster county bird club. 1984. a guide to the birds of lancaster county, pennsylvania. 174 pp. 14-hall, h.m. 1960. a gathering of shore birds. the devin- adair company, new york. 242 pp/ 15-wood, m. 1979. birds of pennsylvania. college of agri culture, pennsylvania state university, university park, pa. 133 pp. 16-poole, e.l. 1964. pennsylvania birds-an annotated list. livingston publishing company, narberth, pa. 94 pp. 17- sutton, g.m. 1926. an introduction to the birds of pennsyl- vania. j. horace mcfarland company, harrisburg, pa. 169 pp. 18-todd, w.e.c. 1940. birds of western pennsylvania. university of pittsburgh press, pittsburgh, pa. 710 pp. 19-warren, g.h. 1990. report on the birds of pennsylvania, second edition. pennsylvania state printers, harrisburg, pa. 434 pp. 20-anonymous. 1984. endangered species technical bulletin. 11012): 4-5. 21-american birds. 1983. 37(2):180 22-gendways, h.h., and f.j. brenner (eds.) 1985. species of special concern in pennsylvania. carnegie museum of natural his- tory, pittsburgh, pa. 430 pp. 23-hussell, d.j.t., and j.k. woodford. 1965. piping plover's nest containing fight eggs. wilson bulletin 77(3):294. 24-russell, r.p., jr. 1983. the piping plover in the great lakes region. american birds 37(6):951-955. 25-fish and wildlife service, department of the interior. 1985. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; public hearing and reopening of comment period on proposed endangered and threatened status for the piping plover. federal register 50(10):3040-3941. 26-fish and wildlife service, department of the interior. 1984. endangered and trheatened wildlife and plants: piping plover proposed as an endangered and threatened species. federal register 49(216):44712-44715. 27-fish and wildlife service, department of the interior. 1985. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of endangered and threatened status for the piping plover; final rule. federal register 50(238):50726-50734. 28-bent, a.c. 1929. life histories of north american shore birds. part 2. bulletin 146, smithsonian institue, washington, d. 412 pp. 29-cairms, w.e. 1982. biology and behavior of breeding piping plovers. wilson bulletin 94(4):531-545. 30-wilcox, l. 1959. a 20-year banding study of the piping plover. auk 7612):129-152. 31- mccracken, j.d., m.s.w. braustreet, and g.l. hoiroyd. 1981. breeding birds of long point, lake erie: a study in community. SUCCESSION. REPORT SERIES NO. 44, CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERVICE. 74 PP. 32 - JUREK, R.M., AND H.R. LEACH. 1977. SHOREBIRDS PAGES 302 - 320. IN: SANDERSON, G.C. MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATORY SHORE AND UPLAND GAME BIRDS IN NORTH AMERICA. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILD- LIFE AGENCIES. 33 - DEGRAFF, R.M, G.M. WITMAN, J.W. LANIER, B.J. HILL, AND J.M. KENISTON. 1980. FOREST HABITAT FOR BIRDS OF THE NORTHEAST. U.S. FOREST SERVICE, NORTHEAST FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION AND EASTERN REGION. 598 PP. 34 - VIRGINIA WILDLIFE DESCRIPTION--PIPING PLOVER. 1983. 35 - MISSOURI FISH AND WILDLIFE DESCRIPTION--PIPING PLOVER (CHARA- ORIUS MELODUS). PRINTED JUNE 19, 1984. <EXPAND06> <EXPAND07> <EXPAND08> <EXPAND09> <EXPAND10> <EXPAND11> <EXPAND12> 101. @V' APPENDIX F Updated Species Profile Weasel, Long-tailed (Mustela frenata) I <SPP-CODE> 0500058 <CATEGORY> MAMMAL <COM-NAME> WEASEL,LONG-TAILED <SCI-NAME>MUSTELA FRENATA <TAX-PHYLUM>CHORDATA<TAX-SBPHYLUM> <TAX-CLASS> MAMALIA <TAX-SUBCLASS> <TAX-ORDER>CARNIVOGA <TAX-SUBORDER> <TAX-SUPERFAM> <TAX-FAMILY> MUSTELIDAE <TAX-SBFAMILY>MSUTELINAE <TAX-TRIBE> <TAX-GENUS> MUSTELA <TAX-SUBGEAUS> <TAX-SPECIES>FRENATA <TAX-SUBSPCC> NOVEBORACENSIS <TAX-AUTHOR>EMMONS (1840) <SPP-STATUS> COMMERICIAL, CONSUMP-REC <RES-STATUS> RES-YR <HABITAT> TERRESTRIAL, RIPARINA <TROPHIC>CARNIVORE <TERRITORY>BREEDING/FEEDING/NESTING TERRITORY <TERR-SIZE> 5-20 ACRES <HOME- RANGE> 20-100 ACRES <DISPERSION>RANDOM <PERIODICITY> ACTIVE AT NIGHT <FORAG-STRAT> STALKING <MATING> POLYGYNY <PAIR-BOND> NO BOND FORMED <DISPLAY-SITE>GROUND <PREG=INCUBAT> 8MONTHS <AVE-YOUNG> 5-7; 8-10 <REPROD-YR> 1 (DEVEL-YOUNG> ALTRICIAL <PARENT-CARE> BOTH PARENTS <POP-TRENT> STABLE <POP-FUTURE> INCRESASE (10%> <HEP> NONE <ENTERED> 86/04/04 <UPDATED> 80/05/29 <EXPANDED 1> <EXPAND2> <EXPAND3> <EXPAND4> <EXPAND5> <COM-SYNONYMS> WEASEL,LONG-TAILED, NEW YORK;STOAT, BIG;WEASEL,ERMINE; WEASEL, LARGE BROWN; ERMINE,LARGE;WEASEL,LARGE;WEASEL,NEW YORK; WEASEL, NEW YORK STATSE, WEASEL,BRIDLED <SCI-SYNONYMS> <OCCUR-COUNTY> ADAMS,ALLEGHENY,ARMSTRONG,BEAVER,BEDFORD,BERKS,BLAIR,BRADFORD,BUCKS, BUTLER,CAMBRIA,CAMERON,CARBON,CENTRE,CHESTER,CLARION,CLEARFIELD, CLINTON,COLUMBIA,CRAWFORD,CUMBERLAND,DAUPHIN,DELAWARE,ELK,ERIE, FAYETTE,FOREST,FRANKLIN,FULTON,GREENE,HUNTINGDON,INDIANA,JEFFERSON, JUNIATA,LACKAWANNA.LANCASTER,LAWRENCE,LEBANON,LEHIGH.LUZERNE,LYCOMING, MCKEAN,MERCER,MIFFLIN,MONROE,MONTGOMERY,MONTOUR,NORTHHAMPTON, NORTHUMBERLAND,PERRY/PHILADELPHIA,PIKE,POTTE,RSCHUYLKILL,SNYDER, SOMERSET,SULLIVAN,SUSQUEHANNA,TIOGA,UNION,VENANGO,WARREN,WASHINGTON, WAYNE,WESTMORELAND,WYOMING,YORK <ABS-COUNT> <UNK-COUNT> <SEAS-OCCU> ADAMS;SEFW,ALLEGHENY;SEFW.ARMSTONG;SBFW,BEAVER;SBFW,BEDFORD;SBFW, BERKS;SEFW,BLAIR;SBFW,BRADFORD;SBFW,BUCKS;SBFW,BUTLER;SBFW, CAMBRIA;SBFW,CAMERON;SBFW,CARBON;SBFW,CENTRE,SBFW,CHESTER;SBFW, CLARION;SBFW,CLEARFIELD;SBFW,CLINTON;SBFW,COLUBIA;SBFW, CRAWFORD;SBFW,CUMBERLAND;SBFW,DAUPHIN;SBFW,DELAWARE;SBFW,ELK;SBFW, ERIE;SBFW,FAYLITE;SBFW,FOREST;SBFW,FRANKLIN;SBFW,FULTON;SBFW, GREENE;SBFW,HUNTINDON;SBFW,INDIANA;SBFW,JEFFERSON;SBFW,JUNIATASBFW, LACKAWANNA;SBFW,LANCASTER;SBFW,LAWRENCE;SBFW,LEBANON;SBFW, SULLIVA.-.C,SUSUEHANA,TIOSA:CUNIO:CVENANGO:CVARREM:C WASHINE TOM.* C *WAYNE-- CVESTMORE LANU -C, NYORIN: C TORK : C HTDRO-NANI> UPPER DAWARE:UPPER DELAWAREUPPE DELAWARE LACKAMAXEIM,. UPPER DELAVARE:RIDDLE OELAWARE/HNSAUP/BRGOHEAD UPPER 0 4"WAREtRIDOLL 2DELAWAREINUSCOPETCONG@ UPPER Di6LAWARE:LENIGHtLOVER DELAWARE:CROSSmICKS-NESHAMINTS LOWER DELAVARE:0LOVE6R OLLAMAREgLOWER DELAMARE:SCHUYLKILL, LOWER DELAWAREZBRAKDVMIME-CHRISTINA9 UPPER SUSCUrHA8N2NA:UPPER SUSUE8HANNAl UPPER SUSUEN2L2UNA:OWEGO--MAPPASE-MlidGgUPPER SUSUEHANNA:TIOGkv UPPER S-US 8dE2HAN2M A: CHE NUN 6 9 UPPER SUSO0UEHAN2MA:6UPPER SUSUE2HANNA-TU8KKHANNOCK, UPPER SUSUE6MN14 A: UPPER SUSUE2HANNA-6LACKAWAN2MA, WEST BRANCH SUSUEHANNA: UPPER WEST BRANCH -SUSUEHANNA, WEST BR$NCH SUSUE2NANNA:SINUEKARO8MI2NG, ' WEST BRANCH SUSU6"AkNAZ"IDDLE VESt BRANCH SUSUEHANNA* WEST BRANCH SUSUEHANNA: BALD EA6LEWEST BRANCH SUSUENANNA:PINEg WEST BRANCH SUSUE8HA2MNA:LO8VER WEST BRA14CH SUSUEHANNA, LOWER SijSUE2HA2NNA:6LOWER SUSUE2N&NNA-PLNMSt LOWER SUSUE2NA2M2MA:UPPER JUNIATA*LOWrR SUSOUCHANNA:RAYSTOVN, LOWER SUSUE14AN8NA:2LWLR JUKIATAt LONER SUSUE6RAN2NA:LOWE& S2USUEHANNA-SWATARA, LOWER SJSUEHANNA:LOWER SUSUEHANNA9 UPPER Cr-CSAPEAKE:C2HESTCR-SASSAFRAS. UPPER C@ZSAPEA8XE :GUNP04DER-PATAP@0XO, P0TO8MACsXORTH BRANCH P0TOMACPoTOMAC:CACAP'w"N-TOVNg POTOMAC :CONOCO C14CASUL -OPEUO N 9PO TOMA Z: MON OCA C Y SOUTHLRh LAKE ZRIE: ASHTABULA 9EASTERN LAKL ERIE:CHAU7AUraUA-CONNEAUT, SOUTHWE-ITERN L-AKL ONTARIO.-UPPER GLNESLEv ALLEGHL NY: UPPER ALLEGHLMY ALLEGHF-NY: CONE WAN@,O 9 ALLEGHENV:HIDULt ALLLGHEMYtALLEGHCNV:FRENCH,ALLEGNENY:CLAPION ALLEGHENY: MIDDLE ALLE GHENY-R ZDBANK #A LLLGHLkY :CON EMAUbH ALLE6HEi Y: xrsK;mlNLTAS., ALLEGHENY: LOW -_Lk ALLLGHEhYj MONONGAIJELA:UPPER MONONGAHELA pRONONGAHLLA:CHLAI, MONONGAl-2lLA:LWLR MONONGAHELA vMONoNGAHc4LA.- YOUGHIOGHENY, UPPER Ci!O:UPPLR ON1869UPPER 0hIO:SHENANGwUPPER GHIO:MAHONlNG, UPPER Okil' 0:*SLAVE R UPPER OHIO :CONNOU LNESS ING# UPPER Vl*O:UPPLR CHIO-WHEELING <HYDRO-Coo@.> G_2L5UlC6 DZUSL301raza5a3c2sU2U5L3039OZO50304suzoso3os90ZUSG3DbvC2U6,;00.@9 USUICrib ItObCIUGgvOSDlUD09905UZOUU390SC20-n;3#i 905020005 1,05rjzu2m fit 05030111190503ulGA1,0505alU3pO5C3Ulo49rj5C3Ol0-:-*0503010b <ECOREG--NAML> NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST9 Sa-60Z GENTLY SLOPING# 100-30a FT. ELLVATIONg so-Tsi OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 502-884042 08G6LN8TLY SLOPING., 3800-58014) FT. LLEVA0T0I8(08A 50-7569 OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS F8OREST9 280-8S2U8Z GENTLY SL8OP6I2NGt 52080-18000 FT. E2L6EVA6TI8ON9 5202-75X Of GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLA12N20V8Z ID NORTHERN HARDWOODS FO2RES6T9 220-6S8a4a GENTLY SLOPING, 25800-2I8CU8O 2F-6T. EL6EVAT6I8CN# MORE THAN 47562 OF 6E12NTLE SLOPE IS ON UP6L08*2N2D8; 4XORT08HEP4h HARDWOODS Fu2l6f6r-ST9 6220--2Sa2% GENTLY sLo6P6iN0be 180020-3200a I2FTe ELEVAT0I0c2uo MORE THAN 752% OF 2GE04kT8L8C SLOPE-IS IN LOWLAND; 6k6ORT8HE6Rsi HARDWOODS FOREST, 078C-S2O08X GENTLY -SLOPING, 1202020-320204ii F6l.@ 2EL2EVAT6I88U 506-6T2S8Z OF GENTLE SL8OPL IS ON UPLAND; 6M2O6R8T2H0E2Rh 2AARO0WO6O6DS F2GR6EST9 LESS THAN 8k8Ct G8LNTLE 2S2L2OP6l_8?4(8Gv 8l2O4a4D-380L8U FT* ELEVATION; NIXED MLSOPHTTIC FOREST 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING SOU-20013 FT* ELEVATION 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; MIXED RLSOPHYTIC FOREST* 20-502 GENTLY SLOPING# 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS:ON UPLAND; MIXED MESOPYTIC FOREST* LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING 500-100C FT. ELEVATION ELCM--MAPLE FOREST SO-SOX GENTLT SLOPING* 100-300FT. ELEVATION, 5O-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; BEECH-MAPLE FOREST 50-60% GCNTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION 50-75% OF-GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALAC1AN OK'0FOREST MORE THAN 80% GENTLT SLOPING O-10fA FT. ELEVATION; APPALACHIAN'K FOREST MORE THAN 812% GENTLY SLOPM IDG00 FT. ELEVATION* 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPCIS IN LOWLANU; APPALACHIAN OA2K FOREST, 50-80X 6ENTLT SLOPING9 100-300 FT. E0LEVATI-CM9 50-75X OF GLNT6LE SLOPE' IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST-9 50-402 GENTLY SLOPIN69 300-500 FT. ELEVATION9 50-71p OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-802 GENTLY S0LOPING9 300-SUD FT. ELEVATIkv 50-75X OF GENTLE SLOPL IS ON UPLAND; APPALAC@ZAW OAK FORES-1. SO-802 GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. E6LEVATICUt LESS THAN 7t;p% OF GENTLE SLOPE 15 1K LOWLAND; APPALAC141AN OAK FOREST, ZO-SUZ GENTLY SLOPING9 SOU-1000 FT. LLEVATICke 50-751 OF GENTLE SLOPE. is ON UPLAND; APPALALHIAN OAK FORESTI 6ZO-50% GENTLY SLOPING, SGU-1000 FT. L6LEVATI,Skw MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE 15 ON UPLAND; APPALAChIAN OAK FOREST, 20-501 GENTLY . SLOPING, 1000-30UG Flo ELEVATICN, LESS THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE. IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-502 GENTLY SLOPING, 10OU-3oaa Fir. ELEVATIUN9 SO-75Z OF 64L.NTLE SLOPE IS- ON UPLAND; APPALACHiAN OAK FOkEST, LESS THAN A2C% GENTLY SLOPING, .56"-100Lj FT. ELEVATICH; APPALACFIAN OAK FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-33OU FT. ELEVATICk; SOUTHERN MIXED FORLST, SU-ii0t, GENTLY SLOPING, 30U-,tCD FT. 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RANGE:HERBACEOUS,RANGE:SHRUB-BRUSH,RANGE:MIXED FOREST:DECIDUOUS,FOREST:EVERGREEN,FOREST:MIXED, WATER:STREAMS-CANALS WETLAND FORESTED,WETLAND:NONFORESTED <LANDUSE-P EF> RANGE:HERBACEOUS,RANGE:SHRUB-BRUSH,RANGE:MIXED, FOREST:DECIDUOUD,FOREST:EVERGREEN,FOREST:MIXED <FOREST-TYPE> RED PINE:GRASS/FORB.REU PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB,RED PINE:SAPLING, RED PINE:POLE,RED PINE:NATURE,RED PINE:OLD GROWTH. WHITE PINE:GRASS/FORB,WHITE PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB. WHITE PINE:SAPLING,WHITE PINE:POLE,WHITE PINE:MATURE. WHITE PINE:OLD GROWTH,WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:GRASS/FORB. WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:SEEDLING/SHRUB,WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:SAPLING WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:POLE,WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:MATURE WHITE PINE/HEMLOCK:OLD GROWTH,HEMLOCK:GRASS/FORB. HEMLOCK:SEEDLING/SHRUB,HEMLOCK:SAPLING,HEMLOCK:POLE. HEMLOCK:MATURE,HEMLOCK:OLD GROWTH,SCOTCH PINE:GRASS/FORB. SCOTCH PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB,SCOTCH PINE:SAPLING. SCOTCH PINE:POLE,SCOTCH PINE:MATURE,SCOTCH PINE:OLD GROWTH. RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:GRASS/FORB. RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:SEEDLING/SHRUB,RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:SAPLING. RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:SAPLING,RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:POLE. RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:MATURE,RED SPRUCE/BALSAM FIR:OLD GROWTH. TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):GRASS/FORB. TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):SEEDLING/SHRUB. TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):SAPLING,TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):POLE. TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):MATURE,TAMARACK (EASTERN LARCH):OLD GROWTH: WHITE SPRUCE:GRASS/FORB,WHITE SPRUCE:SEEDLING/SHRUB WHITE SPRUCE:SAPLING,WHITE SPRUCE:POLE,WHITE SPRUCE:MATURE. WHITE SPRUCE:OLD GROWTH,NORWAY SPRUCE:GRASS/FORB. NORWAY SPRUCE:SEEDLING/SHRUB,NORWAY SPRUCE:SAPLING NORWAY SPRUCE:POLE,NORWAY SPRUCE:MATURE,NORWAY SPRUCE:OLD GROWTH. LARCH:GRASS/FORB,LARCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB,LARCH:SALPLING,LARCH:POLE. LARCH:MATURE,LARCH:OLD GROWTH,VIRGINIA PINE:GRASS/FORB. VIRGINIA PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB,VIRGINIA PINE:SAPLING VIRGINIA PINE:POLE,VIRGINIA PINE:MATURE,VIRGINIA PINE:OLD GROWTH. EASTERN REDCEDAR:GRASS/FORB,EASTERN REDCEDAR:SEEDLING/SHRUB. EASTERN REDCEDAR:SAPLING,EASTERN REDCEDAR:POLE. EASTERN REDCEDAR:POLE,EASTERN REDCEDAR:MATURE. EASTERN REDCEDAR:OLD GROWTH,PITCH PINE:GRASS/FORB. PITCH PINE:SEEDLING/SHRUB,PITCH PINE:SAPLING,PITCH PINE:POLE. PITCH PINE:MATURE,PITCH PINE:OLD GROWTH. WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:GRASS/FORB. WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:SEEDLING/SHRUB. WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:SAPLING. WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:POLE. WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:MATURE. WHITE PINE/NORTHERN RED OAK/WHITE ASH:OLD GROWTH EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:GRASS/FORB. EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:SEEDLING/SHRUB. EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:SAPLING,EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:POLE. EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:MATURE,EASTERN REDCEDAR/HARDWOOD:OLD GROWTH. VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:GRASS/FORB VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB. VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:SAPLING. VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:POLE. VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:MATURE. VIRGINIA PINE/SOUTHERN RED OAK:OLD GROWTH. POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:GRASS/FORB. POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB. POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:SAPLING. POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:POLE. POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:MATURE. POST/BLACK/OR BEAR OAK:OLD GROWTH. CHESTNUT OAK:GRASS/FORB,CHESTNUT OAK:SEEDLING/SHRUB. CHESTNUT OAK:SAPLING,CHESTNUT OAK:POLE,CHESTNUT OAK:MATURE. CHESTNUT OAK:OLD GROWTH,WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:GRASS/FORB. WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:SEEDLING/SHRUB. WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:SAPLING,WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:POLE. WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:MATURE. WHITE OAK/RED OAK/HICKORY:OLD GROWTH. WHITE OAK: GRASS/FORB, WHITE OAK: SEEDLING/SHRUB, WHITE OAK: SAPLING, WHITE OAK: POLE, WHITE OAK: NATURE, WHITE OAK: OLD GROWTH, NORTHERN RED OAK: GRASS/FORB, NORTHERN RED OAK: SEEDLING/SHRUB, NORTHERN RED OAK/SAPLING, NORTHERN RED OAK: POLE, NORTHERN RED OAK: NATURE, NORTHERN RED OAK: OLD GROWTH, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK: GRASS/FORB, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK: SEEDLING/SHRUB, YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK: SAPLING, YELLOW POPLAR/WHIT OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK/POLE YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK:NATURE YELLOW POPLAR/WHITE OAK/NORTHERN RED OAK: OLD GROWTH, BLACK LOCUST:GRASS/FORB BLACK LOCUST:SEEDLINGS/SHRUB BLACK LOCUST:SAPLING BLACK LOCUST:POLE BLACK LOCUST:NATURE BLACK LOCUST: OLD GROWTH BLACK WALNUT: GRASS FORB, BLACK WALNUT: SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK WALNUT: SAPLING BLACK WALNUT: POLE BLACK WALNUT: NATURE, BLACK WALNUT: OLD GROWTH, YELLOW POPLAR: GRASS/FORB, YELLOW POPLAR: SEEDLING/SHRUB, YELLOW POPLAR: SAPLING, YELLOW POPLAR: POLE, YELLOW POPLAR: NATURE, YELLOW POPLAR: OLD GROWTH, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: GRASS/FORB, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: SEEDLING/SHRUB CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: SAPLING, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: POLL, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: NATURAL, CENTRAL HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: OLD GROWTH, SCARLET OAK: GRASS/FORB, SCARLET OAK: SEEDLING/SHRUB, SCARLET OAK: SAPLING, SCARLET OAK: POLE, SCARLET OAK: NATURE, SCARLET OAK: OLD GROWTH, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON: GRASS/FORB, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON: SEEDLING/SHRUB, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON: SAPLING, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON: POLE, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON: MATURE, SASSAFRAS/PERSIMMON: OLD GROWTH, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS: GRASS/FORB, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS: SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS: SAPLING, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS: POLE, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS: NATURE, RED MAPLE/CENTRAL HARDWOODS: OLD GROWTH, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS: GRASS/FORB, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS: SEEDLING/SHRUB, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS: SAPLING, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS: POLE, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS: NATURE, MIXED CENTRAL HARDWOODS: OLD GROWTH, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE: GRASS/FORB, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE: SSEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE: SAPLING, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE: POLE, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE: NATURE, BLACK ASH/AMERICAN ELM/RED MAPLE: OLD GROWTH, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE: GRASS/FORB, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE: SEEDLING/SHRUB, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE: SAPLING, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE: POLE, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE: NATURE, RIVER BIRCH/SYCAMORE: OLD GROWTH, COTTONWOOD: GRASS/FORB, COTTONWOOD: SEEDLING/SHRUB, COTTONWOOD: SAPLING, COTTONWOOD: POLE, COTTONWOOD: NATURE, COTTONWOOD: OLD GROWTH, WILLOW: GRASS/FORB, WILLOW: SEEDLING/SHRUB, WILLOW: SAPLING, WILLOW: POLE, WILLOW: MATURE, WILLOW: OLD GROWTH, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH:GRASS/FORB, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH: SEEDLING/SHRUB, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH: SAPLING, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH: POLE, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH: NATURE, SUGAR MAPLE/BEECH/YELLOW BIRCH: OLD GROWTH, BLACK CHERRY: GRASS/FORB: BLACK CHERRY: SEEDLING/SHRUB, BLACK CHERRY: SAPLING, BLACK CHERRY: POLE, BLACK CHERRY: NATURE, BLACK CHERRY: OLD GROWTH, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS: GRASS/FORB, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS: SEEDLING/SHRUB, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS: SAPLING, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS: POLE, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS: NATURE, RED MAPLE/NORTHERN HARDWOODS: OLD GROWTH, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: GRASS/FORB, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: SEEDLING/SHRUB, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: SAPLING, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: POLE, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: MATURE, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD: OLD GROWTH, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS: GRASS/FORB, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS: SEEDLING/SHRUB, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS: SAPLING, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS: POLE, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS: NATURE, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS: OLD GROWTH, ASPEN: GRASS/FORB, ASPEN: SEEDLING/SHRUB, ASPEN: SAPLING, ASPEN: POLE, ASPEN: NATURE, ASPEN: OLD GROWTH, PAPER BIRCH: GRASS/FORB, PAPER BIRCH: SEEDLING/SHRUB, PAPER BIRCH: SAPLING, PAPER BIRCH: POLE, PAPER BIRCH: NATURE, PAPER BIRCH: OLD GROWTH, GRAY BIRCH: GRASS/FORB, GRAY BIRCH: SEEDLING/SHRUB, GRAY BIRCH: SAPLING, GRAY BIRCH: POLE, GRAY BIRCH: MATURE, GRAY BIRCH: OLD GROWTH, <FORSET SIZE> UNSTOCKED, SEEDLING/SAPLING, POLE, MATURE, OVER-MAURE <WETLAND-NAME> ESTUARINE, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL, ESTURARINE: INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT, ESTUARINE, INTERTIDAL/EMERGEN T: PRIDER SISTENT, ESTUARINE, INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT: NONPERSISTENT, ESTURARINE: INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT: NARROW-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT: BROAD-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT: NARROW-LEAVED PERSISTENT, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT: BROAD-LEAVED PERSISTENT, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT; COBBLE-GRAVEL, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT: SAND, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT:MUD, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT: ORGANIC, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT: VEGETATED PIONEER, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FLAT: VEGETATED NONPIONEER, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED: BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED: NEEDLE-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED: BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED: NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED: DEAD, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED: DECIDUOUS, ESTUARINE: INTERTIDAL/FORESTED: EVERGREEN, PALUSTRINE: PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT, PALUS TRIME/EMERGENT: PERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE: EMERGENT: NARROW-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT: BROAD-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT: NARROW-LEAVED PERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT: BROAD-LEAVED PERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/FLAT, PALUSTRINE/FLAT:COBBLE-GRAVEL, PALUSTRINE/FLAT: SAND, PALUSTRINE/FLAT: MUD, PALUSTRINE/FLAT:ORGANIC, PALUSTRINE/FLAT: VEGETATED PIONEER, PALUSTRINE/FLAT: VEGETATED NONPIONEER, PALUSTRINE/FORESTED, PALUSTRINE/FORESTED:BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/FORESTED: NEEDLE-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/FORESTED: BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN, PALUSTINE/FORESTED: NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREEN PALUSTRINE/FORESTED: DEAD, PALUSTRINE/FORESTED; DECIUOUS, PALUSTRGNE/FORESTED: EVERGREEN, RIVERRINE, RIVERINE: TIDAL, RIVERINE: TIDAL/BEACH-BAR, RIVERRINE: TIDAL/BEAC-BAR: COBBLE-GRAVEL, RIVERINE: TIDAL/BEACH-BAR SAND, RIVERINE: TIDAL/EMERGENT, RIVERINE: TIDAL/EMERGENT:NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE: TIDAL/EMERGENT: NARROW LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE: TIDAL/EMERGENT: BROAD-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE: TIDAL/FLAT, RIVERINE: TIDAL/FLAT: COBBLE-GRAVEL, RIVERINE: TIDAL/FLAT: SAND, RIVERINE: TIDAL/FLAT:MUD, RIVERINE: TIDAL/FLAT: ORGANIC, RIVERINE: TIDAL/FLAT:VEGETATED PIONEER, RIVERINE: TIDAL/FLAT: VEGETATED NONPIONEER, RIVERINE: TIDAL/ROCKY SHORE, RIVERINE: TIDAL/ROCKY SHORE: BEDROCK, RIVERINE: TIDAL/ROCKY SHORE: BOULDER, RIVERINE, RIVERINE: LOWER, RIVERINE: LOWER/BEACH-BAR, RIVERINE: LOWER/BEACH-BAR: COBBLE-GRAVEL, RIVERINE: LOWER/BEACH-BAR: SAND, RIVERINE: LOWER/EMERGENT, RIVERINE: LOWER EMERGENT: NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE: LOWER/EMERGENT: NARROW-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE: LOWER/EMERGENT: BROAD-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE: LOWER/FLAT, RIVERINE: LOWER/FLAT: COBBLE-GRAVEL, RIVERINE: LOWER/FLAT: SAND, RIVERINE: LOWER/FLAT: MUD, RIVERINE: LOWER/FLAT: ORGANIC, RIVERINE: LOWER/FLAT: VEGETATED PIONEER, RIVERINE: LOWER/FLAT: VEGETATED NONPIONEER, RIVERINE: LOWER/ROCKY SHORE, RIVERINE: LOWER/ROCKY SHORE: BEDROCK, RIVERINE: LOWER/ROCKY SHORE: BOULDER, RIVERINE: UPPER, RIVERINE: UPPER: BEACH-BAR, RIVERINE: UPPER/BEACH-BAR: COBBLE-GRAVEL, RIVERINE: UPPER/BEACH-BAR: SAND, RIVERINE: UPPER/FLAT, RIVERINE: UPPER/FLAT: COBBLE-GRAVEL, RIVERINE: UPPER/FLAT: SAND, RIVERINE: UPPER/FLAT: MUD, RIVERINE: UPPER/FLAT: ORGANIC, RIVERINE: UPPER/FLAT: VEGETATED PIONEER, RIVERINE: UPPER/FLAT: VEGETATED NONPIONEER, RIVERINE: UPPER/ROCKY SHORE, RIVERINE: UPPER ROCKY SHORE: BEDROCK, RIVERINE: UPPER/ROCKY SHORE: BOULDER <WETLAND-CODE> E....,L2...,E2CN.,C2EM1,CZEM2,E2CH3,E2EM4,E2EM5, E2EM6, E2FL.,E2FL1,E2LF2,E2FL3,E2FL4,E2FL5,E2FL6,E2FO.,E2FO1,E2FO3,E2FO4, E2FO5,E2FO6,E2FO7,R.....,R1...,RIBB.,RICB1,R1B82,R1EM,R1EM2,R1EM3, RIEM4,R1FL.,R1FL1,R1FL2,R1FL3,R1FL4,R1FL5,RIFL6,R1RS.,R1RS1,RIRS2, P....,PC...,PGEM.,POEM1,POEM2,POEM3,POEM4,POEM5,POEM6,POFL.,POFL1, POFL2,FOFL3,POFL4,POFL5,POFL6,POFO.,PDFO1,POF02,PDFO3,PDFO4,PDF05, POFO6,PJFO7,R2...,R2BB.,RZB81,R2862,R2EM.,R2EM2,R2EM3,R2EM4, R2FL.,R2FL1,R2FL2,R2FL3,R2FL4,R2FL5,R2FL6,R2RS.,R2RS1,R2RS2,R3..., R338.,R38B1,R3B82,R3FL,R3FL1,R3FL2,R3FL3,R3FL4,R3FL5,R3FL.,R3RS., R3RS.,R3RS1,R3RS2 <ENVIR-ASSOC> INLAND WETLAND: VEGETATED STREAM BANKS: INLAND WETLAND: BEAVER-CAMMEO STREAMS: INLAND WETLAND: FARM PONDS: INLAND WETLAND: WET MEADOWS: SOIL?CLAY:SOIL:SILT:SOIL:SAND:SOIL:LOAM:SOIL:GRAVEL:SOIL:ROCKY: SOIL TEXTURE: COARSE: SOIL TEXTURE: MEDIUM SOIL TEXTURE:FINE: SOIL OC TH: 10-20: SOIL DEPTH:20-36:SOIL DEPTH:>36: SOIL PROFILE: UNDECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER (01 HORIZON): SOIL PROFILE: PARTIALLY DECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER (02 HORIZON): SOIL PROFILE: MINERAL SOIL/MIXED WITH HUMUS (A1 HORIZON): SOIL FROFILE: MINERAL SOIL/SONE OF ELUVIATION (A2 HORIZON): SOIL FROFILE: TRANSITIONAL ZONE (61 HORIZON): (B1 HORIZON): SOIL DRAINAGE: EXCESSIVELY DRAINED (COARSE SOIL, VERY POROUS): SOIL DRAINAGE: WELL DRAINED (MEDIUM TEXTURE SOILS): SOIL DRAINAGE: MODERATELY WELL DRAINED: SOIL DRAINAGE: IMPERFECTLY AND POORLY DRAINED: PORTION OF THE YEAR): SOIL PH: 5.0-6.0: SOIL PH: 6.0-8.0: SOIL PH: 8.0-10.0: SOIL MOISTURE: WET: SOIL MOISTURE: MOIST: SOIL MOISTURE: DRY: SOIL COMPACTION: EASILY PENETRATED: ASPECT: NORTH: ASPECT: NORTHEAST: ASPECT: EAST: ASPECT: SOUTHEAST: ASPECT: SOUTH: ASPECT: SOUTHWEST: ASPECT: WEST: ASPECT: NORTHWEST: ELEVATION: BELOW SEA LEVEL: ELEVATION: 0-100 FT.: ELEVATION:100-300 FT.: ELEVATION: 300-500 FT., ELEVATION: 500-1000 FT.: ELEVATION: 1000-2000 FT.: ELEVATION: 2000-3000 FT.: ELEVATION: 3000-4000 FT.: ELEVATION:>4000 FT.: SLOPE:LEVEL (NO SLOPE); SLOPE: LESS THAN 5%: SLOPE: 5-10%: SLOPE: 10-15%: SLOPE:15-25%: SLOPE>25%: TERRESTRAIL FEATURES: BURROWS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: TALUS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: STANDING SNAGS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: DOWNED LOGS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: ROCK OUT CROPS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: RIDGES; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: DEPRESSIONS/SINKHOLES; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: BRUSH PILES/ROCK PILES: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: HEDGEROWS/WIND BREAKS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: FENCE ROWS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: ROADSIDE DITCHES: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: GRASSY UNCULTIVATED AREAS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: VEGETATION MOSAICS/EDGES; ECOTONE: WOODLAND/CROP FIELDS; ECOTONE: WOODLAND/SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD; ECOTONE: WOODLAND/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE: WOODLAND/HERBACEOUS FIELD; ECOTONE: SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/OPEN WATER/ ECOTONE: CROP FIELD/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE: CROP FIELD/HERBVACEOUS FIELD; ECOTONE CROP FIELD/HERBACEOUS FIELD; ECOTONE: HERBACEOUS FIELD/SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD; ECOTONE: HERBCEOUS FIELD/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE: CONIFEROUS FOREST/DECIOUOUS FOREST; ECOTONE; WOODLAND/BARREN LAND; ECOTONE; WOODLAND/WETLAND; ECOTONE: WOODLAND/URBAN LAND; ECOTONE: SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/BARREN LAND; ECOTONE: SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/CROP FIELD; ECOTONE: SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/WETLAND; ECOTONE: SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/URBAN LAND; ECOTONE: CROP FIELD/BARREN LAND; ECOTONE: CROP FIELD/URBAN LAND; ECOTONE: CROP FIELD/WETLAND; ECOTONE: BARREN LAND/HERBACEOUS FIELD; ECOTONE: HERBACEOUS FIELD/WETLAND; ECOTONE: HERBACEOUS FIELD/URBAN LAND; ECOTONE: BARREN LAND/WETLAND; ECOTONE: WETLAND/URBAN LAND; FOREST ECOTONE: CLEARCUT/SEEDLING-SAPLING STAGE; FOREST ECOTONE: CLEARCUT/POLE STAGE; FOREST ECOTONE: CLEARCUT/MATURE STAGE; FOREST ECOTONE: SEEDLING-SAPLING/POLE STAGE; FOREST ECOTONE: SEEDLING-SAPLING/MATURE STAGE; FOREST ECOTONE: POLE/MATURE STAGE; TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY: SUBSURFACE LAYER; TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY: SURFACE LAYER; TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY: HERBACEOUS LAYER; NEST SITES: UNDERGROUND BURROW; NEST SITES: ROCK OUTCROPS; NEST SITES: LOWNED LOGS; NEST SITES: BRUSH PILES; FOREST OPENINGS:<1/2 ACRE; FOREST OPENINGS: 1/2-1 ACRE; FOREST OPENINGS: 1-5 ACRES; FOREST OPENINGS: 5-20 ACRES; FOREST OPENINGS: 20-40 ACRES; FOREST OPENINGS >40ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND: <10 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND: 10-19 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND: 20-49 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND: 50-99 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND: 100-499 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND: 500-5000 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND: 5000-10000 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND: >10000ACRES; DISTANCE TO FOREST OPENING: <500 FT.(.1 MILES); DISTANCE TO FOREST OPENING: 500-2640 FT. (.1-.5MILES); DISTANCE TO FOREST OPENING:>2640 FT. (.5 MILES); OVERSTORY CANOPY CLOSURE: >70% CLOSURE; OVERSTORY CANOPY CLOSURE: 40-70% CLOSURE; OVERSTORY CANOPY CLOSURE: <40% CLOSURE; OVERSTORY TREES HEIGHT: <20 FT.: OVERSTORY TREES HEIGHT: 20-40 FT.; OVERSTORY TREES HEIGHT: 40-80 FT.; OVERSTORY TREES HEIGHT: >80 FT.; OVERSTORY TREES DBH:<4 INCHES; OVERSTORY TREES DBH: 4-11 INCHES; OVERSTORY TREES DBH: 12-18 INCHES; OVERSTORY TREES DBH: >18 INCHES; SHRUB CROWN COVER: <10%; SHRUB CROWN COVER: 10-25% COVER; SHRUB CROWN COVER: 25-50% COVER; SHRUB CROWN COVER: 50-75% COVER; SHRUB CROWN COVER: >75% SHRUB COVER HEIGHT: <3 FT.: SHRUB COVER HEIGHT: 3-6 FT.: SHRUB COVER HEIGHT: 6-12 FT.: SHRUB COVER HEIGHT:>12FT.; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER: 10-25%; HERGACEOUS GROUND COVER: 25-50%; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER: 50-75%; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER: >75%; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT: <4 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT: 4-8 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT: 8-12 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT: 12-24 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT: 24-36 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT >36 INCHES; AGRICULTURAL TYPES: PASTURELAND; AGRICULTURAL TYPES: WINTER GRAINS (BARLEY, WHEAT,RYE); AGRICULTURAL TYPES: SPRING GRAINS (OATS, CORN, BUCKWHEAT, ETC.); AGRICULTURAL TYPES: ORCHARDS (APPLE, PEAR, PEACH, CHERRY, ETC.); AGRICULTURAL TYPES: HAYLANDS; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: ABANDONED FIELDS; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: STABLE FOREST; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: SUBCLIMAX FOREST: VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: CLIMAX FOREST; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: PIONEER COMMUNITY; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: STABLE PRAIRIE/GRASSLAND; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: SUBCLIMAX GRASSLAND; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL: CLIMAX GRASSLAND; CONIFEROUS TREES IN MIXED FOREST: <5%; CONIFEROUS TREES IN MIXED FOREST: 5-10%; CONIFEROUS TREES IN MIXED FOREST: 10-25%; CONIFEROUS TREES IN MIXED FOREST: >25%; SNAGS: 1 OR LESS PER ACRE; SNAGS:2 PER ACRE; SNAGS: 3 PER ACRE; SNAGS: 4 PER ACRE; SNAGS: >4 PER ACRE; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDOUS SPECIES: <10%; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES: 10-25%; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES: 25-50%; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIOUOUS SPECIES: 50-75%; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES: >75%; HUMAN ASSOCIATION: FARMS (CROPLAND/PASTURES); HUMAN ASSOCIATION: STATE AND COUNTY PARKS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION: NATIONAL PARKS/HISTORIC LANDMARKS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION: WILDLIFE REFUGES/SANCTUARIES <ENVIR-LIM> NEST SITES: UNDERGROUND BURROW; NEST SITES: ROCK OUTCROPS <ENVIR-LIN-E> <ENVIR-LIN-LF> <ENVIR-FIN-LR> <ENVIR-LIN-P> <ENVIR-LIN-JF> <ENVIR-LIN-JR> <ENVIR-LIN-AF> <ENVIR-LIN-AR> <ENVIR-LIN-AB> NEST SITES: UNDERGROUND BURROW; NEST SITES: ROCK OUTCROPS <FOOD-GEN> INSECTS-ADULT, INSECTS-AQUATIC, CRUSTACEANS, MAMMALS-JUVENILES/NESTLINGS, MAMMALS-SMALL, BIRD EGGS, BIRD NESTLINGS, BIRD ADULTS, REPTILE EGGS, REPTILE JUVENILES, RETILE ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN EGGS, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES, AMPHIBIAN ADULST, DOMESTIC BIRDS <FOOD-L> <FOOD-J> INSECTS-ADULT, INSECTS-AQUATIC, CRUSTANCEANS, MAMMALS-JUVENILES/NESTLINGS, MAMMALS-SMALL, BIRD EGGS, BIRD NESTLINGS, BIRD ADULTS, REPTILE EGGS, REPTILE JUVENILES, REPTILE ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN EGGS, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES, AMPHIBIAN ADULTS, DOMESTIC BIRDS <FOOD-A> INSECTS-ADULT, INSECTS-AQUATIC, CRUSTANCEANS, MAMMALS JUVENILES/NESTLINGS, MAMMALS-SMALL, BIRD EGGS, BIRD NESTLINGS, BIRD ADULTS, REPTILE EGGS, REPTILE JUVENILES, REPTILE ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN EGGS, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES, AMPHIBIAN ADULTS, DOMESTIC BIRD <FORAG-SITE> GROUND SURFACE, HERBACEOUS VEGETATION, SNAGS (DEAD/DYING TREES), STUMPS, ROCKS, LOGS, UNDERGROUND BURROWS <BREED-SEASON> JULY,AUGUST <SPAWN-SITE> <NEST-SITE> SECONDARY CAVITY (EXCAVATED BY ANOTHER SPECIES), UNDERGROUND BURROW, LOG, UNDER ROCKS/ROCK OUTCROPS <NEST-MATRES> GRASSES, HAIR, AND FEATHERS <TRENO-CAUSE> <MGMT-BENEFIT> REGULATE NUMBERS AND SEX OF HARVEST: RESTRICT HUMAN DISTURBANCE DURING BREEDING OR OTHER STRESSFUL PERIODS: SUPPRESSING WILD FIRE; MAINTAINING NATURAL VEGETATION(NATIVE); MAINTAIN EARLY STAGES OF SUCCESSION; CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF COGE SITUATION; MAINTAINING WOODLOTS: CREATING MAINTAINING SNAGS; RETAINING DEAD/DOWNED WOODY MATERIALS: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING GREENSPACE (WILDLIFE CORRIDORS): DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING WATER HOLES, PONDS, POTHOLES, ETC.: ESTABLISHMENT OF FIELO BORDERS; CREATING WIND AND SNOWBREAKS; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING HEDGEROWS; CREATING/MAINTAINING ROCK PILES; DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING BRUSH OR SLASH PILES: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING DITCHBANK VEGETATION: PLANTINGS (SHRUBS, GRASSES, TREES, ETC.): PLANTINGS (GRASSES): PLANTINGS (SHRUBS): PLANTINGS ALONG ROADSIDES; STREAM BANK PRESERVATION DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING STREAMBANK/STREAMSIDE VEGETATION: PLANTING HEDGEROWS ALONG DRY STREAMBEDS AND/OR GULLIES DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING/PROTECTION FRESHWATER WETLANDS; SUBSURFACE LAND DRAINAGE; DEVELOPMENT OF SHALLOW WATER IMPOUNDMENTS; EVEN AGE TIMBER MANAGEMENT; TIMBER HARVEST REGENERATION CUTS (I.E., CLEARCUT, SELECTION, SEED TREE, ETC.); TIMBER HARVESTING - CLEARCUTTING: TIMBER HARVESTING - SELECTION CUTS: TIMBER HARVESTING - SHELTERWOOD CUTS: TIMBER HARVESTING - SEED TREE CUTS: TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT (THINNING, RELEASE CUTTINGS, PRUNING): DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING FOREST OPENINGS; REFORESTATION - DECIDUOUD: REFORESTATION - CONIFEROUS; REFORESTATION - MIXED DECIDUOUD/CONIFUEROUS; FOREST FIRE SUPPRESSION: CUT-AND-BEND OR MINGE-CUTTING TREES; DAYLIGHT CUTTING ALONG ROADS; VISTA CUTTING ALONG ROADS AND TRAILS TO OPEN UP VIEWS; STRIP CROPPING:MINIMUM TILLAGE AGRICULTURE (STRIP TILLAGE): NON-INVERSION TILLAGE (DEEP OFFSET, DISK PLOW, CHIZEL PLOW, ETZ.); NO-TILL FARIMING: RETAINING CROP RESIDUE (OVER WINTER); DELAYED GRAZING PASTURES/FIELDS UNTIL LATE JUNE OR JULY; FENCING OUT CATTLE, SHEEP, OR OTHER LIVESTOCK; DRAINAGE LAND GRADING (RESHAPING LAND SURFACE TO DRAIN SOIL); FARM POND DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT.MAINTENANCE OF GRASSED WATERWAYS; PLANTING PREPARATORY CROPS (COVER AND GREEN MANURE CROP); RIGHTS-OF-WAY MANAGEMENT FOR WILDLIFE; LOCATING/CONSTRUCTION POWERLINES AND OTHER RIGHTS-OF-WAY; CONTROLLING POLLUTION (THERMAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL) <MGMT-HARM> GRASSLAND BURNING: PRESCRIBED BURNING OF BRUSHLAND HABITAT; BRUSH RENOVAL/CUTTING IN PASTURES AND CROPLAND; CHAINING VEGETATION TO IMPROVE HABITAT; REMOVAL OF HEDGEROWS: REMOVAL OF STONE WALLS; REMOVAL OF STREAMSIDE VEGETATION; DRAINING/EXCAVATING WETLANDS, INCLUDING MARSHES WITH VEGETATION; PRESCRIBED BURNING IN FOREST HABITAT: SURFACE MINING; INTENSIE RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CREATION OF SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS; INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION <N-TAXONOMY> MUSTELA FRENATA, THE LONG-TAILED WEASAL, ALSO IS KNOWN LOCALLY AS THE NEW YORK LONG-TAILED WEASEL, BIG STOAT, ERMING WEASEL, LARGE BROWN WEASEL, LARGE ERMINE, LARGE WEASEL, LONG-TAILED WEASEL, NEW YORK WEASEL, AND NEW YORK STATE WEASEL *01:345-346,02:205*. THE TERM 'BRIOLED WEASEL' ALSO HAS BEEN USED TO DESCRIBE THIS WEASEL BECAUSE THE RESEMBLANCE OF THE WHITE MARKINGS ON THE HEADS OF SOME INDIVIDUALS OF THIS SPECIES TO A BRIOLE *03:307*. <N-SPP-STATUS> THE LONG-TAILED WEASEL (M.FRENATA IS CLASSIFIED AS A PREDATOR IN PENNSYLVANIA. bECAUSE THE WEASEL IS NOT CLASSIFIED AS A FURBEARER. ONLY A HUNTING LICENSE IS NEEDED TO TAKE (HUNT OR TRAP) THIS SPECIES. A FURTAKER LICENSE IS NOT REQUIRED. THERE IS NO CLOSED HUNTING SEASON FOR THIS WEASEL EXCEPT DURING THE ANTLERED AND ANTERLESS DEER SEASON AND UNTIL 12 NOON DAILY DURING THE SPRING GOBBLER TURKEY SEASON. TRAPPING OF WEASELS TYPICALLY IS PERMITTED FROM LATE OCTOBER THROUGH LATE JANUARY. CONSULT THE PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION FOR CURRENT YEAR REGULATIONS CONCERNING SPECIFIC TRAP- PING SEASONS AND STATUS CHANGES FOR THIS SPECIES. THERE IS AN UMLIMITED DAILY AND SEASON POSESSION LIMIT FOR WEASELS *19* <N-DISTRIB> THE LONG-TAILED WEASEL (M. FRENATA OCCURS FROM SOUTHERN CANADA TO SOUTH AMERICA *04:613*. IT IS NOT FOUND IN THE SOUTH- WESTERN DESERT OF THE UNITED STATES, NORTHWESTERN MEXICO ON THE BAJA PENINSULA *05:138*. THIS SPECIES IS KNOWN TO OCCUR THROUGHOUT PENNSYLVANIA *02:208*. IT OCCURS IN ALL COUNTIES OF THE SOUTH- WESTERN REGION, BUT IS MORE ABUNDANT IN THE ALLEGHENY MOUNTAINS SECTION *06:52*. IT IS COMMON IN ALL COUNTIES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN REGION, ALTHOUGH IT IS SCARCE IN DELAWARE AND PHILADELPHIA COUNTIES *06:37*. IT OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE NORTHEASTERN REGION AND IS LOCALLY COMMON *09:45*. IT IS FOUND IN ALL COUNTIES IN THE NORTHCENTRAL REGION, BUT IS CONSISTENTLY COMMON IN CERTAIN AREAS AND SCARCE IN OTHERS *10:33*. IT IS GENERALLY DISTRIBUTED AND COMMON IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA, EXCEPT IN BEAVER COUNTY WHERE ALL WEASELS APPEAR TO BE SCARCE *11:30*. SPECIMENS WERE RECENTLY COLLECTED IN BLAIR COUNTY *12*, CUMBERLAND COUNTY *13* AND FRANKLIN COUNTY *14* <N-HABITAT> FAVORED HABITATS INCLUDE OPEN WOODS AND WOODLAND EDGES *05:138, 04:613,15:150,16:292,09:45,08:37,07:41,01:347,17:224.18:141, 20:135*,BURSHLAND AND BRUSHY FIELD BORDERS *04:613,15:150,08:37, 07:41,01:347,17:224,18:141,20:135*, AGRICULTURAL LANDS *18:141, 05:138,04:613*, AND MARSHES *04:613,16:292,08:37,10:34*. IT IS MOST COMMON IN AREAS NEAR WATER &17:224,01:347.07:41.05:138.04:6131,THAT PRIVDE BRUS FENCEROUS, STONE PILES OR FENCES, WIND-FALLEN TIMBER, BRIARS OR THICKETS, AND CULVERTS *05:138,09:45,08:37,10:34, 07:41,17:224*. WOODCHUCK BURROWS ARE RARELY OVERLOOKED *10:34*. INTENSIVELY FARMED AREAS, WHICH PROVIDE LITTLE OR NO COVER FOR PREY SPECIES, INVARIBALY SUPPORT VERY FEW MEASELS *08:37*. <N-FOOD> THE LONG-TAILED WEASEL (M. FRENATA HAS ADAPTED TO A HIGHLY SPECIALIZED CARNIVOURUS WAY OF LIFE *4:62*. THIS WEASEL IS AN EFFICIENT PREDATOR THAT PREYS PRIMARILY ON SMALL MAMMALS; SOME BIRDS, ESPECIALLY GORUND NESTING SPECIES; A FEW INSECTS AND AN OCCASIONAL REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN *04:621-622,05:139,17:225.06:52,18:141*. DURING PERIODS OF RODENT SCARCITY, WASELS MAY SHIFT TO ALTERNATIVE PREY SUCH AS DOMESTIC POOULTRY *04:621-622*. WEASELS REQUIRE A CONSTANT SUPPLY OF DRINKING WATER. M. FRENATA DRINKS ABOUT 25CC DAILY *04:623*. IT IS GENERALLY ASSUMED THAT WEASELS UTILIZE LIVING PREY PREY AND DO NOT SCAVENGE *04:621-622*. <N-MGMT> HABITAT CONDITIONS CAN BE IMPROVED BY DEVELOPING OR MAIN- TAINING EDGE CONDITIONS: PROVIDING FOOD AND COVER FOR SMALL MAMMALS AND BIRDS: CREATING OR MAINTIANING ROCK PILES, BRUSH OR SLASH PILES, MAINTAINTG DEAD OR DOWNED WOODY MATERIALS: MAINTAINING AND PROTECTING RIPARIN: AND WETLAND HABITATS *05:130,09:45,08:37,10:34,07:41,17;224, 04:621-622,02:207,03:310 AND 313,15:150.18:141*. <HEP-DATA> <ANIMAL-PLANT> FOOD ITEMS: VOLES (MNICROTUS SP.) *04:621-622*, DEER MICE (PEROMYSCUS SP.) *04:621-622*, EASTERN COTTONTAIL (SYLVILAGUS SP.) *04:621-622,06:52,17:225*, SHORT-TAILED SHREW (SLARINA BREVICAUDA) *04:621-622,06:52*, HARVEST MICE (REITHRODONTOMYS SP.) *04:621-622*. PREDATORS: RATTLESNAKES (CROTAULS SP.) *04:624-625, 01:349*, BLACK RAT SNAKE (ELAPHE OBSOLETA)*04:624-625,01:349*, GREAT HORNED OWL (BUBO VIRGINIANUS) *04:624-625,01:349*, BARRED OWL (STRIX VARIA) *04:624-625,01:349*, AND GRAY FOX (UROCYON CINEREOEDARGENTEUES) *04:624-625,01:349*. <DESCRIPTION> MUSTELA FERNATA IS PENNSYLVANIA'S LARGEST WEASEL. ADULT MALES REACH LENGTHS OF 33-56 CM. AND ADULT FEMALES ATTAIN LENGHT OF 28-36 CM. *04:614-615,18:141*. THE TAIL IS 40-70% OF THE HEAD AND BODY LENGH AND IT HAS A DESTINCT BLACK TIP *04:614-615*. MALES ARE ABOUT 10-15 PERCENT LARGER THAN FEMALES IN MOST POPULATIONS. ADULT MALES WEIGH 184-354 GMS. WHILE ADULT FEMALES WEIGH 71-198 GMS. *18:141*. THE PELAGE IS SHORT, MODERATELY FINE, BUT NOT THICK *03:307*. MOLTING OCCURS FROM MID-OCTORBER TO MID-NOVEMBER AND MID- FEBRUARY TO MID-APRIL *05:139*. THE UPPER PARTS ARE BROWN IN SUMMER. THE UNDERPARTS ARE WHITISH, TINGED WITH YELLOWISH OR BUFFY BROWN FROM THE CHIN TO THE INGUINAL REGION. THE TAIL IS UNIFRMLY BROWN EXCEPT FOR THE BLACK TIP. THE WINTER PELAGE IN NORTHERN POPULATIONS IS NORMALLY ENTIRELY WHITE, EXCEPT FOR THE BLACK TIP OF THE TAIL *04:614-615*. MOST WEASELS IN PENNSYLVANAI REMAIN BROWN ALL WINTER *02:207*. THE SHORT LIMBS BEAR FIVE DIGITS WITH NONRETRACTIBLE, CURVED CLAWS. EARS ARE SHORT AND ROUNDED 804:614-615*. THE SKULL HAS 34 TEETH. THERE ARE 8 MAMMAE *18:141*. <ORGIGIN> THE LONG-TAILED WEASEL IS NATIVE WITHIN PENNSYLVANIA *02*. <BEHAVIOR> THE LONG-TAILED WEASEL MAINTAINS A SOLITARY EXISTENCE EXCEPT DURING THE BREEDING SEASON *04:624*. THEY ARE ACTIVE ALL YEAR LONG AND ARE MAINLY NOCTURNAL *05:139, 16:292,15:141*. MALES DEFEND TERRITORIES AGAINST MALES AND FEMALES DEFEND AGAINST FEMALES BUT THE TERRITORY OF AN INDIVIDUAL OF ONE SEX MAY OVERLAP WITH THE TERRI- ITORY OF A MEMBER OF THE OTHER SEX *04:620*. HOME RANGE SIZE VARIES WITH FOOD AVAILABILITY, COVER TYPE, POPULATION DENSITY, SEASON AND SEX *04:620,05:139*. STUDIES HAVE SHOWN HOME RANGES TO VARY FROM 12-162 HA *04:620,05:139*. MOVEMENT IS PRIMARILY RELATED TO HUNTING AND SEEKING MATES. THEY TRAVEL AN AVERAGE DISTANCE OF 100-200 M DURING A SINGLE NIGHT *04:619*. THEY TRAVEL FARTHER IN OPEN COUNTRY THAN IN BRUSHY COUNTRY *03:309,04:619*. WEASELS HUNT BY TRAVEL- LING THROUGH THEIR HABITAT IN A "RANDOM SEARCH" MANNER,INVES- TIGATING TUNNELS, NESTS, AND POTENTIAL HIDING PLACES OF RODENTS AS THEY ENCOUNTER THEM *04:623*. WHERE SNOW IS DEEP, WEASELS BURROW BENEATH THE SNOW TO HUNT *04:619*. WEASELS ARE CAPABLE OF CLIMBING TREES IN PURSUIT OF PREY *04:623,01:348.18:141* AND WILL TAKE TO THE WATER *04:623,17:225*. WHEN WEASELS ENCOUNTER A LOCAL ABUN- DANCE OF FOOD IN EXCESS OF WHAT THEY CAN CONSUME, THEY WILL CACHE THE UNUSED FOOD AND RETURN TO EAT IT LATER *04:623,18:141*. <REPRODUCTION> THE BREEDING SEASON IS FROM JULY TO AUGUST *05:138,18:141*. M.FERNGTA EXHIBITS AN USUSUALLY LONG PERIOD BETWEEN CONCEPTION AND PARTURITION BECAUSE OF DELAYED IMPLATATION *04:617,05:138, 08:141*. THE GESTATION PERIOD IS APPROXIMATEY 278 DAYS *04: 617-618, 05:138*. THE EMBRYO IS NOT IMPLANTED UNTIL 27 DAYS BEFORE BIRTH, AFTER WHICH TIME DEVELOPMENT IS RAPID *03:313*. PARTURITION OCCURS IN APRIL AND MAY AND A SINGLE LITTER OF BETWEEN5-9 YOUNG IS PRODUCED EACH YEAR*04:617-618,02:207,05:138*. THE YOUNG ARE BORN IN AN UNDEVELOPED STATE, HAIRLESS AND WITH EYES AND EARS SHUT TIGHTLY 02:207*. THE YOUNG SPEND THE FIRST 5 WEEKS BEDDED DOWN IN SFT FUR SUPPLIED BY THEIR MOTHERS HUNTING PROWESS *02: 207*. BOTH PARENTS CARE FOR THEIR OFFSPRING, AT LEAST UNTIL THEY ARE WEANED *03:313*. DEN SITES INCLUDE THE BURROWS OF OTHER OR CREVICES 802:207,05:138,03:310 AND 313,15:150.13:141*. THE NEST CENTER IS USUALLY FILLED WITH GRASS AND LINED WITH FUR AND FEATHERS FROM THE WEASEL'S PREY *15:150, 0003:310*. MALES ATTAIN ADLULT BODY WEIGHT IN 3-4 MONTHS, BUT DO NOT BECOME SEXUALLY MATURE UNTIL ABOUT ONE YEAR OF AGE. FEMALES ARE FULLY GROWN AND SEXUALLY MATURE AT 3-4 MONTHS OF AGE *04:617-618,05:138,18:141*. <POP-DYNAMICS> THE NORTH AMERICAN LONG-TAILED WEASEL POPULATION IS RELA- TIVELY WIDESPREAD, STABLE AND APPARENTLY DIRECTLY RELATED TO HABITAT CONDITIONS *18:141*. IT IS CONSIDERED RELATIVELY COMMON TO UNCOMMON IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES *05:138*. LONGEVITY IN THE WILD IS NOT WELL DOCUMENTED FOR WEASELS, BUT IS ESTIMATED TO BE APPROXI- MATELY 3 YEARS FOR M.FRENATA *04:624*. POPULATION DENSITIES FLUCTUATE CONSIDERABLY WITHIN THE ANNUAL CHANGES IN SMALL MAMMAL ABUNDANCES *04:620, 01:347,18:141-142*. IN FAVORABL HABITAT, MAXIMUM DENSITIES ARE 6-7 PER SQUARE KM. THE SEX RATION AT BIRTH IS 1:1 AND NO EVIDENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY RATES FOR ADULTS HAS BEEN FOUND *04:620*. <LIM-FACTORS> NATURAL MORTALITY OF WASELS IS A RESULT OF SEVERAL INTER- ACTING FACTORS: DISESASE, PARASITES, NUTRITION, POPULATION STRESS AND PRECATUION. THE INCIDENCE OF DIESEASE AND PARASITES OF WEASELS ARE POORLY KNOWN. WEASELS ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO TULAREMIA *04:624-625*. EXTERNAL PARASITES INCLUDE TICKS, FLEAS AND MITES *01:349-350*. INTERNAL PARASITES INCLUE NEMATODES, CESTODES, AND TREIATODES *04:624-625*. PREDATORS OF WEASELS ARE NUMEROUS AND INCLUDE RATTLESNAKES, BLACKSNAKES, SNOWY OWLS, GREAT HORNED OWLS, BARRED OWLS, ROUGH-LEGGED HAWKS, GOSHAWKS, RED FOXES, GRAY <R-TAXOMOMY> 01.02.03 <R-SPP-STATUS> 19 <R-DISTRIB> 02,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11,12,13,14 <R-FOOD> 04,05,06,17,18 <R-MGMT> 02,03,04,05,07,08,09,10,15,17,18 <R-LIFE-HIST> 01,02,03,04,05,15,16,17,18 <REFERENCES> 00- STEVE MILLER, 8 MERION LANE, HUMMELSTOWN, PA 17036 TELEPHONE (717)566-3452. 01-JACKSON, H.H.T. 1961. MAMMALS OF WISCONSIN. UNIV. OF WISCONSIN PRESS, MADISON, WI. 504 PP. 02- DOUTT, J.K., C.A. HEPPENSTALL, AND J.E. GUILDAY. 1973. MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA, PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 283 PP. 03- MASER, C., B.R. MATE, J.F. FRANKLIN, AND C.T. DYRNESS. 1981. HISTORY OF OREGON COAST MAMMALS. USDA FOREST SERVICE, GEN. TECH. REPORT PNW-133. PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION, PORTLAND, OR. 04- SVENDSEN, G.E. 1982. WEASELS. PP. 613-628. IN CHAPMAN, J.A., AND G.E. FELOHAMER, (EDS.). WILD MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA-BIOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS. THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNVIERSITY PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD. 05- DEFRAFF, F.M., G.M. WITMAN, AND D.D. RUDIS. 1981. FOREST HABITAT FOR MAMMALS OF THE NORTHEAST. USDA FOREST SERVICE, NORTH- EASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MA. 06- GRAMM, W.C., AND H.A. ROBERTS. 1950. MAMMAL SURVEY OF SOUTH- WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. FAINAL REPORT, P-R PROJECT 24-R. PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 99 PP. 07- GIFFORD, C.L., AND R. WHITEBREAD. 1961. MAMMAL SURVEY OF SOUTH CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT, P-R PROJECT 38-R. PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 75 PP. 08- ROBERTS, H.A., AND R.C. EARLY. 1952. MAMAL SURVEY OF SOUTH- EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. FIANL REPORT, P-R PROJECT 43-R. PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 70 PP 09- GRIMM, W.C., AND R. WHITEBREAD. 1952. MAMMAL SURVEY OF NORTH- EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT, P-R PROJECT 42-R. PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 82 PP. 10- ROSLUND, H.R. 1951. MAMMAL SURVEY OF NORTHCENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT, P-R PROJECT 32-R . PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 55 PP. 11- RICHMOND, M.D., AND M.R. ROSELAND. 1949. MAMMAL SURVEY OF NORTHEWESTRN PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT, P-R PROJECT 20-R. PA. GAME COMMISSION , HARRISBURG, PA. 67 PP. 12- GOODMAN, F. 1984- ANNUAL REPORT COLLECTOR'S PERMIT. PERMIT NO. 57301. SUBMITTED TO PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 13- KIRKLAND, G.L. 1983. ANNUAL REPORT COLLECTOR'S PERMIT. PERMIT NO. 57301. SUBMITTED TO PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 14- KIRCKLAND, G.L. 198. ANNUAL REPORT COLLECTOR'S PERMIT. PERMIT NO. 65475. SUBMITTED TO PA. GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 15- PARADISO, JOHN 1969. MAMMALS OF MARYLAND. NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA SERIES NO. 66. U.S. DEPT. OF THE INTERIOR , WASHINGTON, DC. 193 PP. 16- COLLINS, H.H., JR. 1981. COMPLETE FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE. EASTERN EDITION. HARPER & ROW, NEW YORK, NY. 714 PP. 17- GODIN, AUDA 1977. WILD MAMMALS OF NEW ENGLAND. THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV. PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD. 304 PP. 18- DEEMS, E.F., JR., AND D. PURSLEY (EDS,) 1983. NORTH AMERICAS FURBEARERS, A CONTERMPORARY REFERENCE. INTERNATONAL ASSOC. OF FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES AND MARYLAND DNR, ANNAPOLIS, MD. 223 PP. 19- COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA GAME LAWS. 20- BURT, V.H. 1946. THE MAMMALS OF MICHIGAN. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS, ANN ARBOR, MI. 288 PP. <EXPAN06> <EXPAN07> <EXPANO8> <EXPAN09> <EXPANO10> <EXPANO11> <EXPANO12> I I W- APPENDIX G Updated Species Profile Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 41 <SPP-CODE> 500D055 <CATEGORY> MAMMAL <COM-NAME> RACCOON <SCI-NAME> PROCYOM LOTOR LOTOR <TAX-PHYLUM> CHORDATA <TAX-58PHYLUM> <TAX-CLASS> MAMMALIA <TAX-SUBCLASS> <TAX-ORDER> CARMIVORA <TAX-SUBORDER> <TAX-SUPERFAM> <TAX-FAMILY> PROCYONIDAE <TAX-SUBFAMILY> PROCYONINAE <TAX-TRIBE> <TAX-GENUS> PROCYON <TAX-GENUS> <TAX-SPECIES> KITIR <TAX-SUBSPEC> LOTOR <TAX-AUTHOR> LINNAEUS 1758 <SPP-STATUS> COMMERCIAL,CONSUMP-REC <RES-STATUS> RES-YR <HABITAT> TERRESTRIAL,RIPARIAN <TROPHIC> OMNIVORF <TERRITORY> BREEDING/FEEDING/NESTING TERRITORY <TERR-SIZE> 5-20 ACRES <HOME-RANGE> 20-100 ACRES <DISPERSION> RANDOM <PERIGOICITY> ACTIVE AT NIGHT,CREPUSCULAR ACTIVITY,ACTIVE IN EARLY SPRING <FORAG-STRAT> BROWSING,STALKING <MATING> POLYGYNY <PAIR-BOND> NO BOND FORMED <DISPLAY-SITE> <PREG-INCUBAT> 1-2 MONTHS <AVE-YOUNG> 3-4 <REPROD-YR> 1 <DEVEL-YOUNG> ALTRICIAL <PARENT=CARE> FEMALE <POP-TREND> STABLE <POP-FUTURE> INCREASE >25% <HEP> PANHEP,DRAFT-HEP <ENTERED> 86/04/08 <UPDATED> <EXPAND1> <EXPAND2> <XPAND3> <EXPAND4> <EXPAND5> <COM-SYNONYMS> COON; RING-TAIL <SCI-SYNONYMS> <OCCUR-COUNTY> ADAMS,ALLEGHENY,ARMSTRONG,BEAVER,BEDFORD,BERKS,BLAIR,BRADFORD,BUCKS, BUTLER,CAMBRIA,CAMERON,CARBON,CENTRE,CHESTER,CLARION,CLEARFIELD, CLINTON,COLUMBIA,CRAWFORD,CUMBERLAND,DAUPHIN,DELAWARE,ELK,ERIE, FAYETTE,FOREST,FRANKLIN,FULTON,GREENE,HUNTINGDON,INDIANA,JEFFERSON, JUNIATA,LACKAWANNA,LANCASTER,LAWRENCE,LEBANON,LEHIGH,LUZERNE,LYCOMING MCKEAN,MERCER,MIFFLIN,MONROE,MONTGOMERY,MONTOUR,NORTHAMPTON NORTHUMPERLAND,PERRY,PHILADELPHIA,PIKE,POTIER,SCHUYLKILL,SYNDER, SOMERSET,SULLIVAN,SUSQUEHANNA,TIOGA,UNION,VENANGO,WARREN,WASHINGTON, WAYNE,WESTMORELAND,WYOMING,YORK <ABS-COUNTY> <UNK-COUNTY> <SEAS-OCCUR> ADAMS:SBFW,ALLEGHENY:SBFW,ARMSTRONG:SBFW,BEAVER:SBFW,BEDFORD:SBFW, BERKS:SBFW,BLAIR:SBFW,BRADFORD:SBFW,BUCKS:SBFW,BUTLER:SBFW, CAMBRIA:SBFW,CAMERON:SBFW,CARBON:SBFW,CENTRE:SBFW,CHESTER:SBFW, CLARION:SBFW,CLEARFIELD:SBFW,CLINTON:SBFW,COLUMBIA:SBFW, CRAWFORD:SBFW,CUMBERLAND:SBFW,DAUPHIN:SBFW,DLAWARE:SBFW,ELK:SBFW, ERIE:SBFW,FAYETTE:SBFW,FOREST:SBFW,FRANKLIN:SBFW,FULTON:SBFW, GREENE:SBFW,HUNTINGDON:SBFW,INDIANA:SBFW,JEFFERSON:SBFW,JUNIATA:SBFW, LACKAWANNA:SBFW,LANCASTER,SBFW,LAWRENCE:SBFW,LEBANON:SBFW, LEHIGH:SBFW,LUZERNE:SBFW,LYCOMING:SBFW,MCKEAN:SBFW,MERCER:SBFW, MIFFLIN:SBFW,MONROE:SBFW,MONTGOMERY:SBFW,MONTOUR:SBFW, NORTHAMPTON:SBFW,NORTHUMBERLAND:SBFW,PERRY:SBFW,PHILADELPHIA:SBFW, PIKE:SBFW,POTTER:SBFW,SCHUYLKILL:SBFW,SNYDER:SBFW,SOMERSETSBFW, SULLIVAN:SBFW,SUSQUEHANNA:SBFW,TIOGA:SBFW,UNION:SBFW,VENANGO:SBFW, WARREN:SBFW,WASHINGTON:SBFW,WAYNE:SBFW,WESTMORELAND:SBFW,WYOMING:SBFW, YORK:SBFW <ABUND-CTY> ADAMS:A,ALLEGHENY:A,ARMSTRONG:A,BEAVER:A,BEDFORD:A,BERKS:A,BLAIR:A, BRADFORD:A,BUCKS:A,BUTLER:A,CAMBRIA:A,CAMERON:A,CARBON:A,CENTRE:A, CHESTER:A,CLARION:A,CLEARFIELD:A,CLINTON:A,COLUMBIA:A,CRAWFORD:A, CUMBERLAND:A,DAUPHIN:A,DELAWARE:A,ELK:A,ERIE:A,FAYETTE:A,FOREST:A, FRANKLIN:A,FULTON:A,GREENE:A,HUNTINGDON:A,INDIANA:A,JEFFERSON:A, JUNIATA:A,LACKAWANNA:A,LANCASTER:A,LAWRENCE:A,LEBANON:A,LEHIGH:A, LUZERNE:A,LYCOMING:A,MCkEAN:A,MERCER:A,MIFFLAN:A,MONROE:A, MONTGOMERY:A,MONTOUR:A,NORTHAMPTON:A,NORTHUMBERLAND:A,PERRY:A, PHILADELPHIA:A, PIKE:A,POTTER:A,SCHUYLKILL:A,SYNDER:A,SOMERSET:A, SULLIVAN:A,SUSQUEHANNA:A,TIOGA:A,UNION:A,VENANGO:A,WARREN:A, WASHINGTON:A,WAYNE:A,WESTMORELAND:A,WYOMING:A,YORK:A <HYDRO-NAME> UPPER DELAWARE:UPPERDELAWARE, UPPER DELAWARE:LACKAMAXEN, UPPER DELAWARE:MIDDLE DELAWARE/MONGAUP/BRODHEAD, UPPER DELAWARE:MIDDLE DELAWARE/MUSCONETCONG, UPPER DELAWARE:LEHIGH LOWER DELAWARE:CROSSWICKS-MESHAMINY, LOWER DELAWARE:LOWER DELAWARE, LOWER DELAWARE:SCHUYLKILL, LOWER DELAWARE:BRANDYWINE-CHRISTINA, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER SUSQUEHANNA, UPPER SUSQUEHANNA:OWEGO-WAPPASENING, UPPER SUSQUENANNA:TIOGA, UPPER SUSQUENAANA:CHEMUNG, UPPER SUSQUENANNA:UPPER SUSQUEHANNA-TUNKHAMNOCK, UPPER SUSQUENANNA:UPPER SUSQUEHANNA-LACKAWANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:SINNEMAHONING, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:MIDDLE WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:BALD EAGLE, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:PINE, WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA-PENNS, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:UPPER JUNIATA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:RAYSTOWN, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER JUNIATA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA-SWATARA, LOWER SUSQUEHANNA:LOWER SUSQUEHANNA, UPPER CHESAPEAKE:CHESTER-SASSAFRAS, UPPER CHESAPEAKE:GUNPOWERDER-PATAPSCO, POTOMAC:NORTH BRANCH POTOMAC, POTOMAC:CACAPON-TOWN, POTOMAC:CONOCOCHEAGUE-OPEQUON, POTOMAC:MONOCACY, SOUTHERN LAKE ERIE:ASHTABULA, EASTERN LAKE ERIE:CHAUTAUQUA-CONNEAUT, SOUTHWESTERN LAKE ONTARIO:UPPER GENESEE, ALLEGHENY:UPPER ALLEGHENY, ALLEGHENY:CONEMANGO, ALLEGHENY:MIDDLE ALLEGHENY, ALLEGHENY:FRENCH, ALLEGHENY:CLARION, ALLEGHENY:MIDDLE ALLEGHENY-REDBANK, ALLEGHENY:CONEHAUGH, ALLEGHENY:KISKIMINETAS, ALLEGHENY:LOWER ALLEGHENY, MONONGALEHLA, UPPER MONOMGAHELA, MONONGAHELA,CHEAT, MONONGAHELA, LOWER MONONGAHELA, MONONGAHELA,YOUGHIOGHENY, UPPER OHIO:UPPER OHIO, UPPER OHIO:SHEMANGO, UPPER OHIO:MAHONING, UPPER OHIO:BEAVER, UPPER OHIO:CONNOQUENESSING, UPPER OHIO:UPPER OHIO-WHEELING <HYDRO-CODE> 02040101,02040103,02C40104,02040105,02040106,02040201,02040202, 02040203,02040205,02050101,02050104,02050104,02050105,02050106, 02050107,02050201,02050202,02050203,02050204,02050205,02050206, 02050301,02050302,02050303,02050304,02050305,02050306,02060002, 02060003,02070002,02070003,02070004,02070009,04110003,04120101, 04130002,05010001,05010002,05010003,05010004,05010005, 05010006,05010007,05010008,05010009,05020003,05020004,05020005, 05020006,05030101,05030102,05030103,05030104,05030105,05030106 <ECOREG-NAME> NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLE SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION; MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION; BEECH-MAPLE FORST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, MORE THAN 30% GENTLY SLOPING, 0-100 FT. ELEVATION; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, MORE THAN 80: GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 100-300 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-802 GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST,50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION LESS THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION, MORE THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLE SLOPING, 1000-5000 FT; ELEVATION, LESS THAN 75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS IN LOWLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, 20-50% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 500-1000 FT. ELEVATION; APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST, LESS THAN 20% GENTLY SLOPING, 1000-3000 FT. ELEVATION; SOUTHERN MIXED FOREST, 50-80% GENTLY SLOPING, 300-500 FT. ELEVATION, 50-75% OF GENTLE SLOPE IS ON UPLAND <ENCORE-CODE> 2113B2B,2113B3C,2113C4C,2113C4D,2113C5A,2113C5C,2413D5D,2211C4C, 2211C5C,2211D4D,2212B2B,2212C3C,2214A1C,2214A28,2214B2C,2214B3B, 2214B3C,2214B4A,2214C4C,2214C4D,2214C5A,2214C5C,2214D40,2214D5D, 2320B3C <PNV> BEECH-MAPLE, MIXED MESOPHYTIC, APPALACHIAN OAK, NORTHERN HARDWOODS, OAK-HICKORY-PINE <QUAD-NAME> NEWARK WEST,BAY VIEW,WOODBURY,BRIDGEPORT,MARCUS HOOK,WILMINGTON NORTH, KENNETT SQUARE,WEST GROVE,OXFORD,CAMDEN,PHILADELPHIA,LANSDOWNE,MEDIA, WEST CHESTER,UNIONVILLE,COATESVILLE,PARKESBURG,RISING SUN, CONOWINGO DAM,DELTA,FAWN GROVE,MORRISVILLE,NEWFREEDOM, LINEBORO, MANCHESTER,KIRKWOOD,WAKEFIELD,HOLTWOOD,AIRVILLE,STEWARTSTOWN, GLEN ROCK,SEVEN VALLEYS,HANOVER,GAP,QUARRYVILLE,CONESTOGA,SAFE HARBOR, RED LION,YORK,WEST YORK,ABBOTSTOWN,LITTLESTOWN,TANEYTOWN,EMMITSBURG, BLUE RIDGE SUMMIT,SMITHSBURG,HAGERSTOWN,MASON DIXON,CLEAR SPRING, MC SHERRYSTOWN,GETTYSBURG,FAIRFIELD,IRON SPRINGS,WAYNESBORO, GREENCASTLE,WILLIAMSON,MERCERSBURG,HAMPTON,BIGLERVILLE,ARENDTSVILLE, CALEDONIA PARK,SCOTLAND,CHAMBERSBURG,ST THOMAS,NC CONNELLSBURG, CHERRY RUN,HANCOCK (WV),BELLEGROVE,ARTEMAS,FLINTSTONE, EVITTS CREEK,CUMBERLAND,FROSTBURG,BIG COVE TANNERY,NEEDMORE,AMARANTH, CHANEYSVILLE,BEANS COVE,HYNDMAN,FAIRHOPE,WITTENBERG,MEADOW GROUNDS, BREEZEWOOD,MENCH,CLEARVILLE,RAINSBURG,BUFFALO MILLS,NEW BALTIMORE, BERLIN,AVILTON,GRANTSVILLE,ACCIDENT,FRIENDSVILLE (MD),BRANDONVILLE, BRUCETON MILLS,LAKELYNN,MORGANTOWNNORTH,MEYERSDALE,MARKLETON, CONFLUENCE,OHIOPYLE,FT NECESSITY,BROWNFIELD,SMITHFIELD,MASONTOWN, MURDOCK,ROCKWOOD,KINGWOOD,MILL RUN,SOUTH CONNELLSVILLE,UNIONTOWN, NEW SALME,CARMICHAELS,OSAGE,BLACKSVILLE,WADESTOWN,HUNDRED,LITTLETON, GARARDS FORT,OAK FOREST,HOLBROOK,NEW FREEPORT,CAMERON (WV),MATHER, WAYNESBURG,ROGERSVILLE,WIND RIDGE,MAJORSVILLE,BRISTOL,BEVERLY, TRENTON EAST,TRENTON WEST,LANGHORNE,PENNINGTON,LAMBERTVILLE,STOCKTON, FRANKFORD,GERMANTOWN,NORRISTOWN,VALLEY FORGE,MALVERN,DOWNINGTOWN, WAGONTOWN,HONEY BROOK,HATBORO,AMBLER,LANSDALE,COLLEGEVILLE, PHOENIXVILLE,POTTSTOWN,ELVERSON,MORGANTOWN,BUCKINGHAM,DOYLESTOWN, TELFORD,PERKIOMENVILLE, SASSAMANSVILLE,BOYERTOWN,BIRDSBORO,READING, LUMBERVILLE,BEDMINSTER,QUAKERTOWN,MILFORD SQUARE,EAST GREENVILLE, MANATAWNY,FLEETWOOD,TEMPLE,FRENCHOWN,RIEGELSVILLE,HELLERTOWN, ALLENTOWN EAST,ALLENTOWN WEST,TOPTON,KUTZTOWN,HAMBURG,EASTON,NAZARETH, CATASAUQUA,CEMENTON,SLATEDALE,NEW TRIPOLI,NEW RINGSOLD,BELVIDERE, BANGOR,WIND GAP,KUNKLETOWN,PALMERTON,LEHIGHTON,NESQUEHONING,TAMAQUA, PORTLAND,STROUDSBURG,SAYLORSBURG,BRODHEADSVILLE,POHOPOCO MTS, CHRISTMANS,WEATHERLY,HAZLSTON,NEWHOLLAND,LEOLA,LANCASTER, COLUMBIA EAST,COLUMBIA WEST,YORK HAVEN,DOVER,WELLSVILLE,TERRE HILL, CPHRATA,LITITZ,MANHEIM,ELIZABETHTOWN,MIDDLETOWN,STEELTON,LEMOYNE, SINKING SPRING,WOMELSDORF,RICHLAND,LEBANON,PALMYRA,HERSHEY, HARRISBURG EAST,HARRISBURG WEST,BERNVILLE,STRAUSSTOWN,BETHEL, FREDERICKSBURG,INDIANTOWN GAP,GRANTVILLE,ENDERS,HALIFAX,AUBURN, FRIEDENSBURG,SWATARA HILL,PINE GROVE,TOMER CITYL, LYKENS, ELIZABETHVILLE, MILLERSBURG,ORWIGSBURG,POTTSVILLE,MINERSVILLE,TREMONT, VALLEY VIEW, KLINBERSTOWN,PILLOW,DALMATIA,DELANO,SHENANDOAH, ASHLAND, MT CARMEL, SHAMOKIN, TREVORTON,SUNBURY,FREEBURG,CONYNHAM,NUREMBERG,SHUMANS, CATARISSA,DANVILLE,RIVERSIDE,NORTHUMBERLAND,LEWISBURG,DILLSBURG, MOUNT HOLLY SPRINGS,DICKINSON,WALNUT BOTTOM,SHIPPENSBURG,ROXBURY, FINNETTSBURG,BURNT CABINS,MECHANICSBURG,CARLISLE,PLAINFIELD,NEWVILLE, NEWBURG,DOYLESBURG,SHADE GAP, ORBISONIA,WERTZVILLE,SHERMANS DALE, LANDISBURG,ANDERSONBURG,BLAIN,BLAIRS MILLS,AUGHWICK,BUTLER KNOB, DUNCANNON,NEWPORT,ICKESBURG,SPRUCE HILL,MC COYSVILLE,MC VEYTOWN, NEWTON HAMILTON,MOUNT UNION,REWARD,MILLERSTOWN,MEXICO,MIFFLINTOWN, LEWISTOWN,BELLEVILLE,ALLENSVILLE,DONATION,RICHFIELD,BEAVER SPRINGS, MC CLURE,ALFARATA,BURNHAM,BARRVILLE,MC ALEVYS FORT,PINE GROVE MILLS, MIDDLEBURG,BEAVERTOWN,WEIKERT,COBURN,SPRING MILLS,CENTRE HALL STATE COLLEGE, JULIAN,MIFFLINBURG,HARTLETON,WOODWARD,MILLHEIM, MADISONBURG,MIMGOVILLE,BELLEFONTE,BEAR KNOB,HUSTONTOWN,WELLS TANNERY, EVERETT EAST,EVERETT WEST,BEDFORD,SCHELLSBURG,CENTRAL CITY,STOYSTOWN, SALTILLO,SAXTON,HOPEWELL,NEW ENTERPRISE,ALUMN BANK,OGLETOWN,WINDBER, HOOVERSVILLE,CASSVILLE,ENTRIKEN,MARTINSBURG,ROARING SPRING,BLUE KNOB, BEAVERDALE,GEISTOWN,JOHNSTOWN,HUNTINGOON,WILLIAMSBURG,FRANKSTOWN, HOLLIDAYSBURG,CRESSON,EBENSBURG,NANTY GLO,VINTONDALE,ALEXANDRIA, SPRUCE CREEK,BELLWOOD,ALTOONA,ASHVILLE,CARROLLTOWN,COLVER,STRONGSTOWN, FRANKLINVILLE,TYRONE,TIPTON,BLANDBURG,COALPORT,HASTINGS,BARNESBORO, COMMODORE,PORT MATILDA,SANDY RIDGE,MOUNTZDALE,RAMEY,IRVONA,WESTOVER, BURNSIDE, ROCHESTER HILLS, BLACK KOSHANNON, PHILIPSBURG, WALLACETON, GLEN RITCHEY, CURWENSVILLE, MAHAFFEY, MCGEES HILLS, PUNXSUTAWNEY, SOMERSET, BAKERSVILLE, SEVEN SPRINGS, DONEGAL, CONNELSVILLE, DAWSON, FAYETTE CITY CALIFORNIA, BOSWELL, LIGONIER, STAHLSTOWN, MAMMOTH,MT PLEASANT, SMITHTON, DONORA, MONONGAHELA, RACHELWOOD, WILPEN, DERRY, LATROBE, GREENSBURG, IRWIN, MCKEESPORT, GLASSPORT, NEW FLORENCE, BOLIVAR, BLAIRSVILLE, SALTSBURG, SLICKVILLE, MURRYSVILLE, BRADDOCK, PITTSBURGH EAST, BRUSH VALLEY, INDIAN, \ MCINTYRE, AVONNNORE, VANDERGRIFT, NEW KENSINGTONEAST, NEW KENSINGTON WEST, GLENSHAW, CLYMER, ERNEST, ELDERTON, WHITESBURG, LEECHBURG, FREEPORT, CURTISVILLE, VALENCIA, MARION CENTER, PLUMVILLE, RURAL VALLEY, MOSGROVE, KITTANNNING, WORTHINGTON, SAXONBURG, BUTLER, WALTER, DAYTON, DISTANT, TEMPLETON, EAST BRADY, CHICURA, EST BUTLER, MT CHESTNUT, ELLSWORTH, AMITY, PROSPERITY, CLAYSVILLE, VALLEY GROVE, HACKETT, WASHINGTON EAST, WASHINGTON WEST, WEST MIDDLETOWN, BETHANY, BRIDGEVILLE, CANONSBURG, MIDWAY, AVELLA, STEUBENVILLE EAST, PITTSBURGH WEST, OAKDALE, CLINTON, BURGETTSTOWN, WEIRTON, EMSWORTH, AMBRIDGE, ALIQUIPPA, HOOKSTOWN, EAST LIVERPOOL SOUTH, MARS, BADEN, BEAVER, MIDLAND, EAST LIVERPOOL NORTH, EVANS CITY, QELIENOPLE, BEAVER FALLS, NEW GALLILEE, EAST PALESTINE, PROSPECT, PORTERSVILLE, NEW DASTLE SOUTH, BESSEMER, NEW MIDDLETOWN, FLATBROOKVILLE, CULVERS GAP, LAKE MASKENOZHA, PORT JERVIS SOUTH, MILFORD, EDGEMERE, PORT JERVIS NORTH, POND EDDY, SHOHOLA, ELDRED (NV), BUSHKILL, EAST STROUDSBURG, MOUNT POCONO, POCONO PINES, BLAKESLEE, HICKORY RUN, WHITE HAVEN, FEELAND, TWELVEMILE POND, SKYTOP, BUCK HILL FALLS, TOBYHANNA, THORNHURST, PLEASANT VIEW SUMMIT, WILKES-BARRE EAST, WILKES-BARRE WEST, PECKS POND, PROMISED LAND, NEWFOUNDLAND, STERLING, MOSCOW, AVOCA, PITTSTON, KINGSTON, ROWLAND, HAWLEY, LAKEVILLE, LAKE ARIEL, OLYPHANT, SCRANTON, RANSOM, CENTERMORELAND, NARROWSBURG, WHITE MILLS, HONESDALE, WAYMART, CARBONDALE, DALTON, FACTORVILLLE, TUNKHANNOCK, DANASCUS, GALILEE, ALDENVILLE, FOREST CITY, CLIFFORD, LENOXVILLE, HOP BOTTOM, SPRINGVILLE, CALLICOON, LONG EDDY, LAKE COMO, ORSON, THOMPSON, HARTFORD, MONTROSE EAST, MONTROSE WEST, HANNOCK, STARRUCCA, SUSQUEHANNA, GREAT BEND, FRANKLIN FORKS, LAUREL LAKE, SYBERTSVILLE, BERWICK, MIFFLINVILLE, BLOOMSBURG, MILLVILLE, WASHINGTONVILLE, MILTON, ALLENWOOD, NANTICOKE, SHICKSHINNY, STILLWATER, BENTON, 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HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:MATURE, NORTHERN HARDWOOD REVERTING FIELD:OLD GROWTH, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:GRASS/FORB, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SEEDLING/SHRUB, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:SAPLING, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:POLE, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:MATURE, MIXED NORTHERN HARDWOODS:OLD GROWTH, ASPEN:GRASS/FORB, ASPEN:SEEDLING/SHRUB, ASPEN:SAPLING, ASPEN:POLE, ASPEN:MATURE, ASPEN:OLD GROWTH, PAPER BIRCH:GRASS/FORB PAPER BIRCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, PAPER BIRCH:SAPLING, PAPER BIRCH:POLE, PAPER BIRCH:MATURE, PAPER BIRCH:OLD GROWTH, GRAY BIRCH:GRASS/FORB GRAY BIRCH:SEEDLING/SHRUB, GRAY BIRCH:SAPLING, GRAY BIRCH:POLE, GRAY BIRCH:MATURE, GRAY BIRCH:OLD GROWTH, <FOREST-SIZE> UNSTOCKED,SEEDLING/SAPLING,POLE,MATURE,OVER-MATURE <WETLAND-NAME> ESTUARINE,[STUARINE:INTERTIDAL,ESTUARINE:INTERTICAL/EMERGENT, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT:PERSISTENT, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT:NONPERSISTENT, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT:NARROW-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT:BROAD-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT:NARROW-LEAVED PERSISTENT, ASPEN: ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/EMERGENT:BROAD-LEAVED PERSISTENT, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/FLAT,ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/FLAT:VEGETATED PIONEER, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/FLAT:VEGETATED NONPIONEER, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/FORESTED, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:DEAD, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/FORESTED:DECIDUOUS, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/SCRUB-SHRUB, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/SCRUB-SHRUB:BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/SCRUB-SHRUB:DEAD, ESTUARINE:INTERTIDAL/SCRUB-SHRUB:DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE,PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT,PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT:PERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT:NONPERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT:NARROW-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT:BROAD-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT:NARROW-LEAVED PERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/EMERGENT:BROAD-LEAVED PERSISTENT, PALUSTRINE/FORESTED,PALUSTRINE/FORESTED:BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/FORESTED:DEAD,PALUSTRINE/FORESTED:DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/SCRUB-SHRUB, PALUSTRINE/SCRUB-SHRUB:BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS, PALUSTRINE/SCRUB-SHRUB:DEAD,PALUSTRINE/SCRUB-SHRUB:DECIDUOUS, LACUSTRINE,LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL,LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/EMERGENT, LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/EMERGENT:NONPERSISTENT, LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/EMERGENT:NARROW-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/EMERGENT:BROAD-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/FLAT,LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/FLAT:VEGETATED PIONEER, LACUSTRINE:LITTORAL/FLAT:VEGETATED NONPIONEER, RIVERINE,RIVERINE:TIDAL,RIVERINE:TIDAL/EMERGENT, RIVERINE:TIDAL/EMERGENT:NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE:TIDAL/EMERGENT:NARROW-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE:TIDAL/EMERGENT:BROAD-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE:TIDAL/FLAT,RIVERINE:TIDAL/FLAT:VEGETATED PIONEER, RIVERINE:TIDAL/FLAT:VEGETATED NONPIONEER, RIVERINE:TIDAL/OPEN WATER, RIVERINE:LOWER,RIVER,NE:LOWER/EMERGENT, RIVERINE:LOWER/EMERGENT:NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE:LOWER/EMERGENT:NARROW-LEAVED NONPERSISTENT, RIVERINE:LOWER/EMERGENT:NARROW-LEAVED PERSISTENT, RIVERINE:LOWER/FLAT, RIVERINE:LOWER/FLAT:VEGETATED PIONEER, RIVERINE:LOWER/FLAT:VEGETATED NONPIONEER, RIVERINE:LOWER/OPEN WATER, RIVERINE:UPPER,RIVERINE:UPPER/FLAT, RIVERINE:UPPER/FLAT:VEGETATED PIONEER, RIVERINE:UPPER/FLAT:VEGETATED NONPIONEER, RIVERINE:UPPER/OPEN WATER, RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT,RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT/OPEN WATER, RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT/STREAMBED, RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT/STREAMBED:COBBLE-GRAVEL, RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT/STREAMBED:SAND, RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT/STREAMBED:MUD, RIVERINE:INTERMITTENT/STREAMBED:ORGANIC <WETLAND-CODE> E....,E2...,E2EM.,E2EM1,E2EM2,E2EM3, E2EM4,E2EM5,E2EM6,E2FL,.E2FL5, E2FL6,E2F0.,E2F01,E2F05,E2F06,E2SS.,E2SS1,E2SS5,E2SS6, P....,P0...,POEM.,POEM1,POEM2.POEM3,POEM4.POEM5.POEM6.POFL.,POFL5, POFL6.POF0.,POF01,POF05,POF06.POOWO,POSS.,POSS1,POSS5,POSS6. L....,L2...,L2EM.,L2EH2,E2EM3.L2EM4.L2FL.,L2FL5,L2FL6, R....,R1...,R1EM.,R1EM2,R1EM3.R1EM4.R1FL.,R1FL5,F1FL6.R1OW0, R2...,R2EM.,R2EM2,R2EM3.R2EM4.R2FL.,R2FL5,R2FL6.R2OW0, R3...,R3FL.,R3FL5,R3FL6,R30W0, R4...,R40W0,R45B.,R4SB1,R4SB2,R2S83,R4SB4 (ENVIR-ASSOC) WATER DEPTH:<1FT,;AQUATIC HABITAT ZONATION:LITTORAL ZONE; INLAND WETLAND:VEGETALD STREAM BANKS; INLAND WETLAND:BEAVER-DAMNED STREAMS; INLAND WETLAND:ISALND INHABITANT;INLAND WETLAND:BOGS; INLAND WETLAND:DITCHES;INLAND WETLAND:FARM PONDS; INLAND WETLAND:SEASONAL WET DEPRESSIONS; INLAND WETLAND:SILT BOTTOM STREAMS; INLAND WETLAND:DETRITUS BOTTOM STREAMS; INLAND WETLAND:ROCKY BOTTOM STREAM; INLAND WETLAND:STREAM POOL AREAS; INLAND WETLAND:STREAM/RIVER WEEDBEDS; INLAND WETLAND:LAKE WEEDBEDS; INLAND WETLAND:WET MEADOWS INLAND WETLAND:WOODLAND PONDS; INLAND WETLAND:MAN-MADE IMPOUNDMENTS; COASTAL ZONE :SALTWATER MARSH; COASTAL ZONE :BRACKISH WATER MARSH; COASTAL ZONE :TYPHA-SCIRPUS MARSH; COASTAL ZONE :FRESHWATER MARSH; COASTAL ZONE:SWAP; COASTAL ZONE :MUD FLATS; SEEPS/SPRINGS:FLOWING;SEEPS/SPRINGS:POOL; SOIL:CLAY;SOIL:SILT;SOIL:SAND;SOIL:LOAM;GRAVEL;SOIL:ROCKY; SOIL TEXTURE:COARSE;SOIL TEXTURE:MEDIUM;SOIL TEXTURE:FIND; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BURROWS;TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:STANDING SNAGS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:DOWNED LOGS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:ROCK OUTCROPS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:RIDGES; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:LEAF NESTS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:BRUSH PILES/ROCK PILES; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:HEDGEROWS/WIND BREAKS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:FENCE ROWS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:ROADSIDE DITCHES; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:LARGE,LONE TREES (WOLF TREES); TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:LEAF LITTER; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:VEGETATION MOSAICS/EDGES; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES:TREE CAVITIES; ECOTONE:WOODLAND/CROP FIELDS: ECOTONE:WOODLAND/SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD; ECOTONE:WOODLAND/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE:WOODLAND/HERBACEOUS FIELD; ECOTONE:SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE:CROP FIELD/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE:HERBACEOUS FIELD/SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD; ECOTONE:HERBACEOUS FIELD/OPEN WATER; ECOTONE:CONIFEROUS FOREST/DECIDUOUS FOREST; ECOTONE:WOODLAND/BARREN LAND; ECOTONE:WOODLAND/WETLAND; ECOTONE:WOODLAND/URBAN LAND; ECOTONE:SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/BARREN LAND; ECOTONE:SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/CROP FIELD; ECOTONE:SHRUB-BRUSH FIELD/WETLAND; ECOTONE:SHRUB-BRUSH FIELDURBAN LAND; ECOTONE:CROP FIELD/BARREN LAND; ECOTONE:CROP FIELD/WETLAND; ECOTONE:BARREN LAND/HERBACEOUS FIELD; ECOTONE:HERBACEOUS FIELD/WETLAND; ECOTONE:HERBACEOUS FIELD/URBAN LAND; ECOTONE:BARREN LAND/WETLAND; ECOTONE:WETLAND/URBAN LAND; FOREST ECOTONE: CLEARCUT/SEEDLING-SAPLING STAGE; FOREST ECOTONE: CLEARCUT/POLE STAGE; FOREST ECOTOME:CLEARCUT/MATURE STAGE; FOREST ECOTOME:SEEDLING-SAPLING/POLE STAGE; FOREST ECOTOME:SEEDLING-SAPLING/MATURE STAGE; FOREST ECOTONE:POLE/MATURE STAGE; TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY:SUBSURFACE LAYER; TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY:SURFACE LAYER; TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY:MERBACEOUS LAYER; TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITYSHRUB LAYTER: TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY:UNDERSTORRY TREE CANOPY; TERRESTRIAL VERTICAL DIVERSITY:OVERSTORY TREE CANOPY; NEST SITES:CAVITIES IN LIVE TREES; NEST SITES:CAVITIES IN DEAD TREES; NEST SITES:UNDERGROUND BURROW; NEST SITES:ROCK OUTCROPS; NEST SITES:LEAF NESTS IN LIVE TREES; NEST SITES:DOMMED LOGS:NEST SITES:BRUSH PILES; NEST SITES:TREES; FOREST OPENINGS:<1/2 ACRE; FOREST OPENINGS:1/2 - 1 ACRE; FOREST OPENINGS:1-5 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND:<10 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND:10-19 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND:20-49 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND:50-99 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND:100-499 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND:500-5,000 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND:5,000-10,000 ACRES; CONTINUOUS FORESTED STAND:10,000 ACRES; OVERSTORY CANOPY CLOSURE;>70 % CLOSURE; OVERSTORY CANOPY CLOSURE:40-70 % CLOSURE; OVERSTORY CANOPY CLOSURE:<40 % CLOSURE; OVERSTORY TREES HEIGHT:40-80 FT.; OVERSTORY TREES HEIGHT:>80 FT.; OVERSTORY TREES DBH:<4 INCHES; OVERSTORY TREES DNB:4-11 INCHES; OVERSTORY TREES DBH:12-18 INCHES; OVERSTORY TREES DBH:18 INCHES; SHRUB CROWN COVER:<10%; SHRUB CROWN COVER:10-25% COVER; SHRUB CROWN COVER:25-50% COVER; SHRUB CROWN COVER:50-75% COVER; SHRUB CROWN COVER:>75%; SHRUB COVER HEIGHT:<3 FT.; SHRUB COVER HEIGHT:3-6 FT.; SHRUB COVER HEIGHT:6-12 FT.; SHRUB COVER HEIGHT:>12 FT.; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER:<10%; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER:10-25%; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER:25-50%; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER:50-75%; HERBACEOUS GROUND COVER:>75%; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT:<4 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT:4-8 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT:8-12 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT:12-24 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT:24-36 INCHES; HERBACEOUS COVER HEIGHT:>36 INCHES; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:PASTURELAND; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:WINTER GRAINS (BARLEY, WHEAT, RYE); AGRICULTURAL TYPES:SPRING GRAINS (OATS, CORN, BUCKWHEAT, ETC.); AGRICULTURAL TYPES:ORCHARDS (APPLE, PEAR, CHERRY, PEACH, ETC.); AGRICULTURAL TYPES:VINEYARDS; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:HAYLANDS; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:WHEAT; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:RYE; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:OATS; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:BARLEY; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:SOYBEANS; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:CORN; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:POTATOES; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:VEGETABLE CROPS; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:CHERRY; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:APPLES; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:PEARS; AGRICULTURAL TYPES:PEACHES; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL:ABANDONED FIELDS; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL:STABLE FOREST; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL:SUBCLIMAX FOREST; VEGETATION SUCCESSIONAL:CLIMAX FOREST; CONIFEROUS TREES IN MIXED FOREST;<5%; CONIFEROUS TREES IN MIXED FOREST ;5-IC%; CONIFEROUS TREES IN MIXED FOREST :10-25%; CONIFEROUS TREES IN MIXED FOREST :> 25%; SNAGS:1 PER ACRE; SNAGS:2 PER ACRE; SNAGS:3 PER ACRE; SNAGS:4 PER ACRE; SNAGS:>4 PER ACRE; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN OCCIDUOUS SPECIES:<LUZ; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES:10-25%; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES:25-50%; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES:50-75%; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES:>75%; SHRUBS:HAZELNUT;SHRUBS;ELDERBERRY (AMERICAN ELDER); SHRUBS:CHOKEBERRY; SHRUBS:WINTERBERRY; SHRUBS: BLACKBERRY/RASPBERRY/DEWBERRY; SHRUBS:VACCINIUM SPECIES: SHRUBS: HUCKLEBERRY:SHRUBS:BARBERRY; VINES: GRAPE:GREENBRIER; HARDWOOD TREES: HICKORY: HARDWOOD TREES:SYCAMORE; HARDWOOD TREES: WHITE OAKS GROUP:HARDWOOD TREES:ASHES; HARDWOOD TREES: BLACK WALNUT/BUTTERNUT; HARDWOOD TREES:HONEY LOCUST AND BLACK LOCUST; HARDWOOD TREES: CHERRY SPECIES:HARDWOOD TREES*RED OAKS GROUP; HARDWOOD TREES: ELM; HARDWOOD TREES:TULIP OR YELLOW POPLAR; HARDWOOD TREES: CRABAPPLE HARDWOOD TREES: BEECH HARDWOOD TREES: BASSWOOD:HARDWOOD TREES:AMERICAN HOLLY/HOLLIES; HARDWOOD TREES: BLACKGUM: HARDWOOD TREES: MULBERRY; HARDWOOD TREES: BITTERNUT HICKORY; HUMAN ASSOCIATION= RESIDENTIAL HOUSES/CHIMNEYS/ATTICS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION= FARM OUTBUILINGS (BARNS, SHEDS); HUMAN ASSOCIATION= ABANDONED BUILDINGS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION= FARMS (CROPLAND/PASTURES); HUMAN ASSOCIATION= FARM PONDS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION= PUBLIC CITY PARKS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION= PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL PARKS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION= STATE AND COUNTY PARKS; HUMAN ASSOCIATION= NATIONAL PARKS/HISTORIC LANDMARKS: HUMAN ASSOCIATION= WILDLIFE REFUGES/SANCTUARIES; HUMAN ASSOCIATION=ZOOS <ENVIR-LIM> TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: BURROWS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: STANDING SNAGS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: DOWNED LOGS: TERRESTRIAL FEATURE: TREE CAVITIES; FOREST ECOTONE: POLE/MATURE STAGE; NEST SITES: CAVITIES IN LIVE TREES; WEST SITES; CAVITIES IN DEAD TREES; NEST SITES: UNDERGROUND BURROW; WEST SITES; ROCK OUTCROPS; OVERSTORY CANOPY CLOSURE: <40% CLOSURE; OVERSTORY TREES DBH:12-18 INCHES; OVERSTORY TREES DEH:>18 INCHES; SNAGS: E OR LESS PER ACRE; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES: 50-75%. OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUD SPECIES:>75% <ENVIR-LIM-E> <ENVIR-LIM-LF> <ENVIR-LIM-LR> <ENVIR-LIM-P> <ENVIR-LIM-JF> <ENVIR-LIM-JR> <ENVIR-LIM-AF> <ENVIR-LIM-AR> <ENVIR-LIM-AB> TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: BURROWS;TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: STANDING SNAGS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: DOWNED LOGS; TERRESTRIAL FEATURES: TREE CAVITIES; FOREST ECOTONES: POLE/MATURE STAGE; NEST SITES: CAVITIES IN LIVE TREES; NEST SITES; CAVITIES IN DEAD TREES; NEST SITES: UNDERGROUND BURROW;NEST SITES; ROCK OUTCROPS; OVERSTORY CANOPY CLOSURE:<40% CLOSURE; OVERSTORY TREES DBH:12-18 INCHES; OVERSTORY TREES DBH:>18 INCHES; SNAGS: 1 OR LESS PER ACRE: OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES:50-75%; OVERSTORY CANOPY IN DECIDUOUS SPECIES:>75% <FOOD-GEN> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN). HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPSULES). INSECTS-ADULT,INSECTS-IMMATURE,ARTHROPODS (NOT INSECTS), WORMS. INSECTS-AQUATIC, CRUSTACEANS, CLAMS, INVERTEBRATES-OTHER AQUATIC. MAMMALS-JUVENILES/NESTLINGS,MAMMALS-SMALL. BIRD EGGS, BIRD NESTLINGS, BIRD ADULTS, FISH FRY, FISH ADULTS. REPTILE JUVENILES, REPTILE ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES, AMPHIBIAN ADULTS, GARBAGE/TRASH <FOOD-L> <FOOD-J> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN). HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPSULES). INSECTS-ADULT, INSECTS-IMMATURE,ARTHROPODS (NOT INSECTS), WORMS. INSECTS-AQUATIC, CRUSTACEANS, CLAMS, INVERTEBRATES-OTHER AQUATIC. MAMMALS-JUVENILES/NESTLINGS,MAMMALS-SMALL, BIRD EGGS, BIRD NESTLINGS, BIRD ADULTS, FISH FRY, FISH ADULTS, REPTILE JUVENILES, REPUBLIC ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES, AMPHIBIAN ADULTS, GARBAGE/TRASH. <FOOD-A> HERBACEOUS FRUIT (BERRIES/CAPSULES/FRUIT/NUTS/GRAIN). HARDWOOD FRUIT (BERRIES/SEEDS/NUTS/CAPSULES). INSECTS-ADULT,INSECTS-IMMATURE,ARTHROPODS (NOT INSECTS), WORMS. INSECTS-AQUATIC,CRUSTACEANS,CLAMS,INVERTEBRATES-OTHER AQUATIC. MAMMALS-JUVENILES/NESTLINGS,MAMMALS-SMALL, BIRD EGGS. BIRD NESTLINGS, BIRD ADULTS, FISH FRY, FISH ADULTS. REPTILE JUVENILES, REPTILE ADULTS, AMPHIBIAN JUVENILES. AMPHIBIAN ADULTS, GARBAGE/TRASH <FORAG-SITE> GROUND SURFACE, HERBACEOUS VEGETATION, SNAGS (DEAD/DYING TREES). STUMPS, LOGS, STANDING WATER-LITTORAL ZONE, FLOWING WATER-AQUATIC VEGETATION <BREED-SEASON> JANUARY,FEBRUARY,MARCH <SPAWN-SITE> <NEST-SITE> CAVITY IN LIVE TREE, CAVITY IN DEAD TREE, SECONDARY CAVITY (EXCAVATED BY ANOTHER SPECIES). UNDERGROUND BURROW,UNDER ROCK/ROCK OUTCROPS. MAN-MADE STRUCTURES (HOUSES/BARNS/SILOS/ETS.) <NEST-MATRLS> <TRENO-CAUSE> <MGMT-BENEFIT> REGULATE NUMBERS AND SEX OF HARVEST; RESTRICTING:REGULATING HUMAN DISTRURBANCE OF POPULATION RESTRICT HUMAN DISTURBANCE DURING BREEDING OR OTHER STRESSFUL PERIODS: RETENTION OF WILDERNESS:MAINTAINING UNDISTURBED/UNDEVELOPED AREAS: SUPRESSING WILD FIRE: MAINTAINING NATURAL VEGETATION (NATIVE): MAINTAINING NATURAL ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION: CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF EDGE SITUATION: MAINTAINING WOODLOTS, MAINTAIN MAST PRODUCING TREES: CREATING/MAINTAINING SNAGS: RETAINING DEAD/DOWNED WOODY MATERIALS: MAINTAINING LARGE TREES FOR DENNING, NESTING, OR ROOSTING: CREATING TREE CAVITIES BY MECHANICAL EXCAVATION/INTRODUCTION OF FUNGI: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING GREENSPACE (WILDLIFE CORRIDORS): ESTABLISH/MAINTAIN ESCAPE COVER: ESTABLISHING/MAINTAINING NESTING COVER: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING WATER HOLES,PONDS,POTHOLES,ETS.: ESTABLISHMENT OF FIELD BORDERS: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING HEDGEROWS:CREATING/MAINTAINING ROCK PILES: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING BRUSH OR SLASH PILES: DEVELOPING/MAINTANING DITCHBANK VEGETATION: PLANTINGS (SHRUBS,GRASSES,TREES,ETC.): TRANSPLANTING NATIVE VEGETATION: TRANSPLATING NURSERY GROWN PLANTS: STREAM BANK PRESERVATION: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING STREAMBANK/STREANSIDE VEGETATION: CONTROLLING SEDIMENTATION: PROVIDING SHADE ADJACENT TO WATERWAYS TO PREVENT HIGH WATER TEMP.: PLANTING HEDGEROWS ALONG DRY STREAMBEDS AND/OR GULLIES: CREATING POOLS IN STREAMS: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING STREAM STRUCTURES: MAINTAINING/PROTECTION RIPARIAN HABITAT: CREATING/MAINTAINING ISLANDS WITHIN PERMANENT IMPOUNDMENTS: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING/PROTECTING FRESHWATER WETLANDS: DEVELOPING/MAINTAINING/PROTECTING BRACKISH WETLANDS: DEVELOPMENT OF SHALLOW WATER IMPOUNDMENTS: WATER LEVELS SEASONALLY FLUCTUATING IN RESERVOIRS: UNE VEN AGE TIMBER MANAGEMENT: MAINTAIN MATURE HARDWOOD FORESTS: MAINTAIN OVERMATURE HARDWOOD AND CONIFEROUS FORESTS: REFORESTATION-DECIDUOUS: REFORESTATION-MIXED DECIDUOUS/CONIFEROUS: FOREST FIRE SUPPRESSION: DAYLIGHT CUTTING ALONG ROADS: CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE AGRICULTURE: STRIP CROPPING:MINIMUM TILLAGE AGRICULTURE (STRIP TILLAGE): NON-INVERSION TILLAGE (DEEP OFFSET DISH, DISH PLOW, CHIZEL PLOW, ETC): NO-TILL FARMING: RETAINING CROP RESIDUE (OVER WINTER): FENCING OUT CATTLE,SHEEP, OR OTHER LIVESTOCK: FARM POND DEVELOPMENT: RIGHTS-OF-WAY MANAGEMENT FOR WILDLIFE: CONTROLLING POLLUTION (THERMAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL) <MGMT-HARM> MAINTAIN EARLY STAGES OF SUCCESSION:GRASSLAND BURINING: PRESCRIBED BURNING OF BRUSHLAND HABITAT: REMOVAL OF HEDGEROWS:REMOVAL OF STONE WALLS: REMOVAL OF STREAMSIDE VEGETATION: SILTATION: MECHANICAL MANIPULATION OF STREAM BOTTOMS: DRAINING/EXCAVATING WETLANDS,INCLUDING MARSHES WITH VEGETATION: DRAINING/EXCAVATING PONDS AND LAKES: CHANNELIZATION: CHANNEL RALIGHTMENTS: EVEN AGE TIMBER MANAGEMENT: TIMBER HARVEST: REGENERATION CUTS(I.E., CLEARCUT,SELECTION,SEED TREE, ETC.): TIMBER HARVESTING- CLEARCUTTING: TIMBER HARVESTING- SEED TREE CUTS; CONVERTING WOODLAND TO OPEN LAND; TIMBER HARVESTING- SEED TREE, ETC); PRESCRIBED BURNING IN FOREST HABITAT: SURFACE MINING; UNDERGROUND MINING/DEEP MINING; DOZER BASIN AND GOUGING METHODS OF SURFACE MANIPULATION; CLEAN FARMING (COMPLETE REMOVAL OF RESIDUE): OVERGRAZING BY LIVESTOCK; FARM POND REMOVAL; CREATION OF SUBURBAN RESIDENTAIL AREAS; INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION; LOCATING/CONSTURCTING POWERLINES AND OTHER RIGHTS-OF-WAYS <B-TAXONOMY> THE RACCOON'S RESEMBLANCE TO THE BEAR(FAMILY URSIDAE) LED LINMAEUS TO NAME HIM URSUS LOTOR IN 1758. THE RACCOON WAS LATER RENAMED BY DESMAREST, PROCYON LOTOR *32:103*. THE SCIENTIFIC NAME OF THE RACCOON, PROCYON, MEANS BEFORE (PRO) DOG (CYON): THE SPECIFIC NAME MEANS WASHER (LOTOR). THE IMPLICATION OF THE GENERIC NAME IS THAT THE RACCOON IS MORE PRIMITIVE EVOLUTIONARILY THAN THE DOG; THE SPECIFIC NAME REFERS TO THE RACCOON'S HABIT OF DUNKING ITS FOOD IN WATER *29:196*. NO ADDITIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYNONYMS WERE FOUND IN THE LITERATURE. OTHER COMMON NAMES INCLUDE COON AND RING-TAIL 829-198*, <N-SPP-STATUS> THE PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THIS SPECIES. THE RACCOON HAS RECLASSI- FIED AS A FUR-BEARING ANIMAL IT WAS PREVIOUSLY A GAME ANIMAL) EFFECTIVE 7/3/85 *18*. A PERSON DESIRING TO EITHER HUNT OR TRAP RACCOONS NEEDS A FURTAKERS LICENSE. NOT OTHER LICENSE IS NECESSARY. THE RACCOON HUNTING SEASON IN THE STATE TYPICALLY RUNS FROM LATE OCTOBER THROUGHT LATE JANUARY. UNLIMITED POSSESSION IS PERMITTED. RACCOON TRAPPING SEASON USES THE SAME LATES AS THE HUNTING SEASON. (CONSULT THE PENNSYLVANIA DIGEST OF HUNTING AND TRAPPING REGULATIONS FOR CURRENT YEAR SEASON OPENING/CLOSING DATES). PROTECTION HAS BEEN REMOVED THROUGHOUT THE YEAR FOR RACCOONS IN SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES BY PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION REGULATIONS DUE TO AN INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF RABIES. CONSULT CURRENT YEAR HUNTING-TRAPPING REGULATIONS FOR SEASONS AND POSSESSION LIMITS. <N-BDISTRIB> THE RACCOON, PROCYON LOTOR, OCCURS THROUGHOUT SOUTHERN CANADA AND THE EASTERN UNITED STATES, FROM MAINE SOUTH TO GEORGIA AND WES- TERN FLORIDA *33:121,30:130*. IT ALSO IS FOUND THROUGHTOUT THE REMAINDER OF THE U.S., EXCEPT FOR THE DESERTS OF THE SOUTHWEST AND HIGHER ELEVATIONS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS *30:130*. THE RACCOON HISTROICALLY HAS BEEN NUMEROUS IN ALL WOODED TRACTS OF THE COMMONWEALTH WITH THE POSSIBLE EXCEPTION OF SUBURBAN AND URBAN LOCATIONS *32:132*. THE RACCOON PRESENTLY IS COMMON LOCALLY ABUNDANT THROUGHTOUT THE COMMONWEALTH, INCLUDING WELL- POPULATED CITIES *01:50,02:36,03:32,04:39.05:29.06:24.13;2.29:198*. <N-HABITAT> RACCOONS ARE EXTERMELY ADAPTABLE AND OCCUR IN A WIDE VARIETY OF HABITATS, INCLUDING UPLAND WOODS, SWAMPS, BRACKISH AND FRESHWATER MARSHES, CULVTIVATED FARMLANDS, ORCHARDS, SUBURBAN HOUSING DEVELOP- MENTS, AND ALONG STREAMS AND LAKES *01:50,02:36,05:29,06:24,07:117, 14:571,16:125,31:145*.PREFERRED HABITATS ARE FORESTED AREAS INTERRUPTED BY FIELDS AND WATER COURSES, ESPECIALLY ALONG STREAS AND NEAR LAKES WHERE LARGE, HOLLOW TREES ARE PRESENT *28:59,29:198-199, 30:130,31:145*. POPULATIONS RAPIDLY DIMINSIH IN NUMBERS WHEN TREES ARE CUT OVER, AND WILL EITHER DIE OFF OR LEAVE AN AREA AFTER ALL TREES ARE GONE *31:145*. A STUDY TRACT IN NORTHERN TIGGA COUNTY CONSIDERED AS EXCELLENT RACCOON HABITAT HAD 682 FIELD, AND 322 WOODLAND COVER TYPES. MOST OF THE FIELDS WERE IN HAY OR PASTURE WITH CORN AND OATS. THE AREA ENCOMPASSED THE UPPER DRAINAGE OF TWO STREAMS AND THE STREAM BOTTOMS WERE WOODED *27*. FROM A STUDY IN MARYLAND, OUTSTANDING HABITAT TYPES USED WAS BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD FOREST FOLLOWED BY CULTIVATED FIELDS (ESPECIALLY CORN), HEDGEROWS, AND WOOD MARGINS, PARTICULARLY IF LEADING TO CORN FIELDS *31:145*. RACCOONS USUALLY ARE NOT FOUND IN DENSE FORESTS *30:130*. RACCOONS REQUIRE FREE WATER DAILY *3**. U. S. FOREST SERVICE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S. RECOMMEND THREE OR MORE PERMANENT WATER SOURCES PER SQUARE MILE (2.6 KM. SQUARE) SUITABLE DEN SITE AVAILABILITY IS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE HABITA- BILITY OF AN AREA *01:50,03:32,04:39*. 50TH GROUND AND TREE DENS ARE USED. THE PREFERRED DEN SITE FOR RAISING YOUNG IS THE HOLLOW BOLE OF AN OVERMATURE HARDWOOD TREE. DENS ARE USUALLY LOCATED IN TREES 10 FEET (3 METERS) OR MORE ABOVE THE GROUND *30:130*. DEN CAVITIES ARE USUALLY WITHIN, OR JUST BELOW, THE TREE CANOPT AND MAY BE AS HIGH AS 70 FEET (21 M.) ABOVE THE GROUND *36*. OTHER DEN SITES USED INCLUDE HOLLOW STUMPS, SMALL CAVES OP HOLES IN ROCK OUTCROPS OR LEDGES, FISSURES IN CLIFFS, HOLLOW LOGS, CULVERTS, ABANDONED BUILDINGS AND ABANDONED WOODCHUCK BURROWS *01:50,03:32,04:39,29:200,30:150.31:145.33:124*. USE OF LEAF/TWIG NESTS OF BIRDS OR SQUIRRELS AS RESTING SITES IN DECIDUOUS FORESTS SITUATED NEAR MARSHES AND OPEN WATER ALSO HAS BEEN REPORTED *38*. DEN SITES LOCATED WITHIN ONE QUARTHER OF A MILE OF A PERMANENT WATER SOURCE ARE PREFERRED. SUITABE DEN LAVITIES HAE 4-10 INCH OPENINGS FACING AWAY FROM PREVAILING WINDS. A RACCOON MAY HAVE SEVERAL DENS WITH IN ITS RANGE AND DOES NOT NECESSARILY USE THE SAME DEN CONTINUOUSLY *36*. GUIDELINES USED IN MICHIGAN SUPPORT A MINI- MUM OF 1 TO 2 DENS/15 TO 20 ACRES AND 2 TO 3 TIMES THAT MANY POTENTIAL DEN SITES *3*. RACCOONS TYPICALLY ARE SOLITARY *29:200,36*; HOWEVER, COMMUNAL DENS MAY BE SHARED DURING SEVERE WEATHER, PERIODS OF HIGH POPULATION DENSITY, OR IN THE VICINITY OF ABUNDANT FOOD SUPPLIES *37*. <N-FOOD> RACCOONS ARE OMNIVOROUS AND OPURTUNISTIC. RACCOONS EAT A WIDE RANGE OF 30TH PLANT AND ANIMAL MATTER. THEY ARE SELEVTIVE WHEN FOOD IS ABNDANT, BUT EAT WHATEVER IS AVAILABLE WHEN FOOD IS SCARE *13:44. IN MOST HABITATS, PLANTS AR GENERALLY MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANIMALS IN THE RACCOON'S DIET *14:573*. ONLY IN THE SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER DO MOST RACCOONS EAT MORE ANIMAL THAN PLANT FOOD *14:574,30:131*. IN FORESTED OR UPLAND REGIONS, PLANT FOODS (SUCH AS ACORNS,BEECH NUTS, HICKORY NUTS, HAZELNUTS), FRUITS AND BERRIES (SUCH AS JUNEBERRIES, BLUEBERRIES, WILD GRAPES,HOLLY, APPLES, WILD CHERRIES, GREENBRIER, HACKBERRY, PIKEBERRY0, AND CULTIVATED CROPS SUCH AS CORN COMPRISE 50-60% OF THEIR DIET *1:50, 02:37,04:40, 05:29,07:117.10:645.14:573.15:221*. THE REMAINING 20-50 CONSISTS LARGELY OF INSECTS (HYMENOPTCRANS, PHYLLOPHAGA, COLEOPTERANS, SP.) AND CRAYFISH *01:50.01:40,05:29.07:117.10:645*, IN WETLAND AREAS, RACCOONS FEED PRIMARILY ON ANIMAL MATTER, ESPECIALLY AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES *07:117*. OTHER FOODS CONSTITUTIONG A RELATIVELY MINOR ROLE IN THEIR DIET INCLUDE COTTONTAIL RABETTS, SQUIRRELS, MICE AND SHREWS, FISH, FROGS, SNAKES(MATRIX AND THAMNOPHIS), WORMS, MUSSELS, BIRDS, AND THEIR EGGS, AND CAPRION *01:50,04:40,05:29,14:574,28:59,30:131*. GARBAGE IS A COMMON ELEMENT OF THE DIET AROUND FARMS AND TOWNS *14:574*, RAIDS OF POULTYR HOUSES <N-MGMT> RACCOON POPULATIONS WILL BENEFIT THROUGH THE REGULATION OF THEIR HARVES. RACCOON HARVESTS APPEAR TO BE INFLUENCED BY PREVAILING PELT VALUES. THE MEAN PELT VALUE ACCOUNTS FOR MORE ANNUAL VARIATION IN HARVEST THAN ANY OTHER VARIBALE CONSIDERED *08:148*. LAWS RESTRICTING RACCOON HUNTING TO THE LATE FALL AND WINTER ARE USEFUL IN PROTECTING POPULATIONS IN HEAVILY HUNTED AREAS. IT IS IMPORTANT TO OPEN THE SEASON AFTER THE JUVENTILES ARE MATURE ENOUGH TO CARE FOR THEMSELVES AND TO CLOSE IT BEFORE THE BREEDING SEASON BEGINS *14:579*. RACCOON POPULATIONS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO OVER-HUNTING IN AREAS WHERE THERE ARE FEW REFUGE TREES, BURROWS, OR DEWS *24*. POPULATION CONTROL OF RACCOONS COULD BE IMPLEMENTED BY ADJUSTING FOOD AND DEN AVAILABILITY THERBY AFFECTING PROUDUCTIVITY. RACCOONS ARE MOST SENSITVE TO CHANGES IN THE FOREST EVERIRNMENT. THER PRESERVATION OF DEN TREES (MINIMUM OF 1-2/15-20 ACRES WITH 2 TO 3 TIMES AS MANY POTENTIAL DEN SITES), WETLAND AREAS, AND FRUIT-BEARING AND MAST-PRODUCING PLANTS IS CRITICAL. FOREST STANDS WITH 20% STOCKING OF MAST ADEQUATE PROUDUCTION OF FOOD AND DEN TREES *35,37*. GENERALLY, RACCOON NUMBERS CAN BE INCREASED BY MANAGING FOR OLDSNAGES; ERECTING NEST BOXES WHERE NATURAL DENS ARE SCARCE; UNEVERNAGED TIMBER MANGEMENT; MAINTAINING MAST-PRODUCING TREES; SUPPRESSING WILD FIRES; DEVELOPING OR MAINTAINING ROCK PILES, BRUSH OR SLASH PILES; MAINTAINING WOODLOTS; MAINTINING OR PROTECTING RIPARIAN HABITATS; DEVELOPING OR MAINTAINING STREAMBANK VEGETATIION; AND RETAINING CROP RESIDUES OVER WINTER. ADVERSE IMPACTS TO RACCOON POPULATIONS CAN BE EXPECTED TO RESULT FROM MECHANICAL MANIPULATION OF STREAM BOTTOMS;DRAINING WETLANDS AND PONDS; CLEAN FARMING; CLEARCUTTING OF TIMBER; AND GRAZING OF WOODLOTS *10:649,14:579*. <HEP-DATA> DRAFT- HEP AND PAMHEP MODELS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR THE RACCOON; 1. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1976. RACCOON DESCRIPITON AND MODELS FOR UPLAND HARDWOODS, LOWLAND HARDWOODS, AND RIPARIAN GION 2213(MIDWEST). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, DIVISION OF HSI PARAMETERS SERVICES, WASHINGTON D.C. *40*. HSI PARAMETERS INCLUDE DISTANCE TO WATER AND NUMBER OF AVAILABE DEN SITES PER ACRE. 2. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 2978. RACCOON (DESCRIPITON AND MODELS FOR UPLAND HARDWOODS AND BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS). TERRESTRAIL HASITAT EVALUATION CRITERIA HANDBOOK FOR ECONEGION 2211 (APPALA-CHIANS). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, HSI PARAMETERS INCLUDE AVERAGE DISTANCE TO PERMANENT WATER, ABUNDANT OF DEN TREES PER 10 ACRES, AVERAGE D.H. OF TREES, AND HEIGHT OF TREES. 3. ANONYMOUS. 1980. HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX MODELS: RACCOON.(REVIEW COPY). DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 11 PP. 4. PALMER, J.H. 1983. PAM-HEP HSI MODEL: RACCOON. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 4PP MIMEO. *42*. COVER TYPES INCLUDE: URBAN LAND, AGRICULTURAL LAND, HERBACEOUS RANGELAND, SHRUB-BRUSH RANGELAND, MIXED RANGELAND, DECIDUOUS FOREST, EMERGENT WETLANDS, SCRUB-SHRUB WETLANDS, AND FOREST WETLANDS. HSI PARAMETERS INCLUDE NUMBER OF DEN TREES PER 10 ACRES; DISTANCE TO DECIDUOUS FOREST AND/OR WETLANDS, AND DISTANCE TO PARAMETER WATER ERMA <ANIMAL-PLANT> SPECIFIC FOOD ITEMS INCLUDE: ACORNS (QUERCUS SP.) *14:573. HICKORY NUTS (CARYA SP.) *14:573*, BEECH NUTS (FUGUS GRANDIFOLIA) *14: 573*, AND CRAYFISH *07:117*. KNOWN PREDATORS INCLUDE: BOBCAT(FELIS RUFUS) *13:4*, RED FOX (VULPES VULES) *13:4*, AND OWLS *13:4*. THERE IS A KNOWN ASSOCIATION WITH THE WOODCHUCK (MARMOTA MONAX) *14:572*;RACCOONS USE WOODCHUCH BURROWS FOR DENNING SITES. <DESCRIPTION> THE RACCOON IS A MEDIUM-SIZED MAMMAL, EASILY DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR "BANDIT" BLACK MASK AND TAIL WITH 5 TO 7 BLACK RINGS ALTERNATING WITH LIGHTER HAIRS, ALWAYS TERMINATING IN A DARK BAND. THE PELAGE HAS A GRIZZLED APPERANCE AND MALES AND FEMALES ARE MARKED ALIKE. THE TOTAL BODY LENGTH OF ADULT RACCOONS RANGES FROM 63-96 CM., INCLUDING A 19-40 CM. TIAL *13:2,07:117,17:118,28:223,29:202*. ADULTS VARY IN WIEHGT FROM ABOUT 7.9 POUNDS (3.6 KG.) TO 30 POUNDS (17/7 KG.), WITH TYPICAL WEIGHTS VARYING FORM 7.9 POUNDS (3.6 KG.) TO 19.8 POUNDS *14:568*. MALES TYPICALLY OUTWEIGH FEMALES BY 10 TO 15 *14:568*. THE FEET, RESEMBLING THOSE OF MAN *17:1182*, EACH BEAR FIVE DIGITS WITH NO WEBBING BETWEEN THE DIGITS. THE SKULL HAS 40 TEEH (3/3,1/1,4/4.2/2), AND THERE ARE 6 MAMMAELS *13:02,07:117*. <ORIGIN> THE RACCOON IS NATIVE TO PENNSYLVANIA AND THE ENTIRE EASTERN UNITED STATES *32:182*. <BEHAVIOR> TERRITORIALITY IS INDICATED AMOUNG ADULT MALES *11:262*, BUT NOT IN FEMALES *13:5,14:575*. ADULT MALES MAINTAIN LARGE AREAS RELATIVELY EXCLUSIVE OF OTHER ADULT MALES *11:269*. THERE IS GREAT VARIATION IN HOME RANGE SIZES REPORTED FOR RACCOONS WITH MOST FALLING IN THE 10 TO 100 HA (98.8-247 AC) RANGE *14:573*. ADULT AND JUVENILE MALE RACCOONS HAVE LARGER HOME RANGES THAN FEMALES OF CORRESPONDING AGES, AND ADULTS HAVE LARGER HOME RANGES THAN JUVENILES. HOME RANGES OFTEN OVERLAP *37*. MOVEMENTS OCCUR PRIMARILY ALONG WATER COURSES AND ARE RELATED TO FOOD AVAILABILTIY AND PREFERENCES *39*. RACCOONS MAY FOR AGE OUTSIDE THEIR USUAL HOME AREA IF AN ATTRACTIVE FOOD SUPPLY, SUCH A CORN, IS AVAILABLE *37*. RACCOONS MAY USE SMALLER HOME RANGES WHEN THEIR POPULATION DENSITES ARE HIGH *13:4*.RACCOONS PRIMARILY ARE NOCTURNAL AND SELOCK ACTIVE IN THE DAYTIME *07:117,13:4,17:1182*. RACCOONS ARE ACTIVE FROM SUNSET TO SUNRISE. DAILY ACTIVITY WITHIN FEEDING SITES, AND THEN RETURN TO A NESTING SITE *13:4*. THERE IS MUCH INDIVIDUAL ADN SEASONAL VARIATION IN DAILY ACTIVITY ACYLES *14:572*. RACCOONS DO NOT HIBERNATS, BUT TYPICALLY UNDERGO A VARIBALE PERIOD OF WINTER DORMANCY *14:569, 13:3*THEY MAY BE INACTIVE FOR PERIODS OF SEVERAL DAYS DURING SEVERE WINTER WEATHER *07:117*. RACCOONS ARE EXCELLENT, CLIMBERS AND READILY ASCEND TREES TO FEED OR SEEM SHELTER. RACCOONS TAKE READILY TO WATER WHEN FEEDING AND TRAVELING AND ARE STRONG SWIMMERS *14:575*. THE MOST COMMON SOCIAL GROUP AMONG RACCOONS CONSTISTS OF A MOTHER AND HER YOUNG OF THE YEAR ADULT RACCOONS TEND TO BE SOLITARY *14:576*. <REPRODUCTION> IN PENNSYLVANIA, RACCOON BREEDING TAKES PLACE FORM JANUARY THROUGH MARCH WITH A PEAK IN FEBRUARY *07:117-118*. RACCOONS PREFER LARGE HOLLOW TREES, ROCKY LEDGES, ROCK SLIDES, AND GROUND BURROWS FOR DENNING,CHIMNES, ATTICS, AND BARNSLOFTS ALSO ARE USED *05:29,07:117,12:13-14.13:5.14:572.19:37*. DENS TYPICALLY ARE LOCATED NEAR WATER *14:573*. USUALLY NO NEST IS PREPARED. AFTER EMERGING FROM HER WINTER SLEEP AND MATING. A PREGNANT FEMALE CHOOSES A DIFFERENT DEN IN WHICH TO HAVE HER LITTER *14:572*.GESTATION IS APPROXIMATLEY 63 DAYS AND PARTURITION USUALLY OCCURS IN APRIL AND MAY. LITTERS CONTAIN 2 TO 7 ALTRICIAL YOUNG, WITH AN AVERAGE OF FOUR *07:117-118,26:222,219:200,30:131,33:124*. AT BIRTH, THE YOUNG WEIGH ABOUT 3 OUNCES AND ARE WELL COVERED WITH FUR SOON ACQUIRING THE MARKINGS OF AN ADULT, BUT THEIR EYES DO NOT OPEN UNTIL NEARLY 3 WEEKS OLD *29:200,33:124-125*. MALES TYPICALLY MATE WITH SEVERAL FEMALES EACH SRPING *14:570*, BUT MALES WILL USUALLY REMAIN WITH THE FEMALES FROM BREEDING TO PARTURITION, AND SOMETIMES THE MALE ASSISTS IN REARING THE YOUNG *07:117-118*. FEMALE RACCOONS HAVE THE PREDOMINANT OR SOLE ROLE IN THE CARE OF THE YOUNG *13:5*. THE YOUNG ARE WEANED AT ABOUT 3 MONTHS OF AGE *07:117-118*. BY AUTUMN, A JUVENILE MAY WEIGH UP TO 15 POUNDS (7 KG.), BUT FULL GROWTH IS NOT ACHIEVED UNTIL THE SECOND YEAR *14:571*. FEMALES MAY REACH SEXUAL MATURITY AND BREED DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, BUT MALES GENERALLY DO NTO BECOME SEXUALLY MATURE UNTIL THEIR SECOND YEAR *07-117-118*. UP TO 60% OF FEMALES FIRST MATE AS JUVENILES, PRODUCTING LITTERS WHEN THEY ARE 1 YEAR OLD *14: 569-57*. ONLY ONE LITTER IS PRODUCED PER YEAR. THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THAT IF A FEMALE MISSED (ITS NOT FERTILIEZED) THE JANUARY-MARCH BREEDING PERIOD, A SECOND BREEDING CYCLE MAY BEGIN 2-4 MONTHS LATER *29:200,30:130*. THIS WOULD ACCOUNT FOR VERY SMALL YOUNG BEING OBSERVED AT VERY LATE DATES IN THE SUMMER AND EARLY FALL *29:200*. THE NUMBERS OF MALES AND FEMALES AT BIRTH ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL *13:4**. THE SEX RATIO OF JUVENILES IN A WEST-CENTRAL ILLINOIS STUDY AVERAGED 112.8 MILES TO 100 FEMALES *09:492*. RACCOONS HAVE BECOME MORE NUMBEROUS SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. THEY HAVE ADAPTED TO URBANIZATION AND ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY COMMON IN URBAN AREAS *07:118*. SINCE 1980, A STATEWIDE SCENT-SIGN POST SURVEY HAS SHOWN NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE PENNSYLVANIA RACCOON POPULATION *25*. THE GAMETAKE SURVEY, HOWEVER, HAS INDICATED A CONTINUING DECLINE IN THE RACCOON HARVEST SINCE 1980. THE DECREASE IN HARVEST IS ATTRIBUTED TO LOW MARKET PRICES AND NO MARKET FOR SMALL SIZES *26*. MOST RACCOONS IN THE WILD LIVE LESS THAN FIVE YEARS. MEANS OF 3.1 AND 1.6 YEARS HAVE BEEN REPORTED *13:4*. THE ANNUAL MORTALITY RATE MAY BE AS HIGH AS 50% FOR THE ENTIRE POPULATION *14:577*. RACCOON POPULATIONS FLUCTUATE. THEY MAY INCREASE RAPIDLY OF SLOWLY OVER A NUMBER OF YEARS AND THEN DECREASE. THE HIGHEST POPULATION RECORDED WAS 167 RACCOONS FROM 41 HA (101 ACRES). DENSITIES VARYING FROM ONE RACCOON PER 5 HA (12.35 ACRES) TO ONE PER 43 HR (106 ACRES) ARE MORE TYPICAL *13:5*. POPULATION DENSITIES IN NEW JERSEY RANGED FROM ONE RACCOON PER 1.5 HA (4.5 ACRES) TO ONE PER 18.9 HA (46.7 ACRES). DENSITIES OF 1 PER 4.7 HA (11.6 ACRES) AND 1 PER 5.6 HA (13.8 ACRES) WERE FOUND IN RURAL AREAS THAT WERE PREDOMINANTLY FORESTED (86% AND 72% RESPECTIVELY). THE LOWEST DENSITY WAS FOUND IN AN AREA ONLY 24: FORESTED WITH THE REMAINDER BEING COMPRISED OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS. THE FORESTED STANDS WERE QUITE YOUNG AND SCATTERED. THE HIGHEST DENSITY WAS RELATED TO ITS PROXIMITY TO THE SUBURBS *20:3*. A POPULATION OF RACCOONS IN AN AGRICULTURAL AREA IN YORK COUNTY WAS CALCULATED AT 70 PER SQ. MILE (1 PER 9.1 ACRE) IN 1982 *21*. LIVE-TRAPPING STUDIES INDICATED A POTENTIAL POPULATION OF 26.5 RACCOONS PER SQ. MILE (1 PER 24.2 ACRES) IN A 95% FORESTED SAWLOG STAND COMPRISED OF WHITE OAK, RED OAK, AND RED MAPLE TRACT IN BUT- LER COUNTY. WATER WAS ABUNDANT ALONG THE DRAINAGE WITHIN THIS TRACT *22*. A FURBEARER HABITAT MANIPULATION STUDY INDICATED 0.9 TREE DENNING SITES AND 12.8 GROUND DENNING SITES PER 5 ACRES OF HABITAT *23*. THE POTENTIAL POPULATION OF RACCOONS WAS DETERMINED AS 11.7 PER SQ. MILE (1 PER 54.7 ACRES) IN A LUZERNE COUNTY STUDY SITE. AN OBVIOUS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS SITE AND OTHERS WITH HIGHER POPULATIONS WAS THE LACK OF DENNING TREES *24*. PRODUCTIVITY IS GENERALLY LOWER IN URBAN AREAS THAN IN EITHER AGRICULTURAL OR FORESTED AREAS. URBAN POPULATIONS ARE PROBABLY MAIN- TAINED BY IMMIGRATION *10:648*. THE DIFFERING SEX RATIOS BETWEEN UR- BAN RACCOON POPULATIONS (60 MALES:40 FEMALES) AND THOSE OF FORESTED (51 MALES:49 FEMALES) AND AGRICULTURAL (52 MALES:48 FEMALES) AREAS LEND SUPPORT TO THE IMMIGRATION HYPOTHESIS SINCE MALES USUALLY DIS- PERSE FARTHER THAN FEMALES *10:647*. <LIM-FACTORS> HABITAT DEFICIENCIES ARE THE MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS IN MANY AREA. THE MOST IMPORTANT LIMITING FACTORS ARE USUALLY THE AVAILA- BILITY OF LATE WINTER FOOD SOURCES AND DEN TREES *37*. PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF MORTALITY ARE THE ACTIVITIES OF MAN (HUNTING, TRAPPING, AUTOS), AND MALNUTRITION AND RELATED EFFECTS IN THE LATE WINTER AND EARLY SPRING *14;577*. THE MAJOR PREDATOR ON THE RACCOON IS MAN. BOBCAT, RED FOX, AND OWLS ARE ALSO KNOWN TO FEED OCCASIONALLY ON RACCOONS *13:4* THE ONLY DISEASES LIKELY TO HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON RACCOON POPULATIONS ARE CANINE DISTEMPER AND RABIES *14:577*. <R-TAXONOMY> 14,29,32 <R-SPP-STATUS> 18 <R-DISTRIB> 01,02,03,04,05,06,13,29,30,32,33 <R-HABITAT> 01,02,03,04,05,06,07,14,16,27,28,29,30,31,33,34,35,36,37 <R-FOOD> 01,02,04,05,07,10,13,14,15,28,30,32 <R-MGMT> 03,10,14,24,35,37 <R-LIFE-HIST> 05,07,09,10,11,12,13,14,17,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32, 33,37,39 <REFERENCES> 00 - MILLER, STEVE. 8 MERION LANE, HUMMELSTOWN, PA. 17036. TELEPHONE (717)566-3452. ANDERSON, KENNETH W. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, GANNON UNIVERSITY, ERIE, PA. 16541. TELEPHONE (814)871-7633. 01 - GRIMM, W.C., AND H.A. ROBERTS. 1950. MAMMAL SURVEY OF SOUTH- WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. P-R FINAL REPORT 24-R. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 99 PP. 02 - GIFFORD, C.L., AND R. WHITEGREAC. 1951. MAMAL SURVEY OF SOUTH CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA. P-R FINAL REPORT 38-8. 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RACCOON (DESCRIPTION AND MODELS FOR UPLAND HARDWOODS, LOWLAND HARDWOODS, AND RIPARIAN 20NE). TERRESTRIAL HABITAT EVALUATION CRITERIA HANDBOOK FOR ECO- REGION 2213 (MIDWEST). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DIVISION OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES, WASHINGTON, DC. 41- U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1978. RACCOON (DESCRIPTION AND MODELS FOR UPLAND HARDWOODS AND BOTTOM LAND HARDWOODS). TERRES- TRIAL HABITAT EVALUATION CRITERIA HANDBOOK FOR ECOREGION 2211 (APPALACHIANS). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DIVISION OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES, WASHINGTON, DC. 42 - PALMER, J.H. 1983. PAMHEP HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX (HSI) MODEL: RACCOON. PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA. 4 PP. <EXPAN06> <EXPAN07> <EXPAN08> <EXPAN09> <EXPAN010> <EXPAN011> <EXPAN012> I . @@ 3 6668 14108 85 -1 C . @ 1, - :-- r: