[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]











                      SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF LANDBIRD MIGRATION
                                ON THE LOWER DELMARVA PENINSULA


                                             INTERIM REPORT





                                                 Written by:

                                               Bryan D. Watts
                                       Center for Conservation Biology
                                         College of William and Mary


                                               Sarah E. Mabey
                                  Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                         Division of Natural Heritage




                                            Project sponsored by:

                                 Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
                                Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program

                              Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                         Division of Natural Heritage

                                Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
                                  Nongame and Endangered Species Program



                                               September 1993





                                This paper is funded in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and
                                Atmospheric Administration. The views expressed herein are those of
                                the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of
                    V-0         its sub-agencies.

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               SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF LANDBIRD MIGRATION
                           ON THELOWER DELMARVA PENINSULA


                                             INMRIM REPORT





                                                 Written by

                                               Bryan D. Watts
                                       Center for Conservation Biology
                                         College of William and Mary
                                          Williamsburg, VA 23185

                                               Sarah E. Mabey
                                  Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                         Division of Natural Heritage
                                         Main Street Station, Suite 312
                                            Richmond, VA 23219



    00








                                               September 1993










               EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


                      Reported declines of neotropical migratory songbird populations have drawn the
               attention of the scientific community and the general public. While researchers and
               conservationists have focused their energies on understanding the behavioral and ecological
               dynamics of these population during the breeding and wintering season, migration ecology
               has remained largely neglected. Migration must be endured twice annually and is a
               particularly stressful event for birds. Comprehensive conservation efforts on behalf of
               migratory birds must include this critical phase of life if they are to succeed in protecting
               whole populations.
                      The two-year Northampton Migratory Bird Project (NMBP) was initiated under
               Northampton County's Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) to provide this rural, coastal
               county with sound scientific data to guide the development of enforceable policies that will
               protect and enhance migratory songbird habitat. Conserving migratory birds and their habitat
               in lower Northampton County will serve to generate the basis of a burgeoning nature tourism
               industry, help to protect water quality and moderate secondary impacts of coastal
               development.
                      Results from the first season of the study show some strong spatial and temporal
               patterns. In summary, our data indicate:

                      1. Long-distance migrants are most abundant during the first half of the migratory
               period while short-distance migrants are most abundant during the last half of the season.
                      2. Bird activity was greater in the morning compared to the afternoon.
                      3. If birds spatially redistribute during the course of a day, they do so very early in
               the morning.
                      4. Many long- and short-distance migrants concentrate along the bayside and near the
               tip of the peninsula. Resident species tend to be least abundant near the peninsula tip.
                      5. In general, there is no clear relationship between bird abundance and patch size.
                      6. The majority of birds from both migrant groups were more abundant close to the
               forest edge than in the interior.
                      7. Most species overutilized plots with relatively high vegetation density.
                      8. Individual species were associated with particular vertical strata within the forest.
               The vertical distribution of species is in general agreement with associations known for the
               breeding and wintering seasons.

                      The results of the first year provide a critical step toward policy development and
               land use planning for the protection of migratory songbirds and their habitat in Northampton
               County, Virginia.











             INTRODUCTION


                    The recent surge of interest in neotropical migratory songbirds spans the realms of
             science, conservation and the general public and has provided a common ground for the
             interaction of these diverse circles. Reports of population declines for many eastern
             neotropical migratory songbird species (Hill and Hagan 1991, Askins et al. 1990, Robbins et
             al. 1989) have focused attention on the problems of temperate forest fragmentation and
             tropical deforestation (Hagan and Johnston 1992).
                    The general environmental degradation rapidly occurring in the birds' North
             American breeding grounds and their Latin American wintering grounds is indeed cause for
             concern. Fragmentation of temperate forests has been shown to negatively affect many
             migrant species by exposing them to higher predation pressure and cowbird nest parasitism
             (Hagan and Johnston 1992, Askins et al. 1990). Additionally, the restricted winter ranges of
             most neotropical migrants, mainly confined to eastern Central America and the Caribbean,
             translate into higher concentrations of birds per unit area. Thus, loss of specific tropical
             habitats may affect relatively large proportions of whole populations (Hagan and Johnston
             1992, Keast and Morton 1980).
                    The threats to neotropical migrants during the breeding and wintering seasons reflect
             seasonal changes in vulnerability; but breeding and wintering constitute no more than two-
             thirds of a migrant's life. The migratory period also poses great ecological, behavioral, and
             physiological challenges to birds (Kaiser 1992, Winker et al. 1992a, Moore and Yong 1991,
             Gill 1990). Risks during migration are great. Birds that travel hundreds or thousands of
             kilometers need to rest and refuel. During these stop-overs, migrants must be able to
             overcome the obstacles of new and unknown habitats and unpredictable resources (e.g. food
             and cover) while maintaining or increasing fat reserves and avoiding predators. An
             understanding of this phase is also critical to comprehensive conservation efforts on behalf of
             migratory landbirds. Yet the ecology of migration remains inadequately studied and its
             relevance to conservation is only beginning to be recognized (Moore et al. in press).
                    Migratory landbirds employ a variety of migration strategies. The timing, routes and
             distances of migratory flight may differ from species to species and even from individual to
             individual (Gauthreaux 1982). During the spring and fall, migrants can be seen all over
             North America. There are, however, sites known to experience predictably heavy visitation
             by migrants. These stop-over concentration areas are generally related to major
             physiographic elements such as large peninsulas, bays, lakes, mountains, or ecological


                                                           1









              barriers (e.g. the Gulf of Mexico).
                     Two factors combine to make stop-over concentration sites both ecologically
              interesting and critical to conservation. First, high densities of migrants increase the
              potential for direct and indirect competition and increase the relative importance of all
              available resources (Winker et al. 1992b, Moore and Yong 1991). It follows that loss of
              resources through human manipulation of the environment could affect a large proportion of
              the entire population. Second, the majority of the concentration sites in North America are
              found in coastal areas that are experiencing the fastest human population growth on the
              continent.
                     In this report we present an overview and results of the first phase of a two-year
              ecological study of fall migrants at a known stop-over concentration site on the lower
              Delmarva Peninsula (Northampton County, Virginia).




              STUDY BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION


                     Bounded by the Chesapeake Bay to the west and undeveloped Atlantic barrier islands
              to the east, the lower Delmarva Peninsula has long been recognized as a significant stop-over
              area for migrating birds of all kinds (Rusling 1936). This area is included in the Western
              Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network and is home to the Kiptopeke songbird banding and
              hawk observation station established by the Virginia Society of Ornithology 29 years ago.
              Giving further confirmation of the ecological value of the lower Delmarva for fall migrants,
              the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service established the Eastern Shore National Wildlife Refuge at
              the peninsula tip specifically for the conservation of migratory birds.
                     Unlike the Cape May Peninsula to the north, intensive study of fall migrants on the
              lower Delmarva did not begin until 1991. A regional study of the geographic distribution of
              fall migrants on the Cape May and Delmarva peninsulas was initiated in that year (Mabey et
              al. in prep.). While some general regional patterns of migrant abundance were identified in
              that study, local landscape and habitat associations were obscured by the study's large scale
              geographic approach.
                     Stop-over concentrations on the lower Delmarva differ from other coastal
              concentration areas such as the northern Gulf Coast and the Cape May Peninsula for at least
              two reasons. First, neotropical migrants that stop on the Delmarva do not appear to face any
              immediate major ecological barriers that would necessitate extremely long non-stop flights.


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             Second, relatively more short-distance migrants (those birds that winter in southern U.S.)
             appear to use the Delmarva as a stop-over site than use the Cape May peninsula or the Gulf
             Coast (P. Kerlinger pers. comm., M. Woodrey pers. comm.). Although this is likely to be a
             result of simple geography, the large numbers of short distance migrants add a unique
             dimension to stop-over ecology on the lower Delmarva. The presence of short-distance
             migrants increases the overall ecological value of Eastern Shore habitat and may provide
             more potential prey for raptor species. Interactions between short- and long-distance
             migrants during stop-over has never been thoroughly addressed (Winker et al. 1992b).
                    Further studies of stop-over ecology on the lower Delmarva will not only be
             important to a broader understanding of migration but will play a significant role in
             Northampton County's conservation initiatives. With the adoption of their comprehensive
             plan in 1990, Northampton officially recognized the value of the area's unique natural
             resources as the current and historical base of the county's economy andculture
             (Northampton County Joint Local Planning Commission 1990). Agriculture is the county's
             leading industry; in 1987, the county's 119 commercial farms generated $43,085,703
             (Northampton Co. Planning and Zoning Dept. 1989). Shell and finfishing are also critical to
             the local economy, representing an estimated 10-20% of Virginia's bay region industry. In
             1988, the bay region brought in $62,096,849 worth of seafood. Forestry has the potential
             for being the third most important economic base in the county but provided only $500,000
             directly to the community in 1988, although the estimated "value" of timber sales for that
             year is over fourteen million dollars (Northampton Co. Planning and Zoning Dept. 1989).
             There is also growth potential the nature- and historic-based tourism.
                     Land use patterns in Northampton County have remained relatively stable over the
             past century. In 1986 about 35% of land area was in cropland, 20% in forest, 39% in
             marsh/wetland, and only 5 % was classified as urban, industrial, or other (Northampton Co.
             Planning and Zoning Dept. 1989). Agricultural lands do not appear to be increasing because
             the best soils are already in cultivation. Forestlands are decreasing slowly as they are
             transferred into "alternate uses", mostly home sites.
                     Rapid change in the landscape is, however, on the horizon. In eleven miles of
             bayside shoreline from the tip of the peninsula north, almost seven have already been
             subdivided for development. The majority of this land is forested and may be one of the
             most important areas for migrating landbirds on the entire Delmarva Peninsula (Mabey et al.
             in prep.). Northampton County will face a radical population  shift as vacation and
             retirement homes are built over the next 5-10 years.


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                     In keeping w ith the Northampton County comprehensive plan's commitment to
              managed growth, a Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) was initiated in 1992 with
              funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of
              Coastal Resource Management. In the context of the SAMP, Northampton County has
              acknowledged migratory landbirds and their habitats to be of significant conservation value.
              By including neotropical migrants as a resource to protect and enhance through new,
              enforceable policies, Northampton County is recognizing the international importance of the
              Delmarva Peninsula as a stop-over concentration area as well as the integral role birds and
              their habitat play in the ecological health of the region. The SAMP seek s to control the
              cumulative and secondary impacts of coastal development by "maintaining maximum
              vegetation cover for wildlife habitat and nutrient removal from non-point runoff' and by
              steering development away from "sensitive wildlife habitat and groundwater recharge areas
              and toward areas with greatest carrying capacity" (Virginia Coastal Resources Management
              Program: Coastal Zone Management Act Section 309 Final Strategy, VACOE, Grant No.
              NA170ZO359-01). The SAMP effort will also be directed toward increasing public access
              and promoting appropriate nature tourism for the area. To achieve its goals, Northampton
              County has identified the need for detailed scientific data that will classify sensitive wildlife
              areas and assess the value of native vegetation in relation to wildlife. The continuing project
              introduced here has been designed to fill that need.






















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              PROJECT OBJECTIVES


                     The overriding objective of our study is to determine distribution patterns and habitat
              associations of migrant landbirds on the lower Delmarva Peninsula. The strength and scope
              of many of the SAMP's policy goals will rest on answers to the following questions:
                     1. Are there any geographically defined concentrations of migrants within the lower
              Delmarva and where are they?
                     2. On a habitat level, what are the characteristics of forested areas (native vegetation)
              that are strongly associated with fall migrants?
                     3. Is there any biologically significant interaction between geographic and vegetation
              factors that are relevant to policy development?


              OVERVIEW OF FIELD DESIGN


              Study Area
                     The first research phase of this two-year project was conducted over an eleven week
              period from August 17 through October 30, 1992 on the lower Delmarva Peninsula
              (Northampton County, Virginia; Figure 1). The study area is confined to the mainland
              portion of the county from Eastville-Indiantown (Lat. 37' 21') south to the tip of the
              peninsula (Lat. 37" 07').


              Forest Patch Inventory
                     In order to determine the feasibility of various design options, an inventory of all
              forested patches within the study area was conducted in June of 1992. Infrared, aerial
              photographs (1:24000 scale) were used to delineate existing forest patches. A full-scale
              mylar overlay of forest patches was produced from photographs and reductions were
              produced from this image (reduced image shown in Figure 2). Each patch was individually
              coded and its area determined using an electromagnetic digitizing tablet. The maximum and
              minimum distance of each patch was then measured to the bayside, the seaside, and to the
              peninsula tip. All forest patches were then visited individually over a two-day period to
              determine forest type (pine, hardwood, mixed), approximate forest age (clearcut to mature),
              apparent understory density, residential status, and ease of access.


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              Figure 1: Map of Delmarva Peninsula, study area indicated in black. Study area extends 20
              km from the tip of the peninsula to Cherrystone Inlet.                                                    I
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              Figure 2: Configuration of forested patches (indicated in black) within the study area. Non-
              forested area is primarily agricultural land.                                                                   I
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                           DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST PATCHES
                                 (Within Study Area)










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                    Figure 2



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                      Over 250 forested patches were delineated within the study area (this does not include
              prominent forest bands near the tip on seaside and bayside margins). Over 85% of forest
              patches were less than 20 ha in size. In addition, greater than 90% of the forested acreage in
              the management area was pine dominated or pine/hardwood mix. Most patches were of
              cutting age (majority > 40 years old) and only 4 clearcuts were found over the entire area.
              The lack of variation in patch size, age class and forest type clearly limited opportunities to
              conclusively address particular habitat parameters. In fact, results from the inventory
              suggested that only pine or pine/hardwood patches are available in the quantities needed to
              complete a full design and those only in two size classes (4 - 8 ha and 9 - 13 ha).


              Conceptual Design
                     In terms of the broad range of objectives (geographic patterns needed for zoning
              ordinances, bird/vegetation relationships needed for vegetation ordinances), the spatial scales
              of concern range from individual layers of vegetation to the entire management area.
              Meeting the information needs of these objectives requires a design capable of collecting and
              integrating data over a broad area but with a fine level of resolution.
                     In addition to examining distribution patterns over the two focal scales (geographic,
              vegetation-level), we identified a series of intermediate scales relevant to the ultimate policy
              objectives of Northampton County's SAMP. We examined distribution patterns within 4
              nested scales: 1) within vegetational strata, 2) within forest patches, 3) between forest
              patches, and 4) between geographic areas. Experimental units were balanced both within and
              between spatial levels using a hieratchical experimental design. This approach allows for the
              assessment of spatial patterns within a given scale and the simultaneous integration of
              patterns between scales. This was accomplished using a single type of information gathering
              unit designed to resolve distribution differences at the finest scale and then aggregating these
              units to reveal information over broader scales (Figure 3).


              Design finplementation
                     The sample units were 30 m fixed-radius plots. Survey plots were not two-
              dimensional, but rather cylinders extending from ground level up through the forest canopy.
              All birds detected were identified to species and placed in 2 m intervals up to 8 m (an 8 in
              height corresponds to the vertical limit of the vegetation measuring technique used, see
              below). Birds detected above 8 m were placed either in the canopy proper or in the
              remaining subcanopy depending on their vertical position (Figure 4). Six survey plots were


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             Figure 3: Conceptual model of nested design illustrating the four spatial scales included in
I            study.
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                                                                                              Scaling Distribution


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                                                                                                                                                                                        Geographic





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                                                                                                                                                                                             Figure 3

                                                       Vegetational
                                                             Strata




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              Figure 4: Illustration of cylindrical survey plot. Layers represent forest strata assigned to
 I            all birds detected.
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                                    Diagram of Survey Plot





                                                                              Canopy


                                                                              Subcanopy

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                                                                                     Figure 4









              arranged along a "survey route" for all forest patches included in the study. In order to
             examine the distribution of birds within forest patches, the six survey plots were divided
             evenly between "edge" plots (survey plots with centers 30 m from edges such that plot edges
             were tangent to the forest edge) and "interior" plots (survey plots with centers positioned
             away from patch edges), (Figure 5).
                    Although there were many patch characteristics of interest, the forest patch inventory
             established that patch size was the most promising. Only two patch sizes were common and
             had a broad enough distribution to be included in the study. Twenty-four forest patches were
             chosen within the study area that were categorized as small (4 - 8 ha; 12 patches) or large (9
               13 ha; 12 patches). As much as possible, forest type and age were controlled across the
             study area.
                    To examine broad-scale distribution patterns, the study area was divided into 6
             "geographic zones" (Figure 6). Boundaries for these zones were established at 5 Ian
             intervals moving up the peninsula from the tip and the two upper zones where the peninsula
             widens were split down the center. Two spatial replicates of both small and large forest
             patches were chosen for study within each geographic zone (Figure 7). This approach allows
             us to detect true patch size and geographic patterns.
                    In summary, this design allows for the assessment of several different levels of spatial
             variation using a hierarchy of nested information. Birds detected are placed within vertical
             strata in points that are located either on patch edges or interiors, but occur within large or
             small patches that in turn are located within some larger geographic area.




















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             Figure 5: Example patch map illustrating survey route, experimental plots, compass
             bearings, and dimensions.                                                                             I
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             Figure 6: Delineation of six geographic zones within the study area. Zone boundaries are              I
             set at 5 kin intervals from the peninsula tip.
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  I                       LOCATION OF SIX GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
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              Figure 7: Illustration of geographic design indicating spatial replicates of small and large
              patches within zones. Configuration allows for separation of patch size and geographic
              effects.




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              Additional Investigations
                     To strengthen the geographic design, two additional investigations were conducted.
              As may be seen in Figure 2, Zones I and 2 have prominent forest corridors along their bay
              and seaside margins. The habitat along the bayside has long been recognized as an important
              corridor for reverse morning flight and is the focus of most development currently planned
              for the lower peninsula. In order to investigate the relative importance of the bayside
              habitats, six survey routes each containing 6 survey plots were located both within the
              bayside and the seaside corridors.
                     During the course of the forest inventory, 6 forest patches were located that were
              greater than 20 ha in size. Access to 4 of these "big" patches was obtained and they were
              used to investigate possible patch-size effects that may not be detected within the limited
              range of patch sizes used in the geographic design. Two 6-point routes were established
              within each of the 4 big patches.


              FIELD METHODOLOGY
                     Field work was conducted within lower Northampton County between 1 August and
              31 October 1992. Initial site establishment and setup was completed for all patches by 15
              August. Scaled field maps were produced from 1:24000 scale aerial photographs for all
              forest patches included in the study. Within each patch map, survey routes were drawn with
              three survey plots tangential to the forest edge (edge plots) and three plots > 60 ni from the
              edge (interior plots), except in the few cases where the geometry of a patch was prohibitive.
              Plot centers were separated by a minimum of 75 m. Compass bearings and route dimensions
              were indicated on field maps to be used during setup (see Figure 5). Survey routes were
              established on the ground by using a compass for direction and pacing off transect
              dimensions. Routes were marked using colored flagging tape and plot centers were indicated
              with individually numbered wire flags. Plot perimeters were delineated with colored flagging
              tape for reference during surveys.
                     Surveys of experimental plots were conducted 4 d/wk between 17 August and 30
              October. Because of the spatial and temporal dynamics of migration, it was essential that all
              patches for a given design be surveyed as close in time as possible. This practice reduced
              the influence of day to day changes in bird abundance on observed distribution patterns.
              Forest patches were divided into two groups: 1) patches included in the geographic design
              (24 survey routes), and 2) Bay/seaside forested corridors and big patches (20 survey routes).


                                                           15









             Group 1 and 2 patches were surveyed on separate days such that each was surveyed 2 d/wk
             in an alternating fashion.
                    For survey purposes, patches within each group were subdivided into 6 subgroups.
             Six field observers were used to survey patches and patch subgroups were ordered in rounds
             (rounds are equivalent to 6 field days); each observer surveyed each patch during a round.
             This was done to gain maximum dispersion of observer bias.
                    All patches for a given day were surveyed once in the morning and again in the
             afternoon (i.e. an observer surveyed a set of patches in the morning and the same set later
             that day). Morning surveys began 0.5 hr after sunrise and were concluded within 4 hr.
             Afternoon surveys were timed to be completed at least 0.5 hr before sunset. The,survey
             order of patches within subgroups was randomly determined to reduce the impact of time of
             day on distribution patterns. Surveys were not conducted during heavy winds or rain,
             however, we were able to complete all planned morning surveys (22 surveys/plot) and
             missed only 4 - 6 afternoon surveys (16 - 18 surveys/plot).
                    During each visit to a forest patch, observers walked along survey routes until
             reaching numbered survey plots. All experimental plots were quietly searched for a 5-min
             period and all birds detected were recorded within appropriate strata.
             Aural identification was allowed for resident species only. No playbacks or pishes were used
             because they inflate surveys within fixed areas, result in species-specific biases, and make
             placement of birds within strata invalid.
                    We quantified the vegetational characteristics of each study plot (N = 264) by
             measuring vegetation volumes at 20 points within each plot. We measured vegetation in the
             first eight meters above the ground using the pole method described by Mills et al. (1989).
             This method records all vegetation within a series of 0. 1 in radius cylindrical volumes
             centered around a pole marked into 0. 1 and 0. 5 in sections. At each of 20 points, we
             recorded the number of 0. 1 in volumes in half meter layers above the ground that contained
             vegetation, and identified the plant in each case. Dead vegetation was noted separately.
             Data collected in this manner can be used to generate indices of total vegetation volume,
             volume in each half meter layer, and volumes of each plant species or floristic category.


             RESULTS


                    During the course of the 11-week study period nearly 10,800 point counts were
             conducted within forest patches. Surveys resulted in the detection of over 22,500 birds,


                                                          16









               representant 119 species. Greater than 98% of the birds detected were identified to species.
               Remaining individuals could not be positively identified due to unavoidable circumstances
               (e.g. visual obstructions, poor visibility conditions, movement of birds away from the
               observer). All observations with positive identifications have been separated into five
               dependent variable groups:
                      1. All birds and species
                      2. Resident birds
                      3. Short-distance migrants
                      4. Long-distance migrants
                      5. Individual species with greater than 70 observations in the field.
               For the purposes of this study, resident species are those that have stable, year-round
               populations in our study area. Short-distance migrants are those species that generally do not
               migrate south of North America and may have both breeding and wintering populations in
               our study area. Long-distance migrants spend the winter in tropical and subtropical
               America, generally south of the United States, and may have breeding populations in our
               study area. (See Appendix I for a complete list of species and their classifications.) We
               have attempted to classify these species based on ecological factors. It is, therefore,
               important to note that not all species fit cleanly into these groups. Some species (e.g.
               Yellow-rumped or Pine Warbler) have extensive winter ranges that stretch from Virginia to
               sub-tropical America while others (e.g. Blue Jay) may have resident individuals and short-
               distance migrants wintering within our study area.
                      Of the three bird categories used, long-distance migrants were the most diverse (62
               species, 52.1 % of total) followed by short-distance migrants 31, 26.0%) and permanent
               residents (26, 21.8%). However, in terms of overall abundance, just the opposite pattern
               was observed. Permanent residents accounted for nearly half of all individuals detected
               (10,805, 48.6%) followed by short-distance (7,998, 36.0%) and long-distance migrants
               (3,416, 15.4%). Within individual migration categories, as well as for the entire species list
               as a whole, species were not equally abundant. All three bird categories were numerically
               dominated by relatively few species (see Figure 8 for species abundance curves). For
               example, 80% of the short-distance migrants were accounted for by only 4 species (including
               Blue Jay, Yellow-ramped Warbler, American Robin, and Golden-crowned Kinglet).
               Similarly, Carolina Wrens, Carolina Chickadees, Common Grackles, and Northern Cardinals
               combined represented over 70% of the resident birds detected. For long-distance migrants,
               the



                                                             17



























             Figure 8: Species abundance curves for resident, short-distance migrants, and long-distance
             migrants. Percent indicates the relative proportion of total observations accounted for by
             each species. Species rank is an ordering of the species within each group based on their
             absolute abundance (ordered from highest to lowest abundance).














                         SPECIES ABUNDANCE CURVES
               30


                                          -fEF- Resident
                                             Short-distance
                                          -0- Long-distance
               20



           0



               10






                0

                   0    10    20    30   40    50    60    70
                                 Species Rank





            Figure 8


                                     18









              American Redstart was by far the most abundant species observed, representing nearly one
             quarter of the entire category.
                     Abundance patterns were used to select a representative subset of species for further
             analysis. All migrant species were included in subsequent analysis if they were detected 70
             times or more. In addition, those resident species that were detected 70 times and were
             believed to be relatively sedentary were also included (see Appendix I). Those species that
             were relatively common but tend to move over large areas in flocks during the fall (e.g.
             Common Grackles, American Crows) were excluded. What follows is a series of temporal
             and spatial analyses of the three general migration groups and those individual species that
             were detected with enough frequency to stand alone.


             Temporal Patterns
             Seasonal -- The frequency of detection for all bird groups and many of the individual species
             varied with season. Figure 9 illustrates the seasonal patterns in species richness and
             abundance for individual groups. If we split the field season into an early (weeks 1 - 6) and
             late period (weeks 7 - 11), all of the bird groups exhibit a significant seasonal patterns in
             detection frequency (all G-statistics > 200, P < 0.001). For the two migration groups, the
             patterns indicate that long-distance migrants tend to move through the study area early in the
             season, followed by short-distance migrants somewhat later in the fall. Nearly 95 % of the
             short-distance migrants were detected after week 7 as compared to less than 25 % for long-
             distance migrants. As with long-distance migrants, resident species were detected
             significantly more often in the early period compared to the late period. We believe that this
             pattern reflects a seasonal change in detectability (due to changes in activity levels) rather
             than a reduction in overall abundance.
                    Most of the individual species showed seasonal patterns similar to those of their
             respective groups. However, some exceptions did occur. Figures 10 - 12 present a general
             overview of seasonal patterns for selected species. All of the resident species were detected
             significantly more often during the early period (defined as above) than expected based on
             the number of surveys (all chi-squared statistics > 14.3, P < 0.001) except Red-bellied
             Woodpeckers. Red-bellied Woodpeckers were observed with significantly greater frequency
             during the late period (chi-squared statistic > 200, P < 0.001). All of the short-distance
             migrants were detected comparatively more often during the late period (all chi-squared
             statistics > 95, P < 0.001) with five of nine species having no observations during the early
             period. Seven of nine species of long-distance migrants were detected significantly more


                                                            19




























              Figure 9: Seasonal patterns in species richness and overall abundance for residents, short-
              distance migrants, and long-distance migrants. Percent indicates the relative proportion of
              total observations (for the entire field season) for each group accounted for during a given
              week. Week one is the third week of August and week 11 is the last week of October.



















                                       Seasonal Patterns in Species Richness

                                   80

                                   70                                               Resident
                                   60                                           -Short Distance
                                                                                    Long Distance
                                .2 so

                                   40  -
                                se
                                   30

                                   20

                                   10
                                        1  2   3   4  5   6 7 8      9 10 11

                                                       Week





                                           Seasonal Patterns in Abundance
                                   50


                                   40


                                E 3 0


                                   20


                                   10


                                     0
                                       1   2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

                                                        Week






                            Figure 9


                                                          20




























              Figures 10 - 12: Seasonal patterns in detection rates for selected resident, short-distance
              migrants, and long-distance migrants. Percent indicates the relative proportion of total
              observations accounted for by a given week. Week one is the third week of August and
              week 11 is the last week of October.









                  -Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                           For Selected Resident Species


                                       30
                    Red-bellied        15
                                       0  1    3 4 5 6 7        8 9 10 11






                                       16
                                       12
                   Chickadee           8
                                       4  1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11





                                       20
                   Titmouse            10
                                       0  1  2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 11






                                       16
                                       12
                                       8
                    Carolina Wren      4
                                          1  2 3   4 5    6 7 8     9 10 11











                                       16
                                       12
                                       a
                     Cardinal          4
                                       0  1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
         Figure 10

                                             21









                          Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                             For Selected Short-distance Migrants

                                                       30-
                                                       20-
                                 Flicker               10-
                                                       0 7
                                                         1     6 4 5 6 7          8 9 10 11
                                                                 Week

                                                       30-
                                 Blue Jay              20-
                                                       10-
                                                       0
                                                         1  2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                                         Week


                                                       40
                                 Winter Wren           20
                                                       0    2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                       70                Week
                                 G-c Kinglet           35
                                                       0
                                                         1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                                         Week



                                                       90

                                                       45
                                Herm Thrush              1
                                                         1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                                         Week



                                                       go
                                 Robin                 45
                                                       0 1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                                         Week


                                                       50

                                                       25
                                 Towhee

                                                         1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

                                                                         Week



                                                       40
                               Y-r Warbler             20
                                                       0
                                                         1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                                         Week



                                                       so

                                 Wth Sparrow           0
                                                       40


                                                         1 2 3 4 5 6 7           8 9 10 11
            Figure 11                                                    Week
                                                         22








                   Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                      For selected Long-distance Migrants

                                          30-
                                          20-
                          Y-b Cuckoo      10-

                                            1  2 3 4 5 8 7 8      9 10 11
                                          50-           Week
                                          25
                           Gnatcatcher

                                            1  2 3 4 5 6 7      8 9 10 11
                                          30-            Week
                                          20-
                            Catbird       -10

                                            1  2 3 4 5 6 7     8 9 10 11
                                                        Week
                                          40-
                                          2.07
                          R-e Vireo
                                          0 1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                      Week


                                          40-

                                          20
                          B&W Warbler
                                          0 1  2 3 4 5 6 7'     8 9@ 10 1-1
                                                        Week
                                          30-
                            Bl-th-Bl      20-
                            Warbler       10
                                          0
                                            1  2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 11
                                                        Week


                                          30


                                          15
                         Pine Warbler
                                          0
                                            1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                       Week
                                          30-
                                          20-
                         Ovenbird         10
                                          0
                                            1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                                                        Week
                                          30-

                                          is7
                          Redstart          -
                                          0
         Figure 12                          1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii
                                            23         Week









              often during the early period (all chi-squared statistics > 46, P < 0.001) with only Black-
             throated -blue Warblers and Gray Catbirds moving through later in the season (both chi-
             squared statistics > 70, P < 0.001). An accounting of seasonal patterns for all species
             detected is presented in Appendix IL


             Daily -- Despite a very strong morning bias in detection frequency for all three bird groups,
             none of the groups exhibited a significant time of day pattern (Table 1). This result is due to
             the high degree of site to site variation in detection frequency. In other words, although
             more birds were detected in the morning for all sites, the total number of birds detected
             varied considerably between patches.
                    Although 20 of 23 species were detected with higher frequency in the morning rather
             than afternoon survey periods, time of day had a statistically significant influence on
             relatively few of the species (see Table 1). Carolina Chickadee, Blue Jay, Golden-crowned
             Kinglet, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, and Pine Warbler showed a significant morning bias with
             Northern Flicker, Yellow-rumped Warbler, and Gray Catbird having notable trends.
             Carolina Wrens and Northern Cardinals showed a significant afternoon bias in detection
             frequency.


             Spatial Patterns
             Geographic Pattems -- All three of the general bird groups showed distribution patterns on a
             geographic scale that were significantly different from that expected by chance (all chi-
             squared statistics > 90, P < 0.001), (see Figure 13). Both short- and long-distance
             migrants, as a whole, seemed to be concentrated within 10 km of the peninsula tip with
             relatively fewer birds detected with increasing distance away from the tip. This distribution
             pattern is consistent with the idea that migrants of both types are using habitats near the tip
             of the peninsula before crossing the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Resident birds, as a
             group, showed the opposite distribution and reached their highest densities in those areas
             farthest from the tip. A clear explanation of their tip-avoidance pattern is not readily
             apparent except that forested habitats with the lower, narrow portion of the peninsula may be
             of poor quality due to low soil moisture and frequent salt spray.







                                                           24








                  Table 1: Comparisons between morning and afternoon survey, for bird groups and selected species. Data for stand, within
                  the six geographic zones only were used in analysis.

                                                                            Morning                   Afternoon

                    Bird Group                                            X +    S.E.                 X  + S.E.          F                  P

                    Resident

                      Red-bellied                                        7.0 +   1.27                 5.2+  0.93           1.36           NS

                      Chickadee                                         32.2 +   2.22               20.3 +  1.63         21.97          <0.001

                      Carolina Wren                                     15.8 +   3.23               25.6 +  1.89         34.72          <0.001

                      Cardinal                                           9.6 +   1.96               10.4 +  1.51         10.03          <0.01

                      Richness                                          10.8 +   0.34                 9.6+  0.35           0.32           NS

                      Abundance                                      173.3 + 17.47               111.8 + 16.51             0.17           NS

                    Short-distance

                      Flicker                                           11.3 +   2.23                 6.6+  1.43           3.10      0.05 < <0. 1

                      Blue Jay                                          31.3 +   3.25               19.8 +  3.10           6.51         <0.05

                      Winter Wren                                        1.2 +   0.35                 0.8+  0.24           0.94           NS

                      G-c Kinglet                                       22.1 +   2.80               13.5 +  2.39           5.49         <0.05

                      Hermit Thrush                                      2.3 +   0.48                 1.3+  0.58           1.91           NS

                      American Robin                                    16.5 +   5.24               28.4 +  8.06           1.53           NS

                      Y-r Warbler                                       28.8 +   8.75               13.0 +  2.84           2.92      0.05 < <0.1

                      R-s Towhee                                         1.0 +   0.27                 0.8+  0.26           0.11           NS

                      Wh-th Sparrow                                      2.9 +   1.04                 2.7+  0.94           0.02           NS

                      Richness                                          10.1 +   0.60                 8.9+  0.52           0.01           NS

                      Abundance                                      120.4 + 14,52                  97.5 +  9.25           0.56           NS

                    Long-"tance

                      Y-b Cuckoo                                         0.8 +   0.16                 0.2+  0.09           4.36         < 0.05

                      Gnatcatcher                                        0.6 +   0.26                 0.7+  0.28           0.05           NS

                      Gray Catbird                                       4.0 +   1.03                 2.0+  0.48           2.97      0.05 < <0. 1
                      Red-eyed Vireo                                     2.8 +   0.55                 1.2+  0.27           7.10         < 0.05

                      BI&Wh Warbler                                      4.9 +   0.77                 4.0+  0.73           0.56           NS

                      BI-Ih-bl Warbler                                   2.2 +   0.40                 1.5+  0.32           1.98           NS

                      Pine Warbler                                       6.7 +   1.41                 3.3+  0.79           4.47         <0.05

                      Ovenbird                                           1.5 +   0.32                 1.0+  0.16           1.66           NS

                      American Redstart                                 13.0 +   3.41                 8.8+  2.18           1.26           NS

                      Richness                                          14.9 +   1.28               11.0 +  0.60           1.05           NS

                      Abundance                                         48.6 +   7.40               30.3 +  3.78         0.277            NS







                                                                                   25




























              Figure 13: Geographic patterns for resident, short-distance migrants, and long-distance
              migrants. Percentage values indicate the relative proportion of birds within the entire study
              area that were accounted for by particular regions. The symbols *** beside group names
              indicate significance to the 0.001 level for Chi-squared statistics comparing observed
              distribution patterns with an expected even distribution.







                   Geographic Patterns for Bird Groups



               Resident       Short-distance    Long-distance


















                Key to Color Codes for Geographic Maps



                                               M@--W-1
                   0-10%             20-30%           40-50%




                                                      >50%
                  10-20%
               .......               30-40%


           Figure 13              26










                       With relatively few exceptions, distribution patterns for the individual species
               examined were in agreement with their respective groups. All of the resident species were
               either evenly distributed across the study area (as was the case for Red-bellied Woodpeckers)
               or were skewed away from the tip (Figure 14). Most of the short-distance migrant species
               were concentrated near the tip with the notable exception of Golden-crowned Kinglets and
               Hermit Thrush that were distributed away from the tip and White-throated Sparrows that
               were evenly distributed (Figure 15). All of the long-distance migrants except Ovenbirds and
               Pine Warblers were concentrated near the tip (Figure 16). Both these exceptions were
               detected most frequently in the center of the study area.
                      With only one notable exception, none of the selected species exhibited an interaction
               between geographic distribution and time of day. This result indicates that very little
               directional redistribution occurred after the initiation of morning surveys. This is an
               important result that suggest that most migrants have reached their stop-over habitats by 7:00
               AM and that morning surveys after this time give reasonable reflections of habitat utilization
               patterns. The result also suggest that the time of day effect discussed earlier is primarily
               caused by changes in activity levels (and related detection rates) rather than significant,
               within-day movements out of the study area.
                      The Golden-crowned Kinglet was the only species that appeared to relocate
               throughout the day. This species showed a significant time of day effect, a significant
               distribution away from the tip, and a time of day by geographic distribution interaction. By
               examining the relative distribution of kinglets observed during the morning and afternoon
               survey periods, there appears to be a net redistribution of birds to the north. The
               combination of these distribution patterns seems to suggest the kinglets are moving to the
               north in the early morning (before 7:00 AM) and that they are continuing this movement
               later into the morning when compared to the other migrants.
                      Within the forested corridors along the edge of the peninsula, all three bird groups
               had significantly higher detection frequencies within the bayside plots (all chi-squared
               statistics > 100, P < 0.001)., Long-distance migrants, as a whole, had the largest bias with
               nearly 65 % detected along the bayside. Individual species exhibited all possible patterns but
               of the species with significant patterns, 75 % were detected more frequently along the bayside
               (including Red-bellied Woodpeckers, Blue Jays, Chickadees, Titmice, Golden-crowned
               Kinglets, Robins, Black-and-white Warblers, Black-throated-blue Warblers, and Redstarts).
               Robins showed the greatest bias with over 95 % of the individuals detected along the bayside.


                                                              27






























             Figures 14 - 16: Geographic patterns for selected species. Percentage values indicate the
             relative proportion of birds within the entire study area that were accounted for by particular
             regions. Significance values (generated from Chi-square tests) are given by symbols located
             beside species names: no symbol indicates no significant difference from expected, (*)
             indicates significance to the 0.05 level, (**) indicates significance to the 0.01 level, and
                   indicates significance to the 0.001 level.






                         Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                   Resident Species

                                             Red-bellied












                      Chickadee                                 Titmouse





                        7z

                        .. . .... ..... .








                        Car. Wren                              Cardinal








            Figure 14                           28






                                           Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                                    Short-distance Migrants

                                       Flicker                              Blue Jay                         Win. Wren


                                        . . ....... .










                                                                                                             ..........










                                   G-c Kinglet                            Herm't Thr.                            Robin














                                  Y-r Warbler                                Towhee                        Wh-th Sparrow



                                                                          ..... .....
                                                                                    ..........
                                                                                    ...........
                                                                               ..... .....


                                                                                   ... .......
                                                                                   ............
                                                                                  .............









                  Figure 15                                         29
 04






                                       Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                               Long-distance Migrants

                                  Y-b Cuckoo                      Gnatcatcher                        Catbird


                                                ..........


                                             .... .. . .. .



















                                   Red-e Vireo                   B&W Warbler                      Bl-th-bl Warb.



                                                                      . ......... .
                                                                    . .... .....



                                                                            .. . ... .. . ..... .















                                 Pine Warbler                        Ovenbird                       Redstart

                                                                             ..........













                  Figure 16                                   30









              Some notable species also showed a significant bias for the seaside corridor (including
             Yellow-billed Cuckoos and Yellow-rumped Warblers).


             Influence of Patch Size -- Within the relatively narrow range of patch sizes examined, patch
             size was not a significant determinant of patch use for any of the three bird groups (Table 2).
             Species richness and overall abundance was not influenced by patch size. Similarly, although
             many of the selected species exhibited a positive or negative trend in abundance with
             increasing patch size, relatively few patterns were statistically significant. Red-bellied
             Woodpeckers, Yellow-billed Cuckoos, and Red-eyed Vireos were the exceptions to this rule.
             These three species were detected with higher frequencies in larger forest patches when
             compared to smaller patches. This pattern suggest that the use of a given forest patch for
             these species is area-dependent. However, the biological significance of this pattern during
             migration remains unclear.


             Distribution within Patches -- The location of census plots in relation to the edge or interior
             of forest patches had a significant influence on the number of species and individuals detected
             (Table 3). Overall, bird abundance and species richness were significantly higher within
             census plots that were positioned along patch edges. This pattern, along with the observation
             that many of the birds were detected directly along the edge, suggests that patch edges
             accounted for a disproportionate number of the total birds detected.
                    Consistent with the overall patterns of abundance, many of the selected species
             exhibited a significant edge/interior bias in distribution. All but two of these species were
             detected with higher frequency along patch edges and many were over twice as common
             there. Only Carolina Wrens and Black-throated-blue Warblers showed notable distributions
             away from patch edges.


             In uence of Vegetation Density -- In order to examine the influence of vegetation density on
               Ifl
             space use, vegetation measurements were surnmed within the four 2 in vertical strata for each
             census point. Summary data for all four strata were then run through a principal component
             analysis to determine the dominant source of variation (in vegetation density) across all
             census plots. The PCA defined two distinct sources of variation including: 1) meters 0 - 4
             hereafter referred to as understory, and 2) meters 4 - 8 hereafter referred to as subcanopy
             (Table 4). For this reason, the following analyses focus on vegetation data summarized for
             the understory and subcanopy categories.


                                                            31









                    Table 2: Descriptive statistics and results of one-way analysis of variance between small, medium, and large forest patches.
                    Sample sizes = 12, 12, and 8 for small, medium, and large patches respectively.



                                                             Small                    Medium                     Large

                       Bird Group                           X + S.E.                  X + S.E.                 X + S.E.            F            P


                       Resident

                       Red-bellied                          5.2 +  1.94               8.8  +  1.55             12.3 +  1.42      3.86        < 0.05

                       Chickadee                            33.0+  2.46               33.4 +  3.61             34.5 +  3.98      0.04         NS

                       Carolina Wren                        43.2+  4.02               52.1 +  4.88             48.6 +  6.47      0.92         NS

                       Cardinal                             17.8+  3.08               18.6 +  2.56             11.6 +  3.02      1.45         NS

                       Richness                             11.0+  0.58               10.6 +  0.38             10.8 +  0.56      0.19         NS

                       Abundance                        170.3 + 26.00              176.3 + 24.53           126.5 + 18.91         1.03         NS


                       Short-distance

                       Flicker                              9.8 +  3.29               12.7 +  3.10             17.3 +  3.30      1.16         NS

                       Blue Jay                             32.7+  5.80               29.8 +  3.20             19.6 +  3.33      1.94         NS

                       Winter Wren                          1.0 +  0.51               1.3  +  0.51             1.9  +  0.74      0.54         NS

                       G-c Kinglet                          23.3+  4.44               20.9 +  3.58             17.9 +  2.72      0.44         NS

                       Hermit Thrush                        2.1 +  0.75               2.5  +  0.62             1.3  +  0.25      2.91         NS

                       Am. Robin                            18.2+  7.65               14.8 +  7.47             8.5  +  6.26      0.38         NS

                       Y-r Warbler                          32.3+  9.94            25.2 + 14.80                25.8 +  6.69      0.12         NS

                       R-s Towhee                           1.1 +  0.43               0.8 + 0.32               0.5  +  0.33      0.53         NS

                       Wh-th Sparrow                        2.0 +  1.04               3.8 + 1.82               0.9  +  0.35      1.05         NS

                       Richness                             10.0+  1.07               10.2 + 0.60              8.5  +  0.50      1.04         NS

                       Abundance                        121.5 + 23.33             119.3 + 18.35                93.5 +  9.98      0.52         NS

                       Long-distance

                       Y-b Cuckoo                           0.2 +  0.17               1.0  +  0.21             1.1  +  0.40      4.64        < 0.05

                       Gray Catbird                         4.3 +  1.66               3.8  +  1.30             2.5  +  0.89      0.35         NS

                       Red-eyed Vireo                       1.3 +  0.43               4.3  +  0.82             4.6  +  1.30      4.99       <0.05

                       .BI&Wh Warbler                       4.4 +  0.87               5.2  +  1.31             7.9  +  3.18      0.98         NS

                       BlThBl Warbler                       1.7 +  0.53               2.8  +  0.57             1.8  +  0.41      1.36         NS

                       Pine Warbler                         5.7 +  1.93               7.8  +  2.10             5.1  +  1.97      0.46         NS

                       Ovenbird                             1.3 +  0.31               1.6  +  0.57             1.6  +  0.48      0.12         NS

                       Am. Redstart                         14.5+  6.39               11.6 +  2.71             9.6  +  3.48      0.25         NS

                       Richness                             14.2+  2.32               15.6 +  1.17             11.6 +  1.21      1.13         NS

                       Abundance                         45.6 + 14.04                 51.6 +  5.48             46.0 +  9.71      0.11         NS







                                                                                    32








                   Table 1: Results ol Mann-Whitney U comparisons between edge and interior points, Sample sizes                   121 and 115 for edge
                   and interior points respectively.



                                                                   Edge                          Interior

                    Bird Group                                     X + S.E.                     X + S.E.                U                   P

                    Resident


                      Red-bellied                                  2.88 +  0.256               2.27 +   0.204           9095              NS

                      Chickadee                                    8.89 +  0.527               8.42 +   0.506           9095              NS

                      Carolina Wren                                7.28 +  0.641               8.67 +   0.481          12698             < 0.00 1

                      Cardinal                                     5.50 +  0.446               2.49 +   0.247          12350             <0.001

                    Short-distance

                      Flicker                                      2.87 +  0.325               2.27 +   0.208           9267              NS

                      Blue Jay                                     8.59 +  0.727               5.43 +   0.427          11099             <0.001

                      Winter Wren                                  0.49 +  0.080               0.31 +   0.168          10345             <0.001

                      G-c Kinglet                                  4.78 +  0.435               5.35 +   0.560           8777              NS

                      Hermit Thrush                                0.55 +  0.117               0.44 +   0.098           9231              NS

                      Am. Robin                                    6.29 +  1.258               4.23 +   1.077          10085             <0.05

                      Y-r Warbler                                  8.68 +  1.403               4.80 +   0.840          10405             <0.01

                      R-s Towhee                                   0.41 +  0.092               0.12 +   0.035           9615             <0.05

                      Wh-thr Sparrow                               1.39 +  0.375                0.02 + 0.17            10889             <0.001

                    Long-distance

                      Y-b Cuckoo                                   0.24 +  0.044               0.30 +   0.057           8453              NS

                      Gnatcatcher                                  0.26 +  0.063               0.36 +   0.094           8864              NS

                      Gray Catbird                                 1.46 +  0.278               0.48 +   0.096          10788             <0.001

                      Red-eyed Vireo                               0.81 +  0.101               0.66 +   0.089           9345              NS

                      BI&Wh Warbler                                1.85 + 0.237                1.39 + 0.165             9840         0.05 < <0. I

                      BlThBl Warbler                               0.52 +  0.085              0.070 +   1.393           7815         0.05 < <0. 1

                      Pine Warbler                                 1.80 +  0.318               1.42 +   0.154           8463              NS

                      Ovenbird                                     0.51 +  0.067               0.34 +   0.051           9612         0.05 < < 0. 1

                      Am. Redstart                                 3.63 +  0.758               2.53 +   0.259           9136              NS

                    Total Richness                                19.50 +  0.510              16.42 +   0.346          11573             < 0.00 1

                    Total Abundance                              102.83 +  7.152              68.83 +   2.842          11765             <0.001













                                                                                    33










                   Table 4: Results of principal components analysis of six forest strata categories for vegetation volume.



                     Forest Strata             Eigenvalue          Percent of Variation       Cumulative Percent
                     Category

                     I - 4 m                     3.36985                    56.2                      56.2

                     4 - 8 m                     1.69332                    28.2                      84.4

                     1 - 2 m                     0.62787                    10.5                      94.9

                     2 - 4 m                     0.29121                    4.9                       99.7


                     4 - 6 m                     0.01554                    0.3                       100.0


                     6 - 8 m                     0.00222                    0.0                       100.0
































































                                                                                 34









                    Across the set of census plots, vegetation density within both the understory and
             subcanopy varied by several fold. The overall density of vegetation was considerably higher
             in the understory compared to the subcanopy, however, vegetation density was skewed to
             low values for both strata. In order to examine the availability of vegetation conditions, the
             range of variation for both strata was subdivided into 10 discrete categories. A frequency
             distribution of census plots based on vegetation density was then generated for both the
             understory and subcanopy (Figure 17). These distributions indicate the number of points
             surveyed that fall within a given vegetation range and were used as the null distribution in
             testing for bird/vegetation relationships. In order to evaluate how vegetation density
             influenced plot use, the number of observations of selected species were summed for each
             plot and tested against the expected distribution based on the vegetation categories. Figures
             18 - 20 illustrate the patterns in deviations between the observed and expected use of
             understory values.
                    Most of the selected species examined exhibited significant deviations from expected
             distribution patterns based on both the understory and subcanopy densities. However,
             deviation patterns were generally more easily interpreted with regards to the understory
             density. For residents, all but one species under-utilized plots with relatively low density
             understories and over-utilized areas with high density understories. This same general
             pattern was observed for both groups of migrants. Although a few species showed
             significant deviations that were not easily interpreted, only the Tufted Titmouse, Hermit
             Thrush, and Yellow-billed Cuckoo appeared to prefer areas with relatively low understory
             density. These general patterns seem to suggest that most species are selecting areas based
             on the characteristics of understory vegetation and that most species prefer areas where
             vegetation is relatively dense.
                    In comparison to the understory patterns, many of the species examined do not appear
             to be as selective for subcanopy characteristics (Figuies 21 - 23). Many of the deviation
             patterns do not lend themselves to clear interpretation. However, some notable patterns were
             observed. Cardinals, Flickers, Blue Jays, Robins, Black-and-white Warblers, Pine Warblers,
             and Redstarts all seem to prefer high density vegetation in the subcanopy. Redstarts in
             particular showed a high preference for plots with relatively dense subcanopies. As with the
             understory vegetation, Tufted Titmice and Yellow-billed Cuckoos appear to prefer low
             density areas.





                                                           35
A




























              Figure 17: Frequency distribution for census plots across the observed range of density for
              understory and subcanopy vegetation. Understory refers to the area from ground level to a
              height of 4 m. Subcanopy refers to the area from 4 to 8 meters above the ground. Density
              categories presented indicate the midpoint for a range of density values. Density values
              indicate the sum of vegetation measurements within the understory and subcanopy for each
              census plot.












                               Vegetation Density within   Understory
                            20

                          CO)
                          a
                          0
                          0-


                          0


                            10 -
                          cr
                          P
                          U-





                                                                   Im
                             0                                     No
                                 23 43 63 83 103 123 143 163 183  203

                                          Vegetation Density



                             Vegetation Density within Subcanopy
                            30



                        0
                        CL
                            20


                        CD

                        cr

                        LL-  10
                        CD




                             0

                                 19 35 51  67  83  99 115 131 147 187
                                          Vegetation Density
A         Figure 17

                                                 36

j





























              Figures 18 - 20: Deviation patterns for selected resident, short-distance migrants, and long-
              distance migrants. Bars indicate the difference between bird utilization patterns and those
              expected based on the availability of census points within a given range of understory
              density. Negative values indicate that points within the given vegetation range were
              underutilized relative to their availability. Positive values indicate that points within the
              given vegetation range were overutilized relative to their availability. Significance values
              (generated from Chi-square tests) are given by symbols located beside species names: no
              symbol indicates no significant difference from expected, (*) indicates significance to the
              0.05 level,      indicates signficance to the 0.01 level, and      indicates significance to the
              0.001 level.







                   Space-use Across an Understory Gradient
                        For Selected Resident Species

                            3
                            2
                            0
       Red-bell.            -2
                            -3
                                 1   2 3    4   5 6 7      8 9 10
                                        Vegetation Gradient


                            2

                            0


       Chickadee
                           -4
                                 1  2   3   4  5 6 7 8 9 10
                                        Vegetation Gradient


                          10


                            0
     Titmouse
                          -10
                                1 2     3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                     Vegetation Gradient



                            4


    Car. Wren             -2
                          -5
                                1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                        Vegetation Gradient


                          10




    Cardinal
                          -10
                                1 2 3 4        5 6 7 8 9 10
        Figure 18                     Vegetation Gradient

                                         37





                      Space-use Across an UnderstorV,. Gradient
                         For  Selected Short-distance Migrants

                                          10 -


                                            0
                          Flicker ***

                                          -10
                                                1 2 3 4 5    6 7 8 9      10
                                                    Vegetation Gradient

                                            4
                                            2
                                            0
                          Blue Jay          -2
                                            -4  1 2 3 4 5     6 7 8 9     10
                                          25         Vegetation Gradient
                                          10
                         Win. Wren        -5
                                          20    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8       9 10
                                                    Vegetation Gradient


                                            3
                                            0
                         G-c Kinglet      -3
                                          -6    1 2 3 4   5  6 7 8    9 10
                                                    Vegetation Gradient

                                          10


                                            0-
                        Hermit Thr.       -10 - 1 2 3 4   5 6 7 a     9 10
                                                   Vegetation Gradient
                                          20 -
                                          10 -
                          Robin             0 _=
                                          -10   1 2  3 4 5   6 7 8 9 10
                                                     Vegetation Gradient

                                          10

                                            0
                        Y-r. Warbler
                                          -10   1 2  3 4 5   6 7 8 9 10
                                                   Vegetation Gradient


                         Towhee           -15   1 2 3 4   5  6 7 8 9 10
                                                    Vegetation Gradient

                                          20
                                          10                 NO
                                            0
                        Wh-th Spar.       -10
                                          -20-  1 2 3 4 5    8 7 8    9 10
          Figure 19                                 Vegetation Gradient
                                             38






                            Space-use Across an Understgr
                                                                               _y Gradient
                                  or  Selected Long-distance Migrants

                                                          2-
                                                          0
                               Y-b Cuckoo                 -2


                                                              1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                    Vegetation Gradient

                                                          20-
                                                          10-


                                 Gnatcatcher. ***
                                                          -10
                                                          -20 1 2    3 4 5 6 '7 8 9 10
                                                          20         Vegetation Gradient
                                                          10
                               Catbird                    0
                                                          -10-1  2   3 4     5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                    Vegetation Gradient
                                                          10-


                                                          0
                               Red-9 Virso
                                                          -10 1  2   3   4  5   6 7 8      9 10
                                                                    Vegetation Gradient

                                                          3

                               B&W Warb.                  -1                                   NOW-
                                                          -3  1  2 3    4 5 6      7 8     9 10
                                                          10      Vegetation Gradient


                               BfThBl Warb.
                                                          -10 1 2 3 4 5 6           7 8     9 10
                                                                   Vegetation Gradient


                                                          3
                                                          -1
                                Pine Warb.                -5
                                                          -9  1  2   3  4 5 6 7 8          9    10
                                                                   Vegetation Gradient

                                                          6
                                                          4
                                                          2

                                Ovenbird
                                                          -2
                                                          -4  1 2 3 4       5   6   7    8  9 10
                                                                    Vegetation Gradient
                                                          20

                                                          10
                                 Redstart                 0
A                                                         -10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7              a 9 10
             Figure 20                                             Vegetational Gradient
A                                                         39





























              Figures 21 - 23: Deviation patterns for selected resident, short-distance migrants, and long-
              distance migrants. Bars indicate the difference between bird utilization patterns and those
              expected based on the availability of census points within a given range of subcanopy density
              (refer to Figure 17). Negative values indicate that points within the given vegetation range
              were underutilized relative to their availability. Positive values indicate that points within the
              given vegetation range were overutilized relative to their availability. Significance values
              (generated from Chi-squared tests) are given by symbols located beside species names: no
              symbol indicates no significant difference from expected, (*) indicates significance to the
              0.05 level, (**) indicates significance to the 0.01 level, and (***) indicates signficance to the
              0. 00 1 level.








             Space-use Across a Subcanopy Gradient
                For Selected Resident Species


                       5
                       3

       Red-bell
                       -3
                          1 2 3  4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                             Vegetation Gradient







       Chickadee

                          1  2 3 4 5 6  7 8 9 10
                             Vegetation Gradient



                       4
                       2
                       0
       Titmouse        -2
                       -4
                          1 2 3  4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                              Vegetation Gradient



                       3
                       2
                       0
       Car. Wren       -2
                       3
                          1 2 3 4 5   6 7 8 9 10
                              Vegetation Gradient







       Cardinal


                          1 2 3  4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                              Vegetation Gradient

      Figure 21
                             40





                               Srce@use Across a Subcanopy Gradient
                                    or     elected Short-distance Migrants

                                                               10 -
                                   Y-b Cuckoo                  0
                                                               -10  1   2 3 4       5   6 7 8         9  10
                                                                           Vegetation Gradient


                                                               10
                                                               0
                                   Gnatcatcher                 -10
                                                               -20  1  2 3      4 5     6 7 8         9 10
                                                                          Vegetation    Gradient

                                                               20
                                                               10
                                   Catbird                     0
                                                               -10  1   2 3 4 5         6 7 8         9  10
                                                                           Vegetation    Gradient



                                   Red-* VIreo
                                                                    1   2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9                   10
                                                                          Vegetation    Gradient


                                                               4
                                                               2                            MML -
                                  B&W Warb.                    0
                                                               -2   1   2 3 4 5 6           7 8       9  10
                                                                         Vegetation Gradient



                                 BIThBI Warb.

                                                                    1  2 3 4 5 6            7 8       9  10
                                                                          Vegetation Gradient

                                                               8
                                                               4                                        JIL
                                  Pine Warb.                   0
                                                               -4
                                                                    1  2 3 4       5   6 7 8          9 10
                                                                          Vegetation     Gradient




                                   Ovenbird

                                                                    1  2 3 4       5    6 7 8         9  10
                                                                           Vegetation Gradient
                                                               20 -
                                                               10 -
                                  Redstart                     0
                                                               -10 -1 2    3 4 5 6 7 8 9                10
               Figure 22                                         41       Vegetation Gradient



                             Sirce se Across a SubcanopaGradient
                                    or @u
                                          elected Long-distance                         grants
                                                                  3
                                                                  2-
                                                                  0
                                    Flicker                       -27
                                                                  -3 -_
                                                                     1 2 3 4 5            6 7 8       9 10
                                                                           Vegetation Gradient

                                                                  3


                                  Blue Jay
                                                                  -3
                                                                     1 2 3 4         5   6 7 8 9 10
                                                                          Vegetation    Gradient
                                                                  20-
                                                                  10-
                                 Win. Wren                        0
                                                                  -10
                                                                     1  2 3     4 5 6       7    8   9   10
                                                                         Vegetation Gradient

                                                                  4
                                                                  2
                                    G-c Kinglet                   0
                                                                  -2
                                                                  4
                                                                      1   2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                             Vegetation Gradient



                                 Hermit Thr.

                                                                     1  2 3 4 5          6 7      8   9 10
                                                                           Vegetation Gradient

                                                                  20
                                                                  10
                                    Robin                         0
                                                                  -101   2   3 4 5        6 7     8 9 10
                                                                          Vegetation     Gradient

                                                                  6         M
                                                                  3
                                                                  0
                                    Y-r Warbler                   -3

                                                                     1 2     3 4 5       6 7 8 9         10
                                                                           Vegetation    Gradient

                                                                  10
                                                                  0
                                    Towhee                        -10
                                                                  -20
                                                                     1  2   3 4 5        6 7 8       9 10
                                                                  20-     Vegetation    Gradient
                                                                  10-
                                                                  0
                                  Wh-th Spar.                     -10
              Figure 23                                           20 1 2    3 4 5 6 7            8   9 10
                                                                  42    Vegetation Gradient










              Pattems in Strata Use -- All of the selected species showed significant patterns in the use of
              vertical strata (Figures 24 - 26). Although intergrades do exist, species generally fall into
              four groups. These groups include: 1) canopy species, 2) subcanopy species, 3) understory
              species, and 4) ground species. The majority of the species would be considered subcanopy
              or understory species with relatively few being restricted to either the canopy or the ground.
              In general, strata use complements the patterns observed in vegetation associations. Most of
              the species that primarily use the understory or ground are found in plots containing high
              density understory vegetation. Likewise, many of the species that utilize the subcanopy seem
              to prefer areas with dense vegetation in the subcanopy.



































                                                             43





























             Figures 24 - 26: Relative use of vertical strata by selected resident, short-distance migrants,
             and long-distance migrants. Strata categories included are as follows: 1 indicates 0 - 2 m
             above ground, 2 indicates 2 - 4 m above ground, 3 indicates 4 - 6 in above ground, 4
             indicates 6 - 8 m above the ground, 5 indicates remaining subcanopy above 8 m, and 6
             indicates the forest canopy. Significance values represent the results of Chi-square tests
             comparing observed strata use to an expected even distribution and are given by symbols
             located beside the species name: no symbol indicates no significant difference from expected,
                 indicates significance to the 0.05 level, (**) indicates significance to the 0.01 level, and
                   indicates signficance to the 0.001 level.







                              Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                               For Selected Resident Species

                                               Red-bell

                                             6

                                             5
                                          cc
                                          ra 4
                                          '70
                                          .2 3 -M

                                             2

                                                '1@'2'0'3@'40 50 60 70
                                                  % of total


                    Chickadee                                           Titmouse



              cma 5                                                   5
              z                                                    Cd
              Cz  1"4                                              rh
              7;-n3
                                                                      3

                  2
                                                                      2



                    0    10   20   30
                        % of total                                     0   10 20 30 40
                                                                            % of total


                    Car. Wren                                           Cardinal
                                                                      6
                  6-
                                                                   CO 5
                                                                   Cd
                                                                   G  4
                G 4                                                'a 3
                co3                                                .2
                -2
                                                                      2
                  2                                                >



                    0   10  20 30   40                                 0   10 20 30 40
                        %  of total                                         % of total

            Figure 24                                 44







                        Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                      For Selected Short-distance Migrants

                Flicker                 Blue Jay                Win. Wren


                                        5                  CO 5-
                                   Z6   4
            ZA4                                            c-A 4-
                                        3                     3-
              2                         2                     2
                0 il@ '20 30 40 50       102030405060           0 20 40 60 80 100
                   % of total             % of total                % of total



                                                                Robin
                G-c Kinglet             Hermit Thr. ***
             6                          6                     5
           2 5                     2    5                   Ca
                                   CO
                                                              4
             4                          4
                                                              3
                                        3
                                                            ;52
           CD2                          2



               0   10   20  30          0 10 20 30 40 50        0  10   20   30
                  % of total               % of total              % of total




                Y-r Warbler             Towhee                  Wh-thr Sparrow
               6                        6-                   6-
                                        5-                 z! 5-1
             2 5                                           Ca
             2                                             W-:= 4-
               4
                                        3                  @V3
               3
                                        2                    2
               2
                FMMM                    1
                0   10 ' 26 ' 30        0 20 40 60 80           020 40 60 80
                   % of total             % of total              % of total

         Figure 25
                                           45








                       Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                     For Selected Loing-distance Migrants

               Y-b Cuckoo           Gnatcatcher           'Catbird
             6                    6                     6
                                                        5
           2 5                    25                   ca
           Cd
                                                        4
           C/3                    4
                                                        3
             3                    3
                                                        2
             2                    2



               0 10 20 30 40        0  10 20 30 40       0 10 20 30 40 50 60
                 % of total            % of total            % of total



               Red-e Vireo          131 & Wh Warb.        Bl-th-bl Warb.
             6
             5                    6                     6
                                cc5                     5
           co4                                         cc
                                  4                     4
           -23
                                c
                                  3
                                '                      c,3
             2                 'i
                                  2                     2




                                                            I   F  I  I
               0 10 20 30 40        0 10 20 30 40         0 10 '20 30 40
                 % of total            % of total           % of total


               Pine Warbler         Ovenbird              Redstart
             6                    6 -                   6
           cc5                  m 5                     5
                                  4
             4                                          4
                                                       ca
             3-1                                       -Fa3
             2 -                  2                     2
                                                       CD

               010 20 30'4'0'510    0 15 30 45 60 75'9@  0 10  26 '36 '4'0
                 % of total           % of total            % of total
         Figure 26                    46












              DISCUSSION
                      Seasonal patterns of abundance were quite clear for all three groups of species.
              Neotropical migrants were more abundant during the first half of the migration season than
              they were later. Short-distance migrants display the opposite pattern. In fact, although our
              data indicate that we adequately covered peak movement periods for long-distance migrants,
              this was not the case for short-distance migrants. This result suggests that it will be
              necessary to continue sampling through mid-November in order to thoroughly incorporate the
              heaviest periods of movement for this group in our study. Detection of residents peaked late
              in the first half of the Study period and then tapered off. This is likely due to dispersal of
              young and post-breeding behavioral changes that decrease the detectability of resident birds.
              These temporal patterns have important implication for planning tourism events around
              migration. A second year of data that covers the entire migration period will add to the
              reliability of predicting the peaks of fall migration.
                       On a geographic scale, we found that there was a trend towards highest abundances
              of both long- and short-distance migrants close to the peninsula tip. In contrast, residents
              tended to have the reverse distribution with their lowest densities close to the peninsula tip.
              Migrants were also found to be more abundant on the bayside of the peninsula while
              residents were more evenly distributed. These geographic distribution patterns will be
              fundamental to the SAMP's goal of directing further development away from sensitive
              wildlife areas. The development of zoning ordinances to protect native vegetation would also
              be facilitated by the delineation of areas with heaviest bird use in lower Northampton
              County. We will investigate these patterns further in the coming field season so that they
              can be more fully defined.
                      Within the parameters of our study, the size of a woodlot did not appear to have any
              strong relationship to the abundance of any of the bird groups or most individual species.
              Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Red-eyed Vireo, and Red-bellied Woodpecker all seemed to respond
              positively to larger woodlots and showed significant differences in abundance from small to
              large to big patches. The fragmented character of the lower Delmarva's landscape and the
              relatively similar size of all woodlots in the area may explain this result. It is possible that
              below a certain size, birds do not react to differences in forest area. An alternative
              hypothesis is that fores area alone is not as meaningful a parameter for most birds during
              migration as it appears to be during the breeding season.



                                                              47









                      Within forest patches, more birds were counted at edge plots than interior plots.
              Further, we found that most species were under-represented in plots with low density
              vegetation and appeared to be selecting for those plots with high density vegetation.
              Vegetation density differs between edge and interior plots only within the first two meters of
              the ground (Strata 1) where it is significantly higher for edge plots. Within plots, however,
              most species analyzed demonstrated strata associations that correspond to their known
              breeding and wintering behavior. These results will play an integral role in creating
              meaningful vegetation ordinances and Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) between
              Northampton County and the Virginia Department of Transportation or power companies.
              After the completion of the study, results such as these will be shared with the public so that
              they may be incorporated into land management decisions of private citizens.
                      The future direction of this study will be guided by the results of the first year. Two
              principal themes will be pursued in the coming field season: a continuation of the current
              emphasis on spatial and temporal distributions and an investigation of possible underlying
              causes of these distributional patterns.
                      Although the imprtance of testing the resilience of the patterns identified in the first
              year should not be overlooked, the second field season will also allow us to move to a fmer
              geographic scale. For example, observations suggest that migrant concentrations on the
              bayside of the lower Delmarva may be a "veneer" phenomenon, occurring only within a thin
              section of woodlands directly adjacent to the coast. Detailed resolution of the distribution of
              fall migrants within the concentration areas of the bayside and peninsula tip will be highly
              beneficial to land use planning efforts.
                      Also of value to long-term planning for the protection of migrants and their habitats is
              an understanding of why the birds stop over on the lower Delmarva and what they need from
              these habitats. Obviously, the fall scope of those questions is beyond the constraints of this
              study. However, data from the first year indicate that the relative importance of the lower
              Delmarva varies among species. Some species (i.e. American Redstart and Golden-crowned
              Kinglet) are extremely common in the area and are likely to be using the area for longer
              stop-overs than other species. We will address this further in the coming field season,
              focusing primarily on habitat use.








                                                             48














            ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


                   Funding for this study was provided through grant # NA170ZO359-01 from NOAA's
            Office of Coastal Resource Management and administered by the Virginia Department of
            Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources Management Program. This study would not
            have been possible without the support and hard work of numerous individuals and agencies.
            We thank Melissa Donoff, Peter Leimgruber, Debbie Orr, Sharon Torgersen, and Sean
            Smith for assistance in the field and Georgia Kratimenos and Daryl Thomas for both field
            assistance and help with the graphics. Thomas Smith and Karen Terwilliger assisted with
            management responsibilities. Toni Harrison, Pat Jarrell, and Faye McKinney provided
            critical administrative support. We appreciate the private landowners of Northampton
            County who generously gave us permission to work in their woodlots; Dr. George Oertel and
            the Oceanography Department of Old Dominion University for use of the Oyster Field
            Station; Sherman Stairs, Eastern Shore National Wildlife Refuge for access to refuge
            property; the staff of The Nature Conservancy's Virginia Coast Reserve for logistical
            support; and the Northampton County Planning Office for technical assistance.






















                                                        49










             LITERATURE CITED


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             Gill, F. B. 199o. Ornithology. Pp. 243-258. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.


             Hagan, J. M. and D. W. Johnston. 1992. Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migrant
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             Hill, N. P. and J. M. Hagan, 111. 1991. Population trends of some northeastern North
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                   eds.). Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Station General Technical Report.
                   Fort Collins, CO.




                                                        50








           Robbins, C. S., J. R. Sauer, R. S. Greenberg, and S. Droege. 1989. Population declines in
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                  report.


           Winker, K., D. W. Warner, and A. R. Weisbrod. 1992a. The Northern Waterthrush and
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           Winker, K., D. W. Warner, and A. R. Weisbrod. 1992b. Daily mass gains among woodland
                  migrants at an inland stopover site. Auk 109:853-826.

























                                                       51


0







           Appendix I: List of species detected, their scientific names,
           and bird category in which they were placed. Bird categories       are
           as follows: 1) permanent resident, 2) short-distance migrant,      3)
           long-distance migrant.


                                                                      Category
   Common Name                     Scientific Name                    1  2  3


 
Green-backed Heron			Butorides Striatus			  x
American Woodcock				Scolopax Minor				  x
Common Bobwhite				Colinus virginianus			x
Sharp-shinned Hawk			Accipiter striatus			    x
Cooper's Hawk				Accipiter cooperi				    x
Red-tailed Hawk				Buteo jamaicensis				  x
Broad-winged Hawk				Buteo platypterus				    x
Bald Eagle					Haliaeetus leucocephalis		x
Osprey					Pandion haliaetus				  x
Turkey Vulture				Cathartes aura				x
Black Vulture				Coragyps atratus				x
American Kestrel				Falco sparverius				  x
Merlin					Falco columbarius				  x
Northern Harrier				Circus cuaneus				  x
Great-horned Owl				Bubo virginianus				x
Mourning Dove				Zenaida macroura				x
Yellow-billed Cuckoo			Coccyzus americanus			  x
Black-billed Cuckoo			Coccyzus erythropthalmus		  x
Chuck-will's Widow			Caprimulgus carolinensis		    x
Ruby-throated Hummingbird		Archilocus colubris			    x
Belted Kingfisher				Ceryle alcyon				x
Red-headed Woodpecker			Melanerpes erythrocephalus		x
Red-bellied Woodpecker			Melanerpes carolinus			x
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker		Sphyrapicus varius			  x
Downy Woodpecker				Picoides pubescens			x
Hairy Woodpecker				Picoides cillosus				x
Pileated Woodpecker			Dryocopus pileatus			x
Northern Flicker				Colaptes auratus				  x
Eastern Wood Pewee			Contopus virens				    x
Acadian Flycatcher			Empidonax virescens			    x
Great-crested Flycatcher		Myiarchus crinitus			    x
Least Flycatcher				Empidonax minimus				    x
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher		Empidonax flaviventris			    x
Eastern Phoebe				Sayornis phoebe				    x
Eastern Kingbird				Tyrannus tyrannus				    x
Tree Swallow				Tachycineta bicolor			    x
Blue Jay					Cyanocitta cristata			  x
American Crow				Corvus brachyrhynchos			x
Fish Crow					Corvus ossifragus				x
Carolina Chickadee			Parus carolinensis			x
Brown Creeper				Certhia amercana				  x
Tufted Titmouse				Parus Bicolor				x

                                             52









           Appendix I:     ---- continued----


           White-breasted Nuthatch              Sitta carolinensis              X
           Red-breasted Nuthatch                Sitta canadensis                     X
           Brown-headed Nuthatch                Sitta pusilla                   X
           House Wren                           Troglodytes aedon                        X
           Winter Wren                          Troglodytes troglodytes              X
           Carolina Wren                        Thryothorus ludovicianus        x
           Ruby-crowned Kinglet                 Regulus calendula                    X
           Golden-crowned Kinglet               Regulus satrapa                      X
           Blue-gray Gnatcatcher                Polioptila caerulea                       X
           Eastern Bluebird                     Sialia sialis                   X
           Wood Thrush                          Hylocichla mustelina                      X
           Swainson's Thrush                    Catharus ustulatas                        X
           Gray-cheeked Thrush                  Catharus minimus                          X
           Hermit Thrush                        Catharus guttata                     X
           Veery                                Catharus fuscescens                       X
           American Robin                       Turdus migratorius                   X
           Gray Catbird                         Dumetella carolinensis                    X
           Mockingbird                          Mimus Polyglottis              X
           Brown Thrasher                       Toxostoma rufum.               X
           Cedar Waxwing                        Bombycilla cedrorum                  X
           Eastern Meadowlark                   Sternella magna                      X
           European Starling                    Sturnus vulgaris               X
           White-eyed Vireo                     Vireo griseus                            X
           Solitary Vireo                       Vireo solitarius                         X
           Red-eyed Vireo                       Vireo solivaceus                         X
           Warbling Vireo                       Vireo gilvus                             X
           Philadelphia Virec,                  Vireo philadelphicus                     X
           Blue-winged Warbler                  Vermivora Pinus                          X
           Golden-winged Warbler                Vermivora chrysoptera                    X
           Tennessee Warbler                    Vermivora peregrina                      X
           Nashville Warbler                    Vermivora ruficapilla                    X  
           Northern Parula                      Parula americana                         X
           Black-and-white Warbler              Mniotilta varia                          X
           Black-throated Blue Warbler          Dendroica   caerulescens                 X
           Cerulean Warbler                     Dendroica   cerulea                      X
           Blackburnian Warbler                 Dendroica   fusca                        X
           Chestnut-sided Warbler               Dendroica   pensylvanica                 X
           Cape May Warbler                     Dendroica   tigrina                      X
           Magnolia Warbler                     Dendroica   magnolia                     X
           Yellow-rumped Warbler                Dendroica   coronata                 X
           Black-throated Greed Warbler         Dendroica   virens                       X
           Yellow-throated Warbler              Dendroica   dominica                     X
           Prairie Warbler                      Dendroica   discolor                     X
           Bay-breasted Warbler                 Dendroica   castanea                     X
           Blackpoll Warbler                    Dendroica   striata                      X
           Pine Warbler                         Dendroica   pinus                        X
           Palm Warbler                         Dendroica   palmarum.                    X
           Mourning Warbler                     Oporornis   philadelphia                 X

                                                  53
 










           Appendix I:   ---- continued----


           Connecticut Warbler             Oporornis agila                      X
           Kentucky Warbler                Oporornis formosus                   X
           Canada Warbler                  Wilsonia canadensis                  X
           Wilson's Warbler                Wilsonia pusilla                     X
           Worm-eating Warbler             Helmitheros vermivorus               X
           Ovenbird                        Seiurus aurocapillus                 X
           Louisiana Waterthrush           Seiurus motacilla                    X
           Northern Waterthrush            Seiurus noveboracensis               X
           Common Yellowthroat             Geothlypis trichas                   X
           Yellow-breasted Chat            Icteria virens                       X
           American Redstart               Setophaga ruticilla                  X
           Blue Grosbeak                   Guiraca caerulea                     X
           Rose-breasted Grosbeak          Pheucticus melanocephalus            X
           Northern Cardinal               Cardinalis cardinalis          X
           Indigo Bunting                  Passerina cyanea                     X
           Rufous-sided Towhee             Pipilo erythrophthalmus           X
           Song Sparrow                    Melospiza melodia                 X
           Field Sparrow                   Spizella Pusilla                  X
           Chipping Sparrow                Spizella passerina                X
           White-throated Sparrow          Zonotrichia albicolis             X
           White-crowned Sparrow           Zonotrichia leucophrys            X
           Swamp Sparrow                   Melospiza georgiana               X
           Savannah Sparrow                Passerculus sandwichensis         X
           Dark-eyed Junco                 Junco hyemalis                    X
           Red-winged Blackbird            Agelaius Phoeniceus            X
           Brown-headed Cowbird            Molothrus ater                 X
           Common Grackle                  Ouiscalus quiscula             X
           Orchard Oriole                  Icterus spurius                      X
           Northern Oriole                 Icterus galbula                      X
           Scarlet Tanager                 Piranga olivacea                     X
           Summer Tanager                  Piranga rubra                        X
           American Goldfinch              Carduelis tristis              X





















                                             54
 

                                   
       Appendix 11 Weekly summary of species detected. Numbers indicate total number of individuals detected (standardized number detected)
             Numbers were standardized as follows: (total individuals detected/Total survey routes completed) X 10.

                  SPECIES                   Week 1         Week 2          Week 3         Week 4          Week 5          Week 6         Week 7         Week 8        Week 9        Week 10         Week 11       Total     
             Green-backed Heron                                                                                                          l(0.07)                                                                    1           
             American Woodcock                                                                                                                                                       4(0.26)         11(0.63)      15                  
             Common Bobwhite               1(0.06)        5(O.28)        1(0.06)                         3(0.17)                                                      2(0.12)                                      12       
             Sharp-skinmed Hawk                                                                          4(0.23)           l(O.06)       l(0.07)        5(O.45)       4(0.23)        2(0.13)          5(0.28)      22                 
             Cooper's Hawk                                                                               1(0.06)                                        2(0.18)                      1(O.07)          1(0.06)       5                             
             Redtailed Hawk                                              2(0.11)        3(0.17)                            3(0.19)                                    2(0.12)        2(0.13)          3(0.17)      15                   
             Broad-winged Hawk                          1(0.06)                                                            1(0.06)                                    1(0.06)                         1(0.06)       4                 
             Bald Eagle                                                                                                                                                                               1(0.06)       1                               
             Osprey                                     1(O.06)                                                                                                                                                     1       
             Turkey Vulture                                              2(0.11)        1(0.06)                                                                                      1(0.07)          4(0.23)       8                 
             Black Vulture                 l(O.06)                                                                                                                                                                  1     
             American Kestral                                                                            1(0.06)                                                      1(0.06)                         2(0.11)       4                     
             Merlin                                                                                                                                                                                   2(0.11)       2              
             Northam Harrier                                                                                               1(0.06)                                                                                  1      
             Great-horned Owl              2(0.11)       3(.017)                        1(0.06)          4(0.23)           1(0.06)           1(0.07)         1(0.09)                 l(0.07)                       14         
             Mourning Dove                 6(0.34)      18(1.02)       20(l.14)         25(1.42)         9(0.51)          15(O.96)          11(0.73)        11(0.98)       23(1.34) 56(3.68)         20(1.14)     214                                
             Yellow-billed Cuckoo         1O(O.57)      19(1.08)       16(0.91)         13(0.74)         5(O.28)           5(O.32)           1(0.07)         1(0.09)        1(0.06)                   1(0.06)      72             
             Black-billed Cuckoo                         1(0.06)        1(0.06)                                                                                                                                     2 
             Chuck-will's Widow            2(0.11)                      2(0.11)          4(0.23)                           1(0.06)                                          3(0.17)                                12       
             Ruby-throated Hummingbird    13(0.74)      13(0.74)        8(045)           6(0.34)         1(0.06)           1(0.06)                                                                                 42      
             Belted Kingfisher                                                                                                                                              1(0.06)                                 1       
             Red-headed Woodpecker        14(0.80)      11(0.63)       18(1.02)         28(l.59)         8(0.45)           8(0.51)           4(0.26)         3(0.27)        4(0.23)      7(0.46)       18(1.02)   123                                
             Red-bellied Woodpecker       12(0.68)      35(1.99)       28(l.59)         37(2.10)        27(l.53)          43(2.76)          45(2.98)        73(6.52)       134(7.79)    104(6.84)     142(8.07)   680         
             Yellow-bellied Sapsucker                                                                    1(0.06)                                             5(0.45)         9(0.52)      1(0.07)       6(0.34)    22                   
             Downy Woodpecker             5O(2.84)      43(2.44)       57(3.24)         59(3.35)        42(2.39)          20(1.28)          13(0.86)        15(1.34)        34(l.98)     13(0.86)      24(1.36)   370                     
             Hairy Woodpecker              2(0.11)       3(0.17)        6(0.34)          1(0.06)         5(O.28)           3(0.19)           3(0.20)        4(0.36)          2(0.12)      3(0.20)       3(0.17)    35             
             Pileated Woodpecker           5(O.28)                      1(0.06)          1(0.06)        11(0.63)           2(0.13)           7(0.46)        5(O.45)          4(0.23)      1(0.07)       1(0.07)    38                     
             Northam Flicker              11(0.63)      32(1.82)        7(0.40)         26(1.48)        24(1.36)          66(4.23)          78(5.17)     138(12.32)       119(6.92)      81 (5.33)     95(5.40)   677                      
             Eastern Wood Powee            7(0.40)       9(0.51)        2(0.11)          3(0.17)                           1(0.06)           2(0.13)       5(O.45)                                      6(0.35)    35                    
             Acadian Flycatcher            2(0.11)       3(0.17)                         3(0.17)                                                                                                                    8                              
             Great-crested Flycatcher      2(0.11)       5(O.28)        3(0.17)          7(0.40)         4(0.23)                                           2(0.18)          1(0.06)                                24        
             Least Flycatcher                                                                                                                              1(0.09)          1(0.06)                                 2        
             Yellow-bellied Flycatcher                                                   3(0.17)                                                                            6(0.35)                                 9                                             
             Eastern Phoebe                1(0.06)       3(0.17)        1(0.06)          1(0.06)                           1(0.06)           7(0.46)      12(1.07)          6(0.35)      18(1.18)     13(0.74)     63                                     
             Eastern Kingbird                           18(l.02)        4(0.23)          1(1.06)         1(0.06)                                                                                                   24                       
             Tree Swallow                  1(0.06)                                                                                           2(0.13)                                                                3                         
             Blue Jay                      9(0.51)      40(2.27)       17(0.97)         33(l.88)        35(1.99)          19(l.22)          28(1.85)     414(36.96)       523(30.41)    301(19.80)   428(24.32)  1847         
             American Crow                24(l.36)      76(4.32)       25(1.42)         52(2.95)        54(3.07)          60(3.85)          43(2.85)      22(1.96)         51(2.97)      40(2.63)     67(3.81)    514                            
             Fish Crow                    26(l.48)      30(l.70)       82(4.66)       102(5.80)         39(2.22)          18(1.15)          18(1.19)       1(0.09)          1(0.06)        7(0.46)    12(0.68)    336                   
             Carolina Chickadee          289(16.42)     344(19.55)     280(15.91)      250(14.20)       178(10.11)       145(9.29)         145(9.60)       114(0.18)      180(10.47)     153(10.07)  205(11.65)  2283                            
             Brown Creeper                                                                                                                  60(0.40)         4(0.36)        7(0.41)       15(O.99)    25(0.99)     57                                          
             Tufted Titmouse              28(l.59)       25(1.42)       28(l.59)        41(2.33)         22(l.25)         33(2.12)          13(0.06)        13(1.16)       45(2.68)        5(O.33)    15(0.85)    268                    
             White-breasted Nuthatch       1(0.06)        1(0.06)                                                                                                                                                   2        
             Red-breasted Nuthatch                                                                                                                           1(0.09)        1(0.06)        2(0.13)                  4        
             Brown-headed Nuthatch                        1(0.06)                                                                                                                                                   1
      




Appendix II cont. 

SPECIES                WEEK 1     WEEK 2     WEEK 3     WEEK 4     WEEK 5     WEEK 6     WEEK 7     WEEK 8     WEEK 9     WEEK 10     WEEK 11     TOTAL

House Wren                                              1(0.06)    10(0.57)   7(0.45)    10(0.66)    3(0.27)    4(0.23)    3(0.20)     11(0.63)     49
Winter Wren                                                                                         11(0.98)    8(0.47)   32(2.11)     30(1.70)     81
Carolina Wren        342(19.43)  470(26.70) 391(22.22) 399(22.67) 277(15.74) 177(11.35) 152(10.07) 174(15.54) 229(13.31) 160(10.53)   256(14.55)  3027 
Ruby-crowned Kinglet                                                                                20(1.79)   25(1.45)   78(5.13)     18(1.02)    141
Golden-crowned Kinglet                                                                    3(0.20)  143(12.77) 128(7.44)  256(16.84)   810(46.02)  1340
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 37(2.10)    16(0.91)    6(0.34)   14(0.80)    4(0.23)    1(0.06)               3(0.27)                                        81
Eastern Bluebird                   1(0.06)               5(0.28)                                                                                     6
Wood Thrush                        2(0.11)    1(0.06)               1(0.06)                          4(0.36)   6(0.35)     2(0.13)                  16
Swalnson's Thrush                             3(0.17)    1(0.06)               7(0.45)    1(0.07)              5(0.29)     2(0.13)      1(0.06)     20
Gray-cheeked Thrush                           1(0.06)    1(0.06)               1(0.06)    1(0.07)    5(0.45)   8(0.47)     3(0.20)      1(0.06)     21
Hermit Thrush                                                                                        1(0.09)              23(1.51)    108(6.14)    132
Veary                  1(0.06)    1(0.06)    8(0.45)              19(1.08)    4(0.26)                          1(0.06)     2(0.13)                  37
American Robin        16(091)    36(2.05)    9(0.51)     5(0.28)   8(0.45)    4(0.26)     1(0.07)             10(0.58)   120(7.89)   1177(66.88)  1386
Gray Catbird           1(0.06)                           2(0.11)  12(0.68)   14(0.90)    26(1.72)   69(6.16)  59(3.43)    38(2.50)     32(1.82)    253
Mockingbird            4(0.23)    3(0.17)                3(0.17)   2(0.11)    1(0.06)     1(0.07)    2(0.18)   1(0.06)                  3(0.17)     20
Brown Thrasher                    3(0.17)                          7(0.40)   10(0.64)     2(0.13)   15(1.34)   7(0.41)     2(0.13)      1(0.06)     47
Cedar Waxwing          6(0.34)    2(0.11)    3(0.17)               3(0.17)    1(0.06)     4(0.26)              9(0.52)     8(0.53)                  36
Eastern Meadowlark                                                                                                                      1(0.06)      1
European Starling     66(3.75)   88(5.00)   60(3.41)    93(5.28)   3(0.17)   26(1.67)    17(1.13)             39(2.27)    35(2.30)     45(2.56)    472
White-eyed Vireo       4(0.23)    5(0.28)    4(0.23)     5(0.28)   2(0.11)                                                                          20
Solitary Vireo         1(0.06)                                                                       2(0.18)   8(0.47)    10(0.66)      4(0.23)     25
Red-eyed Vireo        29(1.65)   44(2.50)   59(3.35)    36(2.05)  13(0.74)    6(0.38)      6(0.40)   2(0.18)   1(0.06)                             196
Warbling Vireo                    1(0.06)                                                                                                            1
Philadelphia Vireo                8(0.45)    1(0.06)     2(0.06)   2(0.11)                 4(0.26)             3(0.17)                              20
Blue-winged Warbler    1(0.06)    3(0.17)    6(0.34)     2(0.11)                                                                                    12
Golden-winged Warbler             1(0.06)                2(0.11)                                                                                     3
Tennessee Warbler                                                                          2(0.13)    4(0.36)                                        6
Nashville Warbler                                                              1(0.06)                                                               1
Northern Parula                                                    3(0.17)    13(0.83)     6(0.40)    4(0.36)  6(0.35)                              32
Black-and-white Warbler 58(3.30) 102(5.80)  140(7.95)   43(2.44)  34(1.93)    29(1.86)    11(0.73)    4(0.36)  4(0.23)   2(0.13)                   427
Black-throated Blue Warbler                   2(0.11)             25(1.42)    32(2.05)    27(1.79)   12(1.07) 46(2.67)  13(0.86)                   157
Cardean Warbler                               3(0.17)                                                                                                3
Blackburnlan Warbler               2(0.11)    1(0.06)                                                          1(0.06)                               4
Chestnut-sided Warbler                                                         1(0.06)     1(0.07)                                                   2
Cape May Warbler                                                               1(0.06)     1(0.07)                                                   2
Magnolla Warbler                   1(0.06)    4(0.23)              2(0.11)     8(0.51)     2(0.13)             6(0.35)                              23
Yellow rumped Warbler                                                                                 12(1.07)594(34.53)619(40.72)  547(31.08)    1772
Black throated Green Warbler       1(0.06)    1(0.06)   1(0.06)    1(0.06)                 3(0.20)     1(0.09)  5(0.29)                             13
Yellow throated Warbler            3(0.17)    3(0.17)              3(0.17)     1(0.06)                          1(0.06)                             11
Prairie Warbler                                         2(0.11)    1(0.06)     1(0.06)                                                               4
Bay-breasted Warbler                                                           3(0.19)                 2(0.18)            1(0.06)                    6
Pine Warbler            44(2.50)  63(3.58)  114(6.48)  68(3.86)   36(2.05)     32(2.05)   32(2.05)    38(2.52) 15(1.34)   6(0.35)     4(0.26)      420
Palm Warbler                                                                                                   10(0.58)   3(0.20)     2(0.11)       15
Mourning Warbler                                        1(0.06)                                                                                      1
Connecticut Warbler                1(0.06)                                                                      1(0.06)                              2                                                                                                                
Kentucky Warbler         1(0.06)   1(0.06)                                                                                                           2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  





    Appendix II cont.

                       SPECIES                    Week l            Week 2           Week 3            Week 4           Week 5          Week6           Week 7         Week 8           Week 9          Week 10          Week 11                                           TOTAL
          Canada Warbler                              2(0.11)                       5(O.28)         1(0.06).
          Wilsons Warbler                                                          1(0.06)                        1(0.06)
          Wormating Warbler                         8(0.45)        2(0.11)        4(0.23)                        1(0.06)
          Ovnbd                                    4(0.23)        S(0.28)       21(1.19)       10(0.57)        33(l.88)       20(l.28)         3(0.20)        9(0.80)         1(0.06)        5(O.33)
          Lulslan Wattrthrush                       7(0.40)        1(0.06)        1(0.06)                                       1(0.06)
          Northern Waterthrush                        6(0.34)        3(0.17)        9(0.51)         1(0.06)        4(0.23)                        1(0.07)
          Common Yallowthroat                         2(0.11)        4(0.23)        S(O.28)         4(0.23)        9(0.51)        6(0.38)         4(0.26)        3(0.27)         5(0.29)        3(0.20)
          American Redstart                         91 (S.17)      104(S.91)     180(10.23)      101 (5.74)      115(6.53)       99(6.35)       84(5.56)        19(l.70)         11 (0.64)      4(0.26)
          Blue Grosbeak                               2(0.11)        4(0.23)        7(0.40)                                                                      48(1.2)
          Rosb     ad Grosbeak                                    2(0.11)                                                      2(0.13)
          Northern Cardinal                         162(9.20)      161(9.15)       135(7.67)      115(6.53)      102(5.80)       71(4.55)       64(4.24)        48(l.29)         82(4.77)       5l (3.36)        S7
          Indigo Bunting                            11 (0.63)        17(0.97)       1(0.06)                        1 (0.06)
          Rufouded Towhee                                                       1(0.06)                                                                     48(4.29)         9(0.S2)        34(2.24)         26
          Sorg Sparrow                                                                                                                                                           1 (0.06)       10(0.66)         48
          Field Sparrow                                                                                                                                                                                          12
          Chipping Sparrow                                                                                                                                       1 (0.09)
          Whtthroated Sparrow                                                                                                                  1 (0.07)       8(0.71)                        43(2.83)      128
          Whtrowrwd Sparrow                                                                                                                                                                 1 (0.07)         2
          Swamp Sparrow                                                                                                                                                          1 (0.06)       4(0.26)          29
          Savannah Sparrow                                                                                                                                                       1 (0.06)
          Darkyd junco                                                                                                                                        2(0.18)                        2(0.13)          29
          Redwinged Blackbird                        2(0.11)                                     30(l.70)                                                                                                       12
        Brownheaded Cowbird                        1 (0.06)                     20(1.14)         1 (0.06)                                                                                                     1
          Common Grackle                          263(14.94)        42(2.39)       123(6.99)    191 (10.8S)     220(12.50)       20 (1.28) 203 (13.44)          93(8.30)         16(0.93)       7(0.46)          068
          Northam Oriole                                             3(0.17)       22(1.2S)         S(OAS)                                                       2(0.18)
          Scarlet Tanager                                                           1(1.06)         S(O.28)        1 (0.06)
          Summer Tanager                              7(0.40)        14(0.80)      19(1.08)       2S(I.42)         2(0.11)
          American Goldfinch                                         1(0.06)                        1 (0.06)
          UID Flycatcher                                             1 (0.06)       3(0.17)         2(0.11)        2(0.11)        5(O.32)         8(0.S3)        7(0.63)         1 (0.06)       3(0.20)
          UID Crow                                                                  9(0.51)         1 (0.06)                      1 (0.06)      13(0.86)         S(OAS)          3(0.17)        S(O.33)          .01
          UID Thrush                                  1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)       1(0.06)         1 (0.06)       5(O.28)       10(0.64)         1 (0.07)                       12(0.70)       (O.S)          S
          UID Mro                                    1 (0.06)                      2(0.11)         1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)                       1 (0.07)
          UID Warbler                                 4(0.23)        6(0.34)       15(O.SS)         3(0.17)        13(0.74)      45(2.88)       44(2.91)         4(0.36)         44(2.S6)       IS(O.99)         I
          UID Sparrow                                                                                                                             3(0.20)        5(0.45)          3(0.20)          9
          UID Tanager                                 2(0.11)
          UID Bird                                   12(0.68)        6(0.34)        5(O.28)       10(O.S7)        11 (0.63)      13(0.83)       50(3.31)         7(0.63)         17(0.99)       IS(O.99)         22
          UID Hawk                                                                                                 S(O.28)        7(0.4S)         1 (0.07)                       4(0.23)                         01
          UID Knlet                                                                                                                                            9(0.80)                                         010
          UID Owl                                                                                   2(0.11)                                       1 (0.07)                       2(0.12)
          UID Acpiter                                                                                            1 (0.06)
          UID Woodpecker                              1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)                       2(0.11)        1 (0.06)       3(0.19)                                        1 (0.06)
          UID Watrthrush                             1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)



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