[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]











                 'N                      I'     R G U 'N

          An- infor'Mation booklet                      for'land plan'ners





                                         'vn



               lip                                   IV.






                                                        Produced by:
                                                        The Center for Coitservation Biolo&
                                                        The CoUgge, of WiMam     Mary
                                                        WilUamsburg, Virginiza


                         Ae   Center for Conservation Biology is  a non-profit  organization
                         dedicated to finding practical solutions,.to current environmental
                         problems by integrating research, education, and management.- Only
                         through the exchange of information and ideas may we hope to
                         maintain the rich diversity of the mid-Atlantic region.
                                                                       'G
            THEi@LDEA,'LE







                                  THE BALD EAGLE
                                            in Virginia
                              An information booklet for land planners







                                                        Written by:

  U-
                                                      Bryan D. Watts
                                           Center for Conservation Biology
   00                                        College of William and Mary

                                                      Keith W. Cline
                                   Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program
                               Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries

                                                     Mitchell A. Byrd
                                           Center for Conservation Biology
                                             College of William and Mary



                                                          June 1994






                                    This publication was funded, in part, by the Department of Environmental Quality's
                            Coastal Resources Management Program through grant #NA270ZO312-01 of the National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, under the
                            Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. The views expressed herein are those of
                            the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies.

                                    Printed on Recycled Paper

















                                        ACKNO)VLEDGEMENTS


                This publication was made possible by a grant from the Virginia Department of
          Environmental Quality through funding provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
          Administration (NOAA). We acknowledge these agencies for supporting new initiatives in
          bald eagle management.

                Dana Bradshaw (VDGIF, Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program), Cindy Schulz
          (USFWS), and Brett Preston (VDGIF, Planning, Policy, and Environmental Services
          Division) made helpful comments on the Legal and Management Responsibility section.
          Shep Moon (VDEQ), Bill Duncanson (Richmond County), and Wayland Bass (James City
          County) provided insight in shaping the Planning Considerations section. Scott Kudlas
          (Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department) provided legal and planning information.
          We thank these individuals for sharing their expertise.

                Becky Wajda (VDGIF, Fish and Wildlife Information System) and her staff provided
          base maps for the Bald Eagle Activity Areas. Maps for Bald Eagle Activity Areas were
          prepared by Marian Urbi Watts. Steve Phillips (VDGIF, Fish and Wildlife Information
          System) helped to produce the GIS-based habitat suitability maps. Report cover was
          designed by Marian Urbi Watts. This document is publication number 7 of the Virginia
          Center for Conservation Biology.










                                            TABLE OF CONTENTS


          INTRODUCTION                                                                                 1


          REASONS FOR MANAGEMENT                                                                       3


                  VIRGINIA BALD EAGLE POPULATION                                                       3


                         Historical Population                                                         3

                         Population Decline and Contaminants.                                          4

                         Population Recovery                                                           4

                  CURRENT THEATS TO VIRGINIA BALD EAGLES                                               5


                         Habitat Loss                                                                  5


                         Disturbance                                                                   6


                         Contaminants                                                                  6


                  LITERATURE CITED                                                                     7


          NATURAL HISTORY                                                                              9


                  NESTING                                                                              9


                         Habitat Requirements.                                                         9

                         Breeding Activity                                                             10

                         Disturbance                                                                   11


                  ROOSTING                                                                             12


                         Habitat Requirements.                                                         12

                         Roosting Activity                                                             13

                         Disturbance                                                                   13


                  FORAGING                                                                             13




                                                         iv









                  Habitat Requirements.

                  Disturbance                                                 14


             LITERATURE CITED                                                 14


        BALD EAGLE RECOVERY PLANS.                                            17


        BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS IN VIRGINA                                  19


             OCCUPIED HABITAT                                                 19


             POTENTIAL BREEDING HABITAT                                       20


             LITERATURE CITED                                                 21


        LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY.                                  23


             REGULATIONS                                                      23


             THE REVIEW PROCESS                                               24


             LITERATURE CITED                                                 27


        MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES                                                 28


             NEST SITES                                                       29


                  Primary Zone .                                              30

                  Secondary zone                                              30

             ROOST SITES                                                      31


             FEEDING SITES                                                    32


             LITERATURE CITED                                                 33


        PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS                                               35


             BALD EAGLE HABITAT MAPPING                                       36


             HABITAT PROTECTION                                               37










                       The Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act.                                     38

                       Open Space Planning                                                      38

                CONSERVATION STRATEGIES                                                         39


                       Purchasing Land.                                                         39

                       Conservation Easements                                                   40


                       Other Land-Use Planning Tools                                            41

                LITERATURE CITED                                                                43


         CONSERVATION AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS                                                44


         APPENDIX 1                                                                             46


         APPENDIX 11                                                                            76




































                                                     Vi










                                                INTRODUCTION


                 Historically, the bald eagle was a common breeder along major river systems, lakes

          and coastal areas throughout the Southeast. The widespread use of persistent pesticides for

          crop management in the region resulted in dramatic declines over a 30-40 year period. By

          the late 1960's, most breeding populations had been decimated by eggshell thinning and

          associated low productivity. Concern for these populations prompted the elevation of the

          bald eagle to endangered or threatened status (depending on specific population) and led to a

          national effort to restore historic populations. Since the nationwide ban on most persistent

          pesticides such in 1972, many populations have experienced gradual recoveries in both

          productivity and total numbers. In Virginia, the breeding population has steadily increased

          from an estimated low of approximately 32 pairs in the 1960's to 160 pairs in 1994.

                 Although the bald eagle population has rebounded very well over the past 15-20

          years, current patterns of habitat loss threaten to halt prematurely or even to reverse this

          recovery. Shoreline development throughout the Chesapeake Bay is rapidly reducing both

          occupied and potential breeding habitat and poses the single greatest threat to the population.

          Between 1950 and 1986, the number of people living along the shores of the Chesapeake Bay

          increased by 50 percent. This population is projected to increase by at least 2.6 million or

          an additional 20 percent, over the next 30 years.

                 Long-term management of eagles within Virginia will require not only protection of

          existing nest sites but also the identification and conservation of future breeding areas.

          Comprehensive land planning by local governments offers one of the most significant

          opportunities to protect and conserve habitat. Addressing bald eagle habitat protection issues



                                                         1









          at the comprehensive plan level will 1) assure that important habitats are identified during

          resource inventories and placed on land-use planning maps, 2) allow bald eagle habitat to be

          incorporated into overall natural resource, open space, and wildlife habitat protection goals

          and objectives, 3) create more uniform application and enforcement of development

          regulations and restrictions, 4) help identify conservation measures and strategies available to

          accomplish bald eagle and other wildlife habitat protection goals.

                 From a regulatory perspective, nearly all land-use decisions at the regional and local

          level will result in a review to determine potential impacts on threatened and endangered

          species. The earlier that bald eagle habitat is considered in the process (and the earlier that

          regulatory agencies are called in for comment) the more likely that an environmentally

          acceptable project will be designed and approved.

                 State and federal regulations that address bald eagles offer little specific guidance to

          resolve conflicts between habitat protection and development. Appropriate incorporation of

          bald eagle habitat in the local planning process first requires an understanding of the

          guidelines used by regulatory agencies during project and permit review. The primary

          purpose of this booklet is to provide land planners in Virginia, at both the county and

          regional level, with information needed to incorporate bald eagle habitat conservation in their

          planning process.












                                                         2










                                      REASONS FOR MANAGEMENT


          VIRGINIA BALD EAGLE POPULATION


                 Historical Population - No specific estimates of the Chesapeake Bay bald eagle

          population are available prior to the early 1900's. However, given the high productivity and

          extensive shallow-water foraging areas, it has been speculated that prior to European

          settlement the Chesapeake Bay may have supported one of the densest breeding populations

          outside of Alaska (Fraser et al. 1991). The widespread land clearing that occurred during

          the l7th and 18th centuries likely resulted in a decline in habitat availability followed by a

          decline in the breeding population.

                 The first survey of bald eagles in the Bay was a ground survey conducted by Tyrrell

          in 1936 (Tyrrell 1936). His survey covered about 25 % of the available breeding habitat and

          estimated there were 150-200 nesting pairs (although he knew of only 71 pairs). This survey

          has been used to speculate that the Chesapeake Bay population was between 600 and 800

          breeding pairs at this time (Abbott 1978). The first aerial survey of eagle nests in the

          Chesapeake Bay was conducted in 1962 by Abbott (Abbott 1963). The survey covered about

          twice the area covered by Tyrrell in 1936. Survey results suggested that about 150 pairs of

          bald eagles remained in the Chesapeake Bay in 1962.

                 A comparison of Tyrrell and Abbotts surveys suggest that not only the breeding

          population but also productivity had declined dramatically in the 3 intervening decades.

          Abbott observed only 7 young produced from 37 nests (0.2 young/nest) compared to 64

          young produced from 39 nests (1.6 young/nest) in 1936. The population continued to decline





                                                       3









          throughout the 1960's reaching an estimated low of 80-90 pairs in 1970 (only 36 of which

          were in Virginia) (Abbott 1978).

                 Povulation Decline and Contaminants - Although several factors contributed to the

          dramatic population decline between 1930 and 1970, environmental contaminants are

          believed to be the primary cause. DDT and several related compounds came into widespread

          use as pesticides in the mid-1940's. This class of compounds is very persistent in the

          environment and is magnified through the food chain. When concentrations reach high levels

          in bird tissues they inhibit hormones responsible for calcium release during eggshell

          formation. As a result, eagles and many other top carnivores laid thin-shelled eggs that

          broke in the nest or were nonviable. Productivity dropped well below that needed for

          population maintenance and the population subsequently declined significantly.

                 Ponulation Recovery - DDT and most related chemical compounds were banned from

          general use in the United States in 1972. However, the recovery of the Virginia bald eagle

          population was not immediate. The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries

          initiated comprehensive aerial surveys in 1977 to locate and determine productivity for active

          bald eagle nests. Between 1977 and 1981, the total number of breeding pairs remained

          between 33 and 39 with a production for the first three years below the estimated

          maintenance level of 0.70 young per active nest (USFWS 1990). In the years between 1980

          and 1991, breeding pairs increased at an average rate of 12 percent per year. In the two

          years between 1991 and 1993, breeding pairs increased 36 percent (VDGIF 1993), possibly

          reflecting the large number of young reaching sexual maturity. The increase in breeding

          pairs has been paralleled by an average increase in productivity. Young have been produced



                                                       4









          at a rate that exceeds that estimated for maintenance since 1980. Bald eagles now nest in 28

          coastal counties in Virginia.

          CURRENT THREATS TO VIRGINIA BALD EAGLES


                 Habitat Loss - As the Virginia bald eagle population has increased, pairs have

          reoccupied many of the historic nesting territories. However, as the human population

          expands in both size and distribution, many historic breeding areas are rapidly being

          converted to human use. Habitat loss related to shoreline development is now the single

          greatest threat faced by the bald eagle population in Virginia and throughout the Bay.

                 Between 1950 and 1996, the number of people living along the shores of the

          Chesapeake Bay increased by 50 percent. This number is projected to increase by at least

          2.6 million or an additional 20 percent, over the next 30 years (Gray et al. 1988). A

          preliminary review of development occurring around bald eagle nests in Virginia shows that

          development has occurred in 55 percent of the shoreline areas along the Potomac,

          Rappahannock, York, and James rivers (USFWS 1990). Similarly, Buehler (1990) found

          that in northern areas of the Chesapeake Bay 75,6 percent of the shoreline has developments

          within 500 m of the shoreline. Many of these areas with high housing densities are, for all

          practical purposes, lost permanently as breeding and roosting sites. Concern for the impact

          of development on the long-term persistence of the Chesapeake Bay bald eagle population is

          heightened by the fact the majority of both available breeding habitat and current nests occur

          on private lands. At the current rate of habitat degradation, it is not difficult to imagine that

          in the next 50 to 100 years most of the available eagle breeding and roosting habitat on the

          Chesapeake Bay will be gone.



                                                       5








                 Disturbance - Associated with the increased urbanization of coastal Virginia is an

          elevation in human activity. Fishing, boating, and numerous other shoreline activities have

          increased substantially along with development. In addition to increasing in intensity,

          recreational activities are spreading over larger areas as people seek out and explore

          relatively remote areas. Bald eagles are extremely sensitive to disturbance and only moderate

          elevations in human activity may result in the abandonment of large sections of shoreline that

          are otherwise ideal for nesting, roosting, or foraging (Stalmaster and Newman 1978, Fraser

          et al. 1985, Buehler et al. 1991a, 1991b). Some studies suggest that boating and other

          activities within 800 m may reduce use of foraging perches (McGarigal et al. 1991). Eagles

          nearly always select remote areas for perching and foraging. Areas used for perching in the

          northern Chesapeake Bay were found to be away from significant developments (Buehler

          1991b).

                 Contaminants - The majority of compounds that were implicated in the population

          crash between the 1940's and 1970's have been banned from use in the United States.


          However, because the bald eagle is a top carnivore that frequently feeds on carrion, it will

          always be susceptible to chemical pollutants that are present in the food chain. For example,

          in recent years, organophosphate pesticides have been implicated for causing the deaths of

          several eagles within the mid-Atlantic region. Similarly, during the 1980's, at least 22 bald

          eagles are believed to have died from the insecticide/nematocide carbofuran (USFWS 1990).

          This chemical is now banned within the primary bald eagle use areas in Virginia. As the

          human population grows and expands across the lower Chesapeake Bay, the magnitude and

          diversity of pollutants will likely increase. In a related way, an increase in the transport of



                                                        6








          toxic materials throughout the Bay will ultimately lead to an increase in accidental releases

          into the watershed.


                             Literature Cited: Reasons for Management Section

          Abbott, J. M. 1963. Bald eagle survey for the Chesapeake Bay, 1962. Atlantic Nat. 18:22-

                 27.


                       1978. Chesapeake Bay Bald Eagles. Del. Cons. 22:3-9.

          Buehler, D. A., T. J. Mersman, J. D. Fraser, and J. K. D. Seeger. 1991a. Nonbreeding

                 bald eagle communal and solitary roosting behavior and roost habitat on the northern

                 Chesapeake Bay. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:273-281.

                                   1            , and              1991b. Effects of human activity

                 on bald eagle distribution on the northern Chesapeake Bay. J. Wildl. Manage.

                 55:282-290.


          Fraser, J. D., D. A. Buehler, G. D. Therres, and J. K. D. Seeger. 1991. Bald eagle

                 (Haliaeetus leucocephalus             -21.9 in S. L. Funderburk, S. J. Jordan, J. A.
                                            Pages 21.1

                 Mihursky, and D. Riley, eds. Habitat requirements for Chesapeake Bay living

                 resources. Dep. Fish and Wildl. Sci., Va. Polytech. Inst. and State Univ.,

                 Blacksburg.

                     I L. D. Frenzel, and J. A. Mathisen. 1985. The impact of human activities on

                 breeding bald eagles in north-central Minnesota. J. Wildl. Manage. 49:585-592.

          Gray R., J. C. Breeden, J. D. Edwards, M. P. Erkiletian, J. P. Blase Cooke, 0. J.

                 Lighthizer, M. J. Forrester, Jr., I. Hand, J. D. Himes, A. R. McNeal, C. S. Spooner

                 and W. T. Murphy, Jr. 1988. Population growth and development in the Chesapeake



                                                      7









                Bay watershed to the year 2020. The report of the Year 2020 Panel to the

                Chesapeake Executive Council. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake

                Bay Liaison Office, Annapolis Maryland. 73pp.

         McGarigal, K., R. G. Anthony, and F. B. Isaacs. 1991. Interactions of humans and bald

                eagles on the Columbia River estuary. Wildl. Monogr. 115:1-47.

         Stalmaster, M. V., and J. R. Newman. 1978. Behavioral responses of wintering bald eagles

                to human activity. J. Wildl. Manage. 42:506-513.

         Tyrrell, W. B. 1936. Report on eagle survey. Rep. to Nad. Audubon Soc.

         United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Chesapeake Bay region bald eagle recovery

                plan: draft recovery plan. First revision. U.S. Dep. Inter., Fish and Wildl. Serv.,

                Newton Comer, Mass. 49pp.

         Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. 1993. Annual Report 1992-93:

                Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program. Va. Dept. of Game and Inland Fish.

                99pp.




















                                                     8










                                             NATURAL HISTORY


          NESTING


                 Habitat Requirements - During the process of territory selection, bald eagles are likely

          influenced by a complex collage of factors that vary from the structure of a landscape to the

          size and form of an individual tree. How this suite of factors interact to influence the


          distribution of breeding pairs is not fully known. However, some basic requirements that are

          known provide insight into the construction of beneficial land-use policies.

                 Bald eagles nest adjacent to or in the vicinity of large bodies of water. On the coastal

          plain of Virginia, eagles are known to nest along the ocean, inland bays, and reservoirs but

          the majority ( > 90 %) nest along the shoreline of the Chesapeake Bay and its four major

          tributaries (James River, York River, Rappahannock River, and Potomac River). An

          examination of 367 historic nests in Virginia showed that greater than 95 % of the

          nests were within 3 km of a channel at least 250 m wide and approximately 60% fall within

          1 km of these waterways (Watts et al. 1994). The strong association with large waterways

          implies that the vast majority of habitats that support the current Virginia population are

          contained within the narrow ribbon of land along the Chesapeake Bay shoreline.

                 In Virginia and throughout their range bald eagles typically build nests in live trees

          (although they may continue to occupy a nest for some time after the nest tree has died).

          Loblolly pines account for the majority (> 60%) of trees used for nesting, with shortleaf

          pine, Virginia pine, bald cypress, American beech, tulip poplar and various other deciduous

          species each receiving relatively minor (< 10%) use (Jaffee 1980, Cline 1986). Regardless

          of species, nest trees are similar in their physical structure. Because bald eagles build very



                                                        9








          large nests (often weighing over 1 ton), appropriate trees are needed for structural support.

          Nest trees are generally the largest trees in a woodlot often towering over the surroundings

          and allowing the adult birds easy access to the nest.

                  Bald eagle nests are similar in construction to many other large raptors. The body of

          the nest itself is built of large sticks, but the top surface and cup is covered with softer plant

          materials such as pine bows, clumps of grass and fresh leaves. The nest is nearly always

          constructed on the highest prominent crotch of the tree. A breeding territory may contain a

          single nest that is used continuously for decades or may contain two to several nests, only

          one of which is used during a given nesting attempt.

                  Breeding Activi!y - The bald eagle is a long-lived species that generally does not

          breed until reaching 4 to 5 years of age. Birds 5 years of age and older possess the snow

          white head and tail characteristic of the species. Juvenal and subadult birds have mottled

          brown plumage throughout. Breeding pairs maintain an exclusive space around the nest that

          they defend against other eagles. A mated pair may remain together for many breeding


          seasons.


                  In Virginia, adults typically remain on or near their breeding territories throughout the

          year (Buehler et al. 1991a). Nest building and repair begins in November and peaks in mid-

          winter but may be observed during any month of the year (Fraser et al. 1991). Courtship

          flights and related behavior are most frequently observed January-February and eggs are laid

          between mid-January and late March. Clutches vary in size between 1 and 3 eggs (clutches

          larger than 3 eggs are very rare) and are incubated by the female for 35 days. In Virginia,

          most eggs hatch between early March and early May and eaglets remain in the nest for 11 to



                                                           10








          12 weeks (USFWS 1990). Most young are capable of sustained flight by late July but

          remain dependent on the parents and in the general vicinity of the nest for several more

          weeks. After this time, young may wander throughout the Chesapeake Bay and beyond.

                 Disturbance - Breeding eagles are most sensitive to human disturbance when they are

          in the early stages of nesting. Disruptive activities that occur when pairs are courting,

          building nests, laying eggs, or incubating are most likely to result in nest failure or

          abandonment. As with most animals, eagles are capable of habituating to routine activities

          such as regular traffic or predictable noises but are disturbed when novel activities occur and

          are visible from the nest. Incubating birds may be flushed from a nest if activities encroach

          too close to the nest tree (Fraser et al. 1985). Chronic activities such as logging or

          construction within sight of a nest may cause the female to remain off the nest for extended

          periods of time. Eggs exposed to the cold for too long may fail to hatch and result in nest

          abandonment. Small young, one-to-four-weeks old, are also vulnerable to the cold if adults

          are kept from the nest for extended periods and unable to brood them. During the later part

          of the season, when young are seven weeks old or older, encroachment on the nest may

          cause young to jump prematurely from the nest. Young on the ground that are unable to fly

          are susceptible to predators or may starve.

                 In addition to their sensitivity to direct disturbance, eagles tend to nest in isolated

          areas away from development (Andrew and Mosher 1982). In Virginia, the density of

          buildings, as well as primary, secondary, and unimproved roads is very low in the immediate

          vicinity of nests compared to random sites chosen on the coastal plain. Of the 131 nests

          known to be active in 1992, none had greater than 5 houses within 200 rn or greater than 10








         houses within 400 m (Watts et al. 1994). Extensive development of lands surrounding active

         nests may result in permanent abandonment (Therres et al. 1993).

         ROOSTING


                In addition to the resident breeding population, Virginia supports several known areas

         where subadult and non-breeding adults congregate. These "concentration" or "roost" areas

         may form during the summer or winter months and are always associated with an abundant

         food source (typically a large fish population in summer and overwintering waterfowl in

         winter). Specific sites may be very stable from year to year, sometimes being used for

         decades.


                In Virginia, summer concentrations tend to be much larger than winter. Although

         juvenal and adults from the Virginia population make up a portion of these birds, it appears

         that many of these birds come from outside the state. Increasing evidence suggests that birds

         from both the southeastern and northeastern states seem to converge on the Chesapeake Bay

         during mid-summer. This suggests that concentration areas in Virginia may have

         significance for the entire east coast population.

                Habitat Requirements - Bald eagles within concentration areas congregate in

         communal roosts at night. These roosts provide protection from the weather and

         disturbance. Trees used for roosting are similar in structure to nest trees (Beuhler et al.

         1991b). Large trees with open canopies are preferred because they allow birds direct access

         to limbs for perching. Most roost sites are situated in clumps of supercanopy trees situated

         in isolated woodlots with easy access to primary foraging areas. Communal roosts are





                                                      12









          located within 0.5 mi (1 km) of water, and are located away from development such as

          buildings, boat landings and roads (Buehler et al. 1991b).

                  Roosting Activily - Eagles assemble in concentration areas in both summer and

          winter, but usually different roosts are used in different seasons. Birds begin to congregate

          in summer roost areas in mid-April and numbers increase throughout the spring and summer

          reaching highs from June to August.   . Numbers drop considerably throughout the early fall

          but low numbers remain into mid-October. Birds reach peak numbers in winter roost areas

          from November to January but these areas may support elevated numbers between October

          and April. The majority of birds typically leave roost areas to forage on or just prior to

          dawn but may be delayed by fog or poor weather. Some birds may be seen loafing around

          the roost site any time of day. Birds return to the roost area around dusk to spend the night.

                  Disturbance - As with nesting pairs, non-routine human activity within sight of roost

          areas will generally flush birds from roost trees. Chronic activity in the vicinity of a major

          roost area may result in total abandonment of the site possibly forcing birds to roost in less

          protected trees further from foraging areas. Since eagles may be present in the roost at any

          time during the day, disturbance may occur at any time. However, night-time disturbances

          are particularly detrimental.

          FORAGING


                  Bald eagles are opportunistic foragers preying on fish, birds, and small mammals as

          well as scavenging carrion of various types (Cline and Clark 1981). In the summer, when

          availability is high, fish are the primary component of the diet. In the Chesapeake Bay,

          eagles feed on gizzard shad, channel catfish, Atlantic menhaden, white perch, American eels,



                                                          13









          yellow perch, and many other species depending on their seasonal availability (Mersmann

          1989). In the fall and winter when the population of overwintering waterfowl increases and

          fish availability is relatively low, eagles shift their foraging attention to waterfowl and

          supplement their diet to a greater extent with carrion (Fraser et al. 1991).

                  Habitat Requirements - Eagles spend most of their foraging time surveying the

          landscape for prey from a prominent perch along the shoreline of rivers, marshes, and bays.

          Trees used as foraging perches are very similar to those used for roosting. Perch trees are

          large with open crowns to allow unobstructed flight access to limbs. Both pine and

          deciduous trees (live or dead) may be used for foraging perches. Large trees on high

          shoreline bluffs appear to be selected. Because eagles often take fish on or near the surface,

          favorite perches are typically along shorelines adjacent to shallow water (Mersmann 1989).

                  Disturbance - Eagles hunt from perch trees at any time during the daylight hours and

          may be flushed from their perch if disturbed by human activity. Boating activity close to the

          shoreline is particularly disruptive to foraging birds (McGarigal 1988). Human activity on

          the shoreline or adjacent uplands is equally disruptive. Flushed birds will often fly down the

          shoreline, cross the water, or move inland away from the shoreline. Repeated disturbance

          may cause foraging birds to abandon the area. Development of waterfront property along the

          shoreline may also result in the permanent loss of foraging areas. Eagles rarely use

          shoreline areas within 100 m of buildings or 500 m of human activity (Buehler et al. 1991c).

                                    Literature Cited: Natural History Section

          Andrew, J. M., and J. A. Mosher. 1982. Bald eagle nest site selection and nesting habitat in

                  Maryland. J. Wildl. Manage. 46:382-390.



                                                         14









          Buehler, D. A., T. J. Mersmann, J. D. Fraser, and J. K. D. Seegar. 1991a. Differences in

                 distribution of breeding, nonbreeding and migrant bald eagles on the northern

                 Chesapeake Bay. Condor 93:399-408.

                                                 and              1991b. Nonbreeding bald eagle

                 communal and solitary roosting behavior and roost habitat on the northern Chesapeake

                 Bay. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:273-281.

                                                 and _. 1991c. Effects of human activity

                 on bald eagle distribution on the northern Chesapeake Bay. J. Wildl. Manage.

                 55:282-290.


          Cline, K. W. 1986. Chesapeake Bay bald eagle banding project. Tenth progress report,

                 1986. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C. 49pp.

                      and W. S. Clark. 1981. Chesapeake Bay bald eagle banding project: 1981

                 report and five year summary. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C. 39pp.

          Fraser, J. D., D. A. Buehler, G. D. Therres, and J. K. D. Seegar. 1991. Bald eagle

                 (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Pages 21.1-21.9 in S. L. Funderburk, S. J. Jordan, J. A.

                 Mihursky, and D. Riley, eds. Habitat requirements for Chesapeake Bay living

                 resources. Dep. Fish and Wildl. Sci., Va. Polytech. Inst. and State Univ.,

                 Blacksburg.

                     , L. D. Frenzel, and J. A. Mathisen. 1985. The impact of human activities on

                 breeding bald eagles in north-central Minnesota. J. Wildl. Manage. 49:585-592.







                                                     15









          Jaffee, N. B. 1980. Nest site selection and foraging behavior of the bald eagle (Haliaeetus

                leucocel2halus) in Virginia. M.S. thesis. College of William and Mary, Williamburg,

                Virginia. 113pp.

          McGarigal, K. 1988. Human-eagle interactions on the lower Columbia River. M.S. thesis.

                Oregon State University. 115pp.

          Mersmann, T. J. 1989. Foraging ecology of bald eagles on the northern Chesapeake Bay

                with an examination of techniques used in the study of bald eagle food habits. M.S.

                thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. 132pp.

          Therres, G. D., M. A. Byrd, and D. S. Bradshaw. 1993. Effects of development on nesting

                bald eagles: Case studies from Chesapeake Bay. Trans. N. A. Wildl. and Natur.

                Resour. Conf. 58:62-69.


          United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Chesapeake Bay region bald eagle recovery

                plan: draft recovery plan. First revision. U.S. Dep. Inter., Fish and Wildl. Serv.,

                Newton Comer, Mass. 49pp.

          Watts, B. D., M. A. Byrd, and G. E. Kratimenos. 1994. Production and implementation of

                a habitat suitability model for breeding bald eagle in the lower Chesapeake Bay:

                Model construction through habitat mapping. Final report to Virginia Department of

                Game and Inland Fisheries. 63pp.











                                                      16










                                     BALD EAGLE RECOVERY PLANS


                 By 1978, all of the discrete bald eagle populations of the lower 48 states were

          declared either threatened or endangered because of severe population declines.

          Subsequently, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service appointed a series of recovery

          teams to devise plans for the recovery of specific bald eagle populations. The goal of the

          federal recovery program is to facilitate population recovery to the extent that the species is

          "downlisted" (status changed from endangered to threatened), and working toward complete

          recovery and eventual "delisting" (removal of the species from the list of threatened and

          endangered species).

                 The Chesapeake Bay Bald Eagle Recovery Team completed its first recovery plan in

          1982 (a first revision was completed in 1990). As set forth in the plan, the threshold for

          downlisting is a sustained nesting population of 175-250 pairs, with a productivity rate of 1. 1

          eaglets per active nest. Active efforts to protect suitable nesting, roosting and foraging

          habitat must accompany improved productivity. The present breeding population of bald

          eagles in the Chesapeake Bay is over 300 pairs, with approximately half of these in Virginia,

          hence the population goal delineated in the plan for downlisting has been achieved.

                 In order to achieve the full recovery of the species required for delisting, two

          conditions are specified in the plan: (a) a nesting population of 300-400 bald eagle pairs with

          an average productivity of 1. 1 eaglets per active nest, sustained over 5 years, (2) permanent

          protection of sufficient, nesting habitat to support 300-400 bald eagle pairs, and enough

          roosting habitat to accommodate population levels commensurate with increases throughout





                                                        17









          the Atlantic region resulting from increased productivity. It is hoped that this publication

          will provide land planners with the information and incentive to assist in this endeavor.

                 The ultimate determinant for delisting the Chesapeake Bay bald eagle population will

          be the amount of available and protected habitat. Adequate nesting, foraging, and roosting

          habitat must be available in perpetuity to ensure full recovery of this population. Suitable

          habitat must be identified and evaluated throughout the state. Habitat protection should be

          pursued through all available mechanisms, including landowner cooperation, land easements,

          acquisition incentive programs, and a continuing effort to develop shoreline protection

          strategies through legislation and policy initiatives. It is hoped that this publication will

          provide land planners with the information and incentive to also assist in this endeavor.



























                                                        18










                             BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS IN VIRGINIA


                 In order for a resource to be incorporated into any long-range strategic plan (of any

         level) it is first necessary for the planners involved to have an overview of the resource's

         distribution. We are of the firm belief that counties or other jurisdictions can not plan to

         protect resources or critical lands that they do not know exist. The fact that planners are

         unaware of critical lands is, in part, the reason that money and time is wasted on the

         development of site plans and protracted environmental reviews. The purpose of this section

         is to provide planners with up-to-date information on the distribution of breeding pairs and

         critical lands within their jurisdiction. It should be noted that the information provided

         here represents the state of knowledge through 1994. In order to update this

         information in subsequent years, planners should contact the Virginia Department of

         Game and Inland Fisheries.


         OCCUPIED HABITAT


                 In 1977, the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries initiated an annual,

         aerial survey to locate active bald eagle nests on the coastal plain. This survey has

         documented the recovery of eagles in the state and is the primary database used by regulatory

         agencies when reviewing proposed projects. As the population has begun to recover over the

         past several years, bald eagles have reappeared in many historic locations. Breeding

         territories are now known for 28 counties and 3 cities on the coastal plain (as well as several

         inland counties).

                 Over the past 15 years considerable information has also been compiled on the

         distribution of lands important to non-breeding eagles in Virginia. This includes areas where









          concentrations of birds forage and roost (see Natural History section). Information on these

          locations has not (as a rule) been collected systematically and is therefore of somewhat lower

          quality compared to information on nesting sites. The information that is currently available

          has been compiled from scattered surveys and independent research projects. To date,

          concentration and roost sites have been identified in 10 coastal counties.


                 The map or maps in Appendix I present the current state of knowledge on the

          distribution of breeding territories, concentrated foraging areas, and roost sites in 1994. For

          breeding sites, territories that have been active one or more years between 1990 and 1994 are

          included. The five year time span was used because regulatory agencies generally consider

          five years to be the "period of protection" after a nest becomes inactive. Therefore,

          breeding sites that have been active in the past five years represent those still under

          protection. Locations are presented using relatively coarse resolution to alert planners that

          an activity area is in the general vicinity. If a more exact location is needed, planners should

          contact the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.

          POTENTIAL BREEDING HABITAT


                 In the past, eagle management has, for the most part, followed a passive philosophy.

          Eagle nest trees have been located and protected along with a recommended buffer zone.

          Although we believe that these actions are essential, we also believe that alone they will not

          ensure the persistence of a healthy population in the face of rapid development. The Virginia

          bald eagle population remains in a state of recovery. During the course of this recovery

          phase, habitat remains unoccupied that is both critical to the continued recovery and

          maintenance of the population and is under imminent risk of development. Long-term



                                                       20








         management of eagles within Virginia will require not only protection of existing nest sites

         but also the identification and conservation of future breeding areas.

                 In 1992 the Center for Conservation Biology conducted a comprehensive study to

         develop a statistical model capable of identifying "potential" breeding habitat within the

         coastal plain of Virginia (Watts et al. 1993). The multivariate model constructed is capable

         of delineating lands according to their current value as breeding habitat for bald eagles. In

         1993 the Center in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and

         the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, implemented the habitat model on

         two of Virginia's largest waterways (Watts et al. 1994). Over 4,000 square kilometers of

         land were delineated to a spatial resolution of 400 meters. This included a 100 mile reach of

         the James River and a 75 mile reach of the Rappahannock River.

                The map or maps in Appendix II present habitat suitability values for jurisdictions

         falling within 3 kilometers of the James and Rappahannock River shorelines (and their major

         tributaries). Suitable breeding habitat that is currently unoccupied has no legal protection.

         This information is presented to inform jurisdictions about the location of areas that have the

         potential to provide habitat for breeding eagles and to encourage informed land-use planning.

         For those many lands that fall outside of the areas currently delineated, the model is available

         upon request and may be easily used to delineate other lands.

                                Literature Cited: Eagle Activity Areas Section

         Watts, B. D., M. A. Byrd, and G. E. Kratimenos. 1993. Active land planning for long-term

                bald eagle management within the lower Chesapeake Bay: Phase I: model

         construction. Final Report to Virginia Environmental Endowment. 37pp.



                                                       21









                                     and              1994. Production and Implementation of a

          habitat suitability model for breeding bald eagles in the lower Chesapeake Bay: model

          construction through habitat mapping. Final report to Virginia Department of Game   and

          Inland Fisheries. 63pp.










































                                                      22










                              LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSEBILITY


          REGULATIONS


                 The bald eagle in Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay region is a federally listed

          endangered species (43 FR 6233). In 1940, congress passed the Bald Eagle Protection Act in

          an attempt to protect Bald Eagles from extinction. Several changes have been made in this

          Act to strengthen the law protecting bald and golden eagles and their nests. The current Act

          (16 U.S.C. 668-668c) prohibits anyone from "taking", possessing, selling, purchasing,

          bartering, offering to sell, transporting, exporting, or importing at any time or in any

          manner, any bald or golden eagle, alive or dead, or any part, nest, or egg except as specified

          in the Act.


                 The Act defines "taking" as "to pursue, shoot, shoot at, poison, wound, kill, capture,

          trap, collect, molest or disturb". It is also illegal to possess, sell, purchase or transport any

          bald or golden eagle, dead or alive, or any part, nest or egg of an eagle. A violation of the

          Eagle Protection Act can result in statutory fines of $5,000 to $10,000 or imprisonment for

          1-2 years, or both. When treated as a general misdemeanor, fines up to $100,000 may be

          imposed for the first offense (at the judge's discretion). Multiple offenses may bring fines up

          to $250,000.

                 The Bald Eagle is also protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C.

          701-718h), the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), and Virginia

          Endangered Species law (Code of Va. Sections 29.1-563 --29.1-570), all with restrictions and

          penalties similar to the Bald Eagle Protection Act. In addition, Section 7 of the ESA

          mandates that federal agencies consult with USFWS (or National Marine Fisheries Service



                                                        23








          [NMFS] for marine species) before taking action which may jeopardize the continued

          existence of any federally listed threatened or endangered species, or candidate species. It is

          through Section 7 that most land-use decisions and actions are reviewed to assess the possible

          impacts to bald eagles.

                 It is important to note that if the proposed "downlisting" of the bald eagle in Virginia

          from endangered to threatened status takes place, the legal protection and penalties of all 3

          federal regulations listed above will be unchanged.

          THE REVIEW PROCESS


                 One of the main purposes of this booklet is to encourage regional and local

          governments, including county planning departments, to incorporate bald eagle habitat in

          project into reviews and environmental assessments, hopefully, before projects even reach the

          permit review stage. Failure to consider bald eagle habitat in the planning and design stage

          of a project could lead to delay or rejection of the project at permit review. The VDGIF

          through their Environmental Services Section will review proposed projects, not only from

          regional and local governments but also from private interests, to identify possible impacts on

          bald eagles and other threatened and endangered animals to help guide project design.

                 The VDGIF is the primary wildlife and freshwater fish management agency in the

          Commonwealth, and has legal jurisdiction over state and federally listed endangered and

          threatened species in Virginia, excluding endangered or threatened insects or plants. The

          VDGIF, under Section 6 of the ESA, has a Cooperative Agreement with the USFWS that

          designates VDGIF as the lead agency for the conservation of protected animal species in

          Virginia.



                                                       24









                Under the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, consultation with the USFWS

         and state fish and wildlife agencies is required where the waters of any stream or other body

         of water are proposed or authorized, permitted or licensed to be impounded, diverted or

         otherwise controlled or modified by any agency under a federal permit or license (i.e., U.S.

         Army Corps of Engineers [COE], Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [FERCI).

         Consultation is to be undertaken for the purpose of preventing loss of or damage to wildlife

         resources. The following is a brief discussion of the project review process conducted by the

         USFWS and VDGIF to determine potential impacts to bald eagles.

                COE permits for projects affecting federal waters or wetlands, such as Clean Water

         Act Section 401 and Section 404 permits and permits under Section 10 of the Rivers and

         Harbors Act of 1899, are considered federal actions under the ESA. Whenever a project is

         proposed that may require a COE permit, the COE consults with USFWS and VDGIF to

         determine if the project may impact bald eagles or other endangered or threatened species.

         If a proposed project may affect the bald eagle or other federally listed species, the COE

         requests formal consultation with the USFWS. The result of this consultation is the

         biological opinion of the USFWS.

                COE permit reviews often take place during Joint Permit Application (JPA) reviews

         for all projects affecting federal or state waters or wetlands. The VDGIF reviews JPA

         projects for the Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) (state subaqueous bottoms)

         and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (state waters) to determine possible

         impacts on'bald eagles and other endangered and threatened species. Local Wetlands Boards

         also occasionally request comments from VDGIF on permit applications under review.



                                                      25









                USFWS and VDGIF also provide comments on bald eagle issues to federal agencies

         required to produce Environmental Assessments (EA) or Environmental Impact Statements

         under the National Environmental Policy Act. Federal projects such as Federal Energy

         Regulatory Commission hydropower project licenses and license renewals are subject to

         USFWS and VDGIF review and recommendations concerning project impacts on endangered

         and threatened species.

                The VDEQ will also solicit VDGIF comments on other types of projects that may

         impact bald eagles. Waste management permit applications are often subject to review by

         VDGIF, as are Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. Virginia

         Department of Transportation projects, whether or not they involve federal funding, are also

         subject to VDGIF review for comments on possible impacts to endangered and threatened

         species. Environmental review, including VDGIF comments on wildlife impacts, are also

         required for "Major State Projects", state construction or land acquisition projects in excess

         of $100,000.

                As may be seen, nearly all land-use decisions at the regional and local level will

         result in a review to determine the projects impact on bald eagles and other endangered and

         threatened species. The earlier that bald eagle habitat is considered in the process, and the

         earlier that the VDGIF is called in to comment and advise, the more likely that the

         envirorunentally acceptable project will be designed and approved.










                                                      26








                     Literature Cited: Legal and Management Responsibility Section

         Cline, K. W. 1993. Bald Eagle Nest Management in Virginia: Planning Document. Virginia

               Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Agency Document. Va. Dep. Game and

         Inland Fish., Richmond, Va. 66pp.








































                                                   27










                                           MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES


                  The state and federal regulations that address bald eagles and other threatened and

           endangered species offer little in specific guidance to resolve habitat vs. development

           conflicts. In order to consider bald eagle habitat management and protection in the land-use

           planning process, it is necessary to understand the guidelines used by the regulatory agencies

           during the project and permit review process.

                  The bald eagle management guidelines discussed in this section -- and it is important

           to remember that they are only guidelines, not codified regulations -- have been agreed upon

           for Virginia by the USFWS and VDGIF (Cline 1993). The management guidelines for roost

           and foraging sites, however, have seldom been used and do not necessarily represent an

           agreed upon policy. All of these guidelines should be used as the starting point, or the

           minimum standards, in making management recommendations; or assessing the possible

           impacts of a project on bald eagles or their habitat.

                  These guidelines can be used in your land-use planning process to alert you to

           possible bald eagle/development conflicts, and to help you establish guidelines for land-use

           plan review. Guidelines should remain flexible, however, since VDGIF and USFWS apply

           their guidelines on a case-by-case basis: always consult with VDGIF or USFWS to determine

           if a land-use decision will adversely impact bald eagles or other endangered or threatened

           species.

                  Bald eagles nest sites have traditionally received the most attention by the VDGIF and

           USFWS for protection and management. Habitat requirements and disturbance factors (see

           Natural History section) are well documented, and specific management techniques have been



                                                            28









          used successfully. Other use areas such as roost and foraging sites have received less study,

          but are equally important in management considerations. Locational information for

          important roost and foraging areas is also not as complete as for nest sites (see Bald Eagle

          Activity Areas section).

          NEST SITES


                  Nest site management recommendations are based on management zones around each

          nest to define areas that need protection from habitat alteration and human disturbance (Cline

          1993, Therres et al. 1993). The role of management zones is to 1) preserve the natural

          features that attract eagles to the area, 2) provide alternate use sites such as nest and perch

          trees, 3) incorporate adjacent use areas into one management area, 4) prevent human

          disturbance at nest sites, and 5) to maintain a visual barrier of vegetation between eagles at

          the nest and nearby human activity (Cline 1993).

                  Management zone boundaries are drawn to account for variations in topography,

          vegetative cover, and the eagle's observed response to disturbance. The distances for

          primary and secondary management zones given below should be used to alert you to

          possible adverse impacts on bald eagles for development activities within certain distances of

          a nest. Always consult with the VDGIF or USFWS for recommendations for a specific

          nest site.


                  The USFWS and VDGIF requires protection for both currently occupied nests and old

          nest structures or nest trees that are still standing, as long as an area is determined to still be

          suitable for nesting. If a nest tree is unoccupied for 5 consecutive breeding seasons, the

          management zone restrictions can usually be lifted (Cline 1993).



                                                           29









          PrimaKy Zone - 1) The boundary of this zone is usually set at a minimum of 250 yd (228 m)

          from the nest tree. In this area eagles are most sensitive to disturbance and the greatest

          degree of protection is needed. Land-use changes should be prohibited in this zone

          including: land clearing; clear cutting; mining; and new building, road or trail construction

          (Cline 1993, Therres et al. 1993, Fraser et al. 1985).

          2) Most activities should not be allowed in this during the breeding season from November

          15 to July 15. Outside of the breeding season, July 16 to November 14, some activity is

          possible but should be kept to a minimum: hiking, bird watching, camping, fishing, hunting

          (Cline 1993, Therres et al. 1993, Fraser et al. 1985). Some routine activities such as

          farming and travel on existing roads may also be possible without disturbing the nesting

          eagles.

          3) Timber management should be primarily for the preservation of eagle habitat. This could

          possibly include selective thinning and maintenance of timber stands, outside of the breeding

          season (Cline 1993).

          Secondary Zone - 1) The secondary zone begins at the boundary of the primary zone and

          usually extends out a minimum of 440 yd (402 m) from the nest tree. Major habitat

          changes in this zone could adversely impact nesting eagles including: a) development of new

          commercial and industrial sites, and b) building of multi-story buildings and housing

          developments (Cline 1993, USFWS 1987).

          2) Most other activities are possible in this zone outside of the breeding season. During the

          breeding season, November 15 to July 15, major activities could disturb the nesting eagles --





                                                       30









          activities such as timber cutting, land clearing, building, road or trail construction, and other

          activities that are within sight of the eagles on the nest (Cline 1993, USFWS 1987).

          ROOST SITES


                 There are fewer bald eagle roost sites than nest sites (see Bald Eagle Use Areas

          section), but the protection and management of these areas may be more important to the

          continued recovery of the bald eagle population in Virginia and throughout the East Coast

          (Buehler et al. 1991b, Fraser et al. 1991). Roost sites are also more impermanent than nest

          sites and may be abandoned as the habitat becomes less suitable through natural processes,

          for example the deterioration of dead trees used for perching.

                 The following management zone distances and recommendations, and do not

          necessarily represent USFWS and VDGIF agreed upon policy, but should be considered as

          minimum standards.


          1) Existing bald eagle roosts, and roosts that have been abandoned but are still suitable for

          roosting, may need to be protected by a management zone that extends up to 250 yd (228 rn)

          in all directions from the perimeter of the roost. This area should be closed to timber

          cutting, land clearing and construction to maintain the large trees needed for perching and to

          maintain the buffer of trees between the eagles and the sight of human activities (Cline

          1993).

          2) This area may also need to be closed to most human activities. Even though use of

          certain roost sites is concentrated at certain times of the year, roosts are often used off and

          on throughout the year (Cline 1993, Buehler et al. 1991b, Millsap et al. 1983).





                                                       31










          FEEDING SITES


                 Shorelines frequently used by bald eagles for perching and foraging also need

          protection and are essential to the continued recovery of the bald eagle (Buehler et al. 1991b,

          1991c). The Bald Eagle Use Areas section of this booklet discusses important shoreline

          areas that have been identified by bald eagle researchers.

                 The following managem   ent zone distances and recommendations for foraging sites are

          not as consistently applied as nest site recommendations, and do not necessarily represent

          USFWS and VDGIF agreed upon policy, but should be considered as minimum standards.

          1) A management zone, extending up to 250 yd (228 m) inland from the edge of the

          shoreline perch trees and along the shoreline in either direction from the edge of the perch

          trees, may be needed to protect important foraging areas. Clear cutting, land clearing and

          construction in this zone could cause eagles to abandon the area (Cline 1993, Buehler et al.

          1991b, 1991c). Limits on receational boating in a management zone out from the shoreline

          would also be of benefit in protecting high-use foraging areas. However, there is currently

          no legal mechanism available to localities to establish such a management zone.

          2) The primary forest management in the zone should be to preserve the area for bald eagle

          use. Selective timber harvest may be warranted to maintain and encourage the growth of

          large trees for perching: a) if performed at a time of year when eagles are not present, and

          b) it the screening effect of the woodlot is maintained (Cline 1993, Millsap et al. 1983).










                                                       32








                             Literature Cited: Management Guidelines Section

         Buehler, D. A., T. J. Mersman, J. D. Fraser, and J. K. D. Seeger. 1991b. Nonbreeding

                bald eagle communal and solitary roosting behavior and roost habitat on the Northern

                Chesapeake Bay. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:273-281.

                     5            5            , and             1991c. Effects of human activity

                on bald eagle distribution on the northern Chesapeake Bay. J. Wildl. Manage.

                55:282-290.


         Cline, K. W. 1993. Bald Eagle Nest Management in Virginia: Planning Document. Virginia

                Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Agency Document. Va. Dep. Game and

                Inland Fish., Richmond, Va. 66pp.

         Fraser, J. D., D. A. Buehler, G. D. Therres, and J. K. D. Seeger. 1991. Bald eagle

                (Halieaeetus leucocephalus). Pages 21.1-21.9 in S. L. Funderburk, S. J. Jordan, J.

                A. Mihursky, and D. Riley, eds. Habitat requirements for Chesapeake Bay living

                resources. Dep. Fish and Wildl. Sci., Va. Polytech. Inst. and State Univ.,

                Blacksburg.'

                      L. D. Frenzel, and J. A. Mathisen. 1985. The impact of human activity on

                breeding bald eagles in north-central Minnesota. J. Wildl. Manage. 49:585-592.

         Millsap, B. A., K. W. Cline, and M. J. Gilroy. 1983. Distribution and movements of bald

                eagles on Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Rep. to U.S. Dep.

                Defense, Army Contract DAAD05-82-F-MO21. Aberdeen Proving Ground,

                Aberdeen, Md. 54pp.





                                                    33








          Therres, G. D., M. A. Byrd, and D. S. Bradshaw. 1993. Effects of development on nesting

                 bald eagles: case studies from the Chesapeake Bay. Trans. 58th N. A. Wildl. and

                 Natur. Resour. Conf. p.62-69.

          U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Habitat management guidelines for the bald eagle in

                 the southeast region. Third revision. U.S. Dep. Inter., Fish and Wildl. Serv., Atlanta,

                 Ga. 9pp.





































                                                      34










                                       PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS


                 Bald eagle habitat, as well as other endangered and threatened species habitat, should

          be given a high priority for protection during comprehensive planning, and development

          project reviews at the local level. An objective of "protecting existing bald eagle habitat and

          preserving areas for future bald eagles use" could be one objective within the local

          comprehensive plan. Addressing this objective will go a long way toward reaching other

          natural resource protection goals and objectives such as water quality protection, open space

          preservation, and protection of other significant wildlife habitats. The Virginia Department

          of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) is in the process of developing model language for

          comprehensive plan goals and objectives for bald eagle habitat protection.

                 State and federal endangered species law offers little in specific guidance for habitat

          protection and management. As a result, the current approach to bald eagle habitat

          protection at the local level is probably best described as uncertain, inconsistent and

          inflexible -- all factors that can result in undue hardships to individual landowners.

                 Classifying bald eagle habitat as open space or in another similar, regulated landuse

          category within a comprehensive plan enables the locality to plan for the conservation and

          protection of this endangered species through clear and consistent policies (White 1990).

          Land-use regulation to protect bald eagle habitat should incorporate variances, special-use

          permits, and individual development site plan review to ensure flexibility in the regulations to

          allow for a case-by-case review (White 1990).

                 Addressing bald eagle habitat protection issues at the comprehensive plan level will 1)

          assure that important habitats are identified during resource inventories and placed on land-



                                                       35









          use planning maps, 2) allow bald eagle habitat to be incorporated into overall natural

          resource, open space, and wildlife habitat protection goals and objectives, 3) create more

          uniform application and enforcement of development regulations and restrictions, 4) help

          identify conservation measures and strategies available to accomplish bald eagle and other

          wildlife habitat protection goals.

                 The Local Assistance Manual, published by the Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance

          Department (Ches. Bay Local Assist. Dep. 1989), is an excellent source of information on

          protection of endangered and threatened species habitat during the land-use planning process.

          The manual discusses not only the provisions for water quality protection in the Chesapeake

          Bay Preservation Act, but also discusses other state enabling legislation that allows wildlife

          habitat to be considered in local comprehensive plans and zoning regulations. State law

          enables localities to use their zoning authority to protect open spaces (Code of Virginia

          Section 15.1-486), and to provide for the preservation of "lands of significance to the

          protection of the natural environment" (Code of Virginia Section 15.1-489. State law also

          cites conservation of natural resources as one of the matters to be considered in drawing and

          applying zoning ordinances and districts (Code of Virginia Section 15.1-490) (Moon pers.

          comm.). The legal basis for other land protection strategies such as conservation easements

          is also discussed (e.g., Code of Virginia Title 10.1, Chapters 10.1, 17, and 18).

          BALD EAGLE HABITAT MAPPING


                 Bald eagle nest, roost and foraging areas, both currently used and potential use areas,

          should be overlaid on land use planning maps. Maps are provided in this booklet (see





                                                       36








         Appendix I and II) to provide you with basic information on existing and potential use areas

         in your locality.

                Location information is maintained by the Department of Game and Inland Fisheries'

         Nongame and Endangered Species Program and the Biota of Virginia (BOVA) database, and

         by the Department of Conservation's Natural Heritage Program. The BOVA database may

         also be able to provide digitized location information for localities using digitized Geographic

         Information Systems (GIS). The Nongame and Endangered Species Program will also

         provide localities with information on current and historic eagle use of an area and include

         specific bald eagle management recommendations. As the lead agency in the state for bald

         eagle management, all bald eagle management questions should first be directed to VDGIF.

                Bald eagle use can fluctuate over time, so yearly updating of the bald eagle habitat

         map is recommended. Nest sites area the most closely monitors areas; information on new

         breeding territories, or movement of nests within a breeding territory, are available in the

         spring of each year. Roost sites and foraging areas are less closely monitored and more

         likely to change over time as the surrounding habitat changes.

                Preserving sufficient nest, roost, and foraging areas to support the continued recovery

         of our bald eagle population will depend more on protecting larger areas that include two or

         all three types of use areas, not just small individual sites.

         HABITAT PROTECTION


                The protection of bald eagle habitat should be included in an overall wildlife habitat

         protection plan that includes threatened and endangered plants and animals, wildlife

         corridors, and other significant wildlife habitat. Since bald eagles forage along river



                                                      37








          shorelines, and nest and roost within 1/2 mile of open water and wetlands, bald eagle habitat

          is often located in or immediately adjacent to wetland and riparian areas, areas that may

          already be identified in comprehensive plans as essential for water quality protection.

                  The Chesgpeake Bay Preservation Act - The overlay map of bald eagle nest, roost,

          and foraging sites will help to identify areas that lie within and outside Chesapeake Bay

          Preservation Areas. Bald eagle habitat that lies within Resource Protection Areas (RPA)

          established by local governments to comply with the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act

          receives some protection (Ches. Bay Local Assist. Dep. 1989); land use that is consistent

          with the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act mandate to minimize adverse impacts on water

          quality in the RPA is often also consistent with bald eagle habitat protection. The RPA is an

          important component in a locality's overall strategy for bald eagle habitat protection.

                  The Resource Management Areas (RMA) designation provides little protection. But,

          the Act's General Performance Criteria for both the RPA and RMA that mandates 1) the

          preservation of indigenous vegetation, 2) a development review process, and 3) conservation

          plans for agricultural lands can be used to help ensure that bald eagle habitat conservation

          issues are addressed (Ches. Bay Local Assist. Dep. 1989).

                  Open Space Planning - Bald eagle habitat outside the RPA can be protected as open

          space. Bald eagles tend to use forested areas away from human activity, yet close to breaks

          in the forest such as farm fields or riparian areas (see Natural History Section). Adding bald

          eagle habitat to an open space system will help provide a framework for a wildlife habitat

          corridor system, as well as, farmland and woodland preservation. Regulation of open space

          and RPA that contain bald eagle habitat should take into consideration the management



                                                         38









          recommendations discussed in the Management Guidelines section of this booklet. The

          VDGIF Nongame and Endangered Species Program biologists will work with local land-use

          planning agencies to develop specific recommendations for management of these areas to

          both protect and enhance bald eagle habitat.

                 Since bald eagle nest, roost, and foraging sites are often located adjacent to each

          other, linking bald eagle use areas into wildlife habitat corridors as protected open space will

          help to protect large areas that are likely to contain current, as well as, future habitat.

          CONSERVATION STRATEGIES


                 Once important bald eagle and other wildlife habitat has been identified in the

          comprehensive plan, a variety of conservation strategies, in addition to zoning, can be

          adopted. Land purchase, conservation easements, site plan review of development projects,

          and innovative land planning tools such as cluster development and planned unit

          developments are all conservation strategies that can be used to preserve important wildlife

          habitat (White 1990, (Ches. Bay Local Assist. Dep. 1989).

                 Purchasing La    - Purchasing land may be the best conservation strategy for the most

          important habitats. Purchase may become necessary when other options for conservation of

          an area will cause substantial hardship to individual landowners. After an area is identified

          as a high priority to purchase, several options are available. Local governments can

          purchase property to be added to local parks, natural areas, or open space systems.

          Nonprofit conservation organizations could also be encouraged to buy the property and

          manage it as a natural area preserve, dedicate the property back to the locality for

          management, or dedicate the property to the Virginia Natural Areas Preserves System,



                                                       39








         administered by the Division of Natural Heritage of the Department of Conservation and

         Recreation.


                With increasing shoreline development pressures in the tidewater area, land

         acquisition may be the best, and the most expensive, method to preserve in perpetuity bald

         eagle habitat and other valuable natural features.

                Conservation Easements - Many land uses and activities are consistent with the

         protection of bald eagle habitat. Farming, timber harvest, and recreational activities may all

         be compatible if management recommendations are followed and habitat alteration and

         disturbance factors are kept to a minimum (Cline 1993)(see Management Guidelines Section).

         Conservation easements are a valuable, cost effective, and underutilized tool to protect bald

         eagle habitat from incompatible uses while not restricting other uses of the property.

                Through a conservation easement (also referred to as open space easements) the

         landowner conveys to the donee certain interests in the property, such as development rights,

         while the landowner retains title to the land and all other rights of ownership. In the case of

         a conservation easement to protect bald eagle habitat, the landowner gives up the right to

         develop the land in ways that are inconsistent with habitat preservation (Cline 1993). To the

         extent that a conservation easement limits the uses and development potential of the property,

         the market value of the property will decrease. In most cases the granting of a conservation

         easement constitutes a charitable donation (difference in fair market value of the property

         before and after the easement) and affords the landowner certain tax benefits (Cline 1993,

         Barnett 1989).






                                                       40








                 Localities have a num ber of options available to see that easements are acquired to

          preserve bald eagle habitat and accomplish other natural resource protection goals of a

          comprehensive plan. Local governments and other public resource agencies are authorized to

          accept conservation easements through the Open-Space Land Act of 1966 (Code of Virginia

          Sections 10. 1- 1700 to 1705). The Virginia Outdoors Foundation, VDGIF, and Division of

          Natural Heritage are all state organizations that may accept easements to protect bald eagle

          habitat. Nonprofit conservation organizations such as the Nature Conservancy and

          Chesapeake Bay Foundation also accept easements to protect endangered species habitat

          (Cline 1993, Ches. Bay Local Assist. Dep. 1989).

                 Localities should take advantage of any and all of these conservation agencies and

          organizations to protect bald eagle habitat. Localities should also take advantage of the

          services offered by the VDGIF, Nongame and Endangered Species Program to provide bald

          eagle management plans for conservation easements that have been, or are being considered

          for acquisition.

                 Other Land-Use Planning Tools - There are several effective and innovative tools that

          can be incorporated into land-use regulations to protect bald eagle habitat. Land-use

          regulations that allow for flexibility in development design can be used to protect eagle

          habitat and accomplish other resource protection goals and objectives. Tools such as cluster

          develoments, and Planned Unit Developments can be used to allow development that better

          conforms to the natural features of a site (Ches. Bay Local Assist. Dep. 1989). Clustering

          development on the less environmentally sensitive portions of a site can result in habitat

          protection, while maintaining the overall density of the site. Planned Unit Developments are



                                                       41








          mixed-use developments that also allow for the design and placement of development to

          preserve valuable natural features of a site. Since bald eagle habitat is closely associated

          with other valuable and sensitive natural features, such as wetlands, shorelines, and

          woodlands, allowing these tools to be used for bald eagle habitat protection will result in a

          more environmentally acceptable project.

                  The transfer of development rig ts (TDR) may also be an effective bald eagle habitat

          protection tool, but TDR is currently not available to localities in Virginia; state enabling

          legislation would be required. In a system of development rights transfer, the right to

          develop a parcel may be prohibited, to protect bald eagle habitat for example, but that right

          can be transferred to another parcel where development is considered more appropriate. Net

          density of an area could remain the same while development is clustered in suitable areas and

          valuable habitat is preserved.

          The development site plan review process allows the locality to determine if the landowner

          or developer has considered and incorporated bald eagle habitat protection in the

          development plan. At this stage, the locality also has the opportunity to consult with the

          VDGIF Nongame and Endangered Species Program and Environmental Services Section to

          identify bald eagle and other environmental issues that could impact the project design.

                   Zoning regulations should include requirements that wildlife inventories, in addition

          to other natural resource inventories, be conducted on the properties proposed for

          development; bald eagle and other threatened and endangered species habitat may be

          discovered during the inventory stage. Failure to identify and incorporate bald eagle habitat

          at this initial stage could result in project delays resulting from denial of federal, state or



                                                           42








         local permits (see Legal and Management Responsibility section). The plan review process

         also allows the locality to ensure that the developer is aware of and has incorporated zoning

         restrictions intended to protect eagle habitat, such as building densities or time of year

         restrictions on construction.


                             Literature Cited: Planning Considerations Section

         Barnett, T. 1989. Role of conservation easements in raptor habitat protection. Pages 194-

                196 in Proc. northeast raptor management symposium and workshop. Natl. Wildl.

                Fed., Washington, D.C.

         Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department. 1989. Local assistance manual: a guide for

                the development of local programs in order to comply with the Chesapeake Bay

                Preservation Act. Ches. Bay Local Assist. Dep. Richmond, VA. 449 pp.

         Cline, K. W. 1993. Bald Eagle Nest Management in Virginia: Planning Document.

                Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Agency Document. Va. Dept.

                Game and Inland Fish., Richmond, Va. 66 pp.

         White, D. 1990. Conserving wildlife habitat through comprehensive land-use planning.

                Pages 165-170 in Southeast raptor management symposium and workshop. Natl.

                Wildl. Fed. Washington, D.C.














                                                     43









                            CONSERVATION AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS


           Organization                                  Address                               Phone

           Federal
           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service                Field Office                          804-693-6694
                                                         Ecological Services
                                                         P.O. Box 480
                                                         White Marsh, VA 23183

           U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers                  District Office                       804-441-7650
                                                         803 Front Street
                                                         Norfolk, VA 23510


           State

           Va. Dept. of Game                             Nongame and Endangered                804-367-6913
           and Inland Fisheries                          Species Program
                                                         P.O. Box 11104
                                                         Richmond, VA 23230-1104

                                                         Fish & Wildl.Info. Syst.              804-367-8351
                                                         Biota of Va. Database
                                                         P.O. Box 11104
                                                         Richmond, VA 23230-1104

           Va. Div. of Natural Heritage                  Va. Dept. Conservation                804-786-7951
                                                         and Recreation
                                                         1500 East Main St.
                                                         Suite 312
                                                         Richmond, VA 23219

           Va. Dept. Environ. Quality                    629 East Main St.                     804-762-4000
                                                         Richmond, VA 23219

           Chesapeake Bay                                805 East Broad St.                    800-243-7229
           Local Assistance Dept.                        Suite 701,
                                                         Richmond, VA 23219


           Va. Outdoors Foundation                       221 Governor St.                      804-786-5539
                                                         Richmond, VA 23219






                                                           44









         Nonprorit

         The Chesapeake Bay                    Va. Land Coordinator             804-780-1392
         Foundation, Inc.                      1001 East Main St.
                                               Suite 815
                                               Richmond, VA 23219

         The Nature Conservancy                Virginia Chapter                804-295-6106
                                               1110 Rose Hill Dr.
                                               Suite 200
                                               Charlottesville, VA 22903








































                                                 45



















 4








                                       APPENDIX 1:





         Map or maps of bald eagle activity areas (information through 1994)
                                                                   0






















































                                                46






                                                 BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                         ACCOMACK COUNTY VIRGINIA



                                                                                                                  klzl





                                                                                                                       N
















                                                                                                                              5       0    5     10    15    20 Kilometers


                                                                                                                                2.5   0   2.5 5    7.5  10 Miles

                                                                                                                                0 Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                0 Known Roost Sites
            VA Dept   of Come and Inland Fisheries   -WORK ING           D R A IF T                                             - Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                             BALD              EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS



                                                                    17








                                                                            C1.
                                                                                                                       C     R 0 L I N      E     C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                                                    I R      I N     A


                                                            -o  i n   G r e e n









                                                            2
                                             20
                         --V


                    N                                    301







                                                                                       2.5  0  2.5 5   7.5 10 Kilometers        Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                        HLM        11                        0 Known Roost Sites
          VA Dept. or Came and Inland fisheries    W OR K I  N G    D R A F T          1.5  0  1.5 3   4.5 6 Miles              Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                        BALD EAGLE                                    ACTIVITY AREAS







                                                                                                                                  C  H A R L E Q               C I    T   Y      C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                                                                   V I R      G 1    N   I A
                                      06


                                                                                       155





                                                                                 C     r I e s      t y

















                                                     1.5   0   1.5  3    4.5   6 Kilometers
                                                     I" A S.    1,    '     -                                                                          0 Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                           0   1     2    3     4 Miles                                                                0 Known Roost Sites
             VA Dept. at Came and Inland Fisheries            W  OR K ING          D R A F T                                                           - Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                     BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                                                               C H E S T E R F I E L D C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                   ----------                   V I R G I N 1 A






                                                             SA i  Cr ek








                                                                                                 e        45







                                                                                                                     144




                       N









                                       2     0   2    4    6    8 Kilometers
                                                1   21  3   1 Miles                                                                                Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                0 Known Roost Sites
             VA Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries        -WOR K i N G        D R A F T                                                         - Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                 BALD EAGLE                              ACTIVITY AREAS



                             17



                                                                                                                                  E"I%S[7X           COUNTY
                                                                                                                                        V I R G       I N I A






                                                  -T a     ha n n c'k







                                                           360


                                                                                    0
                                                                              17





                                                                                                                                      2.5   0  2.5  5   7.5  10 KAom0ers

                                                                                                                                       - ---    I            I
                                                                                                                                      1.5   0  j.5 3'   4 t 6 Miles


                                                                                                                                       Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                     0 Known Roost Sites
            VA Dept, of Game and Inland Fisheries     -WOR K I N G       D R A F T                                                   - Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                     BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS





                                                                         49
                                                                                                                                    F       I R F A X              0 U N T Y
                                                                                                                                                 I R G I      N I    A


                                                                                      I Is   Church





                                                                                ------------
                                                             F,   r     x
                                                                                                                      N
                                                                                              A 1,,e an,    i a




                                                                 &.7





                                                               1 3
                                                                                                          2.5    0  2.5  5     7.5  10 Kilometers


                                                                                                           1,5   0  1.5  3    4.5  6 Miles


                                                                                                                                                 0 Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                0 Known Roost Sites
             VA Dept. of Game and inland F;sheries        -WOR K I NG          D R A F T -                                                      - Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS








                                                                                                    G L 0 U C E S T E R                C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                                 V I P G I N         I A



                                                    0 U,    t e












                N




                                                   17
                                                        -.0



                                                                                          2     0  2   4   6    8 K'.Iemelers       Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                            "14-11                               0 Known Roost Sites
           V A D e p Io ICome and Inland F.sheries   WORK INC         D R A F T            1    0 1  2   3  4 Miie,              - Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                                            BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS



                                                                             t

                                4



                                                                                                                                                                              HEN R I C 0                             C 0      U    N T       Y
                                      6
                                                                                                                                                                                           V I R G I               N 1        A
                              'j

                                                                                                                           Oy





                                                                                                                                                       64




                                                                                                                                                                156







                                                                                                          lp                                                                                                 2        0   2             6      8 Kilometers
                                                                                                                ler                                                                                                   0  1     2    3     4 Miles



                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            0 Known Roost Sites
                  V A D e p t    o I G a m e a n d I n I a n d F    s h e r i e s-WORK I NG                     D R A F I                                                                                        Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                      BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS




                                                      -3r'. BU-01
                                                               Bay

                                                                                                                     S L           0 F       W I         H T      C 0 U N T
                                                                                                                                                     'j
                                                                                                                                         I R G     I N I A



                                                     258

                                                       S      0 f   W






                                                  4


                                                                                                                 iN
                                                                                                                                                   2.'   0  2.5 5   7.5 10 Kilometers


                                                                                                                                                   1.-   0 1.5  3   4.5 6 Miles



                                                                                                                                                    Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                 0 Known Roost Sites
             vA Dept. oi   Game and Inland Fisheries      -WOR K I N G         D R A F T                                                         -  Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                     BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS



                                                             0





                                                                                                                    J A M E S C I T Y C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                                                  V I R G I N I A

                                                                                         N





                                James                          31

                                                                                                                              2      0   2    4     6     8 Kilometers


                                                                                                                               1     0  1   2    3   4 Miles


                                                                                                                                          0 Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                          0 Known Roost Sites
             VA Dept. of Game and Inland F;sheTies         W 0 R K I N G      D R A F T                                                      Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                         BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS





                                                                                                 K I N              A N D          Q U E E N              C 0 U N T         Y
                                                                                                                       V I R G I N I A



                                                     14

                                                                     i nLg            u     n
                                                                     o   r        u S e










                                                                                               33


                                                                                                                                       5         0      5        10       15       20 Kilometers
                                                                                                                                         2.5     0     2. 5'  5      7.5    10 Miles



                                                                                                                                                                Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                             0 Known Roost Sites
              V A D e p t o f G a rn e a n d I n I a n d F i s h e r i e s-WOR K I N GD R A F  T                                                             - Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                              BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                   K I N G        G E 0 R G E C 0 U N T Y
                                 V  I R G I N I A






                                                                  2





                                                          K i n 9    e

                                                                                       205
                      0



                                                                              3







                                                                                                                              1.5   0  1.5 3    4.5 6 Kilometers


                                                                                                                              1     0  1    2    3    4 Miles


                                                                                                                                Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                              0 Known Roost Sites
            VA Dept. at Game and Inland Fisheries  -WORK I N G       D R A F T                                                - Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                                                                BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                                                                                                                K I N G W I L L I A M C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                                                                                             V I R G I N I A

                                                                                             C r








                                                                                 30












                                                                                                                                                               n g




                                                                                                                   100
                                            N



                                                                                                                                                                 -t V e                                                                                                2         0    2       4       6       8 Kilometers


                                                                                                                                                                                                           3                                                            1        0   1     2     3      4 Mile




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0 Known Roost Sites
                         VA Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries                                                WOR K I N G                       D R A F T                                                                                                                 Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                        BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS







                                                                                                                           L A N C A S T E R C 0 U N                          T Y
                                                                                                                                         V I R G I N I A

                                                                             an c-a s t   i
                                                       20

                          N                \_550
                                                          35



                                                                                                                                                             Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                          0 Known Roost Sites
                                                                                                                                                          - Concentrated Foraging Areas




                                                                                                                                       Chesapeake
                                                                                                                                             Bay




                                                       1.5  0   1.5 3    4.5  6 Kilometers


                                                       1    0        2    3    4 Miles

               VA Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries          -WORK I N        G    D R A F T






                                                                          BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS







                                                                                                                                                                                            MATHEWS                               COUNTY
                                                                                                                                                                                                         V I R G I              N I A
                                                                                                           C h e s a p e a              e
                                                                                                                      B      y







                                                           /0





                                                                                                                                                                                                   1.5 0 1.5 3               4.5 6 Clometers


                                                                                                                                                                                                           0    1      2      3       4 mites


                                                                                                                                                                                                         Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                                                                     0 Known Roost Sites
                 V A 0 e p t    o     a m e a n d I n I a n d F i s h e r i e s                                                                                                                      - Concentrated Foraging Areas
                                                                               -WORKING DRAFT-






                                                BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS







                                                                           M I D D L E S E X               C 0 U N T Y

                        -5>         17
                                                                                      V I R G I N I A



                      iN                                 S I d a                 R 'i v e r


                                                                                                                                                Chesapeake
                                                                                                                                                       a y


                                          1.5  a  1.5 3   4.5 6 Kilometers                                        t"7k
                                                               If
                                               0  1   2    3   4 Miles                                                                 Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                    0 Known Roost Sites
             VA Dept. ol Game rind inlond Fisher i e   W 0 R K I N G    D R A F T                                                      Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                              N E W K E N T C 0 U N T Y
                                                         VIRGINIA                                                                                         PY







                                                             249
                                                                            N e w K  a










                      N








                               1.5  0  1.5 3 4.5 6 Kilometers

                                    0  1 2 3 4 Miles                                                                                Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                 0 Known Roost Sites
            VA Dept. oi Come ond Inlond Fisheries   -WO R K I N G      D R A F T                                                    Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                                              BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS




                                           co


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                                                                                                      NORTHAMPTO                                         N
                                                                                                                                                                                                           V I R G I N                     I A


                                                                                                           Q5
                                    CQ-))










                                                                                                                                                                                                                     5          to          15          20 Kilometers


                                                                                                                                                                                                Z@5       0        2.5     5         7.5      10 Miles


                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0 Known Roost Sites
                    V A D   p t    o      a m e a n d     n I a n d F i s h e r e s   -WO R K I N G                  D R A F T -                                                                                         Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                                               BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS






                                                                                                                                                                             N 0 R T H U M B E R L A N D                                                  C 0 U N T Y
                                                                              ffl'e a. t       V i                                                                                                        V I R G               I N I A

                                                                           20





                                                                                                                        o R











                                                                                                              2
                                    N



                                                                                                                                       Chesapeake                                                    2      - 0    2      4      6      8 Xilometers
                                                                                                                                                B a y                                                 1       0 1      2     3     4 Miles



                                                                                                                                                                                                        Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                                                                   0 Known Roost Sites
                     V A 0 e p t    o f G a m e a n d I n I a n d F i s h e r i e s      WOR K I N G                 D R A F T -                                                                        Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                                         BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                         P R I N C                         G E 0 R G E C 0 U N T Y
                                                                   V    I R G              N i A




                                                   H 0       w e

















                                                 156










                                              3



                             z@                                                                                                     2       0    2     4      6     8 Kilometers                            Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                     q%    -      I      I     @j     1                                 0 Known Roost Sites
                   V A D e p t - o i C o m e a n d    n I a n d F i s h e r i e s-WOR K I N G                D R A F T -             1      0 1      2    3    4 Miles                                  - Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                              BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                           P R I N C            W I L L I A M C 0 U N T Y
                                                                            V I R G I N I A






                                          66

                                                         2



                         295


                                                  a    ssa sq.@



                               28                         34








                                                             QUO,

                                                                                                                              2.5  0  2.5 5   7.5 10 Kiiometers


                                                                     C                                                        1.5  0  1.5 3   4.5 6Miles
                                                               ,yd
                                                                                                                                Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                              0 Known Roost Sites
            VA Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries   WORK I NG       D R A F T                                                 - Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                    BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                              RICHMOND COUNTY
                                                          V I R G I N I A












                                                           a r s  w







                                                                                 Ole e@









                                                                                                                                            2      0  2    4    6    8 Kilometers


                                                                                                                                                   0 1   2   3   4 Miles




                                                                                                                                               Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                            0 Known Roost Sites
             VA Dept. at Game and Inland F;sheries        WOR K I N G        D R A F T                                                      -  Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                                                       S T A F F 0 R D             C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                V I R G I N I A



                          J-1






                                                             DS    r f 0


                           17     f               C

                     0


                                             95








                                                                                                                                  2     0  2        6   8 Kilometers


                                                                                                                                   1    0 1   2  3   4 Miies




                                                                                                                                     Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                  0 Known Roost Sites
            VA Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries   -WORK I N G        D R A F T                                                     Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                              BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                            S U R R Y C 0 U N T Y
                                                  V I R G I N I A




                                                                     j GM12 S







                                                                                 S












                                                                 31








                                                                                   2    0  2    4   6    8 Kilometers          Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                   1 11 q   1                                0 Known Roost Sites
           VA Dept, of Game and Inland Fisheries  -WO R K I N G      D R A F T      1   0 1   2  3   4 Miles                   Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                       BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                                                 W E S T M 0 R E L A N D C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                   V I R          I N I A



                              205



                                                                     PO  Ort?





                                                                              o n t o s


                                                                                                                  20











                                                                                                                            203




                                  2       0  2     4     6    8 Kilometers
                                          0 1    2    3   4 miles                                                                                       Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                     0 Known Roost Sites
             VA Dept. of Game and Inland Fisheries          -WORK I NG           D R A F T                                                              Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                                                  BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                                                                                 Y 0 R K                    C 0 U N T Y
                                                                                                                        V I R G I N I A

                                                      64


                                                                                        1@1 ff





                                                                                                              238              '-Yorktown
                                                                                                                                                                                                   Chescpeake
                                                                                                                                                R i v                                                        B a y










                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1.5      0   1.5   3      4.5 6 Kilometers


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0   1      2      3       4 Miles




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0 Known Roost Sites
                      V A 0 e   It     i    a m e a n d     n I a n d F i s h e r i e s     WOR K I NG                   D R A F T -                                                                                            Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                         BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                                    NEWPORT NEWS
                                                                           V I R G I N I A








                                                                     4

                                C






                                                                                                                             A %'!I
                                                                                                                                  r








                                                                                                                                                           1.5    0  1.5  3    4.5 6 Kilometers


                                                                                                                                                                  0  1    2     3    4 Miles




                                                                                                                                                              Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                           0 Known Roost Sites
               VA Dept. of Game and Inland F;sheries          -WOR K I N G           0 R A F   T                                                              Concentrated Foraging Areas





                                                  BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                  S U F F 0 L K
                                                V I R G I N I A



                                                                                                                    17










                                                                        @66





















                                                                                                                                                2     0  2    4   6    8 Kdometers

                                                                                                                        r -Afkal-4
                                                                                                                                                 1    0  1  2   3   4 Miles




                                                                                                                                                   Active Breading Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                0 Known Roost Sites
            VA Dept. 0 Game ond Inland F@sheri       es  -WORK I NG           D R A F T                                                         - Concentrated Foraging Areas






                                                             BALD EAGLE ACTIVITY AREAS


                                                                                                 V I R G I N I A                   B E A C H
                                                                                                            V I R G I N I A
                                          Chesapeake                                                                                                                                   t
                                              Bay



































                                                                                                                                                           2.5   0  2.5  5    7.5  10 Gomelers
                                                                                                                                                           I M M

                                                                                                                                                           1.5   0  1.5  3   4.5  6 Miles

                                                               Back
                                                                Bay

                                                                                                                                                              Active Breeding Territories (1990-1994)
                                                                                                                                                          0 Known Roost Sites
               V A D e p to i G a m e a n d I n I a n d Fs h e r i e sW 0R K I NG   D R  A  F T                                                           - Concentrated Foraging Areas

















 I
 I








                                     APPENDIX 11:





        Habitat suitability map or maps (maps produced from 1992 data)























                                              76




      RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER                                                           I
      HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDINC EACLES














                Wall

                      x
                    X.%X            a
            a"    xxx WX xx
          a  .0141 11 on     x on         x
                   x :X41               wx
                         XX 1110          X*
                xx         0  :
          a xx an   man    0  0
          axx   m:=    0.                                       1
                , X  X, :  am     a       0                     a
          a     Lm :xa  a SIX   x xx                            0
                                x =::x
                                     xx
                                  xx


          aa    No         no an a
          t                ana
           a                                                     CD
          390
              am                am
                              mom
                mum                10
                No       an        a
          a     aa         aaa  1131 a    am
                                          an
                                     a a  0   a
                                    as          mma

                                     a a     a
                                             m






            a
          an    0
           an   no a   a
           on     a
          a :a  a     No =1110                     Ri%W
            an 1501    Manama   a
                                "a
                         :,a    mom mama
                       a             mamma   a    a
                        an      man
                                agam mama    mamma
                                             ==mom
                             mamm a          @mm a
                           a         a a  an a   an
                                             amon a

                                                  a
                                             P1



                                                         N    LEGEND
                                                         1    2 Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                             LIM -W                           2 Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                             1    0 1     2  3  4 Miles       6 Ovestionable Habitat
                                                              E3 Usable Habitat
                16@0 1                                        ffigood Habitat



       RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER                                                                   II

        HABITAT SUITABILITY                           FOR BREEDING EAGLES

                                                      0 a   w
                                                   a              a
                         a am             a    an"
                             on            a   ON      -MW
                           a               a   a             an a a         a
                                           .0                         a
                                                           NUNN Eacm        Raw
                                                              no  a an      -as a
                          a                        a      Room a     so     w a
                                                               0               a
                            no                                 on an
                           2


                                                                            a    as
                                       a                                    man
                                 an                                         a no an
                                   .a.                                           ME
                                    0                                        a
                                   an:    M: -m-M,
                                        a Sam                                              a
                                           an    a no                               a
                                               'a am
                                                   a                                     :a
                                                  MR                                     a -as
                                                 am    a          an                         a
                                                             a                           p wool
                                                       a     I                           a 0100%,
                                                        wasoms a                         M.  an
                                                     a         was a
                                                       a      a =an                       Mo

                                                                            'No,            No
                                                                     MENEM
                                                                    am MMMM
                                                                   so. s111110
                                                                man SOONER
                                                                  am:'m     an

                                                                "a           goals
                                                                Nunn         Sam

                                                                            as.
                                                                            now
                                                                            M:M



                                                                            on   0an
                                                                            am
                                                                            on           an
                                                                                         us
                                                                                          an
                                                                               'a
                                                                            a  U011       Room
                                                                                           on
                                                                                           X,
                                                                               a man     an











                                                                  N         LEGEND

                                                                            NUnsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                            8Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                                1         1    2   3   4  Miles             NQuestionable Habitat
                                                                            0 Usublis Habitat
                                                                            N Good Habitat




       RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER

       HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES





















                   M


            man       am
                    a OMEN
           1:0         Ems
            ONE    a
          a owns
         low won
          a     a

           an        an
                   a a
                    a a


                       =a a a a     Ems
                             :am NNE
                                  am No
          a                                Room
                                   10010110    a
                  a                 am
             ME    an
                    a
            a                         am:   1321
             I a                    was
             a


                                                             N     LEGEND
         FQZQ                                                      8 Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                   8 Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                                   0   1   2   3    4 Miles        8 Questionable Habitat
                                                                   0 Usable Habitat
                                                                   8 good Habitat




      RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER                                                  IV

      HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES






       an     man a
       XM:: ME    a
               as         a    A
                           0   no: M
          Mon                  ENE
          am"                   a
        a                      0
               an             ME
        0     MEN    mom      no              0110!
                        WERE            man
                          a
                             :00  No an waso  M:a1M
                              ME
              mummin               no 0       MEN
                 a   a       OEM                      M
                                                   an an
                                               ME       a. an
                           In a  an            a       a an
                           a     an             IN     min -a
                               am -a    a               a    am
                                           an        ME    =.A
                                     NMMM 0              own a
                                     motomm
                                    mjM=MnMM  a  -on       a
                                          an                 ME
                                 a"        mom=
                                  M NIMM                    M 0: an
                                             ME    an         ME A
                                                   man             a
                                                    a
                                                                 'a
                                                    .NNE

                                                        a          an
                                                  a   -man                01
                                                        ME
                                                      =am===             mm
                                                    M:: 0.0              an
                                                   non M                  z
                                                    M MEM                 ME

                                                    mn

                                                     a

                                                          al. so
                                                            a
                                                                   so



                                                                   ME
                                                                  MOM

                                                                   on
                                                                    0 0
                                                                     M


                                                                      a
                                                                      a



                                                                          on





                                                   N    LEGEND

                                                        0 Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                          Lm 0    1                     0 Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                               0 1  2   3   4 Miles     111 Questionable Habitat
                                                        0 Usable Habitat
                                                        19 Good Habitat



       RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER                                                                 v

       HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES




                                     sp
























                                                 9

                                  MIR                                     ::m a

                                                     no                          0 @11
                        am no     10now          0                   .000
                                                                  00
                                   M,                             Z!
                                          a now           a
                                                   wx
                                                         10:
                                                          Is        a            man
                                                                 Emu               :igm, a
                                                               Is an          as      a
                                                                              on:
                                                                                  0     ant
                                                                                        MW





                                                                                   Is

                                                                                    011111












                                                              N     LEGEND
                xv
                                                                    M Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                    8 Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                               1    0 1     2   3   4   Miles       8 questionable Habitat
                                                                    E3 Usable Habitat
                                                                    M Good Habitat



           JAMES RIVER                                                                 I

          HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES


                                       :
                                       man
                                       0 :0

                                             a


                                      a



                                                 4111            a
                                 a   .1111,a                  w:m
                                    am       a                man -a
                                 man       was               am a a a
                       lot       a      a- -                   @Nnom o.      as
                                       N. a               n      REVISION   13::
                                     man                  a:             =:::s11
                                                          0
                                     an                   a
                                 mono            an
                                man              111010
                                a  an           a:=
                            so     am
                          as         a
                           namell                  ON
                           no==              no::
                           a           0 so MEN
                                         ammanumm
                       a  a                 0   'an
                                       No
                           a an        Nano



                                        -a

















                                             eat








                                                          N      LEGEND

                                                                 N Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                 6 Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                               ISO    I                          W Questionable Habitat
                              0.8 0 0.8 1.5 2.3 3 Miles          0 Usable Habitat
                                                                 ElGood Habitat




           JAMES RIVER

           HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES


                                                  CD-

                                                             Chesapeake
                                                                    Bay
























                 SOMME
                   ::M
                         ME
                         on

                     M::w

                           a
                           MENEM
                          ONE 0 M
                          0 MEMES
                                      no







                                                   won       on
                          (b                       MEN
                                                   MEMO
                In                                  MEMO                   tcn
                                                       on               ROCKIG



                      ME


                         :M


                                                                LEGEND
                                                                                        I














                                                                m Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                N Unsuitable (Constr.   2)
                                                                9 Questionable Habitat
                              0.8 0 0.8 1.5 2.3 3 Miles         0 Usable Habitat
                                                                JIGood Habitat



           JAMES RIVER                                                            III

           HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES




                     a a
                                                          a      a
                                               a      "    ,





                                                                    Mons
                                                                  no no-,

                                                                      a

                                                                      a




                    a                                                    Mom
                          :a                  a main                      main
                          mom                  M'11111                    Mason
                       a                    a   mass                      a
                       a'                   a, son IS
                       an Non
                          'a             a
                            MUNN      am           a                n     0
                                         a                            a a..       at
                               a    a

                                        ME
                                          a     a
                                                 11:  no
                                                      man                      a
                                                  a     aa                      a
                                                        a                        aa
                                                                                 a
                                                                                 an
                                                    M:::n

                                                   Mons

                                                  a
                                                  a:
                                                          Burwe I I
                                                  son.      Bay


                                                                  a


                                                              M:M
                                                                           a   a





                                                               man         a
                                                                  a



                                                          N       LEGEND
                                                                                         I












































                                                                  9 Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                  N Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                                                                  10 Quest ionab I a Nab I tat
                              0.8 0 0.8 1.5 2.3 3 Miles           0 Usable Habitat
                                                                  8 Good Habitat




            JAMES RIVER                                                                     IV

           HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES



                                      a       a,
                                   Nunn       a
                                      on      -a   no..

                                     mass              mommum
                                                   ROLE   MEMO
                                                   a a NONE:       an
                                                       a a         on
                              =2130
                              a    soon       2                    WON
                                              MEN  0               ME
                                              a.0
                                              :''01         a      a , am,
                                              a                    a a :::a
                                      MEN     'ra  101110:41       a       an
                                              a    on                      in-Pal
                                                                           a
                                              a        ON                  a
                                                                       100101
                                                   OWES                    10:
                                                   a

                                                       an                  a
                            am                                     :us     a
                          a                                 No
                                                                   a
                  zm=       0.    a No an                   a
                  no       am     a           a                                an
                               a  Run:="                                      no, a
                  a -as 11          111111                                        an
                                 no           0                    an
                  .,.*am   no                 ME                   an      a  8: On
                                              MENEM                MEN     a  a a.=
                                              a                    a          :0 a a
                                              a                    an               a
                                              MEN                  cm         aME
                                              M:: aa               mom             an
                            a                 no                   a                a
                                              an                   :m             on
                         a  man               S. - 0               a   a
                        an    a               aNo:                 0 so
                        a     u:M             N:E:: a
                        a -   a                    a               0: a    a    an
                      mummusum                         am  a       a        mom
                    sommus 0      0                                am
                    =01-10011010 0 so         'moms                            :::::a
                     man MENNEN                        mmommums
                   noun
                  Rooms no      10:
                       0 a on noun
                          Runs       an=      on   so
                      man a         Mason     01   Oman
                      a a-          10011013
                                  a =:21      a        a
                                 OEM 0                                a a soon on no
                               swim,          a
                               Mal            an   as       an an no 0 =:,Mnmm mass
                                    .01       a                     a no       . I ..., I
                                   a a             on  a           'a inuumm: ... man U:M=
                                     as                0           a 'No                a
                                                                   a






                                                                   N   LEGEND

                                                                       N Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                       6 Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                                  1 ELM       1                        2 Questionable Habitat
                                 0.8 0 0.8 1.5 2.3 3 Miles             0 Usable Habitat
                                                                       iiiGood Habitat




              JAMES RIVER                                                                                  v

             HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES















                          ME.  a   'a
                          a 0       a
                                        manna
                                    0          'el,
                                              a
                               saw
                                     an     a.     a

                                                   a
                     1:4110                ON
                                                      a am
                                        a  man
                               0           son           a                             a
                               a
                      =SEEN             a                                  a
                                                         . a
                               a     a now        411010                              so
                        a a                                                      '151010
                               ME                                                     an  a
                     M: -an                a                                an   M.m:N:w
                     2                                      a    a
                                                               was, a            on                   a
                          a                                    OEM=                                Sam
                                                                     0:00                             a
                                                                                                     mid
                       KENN    00:0
                     man       Sao on                               a      am:        'a  a
                     main      a             NO    a as                  am      on I 'a           EMS
                     ,:::,     mamma       Man -   a"                            0 a= a   a
                     In         101010          NNE                      ME
                                                                no ,     an an     a   a
                                        Mau     a a       ::a-
                                        an     a   a           an a                       OEM
                                     ME no            a                                NOME   0
                                                            a                                   ONE
                                                                                                 ME
                                                                                             a  M:M








                                                                         N       LEGEND

                                                                                 0 Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                                 N Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                                                                                 6 Questionable Habitat
                               ff M  0.8 0 0.8 1.5 2.3 3 miles                   0 Usable Habitat
                               K/']                                              IN Good Habitat
                               Li



            JAMES R I VER                                                                  vi

            HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR BREEDING EAGLES
















                                                            a, a




                                                            a- a
                                                            a I mum
                                                            a ME  mumisum:
                                                                 1w: ::a I-fto
                                                                   an man
                                                                   mum An
                                                            710    NONE a                 a
                                                                   Islellam   2           ano
                                                          ::am=               I
                                                                          mam:4           a
                                                                                          a
                                                                                as
                                                            0 0         Sim
                                                                       0 M:M  7:          a
                                                         a  man:  :a      MM-MMM
                                                            MEN               an          MEN
                                                              an's
                                                              a"                ME=
                                                                a monom                   mill
                                                              a    an noun                Nunn
                                                              :a                No momma
                                                                              an
                                                                              0           W

                                                                                          as
                                                            a     a  10010110 mams        aa
                                                                                a         ame
                                                              a   Nunn                    nag
                                                                 a NNMUMMM                0 9
                                                                                          an 0:
                                                                                          am
                                                                                          ::M01
                                                                              mMMMwMMMmM
                                                                              a           man
                                                                              a
                                                                              a           -a
                                                                                          an an
                                                                                          0 a
                                                                                          ::aa
                                                                                          No0
                                                                                an a      z
                                                                                          a

                  f





                                                                      LEGEND

                                                                      8 Unsuitable (Constr. 1)
                                                                      N Unsuitable (Constr. 2)
                                                                      9 Questionable Habitat
                                 0.8 0 0.8 1.5 2.3 3 Miles            E3 Usable Hobi tat
                                                                      GlGood Habitat





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