Biological and natural community analysis of the coastal zone of Kent County, Delaware Submitted to: Delaware Coastal Management Program

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Biological and Natural Community Analyses of the
Coastal Zone of Kent County, Delaware (Task No. 924)

FINAL REPORT

Submitted to:

DELAWAM COASTAL MANAGEMEM PROGRAM

January 1994

Delaware Natural Heritage Inventory
Division of Parks and Recreation
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
89 Kings Hy., Dover, DE 19903 (302) 739-5285

Principle Investigators:

Christopher Heckscher ............ Zoologist
Keith Clancy ......................... CommunityEcologist
William McAvoy .................... Botanist

C@Bio'ogical and Natural Community Analyses of the
astal Zone of Kent County, Delaware (Task No. 924)

FINAL REPORT

Submit ted to:

DELAWARE COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

January 1994

Delaware Natural Heritage Inventory
Division of Parks and Recreation
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
89 Kings Hy., Dover, DE 19903 (302) 739-5285

Principle Investigators:

Christopher Heckscher ............ Zoologist
Keith Clancy ......................... Community Ecologist
William McAvoy .................... Botanist

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..................................... Page 1No.
METHODS .......................................... 1
RESULTS ........................... %.............. 2
Survey sites ............................................. 2
Bennetts Pier Quadrangle .............................. 2
1. Bennetts Pier ................................... 2
2. Big Stone Beach ................................. 4
Bombay Hook Quadrangle ............................... 5
1. Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge ............ 5
Burrsville Quadrangle ................................ 7
1. White Marsh Branch Woods ........................ 7
Dover Quadrangle ..................................... 8
1. Mudstone Branch ................................. 8
A. E. of Kenton RD .............................. 8
B. Near Fork Branch ............................. 12
2. Forest W. of Cheswold ........................... 13
3. Fork Branch W. of Kenton RD ..................... 14
4. Cahoon Branch S of RD 158 ....................... 15
5. Leipsic River Above Garrisons Lake ............... 15
Frederica Quadrangle .................................. 16
1. Milford Neck Ponds E: Pond 2 ..................... 16
2. Milford Neck Ponds E: Blacks Pond ................ 17
Greenwood Quadrangle ................................... 17
Harrington Quadrangle ................................. 18
I. Bright-Haines Glade Forest ....................... 18
Hickman Quadrangle .................................... 19
Kenton Quadrangle ...................................... 19
1. Penrose Branch E. of RD 163 ...................... 19
2. Tappahanna Ditch E. Forest ....................... 19
3. Stillmar Property at Blackiston .................. 20
4. NW of Davis Corners .............................. 21
5. Double Ponds ..................................... 21
6. Jordan Branch .................................... 22
Marydel Quadrangle .................................... 22
1. Woods/Ponds NW` of Chapeltown. ..................... 23.
2. Culbreth Marsh Ditch Pond ........................ 23
3. Sandtown Pond .................................... 23
4. Other Degraded Ponds ............................. 24
5. Forest S. of Culbreth Marsh Ditch ................ 24
6. Choptank River ................................... 24
A. N. Side of RD 211 Bridge ...................... 24
B. S. Side of RD 211 Bridge ...................... 25
C. Clioptank Mills ................................ 26
7. Iron Mine Prong at Norman Wilder Wildlife Area ... 27
Milford Quadrangle ......................... i .......... 27
1. Fishing Branch Marshes ........................... 27
2. Swan Creek at New Wharf/Mispillion River ......... 28
3. Brockenbridge Gut Woods .......................... 29
4. Brockenbridge Gut Powerline R-O-W ................ 29
5. mispillion River at Beaverdam Branch ............. 29

Millington Quadrangle ................................. 30
Mispillion River Quadrangle ........................... 30
1. TNC Preserve at Milford Neck ..................... 30
A. Palustrine Forest ............................. 30
B. Salt Marshes .................................. 31
C. Peninsular Forest ............................. 32
Sudlersville Quadrangle ............................... 32
Wyoming Quadrangle .................................... 32
1. Tidbury Creek Marshes ............................ 32
2. Isaac Branch at Wyoming/Ca-mden ................... 33
3. Hudson Branch .................................... 33
DISCUSSION ................................................ 34
APPENDICES ................................................ 36
Appendix I. Kent County Survey Sites for 1993 ........... 36
Appendix II. Rare Species State Ranking Criteria ........ 37

Comprehensive Biological and Natural Community Analysis of the Coastal Zone of Kent
County, Delaware

INTRODUCTION

The objectives of this project were twofold: (i) to undertake a comprehensive biotic inventory
of Kent County (this included a special emphasis on rare species), and (ii) to assess and describe
the full array of natural communities found within the coastal zone of Kent County, Delaware.
Data collected during this study can then be used in conservation and protection efforts taking
place in the county.

The land use history of Kent County, has led to a patchwork of severely degraded ecosystems
and remnant natural communities. With an ever expanding population base and intensive land
use activities, the need to identify those outstanding natural communities and rare species' sites
remaining in the county is imperative. The Delaware Natural Heritage Inventory (DNHI) is a
statewide program directed at identifying those species and natural communities of concern.
DNHI believes that future land use practices should consider the preservation of our most
valuable remaining ecosystems. This report summarizes the results of field surveys undertaken
in Kent County during 1993 to identify remaining examples of outstanding or intact natural
communities and habitats that support rare species. Brief mention will also be made of surveys
and significant discoveries prior to 1992.

Initially, this project focused on survey work in one type of ecological habitat: the coastal plain
pond community (or Delmarva Bay). Delmarva Bays are a significant ecological and geological
entity in Delaware. Their origin is uncertain and many, previously studied Delaware ponds,
contain an assemblage of rare species not generally found elsewhere in Delaware. A subset of
ponds throughout Kent County were selected for inventory. Field surveys of this subset proved
that many were highly degraded. In view of that discovery, the inventory work was expanded
to include all intact habitats (including ponds) throughout Kent County.

This report includes information on locations, and discoveries of Federally listed or candidate
species, state rare species, and an assessment of natural communities surveyed throughout the
county during 1993. Discoveries made prior to 1993 are briefly mentioned.

Methods

Preliminary work involved reviewing the DNIR database for information from previously
conducted field work in Kent County; these data were then used as an aid in selecting sites to
field survey during the 1993 field season. In addition, potential inventory sites were also
identified by reviewing United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps for Kent
County and by reviewing recent color infrared (CIR) and true color aerial photography for the
county. A subset of these sites were then field-inspected to determine the degree of habitat
quality, the presence of rare species and to determine overall biodiversity. Although several sites
were visited on more than one occasion by DNH1 biologists, additional survey work is needed

(see ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS below) to adequately determine species richness and
community structure. Data for each site were recorded onto field forms; these data included
habitat descriptions (including notes on relative quality), community assessment, and presence
of rare, as well as common, species.

Assessments and descriptions of natural communities were made by recording species
composifions at each site, and determirting the dominant spmies present for the tree, shrub, and
herb strata. In those habitats that were deemed to be of sufficient quality, one or more plots (of
varying sizes) were established and each species' percent cover value was estimated. Names
applied to the natural communities described in this report, utilize the scientific names of one
or more dominant species; after each "technical" natural community name is a more general
name.

RESULTS

Natural Heritage biologists undertook biotic surveys in a variety of habitats throughout Kent
County (see Kent County map insert; sites are described below). Surveys were undertaken in
Palustrine and Estuarine wetland habitats which included hardwood swamp forests, Coastal Plain
ponds, fresh-tidal and non-tidal marshes, brackish and salt marshes and terrestrial hardwood
forests. Although attempts were made to concentrate survey efforts on those natural communities
that were intact and of high quality, in fact, many sites surveyed were of very poor quality and
highly degraded. Natural communities are classified (i.e. named and described) based on their
dominant vegetation. Zoological and botanical inventory focused on state. rare species (some
common species are mentioned where deemed appropriate). Brief descriptions of the habitats that
were surveyed (by USGS Quadrangle) and information on any rare zoologicallbotanical
discoveries are presented below. In addition, property ownership and protection status are listed
for each site surveyed, as well as additional survey needs. Apparent threats which might degrade
the ecological quality of each site are noted where appropriate. State rare species or notable
species of concern are listed with respective state ranks and are printed in bold within the site
descriptions. Locational maps for all sites surveyed are provided (Appendix 1). The Delaware
Natural Heritage Inventory's criteria for state ranking of species are also provided (Appendix
11). Data collected prior to 1993, are briefly discussed at the end of each quadrangle.

Survey Sites

Bennetts PLer-Quadranele

(1) Bennetts Pier Salt Marshes/Dunes/Beaches (Fig. 1):

SITE DESCRIUMON: The Bennetts Pier area contains relatively pristine saltmarsh habitat
bordered by upland forests and agricultural fields to the west and the Delaware Bay to the east.
The saltmarsh is dominated by saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Less common species
found in these marshes include the following: saltwort (Saliconda Wrginica), salt hay (Spartina
patens), spike grass (Distichlis spicata) and sea spear (Atriplew patula). In addition, high marsh

species such as hightide bush (Iva fivescens) and groundsel bush (Bacchafis halwnifolia) are
found scattered throughout the marsh.

The Delaware Bayshore is recognized as a globally significant feeding area for migratory
shorebirds. These birds congregate along the shorelines to feed on horseshoe crab eggs which
have been deposited in the sand. Protection of migratory shorebird feeding areas will lie in
protecting existing, pristine, horseshoe crab breeding areas, such as Bennetts Pier beach. Aerial
flights conducted annually by the Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, have shown consistent
shorebird use of this shoreline during the third week in May. In addition, this area is a
significant foraging site for Laughing Gufls, Larus aricil!4 (S3B) and Snowy Egrets, Egrelta
thula (SIB).

'During the course of inventory work, several Seaside Sparrows, Ammodramus ma d1imus (S3)
were observed within the saltmarsh. It should be noted that a pair of Black Skimmers,
Rynchops niger (SIB) were observed here on one occasion. Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus
(SIB, S3N) were observed in these marshes in huge numbers during the migratory months
(September/October and March/April). These marshes likely provide important foraging terrain
for harriers as they move seasonally through the Delaware Bay coast. However, there is
potential that these marshes may provide future foraging and nesting sites for resident harriers.
The large expanse of high quality marsh, seems to be ideal habitat for these open country
raptors.

NATURAL COMMUNMEES: 'Ibis site consists of a mosaic of natural community types, of
which the cordgrass saltmarsh is the most abundant. Good to excellent quality.

E Sparrina afterniflom Salt Marsh [cordgrass saft marsh], forms an extensive, nearly
monospecific community of cordgrass. It is found in the low marsh where the vegetation is
inundated on a daily basis by tides. Other species present, but generally as scattered individuals
include Salicomia virginica (glasswort) and Atriplex patuld (spearscale). This marsh occurs
behind the narrow barrier beach that separates it from the Delaware Bay. Daily tidal exchange
occurs through the Brockenbridge Gut inlet to the north, via a main channel that bissects the
marsh and is parallel to the shoreline. In addition, numerous mosquito ditches are present; these
occur at regular intervals and run perpendicular to the main channel. The cordgrass salt marsh
is relatively homogeneous on the north side of RD 122, and more heterogeneous on the south
side. The cordgrass occurs in two forms: (1) the taU form which, typically, is found in lower
portions of the marsh (e.g. closer to the water, or along sides of tidal ditches), and (2) the short
form which dominates the broad marsh between the mosquito ditches.

0 Spaylina patens-Distichlis spicata High Marsh [salt hay-spike grass salt marsh; salt
meadow marsh]. This community occurs as small inclusions within the cordgrass marsh. In
some places, D. spicata may be lacking, or conversely, may be found in pure stands. This
community is found more landward or in "higher" areas of the marsh with a greater tidal
amplitude. Juncus gerardi (black grass) and the short form of S. altemiflora may occur
intermixed in this community.

Bacchafis halamifolia-Iva frutescens Scrub-Shrub Marsh [groundsel tree-high tide bush
marsh; salt bush-saft meadow marsh]. This community occurs near the upland edge of the salt
marsh, often forming a distinct narrow or wide zone separating the high marsh from the upland
vegetation. It also occurs within the Spartina marshes, particularly along the levees of the
ditches. It also appears to be more abundant on the south side of RD 122. Other species
frequently encountered in this community include: Distichlis spicata, Hibiscus moscheutos,
Panicuin virgatwn, Phragmites australis, and Spartina spp.

Other Natural Communities at this site include:

(a) tidal pools/salt pannes (either are permanent bodies of water or are regularly
exposed. Tidal pools typically lack vascular plants but may contain Ruppia matitima (ditch grass)
and various macro-algal species. Salt pannes are rather harsh habitats that may accumulate salt
deposits and are generally devoid of vegetation; occasional individuals of Salicornia spp. and
Spartina spp. may be present.

(b) pine-red maple scrub thickets occur as small, scattered "islands" in the marsh and,
characteristically, are dense thickets that may contain Acer rubrwn, Pinus taeda, Liquidambar
styraciflua, Prunus serotina, Toxicodendron radicans, Myfica cerifera, and Rhus copallina,
among others.

0 Coastal Dunes [sand dunes] occur as a very narrow strip between the salt marshes and the
beaches along the Delaware Bay. Species found in these dunes include the following: Ammophila
breviligulata (beach grass), Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod), Spartina patens (salt
hay), Phragmites australis (common reed), C@perus spp. (galingale), and Panicwn virgatunt
(switch-grass). Cakile edentulata (sea-rocket), Euphorbia polygonifiblia (seaside spurge), and
Salsola kali (saltwort) may be found in the foredunes, (or upper beach zone).

0 Bay Beaches at this site are comprised of coarse sands and peebles and are generally devoid
of vegetation. This beach supports a diversity of invertebrates, is a prime spawning site for the
horseshoe crab, and is an important feeding site for a number of migratory shorbirds (e.g. ruddy
turnstones, dunlins, sanderlings, and semi-palmated sandpipers).

ONVNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

THREATS: Shoreline development.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: A breeding bird inventory should be undertaken, and
efforts should be made to determine the presence of any rare Lepodopteran species utilizing this
system.

(2) Big Stone Beach (Fig. 2):

SITE DESCRIPTION: South of the town of Big Stone Beach, occurs a long narrow stretch of

Delaware Bay beachfront. Like Bennetts Pier, this is an important horseshoe crab spawning site,
and in turn attracts thousands of shorebirds during the peak period of horseshoe crab spawning.
Species observed feeding here include: laughing Gull, Larus atriciffa (S3B); Common Tern,
Sterna hirundo (S1B, S3N); Dunlin, Calidris alpina (S3T); Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria
interpres (M); and Red Knot, Calidtis canutus (S31). Annual aerial surveys conducted by
the Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, consistently show high use by ruddy turnstones and
red knots during the third week in May.

The foredunes contain scattered individuals of sea-rocket (Cakile edentula), while the narrow
dunes immediately adjacent are dominated by beach grass (Ammophila breviligulata) and seaside
goldenrod (Solidago sempertdrens). A scrub-shrub thicket is situated between the dunes and an
extensive Sparrina alterniflora dominated saltmarsh.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: The habitats present at this site are, in essence, an extension of
those located at Bennetts Pier (Fig. 1). Moderate quality.

a Coastal Dunes [sand dunes]. See description for Bennetts Pier (above).

N Bay Beaches. See description for Bennetts Pier (above).

OWNERSHIEP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

TEMEATS: Shoreline development.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: This stretch of beach should be inventoried in June for the
presence of breeding birds. Emphasis should be on the beachfront area and adjacent wetlands
south of the town of Big Stone Beach. Detailed inventories also need to be conducted for rare
plants, particularly in the dune areas.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Only a limited amount of survey work was done previously,
and only one state species of special concern had been identified: Joorls sedge, Carex joorff
(S2). Quantified data on natural communities for Bennetts Pier Quadrangle is also lacking. A
small forested area was previously surveyed and its natural community characterized: a Quercus
spp.-Pinus taedalLeucothoe racemosa Floodplain Forest [mixed oak-pine/fefterbush forest].

Bombay Hook Qu

(1) Bombgy Hook National Wildlife Refuee ("Finis Woods") (Fig. 3):

SITE DESCRIPTION: In the Piedmont Physiographic province of Delaware, moist, loamy soils
high in nutrients and organic matter are typically found. These "rich woods" often support a
characteristic flora, typically found only on the Piedmont. Delaware's Coastal Plain soils have
a high percentage of sand and are not as rich in organic matter as soils found in the Piedmont.
As a result, a flora quite different from the Piedmont is found. However, rich woods areas can

also be infrequently found on the Coastal Plain. These are described here as being Coastal Plain
"rich wood pockets." When occurring in dense stands, may-apple (Podophyllwn peltatum)
appears to be a good indicator of this habitat type. Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), can
also be an indicator of Coastal Plain rich woods, but to a lesser extent than may-apple. An
excellent example of this community type has been identified in the "Finis Woods" area at
Bombay Hook.

Finis Woods is the name given to an area of fragmented woodlands which is dissected by refuge
roads, crop lands, impoundments and wetlands. An association of mixed hardwoods defines the
community structure of Finis Woods, with seral stages ranging from second growth to old
growth.

The rare yellow passion-flower, Passiflora lutea (SI) was discovered within these woodS. Only
two other sites for this species are known in Delaware. The following plant species were also
recorded in the Finis Woods area of Bombay Hook NWR. State ranks are given if species is of
special state concern, and comments are also given from Robert Tatnall's 1946 Flora of
Delaware and the Eastern Shore:

State
Scientific Name Rank Comments

Anemonella thalictroides (infrequent on the Coastal Plain)
Carex retroflexa S2 (infrequent in woods of the Piedmont)
Omicifuga racemosa (rare on the Coastal Plain)
Orcaea quadrisulcata (common on the Piedmont, less frequent on the Coastal Plain)
Oaytonia virginica (common in the northern portion of the state, rare southward)
Collinsonia canadensis (common in the Piedmont, local on the Coastal Plain)
Cryptotaenia canadensis (rare on the Coastal Plain)
Dentaria laciniata (common in New Castle Co., rare southward)
"earis pectabilis S3 (only two collections on the Coastal Plain)
Geranium maculatum (common in New Castle Co., rare further south)
Lysimachia ciliata (frequent in northern New Castle CO, rare southward)
Osmund4 claytoniana S3 (frequent in the Piedmont, rare on the CoasW Plain)
Oxalis violacea S3 (infrequent on the Coastal Plain)
Phegopteris hexagonoptera (frequent in the Piedmont, less common on the Coastal Plain)
Podophyflum peltatum (common on the Piedmont, infrequent southward)
Polystichum acrostichoides (common in the northern portion, rarer southward)
Sanguinaria canadensis (infrequent to rare on the Coastal Plain)
Scutellaria eHiptica S3 (frequent in New Castle Co., apparently rare farther south)
Uvularia perfoliata (common on the Piedmont, becoming rare southward)
VwIa brWoniana S3

The potential remains for additional rare species to be located at Finis Woods.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Excellent quality, particularly considering the Piedmont-like
characteristics of the poplar-oak/may apple community.

Liriodendron tulipifera-Quercus spp.lftdophyllum peltatum Mesic Forest [tulip poplar-

mixed oak mesic forest]. A "rich woods" characterized by an assemblage of species more
commonly found on the Piedmont. Tulip poplar is the dominant canopy species, with lesser
amounts of oaks (Q. alba, Q. falcata, Q. prinus, Q. rubra). Fagus grandifolia (beech), and
Carya spp. (hickories) are also present. The shrub layer is relatively sparse, while the
herbaceous layer is quite diverse and is dominated by Podophyllum peltatum (may-apple).

E Quercus pheUoslClethra alnifolia Swamp Forest [willow oak/sweet pepperbush swamp)
occurs as small inclusions, or at the edge of the tulip poplar-mixed oak mesic forest; it is located
in low swamp areas adjacent to or in the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge. In addition
to the willow oak and the sweet pepperbush, other common species include Q. palustris, Q.
falcata, Rhododendron Wscosum, Viburnum dentatum var, lucidum, Acer rubnon, Liquidwnbar
styraciflua, Arisaema triphyllum, Mitchella repens, Carex spp., and 7helypteris palustris.

OWNERSIMPROTECTION STATUS: Federal (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)/protected.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Very limited, although the Federally Endangered (LE) Bald
Eagle, Haliaeetus kucocephalus (SIB), and the green tree frog, Hyla cinerea (S3) were
previously discovered in or near Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge.

Burrsville Quadrangle

(1) White Marsh Branch Woods (Mg. 4):

SITE DESCREMON: A relatively poor quality, and narrow, hardwood swamp forest
dominated by red maple (Acer rubnon). The understory consists of such widespread species as
lizard's tail (Saururus cernuus), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), jewel weed (Impatiens
capensis), viburnum (Viburnum recognitum), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and buttonbush
@Cephalanthus occidentalis). Alsol weedy species such as japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera
Japonica), trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and
pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) are abundant. There is very little upland forested buffer
adjacent to this habitat. No rare species were observed in this wetland, although several rare
sedges; false hop sedge, Carex lapuliformis (Sl); and N11tcheWs sedge, Carex mitchefflana
(Sl) were previously discovered in the adjacent roadside ditch.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Poor quality.

0 Acer rubrum Swamp Forest [red maple swamp]. See Site Description (above). Poor quality
natural community.

OWNERSHIEP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: No zoological inventories were undertaken here. There
is some potential for rare amphibians to occur at this site.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Very limited. Several state rare species were previously
identified from the Burrsville Quadrangle: e.g., Barratt's sedge, Carex barrattii (S3); large
sedge, C. gigantea (S3); false hop sedge, C. 1upuliformis (S1); Mitchell's sedge, C.
michelliana (S1); Elliott's gentian, Gentiana catesbaei (2); humped bladderwort, Utricularia
gibba (S2); and the mud sunfish, Acantharchus pomods (S2).

Dover Quadrangle

(1) Mudstone Branch (Fig. 5):

Site A. East of Kenton Rd.:

SUE DESCRIPTION: This branch consists of a relatively pristine stream (including natural
beaver ponds) with a sandy bottom, surrounded by hardwood upland forested slopes (the
terrestrial forest on the north side consists of old growth hardwoods nearly 150 years old).
Several extensive surveys were undertaken at this site in 1991; the following species, including
several rare species, were observed at that time:

PARTIAL SPECIES LIST FOR THE MUDSTONE BRANCH OLD GROWTH FOREST AND WETLAND
NATURAL COMMUNITIES

RARE PLANT SPECIES PRESENT:
(see attached ranking definitions)

0uercus bicolor Swamp white oak S3
Ranunculus ambigens* Water plantain S1
spearwort (buttercup)
Scutellaria elliptica Hairy skullcap S3

* was ranked SH previous to discovery at this site; last collected in 1909

Upland Plant Specie :

Acer rubrum Red maple
Amelanchier arborea Service berry
Aralia nudicaulis Wild sarsaparilla
Asplenium platyneuron Ebony spleenwort
Aureolaria virginica Downy false foxglove
Botrychium Virginiana Rattlesnake fern
Campsis radicans Trumpet creeper
Carex laxiculmis A sedge
Carex sp. A sedge
Carpinus carolinianus Hornbeam
Carya glabra Pignut hickory
Castanea dentata American chestnut
Chimaphila maculata Wintergreen
Circaea quadrisulcata Enchanter's nightshade
Cornus florida Flowering dogwood
Cypripedium acaule Pink ladie's slipper

Dioscorea villosa Wild yam
Epifagus virginiana Beech drops
Euonymus americanus Burning/strawberry bush
Fagus grandifolia American beech
Galium circaezans Bedstraw
Goodyera pubescens Rattlesnake plantain
Rex opaca American holly
Lindera benzoin Spicebush
Liquidamber styraciflua Sweet gum
Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip poplar
Lonicera japonica Honeysuckle
Lycopodium digitatum Running pine
Lycopodium lucidulum Shinning clubmoss
Lycopodium obscurum Ground pine
Medeola virginiana Cucumber root
Mitchella repens Partridge berry
Parthenocissus quinquefolius Virginia creeper
Pinus taeda Loblolly pine
Pinus virginiana Virginia pine
Podophyllum peltatum May apple
Polygonatum biflorum Solomon's seal
Prunus serotina Wild black cherry
Quercus alba White oak
Quercus falcata S. red oak
Quercus michauxii Swamp chestnut oak
Quercus rubra Red oak
Quercus stellata Post oak
Ranunculus sp. Buttercup
Sassafras albidum Sassafras
Scutellaria elliptica Hairy skullcap
Smilacina racemosa False solomon's seal
Smilax rotundifolia Greenbrier
Tipularia discolor Cranefly orchid
Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush blueberry
Vaccinium spp. Blueberries
Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaf arrow wood
Viburnum recognition Arrow wood
Viola sp. Violet
Woodwardia areolata Netted chain-fern

WETLAND SPECIES:

Acer rubrum Red maple
Alisma subcordatum Water plantain
Apios americana Wild bean
Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit
Athyrium filix-femina Lady fern
Betula nigra River birch
Boehmeria cylindrica False neetle
Callitriche heterophylla Water starwort
Carex crinita A sedge
Carex debilis A sedge
Carex intumescens A sedge

Carex stricta A sedge
Clethra alnifolia Sweet pepperbush
Cornus amomium Silky dogwood
Cuscuta cf. gronovii Dodder
Dioscorea villosa Wild yam
Fraxinus pensylvanica Green ash
Geum sp. Avens
Glyceria septentrionalis A manna grass
Gratiola virginiana Hedge hyssop
Ilex glabra Inkberry
Ilex laevigata Smooth winterberry
Impatiens capensis Jewelweed
Iris sp. Blue flag
Lemna sp. Duckweed
Leersia oryzoides Rice cut-grass
Leucothoe racemosa Fetter bush
Lindernia dubia Lindernia
Liquidamber styraciflua Sweet gum
Ludwigia palustris Marsh purslane
Lycopus sp. Water horehound
Mikania scandens Climbing hempweed
Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern
Osmunda regalis Royal fern
Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon fern
Peltandra virginica Arrow arum
Polygonum hydropiperoides Water smartweed
Polygonum arifoliun Tear thumb
Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern
Pontedaria cordata Pickerelweed
Potamogeton sp. Pondweed
Quercus bicolor Swamp white oak
Quercus phellos Willow oak
Ranunculus ambigens Water plantain spearwort
Rubus sp. Blackberry
Salix nigra Black willow
Saururus cernuus Lizard's tail
Sium suave Water parsnip
Smilax rotundifolia Greenbrier
Symplocarpus foetidus Skunk cabbage
Thelypteris palusris Marsh fern
Urtica sp. Stinging nettle
Viburnun recognitun Arrow wood
Woodwardia areolata Netted chain-fern
Woodwardia virinica Virginia chain-fern

Amphibians and Reptiles* (with State Ranks)

Eastern Tiger Salamander S2
Eastern King Snake S2
Green Treefrog S3
Spotted Turtle S3
Wood Frog S4
Redback Salamander S5

Northern Cricket Frog S5
Northern Spring Peeper S5
Bullfrog S5
Green Frog S5
Eastern Box Turtle S5
Five-lined Skink S5
Northern Black Racer S5
Eastern Garter Snake S5

* Additional surveys may reveal more species; weather conditions, time of day, and seasons of the year affect survey
results.

Birds (rare species present)

Great Blue Heron S2B
Cooper's Hawk SlB
Broad-winged Hawk S2B
Barred Owl S3
Black-billed Cuckoo S2B
Pileated Woodpecker S3 (but rare in Kent CO.)
White-breasted Nuthatch S2B

AirLs (other species observed; taxonomic order; most probably breeding)

American Black Duck American Crow
Mallard Fish Crow
Wood Duck Bluejay
Northern Bobwhite Carolina Chickadee
Red-Tailed Hawk House Wren
Turkey Vulture Carolina Wren
Black Vulture Gray Catbird
Great Horned Owl American Robin
Screech Owl Veery
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Wood Thrush
Whip-poor-will Cedar Waxwing
Belted Kingfisher Red-eyed Vireo
Northern Flicker Black and White Warbler
Hairy Woodpecker Common Yellowthroat
Downy Woodpecker Louisiana Waterthrush
Eastern Kingbird Red-winged Blackbird
Great-crested Flycatcher Brown-headed Catbird
Eastern Phoebee Common Grackle
Eastern Pewee Northern Oriole
Acadian Flycatcher Orchard Oriole
Scarlet Tanager
Northern Cardinal
Purple Finch
American Goldfinch
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Rufous-sided Towhee
White-throated Sparrow

n.b. many species of warblers were present, but due to time constraints these were not identified to species; future field

work should be conducted during the summer months, and especially during the fall and spring migrations (these wetlands
and upland forest provide one of the best stopover points for migratory birds in central Delaware)

NATURAL C0AIMUNffM: Excellent quality old growth forest and wetlands.

0 Fagus gmndifolia-Lbiodendron tulipifem-Liquidambar stymciflua Mesic Forest [beech-
poplar-sweet gum Forest]. An excellent 'old growth' forest occurs along the Mudstone Branch.
The canopy and sub-canopy trees consist of primarily beech-poplar-sweet gum; the oldest
measure more than 100' in height and are nearly 150 years old. This is one of the finest known
examples of mature upland forest on Delaware's Coastal Plain.

The surrounding upland communities include several extensive low-lying Clethra-dominated
thickets. In addition, portions of the site contain younger, recently cut-over woods. The natural
communities in the wetlands of Mudstone Branch were not decribed.

OWNERSHIENFROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection; proposed for
development.

ATS: The majority of the upland portion of this site is being planned for development
(though plans appear to be currently on-hold). If development takes place as planned, and most
of the upland forest is removed, there could be extreme consequences to the quality of the
adjacent wetlands and waters of the Mudstone Branch, not to mention a loss of a significant old
growth forest tract.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Additional biotic surveys are needed at this site,
particularly on the south side of the creek and towards its confluence with Fork Branch. A
breeding bird survey should be conducted in May and June to determine the presence of any
species of special concern in the upland forested area, as well. as the wetland portions of this
tributary. Potential exists for the occurrence of additional state rarities, due to the unique
nature of these mature forests.

Site B. Near confluence with Fork Branch:

The Palustrine floodplain forest on the north side of the Mudstone Branch was surveyed on 2
June 1993 (8 acres of this property has been acquired by the State's Land Protection Office).
The swamp forest is a red maple-green ash dominated community with a relatively diverse
understory. Species composition of the understory and the presence of weedy species are
indicative of historic disturbance. A new subdivision is being constructed presently on the north
side; several stormwater drains have been installed on the upper slopes above this wetland (See
THREATS below).

Common species of the understory include: poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), trumpet-
creeper (Campsis radicans), virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), greenbriar (Smilax
rotundifolia), lizard's tail (Saururus cemuus), false nettle (Boehmefia cylindrica), jewel-weed

(Impatiens capensis), sedges (Carex lurida, C. crinita, and C. stipata), waterparsnip (Sium.
suave), whitegrass (Leersia virginica), viburnum (Viburnwn dentatwn var. lucidum), swamp
mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos [near stream]), arrowhead (Sagittafia latifolia), hempweed
(Mikania scandens), reed grass (Calamagrostis sp.), fetter bush (Itea virginica), sweet
pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia), madder (Galiwn triflonan), and smartweed (Polygonwn
afifolium), to name a few.

A species of dragonfly, Hagenius brevistylus (Sl), was discovered here on 15 May 1993. This
represents a new Kent County record. This species is dependent on pristine streams with high
water quality and a sandy substrate (a recent study of stream quality throughout Delaware,
performed by DNREC, showed that the Mudstone has one of the highest water qualities of any
stream sampled). Great Blue Herons, Ardea herodias (S2B), were observed using the marshy
areas of this tributary for feeding and resting. There is potential that these birds are nesting in
the swampy regions of this tributary. In addition, a Broad-winged Hawk, Buteo Patypterus
(S2) nest was discovered here in 1992, as well as the presence of a Barred Owl, Strix varia
(S3) in 1993.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Moderate quality.

a Acer rubrum-Fraxinus pensylvanica Swamp Forest (red maple-ash swamp]. A relatively
diverse, but also disturbed, swamp forest along the Fork Branch dominated by maple and ash.

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Most of this site is privately owned, although the
State of Delaware owns an eight acre tract here/pardal protection, though adjacent development
may have long-term impact to wetlands quality.

11111EATS: Stormwater run-off may seriously impact natural communities and water quality as
run-off from storms is directed into wetland.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Additional biotic surveys are needed at this site, on the
south side of the creek and towards the Fork Branch confluence. A breeding bird survey should
be conducted in May and June to determine the presence of any species of special concern.
Potential exists for the occurrence of state rarities.

(2) Forest West of Cheswold (Fig. 6):

SITE DESCRIPTION: This palustrine, mixed second growth hardwood forest (nearing
maturity) contains a single Coastal Plain pond (Category I wetland) of relatively good quality.
The Palustrine forest is diverse with the following species common: white oak (Quercus alba),
spanish oak (Quercus falcata), swamp oak (Quercus michauxii), american beech (Fagus
grandifolia), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), sweet gum (Liquidwnbar styraciflua), black
gum (Nyssa sylvatica), hickory (Carya sp.), sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana), american holly
(11ex opaca), ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana), sweet pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia), blueberry
(Vaccinium corymbosum), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), strawberry bush (Euonymus ameficanus),

japanese honeysuckle (Lonicerajaponica), false solomon's seal (Smilacina racemosa), swamp
lily (Lilium superbum), partridge berry (Mitchella repens), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus
foetidus), spotted wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata), crane-fly orchid (7-1pularia discolor), may-
apple (Podophylum peltatum), sedges (Carex spp.), blue swamp violet (Wola cucullata), New
York fern (77zelypteris noveboracensis) and club mosses (Lycopodium lucidulum, L. obscunan,
and L. digitatwn).

OWNERSHIEP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: This entire site needs additional inventory to determine the
presence of any rare plants or animals. These elements should be searched for in the forested
area, as well as in the Coastal Plain pond. Zoological inventory work should be conducted in
April for amphibians and dragonflies, and in June for breeding birds and dragonflies.

NATURAL COMMUNITIEES: Fairly good quality.

a Quercus pheUos-Fagus grandifolla-Liriodendron tulipifera Mesic-Wet Forest [willow oak-
beech-poplar forest]. See Site Description (above) for details.

0 Cephalanthus occidentalis Coastal Plain Pond [button bush pond]. See Site Description
(above) for details.

(3) Fork Branch West of Kenton Road (Fig. 7):

SITE DESCRIMON: Towards the upper reaches of the Fork Branch there occurs extensive,
relatively high quality palustrine and terrestrial forests. The swamp forest is dominated by red
maple (Acer rubnan), with lesser numbers of ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica). It is disturbed near
Kenton Road and on the north side of the creek where houses have been built very near its edge.
The understory is diverse with such species as the following: skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus
foetidus), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), Lindera benzoin, Impatiens capensis,
cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), Senecio aurea, Viola sp., Saururus cernuus, Viburnum
dentatum var. lucidum, Carex spp. (stipata, stricta), royal fern (Osmunda regalis), netted chain
fern (Woodwardia areolata), spotted cowbane (Cicuta maculata), Clethra alnifolia, arrow-arum
(Peltandra virginica), Swnbucus canadensis and Aronia arbutifolia.

The terrestrial forest consists of an excellent quality american beech (Fagus grandifolia) and
tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)-dominated mature forest. The understory is relatively
sparse but is dominated by heaths: e.g., huckleberry (Gaylussacia firondosa), wild azalea
(Rhododendron periclymenoides), and low bush blueberry (Vaccinium cf. vacillans). Several
individuals of chinquapin (Castanea pumila) were observed in this forest community.

NATURAL COMNIUNITEES: Moderately good to high quality forests.

Acer rubrum-Fraxinus pensylvanica Swamp Forest [red maple-green ash swamp]. See Site

Description (above) for details.

0 Fagus gmndifolia-Liriodendron tulipifera Mesic Forest [beech-tulip poplar forest]. See Site
Description (above) for details.

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection.

THREATS: Development of uplands.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: This site needs zoological inventory work to determine the
presence of species of special concern in the wetlands and adjacent uplands. Emphasis should
be given to breeding birds in late May or June, and amphibians in early spring (April).

(4) Cahoon Branch S. of RD 158 (Fig. 8):

SIM DESCRMION: This creek, with its associated floodplain forest and nearby upland
forest, was only briefly surveyed. The stream has been ditched in the past but is beginning to
revert back to a more natural system. The adjacent upland forest on the east side is an important
buffer to this stream and ultimately may be significant in maintaining the water quality of Silver
Lake downstream. The forest, although not containing rare species, does contain numerous
young american chestnuts (Castanea dentata; a species on the State's Watch List).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: More detailed surveys are required to accurately describe and
characterize the habitats at this site.

OWNERSHIEP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection.

REATS: Future development threatens the upland forests. Reditching of the stream would
negatively impact this system.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Further zoological inventory work is needed. Emphasis
should be on amphibians and reptiles within the wetland corridor.

(5) Leipsic River Above Garrisons Lake (Flig. 9):

SITE DESCRUMON: A beaver-impounded stream occurs above Garrisons Lake consisting
of extensive colonies of arrow-arum (Peltandra -Wrginica), and water primrose (LudvWgia
peploides). Tussock sedge (Carem stricta) is frequent in this beaver pond. The upland forests
have been cleared virtually to the edge of the wetland (only a narrow strip of forest borders the
creek).

NATURAL COND4UNITIES: Not characterized. The palustrine forest upstream from the
beaver pond is quite narrow and highly disturbed; there is very little adjacent upland forest
buffer to this wetland.

OWNERSHIENFROTECTION STATUS: Privatelcurrently no protection.

THREATS: With croplands to the edge of the wetlands, water quality of the stream is in
serious jeopardy.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Additional botanical and zoological inventofy work are
needed at this site.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Surveys along the Mudsone Branch (see Site 1A above)
were undertaken in 1991 and 1992. Otherwise, inventory work on the Dover Quad has been
limited. Significant previous discoveries include the American lotus, Nelumbo lutea (SI) and
the mud sunfish, Acantharchus pomolis (S2), along the St. Jones River.

Frederica- Quadrapy_le

(1) Milford Neck Ponds East; Pond 2 (Fig. 10, Site A):

SITE DESCRIPTION: This Coastal Plain pond has an open canopy (i.e. it is herbaceous
dominated) and is surrounded by mature forest. A road cuts along its eastern side.

On 19 April, high water (up to 3 feet in depth) was present. Several neotropical migrant and
resident bird species (e.g. Yellow-throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica (M); Black and
White Warbler, Mniotilta vafia; Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum; Wood Thrush, Hylocichla
mustelina; Hermit Thrush, Cathanis guuatus; Hairy Woodpecker, Picoides W116sus; Red-bellied
Woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus; Downy Woodpecker, Picoides pubescens; Yellow-rumped
Warbler, Dendroica coronata; and Red-winged Blackbird, Ageldius phoeniceus) were observed
utilizing the mature forested habitat immediately surrounding this pond. In addition, three
common dragonflies were collected at this site (Pachydiplax longipennis, Sympetnan rubicindulm
(or intemum), and Lestes rectangulafis).

Two Little Blue Heron, Egrelta caerulea (SIB) individuals, were observed at this site on two
different occasions. This indicates the possibility that this pond is either a nesting site (though
no nests were observed) for this species, or an important feeding area.

NATURAL COND4UNITI[ES: Moderate quality, but pond seems to be experiencing a possible
overload of nutrients.

0 Cephalanthus occidentatis/MixedHerbaceous CoastalPlain Pond [buttonbush/mixedherbs
pond]. A highly diverse, seasonally flooded pond with a nearly 100% vegetated surface. Species
in abundance here include the following: Cephalanthus, Polygonum punctatum, Ludwigia
sphaerocarpon, Bidens laevis, B. frondosa, Echinochloa walteri, Proserpinaca pecti=a, and
Mynchospora macrostachya.

OWNERSHIENFROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

I RRATS: Loss of the mature woodlands would not only negatively impact these forests, but
may degrade the quality of this pond as a whole.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Additional botanical and community work needs to be
conducted. Little Blue Herons should be looked for in the future, and if found, the importance
of this pond for these birds should be determined.

(2) Milford Neck Ponds East., Black's Pon (Fig. 10, Site B):

SITE DESCRUMON: This Coastal Plain pond contains a large colony of the pest, common
reed, Phragmites australis around its perimeter. Immediatedly to the interior of the reed, is a
large colony of cattail, 7ypha angustifolia, which nearly encircles the pond. At the time of
survey, the pond was dry and the large central portion consisted entirely of bare cracked soil.
Much of the upland woods surrounding this pond has been recently logged, however, the large
sedge, Carex gigantea (0), was discovered here (immediately adjacent to pond opening). Other
rare species, previously identified from this pond include: squarestent spikerush, Eleocharis
quadrangulata (S3), featherfofl, Holtonia inji4ta (S2), cutleaf water-milfoil, Myriophyllum
pinnatum (S2), and humped bladderwort, Utricularia gibba (S2).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Fair quality pond.

a Nymphaea odonita-Utticularia gibba Coastal Plain Pond [water lily-bladderwort pondr.
A Coastal Plain -Pond that consists of an abundance of water lily and bladderwort as observed
during 1991 surveys. Surveys in 1993 were too late in the season, as pond had drawn-down and
was nearly devoid of vegetation.

based on 1991 surveys; pond should be re-visited in 1994.

OWNERSHIENFROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no Protection.

THREATS: Phragmites expansion, agricultural run-off (eutrophication).

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Additional surveys were undertaken along the St. Jones
River, at Dover Air Force Base, and in other coastal plain ponds, and the following species
of special concern were discovered: several sedges, Carex jooyV (S2); C. typhina (SI);
spikerushes, Eleochatis metanocarpa (S2); E. quadrangulata (S3); white boneset, Eupatoyium
album (S2); featherfoil, Hottonia inflata (S2); bald eagle, HaUaeetus leucocephalus (SIB,
LE); water-milfoil, Myriophyllumpinnatum (S2); yellow passion-flower, Passijlora lutea (SI);
green frog-fruit, Phyla lanceolata (Sl); carorm petunia Ruellia caroliniensis (SI); and
several bladderworts, Uticularia gibba (S2); and U. radiata (S2).

Greenwood!QuadrLn le
,L_

No biotic surveys were undertaken on this quadrangle during 1993. In addition, prior surveys

are also lacking.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Although nearly all of the streams are ditched, several
thousand acres of forested habitat exists in the Kent County portion of the Greenwood
Quadrangle. Surveys are badly needed throughout this quadrangle.

Harrinp-ton!Quadran le

(1) Bright-Haines Glade Branch Forest (Fig. 11):

SITE DESCRIPTION: Southwest of Harrington occurs one of the largest contiguous forested
areas in Kent County. Bright-Haines Glade Branch (BHGB) cuts through the center of this
forest. BHGB has been ditched, but appears to be slowly recovering vegetatively. This site
maintains a large core area of relatively pristine forest interior (> 100 M from an edge).
Although greenbriar (Smilax spp.) is thick in some areas, this site appears to have been
minimally impacted by forest fragmentation effects, providing ideal habitat for many forest
interior-dwelling birds.

Sixteen neotropical bird species were found at this site during the nesting season. Of interest was
the apparent high numbers of Worm-eating Warblers, Hebnitheros vermivorus (M). Three
different territories were located in the southern portion of this site. In addition, a pair of
Meated Woodpeckers, Dryocopus pileatus (0), were observed here. These woodpeckers
require large tracts of mature forests, indicating that additional species of concern which require
contiguous mature forest, have the potential of being discovered. A Great Blue Heron, Ardea
hemdias (S213), was also observed foraging in BHGB.

NATURAL COMNIUNITIES: Not characterized.

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

THREATS: A unique aspect of this forest is the large unbroken area. Any fragmentation win
degrade this site as a current potential reservoir for forest interior species.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Botanical and natural community inventories are needed
at this site. Additional inventory for avain species of concern should focus on detection of forest
interior species (accipiters, buteos, owls and warblers). This site also warrants amphibian and
reptile herpetological inventory work, especially within BHGB. Use of BHGB by herons should
also be investigated.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Several surveys prior to 1993 resulted in the discoveries
of the following species of special concern: several sedges, Carex bannW (S3); C. collinsii
(S3); Joor's sedge, C. joorii (S2); and Scleria reficulahs (S2); swamp pink, Helonias bullata
(S3, LT); sheep-laurel, Kalmia angusdfolia (S2); blue lupine, Lupinus perennis (Sl); and
coast violet, Viola brittoniana (S2). The bald eagle was observed along the MurderkiU River,

and Helonias was discovered at two sites; along the Tantrough Branch and at Killens Pond State
Park. The rare lupine also was found at KMens Pond State Park, the only known Kent County
site for this legume.

Hickman Quadrangjle

No biotic surveys were undertaken on this quadrangle during 1993. In addition, prior surveys
are also lacking.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Like the Greenwood Quadrangle extensive ditching occurs
on the Hickman Quadrangle (the Marshyhope has been badly channelized). Similarily, several
thousand acres of forested habitat exists on this quadrangle and surveys are badly needed
throughout.

KentonQuadranpIg

(1) Penrose Branch E. of RD 163 (Fig. 12):

This floodplain forest and the associated second growth upland forest, were briefly surveyed.
Ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica) is the dominant overstory tree. Red maple (Acer rubnon) is
abundant in the understory. Other co-occurring understory species include Vibumum dentatwn
var. lucidum, Symplocarpus foetidus, Smilax rotundifolia, Impatiens capensis, Boehmeria
cylindfica, Lonicera japonica, Carex intwnescens, Parthenocissus quinquefolius, Sambucus
canadensis, Peltandra Wrginica, swamp peanut (Apios wnedcana), Osmunda cinnwnomea, and
Lindera benzoin.

Disturbances at this site include extensive logging of uplands along the south side of the stream,
clearing along the floodplain, and a well worn path on the north side.

No state rare species were observed here, except for two small bald cypress, Taxodium
dbdchum (S2) individuals; these were observed in a thicket of young vegetation and were Mmly
planted.

NATURAI. COAMUNITIES: Poor to good quality.

0 Fraxinus pensylvanica-Acer rubmm Floodplain Forest [green ash-red inaple swmp
forest). A somewhat disturbed streamside forest. Stream has been ditched, though not recently.

OWNERSHIEP/PROTECTTON STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: A zoological inventory is needed at this site.

(2) Tappahanna Ditch East Forest (Fig. 13):

A large mesic-wet hardwood forest was briefly surveyed on 3 May 1993. Several ditches and
old logging roads were observed throughout the area surveyed. Second growth forest consists
of mixed hardwoods and a dense understory of an almost inpenetrable greenbrier-blackberry
thicket. No rare species were located at this site but only a small fraction of the forest tract was
surveyed. It is likely that the physiognomy is little changed throughout.

NATURAL COMMUNrM: Poor to moderately good quality (more inventory work is
needed).

2 Mixed Hardwood Floodplain Forest. A highly diverse second growth Palustrine forest with
no true dominants. This forest is composed of a mixture of oaks (Q. alba, Q. falcata, Q. rubra,
Q. phellos), Acer rubrum, Liquidambar, and Nyssa sylvatica in the canopy. Greenbriers (Smilax
spp.) and brambles (Rubus) are quite abundant and thick throughout.

OWNERSHIEP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection.

(3) Stillmar Property at Blackisto (Fig. 14):

This site consists of a second-growth hardwood forest dominated by willow oak (Quercus
phellos), with a subcanopy consisting of Acer rubrum, and Al@ssa sylvatica, a shrub layer of
paw-paw (Asimina tilloba), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), Vlbumwn dentatum, Vacciniwn
corymboswn, and an herbaceous layer consisting of cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnwnomea),
royal fern (Osmunda regalis), several club-mosses (Lycopodium spp.) and other common species.
Certain areas of these woods contain dense, virtually impenetrable thickets of greenbriers
(Smilax spp.). Drainage ditches were observed (undoubtedly affecting hydrology), although
several low, poorly drained areas were encountered.

Although no rare plants were found, several were discovered growing in low swales along a
powerline R-O-W that bisects the lower portion of this site and runs in a southeast to northwest
direction. The rare plants observed were: globe beakrush, Rhynchopsora globulads (Sl); whip
nutrush, Scleria tyiglomerata (Sl); swamp sunflower, Helianthus angustifolius (S2); and colic
root, Alettis fafinosa (S3).

The most significant zoological find was the presence of the red-banded hairstreak (Calycopis
cecrops) utilizing the R-O-W. Although rather common in Delaware, this is only the second
occurrence discovered in' Kent County. Other species utilizing the R-O-W include pearl
crescent (Phycoides tharos), tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus), and other unidentified butterflies
and skippers (these species eluded capture and positive identification). The diversity of
invertebrates at this site indicates the possibility that rarities may be found with additional
inventory effort.

NATURAL COMMUNITTES: Poor to good quality.

Quercus phellos-Acer mbrum Mesic-Wet Forest [willow oak-red maple forest]. See Site

Description (above) for details.

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection, however, property
is being considered for donation to the Delaware Nature Society (private conservation
organization).

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: The seasonally flooded woods should be inventoried for
amphibians in early spring.

(4) Northwest of Davis Corners (Fig. 15):

A rather unremarkable second growth hardwood forest occurs at this site. The only notable
species observed here was the running pine, Lycopodium clavatum (S3). The forest contained
several trash dumps.

NATURAL CONMUNITIES: Not characterized.

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Additional botanical, zoological and natural community
survey work is needed, particularly in the eastern and southern portions of this forest tract.

(5) Double Ponds (Fig. 16):

These Coastal Plain ponds consist of rather large open wetlands of emergent vegetation.
Vegetation consists of primarily grasses and sedges, but may also contain significant amounts
of button-bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). Several rare species have been observed in these
ponds from previous site visits, including the Federal Candidate species, dwarf runbry,
Embristylis perpusilla (SI, Federal C2); button sedge, Carex bullata (SI); twig-rush,
Cladium mariscoides (S2); maidencane, Panicum hemitomon (S2); Paspalum dissectum (S2);
and an arrowhead, Sagidatia engelmanniana (Sl). A spotted turtle (Clemmys gwata, S3)
was discovered here in March. This was the first known record for this species at this site.

An otherwise unremarkable second growth forest suffrounds these ponds. However, it should
be noted, that these surrounding woodlands greatly determine the hydrology and water quality
of these ponds, as well as protecting existing rare species.

NATURAL COND4UNIIM: The five herbaceous-dominated coastal plain ponds are of very
high quality (some of the best pond habitat in Kent County). The surrounding forest is of
average to good quality.

Grarninoid-Dominated Coastal Plain Ponds [Delmarva Bays]. A series of five, relatively
diverse, intermittently flooded ponds situated in a more or less linear fashion. Frequently
encountered species in these ponds include the following: Cephalanthus occidentalis (generally

with ca. 10 % cover), Carex striata, Panic= spretum, Juncus canadensis, Bidens frondosa,
Rhynchospora macrostachya, Dulichium arundinacewn, Hypeficum Wrginicwn, Rhexia Wrginica,
Decodon verticillatus, and Proserpinaca pectinata.

OWNERSHIPMROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Additional zoological survey work should be conducted for
amphibians and invertebrates.

(6) Jordan Branch (Fig. 17):

A highly disturbed and narrow Palustrine forested habitat occurs along this creek. The Jordan
Branch has been ditched previously and plans are underway to rework the ditch this season.
Extensive paw paw (Asimina tfiloba) occurs along this branch (especially on the east side of the
ditch). The west side of the branch has very little buffer. Property owners have extended their
back yards to the edge of the wetland. No rare species were discovered here.

NATURAL COMM[UNITIES: Not characterized; habitat extremely degraded with an
abundance of weedy species.

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: The presence of paw paw indicates a potential breeding site
for Eurytides marcellus (Zebra swallowtail), currently ranked SA. This area should be
inventoried for reproductive evidence of this species.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Only a few surveys, prior to 1993, were undertaken on the
Kenton Quadrangle. In addition to several other rare sedges, the most significant discovery was
the dwarf rimbry, Fimbristylis petpusilla, a Federal Candidate species for listing (see Double
Ponds site above).

Mal:ydel Quadranple

Several rather poor quality mesic-wet second-growth woods, dominated by red maple (Acer
rubnim), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and other hardwoods (e.g. Quercus spp.,
Lifiodendron tulipifera, ATyssa sylvatica, Sassaftas albidwn), were inventoried. The understory
in this forest consists of nearly impenetrable greenbrier (Smilax spp.) thickets. Ditches are also
prevalent.

Several Coastal Plain ponds on this quadrangle have been surveyed. With some exceptions, most
were discovered to be degraded. The majority of these are degraded due to hydrologic
perturbations (e.g. drained due to ditching), logging to the edge, or agricultural run-off
problems. In addition, the ponds were either dominated by weedy species, were "filling-in" with
woody plants, or were being used as trash dumps (particularly those near dwellings or roads).

(1) Woods and Ponds Northwest of Chapeltown (Mg. 18):

This site consists of a highly disturbed and degraded large second growth mesic hardwood forest
of oaks (Q. alba, Q. phellos, Q. falcata, Q. rubra), sweet gum (Liquidambar), and red maple
(Acer rubrum), with a dense understory of greenbrier, Smilax spp. (the latter species caused
walking to be extremely difficult and slow). Several ditches "run" through the forest. The large
pond (as indicated on the topographic map) in the western portion of this forest is also rather
degraded; the nearby ditches are possibly disturbing its hydrology. At the time of survey (16
June 1993) the pond was dry. It was also "succeeding" into a forested wetland. No significant
plant or animal species were observed at this site, although the large sedge, Carex gigantea (0)
was previously discovered from the pond.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Due to disturbed/degraded condidtion of this forest tract the
natural communities were not assessed.

OWNERSHIENPROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

(2) Culbreth Marsh Ditch Pond (Fig. 19):

A small roadside pond was briefly surveyed on 16 June 1993. The pond was dry and contained
very little herbaceous cover, only sphagnum moss was observed (although the rare plants, giant
sedge, Carex gigantea (S3) and beak rush, Rhynchospora corniculata (SI) were reported here
from a previous year's survey). The surrounding forest consists of mixed oaks and other
hardwoods. No animal species of special concern were observed.

NATURAL COMMUNMES: The brief visit, and the lack of vegetation at time of sampling,
precluded an assessment of the natural community.

OWNERSHIPMROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Zoological inventory should take place in April to
determine the presence of any amphiban species of concern. Also, the vegetation of the pond
should be re-evaluated and the surrounding forest needs to be surveyed.

(3) Sandtown Pond (Fig. 20):

This pond was noted to consist of a relatively high diversity of herbaceous species, including
several rare grasses and sedges (discovered in 1992): maidencane, Panicum hemilomon (S2);
Walter's paspalum, Paspalum dissectum (S2); and long-beaked baldrush, Rhynchospora
scirpoides (S2). No rare animals were located here.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Rather good quality pond considering its lack of buffer and
nearness to countyroad.

m Cephalanthus occidenWhsljuncus canadensis Coastal Plain Pond [buttonbush/rush coastal
plain pond]. Although this pond is immediately adjacent to a road and agricultural land it is Of
medium quality and deserves some protection/restoration efforts. The buttonbush occurs in small
clusters with a cover value of less than 25 %, while the rush is quite abundant and has a cover
value of nearly 40%.

OWNERSEIMPROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection.

(4) Other degmded ponds:

More than ten ponds (some located north of Mud Millpond, others near Sandtown) were
surveyed and were discovered to be degraded. These ponds either had succeeded to closed
canopy, were drained, had been timbered to their edges or within their borders, or were found
to contain many weedy species.

There was a paucity of animals observed in these ponds, an occasional grey treefrog and green
frog were observed or heard, while rare salamanders (e.g. tiger, Ambystoma tigfinwn, and
spotted, A. maculawn) were not located.

OWNERSHIMPROTECTION STATUS: All ponds are believed to be privately owned with
no current protection.

(5) Forest South of Culbreth Marsh Ditch (Fig. 21):

This site is a dry-wet mixed hardwood, second growth forest dominated by red maple and sweet
gums, with a scattering of willow oaks Quercus phellos). Old logging roads and ditches were
scattered throughout the area sampled. A very inhospitable place, with impenetrable thickets of
greenbriers (Smilax spp.). Clethra alnifolia is the dominant shrub. Surveys here were incomplete
but habitat is believed to be similar throughout. No rare plant species were observed.

NATURAL COMAUNITIES: Poor to fair quality; additional surveys are needed.

E Acer rubrum-Liquidambar styraciflua Forest [red maple-sweet gum woods]. See Site
Description (above) for details.

OWNERSHIEP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Although the forest is somewhat degraded, and walking
is difficult, this site needs additional zoological and botanical survey.

(6) Choptank River (Fig. 22):

Site A. North Side of RD 211 bridge:

North of RD 211 in the wetlands and forests surrounding the Choptank, many rare species'of
plants were found: a nut sedge, Cypems refmaus (NEW STATE RECORD, now ranked Sl);
slender day flower, Commelina erecta var. angusdfoUa (Sl); cluster-stemmed chickweed,
Paronychia fastigiata (Sl); hairy bushclover, Lespedeza hirta (S2); hairy pinweed, Lechea
vfflosa (S2); low frostweed, Helianthemum propinquum (S2); toothcup, Rotala ramosior (S2);
forked chickweed, Paronychia canadensis (S2); sharp-winged monkey flower, Mimulus
alatus (S2); velvety tick treefoil, Desmodium viridiflorum (S2); smooth tick-treefoug
Desmodium laevigatum (S2); Elliot's Gentain, Gendana catesbaei (S3); hairy skullcap,
Scutellaria effiptica (S3); and white milkweed, Asclepias variagata (SU).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Additional surveys are needed before descriptions can be
written.

OWNERSHIEP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Much additional survey work is needed within this riverine
system. There is potential for the discovery of zoological species of concern. In particular, this
area is a historic site for the Cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea; S 1B, Federal C2). This
system may also be a critical area for neotropical migrants during the breeding season and
during spring and fall migration. Additional botanical and community inventory is warrante d .

Site B. Choptank River South of RD 211 bridge-,

This area is a Palustrine System thta seems to be of fairly high quality. Several dragonfly species
were seen but were unable to be collected with the exception of Engthemis simplicicollis
(common in Delaware). A number of neotropical migrant birds (8 species total) were identified
as well as many year-round resident species.

A significant botanical find included the discovery of the rough dropseed, Sporobolus
clandestinus (formerly ranked SH, now SI) and tall bush clover, Lespedeza stuevei (formerly
ranked SH, now SI). A large population of wild columbine, Aquillegia canadensis (SI) was
found growing along a sandy road bank just west of the river. This population, which is the only
known station on Delaware's Coastal Plain, was first reported by Robert Tatnall in 1934. Also
found at this site was the rare blunt-lobed woodsia, Woodsia obtusa (S2), another plant species
typically found on the Piedmont; this is its first known Coastal Plain location in Delaware and
a new KENT COUNTY RECORD. Lastly, surveys revealed the presence of the state rare
lance-leaved loosestrife, Lysimachia hybrida (S2) found near the wetland.

A young oak-hickory woodland (sparse canopy, ca 20-30 ft.) on mesic sandy soil along the east
side of the floodplain, was surveyed. Several rare plant species were discovered at this site:
wintergreen, ChimaphUa umbellata ssp. cisatlantica (Sl); and crinkled hairgrass,
Deschampsia flexuosa (S3). The woodland consists of mature hardwoods (e.g. hickory (Carya
tomentosa), Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, red oak Quercus rubra), Liquidambar styraciflua,
and Carpinus caroliniana). Virginia pine (Pinus Wrginiana) is also present. The understory is

sparse with such species as Gaylussacia frondosa, Parthenocissus quinquifolia, Cara
pennsylvanica, and Smilacina racemosa, present.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Needs additional surveys before descriptions can be written.

OWNERSHMPROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

THREATS: Development of surrounding uplands could greatly impact the biota and water
quality of this unique riverine system. Fragmentation of the surrounding woodlands would also
negatively impact the forest-interior neotropical resident bird population which occurs within this
river corridor.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Additional botanical, zoological and community inventory
is needed. The Choptank River is a historical location for the Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica
cerulea; SlB, Federal C2). This species should be looked for in May and June. The number
of rare species discovered here this year, suggests the need for further inventory.

Site C. Swamp Forest S. of Choptank Mills:

A red maple (Acer rubnon)-dominated swamp forest is located west of the Choptank. This site
is very open with abundant Carex stricta tussocks, resulting in a hummocky topography. Trees
are few and scattered. No rare species were observed.

On the east side of the river, groundwater seepage areas found at the base of steep 50 ft. slopes
of the Choptank River, were surveyed; specifically for the Federally Threatened swamp pink,
Helonias bullata, known historically from this area (searches were unsuccessful). The slopes
adjacent to the wetlands consisted of well drained sandy soils with various oak species and a
sparse heath understory. The wetlands contained the following species: Acer rubrum, C7ethra
alnifolia, swamp azalea (Rhododendron Wscosum), 0smunda regalis, 0. cinnamomea,
Woodwardia areolata, marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris), spike moss (Selaginella apoda),
Sphagnwn sp., Thalictrwn pubescens, Impaiiens capensis, Symplocarpus foetidus, water-mat
(Chrysosplenium americanum), Viola cucullata, wind-flower (Anemone quinquefolia), may-
flower (Maianthemwn canadensis), Liliwn superbitm, greenwood orchid (Platanthera clavellata),
Galiwn sp., and cucumber root (Medeola virginiana).

Although not a naturally occurring habitat, a sandy shoulder of County Road 247 supports a
large flowering population of the bird's-foot violet, Viola pedata (Sl).

NATURAL COMMUNnIES: Good to high quality swamp forests.

0 Acer rubrum Swamp Forest [red maple swamp]. A mixed hardwood swamp dominated by
red maples with lesser amounts of Liquidambar, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus phellos, and Fraxinus
pensylvanica.

ONVNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

TIEREATS: Further fragmentation of surrounding woodlands.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: This area needs additional botanical, community and
zoological inventory. This system should be inventoried for rare birds, reptiles, amphibians and
invertebrates. There is potential for further discovery of rare species.

(7) Iron Nfine Prong at Norman Wilder Wildlife Area at RD 249 (FIg. 23):

Seven species of neotropical migrant birds were noted at this site on a brief June visit. No other
significant animal occurrences were found. However, Iron Mine Prong does have the potential
for containing an array of invertebrate species. A newly constructed beaver dam was found on
the site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Not assessed at this site.

OWNERSHIPPROTECTION STATUS: This area is partially owned by the State of
Delaware, Division of Fish and Wildlife. The remaining land is private and currently
unprotected.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Botanical, and natural community surveys are needed. In
addition, zoological surveys focusing on breeding birds and invertebrates, should be conducted.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Surveys prior to 1993 were few and incomplete, but a
number of species of special concern were discovered: e.g., large sedge, Carex gigantea (S3)-,
reticulated nutsedge, Scleria reticulazis (S2); short-bristled horned-rush, Rhynchospora
corniculata (S2); maiden-cane, Panicum hemitomon (S2);Iance-leavedloosestrife, Lysimachi4
hybrida (S2); comely shiner, Notropis amoenus (S2); mud sunfish, Acantharchus pomotis
(S2); margined madtom, Noturus insignus (S2); rough green snake, Opheodrys aestivus (S2);
and eastern milk snake, Lampropeltus getula (S3). No significant natural communities had been
previously identified for the Marydel Quadrangle.

Milford Quadranple

(1) Fishing Branch Marsh (Flig. 24):

This site contains an excellent and highly diverse fresh to oligohaline tidal marsh (scrub-shrub
in places). Dominant species include: Impatiens capensis, Leersia oryzoides, and Zizania
aquatica. Other co-occurring species are: Sium suave, Toxicodendron radicans, Acer rubrum,
Bidens laevis, Thalictrum pubescens, Magnolia virginiana, Polygonum arifolium, Amaranthus
cannabinus, Hibiscus moscheutos, his versicolor, and Sagittaria lati/blia.

While no rare species were located, the Fishing Branch system was not completely surveyed and

the possibility for rare species still exists.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Excellent quality.

0 Impatiens capensis-Leersia orywides-Zitania aquatica Oligohaline Tidal Marsh [fresh-
brackish tidal marsh]. See Site Description (above) for details.

OWNERSHIIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: This area needs additional zoological and botanical
inventory work.

(2) Swan Creek at New Wharf/Mispillion River (Flig. 25):

Extensive, high quality and diverse oligohaline to mesohaline tidal marshes occur along Swan
Creek. These marshes then grade into freshwater marshes, scrub-shrub and then forested
wetlands respectively. Much of the marsh is dominated by large expanses of sweet flag, Acorus
calwnus. Large colonies of cattails, 7ypha spp., are also present. Other common co-occurring
species include Polygonum afifolium, Peltandra virginica, Pontederia cordata, Hibiscus
mosheutos, Amaranthus cannabinus, Typha angustifiblia, T. latifiblia, Zizania aquatica, Leersia
orywides, and Eleochafis parvula.

In addition to the above species, a relatively large population of arrowhead, Sagittaria calycina
(Sl) was discovered in semi-open areas among the Acorus, about 200 meters west of Rd. 409.
This discovery is significant in that it represents a new Kent County record.

Animal use of this wetland seems to be somewhat limited, although additional surveys are
recommended. The more notable species observed at this site were the Great Blue Heron,
Ardea herodias (S2B); Common Snipe, GaNnago gallinago (S3N); and the Sora, Porzana
carolina (SM). More significantly however, a butterfly, the bronze copper, Lycaena hyllus
(S2) was discovered at this site in September.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Good to excellent quality marshes.

E Acorus calamus Oligobaline Tidal Marsh [sweet flag tidal marsh]. A high quality and
extensive sweet flag-dominated marsh.

0 Typha spp. Oligohaline Tidal Marsh [cattail tidal marsh]. Significant areas of the Swan
Creek Marsh system contain cattail-dominated communities included within an otherwise sweet
flag-dominated marsh.

OWNERSHIP/FROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Further inventory should be conducted here, with emphasis

on breeding wetland birds.

(3) Brockenbridge Gut Woods (Fig. 26):

This site contains a mature mixed hardwood forest of relatively high quality. The canopy is
dominated by Quercus phellos and Q. alba. Species found in lesser quantities include Acer
rubnon, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lifiodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica, Pinus taeda, and P.
iftiniana. Small wetland openings dominated by Sphagnwn moss are scattered throughout the
forest. Walking is relatively easy, although some areas are thick with Clethra alnifolia and/or
Kalmia latifolia. Several old logging roads are present; no rare species were observed here.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Moderately good quality forest.

a Quercus phelloslClethra alnifiblia Mesic-Wet Forest [willow oak/sweet pepperbush woods].
See Site Description (above) for details.

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: This woodland should be inventoried to determine breeding
bird composition, focusing on those species associated with mature forests. Much additional
botanical and natural community surveys could be undertaken in this forest tract.

(4) Brockenbridge Gut Powerline R-O-W (Fig. 26):

Though not a natural habitat, an extensive swale occurs along the powerline cut south of Rd. 120
Oust east of Rd 419). A large population of the small swollen bladderwort, Utficularia radiata
(S2), and southern bog clubmoss, Lycopodium appressum (S2) were found here.

NATURAL COMMINrIUS: Not present (anthropogenic).

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Additional rare species may be discovered if this site is
surveyed later in the growing season.

(5) Mispillion River at Beaverdam Branch (Fig. 27):

Arather high quality cord grass, Spartina altemiflora, dominated high marsh occurs along this
portion of the Mispillion River. This marsh extends for some distance up and down the river.
A large population of black grass (Juncus gerardi) occurs intermingled with the cord grass.
Baccharis and Iva are common marsh associates and are especially abundant at slightly higher
elevations. A pair of Northern Harriers, Circus cyeanus (SIB, S3N) nested near this site and
may well have utilized this area for foraging.

NATURAL COND4UNITIES: Moderately good quality.

E SpaiVna aftemiflom Salt Wrsh [corgrass salt marsh].

E Baccharis hatamifoUa4va frutescens Scrub-Shrub N[arsh [groundsel tree-high tide bush
marsh; salt bush-salt meadow marsh].

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/cuffently no protection

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: This site should be inventoried for breeding birds.
Importance of this area to nesting Northern harriers should be determined.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Prior surveys were undertaken in excellent riverine habitats
along the Browns Branch and portions of the Murderkill River, where the following species of
special concern were discovered: seaside alder, Alnus marwma (S3); tickseed sunflower,
Bidens coronata (S2); blue-joint reedgrass, Calamagrostis canadensis (Sl); lake sedge, Carex
lacustris (SI); false hopsedges, C lupulifoimis (Sl); Walter's St. John-wort, Triadenum
walleri (S2); and swamp white oak, Quercus bicolor (Sl). Surveys of Tubmill Pond resulted
in the discovery of the following species of special concern: Mitchell's sedge, Carer
mitchefflana (SI); horsetail spikerush, Eleocharis equisetiodes (S2); squarestem spikerush,
E. quadmngulata (S3); hairy umbrella-sedge, Fuirena squarrosa (S3); and brown-fruited
rush, Juncus pelocarpus (S2).

Millington Quadrangle

No biotic surveys were undertaken on this quadrangle during 1993. In addition, prior surveys
are also lacking.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Surveys are needed in all forested habitats in the Kent
County portion of this quadrangle.

Mispillion River Qugdrangle

(1) The Nature Conservangy Preserve on Ntilford (F`ig. 28):

The Nature Conservancy has acquired a >2000 acre tract of forests and marshes on Milford
Neck in southeastern Kent County. The DNHI have undertaken partial surveys of this property
and significant discoveries for the 1993 field season are presented below.

Site A. Palustrine Forest:

A seasonally flooded deciduous forest of fairly high quality exists at this site. A mixture of oaks,
red maple, sweet gum, tulip poplar, black gum and sassafras predominate. Some areas are
dominated by willow oak (Quercus phellos) and swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii), while other

areas are more diverse. Within this Palustrine forest, a population of spotted salamanders,
Ambystoma maculatum (Sl), was discovered; this is the second population known to exist in
Kent County.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Fair to good quality.

Quercus phellos-Q. michauxii Palustrine Forest [willow oak-swamp chestnut oak swamp
forest].

Mixed Hardwoods Mesic-Wet Forest. Consists of a diversity of deciduous species (e.g.
Quercus alba, Q. falcata, Q. michauxii, Q. phellos, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar, Nyssa sylvatica,
Liriodendron tulipifera, Sassafras albidum, and Diospyros virginiana), with a few scattered pines
(Pinus taeda).

Site B. Salt marshes:

The saltmarshes at Milford Neck Preserve can be characterized as consisting of four distinctive
vegetative zones (or communities); grading from a scrub-shrub community in the high marsh
fringe area to pure low saltmarsh. In some areas, two of the zones (middle two below) may be
replaced by Typha angustifolia when fresh ground water seepage is encountered.

These marshes were surveyed on several occasions. The marshes provide critical foraging habitat
for several species of waterfowl and shorebirds during migration. In addition, many species of
concern may also use this area for nesting. Species of special concern which were found in
1993, include: Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus (S1B, S3N); Hooded Merganser,
Lophodytes cucullatus (S2N); Gadwall, Anas strepera (S3N); Great Blue Heron, Ardea
herodias (S2B); Snowy Egret, Egretta thula (S1B); Glossy Ibis, Plegadis falinellus (S2B);
Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalis (SIB, LT); Great Egret, Casmerodus albus (S2B);
Tricolored Heron, Egretta tricolor (S1B); Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus (S1B,
S5N); Common Tern, Stern hirundo (S1B, S3N); Forster's Tern, Sterna Forsteri (S1B,
S3N); Seaside Sparrow, Ammodraus maritimus (S3B); White-rumped Sandpiper. Calidris
fuscicollis (S3T); Black-necked Stilt, Himantopus mexicanus (S2B); and Dunlin, Calidris
alpina (S3T).

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Good to excellent quality.

Baccharis halimifolia-Iva frutescens High Scrub Marsh [groundsel tree-marsh elder scrub
marsh]

Juncus gerardi/Limonium carolinianus-Carex staminea-Solidago semperyirens [black
grass-sea lavender-sedge-seaside goldenrod association]

Spartina patens-Distichlis spicata-Scirpus robustus-Scirpus americanus-Salicornia europea
[salt hay-spike grass-saltmarsh bulrush-three square-glasswort marsh association]

0 Spailina afterniflora Salt Marsh [cordgrass salt marsh]

Site C. Peninsular Forest:

In this "peninsular" forested habitat, which is surrounded on three sides by saltmarsh, a high salt
marsh "bog-like" wetland exists. This is a herbaceous-dominated habitat surrounded by a forest
comprised of Pinus taeda. The species found in the herbaceous wetland included the following:
Spartina patens, bull rush (Scirpus validus), Hibiscus palustfis, Atriplex patula and 7@pha
angustifiblia.

Several rare plant species were observed along an old dirt road that bissects the "peninsular"
forest enroute to the saltmarsh: white-tubed colic root, Aletrisfayinosa (S3); and a violet, Viola
brittoniana (S2). Additionally, two spotted turtles, Clemmys guttata (S3), were found at two
different locations at this site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Not assessed at this site.

OWNERSHIENFROTECTION STATUS: Private (The Nature Conservancy)/protected.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: A significant amount of habitat exists at this site that yet
needs to be surveyed.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Surveys prior to 1993 were minimal, and only a few species
of special concern were located: Joorls sedge, Carexidoiii (S2); and narrow-leaved sunflower,
Helianthus angustifolius (S2).

Sudlersville Quadrangle

No biotic surveys were undertaken on this quadrangle during 1993. In addition, prior surveys
are also lacking.

ADDMONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Surveys are needed in the limited forested habitats present
in the Kent County portion of this quadrangle (the majority of Sudlersville occurs in Maryland).

Wyoming Quadrapgle

(1) Tidbury Creek Marshes (Fig. 29):

Tidbury creek marsh is bordered by an impressive hardwood forest, with many mature trees (the
forest is undoubtedly used by an array of migratory and resident passerine species). The
wetlands consist of an exceptionally diverse, impressive brackish to freshwater tidal marsh. This
system was briefly inventoried. The marsh species that were dominant in the plots sampled,
included the following: Amaranthus cannabinus, Leersia oryzoides, Peltandra virginica, 7ypha

latifolia, whorled-dock O?umex verticillatus), Zizania aquatica, Hibiscus moscheutos, and
saltmarsh sedge (Scirpus robustus). An unidentified cespitose sedge (Carex sp.) was common
in the area of the marsh surveyed. Shrubs were also well-represented: Clethra alnifolia, Rosa
palusms, and Toxicodendron radicans. Additionally, brief zoological inventories revealed that
this marsh is utilized periodically by wading birds, as a foraging area. Species observed include:
Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodius (S2B) and Great Egret, Casmerodius albus (M).
Ospreys were also seen using this marsh as a feeding site.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Excellent quality marshes.

0 Amaranthus cannabinus-Leersia orywides-Typha Wfolia Oligohallne Tidal Marsh [water
hemp-rice cut-grass-cattail tidal marsh]. A very high quality tidal marsh.

OWNERSHIP AND PROTECTION STATUS: Private/curr ently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Much additional biotic surveys are needed throughout this
extensive high quality tidal marsh community and adjacent hardwood forests. In particular,
inventory work should focus on the importance of this system to wading waterbirds. A breeding
bird inventory should also be undertaken.

(2) Isaac Branch at Wyoming/Camden (Fig. 30):

An extremely degraded hardwood swamp forest occurs along the Isaac Branch. This is not
surprising considering the narrowness of the habitat and its nearness to the community of
Camden/Wyoming.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES: Very degraded.

0 Acer rubrum Swamp Forest [red maple swamp].

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Only limited additional inventories are needed here. One
need would be to survey for the Federally Threatened swamp pink ((Helonias bullata), that was
known, historically, from Isaac Branch. Inventory should focus further downstream.

(3) Hudson/Pratt Branches (Fig. 31):

Only brief surveys were undertaken along these two streams. Along Hudson Branch the habitat
consists of moderate to good quality palustrine floodplain forest, with a rather narrow forested
buffer on the north side. The wetlands are dominated by red maple (Acer rubnon) with lesser
amounts of Liquiddinbar styraciflua, Fraxinus pensylvanica, and Nyssa sylvatica. The sweet-
pepperbush (Clethra alnifiblia) was the dominant shrub species. The south side of the Branch
consisted of relatively steep-sloped upland woods that extend towards the south and towards Pratt

Branch. The south side of Pratt Branch consists of relatively steep-sided hardwood forests
consisting of beech (Fagus grandifolia), oaks (Quercus spp.), poplar (Lifiodendron tulipifera),
and sweet gum (Liquidambar sytraciflua), among others. The palustrine wetlands, including the
tidal marshes, were only briefly surveyed, but appear to be of high quality.

NATURAL COAINIUNMES: Moderately good quality.

a Acer rubrumlClethm alnifoHa Swamp Forest [red maple/sweet pepperbush swamp]. Along
Hudson Branch.

OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION STATUS: Private/currently no protection.

ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS: Although no rare species were observed at this site,
additional inventory work is needed.

PREVIOUS SURVEY RESULTS: Surveys prior to 1993 were limited to a small woodlot near
Woodside which had several species of special concern (large whorled pogonia, Isotria
vey*iflata, S3; pinesap, Monotmpa hypopithys, S2), and roadside occurrences of the rare
crested shield-fern, Dryoptefis cristata (S2), and Elliott's gentian, Gendana catesbad (S2).

DISCUSSION

Survey work in Kent County revealed a landscape much altered and impacted by human
activities, notwithstanding the general ruralness of the county. Habitat degradation in the county,
in part, seems to have resulted from extensive ditching operations and deforestation. The ditches
have altered the hydrologic regime of individual sites and have apparently sacrificed the
biological integrity of these habitats. Many of the sites visited were low in overall biodiversity
and often contained an abundance of weedy and/or alien species (thus could be considered poor
quality habitats). Throughout much of the eastern portion of the county many of the upland
forests have been removed and now only a narrow buffer (if any) separates the wetlands from
agricultural or urban landscapes. Large forested tracts that were surveyed (albeit incompletely),
primarily, consisted of degraded, second and third-growth woods. These were often thick and
nearly impenetrable from an understory of briers, and brambles. However, there still remains an
enormous amount of forested habitats yet to be surveyed in Kent County.

A preponderance of the Coastal Plain ponds surveyed were quite degraded, possibly due to the
effects of ditching (some ponds had ditches leading from them, or near them), agricultural run-
off, or otherwise changes in the pond's hydrology. Though not thoroughly surveyed, the tidal
salt marshes, are criss-crossed by a network of mosquito ditching (it is unclear to what extent
these ditches have impacted the marshes); many of these marshes are of surprising good quality.
Dense Phragmites stands are not altogether inftequent. Likewise, only a small portion of tidal
and non-tidal fteshwater emergent marshes were surveyed.

Although much of the landscape surveyed was degraded, to varying degrees, the county is not

entirely an ecological wasteland. Several impressive, mature forest tracts were identified (e.g.
along the Mudstone and Fork Branches, along Hudson/Pratt Branches, and near Bombay Hook
National Wildlife Refuge). Several ponds in western Kent County (on the Kenton Quadrangle),
and on Milford Neck are of very high quality, while the marshes along Mispillion River, at
Bennetts Pier, along the St. Jones River (not surveyed to any extent) and its tributaries (e.g.
Tidbury Creek), and along Fishing Creek, to name a few, are of high quality.

The total land area of Kent County is - 380,000 acres, and of this total, approximately 28%
(- 106,540 acres) consists of forested habitats (DNREC, GIS-generated data). In addition,
another 12% (= 46,000 acres) is comprised of Estuarine and Palustrine tidal non-forested
habitats (from Tiner, R.W. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. USFWS, Newton Comer, MA, and
DNREC, Dover, DE. 77 p.). In total, nearly 40% (or 146,540 acres) of the Kent County land
area was available for surveying.

In conclusion, biotic and natural community surveys in Kent County during the grant period
(1992-93; with majority of field work undertaken in 1993) were far from complete. It is
estimated that not even 1% of the total available habitats present were surveyed. In addition,
many of the habitats surveyed were considered to be of rather poor quality. However, some sites
contained good to excellent habitats. Results from surveys in the upper St. Jones River watershed
(especially along the Mudstone and Fork Branches), along the Murderkill, Mispillion, and
Choptank Rivers, and in marshes on Milford Neck suggest that future Kent County surveys
should be concentrated in these areas.

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--l
I Al" INSERT
I KENT COUNTY - SURVEY SrrES
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STATE OF DELAWARE
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
DIVISION OF PARKS AND RECREATION
89 KINGS HIGHWAY, P.O. BOX 1401
DOVER, DELAWARE 19903

OFFICIAL BUSINESS, PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE $300

40-06-00

Kent County Survey Sites

(Refer to individual
site figures for details)

LEGEND
F
Roads
N

Water

Forest

Sites

A
I

A",

tap

-RO

ZZ-
V@ VIN

This map is p,ep.,ed priina,ily for inte-zat VNHEC
resource management purposes. The information
contained hereon is preliminary and is subject to
change or modification at any time. Use of this
information by others is at thetr olon It.sk and the
DNREC in no wmij aimraniees the accuracii of the information.

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I
A IX I k- t r
t Count, Survey Si s r 1993 (Figs. 1-31).
1
1
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I
1 36
1

Jill
it.

J6.
41
I At
iMme I'll
qj
414
it In If
1 14
It.
14 -4.11
All, Ill,

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141 14
IV 14 1
All 'I'l
g4l till

lip,
1,411
ON it.
11 f lit
it 1 '11, At. I ItI

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if Aj.
:41

If i

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....... J@ .1' 41
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11,111 4 1

A) Irs -All IT
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4
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41
Kai
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44.
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all
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IDS

Vill I
1. '41
If

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'$ ISLIP
A I Iod
Ali

tv of-i'@V

'ww

@Tq I I Raymon

9
ern Schultie
o Crossr
'Ile
Bm a-vi
53 4

Ceml:@

Z,, 36
e a

d%.
so

RGUM 4. White Marsh Branch Woods; Bumville Quadrange.

Site B
V.
46.

4
0
4,

wer Moored'
Co=er..
Site A

LPzA%

e 04to

0A 0

FIGURE 5. Mudstone Branch, showing Site A (east of Kenton Road) and Site B
(near confluence with Fork Branch); Dover Quadmngle.

50 e
C
4n %
h %

9%6
Q)

so
Gee
so won:

E
'DELAWAK
AIRPA

ieswo
(SM 44)

42 4z

oores
Mer

All

0 A

Fork

C) u
'so 0

FIGUM 6. Mesic-wet Forest West of Cheswold; Dover Quadrangle.

Uorl
Mot%r no%.

(BIA

oores
ero
0 CIO
am

4-1

100

oak-

FIGURE 7. Fork Branch West of Kenton Road; Dover Quadrangle.

nut
650 ve

0
so

SIP

t, rw-',
e Dale

% lc@z @@s
50,

47 V

ion
"A

so r-_

Cem'.

se a le
.71
3

FIGURE 8. Cahoon Branch South of Road 158; Dover Quadrangle

30@\

Maosey
1PO

20
eth I
Ch
Q)

so
1-4 \0 -
c

ELAWARE.
AIRPAR
t
fox, eswo
ILIA,

FIGUM 9. Leipsic River Above Garrisons Lake; Dover Quadrangle.

L4
A;

-7-Al

12X
4-1 ZA-

15x

Z-@ -
SiteA
ite B

.9
X7

00
AO-4
X13

Cem"

XZ8

FIGURE 10. Milford Neck Ponds East showing Site A (Pond 2) and Site B
(Black's Pond); Frederica Quadrangle.

x
SH
, 'I

IV
-,62

. .........
-14

a,4
AM
-Wn

'AIT.- I

77,

Cem

rX
-7K

FIGURE 11. Bright-Haines Glade Branch Forest; Harrington Quadrangle.

Wile

Ila

@44.. N
V
M-

0
V
G

C) Asbury

0 66
-68
ea ns
rn v 7ro

FIGURE 12. Penrose Branch East of Road 163; Kenton Quadrangle.

%I-Aw
c2

70
@,, 4n@
6

, m n
4A,
0
("U,

@A
0 R

S-

r 60
'0,

.-Bethesd
io
IN

FIGURE 13, Tappahanna Ditch East Forest;L Kenton Quadrangle.

IA
V

300

Downes
Chapel

Igo
0

rd 0

0
4b@
lu

RGURE 14. Stillmar Property at Blacldston; Kenton Quadrangle.

Hardy.-
9

1-54 Sch-
Zi

AiWt
11 FP -'i@
_J

Hartly

cz=
CT.
er

)71
S
Sta

70 0

,,hter
0

TI.

nGun 15. Woods Northwest of Davis Comers; Kenton Quadrangle.

b
ib@ i
Hai-d
CBM 72f

41K.-

S
m St.

U
)U

sib.

rig
70 roa
-11ci
4d
am

79
11%0

on.

FIGURE 16. Double Ponds; Kenton Quadmngle.

M-51,

-b

OWN

Nzz@,

Ab
Downes
Chapel
0-

FIGURE 17. Jordan Branch; Kenton Quadranee.

,A
V

lob.-

Thomas
.411 Chapel
44

FIGURE 18. Woods and Ponds Northwest of Chapeltown; Marydel Quadrangle.

pt
.L,6.

fit'.

tz=:) a 60 4b.
no

qAp.
4b.,
Cluj.

RGUM 19. Culbreth Marsh Ditch Pond; marydel Quadmgle.

.jy@@

crt.

Manh
chm
em

z7l
2 San nvm @i@

(2
.00
6LOr

FIGU" 20. Sandtown Pond; marydel Quadrangle.

24,
--- 7.7

tV.

RGU" 21. Forest South of Culberth Marsh Ditch; Marydel Quadrangle.

dip;

Pw-
Site C

Site A

",Sri
so
Site B

t -c-

62 OVM
60

FIGURE 22. Choptank River, showing Site A (Above Road 211 Bridge), Site
B (Choptank River at and below Road 211 Bridge) and Site,C (Swamp Forest
South of Choptank Mills); Marydel Quadrangle.

OBm.- Pe bur
9

57
Ce

56
"BM
7
"Am

N 0 6
- Oili
@T

6 0

TAT@&,;

'V:
J

4",

FIGURE 23. Iron Mine Prong at Norman Wilder Wildlife Area at Road 249;
Marydel Quadrangle.

m I

Spring -7!
28

@to

0 em

30 0 =-de

IL us

Heights

FIGURE 24. Fishing Branch Marsh; Wford Quadmngle.

-9!b
nd

EL -

Lyn
Heights

%
ce

Qt*

Mil
Air

0 F
Cemete

RGU" 25. Swan Creek at New Wharf/Mispillion River; MilfOrd Quadrangle-

S@ a m
'10'
ps
O\ D'
- @ YO
I L I
Site B
6
40
A@
Site A

_Z;
ey Ch

QOr

S'
0

Spring 28

FIGURE 26. Brockenbridge Gut Mesic Woods (Site A) and Powerline R-O-W
(Site B); Milford Quadrangle.

Cam

"ell A,- - 'w
7-
0

0%7,
ki"

Heigb

-Ce
m

C-D
CP
46.4r,

2.1

FIGUM 27. Nspillion River at Beaverdwn Branch; muford Quadmngie.

Aft-

fib
M F 0 R D N E CJC....

I L D L 1,
0

maw,

do.
4b
:21. 4b-
..C Site 13

46- .do-

Aa-

4r-

lot

Site A

Z
Site
db.
Rawley
Island

413Z

41'

4b--

41.

calas
-ft- tmading Aw

.4b.
ft. 41@
- 7*7- .4b-

FIGURE 28. The Nature Conservancy Preserve on Milford Neck, showing Site
A (Palustrine Forest) Site B (Salt Marshes) and Site C (Penninsular Forest);
Mispillion River Quadrangle.

@13

13
J,
adwil

-emx

St1kr HUI
V.

anc.4
Her
Park
Vpshefi CO. .9,
Pb?i A'3

-c

Al UK

RGURE 29. Tidbury Creek Marshes; Wyoming Quadrangle.

113

wa
U=Mci

RGUM 30. Isaac Branch at Wyoming/Camden; wyoming Quadrangle.

gim.,
me

V).

47
.Azi
.- @wgi

coo
p It

Uiu*onjjniah

FIGURE 31. Hudson/Pratt Branches; wyommg Quadraligle.

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I APPENDIX 11. Rare Species State Ranldng Criteria.
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1 37
1

EXPLANATION OF STATE RANKS FOR SPECIES OF SPECUL CONCERN

Ranks are based on a system developed by The Nature Conservancy to measure the rarity of a species. Each taxon
is given a global and state rank. The global rank reflects the rarity of the species throughout the world and the state rank
reflects the rarity within Delaware. State and global ranks are used to prioritize conservation and protection efforts so
that the rarest of species receive immediate attention. The primary criteria for ranking species is the number of known
distinct occurrences or populations. Ranks for individual species are annually updated and are based on current
knowledge.

STATE RANKS

S1 Extremely rare; typically 5 or fewer known occurrences in the state; or only a few remaining individuals; may be
especially vulnerable to extirpation.

S2 Very rare; typically between 6 and 20 known occurrences; may be susceptible to becoming extirpated.

S3 Rare to uncommon; typically 21 to 100 known occurrences; S3 ranked species are not yet susceptible to becoming
extirpated in the state but may be if additional populations are destroyed.

S4 Common; apparently secure under present conditions; typically 100 or more known occurrences, but may be fewer
with many large populations; usually not susceptible to immediate threats.

S5 Very common; demonstrably secure under present conditions.

SU Status uncertain; an uncommon species considered to be of concern and of conservation priority in the state, but
there is inadequate data to determine rarity. Also includes uncommon species of uncertain nativity in the state.

SH Historically known from the state but not verified for an extended period (usually 15 years); there are expectations
that the species may be rediscovered.

SX Species has been determined or presumed to be extirpated. All historical occurrences have been searched or all
known sites have been destroyed, and a thorough search of potential habitat has been completed.

SA Accidental in state, including species (umially birds or butterflies) recorded once or twice or only at very great
intervals, hundreds or even thousands of miles outside their usual range; a few of these species may even have bred on
the one or two occasions they were recorded; examples include European strays or western birds on the East Coast and
vice-versa.

SB Regularly occurring species that are known to breed in the state (typically applies to birds).

SE Exotic in the state, not a part of the native flora; may be native elsewhere in North America (e.g. western United
States).

SN Regularly occurring, usually migratory and typically non-breeding species for which no significant or effective
habitat conservation measures can be taken in the state; this category includes migratory birds, bats, sea turtles, and
cetaceans which do not breed in a given state but pass through twice a year or may remain in the winter (or, in a few
cases, the summer).

SR Reported from the state, but without persuasive documentation that would provide a basis for either accepting or
rejecting the report.

SRF Species reported falsely (in error) from the state, but this error persists in the literature.

ST Species whose taxonomic status are uncertain (i.e. may not be taxonomically distinct from other closely related taxa).

NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY :
@ 1
3 6668 14111989 1@j
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