[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




















                            NORTHAMPTON MIGRATORY BIRD PROJECT


                                                  IMERIM REPORT






                                                      Submitted by

                                Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                             Division of Natural Heritage


                                 -Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
                                                  Nongame Program






                                                      June 1993




                                  A report of the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
                               to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pursuant to
                                            NOAA Award No. NA170ZO359-01















                                        NORTHAMPTON MIGRATORY BIRD PROJECT


                                                        INTERIM REPORT





                                                           Submitted to:


                                          Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program
                                            Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
                                                  903 Ninth Street Office Building
                                                    Richmond, Virginia 23219




                                                           Written by:

                                                         Bryan D. Watts
                                                  Center for Conservation Biology
                                                   College of William and Mary
                                                    Williamsburg, VA 23185

                                                         Sarah E. Mabey
                                            Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                   Division of Natural Heritage
                                                  Main Street Station, Suite 312
                                                     Richmond, VA 23219



                4
                                                          Submitted by:

                0                       Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                   Division of Natural Heritage

                                         Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
                                                       Nongame Program
                R@



                                                           June 1993







                                   This paper is funded in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                                   Administration. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not
                      1 %GO/       necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub-agencies.












                       EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


                                Reported declines of neotropical migratory songbird populations have drawn the attention of the
                       scientific community and the general public. While researchers and conservationists have focused their energies
                       on understanding the behavioral and ecological dynamics of these population during the breeding and wintering
                       season, migration ecology has remained largely neglected. Migration must be endured twice annually and is a
                       particularly stressful event for birds. Comprehensive conservation efforts on behalf of migratory birds must
                       include this critical phase of life if they are to succeed in protecting whole populations.
                                The two-year Northampton Migratory Bird Project (NMBP) was initiated under Northampton County's
                       Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) to provide this rural, coastal county with sound scientific data to guide
                       the development of enforceable policies that will protect and enhance migratory songbird habitat. Conserving
                       migratory birds and their habitat in lower Northampton County will serve to generate the basis of a burgeoning
                       nature tourism industry, help to protect water quality and moderate secondary impacts of coastal development.
                                Results from the first season of the study show some strong spatial and temporal patterns. In summary
                       our data indicate that:


                                1. Long-distance migrants are most abundant during the first half of the migratory period while
                                short-distance migrants are most abundant during the last half of the season.
                                2. More birds were observed during the morning compared to the afternoon.
                                3. If birds spatially redistribute during the course of a day, this activity occurs before dawn.
                                4. Both long- and short-distance migrants are more abundant along the bayside and near the tip
                                of the peninsula. Resident species tend to be least abundant near the peninsula tip.
                                5. There is no clear relationship between bird abundance and patch size.
                                6. Birds from both migrant groups were more abundant in edge plots than interior plots.
                                7. Most species were more abundant at plots with high vegetation density.
                                8. Individual species are associated with particular vertical strata within the forest. The
                                vertical distribution of species is in general agreement with associations known for the
                                breeding and wintering seasons.

                      The results of the first year provide a critical step toward policy development and land use planning for the
                      protection of migratory songbirds and their habitat in Northampton County, Virginia.













                   INTRODUCTION



                            The recent surge of interest in neotropical migratory songbirds spans the realms of science,
                   conservation and the general public and has provided a common ground for the interaction of these diverse
                   circles. Reports of population declines for many eastern neotropical migratory songbird species (Hill and Hagan
                   1991, Askins et al. 1990, Robbins et al. 1989) have focused attention on the problems of temperate forest
                   fragmentation and tropical deforestation (Hagan and Johnston 1992).
                           The aeneral environmental degradation rapidly occurring in the birds' North American breeding
                   grounds and their Latin American wintering -rounds is indeed cause for concern. Fragmentation of temperate
                   forests has been shown to negatively affect many migrant species by exposing them to higher predation pressure
                   and cowbird nest parasitism (Hagan and Johnston 1992, Askins et al. 1990). Additionally, the restricted winter
                   ranges of most neotropical migrants, mainly confined to eastern Central America and the Caribbean, translate
                   into higher concentrations of birds per unit area. Thus, loss of specific tropical habitats may affect relatively
                   large proportions of whole populations (Hagan and Johnston 1992, Keast and Morton 1980).
                           The threats to neotropical migrants during the breeding and wintering seasons reflect seasonal changes
                   in vulnerability. But breeding and wintering constitute no more than two-thirds of a migrant's life. The
                   migratory period also poses great ecological, behavioral, and physiological challenges to birds (Kaiser 1992,
                   Winker et al. 1992a, Moore and Yong 1991, Gill 1990). Risks during migration are great. Birds that travel
                   hundreds or thousands of kilometers need to rest and refuel. During these stop-overs, migrants must be able to
                   overcome the obstacles of new and unknown habitats and unpredictable resources (i.e., food and cover) while
                   maintaining or increasing fat reserves and avoiding predators. An understanding of this phase is also critical to
                   comprehensive conservation efforts on behalf of migratory landbirds. Yet, the ecology of migration remains
                   inadequately studied and its relevance to conservation is only beginning to be recognized (Moore et al. in press).
                           Migratory landbirds employ a variety of migration strategies. The timing, routes and distances of
                   migratory flight may differ from species to species and even from individual to individual (Gauthreaux 1982).
                   During the spring and fall, migrants can be seen all over North America. There are, however, sites known to
                   experience predictably heavy visitation by migrants. These stop-over areas are generally related to a major
                   physiographic element such as large peninsulas, bays, lakes, mountains, or ecological barriers (i.e., the Gulf of

                   Mexico).
                          Two factors combine to make stop-over concentration sites both ecologically interesting and important
                   to conservation. First, high densities of migrants increase the potential for direct and indirect competition and
                   increase the relative importance of all available resources (Winker et al. 1992b, Moore and Yong 1991). It
                   follows that loss of resources through human manipulation of the environment could affect a large proportion of
                   the entire population. Second, the majority of the concentration sites in North America are found in coastal
                   areas that are experiencing the fastest human population growth on the continent.









                              In this report we present an overview and results of the first phase of a two-year ecological study of
                     fall migrants at a known stop-over concentration site on the lower Delmarva Peninsula (Northampton County,
                     Virginia).





                     STUDY BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION



                              Bounded by the Chesapeake Bay to the west and undeveloped Atlantic barrier islands to the east, the
                     lower Delmarva Peninsula has long been recognized as a significant stop-over area for migrating birds of all
                     kinds (Rusling 1936). This area is included in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network and is
                     home to the Kiptopeke songbird banding and hawk observation station established by the Virginia Society of
                     Ornithology 29 years ago. Giving further confirmation of the ecological value of the lower Delmarva for fall
                     migrants, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service established the Eastern Shore National Wildlife Refuge at the
                     peninsula tip specifically for the conservation of migratory birds.
                             Unlike the Cape May Peninsula to the north, intensive study of fall migrants on the lower Delmarva did
                     not begin until 1991. A regional study of the geographic distribution of fall migrants on the Cape May and
                     Delmarva peninsulas was initiated in that year (Mabey et at. in prep.). While some general regional patterns of
                     migrant abundance were identified in that study, local landscape and habitat associations were obscured by the
                     study's large scale geographic approach (McCann et al. in prep.).
                             Stop-over concentrations on the lower Delmarva differ from other coastal concentration areas such as
                     the northern Gulf Coast and the Cape May Peninsula for at least two reasons. First, neotropical migrants that
                     stop on the Delmarva do not appear to face any immediate major ecological barriers that would necessitate
                     extremely long non-stop flights. Second, relatively more short-distance migrants (those birds that winter in
                     southern U.S.) appear to use the Delmarva as a stop-over site than use the Cape May peninsula or the Gulf
                     Coast (P. Kerlinger pers. comm., M. Woodrey pers. comm.). Although this is likely to be a result of simple
                     geography, the large numbers of short distance migrants add a unique dimension to stop-over ecology on the
                     lower Delmarva. The presence of short-distance inigrants increases the overall ecological-,value of eastern shore
                     habitat and may provide more potential prey for raptor species. Interactions between short- and long-distance
                     migrants during stop-over has never been thoroughly addressed (Winker et al. 1992b).
                            Further studies of stop-over ecology on the lower Delmarva will not only be important to a broader
                     understanding of migration but will play a significant role in Northampton County's conservation initiatives.
                     With the adoption of their comprehensive plan in 1990, Northampton officially recognized the value of the
                     area's unique natural resources as the current and historical base of the county's economy and culture
                     (Northampton County Joint Local Planning Commission 1990). Shell and finfishing are the county's leading



                                                                            2









                        industries representing a value of $62,096,849 in 1988 (Northampton Co. Planning and Zoning Dept. 1989).
                        Agriculture is also critical to the economy; in 1987, the county's 119 commercial farms generated $43,085,703.
                        Forestry has the potential for being the third most important economic base in the county but provided only
                        $500,000 directly to the community in 1988, although the estimated "value" of timber sales for that year is over
                        fourteen million dollars (Northampton Co. Planning and Zoning Dept. 1989). There is also potential for growth

                        in the nature- and historic-based tourism.

                                Land use patterns in Northampton County have remained relatively stable over the past century. In
                        1986 about 35 % of land area was in cropland, 20 % in forest, 39 % in marsh/wetland, and only 5 % was
                        classified as urban, industrial, or other (Northampton Co. Planning and Zoning Dept. 1989). Agricultural lands
                        do not appear to be increasing because the best soils are already in cultivation. Forest lands are decreasing
                        slowly as they are transferred into "alternate uses", mostly home sites.
                                Rapid change in the landscape is, however, on the horizon. In eleven miles of bayside shoreline from
                        the tip of the peninsula north, almost seven have already been subdivided for development. The majority of this
                        land is forested and may be one of the most important areas for migrating landbirds on the entire Delmarva
                        Peninsula (McCann et al. in prep.). Northampton County will face a radical population shift as vacation and
                        retirement homes are built over the next 5-10 years.
                                In keeping with the Northampton County comprehensive plan's commitment to managed growth, a
                        Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) was initiated in 1992 with funding from the National Oceanic and
                        Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Coastal Resource Management. In the context of the SAMP,
                        Northampton County has acknowledged migratory landbirds and their habitats to be of significant conservation
                        value. By including neotropical migrants as a resource to protect and enhance through new, enforceable
                        policies, Northampton County is recognizing the international importance of the Delmarva Peninsula as a stop-
                        over concentration area as well as the integral role birds and their habitat play in the ecological health of the
                        region. The SAMP seeks to control the cumulative and secondary impacts of coastal development by
                        maintaining maximum vegetation cover for wildlife habitat and nutrient removal from non-point runoff" and by
                        steering development away from sensitive wildlife habitat and groundwater recharge areas and toward areas with
                        greatest carrying capacity" (Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program: CoastalaZone Management Act
                        Section 309 Final Strategy, VACOE, Grant No. NA170ZO359-01). The SAMP effort will also be directed
                        toward increasing public access and promoting appropriate nature tourism for the area. To achieve its goals,
                        Northampton County has identified the need for detailed scientific data that will classify sensitive wildlife areas
                        and assess the value of native vegetation in relation to wildlife. The continuing project introduced here has been
                        designed to fill that need.






                                                                             3












                     STUDY OVERVIEW



                               The overriding objective of our study is to determine distribution patterns and habitat associations of
                     fall migrant landbirds on the lower Delmarva Peninsula. The strength and scope of many of the SAMP's policy
                     goals will rest on answers to the following questions:
                               1. Are there any geographically defined concentrations of migrants within the lower Delmarva and
                     where are they?
                               2. On a habitat level, what are the characteristics of forested areas (native vegetation) that are strongly
                     associated with fall migrants?
                               3. Is there any biologically significant interaction between geographic and vegetation factors that are
                     relevant to policy development?
                               The inherent spatial and temporal variability of migration has further dictated several aspects of the
                     ,*tudy design. We have chosen to approach the above questions with a hierarchy of temporal and spatial scales
                     to control for the potential variation and clearly define real distribution patterns.
                               Temporal variability in migrant abundances is relevant to a comprehensive understanding of migration
                     but is not generally important to land management practices. The ecological value of a given area or habitat
                     must be defined by its utility to migrants over the entire migration period. Migrant distribution and abundance
                     is likely to be influenced by seasonal (both between and within migration periods) and time of day (morning
                     versus afternoon) effects. These temporal scales are included in our study.
                               We considered several spatial scales relevant to the ultimate policy objectives of Northampton County's
                     SAMP: an area-wide, geographic level; the landscape level (woodlot size and distribution); and the internal
                     woodlot level which includes distribution within patch in relation to edge, vertical strata and vegetation

                     structure.

                               For all of the temporal and spatial independent variables discussed above we have looked for possible
                     relationships to the bird data. The complete bird abundance information collected in the field has been
                     separated into five dependent variable groups:
                               1. All birds and species
                               2. Resident birds
                               3. Short-distance migrants
                               4. Long-distance migrants
                               5. Individual species with greater than 70 observations in the field.
                     For the purposes of this study, resident species are those that have stable, year-round populations in our study
                     area. Short-distance migrants are those species that generally do not migrate south of North America and may
                     have both breeding and wintering populations in our study area. Long-distance migrants spend the winter in
                     tropical and subtropical America, generally south of the United States, and may have breeding populations in
                     our study area. (See Appendix I for a complete list of species and their classifications.) We have attempted to
                     classify these species based on ecological factors. It is, therefore, important to note that not all species fit
                     cleanly into these groups. Some species (e.g., Yellow-rumped or Pine Warbler) have extensive winter ranges


                                                                                 4










                     that stretch from Virginia to sub-tropical America while others (e.g., Blue Jay) may have resident individuals
                     and short-distance migrants wintering within our study area.





                     METHODS



                     The first research phase of this two-year project was conducted over an eleven week period from August 17
                     through October 30, 1992 on the lower Delmarva Peninsula (Northampton County, Virginia). The study area is
                     confined to the mainland portion of the county from Eastville-Indiantown (Lat. 370 21') south to the tip of the
                     peninsula (Lat. 370 07').


                     Study Design -- The study was designed to provide several levels of information regarding the spatial
                     distribution of fall migrants within the forests of lower Northampton County and control for the inherent
                     temporal variation of migration. These levels included large-scale geographic patterns as well as patterns
                     related to the three dimensional forest patch structure.
                             We arbitrarily defined six geographic zones within the study area. Based on a forest patch inventory,
                     we selected three patch size classes for study: 5-6 ha (Class A/small), 10-12 ha (Class B/large), and > 20 ha
                     (Class Cibig). Each of the six zones contained two Class A and two Class B patches. Four Class C patches
                     were located in zones 1, 2, 5, and 6. In addition, we used the forested corridors along the bay- and seaside
                     coasts of the study area.
                             Within each patch, we established routes with six sampling plots 0.25 ha in size (30 in fixed radius).
                     Each route had three plots tangential to the forest edge (edge plots) and three plots > 60 in from the edge
                     (interior plots), except in the few cases where the geometry of a patch was prohibitive. Plot centers were
                     separated by a minimum of 75 m. Class A and B patches contained single routes while Class C patches each
                     held two routes and each corridor had six routes. A total of 44 routes and 264 plots were distributed throughout
                     the study area.


                     Observations -- We conducted 5 min counts at each of the 264 plots twice a day, two times a week. To control
                     for daily variation in the number of migrants present, we surveyed Class A and B patches on Mondays and
                     Wednesdays and Class C patches and Corridors on Tuesdays and Thursdays. We began morning counts 0.5 h
                     after sunrise and concluded them within 4 h. We timed afternoon counts so that they were completed at least

                     0.5 h before sunset.

                            During the 5 min point count period, a single observer quietly searched the plot and recorded the
                     species and number of all birds seen. Aural identification was allowed for resident species only. In addition,



                                                                           5










                       the observer recorded the vertical location of every individual based on the following strata categories: 0-2 in,
                       2-4 in, 4-6 in, 6-8 in, subcanopy, and canopy. We used the subcanopy and canopy classification only when the
                       canopy was > 8 in in height.
                                Observations were not made during heavy winds or rain. During the 1992 season we were able to
                       complete all planned morning surveys (22 surveys/plot) and missed only 4-6 afternoon surveys (16-18
                       surveys/plot).


                       Vegetation Description -- We measured vegetation at all 264 plots using a modification of the @egetation volume
                       technique introduced by Mills et al. 199 1. At each plot, we randomly selected the compass direction for a
                       transect that would bisect the circle. A second transect was then oriented to intersect the first at right angles.
                       Ten sample points were taken at 6 in Intervals along each of the transects. To measure vegetation volume, we
                       employed an 8 in pole that was clearly marked every 10 cm and again at 0.5 and I in intervals. The pole
                       represents a cylinder with a diameter of 10 cm. Within each 0.5 in interval. we recorded the number of 10 cm
                       sectors that were "hit" by vegetation and the species of plant represented by the "hit." A maximum of 80 "hits"
                       are possible for one sample. The 20 samples taken for each plot were combined to determine the average
                       vegetation volume.





                       RESULTS



                               During the course of the I I -week study period nearly 10, 800 point counts were conducted within forest
                       patches. Surveys resulted in the detection of over 22,500 birds, representing 119 species. Greater than 98% of
                       the birds detected were identified to species. Remaining individuals could not be positively identified due to
                       unavoidable circumstances (e.g. visual obstructions, poor visibility conditions, movement of birds away from
                       the observer). All species with positive identifications were categorized according to migration status (see
                       Appendix I for complete species list and resideacy/migration status).
                               Of the three bird categories used, long-distance migrants were the most diverse (62 species, 52.1 % of
                       total) followed by short-distance migrants (31, 26.0%) and permanent residents (26, 21.8%). However, in
                       terms of overall abundance, just the opposite pattern was observed. Permanent residents accounted for nearly
                       half of all individuals detected (10,805, 48.6%) followed by short-distance (7,998, 36.0%) and long-distance
                       migrants (3,416, 15.4%) respectively. Within individual migration categories, as well as for the entire species
                       list as a whole, species were not equally abundant. All three bird categories were numerically dominated by
                       relatively few species (see Figure I for species abundance curves). For example, 80% of the short-distance
                       migrants were accounted for by only 4 species (including the Blue Jay, Yellow-rumped Warbler, American



                                                                             6









                     Robin, and Golden-crowned Kinglet) Similarly, Carolina Wrens, Carolina Chickadees, Common Grackles, and
                     Northern Cardinals combined represented over 70% of the resident birds detected. For long-distance migrants,
                     the American Redstart was by far the most abundant species observed representing nearly one quarter of the
                     entire category.
                             Abundance patterns were used to select a representative subset of species for further analysis. All
                     migrant species were included in subsequent analysis if they were detected 70 times or more. In addition, those
                     resident species that were detected 70 times and were believed to be relatively sedentary were also included (see
                     Appendix 1). Those species that were relatively common but tend to move over large areas in flocks during
                     the fall (e.g. Common Grackles, American Crows) were excluded. What follows is a series of temporal and
                     spatial analyses of the three general migration groups and those individual species that were detected with
                     -enough frequency to stand alone.


                     Temporal Patterns
                     Seasonal -- The frequency of detection for all bird groups and many of the individual species varied with
                     season. Figure 2 illustrates the seasonal patterns in species richness and abundance for individual groups. If we
                     split the field season into an early (weeks I - 6) and late period (weeks 7 - 11), all of the bird groups exhibit a
                     significant seasonal pattern in detection frequency (all G-statistics > 200, P < 0.001). For the two migration
                     ,groups, the patterns indicate that long-distance migrants tend to move through the study area early in the season
                     to be followed by short-distance migrants somewhat later in the fall. Nearly 95% of the short-distance migrants
                     were detected after week 7 as compared to less than 25 % for long-distance migrants. As with long-distance
                     migrants, resident species were detected significantly more often in the early period compared to the late period.
                     We believe that this pattern reflects a seasonal change in detectability (due to changes in activity levels) rather

                     than a reduction in overall abundance.

                            Most of the individual species showed seasonal patterns similar to those of their respective groups.
                     However, some exceptions did occur. Figures 3 - 5 present a general overview of seasonal patterns for selected
                     species. All of the resident species were detected significantly more often during the early period (defined as
                     above) than expected based on the number of surveys (all chi-squared statistics > 14.3, P < 0.001) except
                     Red-bellied Woodpeckers. Red-bellied Woodpeckers were observed with significantly greater frequency during
                     the late period (chi-squared statistic > 200, P < 0.001). All of the short-distance migrants were detected
                     comparatively more often during the late period (all chi-squared statistics > 95, P < 0.001) with five of nine
                     species having no observations during the early period. Seven of nine species of long-distance migrants were
                     detected significantly more often during the early period (all chi-squared statistics > 46, P < 0.001) with only
                     Black-throated-blue Warblers and Gray Catbirds moving through later in the season (both chi-squared statistics
                     > 70, P < 0.001). An accounting of seasonal patterns for all species detected is presented in Appendix II.



                                                                            7









                      Daily -- Despite a very strong morning bias in detection frequency for all three bird groups, none of the groups
                      exhibited a significant time of day pattern (Table I). This result is due to the high degree of site to site
                      variation in detection frequency. In other words, although more birds were detected in the morning for all
                      sites, the total number of birds detected varied considerably between patches.
                               Although 20 of 23 species were detected with higher frequency in the morning rather than afternoon
                      survey periods, time of day had a statistically significant influence on relatively few of the species (see Table 1).
                      Carolina Chickadee, Blue Jay, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, and Pine Warbler showed a
                      significant morning bias with Northern Flicker, Yellow-rumped Warbler, and Gray Catbird having notable
                      trends. Carolina Wrens and Northern Cardinals showed a significant afternoon bias in detection frequency.


                      Spatial Patterns
                      Geographic Patterns -- All three of the general bird groups showed distribution patterns on a geographic scale
                      that were significantly different from that expected by chance (all chi-squared statistics > 90,  P < 0.001), (see
                      Figure 6). Both short and long distance migrants, as a whole, seemed to be concentrated within 10 km of the
                      peninsula tip with relatively fewer birds detected with increasing distance away from the,tip. This distribution
                      pattern is consistent with the idea that migrants of both types are using habitats near the tip of the peninsula
                      before crossing the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Resident birds, as a group, showed the opposite distribution
                      and reached their highest densities in those areas furthest from the tip. A clear explanation of this tip-avoidance
                      pattern is not readily apparent except that forested habitats within the lower, narrow portion of the peninsula
                      may be of poor quality due to low soil moisture and frequent salt spray.
                              With relatively few exceptions, distribution patterns for the individual species examined were in
                      a,,reement with their respective groups. All of the resident species were either evenly distributed across the
                      study area (as was the case for Red-bellied Woodpeckers) or were skewed away from the tip (see Figure 7).
                      Most of the short-distance migrant species were concentrated near the tip with the notable exception of Golden-
                      crowned Kinglets and Hermit Thrushes that were distributed away from the tip and White-throated Sparrows
                      that were evenly distributed (Figure 8). All of the long-distance migrants except Ovenbirds and Pine Warblers
                      were concentrated near the tip (Figure 9). Both these exceptions were detected most frequently in the center of
                      the study area.
                              With only one notable exception, none of the selected species exhibited an interaction between
                      geographic distribution and time of day. This result indicates that very little directional redistribution occurred
                      after the initiation of morning surveys. This is an important result that suggests that most migrants have
                      reached their stop-over habitats by 7:00 AM and that moming surveys after this time give reasonable reflections
                      of habitat utilization patterns. The result also suggests that the time of day effect discussed earlier is primarily
                      caused by changes in activity levels (and related detection rates) rather than significant, within-day movements



                                                                               8










                       out of the study area.
                               The Golden-crowned Kinglet was the only species that appeared to relocate throughout the day. This
                       species showed a significant time of day effect, a significant distribution away from the tip, and a time of day
                       by geographic distribution interaction. By examining the relative distribution of kinglets observed during the
                       morning and afternoon survey periods, there appears to be a net redistribution of birds to the north. The
                       combination of these distribution patterns seems to suggest that kinglets are moving to, the north in the early
                       morning (before 7:00 AM) and that they are continuing this movement later into the morning when compared to
                       the other migrants.
                               Within the forested corridors along the edge of the peninsula, all three bird groups had significantly
                       higher detection frequencies within the bayside plots (all chi-squared statistics > 100, P < 0.001). Long-
                       distance migrants, as a whole, had the largest bias with nearly 65% detected along the bayside. Individual
                       species exhibited all possible patterns but of the species with significant patterns, 75% were detected more
                       frequently along the bayside (including Red-bellied Woodpeckers, Blue Jays, Chickadees, Titmice, Golden-
                       crowned Kinglets, Robins, Black-and-white Warblers, Black-throated-blue Warblers, and Redstarts). Robins
                       showed the greatest bias with over 95 % of the individuals detected- along the bayside. Some notable species
                       also showed a significant bias for the seaside conidor (including Yellow-billed Cuckoos, Catbirds, and Yellow-
                       rumped Warblers).


                       hifluence of Patch Size -- Within the relatively narrow range of patch sizes examined, patch size was not a
                       significant determinant of patch use for any of the three bird groups (Table 2). Species richness and overall
                       abundance was not influenced by patch size. Similarly, although many of the selected species exhibited a
                       positive or negative trend in abundance with increasing patch size, relatively few patterns were statistically
                       significant. Red-bellied Woodpeckers, Yellow-billed Cuckoos, and Red-eyed Vireos were the exception to this
                       rule. These three species were detected with higher frequencies in larger forest patches when compared to
                       smaller. This pattern suggests that the use of a given forest patch for these species is area-dependent.
                       However, the biological significance of this pattern during migration remains unclear.


                       Distribution Within Patches -- The location of census plots in relation to the edge or interior of the forest patch
                       had a si-anificant influence on the number of species and individuals detected (Table 3). Overall, bird
                       abundance and species richness was significantly higher within census plots that were positioned along patch
                       edges. This pattern along with the observation that many of the birds were detected directly along the edge
                       suggest that patch edges accounted for a disproportionate number of the total birds detected.
                             Consistent with the overall patterns of abundance, many of the selected species exhibited a significant
                       edge/interior bias in distribution. All but two of these species were detected with higher frequency along patch



                                                                             9









                        edges and many were over twice as common there. Only Carolina Wrens and Black-throated-blue Warblers
                        showed notable distributions away from patch edges.


                        Influence of Vegetation Density -- In order to examine the influence of vegetation density on space use,
                        vegetation measurements were summed within the four 2 rn vertical strata for each census point. Summary data
                        for all four strata were then run through a principal component analysis to determine the dominant sources of
                        variation (in vegetation density) across all census plots. The PCA defined two distinct sources of variation
                        including: 1) meters 0 - 4 hereafter referred to as understory, and 2) meters 4 - 8 hereafter referred to as
                        subcanopy. For this reason, the following analyses will focus on vegetation data summarized for the understory

                        and subcanopy categories.
                                Across the set of census plots, vegetation density within both the understory and subcanopy varied by
                        several fold. The overall density of vegetation was considerably higher in the understory compared to the
                        subcanopy, however, vegetation density was skewed to low values for both strata. In order to examine the
                        availability of vegetation conditions, the range of variation for both strata were subdivided into 10 discrete
                        categories. A frequency distribution of census points based on vegetation density was then generated for both
                        categories (Figure 10). These distributions indicate the number of points surveyed that fall within a given
                        vegetation range and were used as the null distribution in testing for bird/vegetation relationships. In order to
                        evaluate how vegetation density influenced point use, the number of observations of selected species were
                        summed for each point and tested against the expected based on the vegetation categories. Figures 11 - 13
                        illustrate the patterns in deviations between the observed and expected use of understory and subcanopy values.
                                Most of the selected species examined exhibited significant deviations from expected distribution
                        patterns based on both the understory and subcanopy. However, deviation patterns were generally more easily
                        interpreted with regards to the understory density. For resident species, all but one under-utilized plots with
                        relatively low density understories and over-utilized areas with high density understories. This same general
                        pattern was observed for both groups of migrants. Although a few species showed significant deviations that
                        were not easily interpreted, only the Tufted Titmouse, Hermit Thrush, and Yellow-billed Cuckoo appeared to
                        prefer areas with relatively low understory density. These general patterns seem to suggest that most species
                        are selecting areas based on the characteristics of understory vegetation and that most species prefer areas where
                        vegetation is relatively dense.
                               In comparison to the understory patterns, many of the species examined do not appear to be as selective
                        for subcanopy characteristics (Figures 14 - 16). Many of the deviation patterns do not lend themselves to clear
                        interpretation. However, some notable patterns were observed. Cardinals, Flickers, Blue Jays, Robins, Black-
                        and-white Warblers, Pine Warblers, and Redstarts all seem to prefer high density vegetation in the subcanopy.
                        Redstarts in particular showed a high preference for plots with relatively dense subcanopies. As with the



                                                                               to









                    understory vegetation, Tufted Titmice and Yellow-billed Cuckoos appear to prefer low density areas.


                    Patterns in Strata Use -- All of the selected species showed significant patterns in the use of vertical strata
                    (Figures 17 - 19). Although intergrades do exist, species generally fall into four groups. These groups include:
                    1) canopy species, 2) subcanopy species, 3) understory species, and 4) ground species. The majority of the
                    species would be considered subcanopy or understory species with relatively few being restricted to either the
                    canopy or the -round. In general, strata use complements the patterns observed in plot use. Most of the
                    species that primarily use the understory or ground are found in plots containing high density understory
                    vegetation. Likewise, many of the species that utilize the subcanopy seem to prefer areas with dense vegetation

                    in the subcanopy.





                    DISCUSSION



                           Seasonal patterns of abundance were quite clear for all three groups of species. Neotropical migrants
                    were more abundant during the first half of the migration season than they were later. Short-distance migrants
                    display the opposite pattern. In fact, although our data indicate that we adequately covered peak movement
                    periods for long-distance migrants, this was not the case for short-distance migrants. This result suggests that it
                    will be necessary to continue sampling through mid-November in order to thoroughly incorporate the heaviest
                    periods of movement for this group in our study. Detection of residents peaked late in the first half of the study
                    period and then tapered off. This is likely due to dispersal of young and post-breeding behavioral changes that
                    decrease the detectability of resident birds. This result has important implications for planning tourism events
                    around migration. A second year of data that covers the entire migration period will add to the reliability of
                    predicting the peaks of fall migration.
                           On a geographic scale, we found that there was a trend towards highest abundances of both long- and
                    -short-distance migrants close to the peninsula tip. In contrast, residents tended to have the reverse distribution
                    with their lowest densities close to the peninsula tip. Migrants were also found to be more-abundant on the
                    bayside of the peninsula while residents were more evenly distributed. These geographic distribution patterns
                    may be important to the SAMP's goal of directing further development away from sensitive wildlife areas. The
                    development of zoning ordinances to protect native vegetation would be facilitated by the delineation of areas
                    with heaviest bird use in lower Northampton County. We will investigate these patterns further in the coming
                    field season so that they can be more fully defined.
                          Within the parameters of our study, the size of a woodlot did not appear to have any strong relationship
                    to the abundance ofany of the bird groups or most individual species. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Red-eyed Vireo,









                 and Red-bellied Woodpeckers all seemed to respond positively to larger woodlots and showed significant
                 differences in abundance from small to large to big patches. The fragmented character of the lower Delmarva's
                 landscape and the relatively similar size of all woodlots in the area may explain this result. It is possible that
                 below a certain size, birds do not react to differences in forest area. An alternative hypothesis is that forest
                 area alone is not as meaningful a parameter for most birds during migration as it appears to be during the
                 breeding season.
                         Within forest patches, more birds were counted at edge plots than interior plots. Further, we found
                 that most species were under-represented in plots with low density vegetation and appeared to be selecting for
                 those plots with high density vegetation. Vegetation density differs between edge and interior plots only within
                 the first 2 in of the ground (Strata 1) where it is significantly higher for edge plots. Within plots, however,
                 most species analyzed demonstrated strata associations that correspond to their known breeding and wintering
                 behavior. These results will play an integral role in creating meaningful vegetation ordinances and Memoranda
                 of Understanding (MOUs) between Northampton County and the Virginia Department of Transportation or the
                 power companies. After the completion of the study, results such as these may be shared with the public so that
                 they can be incorporated in land management decisions of private citizens.
                         The future direction of this study will guided by the results of the first year. Two principal themes will
                 be pursued in the coming field season: a continuation of the current emphasis on spatial and temporal
                 distributions and an investigation of possible underlying causes of these distributional patterns.
                        Although the importance of testing the resilience of the patterns identified here should not be
                 overlooked, the second field season will also allow us to move to a finer geographic scale. For example,
                 observations suggest that migrant concentrations on the bayside of the lower Delmarva may be a "veneer"
                 phenomenon, occurring only within a thin section of woodlands directly adjacent to the coast. Such detailed
                 resolution of the distribution of fall migrants within the heavy use areas of the bayside and peninsula tip will be
                 highly beneficial to land use planning efforts.
                        Also of value to long-term planning for the protection of migrants and their habitats is an understanding
                 of_why the birds stop-over on the lower Delmarva and what they need from habitats there. Obviously, the full
                 scope of those questions is beyond the constraints of this study. However, data from the first year indicate that
                 the importance of the lower Delmarva varies for different species. Some species (e.g., American Redstart and
                 Golden-crowned Kinglet) are common in the area and are likely to be using the area for longer stop-overs than
                 other species. We will address this further in the coming field season, focusing primarily on habitat use by
                 different species.








                                                                      12












                  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



                          Funding for this study was provided through grant # NA170ZO359-01 from NOAA's Office of Coastal
                  Resource Management and administered by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal
                  Resources Management Program. This study would not have been possible without the support and hard work
                  of numerous individuals and agencies. We thank Melissa Donoff, Peter Leimgruber, Debbie Orr, Sharon
                  Torgersen, and Sean Smith for assistance in the field and Georgia Kratimenos and Daryl Thomas for both field
                  assistance and help with the graphics. Thomas Smith and Karen Terwilliger assisted with fiscal management
                  responsibilities. Toni Harrison, Pat Jarrell, and Faye McKinney provided critical administrative support. We
                  appreciate the private landowners of Northampton County who generously gave us permission to work in their
                  *oodlots; Dr. George Ortel and the Oceanography Department of Old Dominion University for use of the
                  Oyster Field Station; Sherman Stairs, Eastern Shore National Wildlife Refuge for access to refuge property; the
                  staff of The Nature Conservancy's Virginia Coast Reserve for logistical support; and the Northampton County
                  Planning Office for technical assistance.





































                                                                    13













              TABLE 1: Comparisons between morning and afternoon surveys for
              bird groups and selected species. Data for stands within the six
              geographic zones only were used in analysis.

                                       -morning           Afternoon
              Bird Group               X   + S.E.         X  + S.E.      F         P

              Resident
                Red-bellied          7.0   +1.27        5.2  + 0.93     1.36     NS
                Chickadee           32.2   +2.22      20.3   + 1.63     21.97    <0.001
                Car. Wren           15.8   +3.23      25.6   + 1.89     34.72    <0.001
                Cardinal             9.6   +1.96      10.4   + 1.51     10.03    <0.01
                Richness            10.8   +0.34        9.6  + 0.35     0.32     NS
                Abundance           173.3  +17.47     111.8  + 16.51    0.17     NS
              Short-distance
                Flicker             11.3   +2.23        6.6  + 1.43     3.10 0.05<<O.l
                Blue Jay            31.3   +3.25      19.8   + 3.10     6.51     <0.05
                Win. Wren            1.2   +0.35        0.8  + 0.24     0.94     NS ,
                G-c Kinglet         22.1   +2.80      13.5   + 2.39     5.49     <0.05
                Hermit Thr.          2.3   +0.48        1.3  + 0.58     1.91     NS
                Robin               16.5   +5.24      28.4   + 8.06     1.53     NS
                Y-r Warbler         28.8   +8.75      13.0   + 2.84     2.92 0.05<<O.l
                Towhee               1.0   +0.27        0.8  + 0.26     0.11     NS
                Wh-th Sparrow        2.9   +1.04        2,7  + 0.94     0.02     NS
                Richness            10.1   +0.60        8.9  + 0.52     0.01     NS
                Abundance          120.4   +14.52     97.5   + 9.25     0.56     NS
              Long-distance
                Y-b Cuckoo           0.8   +0.16        0.2  + 0.09     4.36     <0.05
                Gnatcatcher          0.6   +0.26        0.7  + 0.28     0.05     NS
                Catbird              4.0   +1.03        2.0  + 0.48     2.97 0.05<<O.l
                Red-e Vireo          2.8   +0.55        1.2  + 0.27     7.10     <0.05
                Bl&Wh Warbler        4.9   +0.77        4.0  + 0.73     0.56     NS
                Bl-th-bl Warbler     2.2   +0.40        1.5@+  0.32     1.98     NS
                Pine Warbler         6.7   +1.41        3.3  + 0.79     4.47     <0.05
                Ovenbird             1.5   +0.32        1.0  + 0.16     1.66     NS
                Redstart            13.0   +3.41        8.8  + 2.18     1 *-@26  NS
                Richness            14.9   +1.28      11.0   + 0.60     1.05     NS
                Abundance           48.6   +7.40      30.3   + 3.78     0.277    NS













                                                  14










               TABLE 2: Descriptive statistics and results of one-way analysis
               of variance between small, medium, and large forest patches.
               Sample sizes    12, 12 and 8 for small, medium, and large patches
               respectively.

                                     Small        Medium        Large
               Bird Group          X + S.E.      X + S.E.       X + S.E.    F     P

               Resident
               Red-bellied        5.2+1.94      8.8+1.55      12.3+1.42    3.86 <0.05
               Chickadee         33.0+2.76     33.4+3.61      34.5+3.98    0.04   NS
               Car. Wren         43.2+4.02     52.1+4.88      48.6+6.47    0.92   NS
               Cardinal          17.8+3.08     18.6+2.56      11.6+3.02    1.45   NS
               Richness          11.0+0.58     10.6+0.38      10.8+0.56    0.19   NS
               Abundance         170.3+26.00   176.3+24.53  126.5+18.91    1.03   NS
               Short-distance
               Flicker            9.8+3.29     12.7+3.10      17.3+3.30    1.16   NS
               Blue Jay          32.7+5.80     29.8+3.20      19.6+3.33    1.94   NS
               Win. Wren          1.0+0.51      1.3+0.51      1.9+0.74     0.54   NS
               G-c Kinglet       23.3+4.44     20.9+3.58      17.9+2.  72  0.44   NS
               Hermit Thr.        2.1+0.75      2.5+0.62      1.3+0.25     2.91   NS
               Robin             18.2+7.65     14.8+7.47      8.5+6.26     0.38   NS
               Y-r Warbler       32.3+9.94     25.2+14.80     25.8+6.69    0.12   NS
               Towhee             1.1+0.43      0.8+0.32      0.5+0.33     0.53   NS
               Wh-th Sparrow      2.0+1.04      3.8+1.82      0.9+0.35     1.05   NS
               Richness          10.0+1.07     10.2+0.60      8.5+0.50     1.04   NS
               Abundance        121.5+23.33    119.3+18.35    93.5+9.98    0.52   NS
               Long-distance
               Y-b Cuckoo         0.2+0.17      1.0+0.21      1.1+0.40     4.64  <0.05
               Catbird            4.3+1.66      3.8+1.30      2.5+0.89     0.35   NS
               Red-e Vireo        1.3+0.43      4.3+0.82      4.6+1.30     4.99  <0.05
               Bl&Wh Warbler      4.4+0.87      5.2+1.31      7.9+3.18     0.98   NS
               BlThBl Warbler     1.7+0.53      2.8+0.57      1.8+0.41     1.36   NS
               Pine Warbler       5.7+1.93      7.8+2.10      5.1+1.97     0.46   NS
               Ovenbird           1.3+0.31      1.6+0.57      1.6+0.48     0.12   NS
               Redstart          14.5+6.39     11.6+2.71      9.6+3.48     0.25   NS
               Richness          14.2+2.32     15.6+1.17      11.6+1.21    1.13   NS
               Abundance         45.6+14.04    51.6+5.48      46.0+9.71    0.11   NS



















                                                15










             TABLE 3: Results of Mann-Whitney U comparisons between edge and
             interior points. Sample sizes = 129 and 135 for edge and
             interior point respectively.

                                          Edge         Interior
             Bird Group                   X+S.E.         X + S.E.      U        P

             Resident
               Red-bellied          2.88  + 0.256    2.27  + 0.204    9095      NS
               Chickadee            8.89  + 0.527    8.42  + 0.506    9095      NS
               Car. Wren            7.28  + 0.641    8.67  + 0.481  12698    <0.001
               Cardinal             5.50  + 0.446    2.49  + 0.247  12350    <0.001
             Short-distance
               Flicker              2.87  + 0.325    2.27  + 0.208    9267      NS
               Blue Jay             8.59  + 0.727    5.43  + 0.427  11099    <0.001
               Win. Wren            0.49  + 0.080    0.31  + 0.168  10345    <0.001
               G-c Kinglet          4.78  + 0.435    5.35  + 0.560    8777      NS
               Hermit Thr.          0.55  + 0.117    0.44  + 0.098    9231      NS
               Robin                6.29  + 1.258    4.23  + 1.077  10085    <0.05
               Y-r Warbler          8.68  + 1.403    4.80  + 0.840  10405    <0.01
               Towhee               0.41  + 0,092    0.12  + 0.035  -9615    <0.05
               Wh-thr Sparrow       1.39  + 0.375    0.02  + 0.017  10889    <0.001
             Long-distance                                          -
               Y-b Cuckoo           0.24  + 0.044    0.30  + 0.057    8453      NS
               Gnatcatcher          0.26  + 0.063    0.36  + 0.094    8864      NS
               Catbird              1.46  + 0.278    0.48  + 0.096  10788    <0.001
               Red-e Vireo          0.81  + 0.101    0.66  + 0.089    9345      NS
               B&W Warbler          1.85  + 0.237    1.39  + 0.165    9840   0.05<<O.l
               Bl-th-bl Warbler     0.52  + 0.085    0.70  + 1.393    7815   0.05<<O.l
               Pine Warbler         1.80  + 0.318    1.42  + 0.154    8463      NS
               Ovenbird             0.51  + 0.067    0.34  + 0.051    9612   0.05<<O.l
               Redstart             3.63  + 0.758    2.53  + 0.259    9136      NS
             Total Richness        19.50  + 0.510   16.42  + 0.346  11573    <0.001
             Total Abundance      102.83  + 7.152   68.83  + 2.842  11765    <0.001
























                                                 16






























                          Figure 1: Species abundance curves for resident, short-distance migrants, and long-distance migrants. Percent
                          indicates the relative proportion of total observations accounted for by each species. Species rank is an ordering
                          of the species within each group based on their absolute abundance (ordered from highest to lowest abundance).


































                                                                                17














                          SPECIES ABUNDANCE CURVES
               30


                                          00- Resident
                                             Short-distance
                                             Long-distance
               20


            cz




               10






                0

                   0    10    20   30    40   50    60   70
                                 Species Rank







         Figure I



























                     Figure 2: Seasonal patterns in species richness and overall abundance for residents, short-distance migrants,
                     and long-distance migrants. Percent indicates the relative proportion of total observations (for the entire field
                     season) for each group accounted for during a given week. Week one is the third week of August and week I I
                     is the last week of November.













































                                                                           18




















                                       Seasonal Patterns in Species Richness

                                    80

                                    70                                        Resident
                                                                           --&-Short Distance
                                    60
                                                                              Long Distance

                                    50


                                    40

                                    30


                                    20

                                    10
                                       1  2 3 4 5      6 7    8 9 10 11

                                                     Week





                                          Seasonal Patterns in Abundance
                                    50



                                    40


                                 cc
                                 E  30


                                    20


                                    10


                                    0                     i -@T  i  i  I
                                       1  2 3 4 5      6 7 8 9 10 11

                                                     Week








                Figure 2




























                       Figures 3 - 5: Seasonal patterns in detection rates for selected resident, short-distance migrants, and long-
                       distance migrants. Percent indicates the relative proportion of total observations accounted for by a given week.
                       Week one is the third week of August and week 11 is the last week of November.



































                                                                             19








                      Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                              for Selected Resident Species


                                        30
                        Red-bellied     15
                                          0
                                             1  2  3  4   5  6   7  8   9 10 11










                                        16
                                        12
                      Chickadee
                                          4
                                             1 2   3  4   5  6  7   8  9 10 11









                                        20
                      Titmouse          10
                                          0
                                             1 2   3  4  5   6  7   8  9 10 11












                                        16
                                        12
                                        8
                       Carolina Wren    4
                                        0    1 2  3   4  5   8  7   8  9 10 11






                                        16
                                        18
                                        2

                       Cardinal         4
                                        0
                                             1 2  3   4  5  6   7  8   9 10 11
            Figure 3








                                 Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                                     For Selected Short-distance Migrants

                                                                 30
                                        Flicker                  20
                                                                 10
                                                                 0
                                                                 1 2 3 4 5        8   7   8  9 10 11
                                                                        Week

                                                                 30
                                                                 20
                                        Blue Jay                 10
                                                                 01 2 3 4 5 6 7           8  9 10 11
                                                                                  Week


                                                                 40
                                       Winter Wren               20
                                                                 012 3 4 5 6 7 8            9 10 11
                                                                                 Week


                                                                 70
                                        G-c Kinglet              35
                                                                 012 3 4 5        8   7 8    9 10 11
                                                                                  Week





                                                                 45
                                       Harm Thrush               90
                                                                 012  3   4   5   6   7   8  9 10 11
                                                                                 Week



                                                                 90
                                        Robin                    45
                                                                 01   3 4 5 6         7 8   9 16 11
                                                                                 Week


                                                                 50

                                                                 25
                                       Towhee

                                                                 12 3 4 5         6   7  8  9 10 11

                                                                                 Week



                                                                 40
                                     Y-r Warbler                 20
                                                                 012 3   4   5    8   7 8   9 10 11
                                                                                 Week



                                                                 80
                                       Wth Sparrow               40
                                                                 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
                   Figure 4                                                     Week







                Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                   For selected Long-distance Migrants

                                    30-
                                    20-
                      Y-b Cuckoo    10-
                                    0
                                    1 2 3 4  5 8 7 8 9 10 11

                                             Week     -


                                    50-

                                    25
                      Gnatcatcher
                                    0
                                    1 2 3 4 5  8 7 8 9 10 11

                                              Week


                                    30-
                                    20-
                       Catbird      10
                                    0
                                    1 2 3 4 5 6 7  8 9 10 11
                                             Week
                                    40-

                                    20
                     R-e Vireo      -
                                    012 3 4 5  6 7 8 9 10 11
                                            Week


                                    40-

                                    20
                      B&W Warbler   -

                                    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  9 10 11
                                             Week
                                    30
                      Bl-th-Bl      20-
                      Warbler       10-
                                    0
                                    1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8  9 10 11
                                             Week


                                    30


                                    15
                    Pine Warbler
                                    0
                                    12 3 4 5 6 7 8  9 10 11
                                            Week
                                    30-
                                    20
                    Ovenbird        10
                                    0
                                    12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

                                             Week
                                    30


                     Redstart
                                    0
                                    12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
        Figure 5                             Week


























                      Figure 6: Geographic patterns for resident, short-distance migrants, and long-distance migrants. Percentage
                      values indicate the relative proportion of birds within the entire study area that were accounted for by particular
                      regions. The symbols *** beside group names indicate significance to the 0.001 level for Chi-squared statistics
                      comparing observed distribution patterns with an expected even distribution.




































                                                                            20







                    Geographic Patterns for Bird Groups



               Resident      Short-distance   Long-distance




                                                     5@
                  17












                Key to Color Codes for Geographic Maps




                  0-10%             20-30%         40-50%



                  10-20%            30-40%         >50%



       Figure 6

























                     Figures 7 - 9: Geographic patterns for selected species. Percentage values indicate the relative proportion of
                     birds within the entire study area that were accounted for by particular regions. Significance values (generated
                     from Chi-square tests) are given by symbols located beside species names: no symbol indicates no significant
                     difference from expected, (*) 'indicates significance to the 0.05 level,   indicates significance to the 0.01
                     level, and       indicates significance to the 0.001 level.




































                                                                            21






                           Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                     Resident Species

                                               Red-bellied











                        Chickadee                               Titmouse








                              .. ...........







                         Car. Wren                             Cardinal











            Figure 7.'





                            Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                 Short-distance Migrants
                         Flicker               Blue Jay           Win. Wren












                       G-c Kinglet           Hermit Thr.            Robin











                       Y-r Warbler            Towhee            Wh-th Sparrow













            Figure 8.






                                   Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                          Long-distance Migrants

                              Y-b Cuckoo                  Gnatcatcher                    Catbird

















                               Red-e Vireo                B&W Warbler                 Bl-th-bl Warb.
















                             Pine Warbler                   Ovenbird                   Redstart

                                                                 wHil


                                                                                        .4;;:::::"::::
                                                                ... .. . .....
                                                             ... ......                        Hill! .......


                                                                  HN:










              Figure 9.



























                       Figure 10: Frequency distribution for census plots across the observed range of density for understory and
                       subcanopy vegetation. Understory refers to the area from ground level to a height of 4 m. Subcanopy refers to
                       the area from 4 to 8 meters above the -round. Density categories presented indicate the midpoint for a range of
                       density values. Density values indicate the sum of vegetation measurements within the understory and
                       subcanopy for each census plot.





































                                                                            22
  oil












                                  Vegetation Density within Understory
                               20



                            Cl-


                            0



                            C
                            0  10
                            cr
                            CD

                            U-






                            d:
                               0
                                   23 43 63 83    103 123 143 163.183 203

                                             Vegetation Density



                               Vegetation Density within Subcanopy
                             30





                             20




                           cr
                           W
                           U- 10





                               0

                                  19 35 51   67 83   99 115 131147187
                                            Vegetation Density

             Figure 10

























                      Figures 11 -13: Deviation patterns for selected resident, short-distance migrants, and long-distance migrants.
                      Bars indicate the difference between bird utilization patterns and those expected based on the availability of
                      census points within a given range in understory density. Negative values indicate that points within the given
                      vegetation range were under-utilized relative to their availability. Positive values indicate that points within the
                      given vegetation range were over-utilized relative to their availability. Significance values (generated from Chi-
                      square tests) are given by symbols located beside species names: no symbol indicates no significant difference
                      from expected, (*) indicates significance to the 0.05 level,     indicates significance to the 0.01 level, and
                            indicates significance to the 0.001 level.


































                                                                             23







                Space-use Across an Understory Gradie nt
                    For Selected Resident Species


                       3
                       2
                       0
      Red-bell.       -2
                      -3   1  2  3  4  5  6 7  8  9 10
                                Vegetation Gradient


                      2

                      0



      Chickadee
                      -4
                          1   2 3  4  5 6 7 8 9 10
                               Vegetation Gradient


                      10




    Titmouse
                     -10
                          1  2  3 4   5  6 7 8   9 10
                              Vegetation Gradient



                      4


   Car. Wren          -2
                      -5
                          1 2  3  4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                               Vegetation Gradient


                     10
 Wardinal             0
                     -10
                         1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
       Figure 11              Vegetation Gradient





                                Space-use Across an Understory. Gradient
                                    For     Selected Short-distance Migrants

                                                                10 -


                                                                                 9M
                                      Flicker

                                                                -10
                                                                     1 2 3       4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                            Vegetation Gradient

                                                                4
                                                                2
                                                                0
                                      Blue Jay                  -2
                                                                -4
                                                                      1   2   3   4   5   6 7 8 9 10
                                                                             Vegetation Gradient
                                                                25
                                                                10              .11      - - WNW-
                                     Win. Wren                  -5 I-so
                                                                -20  1  2 3 4 5          6 7 8 9 10
                                                                            Vegetation Gradient


                                                                3
                                                                0 J                               Oll
                                    G-c Kinglet                 -3
                                                                -6
                                                                     1   2   3 4     5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                           Vegetation Gradient

                                                                10


                                                                0
                                   Hermit Thr.
                                                                -10
                                                                     1  2 3 4        5 6 7 8         9 10
                                                                          Vegetation Gradient
                                                                20
                                                                10
                                     Robin                      0
                                                                -10  1  2 3 4        5 6 7 8         9 10
                                                                            Vegetation Gradient

                                                                10

                                                                0
                                  Y-r. Warbler
                                                                -10  1 2    3 4 5       6 7 8        9 10
                                                                          Vegetation     Gradient

                                                                5


                                    Towhee
                                                                15   1  2 3 4 5         6 7 8        9 10
                                                                           Vegetation     Gradient

                                                                20
                                                                10
                                                                0
                                  Wh-th Spar.                   -10
                                                                -20  1 2 3 4 5          8 7 8       9 10
              Figure 12                                                   Vegetation     Gradient





                               Space-use Across an Understorv Gradient
                                   For   Selected Long-distance Migrants

                                                             2
                                                             0
                                  Y-b Cuckoo                 -2
                                                             -4
                                                                  1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                       Vegetation Gradient

                                                             20
                                                             10         nil
                                                             0
                                    Gnatcatcher.             -10
                                                             -20  1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                             20         Vegetation Gradient
                                                             10
                                  Catbird                    0      0
                                                             -10
                                                                  1 2   3 4 5       6 7 8 9 10
                                                                       Vegetation   Gradient
                                                             10



                                  Red-e Virso
                                                             -10  1 2   3 4 - 5    6 7 8       9 10
                                                                       Vegetation Gradient

                                                             3



                                 B&W Warb.
                                                             -3
                                                                  1 2 3    4 5 6 7 8          9 10
                                                             10      Vegetation Gradient

                                 BIThBI Warb.                     m
                                                             -10  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8             9 10
                                                                      Vegetation Gradient


                                                             3
                                                             -1
                                 Pine Warb.                  -5
                                                             -9   12 3 4 5 6          7 8 9 10
                                                                     Vegetation Gradient

                                                             6
                                                             4
                                                             2
                                                             0
                                  Ovenbird                   -2
                                                                  1 2  3 4 5      6 7 8 9 10
                                                                      Vegetation    Gradient
                                                             20
                                                             10
                                  Redatart                   0
                                                         -10
                                                                  12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
               Figure 13                                             Vegetational Gradient

























                   Figures 14 - 16: Deviation patterns for selected resident, short-distance migrants, and long-distance migrants.
                   13ars, indicate the difference between bird utilization patterns and those expected based on the availability of
                   census points within a given range in subcanopy density (refer to Figure 10). Negative values indicate that
                   points within the given vegetation range were under-utilized relative to their availability. Positive values
                   indicate that points within the given vegetation range were over-utilized relative to their availability.
                   Significance values (generated from Chi-square tests) are given by symbols located beside species names: no
                   symbol indicates no significant difference from expected, (*) indicates significance to the 0.05 level,
                   indicates significance to the 0.01 level, and      indicates significance to the 0.001 level.



































                                                                          24








                       Space-use Across a Subcanopy Gradient
                             For Selected Resident Species


                                      5
                                      3

              Red-bell
                                      -3
                                             1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                 Vegetation   Gradient







            Chickadee


                                             1  2 3 4 5        6 7 8 9        10
                                                 Vegetation Gradient



                                      4
                                      2
                                      0
             Titmouse                 -2
                                      -4
                                             1  2 3    4   5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                 Vegetation Gradient



                                       3
                                       2
                                       0                              El
             Car. Wren                -2
                                      -3
                                             1  2 3 4 5 6 7           8 9    10
                                                 Vegetation Gradient







             Cardinal


                                             1  2  3   4 5 6 7        8 9    10
                                                  Vegetation Gradient

           Figure 14





                                 Srce se Across a Subcann Gradient
                                       or g
                                              elected Short-distance 4igrants

                                                                  10
                                      Y-b Cuckoo                  0
                                                                  -10
                                                                       1   2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                              Vegetation Gradient


                                                                  10
                                                                  0
                                     Gnatcatcher                  -10
                                                                  -20
                                                                      1   2 3      4 5     6 7 8 9 10
                                                                            Vegetation    Gradient

                                                                  20
                                                                  10
                                     Catbird                      0
                                                                  -10
                                                                       1   2   3   4 5     6 7 8 9 10
                                                                             Vegetation    Gradient

                                                                  4
                                                                  2
                                                                  0
                                     Red-9 VIreo                  -2
                                                                  4    1   2 3     4    5   6 7 8 9         10
                                                                            Vegetation Gradient

                                                                  6
                                                                  4
                                                                  2
                                    B&W Warb.                     0                   m w
                                                                  -2
                                                                      1   2 3 4 5          6   7 8 9 10
                                                                           Vegetation    Gradient



                                   BIThBI Warb.


                                                                     1   2 3 4 5          6 7 8        9 10
                                                                            Vegetation    Gradient

                                                                  8
                                                                  4
                                    Pine Warb.                    0                                       ML
                                                                  -4 1   2 3      4 5 6 7 8           9 10
                                                                            Vegetation Gradient

                                                                  3


                                    Ovenbird

                                                                     1   2   3 4      5   6 7 8       9 10
                                                                             Vegetation Gradient
                                                                  20
                                                                  10
                                    Redstart                      0
                                                              -10
                Figure 15                                            1   2   3 4 5 6 7           8 9      10
                                                                            Vegetation Gradient



                               Srce ise Across a Subcanopv Gradient
                                     or @t
                                             elected Long-distance Migrants
                                                                  3
                                                                  2
                                                                  0
                                      Flicker                     -2
                                                                  -3
                                                                       1   2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                             Vegetation Gradient

                                                                  3


                                    Blue Jay

                                                                      1   2 3 4 5 6 7 8- 9 10
                                                                            Vegetation Gradient
                                                               20 -
                                                               10 -
                                   Win. Wren                      0
                                                              -1n
                                                                     1   2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                          Vegetation Gradient

                                                                  4
                                                                  2
                                    G-c Kinglet                   0
                                                                  -2
                                                                  4    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
                                                                              Vegetation Gradient



                                  Hermit Thr.

                                                                     1   2 3 4 5           6 7     8    9   10
                                                                             Vegetation Gradient

                                                               20
                                                               10
                                    Robin                         0
                                                              -10    1 2 3 4          5    6 7     8    9    10
                                                                           Vegetation     Gradient

                                                                  6
                                                                  3
                                                                  0                                         ow-
                                    Y-r Warbler                -3 IM 1
                                                               -6    1   2   3 4      5   6 7 8        9'  10
                                                                            Vegetation    Gradient

                                                              10
                                                               0
                                   Towhee                    -10
                                                             -20    1   2   3 4 5        6 7 8        9 10
                                                                          Vegetation    Gradient

                                                              20
                                                              10  @=                             N
                                                               0
                                  Wh-th Spar.                .10
               Figure 16                                     -20    1 2     3   4 5      6 7 8        9 10
                                                                        Vegetation     Gradient
























                 Figures 17 - 19: Relative use of vertical strata by selected resident, short-distance migrants, and long-distance
                 migrants. Strata categories included are as follows: I indicates 0 - 2 m above the ground, 2 indicates 2 - 4 m
                 above the ground, 3 indicates 4 - 6 in above the ground, 4 indicates 6 - 8 in above the ground, 5 indicates
                 remaining subcanopy above 8 in, and 6 indicates the forest canopy. Significance values represent the results of
                 Chi-square tests comparing observed strata use to an expected even distribution and are given by symbols
                 located beside the species name: no symbol indicates no significant difference from expected, (*) indicates
                 significance to the 0.05 level,    indicates significance to the 0.01 level, and     indicates significance to the
                 0.001 level.













































                                                                       25







                      Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                        For Selected Resident Species

                                   Red-bell

                                 6

                               2 5
                               cc
                               CO4
                               C;
                               .2 3-0
                               t:
                               CD
                                 2




                                  0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
                                     % of total


               Chickadee                             Titmouse

              6                                    6 ill

                                                   5
                                                  CO
              4                                    4
              3                                    3
              2                                    2

               0  10  20  30                         0 10 2@ 3@ '410
                 % of total
                                                        % of total


               Car. Wren                             Cardinal
               1                                   6
              6
                                                   5
           2  5
           !4  1                                 - 4
           @5 4 -ME                              Cn
              3                                    3
           .2                                    .2
                                                   2
           cD 2                                  >
           >

              0  10 20 30 40                        0  10 210 310 410
                 % of total                            % of total

          Figure 17







                       Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                    For Selected Short-distance Migrants

               Flicker                Blue Jay              Win.   Wren
                                      1
             6                        6 -1111IMEMENEM     6 -
           2 5-                   CO                      5
                                  CO  4
           ig 4                                           4-
                                      3-6
             3
                                                          3
                                      2                 cD2
           :>2

               0 1@ 2'0'3@'4'0'5@     010 20 30 4050 60     0 20 40 60 80 100
                  % of total            % of total               % of total



                                                            Robin
               G-c Kinglet            Hermit Thr.         6
             6                        6
               I                      I                 Ca5
             5
          Z                                               4
          Cn 4                    5;  4
                                                          3
          cc!3                        3
                                                          2
             2                        2
          :>

              0   10  20   30         0 10 20 30 40 50      0   10  20   30
                 % of total              % of total            % of total




               Y-r Warbler            Towhee                Wh-thr Sparrow
              6                       6                   6 -
              5                       5                  5 -
                                  cc
                                  @:  4                c;5  4-
             5;4                  Ca
             cc                   Z   3                   3
              3
                                      2
              2                                           2
               MEMNON=




               1 . I . i I i          I i .1
               0   10  20  30         020  40 60 80         0 20 40 60 80
                 % of total             % of total            % of total

         Figure 18







                                   Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                                 For Selected Long-distance Migrants

                       Y-b Cuckoo                       Gnatcatcher                     Catbird
                                                                                       6
                       6                               6)'m                        2   5
                                                       5
                  .0                                                               cc
                  ,;   5
                       4-                          65  4                           co  4-1
                                                   CO                                  3
                                                                                   .2
                       3                               3
                       2                           CD  2                               2
                  >

                       0  1@   2@   30 40              0   10 20 30 40
                           % of total                      % of total                       % of total



                       Red-e Vireo                     81 & Wh Warb.                   BI-th-bl Warb.
                  CO   6                            6  -Ijo                            6
                       5                         cc 5                                  5
                       4
                                                 Cn 4                                  4
                       3                         CO
                                                 .2 3 IMMMMMM                          3
                                                       1                           -2
                       2                         (D 2 JEU
                                                       I  MM                           2
                                                       -pin                            1
                                                                                       i .  q d  1 -7-7
                       0  10   20 30 40                0 10   20   30 40
                          %  of total                      % of  total                 0   10  20 30 40
                                                                                           % of total



                       Pine Warbler                    Ovenbird                        Redstart
                       6                           6 -                                 64
                       5                         2 5-                                  5
                                                 cc
                                                   4
                                                                                  CO   4
                       3                         ig 3 -11                         -Z   3
                       2                         @CD2                                  2

                       0 1 2@'3@'46'5@                 0 15' 3@'45'6@'7@'9@            0  10 20    30 40
                         % of total                      % of total                        % of total
            Figure 19











               LITERATURE CITED


               Askins, R. A., J. F. Lynch, and R. Greenberg. 1990. Population declines in migratory birds in eastern North
               America. Current Ornithology 7:1-57.

               Gauthreaux, S. A. 1982. Ecology and evolution of migration. Avian Biology 5:77-127.

               Gill, F. B. 1990. Ornithology. Pp. 243-258. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

               Hagan, J. M. and D. W. Johnston. 1992. Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migrant 14ndbirds.
               Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

               Hill, N. P. and J. M. Hagan, 111. 1991. Population trends of some northeastern North American landbirds: A
               half-century of data. Wilson Bull. 103:165-182.

               Kaiser, A. 1992. Fat deposition and theoretical flight range of small autumn migrants in southern Germany.
               Bird Study 39:96-110.

               Keast, A. and E. S. Morton. 1980. Migrant birds in the Neotropics: Ecology, behavior, and conservation.
               Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

               Mills, G. S., J. B. Dunning, Jr., and J. M. Bates. 1991. The relationship between breeding bird density and
               vegetation volume. Wilson Bull. 103:468479.

               Moore, F. R. and W. Yong. 1991. Evidence of food-based competition among passerine migrants during
               stopover. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 85-90.

               Moore, F. R., S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr., P. Kerlinger, and T. R. Simons. In press. Stopover habitat: Management
               implications and guidelines in Proceedings: Status and management of neotropical migratory landbirds. (D.
               Finch and P. Stangel, eds.). Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Station General Technical Report. Fort Collins,
               Co.

               Robbins, C. S., J. R. Sauer, R. S. Greenberg, and S. Droege. 1989. Population declines in North American
               birds that migrate to the neotropics. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. 86:7658-7662

               Rusling, W. J. 1936. The study of the habits of diurnal migrants, as related to weather and land masses during
               the fall migration on the Atlantic Coast, with particular reference to the hawk flights of the Cape Charles
               (Virginia) region. Unpubl. report.
               Wiiler, K., D. W. Warner, and A. R. Weisbrod. 1992a. The Northern Waterthrush and Swainson's Thrush as
               transients at a temperate inland stopover site. Pp 384-402 in Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migrant
               landbirds (J. M. Hagan and D. W. Johnston, Eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

               Winker, K., D. W. Warner, and A. R. Weisbrod. 1992b. Daily mass gains among woodland migrants at an
               inland stopover site. Auk 109:853-826.









                                                                  26










            Appendix I: List of species detected, their scientific names,
            and bird category in which they were placed. Bird categories are
            as follows: 1) permanent resident, 2) short-distance migrant, 3)
            long-distance migrant.

                                                                          Category
            Common Name                     Scientific Name               1   2   3


            Green-backed Heron              Butorides Striatus                X
            American Woodcock               Scolopax minor                    X
            Common Bobwhite                 Colinus virginianus           X
            Sharp-shinned Hawk              Accipiter striatus                    X
            Cooper's Hawk                   Accipiter cooperi                     X
            Red-tailed Hawk                 Buteo iamaicensis                X
            -Broad-winged Hawk              Buteo platypterus                     X
            Bald Eagle                      Haliaeetus leucocephalis      X
            Osprey                          Pandion haliaetus                     X
            Turkey Vulture                  Cathartes aura                X
            Black Vulture                   Coragyps atratus              X
            American Kestrel                Falco sparverius                 X
            Merlin                          Falco columbarius                     X
            Northern Harrier                circus cyaneus                   X
            Great-horned Owl                Bubo virginianus              X
            Mourning Dove                   zenaida macroura              X
            Yellow-billed Cuckoo            Coccyzus americanus                   X
            Black-billed Cuckoo             Coccvzus erythropthalmus              X
            Chuck-will's Widow              Caprimulqus carolinensis              X
            Ruby-throated Hummingbird       Archilocus colubris                   X
            Belted Kingfisher               Ceryle alcyon                 X
            Red-headed Woodpecker           Melanerpes erythrocephalus    x
            Red-bellied Woodpecker          Melanerpes carolinus          X
            Yellow-bellied Sapsucker        Sphyrapicus varius               X
            Downy Woodpecker                Picoides pubescens            X
            Hairy Woodpecker                Picoides villosus             X
            Pileated Woodpecker             Dryocopus pileatus            X
            Northern Flicker                Colaptes auratus                 X
            Eastern Wood Pewee              Contopus virens                       X
          .-Acadian Flycatcher              EmRidonax virescens                   X
            Great-crested Flycatcher        Mviarchus crinitus                    x
            Least Flycatcher                Empidonax minimus                     X
            Yellow-bellied Flycatcher       Empidonax flaviventris                X
            Eastern Phoebe                  Savornis phoebe                       X
            Eastern Kingbird                Tyrannus tyrannus                     X
            Tree Swallow                    Tachycineta bicolor                   X
            Blue Jay                        Cyanocitta cristata             X
            American crow                   Corvus brachyrhynchos      X
            Fish Crow                       Corvus ossifracrus         X
            Carolina Chickadee              Parus carolinensis         X
            Brown Creeper                   Certhia americana              X
            Tufted Titmouse                 Parus bicolor              X
            White-breasted Nuthatch         Sitta carolinensis         X


                                             27











             Red-breasted Nuthatch              Sitta canadensis                  X

             Appendix I:    ---- continued----

             Brown-headed Nuthatch              Sitta pusilla                 X
             House Wren                         Troglodytes aedon                     X
             Winter Wren                        Troqlodytes troglodytes           X
             Carolina Wren                      Thryothorus ludovicianus      X
             Ruby-crowned Kinglet               Regulus calendula                 X
             Golden-crowned Kinglet             Regulus satrapa                   X
             Blue-gray Gnatcatcher              Polioptila caerulea                   X
             Eastern Bluebird                   Sialia sialis                 X
             Wood Thrush                        Hylocichla mustelina                  X
             Swainson's Thrush                  Catharus ustulatas                    X
             Gray-cheeked Thrush                Catharus minimus                      X
             Hermit Thrush                      Catharus quttata                  X
             Veery                              Catharus fuscescens                   X
             American Robin                     Turdus migratorius                X
             Gray Catbird                       Dumetella carolinensis                X
             Mockingbird                        Mimus polyglottis             X
             Brown Thrasher                     Toxostoma-rufum               X
             Cedar Waxwing                      Bombycilla cedrorum               X
             Eastern Meadowlark                 Sternella magna                   X
             European Starling                  Sturnus vulgaris              X
             White-eyed Vireo                   Vireo griseus                         X
             Solitary Vireo                     Vireo solitarius                      X
             Red-eyed Vireo                     Vireo olivaceus                       X
             Warbling Vireo                     Vireo gilvus                          X
             Philadelphia Vireo                 Vireo philadelphicus                  X
             Blue-winged Warbler                Vermivora Pinus                       X
             Golden-winged Warbler              Vermivora chrysoptera                 X
             Tennessee Warbler                  Vermivora peregrina                   X
             Nashville Warbler                  Vermivora ruficapilla                 X
             Northern Parula                    Parula americana                      X
             Black-and-white Warbler            Mniotilta varia                       X
             Black-throated Blue Warbler        Dendroica caerulescens                X
             Cerulean Warbler                   Dendroica cerulea.                    X
             Blackburnian Warbler               Dendroica fusca                       X
             Chestnut-sided Warbler             Dendroica pensylvanica                X
             Cape May Warbler                   Dendroica tigrina                     X
             Magnolia Warbler                   Dendroica magnolia                    X
             Yellow-rumped Warbler              Dendroica coronata                 X
             Black-throated Greed Warbler       Dendroica virens                      X
             Yellow-throated Warbler            Dendroica dominica                    X
             Prairie Warbler                    Dendroica discolor                    X
             Bay-breasted Warbler               Dendroica castanea                    X
             Blackpoll Warbler                  Dendroica striata                     X
             Pine Warbler                       Dendroica pinus                       X
             Palm Warbler                       Dendroica palmarum.                  X
             Mourning Warbler                   Oporornis Philadelphia                X
             Connecticut Warbler                Oporornis agila                       X
             Kentucky Warbler                   Oporornis formosus                    X

                                                 28











              Canada Warbler                  Wilsonia canadensis                  X
              Wilson's Warbler                Wilsonia pusilla                     X


              Appendix I:   ---- continued----

              Worm-eating Warbler             Helmitheros vermivorus               X
              Ovenbird                        Seiurus aurocapillus                 X
              Louisiana Waterthrush           Seiurus motacilla                    X
              Northern Waterthrush            Seiurus noveboracensis               X
              Common Yellowthroat             Geothlypis trichas                   X
              Yellow-breasted Chat            Icteria virens                       X
              American Redstart               Setophaga ruticilla                  X
              Blue Grosbeak                   Guiraca caerulea                     X
              Rose-breasted Grosbeak          Pheucticus melanocephalus            X
              Northern Cardinal               Cardinalis cardinalis          X
              Indigo Bunting                  Passerina cyanea                     X
              Rufous-sided Towhee             Pipilo erythroqphthalmus          X
              Song Sparrow                    Melospiza melodia                 X
              Field Sparrow                   Spizella pusilla                  X
              Chipping Sparrow                Spizella passerina                X
              White-throated Sparrow          Zonotrichia albicolis             X
              White-crowned Sparrow           Zonotrichia leucophrys            X
              Swamp Sparrow                   Melospiza georgiana               X
              Savannah Sparrow                Passerculus sandwichensis         X
              Dark-eyed Junco                 Junco hyemalis                    X
              Red-winged Blackbird            Agelaius phoeniceus            X
              Brown-headed Cowbird            Molothrus ater                 X
              Common Grackle                  Quiscalus qruiscula            X
              Orchard Oriole                  Icterus purius                       X
              Northern Oriole                 Icterus galbula                      X
              Scarlet Tanager                 Piranga olivacea                     X
              Summer Tanager                  Piranga rubra                        X
              American Goldfinch              Carduelis tristis              X























                                               29
 

Appendix II   Weekly summary of species detected. Numbers indicate total number of individuals detected (standardized number detected).
	Numbers were standardized as follows: (Total individuals detected/Total survey routes completed) X 10.


	SPECIES		   Week 1	  Week 2	 Week 3	 Week 4	 Week 5	Week 6	Week 7	Week 8	Week 9	Week 10    Week 11  TOTAL
Green-backed Heron													1(0.07)									1
American Woodcock																				4(0.26)    11(0.63)    15
Common Bobwhite		   1(0.06)	  5(0.28)	 1(0.06)			 3(0.17)							2(0.12)				     12
Sharp-shinned Hawk									 4(0.23)	1(0.06)	1(0.07)	5(0.45)	4(0.23)	2(0.13)	5(0.28)    22
Cooper's Hawk										 1(0.06)					2(0.18)			1(0.07)	1(0.06)	5
Red-tailed Hawk						 2(0.11)	 3(0.17)			3(0.19)					2(0.12)	2(0.13)	3(0.17)    15
Broad-winged Hawk				  1(0.06)							1(0.06)					1(0.06)			1(0.06)	4
Bald Eagle																							1(0.06)	1
Ospray					  1(0.06)																			1
Turkey Vulture						 2(0.11)	 1(0.06)											1(0.07)	4(0.23)	8
Black Vulture		   1(0.06)																					1
American Kestrel										 1(0.06)							1(0.06)			2(0.11)	4
Merlin																							2(0.11)	2
Northern Harrier												1(0.06)											1
Great-horned Owl		   2(0.11)	  3(.017)			 1(0.06)	 4(0.23)	1(0.06)	1(0.07)	1(0.09)			1(0.07)		     14
Mourning Dove		   6(0.34)	 18(1.02)	20(1.14)	25(1.42)	 9(0.51)   15(0.96)    11(0.73)    11(0.98)    23(1.34)    56(3.68)    20(1.14)   214
Yellow-billed Cuckoo	  10(0.57)	 19(1.08)	16(0.91)	13(0.74)	 5(0.28)	5(0.32)	1(0.07)	1(0.09)	1(0.06)			1(0.06)    72
Black-billed Cuckoo			  1(0.06)	 1(0.06)																	2
Chuck-will's Widow	   2(0.11)			 2(0.11)	 4(0.23)			1(0.06)					3(0.17)				     12
Ruby-throated Hummingburd 13(0.74)	 13(0.74)	 8(0.45)	 6(0.34)	 1(0.06)	1(0.06)										     42
Belted Kingfisher																		1(0.06)					1
Red-headed Woodpecker	  14(0.80)	 11(0.63)	18(1.02)	28(1.59)	 8(0.45)	8(0.51)	4(0.26)	3(0.27)	4(0.23)	7(0.46)    18(1.02)   123
Red-bellied Woodpecker	  12(0.68)	 35(1.99)	28(1.59)	37(2.10)	27(1.53)   43(2.76)    45(2.98)    73(6.52)   134(7.79)   104(6.84)   142(8.07)   680
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker								 1(0.06)					5(0.45)	9(0.52)	1(0.07)	6(0.34)    22
Downy Woodpecker		  50(2.84)	 43(2.44)	57(3.24)	59(3.35)	42(2.39)   20(1.28)    13(0.86)    15(1.34)    34(1.98)    13(0.86)    24(1.36)   370
Hairy Woodpecker		   2(0.11)	  3(0.17)	 6(0.34)	 1(0.06)	 5(0.28)	3(0.19)	3(0.20)	4(0.36)	2(0.12)	3(0.20)	3(0.17)    35
Pileated Woodpecker	   5(0.28)			 1(0.06)	 1(0.06)	11(0.63)	2(0.13)	7(0.46)	5(0.45)	4(0.23)	1(0.07)	1(0.07)    38
Northern Flicker		  11(0.63)	 32(1.82)	 7(0.40)	26(1.48)	24(1.36)   66(4.23)    78(5.17)  138(12.32)   119(6.92)    81(5.33)    95(5.40)   677
Eastern Wood Pewee	   7(0.40)	  9(0.51)	 2(0.11)	 3(0.17)			1(0.06)	2(0.13)	5(0.45)					6(0.35)    35
Acadian Flycatcher	   2(0.11)	  3(0.17)			 3(0.17)															8
Great-crested Flycatcher   2(0.11)	  5(0.28)	 3(0.17)	 7(0.40)	4(0.23)					2(0.18)	1(0.06)				     24
Least Flycatcher																1(0.09)	1(0.06)					2
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher						 3(0.17)									6(0.35)					9
Eastern Phoebe		   1(0.06)	  3(0.17)	 1(0.06)	 1(0.06)			1(0.06)	7(0.46)    12(1.07)	6(0.35)    18(1.18)    13(0.74)    63
Eastern Kingbird				 18(1.02)	 4(0.23)	 1(1.06)	1(0.06)												     24
Tree Swallow		   1(0.06)											2(0.13)									3
Blue Jay			   9(0.51)	 40(2.27)	17(0.97)	33(1.88)   35(1.99)    19(1.22)    28(1.85)  414(36.96)  523(30.41)  301(19.80)  428(24.32)  1847
American Crow		  24(1.36)	 76(4.32)	25(1.42)	52(2.95)   54(3.07)    60(3.85)    43(2.85)    22(1.96)    51(2.97)    40(2.63)    67(3.81)   514
Fish Crow			  26(1.48)	 30(1.70)	82(4.66)   102(5.80)   39(2.22)    18(1.15)    18(1.19)	1(0.09)	1(0.06)	7(0.46)    12(0.68)   336
Carolina Chickadee	289(16.42) 344(19.55) 280(15.91)  250(14.20) 178(10.11)   145(9.29)   145(9.60)   114(0.18)  180(10.47)  153(10.07)  205(11.65)  2283
Brown Creeper														6(0.40)	4(0.36)	7(0.41)    15(0.99)    25(1.42)    57
Tufted Titmouse		  28(1.59)	 25(1.42)	28(1.59)	41(2.33)   22(1.25)    33(2.12)    13(0.06)    13(1.16)    45(2.68)	5(0.33)    15(0.85)   268
White-breasted Nuthatch	   1(0.06)	  1(0.06)																	  		2
Red-breasted Nuthatch	 												1(0.09)	1(0.06)	2(0.13)			  		4
Brown-headed Nuthatch			  1(0.06)																	  		1





    Appendix II cont.

                          SPECIES                     Week I         Week 2           Week 3          Week 4          Week 5          Week 6          Week 7          Week 8          Week 9         Week 10
           House Wren                                                                                    1q(0,06q)        qIOq(O.S7)          7q(0.4S)       10(0.66)         3(0.27)          4(0.23)        3(0.20)
           Winter Wren                                                                                                                                                  11 (0.98)         8(0.47)       32(2.11)
           Carolina Wren                            342 (19.43) 470 (26.70) 391 (22.22)              399q(22.67)       277(15.74)      177(11.35)      152(10.07)      174(1554)      229(13.31)     160(10.S3)       25
           Ruby-crowned King lot                                                                                                                                         20(1.79)        2S (1.45)       78(S.13)
           Gold crowned Kinglet                                                                                                                        3(0.20)      143(12.77)       128(7.44)     2S6(16.84)       81
           Blue-gray Gnatcatcher                       37(2.10)        16(0.91)          6(0.34)        140.80)         4(0.23)          1 (0.06)                       3(0.27)
           Eastern Bluebird                                              1 (0.06)                        Sq(O.28)
           Wood Thrush                                                   2(0.11)         1 (0.06)                        1 (0.06)                                        4(0.36)          6(0.3S)        2(0.13q)
           Swlnos Thrush                                                              3(0.17)         1 q(0.06)                         7(0.45)        1(0.07)                         S(O.21)        2(0.13)
           Gray-cheked Thrush                                                           1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)                         1 (0.06)       1(0.07)        S(O.45)          8(0.47)        3(0.20)
           Hermit Thrush                                                                                                                                                 1 (0.09)                       23(ql.51)        1
           Very                                         1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)        8(0,4s)                        19(.08)          4(0.26)                        1 (0.09)         1 (0.06)       2(0,13)
           American Robin                              16(0.91)        36q(2.05)          9(0.5q1)         S(O.28)         8(0.45)          4(0.26)        1 (0.07)                       10(0.58)        120(7.89)    117
           Gray Catbird                                   (0.06)                                        2(0.11)        12(0.68)        14(0.90)        26(l.72)        69(6.16)        59(3.43)        38(2.SO)
           Mockingbird                                   4(0.23)         3 (0.17)                        3(0.17)         2(0.11)          1 (0.06)       1 (0.07)        2(0.18)          1 (0.06)
           Brown Thrasher                                                3(0.17)                                         7(0.40)        10(0.64)         2(0.13)        15(l.34)          7(0.41)        2(0.13)
           Cedar Waxwing                                 6(0.34)         2(0.11)         3(0.17)                         3(0.17)          1 (0.06)       4(0.26)                          9(0.52)        8(0.53)
           Eastern Meadowlark
           European Starling                           66(3.75)        88(S.00)         60(3.41)        93(5.28)         3(0.17)        26(1.67)        17(1.13)                        39(2.27)        35 (2.30)
           White-eyed Vireo,                             4(0.23)         5(0.28)         4(0.23)         S(O.28)         2(0.11)
           Solitary VIrec                               1 (0.06)                                                                                                        2(0.18)          B(O.47)       10(0.66)
           R-yd Woo                                29(l.6S)        44(2.50)         59(3.35)        36(2.05)        13(0.74)          6(0.38)        6(0.40)         2(0.18)          1 (0.06)
           WAlin Vl*o                                                 1 (0.06)
           Philadelpia Vireo                                            8(0.45)         1(0.06)        2(0.06)         2(0.1)                      4(0.26)                          3(0.17)
           Buwg*d Warbler                           1 (0.06)        3(0.17)         6(0.34)         2(0.11)
           Goden-winged Warbler                                         1(0.06)                                        2(0.11q)
           Tennessee Warbler                                                                                                                             2(0.13)         4(0.36)
           Nashville Warbler                                                                                                              1 (0.06)
           Northern Parula                                                                                               3(0.17)        13(0.83)         6(0.40)         4(0.36)          6(0.3S)
           Black-and-white Warbler                     58(3.30)        102(S.80)       140(7.9S)        43 (2.44)       34(1.93)        29(1.86)        11 (0.73)        4(0.36)          4(0.23)        2(0.13)
           Black-throated Blue Warbler                                                   2(0.11)                        25 (1.42)       32(2.OS)        27(l.79)        12(1.07)        46(2.67)        13(0.86)
           Cruan Warbler                                                              3(0.17)
           Backburnian Warbler                                          2(0.11)         1 (0.06)                                                                                         1 (0.06)
           Chestnut-sided Warbler                                                                                                         1 (0.06)       1(0.07)
           Cape May Warbler                                                                                                               1 (0.06)       1(0.07)
           Magnolia Warbler                                              1 (0.06)        4(0.23)                         2(0.11)          8(0.51)        2(0.13)                          6(0.35)
           Yellow rumped Warbler                                                                                                                                        12(1.07)     594 (34.S3)     619 (40.72) 54
           Black-throated Green Warbler                                  1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)        1(0.06)        1 (0.06)                        3(0.20)         1 (0.09)         5(0.29)
           Yellow-throated Warbler                                       3(0.17)         3(0.17)                         3(0.17)          1(0.06)                                        1 (0.06)
           Prairie Warbler                                                                               2(0.11)         1 (0.06)         1(0.06
           Bay-brasted Warbler                                                                                                           3(0.19)                        2(0.18)                            (0.07)
           Pine Warbler                                44(2.50)        63 (3.58)       114(6.48)        68(3.86)        36(2.05)        32(2.05)        38(2.S2)        15(1.34)          6(0.35)        4(0.26)
           Palm Warbler                                                                                                                                                                10(0.58)         3(0.20)
           Mourning Warbler                                                                              1 (0.06)
           Connecticut Warbler                                           1 (0.06)                                                                                                         1 (0.06)
           Kentucky Warbler                              1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)







    Appendix II cont.

                        SPECIES                    Week 1         Week 2         Week 3          Week 4         Week 5          Week 6         Week 7         Week 8         Week 9        Week 10        Week 11              TOTAL
          Canada Warbler                           2(0.11)                       5(O.28)         1(0.06)                                                                                                                         8
          Wilson's Warbler                                                       1(0.06)                        1(0.06)                                                                                                          2
          Worm-eating Warbler                      8(0.45)        2(0.11)        4(0.23)                        1(0.06)                                                                                                         15
          Ovenbird                                 4(0.23)        5(0.28)       21(l.19)        10(0.57)       33(1.88)       20(l.28)         3(0.20)        9(0.80)         1(0.06)       5(O.33)                            111
          Louisiana Watertrush                     7(0.40)        1(0.06)        1(0.06)                                       1(0.06)                                                                                          10
          Northern  Waterthrush                    6(0.34)        3(0.17)        9(0.51)         1(0.06)        4(0.23)                        1(0.07)                                                                          24
          Common Yellowthroat                      2(0.11)        4(0.23)        5(O.28)         4(0.23)        9(0.51)        6(0.38)         4(0.26)        3(0.27)         5(O.29)       3(0.20)                             45
          American Redstart                       91(5.17)      104(5.91)      180(16.23)      101(5.74)      115(6.53)       99(6.35)        84(5.56)       19(1.70)        11(0.64)       4(0.26)                            808
          Blue Grosbeak                            2(0.11)        4(0.23)        7(0.40)                                                                      48(l.2)                                                           13
          Rose-breasted Grosbeak                                  2(0.11)                                                      2(0.13)                                                                                           4  
          Northern Cardinal                      162(9.20)      161(9.15)       135(7.67)      115(6.53)      102(5.80)       71(4.55)        64(4.24)       48(1.29)        82(4.77)      5l(3.36)       57(3.24)            1048 
          Indigo Bunting                          11(0.63)       17(0.97)         1(0.06)                       1(0.06)                                                                                                         30
          Rufous-sided Towhee                                                     1(0.06)                                                                    48(4.29)         9(0.52)      34(2.24)       26(1.48)             118
          Song Sparrow                                                                                                                                                        1(0.06)      10(0.66)       48(2.73)              59
          Field Sparrow                                                                                                                                                                                   12(0.68)              12
          Chipping Sparrow                                                                                                                                    1(0.09)                                                            1
          White-throated Sparrow                                                                                                               1(0.07)        8(0.71)                       43(2.83)     128(7.27)             180
          White-crowned Sparrow                                                                                                                                                              1(0.07)       2(0.11)               3
          Swamp Sparrow                                                                                                                                                       1(0.06)        4(0.26)      29(1.65)              34
          Savannah Sparrow                                                                                                                                                    1(0.06)                                            1
          Dark-eyed Junco                                                                                                                                     2(0.18)                        2(0.13)      29(1.65)              33
          Red-winged Blackbird                     2(0.11)                                     30(1.70)                                                                                                   12(0.68)              44
          Brownheaded Cowbird                      1(0.06)                       20(1.14)       1(0.06)                                                                                                    1(0.06)              23
          Common Grackle                        263(14.94)        42(2.39)      123(6.99)     191(10.85)      220(12.5O)      20(1.28)       203(13.44)      93(8.30)        16(0.93)        7(0.46)      68(3.68)            1246  
          Northam Oriole                                           3(0.17)       22(l.2S)       8(0.45)                                                       2(0.18)                                                           35 
          Scarlet Tanager                                                         1(1.06)       5(O.28)          1(0.06)                                                                                                         7
          Summer Tanager                          7(0.40)         14(0.80)       19(l.08)      25(1.42)          2(0.11)                                                                                                        67
          American Goldfinch                                       1(0.06)                      1(0.06)                                                                                                                          2     
          UID Flycatcher                                           1(0.06)        3(0.17)       2(0.11)          2(0.11)       5(0.32)         8(0.53)        7(0.63)         1(0.06)        3(0.20)                            32
          UID Crow                                                                9(0.51)       1(0.06)                        1(0.06)        13(0.86)        5(0.45)         3(0.17)        5(O.33)       1(0.06)              38
          UID Thrush                              1(0.06)          1(0.06)        1(0.06)       1(0.06)          5(O.28)      10(0.64)         1(0.07)                       12(0.70)        9(0.59)       5(0.28)              46
          UID Vireo                               1(0.06)                         2(0.11)       1(0.06)          1(0.06)                       1(0.07)                                                                           6
          UID Warbler                             4(0.23)          6(0.34)       15(O.85)       3(0.17)         13(0.74)      45(2.88)        44(2.91)        4(0.36)        44(2.56)       15(0.99)       1(0.06)             194 
          UID Sparrow                                                                                                                          3(0.20)        5(0.45)                        3(0.20)       9(0.51)               2 
          UID Tanager                             2(0.11)                                                                                                                                                                      168 
          UID Bird                               12(0.68)          6(0.34)        5(O.28)      10(0.57)         11(0.63)      13(0.83)        5O(3.31)        7(0.63)        17(0.99)       15(O.99)      22(1.25)              18
          UID Hawk                                                                                               5(0.28)       7(0.45)         1(0.07)                        4(0.23)                      1(0.57)              19
          UID Kinglet                                                                                                                                         9(0.80)                                     10(0.57)               5
          UID Owl                                                                               2(0.11)                                        1(0.07)                        2(0.12)                                            1
          UID Accipiter                                                                                          1(0.06)                                                                                                         9
          UID Woodpecker                          1(0.06)          1(0.06)                      2(0.11)          1(0.06)       3(0.19)                                        1(0.06)                                            2
          UID Waterthrush                         1(0.06)          1(0.06)
 








                                                                                                                     NOAA COASTAL SQWICES CTR LIBAMAY



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