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                                                      Dr. Bryan D. Watts
                                                      The Center for Conservatibn Biology
                                                      CoRege of William & Mary
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                                                      Sarah E. Mabey
                                                      Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                                      Division of Natural Heritage









                     MIGRATORY LANDBIRDS OF THE LOWER DELMARVA:


                    HABITAT SELECTION AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION



    ON,                                             FINAL REPORT
    N41

                                                     Bryan D. Watts
                                             Center for Conservation Biology
                                               College of William and Mary

                                                     Sarah E. Mabey
                                       Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                               Division of Natural Heritage


                                                  Project sponsored by:

                                     Virginia Department of Envirionmental Quality
                                        Coastal Resources Management Program

                                  Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
                                               Division of Natural Heritage

                                   Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
                                       Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program





                                                     December 1994





                            This publication was funded by the Department of Environmental Quality's
                            Coastal Resources Management Program through Grants #NA370ZO360-01,
                            #NA270ZO312-01, #NA170ZO359-01 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                            Administration, Office of Ocena and Coastal Resource Management, under the
                            Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. The views expressed herein
                            are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any
                            of its subagencies.
               Al











           EXECUTIVE SUMMARY     .......................................          i


           ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS       ......................................
           INTRODUCTION    .............................................
           NORTHAMPTON COUNTY       .....................................        4
                I. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AND LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS      ..... 4


           SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN (SAMP) PROJECT      .................    5
                BACKGROUND     .......                                           5
                MANAGING THE FUTURE: *TH*E S* P*E'CI A* L* M*ANAGEMENT PLAN      7

           THE NORTHAMPTON MIGRATORY LANDBIRD STUDY         .................    9
                OBJECTIVES   ..........................................          9
                OVERVIEW OF PROJECTS    ................................        11
                 OVERVIEW OF RESULTS    ................................        18


           POLICY AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS          ..................    24


           APPENDIX 1: TOTAL BIRDS DETECTED, 1992 & 1993   .................    31


           APPENDIX 2: GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS     ...........................      35


           APPENDIX 3: BAYSIDE V. SEASIDE DISTRIBUTION    ..................    41


           APPENDIX 4: VEGETATION UTILIZATION: MAIN STUDY    ................   47


           APPENDIX 5: VEGETATION UTILIZATION: BAYSIDE    ..................    51


           APPENDIX 6: VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION    ..........................      55


           APPENDIX 7: SEASONAL ABUNDANCE      ...........................      59


           APPENDIX 9: DRAFT VEGETATION STANDARDS      ....................     78










              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


                     Each year billions of landbirds migrate between the northern and southern
              hemispheres of the New World. During the spring and fall, migrants may be seen over most
              of North America. However, large numbers of these birds follow broadly defined routes
              known as flyways. Within these routes, significant physical barriers such as mountain ridges
              and large bodies of water act as migration bottlenecks concentrating large numbers of birds
              within relatively small land masses. These "concentration" areas may have tremendous
              conservation significance to bird populations that depend on them for rest, refueling, and
              protection from predators. For southbound migrants, the Chesapeake Bay is one of the
              largest physical barriers along the east coast. Migrants that reach the mouth of the Bay in
              the hours just before dawn settle out near the tip of the Delmarva Peninsula. On mornings
              following strong cold fronts, millions of birds may be concentrated near the tip of the
              peninsula. Because birds passing through the Eastern Shore are members of breeding
              communities throughout northeastern North America and winter communities throughout the
              Caribbean and Latin America, local land use decisions may have far-reaching consequences.

                     Managing human population growth while conserving sensitive natural resources is a
              major challenge confronting land-use decision makers throughout the coastal zone. The two-
              year Northampton Migratory Bird Project (NMBP) was initiated under Northampton
              County's Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) to provide information to guide the
              development of enforceable policies that will protect and enhance migratory songbird habitat.
              This information will also be used in the development of a nature-based tourism industry.
              Several field projects were conducted between August and November of 1992 and 1993.

                     The results that address the primary SAMP objectives suggest:

                     1. Both long- and short-distance migrants become concentrated within the
                     lower 10 km of the peninsula, particularly along the shoreline of the Bay.

                     2. The majority of migrants appear to select habitats based on the density of
                     understory vegetation.

                     3. Long-distance migrants pass through the peninsula in late summer and
                     early fall, while short-distance migrants pass through the peninsula in mid to
                     late fall.


                     Management and policy implications are formulated for three general areas:

                     1. Zoning ordinances.

                     2. Vegetation protection standards.

                     3. Development of nature-based tourism initiatives.










              ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


                    This study would not have been possible without the support and hard work of
              numerous individuals and agencies. We than Michelle Davis, Melissa Donoff, Randy
              Harrison, Georgia Kratimenos, Peter Leimgruber, Mike O'Brien, Debbie Orr, Rebecca
              Scholl, Sean Smith, Daryl Thomas, Sharon Torgersen, and Mike Wilson for assistance in the
              field. The banders of Kiptopeke Banding Station including: John Dillard, Walter Smith, Don
              Schwab, and David Leak patiently allowed us to gather fat and weight data. Thomas Smith,
              Leslie Trew, and Karen Terwilliger assisted with fiscal management. Toni Harrison, Pat
              Jarrell, and Faye McKinney provided critical administrative support. We greatly appreciate
              the many private landowners of Northampton County who generously gave us permission to
              work in their woodlots. George Oertel and the Oceanography Department of Old Dominion
              University allowed us to use the Oyster Field Station. Sherman Stairs and Scott Flickinger
              allowed access to the Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge and Kiptopeke State
              Park respectively. The Northampton County Planning Office provided technical assistance
              and we are particularly indebted to Melissa Burgard, Tom Harris, Tim Hayes, and John
              Humphrey for demonstrating the County's interest in our work and helping us to formulate
              meaningful questions. The staff of The Nature Conservancy's Virginia Coast Reserve
              provided logistical support. Laura McKay provided critical guidance, advice, and support
              throughout all phases of this project. Funding for this study was provided through grant
              #NA170ZO359-01, #NA270ZO312-01, and #NA370ZO360-01 from the National Oceanic
              and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management and
              administered by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality's Coastal Resources
              Management Program.











              INTRODUCTION


                     Over the past several years, concern for the status of many North American bird

              populations has been greatly heightened within both the general populous and the scientific

              community. This concern has been fueled by the growing realization that the decline in

              many breeding populations is likely linked to the phenomenal acceleration in land-use

              changes within both temperate and tropical zones. This pattern is particularly evident in

              those species that breed in North America and migrate south to Latin America and the

              Caribbean, birds known as neotropical migrants. Fragmentation of temperate forests has

              been shown to negatively affect many migrant species by exposing them to higher rates of

              predation and brood parasitism resulting in lower productivity and survivorship.

              Additionally, the restricted winter ranges of many neotropical migrants, mainly confined to

              eastern Central America and the Caribbean, translate into higher concentrations of birds per

              unit area. Thus, loss of specific tropical habitats may affect relatively large proportions of

              whole populations. In addition to breeding and winter habitats, many migrant species depend

              on habitats positioned along migration routes for rest and refueling. As with winter habitats,

              changes in the availability of habitats needed during migration may contribute to population

              declines.


                     Each year billions of landbirds migrate between the northern and southern

              hemispheres of the New World. Over two thirds of all birds that breed in the northern

              United States migrate south for the winter. Migration affords birds the opportunity to exploit

              seasonal feeding opportunities while living in favorable climates throughout the year.

              Summers are spent nesting in the rich habitats of the temperate zone while winters are spent









              in more moderate climates to the south. Travelling long distances between summer and

              winter areas comes with considerable risks. To be successful, migrants must negotiate large

              obstacles and take advantage of habitats within unfamiliar landscapes. Fully one half of all

              migrants flying south for the winter will not return to breed in the spring. High mortality

              rates are the result of the extreme energetic demands of migration, the hazards of long flights

              over water, and high predation pressures confronted en route.

                      The physical demands of migrating between summer and winter quarters may be

              extreme. Most passerines cover a one-way distance of one to three thousand kilometers but

              distances of twice that amount are not uncommon. Migration over these distances requires a

              great deal of physical preparation. As the breeding season draws to a close, birds may build

              up as much as fifty percent of their normal body weight in fat reserves before departing.

              Even so, for many species, energy requirements needed to reach their destination will exceed

              this amount several times over. For this reason, distances are typically covered during

              several nonstop, long-distance flights that are separated by one to three days of rest and

              refueling. Many of the passerine species migrate at night, taking off one hour after sunset

              and flying continuously throughout the night. These birds may cover from three to six

              hundred kilometers per night, and use one to four percent of their body weight per hour of

              flight. In the early morning after long flights, migrants must quickly locate habitats within

              unfamiliar landscapes that provide cover from predators while maintaining a positive energy

              budget. Daylight hours are spent resting and foraging to replenish energy stores.

                      During the spring and fall, migrants may be seen over most of North America.

              However, particularly in the fall, a large number of landbirds follow broadly defined routes



                                                            2








              known as flyways. Within these routes, significant physical barriers such as mountain

              ridges, deserts, large bodies of water, and others may act as migration bottlenecks

              concentrating large numbers of birds within relatively small land masses. These "stopover"

              or "concentration" areas may have tremendous conservation significance to bird populations

              that depend on them for rest, refueling, and protection before leaving for the next leg of their

              journey.

                      Some of the most significant concentration areas for migrating landbirds in eastern

              North America occur in coastal habitats along the Atlantic Flyway. A combination of

              geographical, biological, and meteorological conditions serve to concentrate birds and keep

              them bottled up for short periods of time in the mid-Atlantic region. For southbound

              migrants, the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays are the largest physical barriers along the east

              coast. Migrants that reach the mouth of these bays in the hours just before dawn fall out and

              become highly concentrated near the tips of the Cape May and Delmarva Peninsulas. On

              mornings following strong cold fronts, millions of birds may be funneled into small areas.

              Habitats within these stopover concentration areas should be considered critical to the

              persistence of bird populations that depend on them in passage.

                      The lower Delmarva Peninsula (including Northampton County) has long been

              recognized as a significant stopover area for migrating shorebirds, waterfowl, raptors, and

              songbirds. Because of the large number of migrating shorebirds, this area is included in the

              Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network and is the location of The Nature

              Conservancy's Virginia Coast Reserve, a United Nations designated international biosphere

              reserve. The Kiptopeke Hawkcatch was established in the late 1970's to monitor the



                                                            3








              migration of diurnal raptors. Since this time volunteer observers have documented the

              passage of over 200,00 birds. Currently, four sites are operated annually to capture and

              band hawks and falcons. These sites preocess an average of 1,500 birds each fall.

              Kiptopeke Beach Banding Station was established on the lower bayside in 1963 by the

              Virginia Society of Ornithology to monitor migrating songbirds. It is one of the longest

              continuously run migration monitoring sites in eastern North America. To date, volunteer

              banders have processed over 250,000 songbirds at the site.




              NORTHAMPTON COUNTY


                     I. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AND LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS


                     Northampton County, Virginia (Lat. 370 07' - 30') is located on the lower Delmarva

              Peninsula, a thin ridge of land bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the west and the Atlantic

              Ocean to the east. As stated above, this unique formation acts as a trap for southbound

              migrants, funneling millions of birds into Northampton County every fall. The county itself

              covers 209 square miles of peninsular mainland, marshes, tidal creeks, and barrier islands.

              The mainland portion of the County comprises less than one third of the total area. Creeks

              and marshes cover over one half the area and barrier islands constitute the rest.


                     Mainland Northampton is covered extensively by fertile sedimentary so ils deposited

              over thousands of years of dynamic interaction with the seas. Consequently, the landscape

              has been dominated by agriculture for more than a century. Today over 60% of mainland

              Northampton is cropland and the remainder of the uninhabited area is primarily forested

              (appx. 14,245 ha in 19 84). Most farm fields are still relatively small ( < 50 ha) and



                                                           4









              separated by hedgerows or woodlots maintained for timber harvest.

                     Forest cover is highly fragmented, characterized by two substantial corridors

              following the Bayside and Seaside coastlines and many small forest patches. A survey of

              forest patches south of Eastville revealed that over 85 % of forest patches are less than 20 ha

              in size. Almost 90% of forest in the area is dominated by pine or a pine/hardwood (loblolly

              pine/oak) overstory with mixed evergreen/deciduous understory. At present, clear cuts and

              loblolly pine plantations are uncommon. Other significant forest types include bottomland

              hardwoods located mainly within the Seaside forest corridor and maritime forest found

              exclusively along the Bayside. The amount of cropland in the county has remained relatively

              constant for decades. Forest cover, however, is beginning to be lost to development at an

              increasing rate. Dramatic landscape changes will undoubtedly occur in the future.




              SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN (SAMP) PROJECT


                     LBACKGROUND


                     Geographically separated from the rest of the Commonwealth, Northampton County

              has remained rural and undeveloped in sharp contrast to other communities in coastal

              Virginia. The County's current population of approximately 13,000 is well below the

              century's recorded high of 18,565 in 1930. The largest town in the county, Cape Charles,

              has a population under 1,500. In sum incorporated towns cover less than 3 % of

              Northampton's total land area.

                     The local economy reflects the area's rural character and tradition of capitalizing on

              an abundance of natural resources. Agriculture is the area's biggest industry, valued at $68



                                                           5








               million/year and supporting 450 full time jobs on almost 120 commercial farms. The local

               seafood industry has always played a significant role both the Northampton and statewide

               economies. Presently, the Northampton shell and finfishing contribute an estimated 10-20%

               to the Chesapeake Bay seafood industry as a whole. The local industry generates

               approximately 6.8 million/year and sustains 478 local jobs. Forestry has the potential for

               being the third most important economic base in the county but provided only $500,00

               directly to the community in 1988, although the estimated "value" of timber sales for that

               year is over fourteen million dollars.

                      Despite bountiful natural resources, Northampton ranks 135th in poverty measures out

               of Virginia's 136 localities (Virginia 1990 Census Data). Twenty-seven percent of the

               Northampton's citizens live below the poverty line and unemployment for 1991 measured

               9.4%. Substandard housing is not uncommon in the county -- 12% of inhabited houses lack

               indoor plumbing. There is critical need for employment opportunities and a concomitant

               increase in standard of living. These factors make Northampton vulnerable to unplanned

               development pressures and actions that could negatively affect existing valuable resources.

                      Although stable landuse patterns have persisted for decades, rapid change is on the

               horizon. In the past eight years (particularly prior to the passage and implementation of the

               Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act), there has been a rush to subdivide waterfront property,

               especially on the Bayside. Seven out of the southernmost eleven miles of Bayside shoreline

               have been subdivided for development. The recession has slowed realestate development,

               however, and today the majority of platted lots (over 4,400) stand empty. Northampton

               County will face a radical population shift if proposed vacation and retirement homes are



                                                              6








              built over the nest 5-10 years.

                     11. MANAGING THE FUTURE: THE SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN


                     The inhabitants of Northampton have, however, taken a proactive approach to

              managing their future. The County's comprehensive plan, passed in 1990, clearly states the

              County's intention to protect natural resources and even mentions migratory birds

              specifically. In 1992, a partnership of county, state, federal, and private interests formed to

              pursue a four-year Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) project for Northampton County.

              The SAMP was funded by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

              under the Coastal Zone Management Act, Section 309, through the Virginia Department of

              Environmental Quality's Coastal Zone Management Program. The partnership was designed

              to allow for a comprehensive approach to the SAMP's specific goal of protecting and

              enhancing coastal resources within the County through new and enforceable policies. The

              plan presented four major objectives:

                     1. Control cumulative and secondary impacts of coastal growth and
                     development by maintaining maximum vegetation cover for wildlife habitat and
                     nutrient removal from non-point runoff.

                     2. Control cumulative and secondary impacts of coastal growth and
                     development by steering development away from sensitive wildlife habitat and
                     groundwater recharge areas and toward areas with greatest carrying capacity.

                     3. Reduce use conflicts within the barrier island lagoon system, protect water
                     quality of the most important portions of the system, and promote aquaculture
                     and seafood product development in the most appropriate areas of the seaside
                     and lower bayside.

                     4. Increase public access and promote appropriate nature tourism.

                     The SAMP set forth a strategy of outlining target program changes, compiling

              available data, collecting new data, generating public support, and pursuing program


                                                           7








              changes. Target program changes include, among others, modification of the existing

              subdivision ordinance to maintain maximal vegetative cover; creation of a MOU to amend

              state road design criteria to minimize impervious surface requirements and clearing of

              vegetation in road right-of-ways; creation of a MOU to pursue appropriate management of

              vegetation in power line right-of-ways for wildlife habitat protection; modification of local

              zoning ordinances and/or establishment of incentive programs to encourage cluster

              development in areas with adequate water supply and to reward habitat enhancement; and

              development of a MOU creating public access rules.

                      The SAMP partners agreed that a better understanding of the distribution of critical

              migratory bird habitat within lower Northampton County would contribute substantially to

              successfully attaining SAMP goals 1, 2, and 4 and the above stated program changes. To

              this end, a two-year study of migratory landbird distribution and habitat associations within

              Northampton County was initiated by the Virginia Department of Conservation and

              Recreation's Division of Natural Heritage and the VA Department of Game and Inland

              Fisheries' Nongame and Endangered Species Program. The specific rationale behind the

              study was that it would help guide decisions regarding which geographic areas merit special

              attention, which elements within habitats should be protected, and provide information that

              could be used to help promote nature-based tourism.

                     This last application of the study's results was seen as necessary to generating support

              for the proposed program changes. As stated earlier, Northampton County faces extreme

              economic difficulties that in turn increase pressures on coastal resources. The SAMP

              partners reasoned that alleviating some of the economic hardship would be critical to



                                                            8








              protecting resources. One avenue with a great deal of potential in Northampton County is

              heritage tourism (nature-, culture-, and history-based tourism). In fact, heritage tourism,

              including bird-oriented recreation is being actively explored in the county. As a result of

              many Special Area Management Plan activities, Community leaders, including members of

              the Accomac-Northampton Chamber of Commerce, the NC Board of Supervisors, and the A-

              N Planning District Commission, are becoming acquainted with the real possibilities of

              simultaneously protecting and capitalizing on existing abundant natural resources.




              THE NORTHAMPTON MIGRATORY LANDBIRD STUDY


                     L OBJECTIVES


                     The objectives of this study reflect the interdependent relationship between protecting

              habitat for migratory landbirds and improving the economic profile of Northampton County.

              As the SAMP strategy recognizes, conserving and enhancing native vegetation, and hence

              stopover habitat, to moderate the secondary impacts of coastal growth and development

              requires key actions on several different levels. The two primary levels can be classified as

              voluntary action and policy directed action. Both require a significant measure of public

              awareness of the value of a resource and support for its protection. In the specific case of

              migratory landbird stopover habitat in Northampton County, this requirement can be met

              through capitalization of the area's substantial bird-based heritage tourism potential. As

              community members begin to experience economic benefit from the presence of migrant

              concentrations, as they have for the past two falls during the Eastern Shore Birding Festival,

              they may begin to take action to protect the habitat that supports those concentrations.



                                                           9








                Consistent with these considerations and the specific goals and proposed program changes of

                the SAMP, this study focused on the following primary objectives:

                        1. Describe large scale geographic distribution patterns in order to identify
                        areas of special concern as well as those areas of low value to migrants,
                        Relevance to SAMP:


                               a. Help guide development and public access away from the
                               most sensitive areas to the most robust by providing information
                               to the County and the public that can be applied to zoning
                               decisions.


                               b. Inform private and public landowners of the relative value of
                               their region of the County for migratory birds.

                               c. Focus limited conservation resources for easements or
                               acquisition on the most sensitive areas.

                        2. Define critical habitat factors associated with abundance of migrants.
                        Relevance to SAMP:


                               a. Inform private and public landowners of the potential positive
                               and negative impacts of their actions on migrant landbirds.

                               b. Provide information to be used for management standards for
                               proposed MOUs that would protect wildlife habitat and native
                               vegetation in right-of-ways.

                               c. Establish minimum standards for removal and installation of
                               vegetation to be included in proposed revisions of county
                               ordinances.


                        3. Document general landbird migration patterns within Northampton County
                        for the promotion of bird-based heritage tourism industry.
                        Relevance to SAMP:


                               a. Increase local, state and national interest in protecting
                               Northampton County's natural resources.

                               b. Define the "migration resource" for the public sector so that
                               any citizen may capitalize on this shared resource without
                               diminishing it.



                                                                10








                             c. Provide information regarding timing and location of special
                             events (i.e. Bird Festival) designed to increase public
                             appreciation of migration.




                      II. OVERVIEW OF PROJECTS


                      Several field projects were conducted within lower Northampton county during the

               1992 and 1993 fall migration periods. These projects were designed and executed to support

               the primary objectives of the SAMP. Initially, an inventory of all forested patches within the

               study area was conducted to determine the feasibility of various design options. A systems

               approach was then used to locate critical information needs and to plot a deliberate course to

               reach what we believed to be essential information endpoints. This approach resulted in

               remarkable inforination returns over the two-year period.

                      In terms of the broad range of objectives, the spatial scales of concern range from

               individual layers of vegetation to the entire management area. Meeting the information needs

               of these objectives requires a design capable of collecting and integrating data over a broad

               area but with a fine level of resolution. This was accomplished using a single type of

               information gathering unit (30 in fixed-radius point count) designed to resolve distribution

               differences at the finest scale and then aggregating these units to reveal information over

               broader scales. This approach allows for the assessment of spatial patterns within a given

               scale and the simultaneous integration of patterns between scales. Throughout the system of

               field projects, efforts were made to ensure that adequate samples were taken to discern

               patterns at the broadest scale to a reasonable degree of certainty. Because smaller scale

               investigations were nested within the framework of larger investigations, a tremendous









               amount of information was collected on fine-scale patterns.

                       Below is a brief overview of the various field projects conducted, a list of scientific

               objectives for each, and their relevance to the overall SAMP policy objectives. Results

               directly relevant to policy objectives will be included in this report.



               Main Study - The "main study" formed the core of the bird investigation. In addition to

               examining distribution patterns over the two focal scales (geographic, vegetation-level), we

               identified a series of intermediate scales relevant to the ultimate policy objectives of the

               SAMP. This study examined distribution patterns within four nested scales including: 1)

               within vegetational strata, 2) within forest patches, 3) between forest patches, and 4) between

               geographic areas. Experimental units were balanced both within and between spatial levels

               using a hierarchical experimental design.

                       To examine broad-scale distribution patterns, the study area was divided into six

                geographic zones". Boundaries for these zones were established at 5 km intervals moving

               up the peninsula from the tip and the two upper zones where the peninsula widens were split

               down the center. Two spatial replicates of both small (4-8 ha) and large (9-12 ha) forest

               patches were chosen for study within each geographic zone. Six survey plots were arranged

               along a "survey route" for all forest patches. In order to examine the distribution of birds

               within forest patches, the six survey plots were divided evenly between "edge" plots (survey

               plots with centers 30 m from edges such that plot edges were tangent to the forest edge) and

                interior" plots (survey plots with centers positioned away from patch edges). All birds

               detected were identified to species and placed in 2 ra intervals up to 8 m. Birds detected



                                                               12








               above 8 m were placed either in the canopy proper or in the remaining subcanopy depending

               on their vertical position. Vegetation was systematically measured up to a height of 8 in

               within each survey plot. All forest patches within the design were surveyed two days per

               week (all points were surveyed on the same day). The same forest patches and points were

               used in both field seasons. Patches were surveyed in the morning and again in the afternoon

               in 1992 to detect time of day patterns. Only morning surveys were conducted in 1993.

                      This study was designed to address aspects of all three SAMP objectives.

                      Objectives

                             - To detect broadly defined geographic locations within the
                             lower peninsula that regularly support significant numbers of
                             migrants.

                               To detect any relationship between bird abundance/diversity
                             and the size of forest patches within the lower peninsula.

                             - To detect geographic patterns in vegetation structure and/or floristics.

                             - To detect any relationship between migrants and the
                             characteristics of vegetation within forest patches.

                             - To detect seasonal patterns of passage for migrant groups and species.

                             - To detect any changes in distribution, habitat use, etc. with time of day.

                             - To detect possible interactions and/or derivatives of above relationships.

               Baysidelseaside Forested CorHdor Study - The forested corridor study was designed to detect

               differences in migrant abundance between the prominent bands of forested habitat along the

               two edges of the peninsula. The study used the same sampling approach (30 m fixed radius

               point counts and 6 point survey routes) as the main study. Six spatial replicates of survey

               routes were chosen within each forest corridor. As with the main study, all birds detected



                                                             13








               were placed in vertical strata and vegetation was measured within each plot. This design was

               implemented in 1992 only. Patches were surveyed in the morning and again in the afternoon

               on two days per week.

                      This study was designed to address aspects of all three SAMP objectives.

                      Obiectives


                             - To detect differences in abundance/diversity of birds between
                             the forested corridors located along the bayside and seaside
                             shorelines of the peninsula.

                             - To detect differences in vegetation structure and/or floristics
                             between the forested corridors located along the bayside and
                             seaside shorelines of the peninsula.

                               To detect any relationship between migrants and the
                             characteristics of vegetation within bayside/seaside corridors
                             (information to be used to supplement data from the main
                             study).

                               To detect any changes in distribution, habitat use, etc. with
                             time of day (information to be used to supplement data from the
                             main study).

                             - To detect seasonal patterns of passage for migrant groups and
                             species (information to be used to supplement data from the
                             main study).


               "Large Patch " Study - The initial forest patch inventory determined that a full geographic

               design was only possible within a narrow range of patch sizes. However, during the course

               of the inventory, six forest patches were located that were greater than 20 ha in size. The

               large patch study was designed to investigate patch size effects that may not be detected

               within the limited patch sizes used in the main study. The study used the same sampling

               approach (30 m fixed radius point counts and 6 point survey routes) as the main study. Two



                                                            14








               survey routes were established within 4 "large" patches. As with the main study, all birds

               detected were placed in vertical strata and vegetation was measured within each plot. This

               design was implemented in 1992 only. Patches were surveyed in the morning and again in

               the afternoon on two days per week.

                       This study was designed to address aspects of all three SAMP objectives.

                       Objectives

                                To detect any relationship between bird abundance/diversity
                              and forest patch size beyond the bounds of the patch sizes in the
                              main study.

                              - To detect differences in vegetation structure and/ or floristics
                              between the forested corridors located along the bayside and
                              seaside shorelines of the peninsula.

                                To detect any relationship between migrants and the
                              characteristics of vegetation within bayside/seaside corridors
                              (information to be used to supplement data from the main
                              study).

                              - To detect seasonal patterns of passage for migrant groups and
                              species (information to be used to supplement data from the
                              main study).
                              - To detect seasonal patterns of passage for migrant groups and
                              species (information to be used to supplement data from the
                              main study).

               Bayside Watch Study - The lower Delmarva Peninsula has been long known to be a reverse

               migration area. Birds that fall out near the tip in the early morning are often observed flying

               north along the bayside corridor throughout the morning. This study was designed to

               investigate the timing of these northward flights as well as their spatial extent. Volunteers

               were stationed within four distinct breaks (Wise Point, Sunset Beach, Kiptopeke State Park,

               and Picketts Harbor) in the forested corridor to record the number of birds flying over.



                                                              15








               Birds observed at each location were recorded in ten minute intervals during the first four

               hours after sunrise. This study was conducted on weekends only during the 1992 field


               season.


                      This study was designed to address aspects of SAMP objectives one and three.

                      Objectives

                             - To determine the direction of the morning movement of birds
                             along the bayside of the peninsula.

                             - To detect any temporal patterns in morning movement of birds
                             along the bayside.

                             - To detect any seasonal patterns in the morning movement of
                             birds along the bayside.


               Bayside Transect Study - Results from the Bayside/seaside corridor study conducted in 1992

               indicated that the migrant groups, as a whole, were concentrated within the forested band

               along the bayside of the peninsula. These results led to a more focused investigation on the

               bayside in 1993. The bayside transect study was designed to investigate patterns in

               distribution and habitat use within the bayside corridor. The study used a different approach

               to sample birds than the main study. Thirty 100 m transects were established in forested

               habitats between the peninsula tip and Elliotts Creek. Transects were grouped in five

               "bundles" of six (each transect within the bundle was separated from the adjacent transect by

               100 m). Each transect started on the bayside edge of a forest stand and extended into the

               forest running due east. Each transect was subdivided into 10 rn segments. All birds

               detected were placed in vertical strata and assigned to east/west segments. Vegetation was

               systematically measured within each segment. Transects were surveyed two days per week



                                                            16









              as in the main study.

                      This study was designed to address aspects of all three SAMP objectives.

                      Objectives

                               To detect any spatial patterns in the north/south distribution of
                             migrants along the bayside.

                               To detect any spatial patterns in the east/west distribution of
                             migrants within the forested corridor along the bayside.

                               To detect any relationship between migrants and the
                             characteristics of vegetation within the forested corridor along
                             the bayside (information to be used to supplement data from the
                             main study).

                             - To detect seasonal patterns of passage for migrant groups and
                             species (information to be used to supplement data from the
                             main study).


              Bayside Foraging Study - This study was designed to describe resource use by migrants

              using forests along the bayside. The study was done in conjunction with the Bayside

              Transect Study. Observers followed birds through the forest habitats for two minute

              intervals, recording feeding attempts, behaviors, substrates, and prey items taken.

              Observation periods were subdivided into 15 sec intervals in order to estimate foraging rates.

              Attempts were made to observe relatively common migrants. Foraging observations were

              made two days per week during 2 hr time blocks.

                      This study was designed to address aspects of SAMP objectives two and three.

                      Objectives

                             - To describe foraging rates for selected migrant species.

                             - To determine the relationships between foraging rate, habitat
                             characteristics, and environmental conditions.


                                                            17









                             - To determine the relative use various food items for selected migrant species.

                             - To describe the use of foraging substrates and behaviors for
                             selected migrant species.

                             - To determine the vertical location of foraging activities for
                             comparison to patterns of strata use described from studies
                             above.



               Kiptopeke Banding Study - This study was designed to accumulate information on the

               condition of migrants arriving on the peninsula, their length of stay, and any changes in

               condition while in residence. Data was collected in conjunction with the banding operations

               at the Kiptopeke Beach Banding Station. One technician was assigned to assist banders each

               day from Monday through Friday. All birds captured were measured, weighed and assigned

               a fat class based on subcutaneous fat stores. To assess changes in body condition, these

               measurements were taken again for all recaptured birds. This study was conducted during

               the 1993 field season only.

                      This study was designed to address aspects of SAMP objective number three.

                      Objectives

                             - To determine the physical condition of migrants passing
                             through the peninsula.

                             - To determine the residency times for selected migrants.

                             - To detect any changes in physical condition of migrants during
                             stopover periods on the peninsula.



                      III. OVERVIEW OF RESULTS


                      During the course of this two year study, we counted over 46,000 birds in forested

               habitats of lower Northampton County. In twelve weeks of 1992, we observed 22,582 birds


                                                           18








               during over 10,800 point counts (main study: 13,770; big patches: 3,649; bayside/seaside

               corridors: 5,163). In the fourteen week field season of 1993, we conducted 4,032 point

               counts and 840 transect counts (totaling more than 92 km) and detected a total of 23,479

               (main study: 16,790; bayside transects: 6,686). During the 9 weeks of banding at Kiptopeke

               in 1993, 4,412 birds were captured, weighed, and measured. Nearly 8,000 hours of field

               work were needed to accomplish the tasks of observing and banding birds and measuring

               vegetation (927 hrs of field preparation and 6,627 hrs of data collection). Data entry

               required approximately 676 hours. We present these numbers to emphasize the magnitude of

               the migration phenomenon on the Delmarva peninsula.

                      One hundred and thirty-seven species were observed during this study. Long-distance

               migrants were the most diverse, representing 49.6% of all species, short-distance migrants

               accounted for 21.2%, and residents, 22.2% (68, 29, and 30 species respectively; Appendix

               1, Table A.). Extrapolating from our data, we estimate over 6.8 million forest-associated

               landbird migrants move through lower Northampton County between the months of August

               and October (estimated from 1993 point counts: 446.4 birds/ha x 14,621 ha of forest land in

               the county). This number does not account for the majority of short-distance migrants

               moving through the area in mid-November thru early December and migrants associated with

               grasslands and marshes such as sparrows and swallows which may also number in the

               millions.


                      We present here results of our two year study arranged as they relate to the scientific

               and policy objectives outlined in the previous two sections. In almost all cases, we present

               general patterns for resident birds, short-distance migrants, and long-distance migrants



                                                            19









               followed by selected examples of species for each group.

                       Large Scale Distribution Patterns

                              Geographic Patterns -- Based on 1992 and 1993 combined data from the main

               study, all three of the general bird groups showed distribution patterns on a geographic scale

               that were significantly different from that expected by chance (Appendix 2). Both short- and

               long-distance migrants, as a whole, appear to concentrate within 10 km of the peninsula tip

               with relatively fewer birds detected with increasing distance from the tip. This distribution

               pattern is consistent with the idea that migrants of both types are using habitats near the tip

               of the peninsula before crossing the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Resident birds, as a

               group, showed the opposite distribution and reached their highest densities in those areas

               farthest from the tip. A clear explanation of their tip-avoidance patterns is not readily

               apparent except that forested habitats within the lower, narrow portion of the peninsula may

               be of poor quality for breeding due to low soil moisture and frequent salt spray.

                       With few exceptions, distribution patterns for selected species examined were in

               agreement with their respective groups. Northern Cardinals were most abundant in between

               15-20 km from the peninsula tip. One resident species, Red-bellied Woodpecker, shifted

               farther from the tip when 1993 data were combined with 1992. Flickers, Golden-crowned

               Kinglets, and Hermit Thrush are the only short-distance migrants examined that are not

               significantly associated with the tip. All long-distance migrant species except Ovenbird are

               significantly associated with the lower 10 km. For most species, patterns detected in 1992

               were the same as those observed for both years combined. Notable changes are seen for

               Golden-crowned Kinglet, Hermit Thrush, and Ovenbird. All three species now appear to



                                                               20








               have even distributions throughout the study area.

                              Bayside and Seaside Conidors -- Data collected in 1992 within the bayside

               and seaside corridors indicate that all bird groups were detected with significantly greater

               frequency on the bayside (Appendix 3). Although only 8 out of 23 individual species

               demonstrated significant differences between the two corridors, all of those were also more

               abundant on the bayside (Red-bellied Woodpecker, Carolina Wren, Golden-crowned Kinglet,

               American Robin, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Black-and-white Warbler, and American Redstart).

               Three species appear to be more abundant on the seaside but not significantly so (Carolina

               Chickadee, American Robin, and Yellow-rumped Warbler). This overall bayside preference

               may be associated with the somewhat higher subcanopy vegetation density within the bayside

               corridor or may be influenced by factors beyond the scope of this study (i.e., predation

               pressure, orientation, insect abundance, or social factors).

                      In 1992 we collected data that would allow us to determine the effect of patch size on

               bird distribution because this issue has received a great deal of attention from conservation

               biologists. We found no overall difference between bird abundance for groups or species

               among three different patch sizes (4-8 ha, 9-13 ha, and > 20 ha). Only three species

               exhibited a significant difference in their distribution at this level. Red-bellied Woodpeckers

               were most frequently seen within small patches while Red-eyed Vireos and Yellow-billed

               Cuckoos appear to avoid small patches in favor of medium and large patches (Appendix 2,

               Table A.). The relatively low variation in patch size within lower Northampton County may

               produce a situation in which patch size is not an issue.

                              Within Bayside -- Based on the 1992 finding that all bird groups and many



                                                              21








               species occurred in significantly higher abundances on the bayside of the peninsula, we

               collected data in 1993 that might elucidate distribution patterns within the bayside corridor

               close to the coast. Results of this study indicate that birds of both migrant groups are not

               evenly distributed within the bayside nor are they clearly distributing themselves along a

               south-north gradient (results of one-way ANOVA: resident: F=0.597, p=0.668; short-

               distance F=2.527, p=0.066; long-distance F=3.669, p=0.017). Short-distance migrants

               use bundle 1 significantly less than all other bundles and long-distance migrants were

               observed in bundles 2 and 4 significantly more than bundles 3 and 5 (Tukey's multiple range

               tests, p < 0.05 for all cases).

                      Vegetation Use -- To investigate bird-vegetation associations within the main study

               we classified plots as having either high or low vegetation density in the understory and

               subcanopy. The number of observations of selected species were then summed for each plot

               and tested against the expected distribution based on availability of high and low density

               understory and subcanopy vegetation. Appendix 4 illustrates the patterns in deviations

               between the observed and expected use of understory and subcanopy values. Most of the

               selected species examined exhibited significant deviations from expected distribution patterns

               based on both the understory and subcanopy densities. For residents, all species except the

               Tufted Titmouse over-utilized plots with high understory density and under-utilized plots with

               low understory density. All but one short-distance migrant were associated with plots that

               have high vegetation density significantly more than expected. Five species were associated

               with both high density understory and subcanopy. Hermit Thrush showed the unique pattern

               of being associated with low density subcanopy plots. Six of the nine selected long-distance



                                                              22









               migrant species demonstrated significant over-utilization of plots with high vegetation density

               in either the understory, subcanopy, or both. The three species that showed no significant

               deviation from the expected were the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Red-eyed Vireo, and Black-

               throated-blue Warbler.


                      We repeated this procedure for vegetation along the thirty bayside transects (Appendix

               5). In large part, species-vegetation associations at this level within the bayside corridor are

               consistent with patterns observed in the main study. All resident species, including Tufted

               Titmouse, were detected on transects with high understory vegetation significantly more often

               than expected. Cardinals were also significantly associated with dense subcanopy. Notably,

               Golden-crowned Kinglets reversed their association from over-utilizing to under-utilizing high

               density understory sites and Hermit Thrush reversed their association from under-utilizing

               high density subcanopy in the main study to over-utilizing within the bayside. Black-and-

               white Warblers and Pine Warblers switched to under-utilizing high density subcanopy from


               over-utilization.


                      Strata use was investigated with 1992 data. Many selected species showed significant

               vertical distribution patterns within forests. These patterns are in general agreement with

               those known from the breeding season (Appendix 6).

                      Temporal PaUerns -- The frequency of detection for all bird groups and all of the

               individual migrant species varied dramatically over the season (Appendix 7). Patterns

               between years demonstrate the year-to-year variation in the exact timing of migration but

               together indicate the peaks of passage within a range of dates. Resident birds as a group

               show only slight declines in abundance over the course of the season; a pattern probably



                                                            23








              caused by juvenile dispersal and mortality and family dispersion during the period following

              breeding. Among the individual resident species presented, only Red-bellied Woodpeckers

              demonstrate a different pattern. In 1992 their rate of detection increased toward the end of

              the season while in 1993 it remained relatively stable.

                     Both short-distance and long-distance migrant groups have clear peaks in abundance

              during the fall. Short-distance migrants pass through Northampton County in greatest

              numbers towards the end of October and on into November. A second peak may occur

              beyond the time covered in this study. Flickers, Blue Jays, and Rufous-sided Towhees

              appear to peak somewhat earlier than short-distance migrants as a whole. Long-distance

              migrants show two peaks of abundance corresponding to late August/early September and

              late September/early October, dropping off rather quickly after the second peak. Of the

              individual long-distance migrant species, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Red-

              eyed Vireo, and Black-and-white Warbler can be considered early season migrants while the

              others peak later. An accounting of seasonal patterns for all species detected, 1992 and

              1993, is presented in Appendix 7 (Tables A-C).




              POLICY AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS


                     Managing human population growth while conserving sensitive natural resources is a

              major challenge confronting land-use decision makers throughout the coastal zone. Decisions

              are particularly difficult in those areas where strategies resulting in short-term gains

              compromise the potential for long-term benefits. This study was initiated not to impose

              regulations but to provide information to be used in the development of new opportunities.



                                                          24








               A considerable body of information was collected over the two-year study period. Much of

               this information is relevant to the decisions now faced in determining the focus of future

               economic development in Northampton County. The study provides information that could

               be used in both the protection of sensitive resources and economic development based on

               these resources. The management recommendations listed below are intended to address

               these inter-related objectives.



                      Geographic distribution -- The results of this study show clear and statistically

               significant geographic distribution patterns for short- and long-distance migrants. In both

               cases, group abundances were greatest within the southernmost 10 km of Northampton

               County and greater along the Bayside forest corridor than the Seaside forest corridor. These

               results identify two well-defined migrant concentration areas and strongly suggest that

               geographic factors associated with migrant distribution may override habitat factors at this

               scale. Migratory bird stopover habitat should be afforded some protection throughout the

               county. However, we recommend that added protection for these two concentrations areas

               be pursued through policy initiatives and that sites within these areas be given priority for

               acquisition, conservation easements, management agreements, and natural area dedication.

               POLICY


                      0 Formulate overlay zones to provide special protection to areas of greatest

                      migrant abundance.

                              - Consideration should be given to the southernmost 10 km of
                              the county and a 0.5 kni wide strip of Bay front land from the
                              tip to Elliot's Creek for inclusion in a special migratory bird
                              habitat protection overlay zone.


                                                              25









                               Standards for vegetation removal and installation associated
                             with new development in this zone should be more rigorous than
                             in other areas of the county.

                             - Northampton County should investigate and install appropriate
                             standards for vegetation protection and enhancement,
                             development density, and set-backs from the Bay shore.

                             - Education of citizens regarding the regional and international
                             significance of this area will be essential to the successful
                             implementation of this recommendation.

                      0 Develop partnerships with private, state, and federal entities that control

                      large landholdings within the lower 10 km and Bayside to ensure that rigorous

                      standards are applied to lands beyond the County's jurisdiction through

                      Memoranda of Understanding.

                      0 Inform private, state, and federal entities interested in pursuing new

                      conservation initiatives within the County of the significance of the lower 10

                      km and Bayside.



                      Vegetation associations -- Migrant landbirds are a large and diverse group of bird

               species, each with unique habitat and foraging preferences. For this reason, developing a

               specific definition of migratory landbird stopover habitat based on plant communities would

               be fruitless. This study avoided this problem by addressing a common feature of all habitats:

               relative vegetation density. Indeed, we found that both short-distance and long-distance

               migrants selected habitat for density of understory (0-4 m) and subcanopy (4-8 m) vegetation.

               In light of this clear finding, we recommend that existing natural vegetation within the entire

               county be protected to the greatest extent possible. We also recommend that the value



                                                            26









              understory and subcanopy vegetation be noted in policy and education initiatives as these

              elements of forested habitats are often the first removed as a site is prepared for

              development.

                     POLICY


                     0 Develop, approve, and implement appropriate enforceable design standards

                     for county-wide vegetation protection; standards should be established for the

                     protection of existing vegetation and installation of new or replacement

                     vegetation for new developments and should be configured in such a way as to

                     emphasize the value of densely vegetated areas.

                     0 Pursue partnerships with state, federal, and corporate entities to develop and

                     implement vegetation management guidelines that meet or surpass county

                     standards through Memoranda of Understanding.

                     0 Develop incentives for revegetation programs.

                     0 Pursue partnerships with agricultural, forestry, and horticultural agencies to

                     develop educational materials that would encourage private landowners to

                     manage their land for the benefit of migratory landbirds.

                     0 Develop guidelines for plantings on county properties and implement

                     guidelines as demonstration projects.

              SERVICE AND EDUCATION


                     9 Provide list of appropriate vegetation for landscaping and restoration

                     projects.

              FACILITATION




                                                           27









                         Encourage local nurseries to develop stocks of appropriate native plants that

                       would accommodate the demands of vegetation installation design standards or

                       restoration efforts.


                       0 Encourage local nurserymen's association to develop materials to facilitate

                       planting of native vegetation.



                       Promoting heritage tourism -- Nature-based tourism is growing rapidly and there are

               some projections that this industry may grow 25-30% during this decade. Birders alone

               spend billions of dollars annually on bird watching excursions, equipment, memberships, and

               other related paraphernalia. One study of the economics of bird watching in Cape May, N.J.

               indicates that birders spend over $5 million a year in Cape May, while another reports nearly

               equivalent expenditures for the Point Pelee, Ontario area. If Northampton County could

               build the eco-tourism industry to a similar level, it would place among the top five

               contributors to the local economy. In fact, bird oriented recreation in the form of the First

               and Second Annual Eastern Shore Birding Festivals has been used by the SAMP partners to

               demonstrate the potential for successful sustainable development within Northampton County.

               We recommend that such activities continue and that the county government continues to act

               as facilitator for private-sector initiatives by establishing education and outreach programs for

               the local community.


               POLICY


                       0 Pursue partnerships with private, state, and federal entities to develop

                       guidelines to appropriately direct public access for low-impact tourism.



                                                               28










              SERVICES AND EDUCATION


                     0 Provide private-sector with information on the location of concentration

                     areas and timing of migration for the potential development of tourism


                     program.

                     0 Distribute directory of heritage-tourism related services and

                     educational/promotional materials to tour businesses and visitors.

              FACILITATION


                     0 Schedule year-round activities centered on bird-based recreation and

                     encourage further investigation of other bird groups to take maximum

                     advantage of bird resources in the County.

                     0 Promote partnerships between local residents, businesses, and conservation

                     groups to improve relations and identify mutual goals.



                     Northampton County and the SAMP partners have already begun to pursue some of

              the actions recommended above. A design standards for vegetation removal and installation

              are being incorporated into proposed revisions for the county's zoning ordinance (see

              Appendix 9 for a draft of the proposed standards). The County is currently engaged in

              negotiating a MOU with Delmarva Power to promote wildlife sensitive management of

              power line right-of-ways. One of Northampton's greatest steps towards protecting migratory

              landbird habitat has been its active Sustainable Development Initiative (SDI) which has

              brought together community members and partners from the private sector, federal and state

              resource agencies, academia, and non-governmental organizations. The SDI has made a



                                                          29








              substantial contribution to educating the public and generating support for the concept of

              simultaneously protecting and capitalizing on natural resources. Given the current level of

              interest within the community for carefully managing growth, we encourage Northampton

              County to integrate the above recommendations into current initiatives.








































                                                            30








              Appendix 1: List of species detected in 1992 and 1993 combined, their scientific names, and
               assigned bird category. Bird categories are as follows: 1) permanent resident, 2) short-
              distance migrant, and 3) long-distance migrant.






































                                                           31



______________________________________________________________________________________

Common Name					Scientific Name				Category
												1 2 3
______________________________________________________________________________________
Great-blue Heron				Ardea Herodias				  x
Green-backed Heron			Butorides Striatus			  x
American Woodcock				Scolopax Minor				  x
Common Bobwhite				Colinus virginianus			x
Sharp-shinned Hawk			Accipiter striatus			    x
Cooper's Hawk				Accipiter cooperi				    x
Red-tailed Hawk				Buteo jamaicensis				  x
Red-shouldered Hawk			Buteo lineatus				x
Broad-winged Hawk				Buteo platypterus				    x
Bald Eagle					Haliaeetus leucocephalis		x
Osprey					Pandion haliaetus				  x
Turkey Vulture				Cathartes aura				x
Black Vulture				Coragyps atratus				x
American Kestrel				Falco sparverius				  x
Merlin					Falco columbarius				  x
Northern Harrier				Circus cuaneus				  x
Great-horned Owl				Bubo virginianus				x
Screech Owl					Otus asio					x
Mourning Dove				Zenaida macroura				x
Yellow-billed Cuckoo			Coccyzus americanus			  x
Black-billed Cuckoo			Coccyzus erythropthalmus		  x
Chuck-will's Widow			Caprimulgus carolinensis		    x
Ruby-throated Hummingbird		Archilocus colubris			    x
Belted Kingfisher				Ceryle alcyon				x
Red-headed Woodpecker			Melanerpes erythrocephalus		x
Red-bellied Woodpecker			Melanerpes carolinus			x
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker		Sphyrapicus varius			  x
Downy Woodpecker				Picoides pubescens			x
Hairy Woodpecker				Picoides cillosus				x
Pileated Woodpecker			Dryocopus pileatus			x
Northern Flicker				Colaptes auratus				  x
Eastern Wood Pewee			Contopus virens				    x
Acadian Flucatcher			Empidonax virescens			    x
Great-crested Flycatcher		Myiarchus crinitus			    x
Least Flycatcher				Empidonax minimus				    x
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher		Empidonax flaviventris			    x
Eastern Phoebe				Sayornis phoebe				    x
Eastern Kingbird				Tyrannus tyrannus				    x
Tree Swallow				Tachycineta bicolor			    x
Blue Jay					Cyanocitta cristata			  x
American Crow				Corvus brachyrhynchos			x
Fish Crow					Corvus ossifragus				x
Carolina Chickadee			Parus carolinensis			x
Brown Creeper				Certhia amercana				  x
Tufted Titmouse				Parus Bicolor				x
White-breasted Nuthatch			Sitta carolinensis			x
Red-breasted Nuthatch			Sitta canadensis				  x
_______________________________________________________________________________________



							32

~0









          Brown-headed Nuthatch          Sitta ~8qDusilla              ~qx
          House Wren                     Tro~8qglod~4qytes aedon                   ~qx
          Winter Wren                    Tro~8qglod~4qytes tro~8qglod~0qytes         ~qx
          Carolina Wren                  Thr~4qyothorus ludovicianus x
          Ruby-crowned Kinglet           Regulus calendula               ~qx
          Golden-crowned Kinglet         Regulus satra~8qva                 ~qx
          Blue-gray Gnatcatcher          Polio~8qptila caerulea                 ~qx
          Eastern Bluebird               Sialia sialis              ~qx
          Wood Thrush                    H~4qylocichla mustelina                ~qx
          Swainson's Thrush              Catharus ustulatas                  ~qx
          Gray-cheeked Thrush            Catharus minimus                    ~qx
          Hermit Thrush                  Catharus ~8qguttata                ~qx
          Veery                          Catharus fuscescens                 ~qx
          American Robin                 Turdus mi~4qgratorius              ~qx
          Gray Catbird                   Dumetella carolinensis              ~qx
          Mockingbird                    ~4qMim~qus ~8qV~qo~ql~4qy~8qg~ql~qottis          ~qx
          Brown Thrasher                 Toxostoma rufum            ~qx
          Cedar Waxwing                  B~o~qm~2qbycilla cedrorum             ~qx
          Eastern Meadowlark             Sternella ma~8qgna                 ~qx
          European Starling              Sturnus vul~8qgaris           ~qx
          White-eyed Vireo               Vireo ~8qgriseus                       ~qx
          Solitary Vireo                 Vireo solitarius                    ~qx
          Red-eyed Vireo                 Vireo olivaceus                     ~qx
          Warbling Vireo                 Vireo ~4qgilvus                        ~qx
          Philadelphia Vireo             Vireo ~8qphiladel~8qphicus                ~qx
          Blue-winged Warbler            Vermivora ~8qDinus                     ~qx
          Golden-winged Warbler          Vermivora chr~4qyso~8qptera               ~qx
          Prothonotary Warbler           Protonotaria citrea                 ~qx
          Tennessee Warbler              ~8qVermivora ~2qDere~8qgrina                 ~qx
          Nashville Warbler              Vermivora rufica~8qpilla               ~qx
          Northern Parula                Parula americana                    ~qx
          ~0qBlack-and-white Warbler        Mniotilta  varia                    ~qx
          Black-throated Blue Warbler    Dendroica  caerulescens             ~qx
          Cerulean Warbler               Dendroica  cerulea                  ~qx
          Blackburnian Warbler           Dendroica  fusca                    ~qx
          Chestnut-sided Warbler         Dendroica  ~8qpens~4qylvanica             ~qx
          Cape May Warbler               Dendroica  ti~8qgrina                  ~qx
          Magnolia Warbler               Dendroica  magnolia                 ~qx
          Yellow-rumped Warbler          Dendroica  coronata             ~qx
          Black-throated Greed Warbler   Dendroica  virens                   ~qx
          Yellow-throated Warbler        Dendroica  dominica                 ~qx
          Prairie Warbler                Dendroica  discolor                 ~qx
          Bay-breasted Warbler           Dendroica  castanea                 ~qx
          Blackpoll Warbler              Dendroica  striata                  ~qx
          Pine Warbler                   Dendroica  ~08qpinus                    ~6qx
          Palm Warbler                   Dendroica  ~04qpalmaru                  ~2qx
          Mourning Warbler               O~08qporornis  ~04qphiladel~08qphia             ~2qx
          Connecticut Warbler            O~08qporornis  a~08qgila                    ~8qx
          Kentucky Warbler               O~08qporornis  formosus                 ~2qx
          Canada Warbler                 Wilsonia canadensis                 ~2qx
          Wilson's Warbler               Wilsonia ~08qpusilla                    ~2qx




                                            33
 










          Worm-eating Warbler            Helmitheros vermivorus             x
          Ovenbird                       Seiurus aurocapillus               x
          Louisiana Waterthrush          Seiurus motacilla                  x
          Northern Waterthrush           Seiurus noveboracensis             x
          Common Yellowthroat            Geothlypis trichas                 x
          Yellow-breasted Chat           Icteria virens                     x
          American Redstart              Setophaga ruticilla                x
          Blue Grosbeak                  Guiraca caerulea                   x
          Rose-breasted Grosbeak         Pheucticus melanocephalus          x
          Northern Cardinal              Cardinalis cardinalis       x
          Indigo Bunting                 Passerina cyanea                   x
          Rufous-sided Towhee            Pipilo erythrophthalmus        x
          Song Sparrow                   Melospiza melodia              x
          Field Sparrow                  Spizella pusi1la               x
          Chipping Sparrow               Spizella Passerina             x
          White-throated Sparrow         Zonotrichia albicolis          x
          White-crowned Sparrow          Zonotrichia leucophrys         x
          Swamp Sparrow                  Melospiza georgiana            x
          Savannah Sparrow               Passerculus sandwichensis      x
          Dark-eyed Junco                Junco hyemalis                 x
          Red-winged Blackbird           Agelaius phoeniceus         x
          Brown-headed Cowbird           Molothrus ater              x
          Common Grackle                 Quiscalus qauiscula         x
          Orchard Oriole                 Icterus spurius                    x
          Northern Oriole                Icterus galbula                    x
          Scarlet Tanager                Piranga olivacea                   x
          Summer Tanager                 Piranga rubra                      x
          Pine Siskin                    Carduelis pinus                x
          American Goldfinch             Carduelis tristis           x



























                                           34










              Appendix 2: Geographic patterns for bird groups and selected residents, short-distance, and
              long-distance migrants. Percentage values indicate the relative proportion of birds within the
              entire study area that were accounted for by particular regions. Patterns reflect data from the
              main study (1992 and 1993 combined). Significance values (resulting from Chi-square tests)
              are given by symbols located beside species names: no symbol indicates no significant
              difference from expected, (*) indicates significance to the 0.05 level, (**) indicates
              significance to the 0.01 level, and     indicates significance to the 0.001 level.







































                                                            35







                Geographic Patterns for Bird Groups



            Resident     Short-distance Long-distance


                                   ......................
                                   .....................
                                  ..................





                                ...........

                               ......................



















              .. . . ...... .....
             ........ ..








             Key to Color Codes for Geographic Maps




               0-10%           20-30%        40-50%



                                    %        >50%
               10-20%
           .. .. ......         30-40



                             36






                                           Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                                    Short-distance Migrants

                                        Flicker                            Blue Jay                       Win. Wren














                                   G-c Kinglet                           Hermit Thr.                          Robin

                                                                                     ..........










                                                                                4UW



                                     "14

                                              M





                                   Y-r Warbler                             Towhee'                      Wh-th Sparrow***


                                                 . ... .......


                                                ............. .
                                          . ............ .. .
                                                . ...... .....

                                                 ...... .                       ...






















                                                                         37






                                                      Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                                                 Long-distance Migrants

                                               Y-b Cuckoo                                 Gnatcatcher                                      Catbird







                                                                                                    ....... ....................














                                                Red-e Vireo                               B&W Warbler                                 BI-th-bl Warb.**


                                                         . . .... ... .........

                                                       . . ... .....

                                                              . . ..... ....
                                                              .. .. ..... ... ...





                                                                                                 ...... ....














                                              Pine Warbler                                    Ovenbird                                   Redstart


                                                                                                                                                      . .........


                                                                                                                                                       ...........
                                                                                                     . . . . . ...... ...                             ...........


                                                                                                                                                      ..........




















                                                                                              38






                                  Geographic Patterns for Selected
                                               Resident Species

                                                           Red-bellied'













                               Chickadee
                                                                                Titmouse












                                  ........ . . .
                                       . . . . ......







                                 Car. Wren                                     Cardinal


                                  ....                                             ....... . ..
                                        M
                                                                                    ...........











                                  . . ......... .
                                                                                 .. .. ...........
                                    ... . .. . . .......                         ... . . ... ..
                                      . .. .......
                                                                                  11 . . ... .. .....
                                                                                    ......... . .
                                                                                    . ...... . . ..











                                                           39






                Table A. Descriptive statistics and results of one-way analysis of variance between small,
                medium, and large forest patches. Sample sizes = 12, 12, and * for small, medium, and
                large patches respectively.

                                                   Small                Medium                Large
                Bird Group                         X+SE                  X+SE                X+SE               F          P

                Residents

                Red-bellied Woodpecker                 5.2+1.94            8.8+1.55            12.3+1.42        3.86      <0.05

                Carolina Chickadee                   33.0+2.76            33.4+3.61            34.5+3.98        0.04         NS

                Carolina Wren                        43.2+3.08            52.1+4.88            48.  6+6.47      0.92         NS

                Northern Cardinal                    17.8+3.08            18.6+2.56            11.6+3.02        1.45         NS

                Richness                             11.0+0.58            10.6+0.38            10.8+0.56        0.19         NS

                All Residents                      170.3 +26.00         176.3 +24.53          126.5+18.91       1.03         NS

                Short-distance Migrants

                Common Flicker                         9.8+3.29           12.7+3.10            17.3+3.30        1.16         NS

                Blue Jay                             32.7+5.80            29.8+3.20            19.6+3.33        1.94         NS

                Winter Wren                            1.0+0.51            1.3+0.51             1.9+0.74        0.54         NS

                Golden-crowned Kinglet               23.3+4.44            20.9+3.58            17.9+2.72        0.44         NS

                Hermit Thrush                          2.1+0.75            2.5+0.62             1.3+0.25        2.91         NS

                American Robin                       18.2+7.65            14.8+7.47             8.5+6.26        0.38         NS

                Yellow-rumped Warbler                32.3+9.94            25.2+14.80           28.8+6.69        0.12         NS

                Rufous-sided Towhee                    1.1+0.43            0.8+0.32             0.9+0.35        0.53         NS

                White-throated Sparrow                 2.0+1.04            3.8+1.82             0.9+0.35        1.05         NS

                Richness                             10. 1 + 1. 07'       10.2+0.60               8.5+050       1.04         NS

                All Short-distance                 121.5+23.33           119.3+18.35           93.5+9.98        0.52         NS

                Long-distance Migrants

                Yellow-billed Cuckoo                   0.2+0.17            1.0+0.21             1.1+0.40        4.64      <0.05

                Gray Catbird                           4.3+1.66            3.8+1.30             2.5+0.89        0.35         NS

                Red-eyed Vireo                         1.3+0.43            4.3+0.82             4.6+1.30        4.99     <0.05

                Black-and-white Warbler                4.4+0.87            5.2+1.31             7.9+3.18        0.98         NS

                Black-throated Blue                    1.7+0.53            2.8+0.57             1.8+0.41        1.36         NS

                Pine Warbler                           5.7+1.93            7.8+2.10             5.1+1.97        0.46         NS

                Ovenbird                               1.3+0.31            1.6+0.57             1.6+0.48        0.12         NS

                American Redstart                    14.5+6.39            11.6+2.71             9.6+3.48        0.25         NS

                Richness                             14.2+2.32            15.6+1.17            11.6+1.21        1.13         ns

                All Long-distance                    45.6+14.04           51.6+5.48            46.0+9.71        0.11         NS


                                                                        40










             Appendix 3: Distribution patterns for bird groups and selected residents, short-distance,
             and long-distance migrants. Bars indicate the average number of birds observed/plot within
             the Bayside (N = 6) and seaside corridors (N = 6). Patterns reflect data from the
             Bayside/seaside corridor study (1992). Significance values (resulting from Mann-Whitney U
             tests, appendix X) are given by symbols located beside species names: no symbol indicates
             no significant difference from expected, (*) indicates significance to the 0.05 level, (**)
             indicates significance to the 0.01 level, and    indicates significance to the 0.001 level.









































                                                           41







                                         Distribution Between Bayside and Seaside Forest Corridors
                                                                                                 For Selected Residents


                                                                                                                         Red-bellied







                                                                                                      Z     4
                                                                                                      i-E





                                                                                                            2



                                                                                                                    Sassids   Losafl.a Sapid.


                                                                               Chickadee                                                                              Titmouse
                                                                   40 -




                                                                   30 -




                                                                                                                                                     4
                                                                   20 -


                                                                                                                                                     3


                                                                                                                                                     2-          . . . . . . . . ....


                                                                                                                                                     I

                                                                   0

                                                                          Seaside             04yalde
                                                                                   L"stiam                                                                     Seaside            Bayelds
                                                                                                                                                                       Lo.ation

                                                                   so      Carolina Wren                                                             12 -             Cardinal

                                                                   40-
                                                                                                                                                     0


                                                          %
                                                          m        30-


                                                           L
                                                                   20



                                                                   10-



                                                                   0-

                                                                          Seaside              saysid.                                                       8 ... Id.           Day.1d.
                                                                                    L    floin




                                                                                                                                42







                                            Distribution Between Bayside and Seaside Forest Corridors
                                                                             For Selected Short-distance Migrants


                                                             Flicker                                                           Blue Jay                                                   Winter Wren

                                            12                                                                40 -                                                          2




                                                                                                              30 -




                                                                                                              20




                                            3
                                            3                                                                 10




                                                                                                              0
                                                     S ... Id.            8.y.ld.                                       Seaside             114ysld.                                   S ... Id.           6.y.1d.
                                                                [email protected]                                                           Location                                                       Lacstlo.


                                                           G-c Kinglet                                                   Hermit Thrush                                                           Robin
                                            30 -                                                              4 -                                                          40 -



                                                                                                              3                                                            30 -

                                            20 -


                                                                                                                                                                           20
                                                                                                              2



                                            to



                                                       Seaside   Location  Bay.1d.                                      ftaside   Location  Boyside                                    Seaside   Laflam    Bsysids,
                                            40           Y-r Warbler                                          2 -              Towhee                                      3 -         Wh-thr Sparrow

                                            30


                                     Z                                                                                                                                 !?t

                                            20 -




                                            to




                                            0
                                                     Nsold*     Location  Saygids,                                      $*&old*    Location Bayside                                    Seaside   Location  Bay.1d.
                                                                                                                                   It                                           Ll


                                                                                                                                     43







                                            Distribution Between Bayside and Seaside Forest Corridors
                                                                                For Selected Long-distance Migrants


                                                            Y-b Cuckoo                                                          Gnatcatcher                                                         Catbird
                                              3 -                                                                4




                                              2                                                                                                                              %

                                                                                                                                                                                 3

                                                                                                                 2

                                                                                                                                                                                 2  -






                                                         Seaside              Dayside                                       Seaside             Daysido                                     Seaside              Baysids
                                                                   Lotation                                                          Location                                               81-thr-be"W"carbler
                                                              R-e Vireo                                                   131-and-Wh Warbler
                                                                                                                                                                               3
                                                                                                                 10





                                              2 -                                                                                                                              2  -

                                         13
                                                                                                                                                                            as


                                                                                                                 4







                                                                                                                 0                                                             0
                                                        Seaside              Daysido                                       &..aid.              Detain.                                     $*aside             flayside
                                                                  Location                                                           Location                                                        Location
                                              2            Pine Warbler                                                            Ovenbird                                     20                 Redstart

                                         r6
                                         7!
                                         r.







                                                                                                                                                                                            .......................



                                                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                        Seaside             BaysIds                                          Seaside            Bayside                                     Seaside               S.Y.Ide
                                                                  Lsostkm                                                             Location                                                        Location
                                                                                                                  LI                                                                @I



                                                                                                                                         44











                        Distribution Between Bayside and Seaside Forest Corridors
                                                              For Bird Groups


                            Residents                                Short-distance                                    Long-distance

                                                                                                         140 -
            180
                                                          60
                                                                                                                                     . . . . . . . . . . .


                                                                                                         120  -
                                                          50 -


                                                                                                         100  -
            120                                           40  -
                                                       FL

                                                                                                     CL


                                                          30 -

                                                                                                         60   -


             60                                           20  -
                                                                                                         40



                                                          10
                                                                                                         20



              0                                           0                                                0

                      Seaside           Bayside                     Seaside          Bayside                        Seaside          Bayside

                               Location                                     Location                                        Location
















                                                                           45,






                 Table A. Descriptive statistics and results of Mann-Whitney U comparison between Bayside
                 and Seaside survey routes. Sample sizes = 6 for both Bayside and Seaside routes.


                                                           Bayside                    Seaside
                 Bird Group                                X+SE                         X+SE         U         P

                 Residents

                 Red-bellied Woodpecker                    5.00+3.12                0.17+0.167       28.5    0.060

                 Carolina Chickadee                     31.17 +3.945                44.0+5.123       23.5    0.378

                 Tufted Titmouse                          6.83+1.424                1.83+0.477       35.0    0.006

                 Carolina Wren                            42.0+6.181                41.5+5.789       18.5    0.936

                 Northern Cardinal                      11.67+3.084                10.83 +3.341      21.0    0.628

                 All Residents                         156.3 +14.458             107.3 +12.635       30.50   0.045

                 Short-distance Nfigrants

                 Common Flicker                           10.3+2.591                8.67+1.585       19.5    0.809

                 Blue Jay                               30.00+5.033                20.17+4.942       28.0    0.108

                 Winter Wren*                             1.OQ+0.365                0.67+0.211       22.0    0.484

                 Golden-crowned Kinglet                 20,50+4.938                 6.83+2.738       32.5    0.020

                 Hermit Thrush                            2.33+0.715                3.00+1.862       21.0    0.624

                 American Robin                         30.67+13.371                1.33+0.494       34.0    0.010

                 Yellow-rumped Warbler                  12.67 +4.652             32.83 +11.553       9.50    0.173

                 Rufous-sided Towhee*                     1.50+0.847                1.33+0.211       14.0    0.503

                 White-throated Sparrow                   1.17+0.477                2.17+1.515       20.0    0.738

                 All Short-distance                   126.33 +14.167               87.00+8.660       29.0    0.078

                 Long-distance Nflgrants

                 Yellow-billed Cuckoo                     1.67+0.558                2.33+0.882       15.5    0.680

                 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher                    3.33+1.498                0.00+0.000       30.0    0.022
                 Gray Catbird                             4.00+1.880               4.833 +2.738      14.5    0.571
                 Red-eyed Vireo                           2.17+1.014                2.83+0.167       14.5    0.569

                 Black-and-white Warbler                  9.67+1.498                4.00+1.713       32.0    0.024

                 Black-throaled Blue                      2.67+0.843                1.33+0.422       26.0    0.188

                 Pine Warbler*                            1.83+1.138                0.17+0.167       25.0    0.181

                 Ovenbird*                                0.83+0.307                1.17+0.601       17.5    0.930

                 American Redstart                        14.0+2.852                3.67+0.803       36.0    0.004

                 All Long-distance                      52.83 +9.843               29.50+4.410       32.0    0.024


               *Total number of observations less than 20

                                                                       46










              Appendix 4: Deviation patterns for selected resident, short-distance, and long-distance
              migrants. Bars indicate the difference between bird utilization patterns and those expected
              based on the availability of census points within a given range of understory/subcanopy
              density. Negative values indicate that points wid-iin the given vegetation range were
              underutilized relative to their availability. Positive values indicate that points within the
              given vegetation range were overutilized relative to their availability. Patterns reflect data
              from the main study (1992 and 1993 combined). Significance values (resulting from Chi-
              square tests) are given by symbols beside the respective bars: no symbol indicates no
              significant difference from expected, (*) indicates significance to the 0.05 level,   indicates
              significance to the 0.01 level, and     indicates significance to the 0.001 level.





































                                                             47






                                                             Use of High and Low Density Vegetation in
                                              The Understory and Subcanopy for Selected Residents:
                                                                                                                Main Study


                                                                                                                     Red-bellied





                                                                                                    High







                                                                                                 r

                                                                                                    Low






                                                                                                         -00    -40    -20     0     20      40    00
                                                                                                                 Deviation from  Expected (%)




                                                                            Chickadee                                                                           TltrnoWe





                                                          High -                                                                           High -





                                                                                                                                        %
                                                                                                                                        I
                                                                                                                                        Z

                                                          Low                                                                               Low




                                                               -80    -40    -20     0     20      40    so                                     -60     -40   -10     0      20     40     .0
                                                                       Deviation from  Expected (%)                                                     Deviation from expected (%)



                                                                         Carolina Wren                                                                          Cardinal




                                                           lab                                                                              High








                                                          Low -                                                                            Low -


                                                                                                                                                  k-7- I @               . I 1 1 7@
                                                                .00    -40   -20     0     20      4D    60                                     -00     -40   -20    0      20    40     00
                                                                       Deviation fr.. Ep.owi                                                            Deviation from Expected (%)



                                                                                                                              48






                                      Use of High and Low Density Vegetation in the Understory
                                                 And Subcanopy for Selected Short-distance Migrants:
                                                                                                                  Main Study

                                                            Flicker                      D sub                             Blue Jay                                                   Winter Wren
                                                                                            u
                                                                                                                                                            1,                                                               Nd
                                                                                                                                                             ,d

                                     High -                                                            High -                                                       High -





                                     LOW -                                                             Low -                                                        Low -




                                              .00 -40    -20     0     20      40     80                  -80     -1.    -1.           2.      4.     .0                   .60    -40   -20      0      20     40     60
                                                  Deviation from Expected (%)                                     Deviation lion    Expected (16)                                 Deviation from    Expected
                                                         G-c Klnglet                                                  Hermit Thrush                                                        Robin
                                                                                                                                                         Q  ' "                                                         a U:d
                                                                                                                                                         II 11:d


                                       High -                                                          High -                                                       High -






                                       Low -                                                           Low -                                                        Low -
                                              ..                                                             I . I . I "I             I I I I .
                                              -60   40     -20     0      20     40     so                  -00    -40    -20       0   20      40    50                   -80 -60 40 -20        0   20   40 80      80
                                                     Deviation Ira. Expected (%)                                    Deviation from Expected (%)                                   Deviation from Expected
                                                          Y-r Warbler                                                       Towhee                                                    White-throat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ":b
                                                                                                                                                            Uid
                                                                                                U I                                                         sub


                                         High                                                          High                                                         High

                                                                                                       Z
                                                                                                       A*
                                                                                                                                                                  A




                                        Low -                                                          Low                                                          Low -




                                              -60    -40    -20      0      20     40     60                Go     -40    -20       0   20      40    so                   -60 -1. -4. -1.       0  2.    1.  .0   10
                                                      Deviation tram   Expected (%)                                 Deviation from  E.P..I.d                                      Deviation from Expected (%)




                                                                                                                                    49
                                                                                                                                                                                                 V6






                                          Use of High and Low Density Vegetation in the Understory
                                                    And Subcanopy for Selected Long-distance Migrants:
                                                                                                                         Main Study


                                                        Y-Billed Cuckoo                                                       Gnatcatcher                                                            Catbird

                                                                                                                                                                       d                                                                U.


                                          High -                                                            High -                                                           High -








                                          Low -                                                             Low -                                                            Low -
                                                    . I I I I I I I I F                  ,                           ' M)                  ' I  __F_r_                           .  I ,
                                               -60      -40   -20       0    20     40     80                      -40 -30 -20 -10      0    10    20    30   40                    -60    40     -20        0    20      40     so
                                                        Deviation from Expected                                          Deviation from Expected                                           Deviation from Expected (%)


                                                             Red-e Vireo                                                BI-and-while Warbler                                               BI-thr-blue Warbler
                                                                                                                                                                    0 Und                                                              11:d'


                                          High                                                                High                                                             High









                                          Low                                                                 Low                                                              Low -





                                               .60      40    .20       0     20     4.      .0                    .60    .40     .20     0      20      40     so                  -00    -40     -20       0    20      40     80
                                                        Deviation from Expected     (%)                                    Deviation from   Expected                                         Deviation from  Expected

                                                          Pine Warbler                                                         Ovenbird                          M 81,                             Redstart                         0 OU,


                                          High -                                                            High -                                                           High -








                                          Low -                                                             Low -                                                            Low -





                                               -00      -40   -20       0    20      40     60                     -80   -40    -20     0      20      40     00                    -00    -40   -20         a    20     40      so
                                                        Deviation from Expected (%)                                      Deviation from   Expeated (%)                                     Deviation from    Expected




                                                                                                                                           50









              Appendix 5: Deviation patterns for selected resident, short-distance, and long-distance
              migrants. Bars indicate the difference between bird utilization patterns and those expected
              based on the availability of census points within a given range of understory/subcanopy
              density. Negative values indicate that points within the given vegetation range were
              underutilized relative to their availability. Positive values indicate that points within the
              given vegetation range were overutilized relative to their availability. Patterns reflect data
              from the bayside transect study (1993). Significance values (resulting from Chi-square tests)
              are given by symbols beside the respective bars: no symbol indicates no significant difference
              from expected,     indicates significance to the 0.05 level, (**) indicates significance to the
              0.01 level, and      indicates significance to the 0.001 level.





































                                                            51






                                                 Use of High and Low Density Vegetation in
                                    The Understory and Subcanopy for Selected Residents:
                                                                                  Bayside Transects


                                                                                               Red-bellied





                                                                                  HIgh -

                                                                              Z






                                                                                  Low -






                                                                                      -60 -40   -20   0    20      40   PC
                                                                                           Dovistion Iron EXPOOM M

                                                              Chickadee                 a 3:b                                    Thmouse
                                                                                          u d                                                               U:11


                                                High -                                                             High -









                                                Low                                                                Low -





                                                     -OD -40   -20   0    20      40  00                                -00 -60 -40 -20 0  20  40  00  50
                                                          D.vistion from  Epout.d                                            Collation from Exp..t.4 (%)


                                                           Carolina Wren                                                          Cardinal
                                                                                                                                                          0 S:d


                                                Mob -                                                              High -

                                                                                                                   Z,

                                                                                                                   A





                                                L.w -                                                              Low -
                                                           11   1        - I  I   I                                       I  I  q          , t  1  1 -7@
                                                     .00  .40  -20    0    10     40  60                                -00  -40 -20    0    20   40    00
                                                          Davlotlon from Expectod                                            Devi-tion from Exp.ot.d (%)




                                                                                                        52






                                         Use of High and Low Density Vegetation in the Understory
                                                     And Subcanopy for Selected Short-distance Migrants:
                                                                                                                 Bayside Transects

                                                                 Flicker                                                             Blue Jay                                                      Winter Wren
                                                                                                    SO                                                                   80                                                              0 all
                                                                                                    U"                                                                   Una


                                          High                                                                   High                                                             High








                                          Law -                                                                  Low -                                                            Law




                                                                                                                                                           T-_
                                                .00     -40    -20      0      2.     1.      00                     -00     -40     -20        0  20      40     80                   -60     -40    -20       0     20     40      so
                                                         Deviation  from  EXP.Ctmd                                            Deviation from    Eapecied                                        Deviation from   Expected (%)
                                                            G-c Kinglet                                                       Hermit Thrush                                                              Robin                          a 3u
                                                                                                                                                                     In 8":                                                                U.d
                                                                                                    LI:d


                                           High                                                                  High                                                             High


                                                                                                                                                                                A





                                           Low                                                                   Law                                                              Law






                                                 -60    -40     -20     0      20     40      00                    -60     40       -20        a  20     40      so                   -60 -80 -40 -20          d   20   40    40   80
                                                         Deviation from   Expected (III)                                     D.A.U.. fr..       Expected (%)                                    Deviation from Expected




                                                                                                                                  Y.r Warbler
                                                                                                                                                                      0 d:d


                                                                                                                 High -



                                                                                                             Z





                                                                                                                 Low -





                                                                                                                                                I
                                                                                                                     .50     .410    .2113      0   20     40      60
                                                                                                                              Deviation   from  Expected (%)






                                                                                                                                                53






                                        Use of High and Low Density Vegetation in the Understory
                                                    And Subcanopy for Selected Long-distance Migrants:
                                                                                                            Bayside Transects

                                                        Gnatcatcher                                                              Catbird                                                    Red-e Vireo
                                       High -                                                     d         High                                                     :d    High -                                                  .31rd


                                       Low -                                                                Low -                                                          Low



                                            -80     -40    -20      0     20      40     80                     -00    -40     -20      0    90     40      00
                                                     Deviation from   Expected (%)                                      Deviation   from Expected (%)                           -00    -40    -20      0      20    40     60
                                                                                                                                                                                        Deviation  from Expected (%)


                                                      131-and-wh Warbler                                                 Bl-thr-bl Warbler                                                 Pine Warbler
                                                                                                Sob
                                                                                                                                                                   3.b                                                             3
                                                                                                                                                                   Una                                                             Nd


                                          High                                                              High                                                           High




                                                                                                         Z
                                                                                                                                                                         Z


                                          Low -                                                             Low                                                            Low -




                                               -60    -40    -20     0     20      40    00                     -80    .40    -20       0    20     40     so                   -60    .40    -20      0      20    40     00
                                                       Deviation from  Expected (%)                                     Deviation from Expected (%)                                     Deviation from Exii-Itil


                                                                                                                                Redstart


                                                                                                                                                               IN    d



                                                                                                            High -








                                                                                                            Low -




                                                                                                                      I I        F
                                                                                                                 -80    -40    -20      6    20     40     00
                                                                                                                         D.A.11an  ff.. Expected 4%)





                                                                                                                                          54










             Appendix 6: Relative use of vertical strata by selected resident, short-distance, and long-
             distance migrants. Numeric strata categories represent ranges of heights above the ground in
             meters. "Sub" refers to the remaining subcanopy above 8 m in height. "Can" refers to the
             forest canopy. Patterns reflect data from the main study (1992 and 1993 combined), the
             large-patch study (1992), and the Bay/seaside corridor study (1992).











































                                                           55







                                              Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                                               For Selected Resident Species


                                                            Red-bell (N=324)

                                                        CAN


                                                        SUB
                                                     2

                                                        6-8


                                                        4.6


                                                        2-4 -


                                                        0-2 -



                                                            0   10   20  30   40  50

                                                                   % of total
                           Chickadee (N=3608)                                                   Titmouse (N=533)

                      CAN                                                                  CAN

                      SUB                                                                  SUB



                                                                                            4-6
                      4-

                   >  2-4                                                               >   2-4


                      0-2                                                                   0-2


                           0      10     20      30                                             0   10    20    30    40
                                   % of total                                                          % of total
                           Car. Wren (N=4760)                                                   Cardinal (N=2043)
                      CAN -
                      SUB  -1                                                               CAN
                                                                                            SUB

                      6,8  -
                                                                                            6-8

                      4-6                                                                   4-6

                      2.
                   >     4                                                                  2,4

                      0-2                                                                   0-2


                           0  10   20  30   40   50                                             0    10    20   30    40
                                   % of total                                                           % of total

                                                                       56









                                                         Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                                                    For Selected Short-distance Migrants


                                Flicker (N=1058)                                Blue Jay (N=2232)                                Win. Wren (N=160)
                          CAN                                              CAN                                             CAN -
                          SUB                                              SUB                                             SUB   -
                                                                       2
                          z     -8                                         8-8                                             6-8   -
                                                                       CA
                          CO)                                              4-6
                          Z4-6                                                                                             4-6   -
                          t
                           2-4                                         >*  2-4
                                                                                                                       >   2-4   -

                           0-2                                             0-2                                             0-2

                                0    10    20    30    40    50                 0  10   20 30 40 50 60                           0  20    40    60    80    100
                                          % of total                                      % of total                                      % of total

                                G-c Kinglet (N=1999)                            Hermit Thr. (N=258)                              Robin (N=4551)

                          CAN                                              CAN-                                            CAN


                          SUB
                                                                           SUB-                                            SUB
                          2
                          6-8                                              6-8                                             6-8

                          co
                          4-6                                          'i  4-0                                             4.6


                          >
                          2
                           -4                                          >'  2-4                                             2-4

                          0-2                                              0-2                                             0-2
                                01      10       20        30                   0   10 210   310  410 510  60                    0       10        2'0      30
                                        % of  total                                       % of total                                      %of total
                                Y-r Warbler (N=2714)                            Towhee (N=110)                                   Wh-thr Sparrow             (N=469)
                          CAN
                          SUB                                              CAN  -                                          CAN   -
                                                                           SUB  -                                          SUB   -

                          6-8
                                                                           6-8  -                                          6-8   -
                     7i   4-8                                                                                           to
                                                                           4-6  -                                          4-6
                          2.4                                                                                           t
                                                                           2-4                                          >0 2-4

                          0-2                                              0-2                                             0-2

                                                                                                                                 . . . . . . . . . . .
                                0      10       20        30                    0    20      40     60     80                    0  15  30 45 60 75 90
                                        % of total                                        % of total                                      % of total

                                                                                          5 7









                                                Patterns in Vertical Distribution
                                            For Selected Long-distance Migrants


                            Y-b Cuckoo (N=114)                        Gnatcatcher (N=103)                     Catbird (N=387)

                       CAN                                       CAN                                      CAN -


                       SUB                                       SUB                                      SUB


                       6-8                                       6-8                                      6-8 -
                     Cz
                                                                                                     cc
                            .6                                   4-6                                      4-6 -

                     > 2-4                                    >* 2-4                                      2.4 -

                       0-2                                       0-2                                      0-2


                            0    10    20    30    40                 0   10    20     30    40               0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
                                   % of total                                %  of total                            % of total
                            Red-e Vireo (N=292)                       131-a-wh Warbler (N=648)                131-th-bl Warb. (N=346)
                       CAN                                       CAN                                      CAN
                       SUB                                       SUB                                      SUB

                                                                                                          8-8

                       4.6                                                                           Z    4-6
                                                               Z 4-6
                       2                                       t
                    >  .4                                        2
                                                                 2.4                                      2.4

                       0-2                                       0-2                                      0-2

                            0   10    20    30    40                  0   10    20    30    40                0   10    20    30     40
                                  % of total                                 % of total                               % of total
                            Pine   Warbler (N=697)                    Ovenbird (N=193)                        Redstart (N=1818)
                       CAN                                       CAN  -                                   CAN

                       SUB                                       SUB  -                                   SUB

                       6-8
                                                                 6-8  -                                   6.8
                                                             cc;
                       4-6                                       4-6                                      4-6

                       2-4
                                                             >   2-4                                      2-4


                       0-2                                       0-2                                      -2


                            0 10  20 30 40 50      60                 0 15  30 45 60 75 90                    0     10      20      30
                                   % of total                               % of total                               % of total


                                                                             5 8









             Appendix 7: Seasonal patterns in detection rates for bird groups and selected resident,
             short-distance, and long-distance migrants. Percent indicates the relative proportion of total
             observations accounted for by a given week. Week one is the second week of August and
             week 14 is the second week of November. Patterns in 1992 (open squares) reflect data from
             the main study, the large patch study, and the Bay/seaside corridor study. Patterns in 1993
             (dark squares) reflect data from the main study.










































                                                          59







                     Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                                 For Bird Groups




                             20 -
                             15 -
     Res'Idents              10
                              5
                              0
                                 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14


                             50  -
     ShortmdiSt              25  -
                              0
                                1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14


                             30
                             20
     Lon     mdIst.          10 -
                               0                 .......
                                 1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14




                                         GO







                     Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                          For Selected Resident Species



                             30
           Red-bellied 15         -
                               0  -11    1 1 . I  . . .
                                  12 3  4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1


                             16   -
            Chickadee 8

                               0
                                  12 3  4 5 6 7 8   9 10 11 12 13 14


                             20   -
            Titmouse         10
                               0 J
                                  12 3 4 5' 6' 7' 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

                             16   -
        Carolina Wren
                               0
                                  12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14


                             20   -
            Cardina    1     10

                                  12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14




                                        61





                         Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                            For Selected Short-distance Migrants

                                               30
                           Flicker             15-

                                               0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                               301 2 3 4 5 6 7 8   9 10 11 12 13 14
                           Blue Jay            15-
                                               0
                                                 1 2 3 4  5  67  8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                               40-
                         Winter Wren           20-
                                               0
                                                 1 2 3 4  5  67  8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                               60-
                          G-c Kinglet          3o-
                                               0 -
                                                 1 2 3 4  5  67 8  9 10 1112 13 14


                          He'rm Thrush40
                                               0 -
                                                 1 2 3  4 5  67  8 9 10 11121314
                                               90
                             Robin             45
                                               0 1 2 3 4  5  67  8 9 10 11 12 13 14

                                               50-
                             Towhee            25-
                                               0 1 2 3 4 5   67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                               40-
                         Y-r Warbler           20

                                               0
                                                 1 2 3 4 5   67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

                                               80-
                        W-th SparroW 40 -
                                               0 _           -   -   -      I I
                                                 1 2 3 4 5   67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14




                                                  62






                                 Seasonal Patterns in Detection Frequency
                                    For Selected Long-distance Migrants

                                                             30 -
                                 Y-b Cuckoo .15
                                                             0
                                                             50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                                             25 -
                                 Gnatcatcher
                                                             0 -
                                                                1 2 3 4 5 6     7   8 9 10 11 12 13 14

                                                             50 -
                                    Catbird                  25 -
                                                             0  -1            6- 7  8 9 10 11 12 13 14

                                                             40 -
                                  R-e Vireo                  20 -
                                                             0
                                                                1      4' 5'  6 7 8 9    10 11 12 13 14

                                                             40 -
                                B&w Warbler                  20 -

                                                             0  -
                                                                1 2  3 4 5    6 7 8 9    10 11 12 13 14

                                                             50 -
                                 BTB      Warbler 25 -
                                                             0
                                                                1 2 3 4 5     6 7 8 9    10 11 12 13 14

                                                             50 -
                                Pine      Warbler            25 -
                                                             0                6 7 8 9 10    11 12 13 14

                                                             30 -
                                     Ovenbird                15 -

                                                                        4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                                             0
                                                                1 2 3

                                                             30 -
                                    Redstart                 15 -

                                                             0  -
                                                                1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                                                    3 4 5























                                                                 63











             Appendix 8: Weekly summaries of species detected throughout the study. Table A. presents
             data collected in 1992. Numbers indicate the total number of individuals detected
             (standardized number detected). Numbers were standardized to compensate for effects of
             surveys missed due to bad weather as follows: (total individuals detected/total survey routes
             completed)xlO. Table B. presents data from the main study (point counts), 1993 and Table
             C. presents data from the Bayside transects, 1993.









































                                                         64






                        Table A. Weekly summary of species detected. Numbers indicate total number of Individuals detected (standardized number detected).
                     Numbers were standardized as follows: (Total individuals detected/Total survey routes completed) X 10.

                                    SPECIES                   Week I          Week 2         Week 3          Week 4         Week S          Week 6         Week 7         Weak 8 '@W&ak 9               Wask 10         Weak I I           TOTAL
                     Green-back&d Heron                                                                                                                       1(0.07)                                                                              1
                     American Woodcock                                                                                                                                                                      4(0.26)        11(0.63)             Is
                     Common Bobwhite                              1(0.06)        S(O.28)        1(0.06)                        3(0.17)                                                       2(0.12)                                            12
                     Sharp-shinned Hawk                                                                                        4(0.23)         1(0-06)        l(O.07)         S(O.45)        4(0.23)        2(0.13)        S(O.28)              22
                     coopees Hawk                                                                                              1(0.06)                                        2(0.18)                       1(0.07)        1(0.06)                 5      CD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          CD
                     Red-talled Hawk                                                            2(0.11)         3(0.17)                        3(0.19)                                       2(0.12)        2(0.13)        3(0.17)              Is
                     Broad-winged Hawk                                           1(0.06)                                                       1(0.06)                                       1(0.06)                       1(0.06)                 4
                     Bald Eagle                                                                                                                                                                                            l(O.06)                 1
                     Osprey                                                      l(O.06)                                                                                                                                                           I
                     Turkey Vulture                                                             2(0.11)         1(0.06)                                                                                     l(0.07)        4(0.23)                 8
                     Black Vulture                                1(0-06)                                                                                                                                                                          1
                     American Kaural                                                                                           l(O.06)                                                       1 (0.06)                      2(0.11)                 4      CD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Cn
                     Marlin                                                                                                                                                                                                2(0.11)                 2
                     Northern Harrier                                                                                                          1 (0.06)                                                                                            1
                     Great-hom*d Owl                              2(0.11)        3(.017)                        1 (0.06)       4(0.23)         1(0.06)        1 (0.07)        1 (0.09)                      1(0.07)                             14        1=
                     Mournlrig Dove                               6(0.34)       18(1.02)       20(1.14)         2S(I.42)       9(0.Sl)         IS(O.96)      11 (0.73)      11(0.98)       23(l.34)        56(3.68)        20(1.14)           214
                     Yellow-billed Cuckoo                       10(0.57)        19(1.08)       16(0.91)         13(0.74)       S(O.28)         S(O.32)        1(0.07)         1 (0.09)       1 (0.06)                      1 (0.06)             72
                     Black-billed Cuckoo                                         1(0.06)        1 (0.06)                                                                                                                                                  %@o
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2      110
                     Chuck-will's Widow                           2(0.11)                       2(0.11)         4(0.23)                        l(O.06)                                       3(0.17)                                            12        N)
                     Ruby-throated Hummingbird                  13(0.74)        13(0.74)        B(OAS)          6(0.34)        10-06)          l(O.06)                                                                                          42
               Ln    Belted K[rVM*r                                                                                                                                                          1(0.06)                                               1
                     Red-headed Woodpecker                      14(0.80)        11 (0.63)      18(1.02)         28(l.S9)       8(0.4s)         8(0.Sl)        4(0.26)         3(0.27)        4(0.23)        7(0.46)        18(1.02)           123
                     Red-Wilod Woodpecker                       12(0.68)        3S(I.99)       28(l.S9)         37(2.10)       27(l.53)        43(2.76)      4S(2.98)       73(6.S2)       134(7.79)      104(6.84)      142(8.07)            680
                     Yellow-bellied Sapsucker                                                                                  1 (0.06)                                       S(OAS)         9(0.S2)        1 (0.07)       6(0.34)              22
                     Downy Woodpecker                           50(2.84)        43(2.44)       57(3.24)         S9(3.35)       42(2.39)        20(l.28)      13(0.86)       15(1.34)       34(l.98)        13(0.86)        24(l.36)           370
                     Hairy Woodpecker                             2(0.11)        3(0.17)        6(0.34)         1 (0.06)       S(O.28)         3(0.19)        3(0.20)         4(0.36)        2(0.12)        3(0.20)        3(0.17)              35
                     Pilaated Woodpecker                          S(O.28)                       1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)       11 (0.63)       2(0.13)        7(0.46)         S(OAS)         4(0.23)        1 (0.07)       1 (0.07)             38
                     Northam Flicker                            11 (0.63)       32(l.82)        7(0.40)         26(l.48)       24(f.36)        66(4.23)      78(5.17)     138(12.32)       119(6.92)       81 (5.33)       95(5.40)           677
                     Eastern Wood Pow**                           7(0.40)        9(0.51)        2(0.11)         3(0.17)                        1 (0.06)       2(0.13)         S(OAS)                                       6(0.35)              35
                     Acadian Flycatcher                           2(0.11)        3(0.17)                        3(0.17)                                                                                                                            8
                     Great-crested Flycatcher                     2(0.11)        S(O.28)        3(0.17)         7(0.40)        4(0.23)                                        2(0.18)        1 (0-06)                                           24
                     Least Flycatcher                                                                                                                                         1 (0.09)       1 (0.06)                                              2
                     Yellow-bellied Flycatcher                                                                  3(0.17)                                                                      6(0.35)                                               9
                     Eauern Phoebe                                1 (0-06)       3(0.17)        1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)                       1 (0.06)       7(0.46)       12(1.07)         6(0.35)       18(1.18)        13(0.74)             63
                     Eastern Kingbird                                           18(1.02)        4(0.23)         1 (1.06)       1 (0.06)                                                                                                         24
                     Tr*e Swallow                                 1 (0.06)                                                                                    2(0.13)                                                                              3
                     Blue Jay                                     9(0.51)       40(2.27)       17(0.97)         33(l.88)       35(l.99)        19(1.22)      28(1.SS)     414(36.96)     523(30.41)     301 (19.80)     428(24.32)            1847
                     American Crow                              24(l.36)        76(4.32)       25(l.42)         52(2.95)       54(3.07)        60(3.8S)      43(2.85)       22(l.96)       51 (2.97)       40(2.63)        67(3.81)           S14
                     Fish Crow                                  26(l.48)        30(l.70)       82(4.66)       102(S.80)        39(2.22)        18(1.15)      18(1.19)         1 (0.09)       1 (0.06)       7(0.46)        12(0.68)           336
                     Carolina Chickadee                       289(16.42)     344(19.55)      280(15.91)     250(14.20)      178(10.11)       145(9.29)      14S(9.60)       114(0.18)     180(10.47)     153(10.07)     205(il.65)            2283
                     Brown Creeper                                                                                                                            6(0.40)         4(0.36)        7(0.41)       IS(O.99)        25(l.42)             57
                     TLft*d Titmouse                            28(1.59)        2S(I.42)       28(l.59)         41 (2.33)      22(l.25)        33(2.12)      13(0.06)       13(l.16)       4S(2.68)         S(O.33)        15(0.85)           268
                     White-breasted Nuthatch                      1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)                                                                                                                                                          2
                     Red-bre=ed Nuthatch                                                                                                                                      1 (0.09)       1 (0.06)       2(0.13)                                4
                     Brown-headed Nuthatch                                       1 (0.06)                                                                                                                                                          1









                                    SPECIES                 Week I         Week 2         Week 3          Week 4         Weak S          Week 6         Weak 7          Weak 8         Weak 9         Week 10        Week I I            TOTAL
                   House Wren                                                                                1(0.06)         IO(O.S7)       7(0.4S)        10(0.66)        3(0.27)        4(0.23)        3(0.20)         11(0.63)               49
                   Winter Wren                                                                                                                                             11(0.98)       8(0.47)        32(2.11)        30(l.70)               81
                   Carolina Wren                          342 (19.43) 470 (26.70) 391 (22.22)             399(22.67)     277(IS.74)      177(11.3S)     IS2(10.07)     174(15.54)     229(13.31)      160(10.S3)     256(14.SS)                 3027
                   Ruby-crowrwd Vinglat                                                                                                                                    20(1.79)       2S (11.41S)    78(S.13)        18(1.02)               141
                   Golden-crowned Kinglat                                                                                                                  3(0.20)     143(12.77)       128(7.44)     2S6(16.84)     810(46.02)                 1340
                   Blue-gray Griatcatcher                    37(2.10)        16(0.91)         6(0.34)       14(0.80)         4(0.23)        1 (0.06)                       3(0.27)                                                              81
                   Eastern Bluebird                                           1 (0.06)                       S(O.28)                                                                                                                            6
                   Wood Thrush                                                2(0.11)         1 (0.06)                       1 (0.06)                                      4(0.36)        6(0.3S)        2(0.13)                                16
                   Swalnson's Thrush                                                          3(0.17)        1 (0.06)                       7(0.45)        1 (0.07)                       S(O.29)        2(0.13)         1 (0.06)               20
                   Gmy-cheaked Thrush                                                         1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)                       1 (0.06)       1 (0.07)        S(O.4s)        8(0.47)        3(0.20)         1 (0.06)               21
                   Hermit Thrush                                                                                                                                           1 (0.09)                      23(l.Sl)      108(6.14)                132
                   Veary                                       1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)        8(0.45)                        19(1.08)       4(0.26)                        1 (0.09)       1 (0.06)       2(0.13)                                37
                   American Robin                            16(0.91)        36(2.OS)         9(0.Sl)        S(O.28)         B(OAS)         4(0.26)        1 (0.07)                       IO(O.S8)      120(7.89)  1177 (66.88)                 13"
                   Gray Catbird                                1 (0.06)                                      2(0.11)         12(0.68)       14(0.90)       26(1.72)        69(6.16)       59(3.43)       38(2.SO)        32(1.82)               2S3
                   Mockingbird                                 4(0.23)        3(0.17)                        3(0.17)         2(0.11)        1 (0.06)       1 (0.07)        2(0.18)        1 (0.06)                       3(0.17)                20
                   Brown Thrasher                                             3(0.17)                                        7(0.40)        10(0.64)       2(0.13)         IS(1.34)       7(0.41)        2(0.13)         1 (0.06)               47
                   Cedar WaxwIng                               6(0.34)        2(0.11)         3(0.17)                        3(0.17)        1 (0-06)       4(0.26)                        9(0.52)        8(0.S3)                                36
                   Eastern Meadowlark                                                                                                                                                                                    1 (0.06)               1
                   European Starling                         66(3.75)        88(S.00)        60(3.41)       93(S.28)         3(0.17)        26(l.67)       17(l.13)                       39(2.27)       3S(2.30)        4S(2.56)               472
                   White-eyed Vlr*o                            4(0.23)        S(O.28)         4(0.23)        S(O.28)         2(0.11)                                                                                                            20
                   Solitary Mrso                               1 (0.06)                                                                                                    2(0.18)        8(0.47)        110(0.66)       4(0.23)                2S
                   Rod--ey&d Viroo                           29(l.6S)        44(2.SO)        59(3.35)       36(2.05)         13(0.74)       6(0.38)        6(0.40)         2(0.18)        1 (0.06)                                              196
                   Warbling Woo                                               1 (0.06)                                                                                                                                                          1
                   Philadelphia Virso                                         8(0.4s)         1 (0.06)       2(0.06)         2(0.11)                       4(0.26)                        3(0.17)                                               20
                   Bfue-wing*d Warbler                         1 (0.06)       3(0.17)         6(0.34)        2(0.11)                                                                                                                            12
                   Goiden-wingod Warbler                                      1 (0.06)                                       2(0.11)                                                                                                            3
                   Tennessee %irblar                                                                                                                       2(0.13)         4(0.36)                                                              6
                   Nashville Warbler                                                                                                        1 (0-06)                                                                                            1
                   Northam Pamla                                                                                             3(0.17)        13(0.83)       6(0.40)         4(0.36)        6(0.3S)                                               32
                   Black-and-white, Warbler                  SS(3.30)       102(S.80)       140(7.9S)       43(2.44)         34(1.93)       29(l.86)       11 (0.73)       4(0.36)        4(0.23)        2(0.13)                                427
                   Black-throat*d Blue Warbler                                                2(0.11)                        2S(I.42)       32(2.OS)       27(1.79)        12(l.07)       46(2.67)       13(0.86)                               IS7
                   Cerulean Warbler                                                           3(0.  17)                                                                                                                                         3
                   Blackbumlan Warbler                                        2(0.1'1)        1(0.06)                                                                                     1 (0.06)                                              4
                   Chestnut-slded Warbler                                                                                                   1 (0.06)       1 (0.07)                                                                             2
                   Cape May Warbler                                                                                                         1 (0.06)       1 (0.07)                                                                             2
                   Magnolia Warbler                                           1 (0.06)        4(0.23)                        2(0.11)        e(O.Sl)        2(0.13)                        6(0.3S)                                               23
                   Yollow-rumped Warbler                                                                                                                                   12 (1.07) S94 (34.53)      619 (40.72) 547 (31.08)                   1772
                   Black-throated Green Warbler                               1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)                      3(0.20)         1 (0.09)       S(O.29)                                               13
                   Yellow-throated Warbler                                    3(0.17)         3(0.17)                        3(0.17)        1(0-06)                                       t (0.06)                                              11
                   Prairie Warbler                                                                           2(0.11)         1 (0.06)        1 (0.06                                                                                            4
                   Bay-breasted Warbler                                                                                                     3(0.19)                        2(0.18)                          (0.07)                              6
                   Pine Warbler                              44(2.SO)        63 (338)      114 (6AS)        68(3.86)         36(2.05)       32(2.OS)       38(2.52)        IS(I.34)       6(0.3S)        4(0.26)                                420
                   Palm Warbler                                                                                                                                                           lO(O.S8)       3(0.20)         2(0.11)                Is
                   Mourning Warbler                                                                          1 (0.06)                                                                                                                           1
                   Connecticut Warbler                                        1 (0.06)                                                                                                    1 (0.06)                                              2
                   Kentucky Warbler                            1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)                                                                                                                                                          2



      MMMMMMM MM




                                   SPECIES                    Week I          Week 2          Week 3         Week 4          Week S         Week 6          Weak 7          Weak 8         Week 9         Week 10         Weak I I           TOTAL
                     Carada Warbler                               2(0.11)                        S(O.28)         1(0.06) .                                                                                                                           8
                     Wilson's Warbler                                                            1(0.06)                        1(0.06)                                                                                                              2
                     Worm-eating Warbler                          8(0.45)        2(0.11)         4(0.23)                        1(0.06)                                                                                                           Is
                     Ovenblrd                                     4(0.23)        S(O.28)        21(1.19)       IO(O.S7)         33(l.88)      20(1.28)         3(0.20)         9(0.80)         1(0.06)        S(O.33)                           III
                     Louisiana Waterthrush                        7(0.40)        1(0.06)         1(0.06)                                        1(0.06)                                                                                           10
                     Northam Waterthrush                          6(0.34)        3(0.17)         9(0.Sl)         1(0.06)        4(0.23)                        1 (0.07)                                                                           24
                     Common Yallowthroat                          2(0.11)        4(0.23)         S(O.28)         4(0.23)        9(0.Sl)         6(0.38)        4(0.26)         3(0.27)         5(0.29)        3(0.20)                             45
                     American Redstart                          91 (5.17)      104(S.91)      180(10.23)      101 (S.74)      115(6.S3)       99(6.3S)        84(5.56)       19(1.70)        11 (0.64)        4(0.26)                           808
                     Blue Grosbeak                                2(0.11)        4(0.23)         7(0.40)                                                                       48(l.2)                                                            13
                     Rose,-b.     ad Grosbeak                                    2(0.11)                                                        2(0.13)                                                                                              4
                     Northern Cardinal                          162(9.20)     161 (9.IS)       13S(7.67)       IIS(6.S3)      102(S.80)       71(4.SS)        64(4.24)       48(1.29)        82(4.77)         SI (3.36)      57(3.24)           1048
                     Indigo Bunting                             11 (0.63)        17(0.97)        1 (0.06)                       1 (0.06)                                                                                                          30
                     Rufous-sidod Towhee                                                         1 (0.06)                                                                    48(4.29)          9(0.52)        34(2.24)       26(1.48)           118
                     Song Sparrow                                                                                                                                                              1 (0.06)       10(0.66)       48(2.73)             59
                     Field Sparrow                                                                                                                                                                                           12(0.68)             12
                     Chipping Sparrow                                                                                                                                          1 (0.09)                                                              1
                     White-throated Sparrow                                                                                                                    1 (0.07)        8(0.71)                        43(2.83)     128(7.27)            ISO
                     Whit&-crowrod Sparrow                                                                                                                                                                    1 (0.07)       2(0.11)                 3
                     Swamp, Spa-                                                                                                                                                               1 (0.06)       4(0.26)        29(1.65)             34
                     Savannah Sparrow                                                                                                                                                          1 (0.06)                                              1
                     Cwk-*yed junco,                                                                                                                                           2(0.18)                        2(0.13)        29(1.65)             33
                     Red-winged Blackbird                         2(0.11)                                      30 (11.70)                                                                                                    12(0.68)             44
                     Browi-i-hea&d Cowbird                        1 (0.06)                      20(l.14)         1 (0.06)                                                                                                    1 (0.06)             23
                     Common Grackle                           263(14.94)        42(2.39)       123(6.99)    191 (10.85)      220(12.50)       20 (1.28) 203 (13.44)          93(8.30)        16(0.93)         7(0.46)        68(3.86)           1246
                     Northern Oriole                                             3(0.17)        22(l.2S)         8(0.4S)                                                       2(0.18)                                                            3S
                     Scarlet Tanager                                                             1 (1.06)        S(O.28)        1(0.06)                                                                                                              7
                     Summer Tanager                               7(0.40)        14(0.80)       19(l.08)       2S(I.42)         2(0.11)                                                                                                           67
                     American Goldfinch                                          1 (0.06)                        1 (0.06)                                                                                                                            2
                     UID Flycatcher                                              1 (0.06)        3(0.17)         2(0.11)        2(0.11)         S(O.32)        8(0.S3)         7(0.63)         1 (0.06)       3(0.20)                             32
                     UID Crow                                                                    9(0.Sl)         1 (0.06)                       1 (0.06)      13(0.86)         S(OAS)          3(0.17)        S(O.33)        .1 (0.06)            38
                     UID Thrush                                   1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)        1 (0.06)       S(O.28)       10(0.64)         1 (0.07)                      12(0.70)         9(0.sq)        S(O.28)              46
                     UID Vireo                                    1 (0.06)                       2(0.11)         1 (0.06)       1(0.06)                        1 (0.07)                                                                              6
                     UID Warbler                                  4(0.23)        6(0.34)        IS(O.85)         3(0.17)        13(0.74)      4S(2.88)        44(2.91)         4(0.36)       44(2.S6)         IS(O.99)       1 (0.06)           194
                     UID Sparrow                                                                                                                               3(0.20)         S(O.45)                        3(0.20)        9(0.Sl)              20
                     UID Tanager                                  2(0.11)                                                                                                                                                                            2
                     UID Bird                                    12(0.68)        6(0.34)         S(O.28)       IO(O.S7)        11 (0.63)      13(0.83)        SO(3.31)         7(0.63)       17(0.99)         IS(O.99)       22(l.2S)           168
                     UID Hawk                                                                                                   S(O.28)         7(0.4S)        1 (0.07)                        4(0.23)                       1 (0,06)             18
                     UID Vinglet                                                                                                                                               9(0.80)                                       10(0.57)             19
                     UID Owl                                                                                     2(0.11)                                       1 (0.07)                        2(0.12)                                               S
                     UID Acclplter                                                                                              1 (0.06)                                                                                                             1
                     UID Woodpecker                               1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)                        2(0.11)        1 (0.06)        3(0.19)                                        1 (0.06)                                              9
                     UID Waterthrush                              1 (0.06)       1 (0.06)                                                                                                                                                            2







             Table B. Weekly summaries, main study 1993

               SPECIES                              WK1         WK2        WK3         WK4        VVK5       WK6         WK7        WK8         VVK9      W`Kl0      WK11        WK12        WK13        WK14


               Green-backed Heron                       0          2           1          0           0          0           0          1          0          0          0           0           0           0             4

               Great Blue Heron                         0          0           3          0           0          0           0          2          0          0          0           0           0           1             6

               American Woodcock                        0          0           0          0           0          0           0          0          0          0          0           0           6           3             9

               Common Bobwhite                          13         0           16         0           3          20          3          0          0          0          0           0           1           0             56

               Sharp-shinned Hawk                       0          0           0          0           0          0           1          2          3          5          2           1           2           1             17

               Red-tailed Hawk                          0          0           0          0           1          0           0          0          1          0          1           0           1           0             4

               Broad-winged Hawk                        0          0           0          0           0          0           0          0          2          0          0           0           0           0             2

               Red-shouldered Hawk                      0          0           0          0           0          0           0          0          0          1          0           0           0           0             1

               Bald Eagle                               0          0           0          0           0          1           0          0          0          0          0           1           0           0             2

               American Kestrel                         0          0           0          0           0          0           0          0          0          0          0           1           0           0             1

               Merlin                                   0          0           0          0           0          0           0          0          1          0          0           0           0           0             1

               Great-homed Owl                          I          1           0          1           13         4           1          0                     2          0           1           1           0             12

               Screech Owl                              0          0           0          0           0          0           0          0          0          0          0           1           0           0             1

               Mourning Dove                            7          5           9          14          4          7           10         5          1          17         2           0           0           18            99
               Yellow-billed Cuckoo                     10         10          8_         6           3          2           2          1          0          0          0           0           0           0             42
               Black-billed Cuckoo                      0          1           0          1           0          0           0          0          0          0          0           0           0           0             2

               Chuck-will's Widow                       0          0           0          1           0          0           0          0          0          0          0           0           0           0             1

               Ruby-throated Hummingbird                4          3           1          1           0          2           0          0          0          0          0           0           0           0             11
               Red-headed Woodpecker                    0          6           5          1           13  1      3           3          2          0          0   1      0           0           2           0             35
               Red-bellied Woodpecker                   11         15          18         10          11         12          20         22         14         15         7           17          12          17         201
               Yellow-bellied Sapsucker                 0          0           0          0           0          0           0          0          3_         2          1           1           2           3             12
               Downey Woodpecker                        20         22          14         13          16         9           18         20         10         13         6           12          4           14         191
               Hairy Woodpecker                         3          1           1          4           0          3           0          2          2          1          0           1           4           4             26
               Pileated Woodpecker                      0          0           1          0           0          0           0          0          1          1          0           0           0           1             4
               Norther Flicker                          2          14          5          4           12         21          27         67         55         30         36          52          26          30         381

               Eastern Wood Pewee                       3          6           2          0           0          2           1          5          1          1          0           0           0           0             21
               Acadian Flycatcher                       0          0           0          0    1      2   1      0           0          1          0          0          0           0    1      0           0             J3













               SPECIES                                WK1          WK2      WK3          WK4       WK5          WK6       WK7         WK8        WK9        WK10      WK11         WK12               WK13 WK14       TOTAL


               Great-crested Flycatcher                5           2            1            3          6           3         0           1          0          0          0            0             0         0          21

               Least Flycatcher                        0           0            0            0          0           0         1           0          0          0          0            0             0         0            1

               Eastern Phoebe                          0           0            0            0          0           0         0           5          8          6          1            0             1         11         32

               Eastern Kingbird                        0           0            2            1          6           0         0           0          0          0          0            0             0         0            9

               Blue Jay                                12          21           9            8          13          20        27          71         67         54         15           49            12        17        385

               American Crow                           4           19           1            6          9           18        12          7          1          14         6            0             6         4         107

               Fish Crow                               2           5            5            26         9           3         0           0          0          1          0            0             0         1          52

               Carolina Chickadee                      109         113          103          93         63          85        85          126        83         150        92           68            72        83        1325

               Brown Creeper                           0           0            0            0          0           0         0           2          2          16         7            8             6         17         58

               Tufted Titmouse                         5           16           18           6          16          20        20          14         18         27         19           32            27        27        265

               White-breasted Nuthatch                 0           0            0            0          0           0         1           1          0          0          0            0             0         0            2

               Red-breasted Nuthatch                   0           0            0            0          0           0         10          31         25         13         11           46            7         10        153

               Brown-headed Nuthatch                   2           0            0            0          0           0         0           0          0          0          0            0             0         0            2

               House Wren                              0           0            0            0          0           1         0           5          3          1          0            0             0         0          10

               Winter Wren                             0           0            0            0          0           0         0           2          8          12         1            11            17        28         79

               Carolina Wren                           184         202          142          100        153         129       143         121        106        87         63           85            90        126       1732

               Ruby-crowned Kinglet                    0           0            0            0          0           0         0           2          5          12         22           25            30        11        107

               Golden-crowned Kinglet                  0           0            0            0          0           0         0           1          5          65         85           168           213       122       659

               Blue-gray Gnatcatcher                   2           7            6            5          1           0         0           1          0          0          0            0             0         0          22
               Eastern Bluebird                        0           0            0            0          0           0         1           1          0          0          0            0             0  1      0            2

               Wood Thrush                             0           0            0            0          0           1         0           6          2          0          0            1             0         0          10

               Swainson's Thrush                       0           0            0            0          1           1         0           5          0          0          0            0             0         0            7

               Gray-cheeked Thrush                     0           0            0            0          0           0         0           2          5          1          0            0             0         0            8

               Hermit Thrush                           0           0            0            0          0           0         0           0          1          3          17           28            28        49        126

               Veery                                   0           0            U            3          25          7         5           3          0          0          0            0             0         0          43

               American Robin                          0           22           Ill          7          1           22        5           2          16         1          7            141           2639      191      3165

               Gray Catbird                            0           0            1            0          2           0         4           58         27         23         7            8             2         2         134







                SPECIES                                WK1         WK2         WK3         WK4         WK5TWK6                 WK7         WK8         WK9        V*TKIO     WK11         WK12          WK13       WK14        TOTAL

                Mockingbird                                2           1           3           0           7           5           1           3         2             1          1           1              0         0              27

                Brown Thrasher                             0           0           0           0           0           1           4           20        7             0          0           1              0         0              33

                Cedar Waxwing                              0           0           0           0           0           1           0           17        0             6          0           6              47        2              79
                European Starling                          0           22          51          36          29          34          16          5         2             41         28          3              90        1          358

                White-eyed Vireo                           2           5           4           3           1           0           0           0         0             0          0           0              0         0              15

                Solitary Vireo                             0           0           0           0           0           0           1           0         0             2          0           1              1         0              5

                Red-eyed Vireo                             10          10          19          9           16          18          6           8         0             0          0           0              0         0              96

                Warbling Vireo                             0           0           0           0           0           0           0           1         0             0          0           0              0         0              1

                Blue-winged Warbler                        1           0           2           1           0           0           0           0         0             0          0           0              0         0              4

                Tennessee Warbler                          0           0           0           0           0           0           0           2         0             0          0           0              0         0              2

                Nashville Warbler                          0           0           0           0           0           0           2           1         0             1          0           0              0         0              4

                Northern Parula                            0           0           0           0           0           0           11          58        9             5          0           0              0         0              83

                Black-and-white Warbler                    8           17          24          25          55          20          23          40        4             4          1           0              0         0          221
         0      Black-throated Blue Warbler                0           0           5           6           7           7           22          82        35            24         0           0              0         0          188

                Blackbumian Warbler                        0           0           0           0           0           1           0           4         0             0          0           0              0         0              5

                Chestnut-sided Warbler                     0           0           2           4           0           1           3           0   1     0             0          1           0              0         0              11
                Cape May Warbler                           0           0           0           0           0           0           0           1         11            1          2           0              0         0              is
                Magnolia Warbler                           0           0           1           1           0           1           5           20        2             0          0           0              0         0              30
                Yellow-rumped Warbler                      0           0           0           0           0           0           0           5         56            138        212      167               186     177          941

                Black-throated Green Warbler               0           0           0           0           0           0           6           6         5             2          2           0              0         0              21

                Yellow-throated Warbler                    0           2           1           0           2           1           1           1         0             0          0           0              0         0              8

                Prairie Warbler                            0           1           0           1           0           0           1           0         0             0          0           0              0         0              3

                Bay-breasted Warbler                       0           0           0           0           0           0           1           0         2             0          0           0              0         1              4
                Blackpoll Warbler                          0           0           0           0           0           0           0           3         6             3          1           2              0         0              15

                Pine Warbler                               12          35          42          28          19          45          57          18        8             8          2           2              0         1          27

                Palm arb er                                0           0           0           0           0           0           0           9         6             14         2           0              2         1              34
                Connecticut Warbler                        0           0                       0    j      0           0    j      0           0         0             1          0           0              0                        1
                                                                                                                                                                                                             TO                   --













               SPECIES                                    VVX1       WK2         WK3     WK4             WK5        W1<6       WK7         MX8     VX9        VIK10      WKII        WK12         WK13       WK14        TOTAL


               Hooded Warbler                             0          3           0          0            1          0          0           1           0          0          0           0            0           0             5

               Canada Warbler                             0          0           2          1            0          0          1           0           0          0          0           0            0           0             4

               Worm-eating Warbler                        2          4           6          6            0          0          0           0           0          0          0           0            0           0             18

               Ovenbird                                   2          6           15         10           18         10         8           13          0          0          0           0            1           0             83

               Louisiana Waterthrush                      0          0           0          1            0          0          0           0           0          0          0           0            0           0             1

               Northern Waterthrush                       2          0           1          0            1          1          0           2           0          0          0           0            0           0             7

               Common Yellowthroat                        0          0           0          1            0          0          0           6           2          1          1           0            1           0             12

               American Redstart                          13         36          45         59           226        151        207         221         35         17         0           1            0           0         1011

               Prothonotary Warbler                       0          1           0          0            0          0          0           0           0          0          0           0            0           0             1

               Blue Grosbeak                              2          1           1          0            0          1          0           0           0          0          3           0            0           0             8


               Rose-breasted Grosbeak                     0          0           0          0            0          0          2           10          0          0          0           0            0           0             12

               Evening Grosbeak                           0          0           0          0            0          0          0           0           0          0          5           0            3           0             8

               Northern Cardinal                          114        138         113        90           83         70         71          82          59         59         27          31           15          29         991

               Indigo Bunting                             9          0           0          0            0          1          0           2           8          1          1           0            0           0             22

               Rufous-sided Towhee                        0          0           0          0            0          0          0           3           5          8          3           10           5           5             39

               Fox Sparrow                                0          0           0          0            0          0          0           0           0          0          0           0            1           1             2

               Song Sparrow                               0          0           0          0            0          0          0           0           0          0          0           3            3           7             13

               Field Sparrow                              0          0           0          3            0          0          0           0           0          4          0           2            0           0             9

               Chipping Sparrow                           0          0           0          0            0          0          0           0           1          2          7           0            6           6             22

               White-throated Sparrow                     0          0           0          0            0          0          0           1           2          3          11          55           80          100        262

               Swamp Sparrow                              0          0           0          0            0          0          0           0           0          0          0           2            0           5             7

               Dark-eyed Junco                            0          0           0          0            0          0          0           0           0          1          1           1            9           36            48

               Red-winged Blackbird                       0          0           1          0            0          0          0           0           0          0          0           0            1           0             2

               Rusty Blackbird                            0          0           0          0            0          0          0           0           0          0          0           0            51          4             55
               Brown-headed Cowbird                       2          0           0          0            1  1       0          0           0           0                     0           0            0           0             3

               Common Grackle                             138        189         298        50           77         120        15          1         207          3          50          3            463         1         1615

               Boat-tailed Grackle                        0          0           0          0            0          0          0           0           1          0          0           0            0           0











               SPECMS                                WKI         WK2        WK3         WK4        WIKS        WK6         WK-7       W8           WK9      W10        MIKII       WK12         WK13        WK14       T03TAL

               Northern Oriole                          0           0           4          2           22          46         5           4            0         0         0           0            0          0              83
               Scarlet Tanager                          0           0           0          0           2           0          0           0            0         0         0           0            0          0              2
               Summer Tanager                           5           7           6          1           2           4          4           1            0         1         0           0            0          0              31
               Purple Finch                             0           0           0          0           0           0          0           0            2         2         1           2            14         3              24
               House Finch                              2           0           0          0           0           0          0           0            4         1         1           0            0          0              8

               Pine Siskin                              0           0           0          0           0           0          0           0            0         0         0           0            0          1              1

               American Goldfinch                       1           1           0          0           0           0          0                        0         4         0           3            1          9              27
               UED Flycatcher                           0           0           0          1           4           0          2           2            0         0         0           1            0          0              10
               UED Crow                                 0           2           0          2           3           0          0                        0         0         0           0            0          0              7

               UID Thrush                               0           0           0          0           2           0          0           2            0         0         0           0            0          0              4

               UID Vireo                                0           0           0          0           0           0          1           0            0         0         0           0            0          0              1

               UID Warbler                              5           7           4          3           6           3          13          20           24        7         10          0            0          0            102
               UID Sparrow                              0           0           0          0-          0           0          0           0            0         0         1           1            1          0              1
               UID Hawk                                 0           1           0          0           0           1          0           0            0         0         0           0            0          3              5
               UID Yinglet                              0           0           0          0           0    1      0          0           0            0         1         0           0            0          0              1
               UID Woodpecker                           0           1           1          1           1           1          1           2            1         2         0           0            0          0              11
               UID Bird                                 3           3           4          7           2           8          5           3            6         10        2           2            0          2              57
               Total                                  734           987      1139                                                                      -T    -9si          782      1063         4202        1197        14729
                                                                                         667           956         952        892      1290            978
                                                                                                                                          8




                                                                                                                                          0



                                                                                                                                                                                                                              '7]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       :1:47: 9







              Table C. Weekly summaries, bayside transects 1993
                 SPEC]ES                                WKI         WK2         WK3         WK4         WIK5        WIC6        WK7         WK8          VVIK9     WKIO        WKII         WK12         WK13        WK14 TOT@Lj
                 Great Blue Heron                           0           0           0           0           1          0           0            0           0          0           0           0             0           0              1

                 American Woodcock                          0           0           0           0           0          0           0            0           0          0           0           0             3           0              3

                 Sharp-shinned Hawk                         0           0           0           0           0          1           2            0           1          6           5           0             2           3              20

                 Cooper's Hawk                              0           0           0           0           0          0           0            0           0          1           0           0             0           0              1

                 Red-tailed Hawk                            0           0           0           0           0          0           0            0           0          0           1           0             0           0              1

                 Broad-winged Hawk                          0           0           0           0           0          1           0            0-          0          0           0           0             0           0              1

                 Bald Eagle                                 0           0           0           0           1          1           2            0           0          0           0           0             0           0              4

                 Osprey                                     1           0           0           1           1          0           0            0           0          0           1           0             0           0              4

                 Merlin                                     0           0           0           0           0          0           1            0           0          0           0           0             0           0              1

                 Peregrine Falcon                           0           0           0           0           0          0           0            0           0          0           0           1             0           0              1

                 Great-homed Owl                            0           0           0           0           0          0           0            1           0          0           1           0             0           0              1

                 Barred Owl                                 0           1           0           0           0          0           0            0           0          0           0           0             0           0              1

                 Mouming Dove                               13          10          9           1           5          2           2            1           0          6           9           2             0           0              60
         to
                 Yellow-billed Cuckoo                       4           3           0           0           2          1           1            0           0          0           0           0             0           0              11

                 Black-billed Cuckoo                        1           0           0           0           0          0           0            1           0          0           0           0             0           0              2

                 Chuck-will's Widow                         1           0           0           0           1          0           0            0           0          0           0           0             0           0              2
                 Ruby-throated Hummingbird                  5           2           11   1      0           1          0           0            0           0          0           0           0             0           0              19
                 Red-headed Woodpecker                      0           1           1           0           0          0           0            0           0          0    1      0           0             0           0              2
                 Red-bellied Woodpecker                     4           5           4           2           2          3           2            5           1          0           1           6             3           4              42

                 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker                   0           0           0           0           0          0           0            0           0          1           2           0             0           0              3
                 Downey Woodpecker                          6           1           5    1      2           5          6           1            2   1       1          4           1           4             4           0              42
                 Hairy Woodpecker                           0           0           0           2           0          0           0            0           0          0    1      0           0             0           0              2
                 Pileated Woodpecker                        0           0           1           2           0          0           0            2           0          0           0           0             0           0

                 Norther Flicker                            2           6           3           6           0          3           8            12          26         6           8           9             5           5              99

                   stem ood ewee                            0           1           0           0           3          0           3            1           0          0           1           0             0           0              9
                 Acadian Flycat her                         0           0                       0           1          1           0            0           0    1     0           0           0             0           0              2
                 reat-crested Flycatcher                    0           0           1           0   1       4          0           0            0           0          0           0           0     1       0    1      0   1          5







               SPEC]ES                                WICI       WYa            WK3    WK4         VVK5       WK6         V,`K7       WK8        WIK9       WICIO     WK11        WK12         WK13        WK14       TOTAL

               Willow Flycatcher                          0        0            0          0           0          2           0          0           0          0          0         0              0          0             2
               Yellow-bellied Flycatcher                  0        0            0          0           1          1           0          0           0          0          0         0              0                        2

               Eastern Phoebe                             0        0            0          0           0          0           0          2           1          0          0         0              0          0             3

               Eastem Kingbird                            0        11           201        57          20         16          0          0           0          0          0         0              0          0          305

               Barn Swallow                               2        0            0          0           0          0           0          0           0          0          0         0              0          0             2

               Blue Jay                                   1        5            2          3           3          8           12         33          40         10         29        11             21         7          185

               American Crow                              0        0            0          0           0          10          0          0           0          0          0         0              0          0           10

               Fish Crow                                  4        0            0          1           33         0           0          0           0          1          0         0              0          0           39

               Carolina Chickadee                         82       54           44         14          30         26          8          36          31         30         35        41             39         25         495

               Brown Creeper                              0        0            0          0           0          0           0          0           2          6          4         5              3          0           20

               Tufted Titmouse                            1        2            2          4           1          4           1          6           3          3          11        20             11         58         127

               White-breasted Nuthatch                    0        0            0          0           0          1           0          0           0          0          0         0              0          0             1

               Red-breasted Nuthatch                      0        0            0          0           0          6           9          25          48         18         27        20             50         17         220

               House Wren                                 0        0            0          0           0          0           1          0           0          1          0         0              1          0             3

               Winter Wren                                0        0            0          0           0          0           0          0           2          3          14        0              18         4           40

               Carolina Wren                              103      84           70         28          25         30          34         27          25         13         30        22             31         23         545
               Ruby-crowned Kinglet                       0        0            0          0           0          0           0          0           10         9          48        14             104        11         196
               Golden-cfowned Kinglet                     0        0            0          0           0          0           0          0           8          17         44        58             323        49         499
               Blue-gray Gnatcatcher                      45       5            21         4           6          11          0          0    1      0          0          0         0              0          0           92
               Wood Thrush                                0        0    1       0          0           0   1      1           0          0           2          1          1         0              0          0             5
               Swainson's Thrush                          0        0            0          0           1          0           0          0           0          0          1         0              0          0             2

               Gray-cheekedThrush                         0        0            0          0           0          0           1          1           1          1          1         0              0          0             5

               Hermit Thrush                              0        0            0          0           0          0           0          0           0          2          27        16             41         20         106
               Veery                                      0        0            2          0           12  1      15          2          0           1          0          0         0              0          0           32
               American Robin                     1       9        0            1          2           8          1           0          0           2    1     0          2         30             116        15         186
               Gray Catbird                               0        0            0          0           0          1           0          15          14                    8         0              2          0           46
               Mockingbird                                3        0            0   1      0           4          0           1          0           0    1     0          0         0              0          1             9











               SPECIES                               VIKI        WK2        WK3         WK4        WY,5        WK6        WK7         WIC8       WK9        WK10       WK11        WK12         WK13       WK14       TOTAL

               Brown Thrasher                            0          0           0          0           0           0          3           4          2          0          0            1          0           1           11
               European Starling                         0          0           0          0           0           0          0           0          0          0          0            50         0           0           50
               White-eyed Vireo                          14         4           16         9           18          4          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0           65
               Red-eyed Virto                            5          7           to         3           31          4          1           S          0          0          0            0          0           0           66
               Blue-winged Warbler                       0          1           4          0           0           0          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             5
               Lawrence's Warbler                        0          1           0          0           0           0          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             1

               Northern Parula                           0          0           0          0           0           2          2           21         1          0          0            0          0           0           26

               Yellow Warbler                            0          0           0          0           0           1          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             1

               Black-and-white Warbler                   7          11          12         -7          77          15         1           19         3          1          0            0          0           0           154

               Black-throated Blue Warbler               0          0           0          2           2           5          2           32         11         7          3            0          0           0           64

               Blackburnian Warbler                      0          0           0          0           1           0          0           2          0          0          0            0          0           0             3

               Chestnut-sided Warbler                    0          0           1          0           0           1          1           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             3
               Cape May Warbler                          0          0           0          0           0           0          2           18         5          2          1            1          0           0           29
               Magnolia Warbler                          0          0           0          0           1           7          1           4          2          0          0            0          0           0           15
               Yellow-rumped Warbler                     0          0           0          0           0           0          0           1          35         50      569             217      219           91         1182
               Black-throated Green Warbler              0          0           0          0           0           2          1           7          1          0          3            3          0           0           17

               Yellow-throated Warbler                   0          0           0          0           0           1          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             1
               Prairie Warbler                           10         1           3          3           2    1      7          0           5          0          0          0            0          0           0           31
               Blackpoll Warbler                         0          0           0          0           0           0          5           3          9          2          3            3          0           0           25
               Pine Warbler                              26         25          17         6           57          3          3           6          6          0   1      0            2          0           0           151
               Palm Warbler                              0          0           0          0           0           0          0           0          0          0          2            0          0           0             2
               Mourning Warbler                          0          0           0          0           0    1      5          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             5
               Kentucky Warbler                          0          0           0          1           0           0          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             1
               Hooded Warbler                            0          0    1      0          0           0           0          0           1          0          0          0            0          0           0             1
               Canada a bl                               0          2           0          0           0           0          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             2

               Wilson's Warbl r                          0          0           0          0           0           1          0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0             1
               Worm-eating Warbler                       0          0           5          0    1      0    1      0   1      0           0          0          0          0            0          0           0
                                                 @
                                                         0
                                                         00












                SPECMS                                 WKI        WK2         WK3         WK4         YVK5        WK6        WK7         WK8         WK9       WK10       WK11         WK12         WK13       WK14        TOTAL

                Ovenbird                                  0           2           2           3          3            4          0          1           1          0           0           0            0           0             16

                Northern Waterthrush                      0           1           0           1          0            0          0          2           0          0           0           0            0           0             4

                Common Yellowthroat                       0           0           2           1          4            6          0          3           1          0           1           0            0           0             18

                American Redstart                         7           23          9           19         74        202           to         55          8          5           0           0            0           0          412
                Prothonotary Warbler                      0           2           0           1          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           0            0           0             3
                Blue Grosbeak                             0           0           3           1          0            1          0          0           0          0           0           0            0           0             5

                Rose-breasted Grosbeak                    0           0           2           0          1            0          1          0           0          0           0           0            0           0             4

                Northern Cardinal                         41          33          22          22         19           12         25         30          18         13          9           11           12          14         281
                Indigo Bunting                            1           0           0           0          0            1          0          8           1          0           0           0            0           0             11
                Rufous-sided Towhee                       0           0           0           0          0            0          0          0           1          1           17          0            8           3             30
                Fox Sparrow                               0           0           0           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           0            0           5             5
                Song Sparrow                              0           0           0           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           2           0            5           0             7
                Field Sparrow                             1           3           1           1          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           3            0           3             12
                Chipping Sparrow                          0           0           0           0          0            0          1          0           0          0           2           1            0           0             4
                White-throated Sparrow                    0           0           0           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           13          3            24          19            59
                Swamp Sparrow                             0           0           0           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           2            0           0             2
                Dark-eyed Junco                           0           0           0           0          0            0          0          0           0          1           8           2            20          27            58
                Brown-headed Cowbird                      1           0           2           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           0            0           0             3

                Common Grackle                            1           0           0           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           150         0            0           0           151

                Boat-tailed Grackle                       0           0           1           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           0            0           0             1

                Northern Oriole                           0           0           0           0          9            0          0          2           0          0           0           0            0           0             11

                Orchard Oriole                            1           0           1           0          0            0          0                      0          0           0           0            0           0             2
                Scarlet Tanager                           0           0           0    1      1          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           0            0           0             1
                                                                                                                                            0
                Summer Tanager                            3           2           2           1          4            1          0          jo          0          0           0           0            0           0             13
                Purple Finch                              0           0           0           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           0            0           1             1
                House Finc                                0           0           1           0          0            0          0          0           0          0           0           2            0           0
                Pine Siskin                               o           0    L-ï¿½--L-o                      0                       0          0           0          1           0           0    1       0           0             1










              SPECIES                             WKI       WK2        WK3        WK4         WK5        WK6      WK7         WK8       WK9       WK10      WK11       WK12        WK13       WK14 TOTAL

              American Goldfinch                    0         0           0          0           0          0        0            2        0        0         0           2            5         1            10
              UID Flycatcher                        1         0           0          0           0          3        1            0        0        0         0           0            0         0             5
              UID Thnish                            0         0           0          0           0          1        1            1        0        0         0           0            0         0             3
              UID Warbler                           2         2           2          6           13         19       3            24       10       6         3           3            3         0            80
              UID Sparrow                           0         0           0          0           0          0        0            0        0        0         0           0            1         0             1
              UID Hawk                              0         0           0          1           0          0        0            0        0        0         0           0            0         1             2
              UR) oodpecker                         0         0           0          0           1          0        0            0        0        0         0           0            0         0             1
              UID Bird                              2         0           1          1           3          2        2            3        1        5         4           0            0         0            24
               Total                              409        310                   218           501        450    157            429                        1152       515-t 1073             407          6686
                                                                                                                           @2
                                                                                                                                  0






















             APPENDIX 9: DRAFT VEGETATION STANDARDS


             Draft proposed vegetation protection and installation standards for Northampton County
             revised zoning ordinance. Proposed standards are based in part on this study's finding of a
             strong relationship between migrant abundance and dense understory and subcanopy
             vegetation. The standards emphasize maintaining natural vegetation at new development
             sites.







































                                                        78












                                                                                                               veg.ord. draft version #6


                      E.         Vegetation Protection and Installation Performance Standard.


                                 1 .         Purpose. This section was adopted to protect existing vegetation and to provide for the
                                             installation of new vegetation in order to specifically:

                                 a.          provide for the protection of the natural environment;

                                 b.          provide for the protection of surface and ground water quality;

                                 b.          provide for the protection against flooding;

                                 C.          encourage economic development.; and

                                 d.          facilitate the creation of a convenient, atractive and harmonious community


                                 2.          Authority.


                                 a.          15.1-489 as ammended.


                                 b.          15.1-490 as arnmended.


                                 3.          Jurisdiction and Exemptions.


                                 a.          This section shall apply to all development and redevelopment within the Northampton
                                             County. No department or board shall issue any permit, zoning clearance, special use permit,
                                             rezoning approval, variance approval, waiver approval, exception approval, subdivision
                                             approval or site plan review approval without compliance with the vegetation protection and
                                             installation requirements of this section. * *Check definition of development and
                                             redevelopment.

                                 b.          If the provisions of this section conflict with other ordinances or regulations, the more
                                             stringent limitations or requirements shall govern or prevail to the extent of the conflict.

                                 C.          Nothing in this section is intended to prohibit agriculture, silvaculture activity, horticulture or
                                             nursery operations within the County.

                                 d.          Emergency Provisions: In the case of hurricanes or other natural disasters, the provisions of
                                             this section shall be waived by the County Administrator to the extent necessary to ensure
                                             the safety of life and property.

                                 e.          The regulations set forth herein shall apply to all real property within the County limits,
                                             subject  to the following exemptions:

                                             (1).      Individual single and two-family residential lots whitch are zoned RV-RR, RV-R, CD-
                                                       RR, CD-R1 and CD-RM shall only comply with any section dealing with the protection
                                                       and replacement of special vegetation and will be exempt from all other provisions of
                                                       this section.


                                             (2).      All bone fide silvaculture activities as defined herein shall be exempt from both
                                                       vegetation protection and installation performance standards. "silivicultural activity"
                                                       means any forest management activity, including but not limited to the harvesting of
                                                       timber, the construction of roads and trails for the forest management purposes, and
                                                       the preparation of property for reforestation.




                                                                                                                                                                     1













                                                                                                                        veg.ord. draft version #6


                                                 (3).       Wetlands mitigation plans shall be exempt from vegetation protection and installation
                                                            preformance standards provided that such plan has been approved by the
                                                            Northampton County Wetlands Board.

                                                 (4).       Commercial nursery operations shall be exempt from vegetation protection
                                                            performance standards but not the installation preformance standards as it applys to
                                                            land use not operations as set forth in section xxx.

                                                 (5).       Bona fide agricultural operations shall be exempt from the vegetation protection and
                                                            installation performance standards. Agricultural operations are defined as tilling,
                                                            planting, or harvesting of agricultural, horticultural, or forest crops, or livestock
                                                            feedlot operations; including engineering operations as follows: constructsion of
                                                            terraces, terrace outlets, check dams, desilting basins, dikes, ponds, ditches, strip
                                                            cropping, lister furrowing, contour cultivating, contour furrowing, land drainage and
                                                            land irrigation; however, this shall not include the harvesting of forest crops unless
                                                            the area on which harvesting occurs is reforested artificially or naturally in
                                                            accordance with the provisions the Code of Virginia, Chapter 11 Section 10.1-1100
                                                            or is converted to bona fide agricultural or improved pasture use as described in the
                                                            Code of Virginia, Section 10.1163, Subsection B. In addition agricultural operations
                                                            do not include the construction of roads, structures and buildings.


                                                 (6).       Individual and public utilities and Utility Companies shall be exempt from vegetation
                                                            protection and installation preformance standards for the purpose of maintaining or
                                                            creating easements to provide safe clearance for the utility provided that a
                                                            Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Northampton County has been executed.
                                                            Such MOUs shall at a minimum:


                                                            (a).        recognize the need to minimize the cutting or pruning of special vegetation
                                                                        which does not frustrate or substantially interfere with the intended purpose
                                                                        of construction or maintenance;


                                                            (b).        establishes, to the extent feasible, design guidelines for construction and
                                                                        maintenance which identifies the saving of special vegetation as a factor to
                                                                        be considered in the design process;

                                                            (c)         allows for a consultation process with the County prior to the
                                                                        commencement of major construction or maintenance or the removal of
                                                                        special vegetation;

                                                            (d).        provides that a breach of such Understanding constitutes a violation of this
                                                                        ordinance and a loss of exemption from the requirements of this Ordinance.

                                                 (7).       State Agencies shall be exempt from the vegetation protection and installation
                                                            performance standards but shall be encouraged to follow guidance set forth herein.

                                                 (8).       Federal Agencies shall be exempt from vegetation protection and installation
                                                            preformance standards but shall be encouraged to follow guidance set forth herein.

                                                 (9).       County Agencies shall be exempt from the vegetation protection and installation
                                                            preformance standards to the extent necessary to provide services to citizens and
                                                            provide for their health, safety, and welfare.


                                    4.           Definitions.





                                                                                                                                                                                     2












                                                                                      veg.ord. draft version #6


                                   Berm -


                                   Brush pile -


                                   Buffers -


                                   Caliper -


                                   Canopy trees - Any and all trees in the highest strata of vegetation; trees
                                   that define the upper height limit of a forest or vegetated area.

                                   Construction footprint - standard definition plus it shall mean the same as limits of work,
                                   limits of clearing and grading or limits of land disturbance


                                   Critical root area -


                                   Contiguous Cover -

                                   Crown - The leafy/branched area of a tree.
                                   Deciduous - Any perennial plant that annually sheds all of its leaves.

                                   Density - The number of individuals per unit area; individuals may refer to
                                   trees, vegetation, people, or structures.


                                   Development -

                                   Diameter Breast Height (dbh) - The width (diameter) of a plant stem as
                                   measured at 4.5 feet above the ground surface.'

                                   Drip line -

                                   Dominant species - For each stratum of vegetation, dominant species are
                                   those that represent 50% or more of the total vegetation.

                                   Ecosystem -

                                   Evergreen - Any perennial plant that retains its leaves beyond the growing
                                   season and usually through the winter.


                                   Existing tree -


                                   Fence -


                                   Ground cover - The lowest vegetation stratum; generally all vegetation less
                                   than 3 feet in height and comprised primarily of herbaceous plants.

                                   hedge - proposed planting of shrub materials xxxxxx size and xxxxx height xxxx spacing to
                                   fulfill the required installation requirements


                                   Hedgerow

                                   Herbaceous plants - Nonwoody plants including graminoids (grass and
                                   grasslike plants), forbs, ferns, fern allies, and nonwoody vines; (also here to
                                   include seedlings of woody plants less than three feet in height?)'


                                                                                                                                3













                                                                                      veg.ord. draft version #6


                                   Indigenous plants - Any plant species believed to be present in the region
                                   prior to Columbian settlement or that has naturally migrated or migrates into
                                   the area.


                                   Interior, landscaping -

                                   Irrigation system -


                                   Landscaping -

                                   Mitigation -


                                   Mulch -


                                   Natural resource -


                                   Opaque buffer -

                                   Passive tree protection -

                                   Perennial plant - Living for many years.'

                                   Perimeter, installation -


                                   Planting Plan or vegetation protection and installation plan -

                                   Project envelope -


                                   Proposed tree - tree planted to fulfill the installation requirement xxxxx
                                   size, xxxxx height?

                                   Protected vegetation -(1) Hardwood and softwood trees 6 inches DBH, (2) Understory trees
                                   and or shrubs providing contiguous cover of 400 square feet or greater.

                                   Protection and installation Plan or vegetation protection and installation plan-

                                   Pruning standards -

                                   Roadway, installation -

                                   Replacement vegetation - (point of this definition is to clarify that replacement vegetation can
                                   not be used to fulfill the installation requirements

                                   Row of parking spaces -

                                   Semi-opaque buffer -


                                   Shade tree -


                                   Shrub - Woody vegetation usually greater than 3 feet but less than 20 feet
                                   tall, including multi-stemmed, bushy shrubs and small trees and saplings.'


                                   Silviculture -
                                   Special vegetation resource - (1) Hardwood canopy trees 24" DBH, (2)



                                                                                                                                 4













                                                                                                               veg.ord. draft version #6


                                            Softwood trees 30" DBH, (3) Hardwood understory trees 6" DBH, (4)
                                            hedgerows 30 feet or greater in length and more than 15 years in age, (5)
                                            Nontidal wetland vegetation,(6) vegetation belonging to any of the following
                                            rare natural communities: a. forest communities characteristic by xxxx
                                            b. shrub-scrub communities characteristic by xxxx and c. dune
                                            communities characteristic by xxxxxxxx

                                            Tree protection barricade -

                                            Tree - A woody plant 6 inches or greater in diameter at breast height and 20
                                            feet or taller; or any plant species that has the documented ability to attain
                                            these characteristics.'


                                            Tree spade -


                                            Town -
                                                        Unincorporated
                                                        Incorporated


                                            Understory tree -


                                            Utility clearance -

                                            Vegetation, native -

                                            Village - must establish these boundaries


                                            Vision clearance -


                                            Wall -


                                            Wildlife Habitat -


                                 5.         Prohibited Vegetation Removal.


                                 a.         Special vegetation shall not be removed from any location except for
                                            situations that meet the criteria in section 6b, 6c and 6d.


                                 b.         Protected vegetation shall not be removed:


                                                        (1).       outside the construction foot print except for situations that meet the criteria
                                                                   in section 6.


                                                        (2).       on existing slopes greater than 15 % grade shall not be removed except for
                                                                   situations that meet the criteria in section 6.


                                                        (3).       within the construction footprint if it is the only existing vegetation
                                                                   connected/adjacent to vegetation on a neighboring lot shall not be removed
                                                                   in excess of 40% of its original area unless replacement vegetation ( see
                                                                   replacement schedule) is planted such that it connects existing vegetation on
                                                                   the lot in question and a neighboring lot.

                                                        (4).       adjacent to and within 20 feet of existing drainage ways, swales, and
                                                                   ditches shall not be removed except for situations that meet the criteria in



                                                                                                                                                                     5












                                                                                      veg.ord. draft version #6


                                                    section 6.


                          C.       Any vegetation that will fulfill the vegetation installation requirements shall not be removed
                                   except for situations that meet the criteria in section 6.

                          d.       Any vegetation protected by any other ordinance or regulation that applies to
                                   the site shall not be removed such as tidal wetlands, nontidal wetlands, 100
                                   year flood plain, Chesapeake Bay/Atlantic Ocean preservation 100' buffer,
                                   coastal primary sand dunes, beaches and highly erodible soils.

                          6. Allowable vegetation removal.


                          a.       Protected vegetation:

                                   (1).    within the approved construction footprint may be removed when it falls in the
                                           location of proposed buildings, stormwater facilities, roadway, parking area, loading
                                           area or sidewalk. Replacement of vegetation removed shall be required when
                                           vegetation counts for the entire lot or parcel of land drops below 20 canopy trees per
                                           acre, 30 under story trees per acre and 30 shrubs per acre. Replacement shall be
                                           based on each canopy tree, understory tree or shrub removed below these limits as
                                           specified in the replacement schedule. Development and redevelopment shall be
                                           designed to reduce vegetation removal to the greatest   extent possible.

                                   (2).    outside the construction footprint may be removed for personal uses such as
                                           firewood or construction of small accessary structures  under 150 square feet
                                           provided no special vegetation resources are removed and 20 canopy trees per acre,
                                           30 understory trees per acre and 30 shrubs per acre is maintained. Replacement
                                           shall be based on each canopy tree, understory tree or shrub removed below these
                                           limits as specified in the replacement schedule.

                          b.       Canopy  trees of species with the documented ability to achieve heights of
                                   more than 20 feet that are located within 20 feet of a permanent structure
                                   may be removed, provided that for each tree removed, replacement
                                   vegetation is planted as specified in the replacement schedule.

                          C.       Understory trees and or shrubs within or outside the construction footprint
                                   to create a view shed a maximum length of 50% of the length of the longest
                                   side of the primary structure on a lot or parcel of land provided that a
                                   continuous tree canopy is maintained. A corner lot may designate one side
                                   as a primary view shed a maximum length of 50% of the length of the
                                   longest side of the primary structure and a secondary view shed a maximum
                                   of 25% of the length of the longest side of the primary structure on a lot or
                                   parcel of land provided that a continuous tree canopy is maintained. The
                                   view shed length can be contiguous or broken into sections, but is limited to
                                   the percentage stated above. Each understory tree and or shrub remove
                                   shall be replaced base on the replacement schedule. Replacement
                                   vegetation shall be located such that it connects separate patches of existing
                                   vegetation or is added to the edge of existing vegetation. Understory trees
                                   and shrubs remove outside the construction footprint shall be done by hand
                                   or with light equipment with rubber tires (not tracts). Removal of vegetation
                                   within the 100 foot buffer shall comply fully with the Chesapeake Bay/
                                   Atlantic Ocean Preservation Overlay District.


                          d.       When determined by the Zoning Administrator, trees or shrubs infected by



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                                                                                                              veg.ord. draft version #6


                                            deadly or contagious fungi, insects, or parasites and trees or shrubs severely
                                            damaged by natural forces including wind, fire, and lightening that are a
                                            hazard to life and property may be removed provided that, in recognition of
                                            the wildlife value of dead and dying trees or shrubs, a brush pile be
                                            established within the area of protected vegetation. Condition must be
                                            documented before removal. Professional verification of the condition can
                                            be requested by the Zoning Administrator, when he/she determines the
                                            vegetation does not meet the above criteria. The Zoning Administrator may
                                            use the services and technical assistance provided by the Virginia
                                            Department Forestry and the Northampton County Extension Service when
                                            determining the health of vegetation. If professional verification can not be
                                            provided, a variance must be granted by the Board of Zoning Appeals to
                                            remove the vegetation.


                                 7.         Replacement Schedule.


                                 a.         Replacement vegetation required by standards set forth in this section shall be planted such
                                            that:


                                            (1).       ratios of removed trees or shrubs to replacement trees or shrubs follows the schedule
                                                       below.


                                            (2).       replacement vegetation shall be native to the area and preferably drawn from the list
                                                       provided in Appendix A of this section and of the same species as the removed
                                                       vegetation when possible. If this is not possible the replacement vegetation shall be
                                                       of similar characteristics to the removed vegetation.

                                            (3).       plantings enhance connectivity with existing vegetation.

                                            (4).       plantings are not placed in locations proposed for future additions or expansion or in
                                                       the way of vision clearance.

                                            (5).       replacement vegetation that is projected to reach a height of 20 feet or more shall
                                                       not be planted under power lines.

                                            (6).       replacement vegetation shall not fulfill the vegetation installation requirements;
                                                       replacement vegetation may be required above and beyond the number of plants
                                                       required to meet the vegetation installation requirements.

                                            (7).       replacement vegetation must be planted on the same property from which vegetation
                                                       was originally removed.


















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                                                                                                    veg.ord. draft version #6


                                        (8).      replacement schedule chart.



                                                                     REPLACEMENT SCHEDULE


                         REMOVED VEGETATION                                                     REPLACEMENT VEGETATION


                      TYPE                            SIZE                           TYPE                                       SIZE

            Softwood                      12 - 24" DBH                   1A                                 A >   1 " Dia. & 4' in height
            Canopy
            Tree                          24 - 30"    DBH                1A + 18 or                         A >   1 " Dia. & 4' in   height
                                                                         1A+ 1C                             B  >  1 " Dia. & 2' in    height
                                                                                                            C  > 8" GCW & 1' in height




                                          > 30" DBH                      2A or 1 A + 2B or                  A  >  2" Dia. & 6' in height
                                                                         1A + 2B or                         B  >  1 " Dia. & 2' in height
                                                                         1A + 2C                            C  >  8" GCW & 1' in height




            Hardwood                      6 - 12" DBH                    1A                                 A  >  1 " Dia. & 4' in height
            Canopy
            Tree                          12 - 24" DBH                   1A    + 113or                      A  >  1 " Dia. & 4' in height
                                                                         1A    + 1C                         B  >  1 " Dia. & 2' in height
                                                                                                            C  >  8" GCW & 1' in height




                                          > 24" DBH                      2A or                              A  >  2"  Dia. & 6' in height
                                                                         1A +    2B or                      B  >  1 " Dia. & 2' in height
                                                                         1A +     2C                        C  >  8" GCW & 1' in height




            Understory                    3 - 6" DBH                     1 B                                B  >  1 " Dia. & 2' in height
            Tree
                                          > 6" DBH                       213 or                             B  >  2"  Dia. & 4' in height
                                                                         113 +    1C                        C  >  8" GCW & 1' in height



            Shrub                         1 - 2'GCW                      1C                                 C  >  8" GCW & 1' in height

                                          > 2'GCW                        2C                                 C  >  1' GCW & 18" in height

            Dying/Sick                    All                               rushpile                        min.  3' w x 4' 1 x 2' h
            Tree/Shrub                                                  17

          A = Canopy      Tree, B      Understory Tree and C           Shrub
          DBH      Diameter Breast Height - 4.5' from existing grade
          GCW       Greatest Crown Width or shrub crown at widest              point
          Dia.     Diameter of a proposed tree measured 6" from the proposed grade.



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                                                                                         veg.ord. draft version #6


                           8.       Vegetation Protection Standards.


                           a.       Protective barricades are required. Protective barricades shall be placed around all protective
                                    vegetation located in a development or redevelopment areas, and designated to be saved on
                                    the approved Site Plan. Prior to the commencement of site work, protective barricades shall
                                    be installed by the constractor and inspected by the Northampton County Planning
                                    Department. This inspection can co-incide with the intial Erosion and Sediment Control
                                    Inspection and can continue as a part of the following Erosion and Sediment Control
                                    inspection throughout the project. The protective barricades shall remain in place until all site
                                    work inspected for completeness. The area within the protective barricade shall remain free
                                    of all building materials, dirt or other construction debris, vehicle and development activities.
                                    Protective barricades shall be erected according to the following standards:


                                    (1).     5 feet outside the dripline of protected vegetation.

                                    (2)      15 feet outside the dripline of special vegetation.

                           b.       Construction within protective barricades. Changes in grade, construction of harden surfaces
                                    (pervious or impervious) or utilities within ther required protective barricade shall be permitted
                                    subject  to the following standards:

                                    (1).     Changes in grade and construction of utilities shall comply the specification described
                                             in The Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook (as amended) - Chapter III,
                                             Standard and Specifications 3.37 & 3.38.

                                    (2)      Construction of hardened surfaces shall not be permitted within 5 feet of the base of
                                             protected vegetation or within 15 feet of the base of special vegetation, uless special
                                             construction methods, including but not limited to root feeders and pouous paving
                                             materials, are used and certified as acceptable by a reputable arborist or qualified
                                             organizaiton.

                                    (3).     All roots outside the protective barricade to be removed during construction shall be
                                             servered clean (root pruned) and a 2 inch layer of mulch shall be applied over the
                                             surface of the exposed roots.

                                    (4)      All pruning of protected and special vegetation shall be done in accordance with
                                             pruning standard adopted by the National Arborist Association.

                           9.       Vegetation installation requirements. General, where required.


                           a.       No new site development, redevelopment, building, structure or vehicular use area (parking
                                    lot, internal / external access ways, driveways ect ... ) shall hereafter occur, be erected,
                                    constructed or used, nor shall any existing building, structure or vehicular use area be
                                    expanded, unless the minimum vegetation installation is provided as required in the provisions
                                    below.


                           b.       Existing vegetation can be used to satisfy vegetation installation requirements.

                           C.       Replacement vegetation can not be used to satisfy vegetation installation requirements.

                           d.       Vegetation installations can be placed within building setbacks and the CBPA 100 foot
                                    buffers.


                           10.      Types of Installation. In order to accomplish the purpose of this Article, the following



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                                                                                                               veg.ord. draft version #6


                                            regulations shall be utilized.


                                 a.         Roadway frontage installation requirements.

                                 b.         Parking lot periphearl / interior installation requirements.

                                 C.         Perimeter screening installation requirements.

                                 d.         Refuse collection facilities installation requirements.


                                 e.         Subdivision street trees.


                                 f.         100 foot buffer.


                                 11.        Roadway Frontage Installation Requirements. On the site of a building or structure or open lot
                                            use providing an off-street parking, loading or other vehicular use area, where such area will
                                            ont be entirely screened visually form all adjacent public rights-of-way by an intervening
                                            building or structure, vegetation shall be required along any property boundary that abuts the
                                            public right-of-way of a public street, road or highway.

                                 a.         A planting area at least five feet (5') in depth shall be located between the abutting right-of-
                                            way and any off-street parking, loading or other vehicular use area, except where permitted
                                            driveway openings and pedestrian ways are to be provided.

                                            The planting area shall be planted in accordance with the following standards.

                                            (1).       One (1) canopy tree shall be planted for each forty linear feet (40') of the planting
                                                       area; or


                                            (2).       One (1) canopy tree grouped with one (1) understory tree shall be planted each
                                                       seventy linear feet (70'); or

                                            (3).       A hedge of at least three feet (3') in height at maturity shall be planted within the
                                                       planting area so as to provide a continuous element; or

                                            (4).       A combination of trees and hedge or approved wall, fence or earthberm may be
                                                       utilized to form the continuous element; and


                                            (5).       All portions of the planting area not planted with hedge and trees or covered by wall
                                                       or fence shall be planted in grass and/or ground cover.

                                 b.         If the roadway which the development or redevelopment fronts is included in the Street Tree
                                            Master Plan and Program, the planting area shall reflect participation in the program.

                                 12.        Parking Lot Peripheral / Interior Installation Requirements. Peripheral planting shall be
                                            provided along any side of an off-street parking, loading or other vehicular use area that abuts
                                            adjoining property and not a right-of-way of a public street, road or highway. Such planting
                                            shall be provided as follows:

                                 a.         Peripheral Parking Lot installation Requirements. A planting area at least five feet (5') in
                                            depth shall be located between the abutting property lines and the parking, loading or other
                                            vehicular use area, except where permitted driveway openings are to be provided. Where
                                            drainage or other utility easements exist along property lines, the planting area shall be
                                            located between the parking, loading or other vehicular use area and the utility or drainage



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                                                                                                                     veg.ord. draft version #6


                                               easements.


                                               The planting area shall be planted in accordance with the following standards:

                                               (1).        One (1) canopy tree shall be planted for each fifty lineal feet (40') of the planting
                                                           area; or


                                               (2).        One (1) canopy tree grouped with one (1) understory tree shall be planted each
                                                           seventy linear feet (70'); or

                                               (3).        A hedge of at least three feet (3') in height shall be planted within the planting area
                                                           so as to provide a continuous element; or

                                               (4).        A combination of trees and hedge, or approved wall, fence or earthberm may be
                                                           utilized to form the continuous element;


                                               (5).        All portions of the planting area not planted with hedge and trees or covered by wall
                                                           or fence shall be planted in grass and/or ground cover; and

                                               (6).        Parked vehicles may overhang a planting area no more than two and one-half feet
                                                           (2.5'), provided curbing or other wheel stops are to be installed to insure no greater
                                                           overhang or penetration of the planted areas. Plantings, walls, fences and
                                                           earthberms shall be so located as to prevent their damage and/or destruction by
                                                           overhanging vehicles.

                                   b.          The provisions of subsection a. shall not be applicable in the following situations:

                                               (1).        Where any off-street parking, loading or other vehicular use area will be entirely
                                                           screened visually from any point of view by an intervening building or structure from
                                                           abutting property; or

                                               (2).        Where planting and/or walls or fences are required to satisfy Section 13 perimeter
                                                           screening standards between different land uses.

                                   C.          Interior    Parking lot planting requirements. Section XI. Roadway/Street Frontage Installation
                                               Requirements and Section XII. A. Peripheral Parking Lot Installation Requirements shall not
                                               used to satisfy the interior parking lot requirements. These requirements are as follows:

                                               (1).         Planting islands.

                                                           (a).        Single row planting islands - No more than ten (10) parking spaces shall be
                                                                       permitted in a continuous row without being interrupted by a single planting
                                                                       island a minimum of nine feet (9') in width and eighteen feet (18') in length.
                                                                       Such planting islands shall be planted with one (1) canopy tree.

                                                           (b).        Two single row planting islands - In situation where a parking row has single
                                                                       row planting islands that can be group together, it is encouraged for design
                                                                       flexibility and increased root growth area to connect them into two single
                                                                       row planting island. No more than fifteen (15) parking spaces shall be
                                                                       permitted in a continuous row without being interrupted by two single row
                                                                       planting island a minimum of eighteen feet (18') in width and eighteen feet
                                                                       (187 in length. Such planting islands shall be planted with one (1) canopy
                                                                       tree and one (1) understory tree; or one (1) canopy tree and two (2) shrubs.













                                                                                                                     veg.ord. draft version #6


                                                           (C)        Double row planting islands - In situation where adjacent parking rows have
                                                                      single planting islands close together, it is encouraged for design flexibility
                                                                      and increased root growth area to connect them into a double row planting
                                                                      island. No more than fifteen (115) parking spaces shall be permitted in a
                                                                      continuous row without being interrupted by a double row planting island a
                                                                      minimum of nine feet (91 in width and thirty-six feet (36') in length. Such
                                                                      planting islands shall be planted with one (1) canopy tree and one (1)
                                                                      understory tree; or one (1) canopy tree and two (2) shrubs.

                                                           (d).       Two double row planting islands - In situation where adjacent parking rows
                                                                      have double planting islands close together, it is encouraged for design
                                                                      flexibility and increased row growth area to connect them into two double
                                                                      row planting island. No more than twenty (20) parking spaces shall be
                                                                      permitted in a continuous row without being interrupted by a two double
                                                                      row planting island a minimum of eighteen feet (18") in width and thirty-six
                                                                      feet (36') in length. Such planting islands shall be planted with one (1)
                                                                      canopy tree and one (2) understory trees; or one (1) canopy tree and four (4)
                                                                      shrubs.


                                               (2).        Every fourth row of parking shall be separated by a median strip for planting
                                                           purposes of not less than ten feet (10') in depth. Such median strips shall be planted
                                                           with at least one (1) canopy tree per median strip except that one (1) canopy tree for
                                                           every fifty feet (50') or fraction thereof shall be planted in the median strips that
                                                           exceed fifty feet (501 in length. For purposes of Section XII double-backed parking
                                                           areas shall be considered two rows;


                                               (3).        Each parking row shall terminate in a single row planting island a minimum of nine
                                                           feet (91 in width and eighteen feet (18') in length. Such planting islands shall be
                                                           planted with one (1) canopy tree or one (1) canopy tree.

                                               (4).        Parked vehicles may overhang a planting area no more than two and one-half feet
                                                           (2.5'), provided curbing or other wheel stops are to be installed to insure no greater
                                                           overhang or penetration of the planted areas. Plantings, walls, fences and
                                                           earthberms shall be so located as to prevent their damage and/or destruction by
                                                           overhanging vehicles.

                                   13.         Perimeter Screening. Perimeter screening shall be required to separate a proposed use from
                                               different land uses, zoning designation or roadway.

                                   a.          Perimeter screening, generally.

                                               Perimeter screening shall vary in depth and in planting requirements according to the existing
                                               use or zoning district of the adjoining property or the classification of the adjacent road. (See
                                               attached road classification chart.)


                                               Perimeter screening shall be located along the perimeter of a lot or parcel and shall extend to
                                               the boundary line of the lot or parcel. Perimeter screening shall not be located on any portion
                                               of an existing public or private street right-of-way. Where utility rights-of-way or drainage
                                               easements exist along property lines, the perimeter screening shall be located adjacent to the
                                               utility right-of-way or drainage easement.

                                               Required perimeter screening shall be designated as part of platted lots and/or on an approved
                                               site plan. The following notation shall be lettered on the face of both the preliminary and final
                                               subdivision plats and/or site plans:



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                                                                                                              veg.ord. draft version #6


                                                       PERIMETER SCREENING: The use and maintenance of the perimeter screening and
                                                       the building of structures thereon is restricted pursuant Article VII, Section E. of the
                                                       Northampton County Zoning Ordinance.

                                 b.         Schedule of Required Perimeter Screening.
                                            The types of buffers as specified below shall be used as the basis for the schedule of required
                                            buffer.


                                            An opaque perimeter screening is intended to create a strong impression of spatial separation
                                            and to preclude visual contact. A semi-opaque perimeter screen is intended to maintain a
                                            sense of spatial separation and to partially block visual contact.

                                            Compliance of planted perimeter screening will be evaluated on the basis of average height
                                            and density of plant material upon maturity. Compliance of existing vegetation to fulfill the
                                            requirements of planted perimeter screening shall be judged on the basis of field observation.

                                 C.         Perimeter Screening Types.

                                            (1).       "A" Perimeter Screening type A shall maintain a depth of fifteen feet (15') and shall
                                                       be semi-opaque. Upon maturity, the perimeter screening shall not contain any
                                                       completely unobstructed opening more than ten feet (10') in width.

                                            (2).       "B" Perimeter Screening type B shall maintain a depth of twenty-five feet (25') and
                                                       shall be semi-opaque in all seasons of the Upon maturity, the screening shall not
                                                       contain any unobstructed openings more than ten feet (10') in width.

                                            (3).       "C" Perimeter Screening type C shall maintain a depth of fifty feet (50') and shall be
                                                       opaque in all seasons of the year.

                                            (4).       "D" Perimeter Screening type D shall maintain a depth of fifty feet (50') and shall be
                                                       semi-opaque in all seasons of the year. Upon maturity, the buffer shall not contain
                                                       any unobstructed openings more than ten feet (10') in width.


                                 d.         Road Classifications.


                                            (1).       Class 1.
                                                       U. S. Route 13 - Lankford Highway


                                            (2).       Class 11.
                                                       State Route 600 - Seaside Road
                                                       xxxxxxx - Bayside Road


                                            (3).       Class 111.
                                                       Main Roads and Cross Roads within Rural Villages. (must be designated and
                                                       mapped)
                                                       Main Roads and Cross Roads approaching and within a Community Development
                                                       Areas. (must be designated and mapped)


                                            (4).       Class IV.
                                                       Neck Roads. (must be designated and mapped)


                                            (5).       Class V.
                                                       New Subdivision Roads.




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                                           (6).       Class V1.
  I                                                   All other Roads.
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                                                                                                                veg.ord. draft version #6


                   e.          Chart.




                                                                                                       Schedule of required screening



             Existing or                                                     Adjacent Existing Land Uses or Undeveloped Land Zoning or Road Classification*
             Proposed
             Principle        conservation/      residential     residential         office/      commercial        industrial/       Class I         Class 2          Class 3         Class 4          Class 5         Class 6
               Use(s)          agriculture/ single-family multi-family             service/                        warehouse/         Roads            Roads            Roads           Roads            Roads           Roads
                                silviculture                                     institutional                     distribution
                                                                                                                  manufacturin
                                                                                                                 9



             residential             C                B             none             none              A                B
             multi-family                                         required         required



               office/               C                B               A              none             none             none
              service/                                                             required         required         required
             institutional



             commercial              C                B               B              none             none             none
                                                                                   required         required         required
                                                                                                                 I

             industrial/             C                C               C                B               A               none
             warehouse/                                                                                             required
             distribution/
           manufacturing



             Existing land use supercedes zone district. Where more than one use occurs on the property, the most intensive use determines
       the standard. Road classifications are listed on the preceding page.



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          15



      = m = m = = = = = = = m = m = = = m m





                                                                                                             veg.ord. draft version #6





























































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                                                                                                               veg.ord. draft version #6


                  14.        Refuse Collection. Refuse collection facilities shall be screened from view by an opaque enclosure composed of
                             evergreen vegetation, fence, wall or a combination of the same, except as follows:

                  a.         Where screened from view by and intervening building or structure; and

                  b.         Excluding views from adjacent properties zoned or used for industrial purposes.


                  15.        Subdivision Street Trees


                  16.        100 Foot Buffer.


                  17.        Safety. Pedestrain and vehicular safety in and around parking lots shall be considered when reviewing the installation
                             plan for compliance with the requirment of this Article VII, Section E.

                  a.         Roadway frontage and parking lot installation shall be designed to provide ready visibility into the parking facility from
                             adjacent public sidewalks and public right-of-ways and shall not create blind or hidden areas with the facility.

                  b.         Roadway frontage and parkinglot installation shall be designed to provide visibility to pedestrians and vehicles
                             circulating within, entering or leaving the parking facility.

                  18.        Location, Species, Quality and Size of required plant Material.





                  19.        Inspection and Maintenance.


                  20.        Submission of a vegetation protection and installation plan.


                  a.         Application for permits and or zoning approval.

                             (1).       Prior to any development, redevelopment, and or land disturbing activity that disturbs or alters any [natural
                                        vegetation] and or issuance of building or other relevant permits, a landowner shall provide a scaled
                                        vegetation survey locating all existing natural vegetation and special vegetation. The site drawing shall also
                                        represent the proposed construction footprint and vegetation protection measures. (needs to be coordinated
                                        with other regulations such as site plan review requirement and CBPA requirement. also I think commercial,
                                        subdivision and residential should be different                commercial - actual survey, subdivision - ??????, individual
                                        residential - plot plan verified by staff????) Vegetation protection must be shown on drawing.

                             (2).       Review standards of vegetation survey The construction footprint will be reviewed, approved or disapproved
                                        by the Northampton County Planning and Zoning Staff based on the following criteria:


                                        a. 60%
                                        b. includes
                                        c. designed to protect existing vegetation

                             (3).       A site visit by Northampton County Planning and Zoning Staff may be necessary
                                        before approval construction footprint and commencement of any land disturbing
                                        activity if ... (Note: Should this be required before plans are drawn?)

                             (4).       Review and approval.

                             (5).       Implementation and inspections.




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                                                                             veg.ord. draft version #6


                    (6)     Violations.


            b.      Application for subdivision approval.


                    (1).    Land proposed for a subdivision can not be timber. Land which has been timbered can not be subdivided for
                            5 years.

                    (2).    Requirements of plan.

                    (3).    Review and Approval.

                    (4)     Implementation and inspections.
    Appendix A.     (5)     Violations.
           Suggested Vegetation Replacement Material: Trees, Shrubs, and Ground Cover Native to Northampton County, Virginia.

            The following list is intended to provide guidance to landowners who must fulfill the vegetation protection standards by
            replacing removed vegetation or landowners who must install new vegetation as required. This list does not represent a
            comprehensive list of all plants native to Northampton County, rather it includes those that are both native and lile'y to be
            commercially available.








































                                                                                                                             18











                                               NATIVE VEGETATION RECOMMENDED FOR REPLACEMENT


                                                                CANOPY TREES

                             PLANT NAME                   FOLIAGE      HEIGHT                       FEATURES

               Loblolly Pine                            Evergreen    45  ft
               Pinus teada
               Red Maple                                Deciduous    75  ft
               Acer rubrum
               Shagbark Hickory                         Deciduous 60-80 ft
               Carya ovata
               Pignut Hickory                           Deciduous    50-75 ft
               Carya glabra
               Sweet Gum                                Deciduous    50 ft
               Liquidambar styraciflua
               Tulip Poplar; Tulip Tree                 Deciduous    80-120 ft
               Liriodendron tulipifera
               White Oak                                Deciduous    60-90 ft
               Quercus alba
               Post Oak                                 Deciduous    40-60 ft
               Quercus stellata
               Water Oak                                Deciduous    60-70 ft
               Quercus nigra
               Black Oak                                Deciduous    50-70 ft
               Quercus velutina
               Willow Oak                               Deciduous    80-100 ft
               Quercus phellos
               Black Cherry                             Deciduous    50-60 ft
               Prunus serotina

               American Beech                           Deciduous    80 ft
               Fagus grandifolia
               Blackgum; Tupelo                         Deciduous    70-80 ft
               Nyssa sylvatica
               Hackberry                                Deciduous    30-50 ft
               Celtis occidentalis;
               C. xenaifolia













                                                              UNDERSTORY TREES

                             PLANT NAME                   FOLIAGE      HEIGHT                       FEATURES

               American Holly                            Evergreen   40-50 ft
               Ilex opaca
               Eastern Redcedar                          Evergreen 40-50 ft
               Juniperus virginiana
               Sweet Bay                                 Evergreen   10-30 ft
               Magnolia virginiana
               Persimmon                                 Deciduous   10-50 ft
               Diospyros virginiana
               Sassafras                                 Deciduous   20-40 ft
               Sassafras albicum

               Shad Blow Tree                            Deciduous   10-40 ft
               Amelanchier aborea
               Downy Serviceberry                        Deciduous   10-40 ft
               Amelanchier canadensis
               Flowering Dogwood                         Deciduous   15-40 ft
               Cornus florida
             L                                                      SHRUBS
               Inkberry                                  Evergreen   10 ft
               Ilex glabra
               Juniper                                   Evergreen   20 ft
               Juniperus communis
               Mountain Laurel                           Evergreen   15 ft
               Kalmia latifolia
               Bayberry                                  Evergreen   10-40 ft
               Myrica pensylvanica
               Wax Myrtle                                Evergreen   10-40 ft
               Myrica cerifera                                    -I
               Red Chokeberry                            Deciduous
               Aronia arbutifolia






                             PLANT NAME                  FOLIAGE  -1   HEIGHT-F-                    FEATURES

               Black Chokeberry                         Deciduous
               Aronia melanocarpa
               Winterberry                              Deciduous    15 ft
               Ilex verticillata

               Roseshell; Early Honeysuckle             Deciduous    10 ft
               Azalea
               Rhododendron roseum

               Blackberry                               Deciduous    6 ft
               Rubus occidentalis

               Paw Paw                                  Deciduous    6-20 ft
               Asimina triloba

               Caroline Rose                            Deciduous
               Rosa carolina

               Pink Pinxter Azalea                      Deciduous    10 ft
               Rhododendron nudiflorum;
               R. periclymenoides
               Clammy Swamp Azalea                      Deciduous    10-20 ft
               Rhododendron viscosum

               Shining Sumac; Winged Sumac              Deciduous    4-10 ft
               Rhus copallina
               Staghorn Sumac                           Deciduous    4-15 ft
               Rhus typhina
               Elderberry                               Deciduous    3-15 ft
               Sambucus canadensis

               Coralberry; Indian Currant               Deciduous    6 ft
               Symphoricarpos orbiculatus
               Highbush Blueberry                       Deciduous    12 ft
               Vaccinium corymbosum
               Lowbush Blueberry                        Deciduous    2 ft
               Vaccinium pallidum                                   I

               Arrowwood                                Deciduous    10 ft
               Virburnum  dentatum                                  I            I

                                                              SHRUBS CONTINUED






                                                               __T           7_
                             PLANT NAME                 FOLIAGE       HEIGHT                      FEATURES


               Black Haw                               Deciduous   10-25 ft
               Viburnum prunifolium                               I             I                                            I

                                                            HARDY GROUND COVER

               Grass-leaved Blazing Star               Deciduous   1-3 ft
               Liatrus graminifolia
               Wild Strawberry                         Deciduous
               Fragaria virginiana
               Virginia Rye                            Deciduous
               Elymus virginicus

               Switch Grass                            Deciduous   5 ft
               Panicum virgatum
               Virginia Broom                          Deciduous
               Andropogon virginicus

               Little Blue Star                        Deciduous
               Andropogon scoparius

               Indian Grass                            Deciduous
               Sorghasum nutans

               Wild Rice                               Deciduous
               Zizania aquatica                             FLOWERIING PERENNIALS
               Butterfly Weed                          Deciduous 2-3 ft
               Asclepias tuberosa
               Bushy Aster                             Deciduous
               Aster dumosus

               New York Aster                          Deciduous
               Aster novibelgii
               Threadleaf Coreopsis                    Deciduous   1-2 ft
               Coreopsis verticillata













                                                     FLOWERING PERENNIALS CONTINUED

                            PLANT NAME                  FOLIAGE      HEIGHT                      FEATURES

              Black-eyed Susan                        Deciduous   1-3 ft
              Rudbeckia hirta

              Seaside Goldenrod                       Deciduous   8 ft
              Solidago sempervirens
              Wand Goldenrod                          Deciduous
              Solidago nemoralis
              Silverrod                               Deciduous
              Solidago bicolor
              Meadow Beauty                           Deciduous
              Rhexia mariana

              Marsh Mallow                            Deciduous   10 ft
              Hibiscus moscheutos
              Prickly Pear Cactus                     Deciduous   1-2 ft
              oprentia
              Kostelzkya virginica                    Deciduous





                                                                                                                        NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY



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