[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
Science for Solutions of"Alf OF NOAA COASTAL OCEAN PROGRAM J, Decision Analysis Series No. 1 Q@ SYNTHESIS OF SUMMER FLOUNDER HABITAT PARAMETERS Kenneth W. Able Susan C. Kaiser May 1994 11% SPRING SPIMAIVIER ......... 0. .... ...... A U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE QL637 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration .P5A25 coastal Ocean Office 1994 The Decision Analysis Series has been established by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program (COP) to present documents for coastal resource decision makers which contain analytical treatments of major issues or topics. The issues, topics, and principal investigators have been selected through an extensive peer review process. To learn more about the COP or the Decision Analysis Series, please write: NOAA Coastal Ocean Office 1315 East-West Highway (NCOP) Silver Spring, MD 20910 phone: 301-713-3338 fax: 301-713-4044 Cover illustration: Life History of Summer Flounder (larger view explained in detail on inside back cover) Science for Solutions NOAA COASTAL OCEAN PROGRAM Decision Analysis Series No. 1 SYNTHESIS OF SUMMER FLOUNDER HABITAT PARAMETERS Kenneth W. Able Susan C. Kaiser Marine Field Station Rutgers University Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences 800 Great Bay Boulevard Tuckerton, NJ May 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Ronald H. Brown, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker, Under Secretary Coastal Ocean Office Donald Scavia, Director LIBRARY NOAA/CCEH 1990 HOBSON AVE. CHAS SC 29408-2623 This Publication should be cited as: Able, Kenneth W and Susan Q. Kaiser. 1994. Synthesis of Summer Flounder Habitat Parameters. NOAA Coastal:Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No.. 1. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Springi MD. 68 pp. + biblio. + 3 apps. This publication does,not constitute an endorsement of any commercial product,or intend to be an opinion beyond scientifi.c or other results obtained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). No reference shall be made to NOAA, or this publication furnished by NOAA, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NOAA recommends or endorses any proprietary product mentioned herein,. or which has as its purpose an interest to cause directly or [indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this publication. Note to Readers -,The NOAA Coastal Ocean Program (COP) provides a focal point through which the agency, together with other organizations with responsibilities for the coastal environment and its resources, can make significant strides toward finding solutions to critical problems. By working together toward these solutions, we can ensure the sustainability of these coastal resources and allow for compatible. economic development that will, enhance the well-being of the Nation now and in future generations,. The goals of the program parallel those of the NOAA Strategic Plan for 1995-2005. A specific objective of COP is to provide the highest quality scientific information to coastal managers in time for critical decision making and in a format useful for these decisions. To help achieve this, COP inaugurated a program of developing documents that would synthesize information on issues that were of high priority to coastal managers. To develop such documents, a three-step process was used: 1) to compile a list of critical topics in the coastal ocean through a survey of coastal resource managers and to prioritze and select those suitable for the document series through the use of a panel of multidisciplinary technical experts; 2) to solicit proposals to do research on these topics and select principal investigators through a rigorous peer-review process; and 3) to develop peer-reviewed documents, base,d.on the winning proposals. Seven topics and associate'd principal investigators were selected in the initial round. This volume, Synthesis of Summer Flounder Habitat Parameters by Kenneth W. Able and Susan C. Kaiser of Rutgers University,,is the first document.in this Decision. Analysis Series to be published. Other volumes will be published over the next two years on the following topics: seagrass restoration technology, salt marsh restoration, coastal watershed restoration, restoring streams and anadromous fish habitat affected by logging, eutrophication and phytoplankton blooms, and management of cumulative coastal environmental impacts. As with all of its products, COP is very interested in ascertaining the utility of the Decision Analysis Series particularly in regard to its application to the management decision process. Therefore, we encourage you to write, fax, call, or Internet us with your comments. Please be assured that we will appreciate these comments, either positive or negative, and that they will help us direct our future efforts. Our address and telephone and fax numbers are on the inside front cover. My Internet address is [email protected]. /Donald Scavia Director NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A CHAPTER LINTRODUCTION Background and Overview Scope 2 CHAPTER 2: DISTRIBUTION AND LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS 3 Geographical Distribution 3 General Life History 3 Stock Identification 17 CHAPTER 3: EGGS 19 Introduction 19 Spatial and Temporal Distribution 19 Temperature 19 CHAPTER 4: OFFSHORE LARVAE 21 Introduction 21 Spatial and Temporal Distribution 21 Temperature 19 .Substrate 22 CHAPTER 5: ESTUARINE LARVAE 23 Introduction 23 Spatial and Temporal Distribution 23 Temperature and Salinity 26 Substrate and Behavior 26 iv Table of Contents CHAPTER 6: ESTUARINE JUVENILES 29 Introduction 29 Spatial and Temporal Distribution.. 29 Temperature, Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen 40 Substrate 45 Behavior 46 CHAPTER 7: OFFSHORE JUVENILES 47 Introduction 47 Spatial and Temporal Distribution 47 Temperature 51 CHAPTER 8: ESTUARINE AND. OFFSHORE ADULTS 53 Introduction 53 Spatial and Temporal Distribution 53 Temperature, Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen 58 Substrate 59 CHAPTER-9: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 61 GLOSSARY 63 APPENDICES Appendix A. Comprehensive. Summer, Flounder Bibliography A-i Author Index A-51 Subject Index A-59 Appendix B. List of Experts B-1 Appendix C. User Groups C-1 List of FigureS-and Tables Figures 2.1 East coas.t of North America location maps showing summer flounder range. 2.2 Cumulative egg distribution and abundance over northern and mid-Atlantic continental shelf. 2.3 Egg abundance'by Month and r6gio n'6ver the'' north and mid-Atlantic continental shelf. 2.4 Monthly larval distribution and abundance'over, the -north and- mid-Atlantic continental shelf. 2.5 Larval abundance by month and region over ther north and mid-Atlantic continental shelf.' 2.6 Transformation stages of summer flounder. 2.7 Locations of summer flounder studies: (A) Great Bay-Little -Egg Harbor, New Jersey; (6) Charleston Harbor, South Carolina; (C) Long Island Sound, New York/Connecticut; and (D) Pamlico-Albemarle sounds, North Carolina.. 2.8 -Cumulative length- and stage:-frequency distributions for transformi ng -larvae in two marsh creeks in Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor. 2.9 Monthly length-frequency distributions for juveniles in Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor. 2.10 Seasonal distribution on the north and mid-Atlantic continental shelf. 2.11 Synopsis of seasonal movements from tagging studies. 5.1 Seasonal variation in abundance of transforming larvae in Little Sheepshead Creek, Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor.. Vi Ficiures and Tables 5.2 Seasonal variation in abundance of -transforming larvae in Schooner Creek, Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor. 6.1 Monthly length-frequency'distri'b'utions for juveniles in four marsh creeks in Charleston Harbor. 6.2 Monthly length-frequency distributions of juveniles and adults in Long Island Sound. 6.3 Monthly distribution and abundance of juveniles and adults in Long Island Sound. 6.4 Seasonal length-frequency distributions for juveniles and adults in Pamlico- Albemarle sounds. 6.5 Monthly length-frequency distributions for juveniles in shallow marsh habitats in Pamlico-Albemarle sounds. 6.6 Seasonal distribution and abundance of juveniles and adults in Pamlico- Albemarle sounds. 6.7 Bimonthly length-frequency distributions for juveniles in Charleston Harbor. 6.8 Juvenile abundance relative to salinity in four marsh creeks in Charleston Harbor. 6.9 Habitat-specific growth of caged juveniles in Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor. 7.1 Seasonal distribution of juveniles on the north and mid-Atlantic continental shelf. 7.2 Sampling locations for two inner continental shelf trawl surveys in the South Atlantic Bight. 7.3 Monthly length-frequency distributions for juveniles and adults on the South Atlantic Bight inner continental shelf. 8.1 Monthly distribution of adults on the north and mid-Atlantic continental shelf from the commercial fishery. 8.2 July length-frequency distribution s of adults in Great Bay from the recreational fishery over a 10-year period. Figures and Tables Vii Table-s, 6.1 Characteristics of marsh, creek habitat. for juveniles in Charleston Harbor. 6.2 Characteristics of marsh creek habitat for juveniles in Chesapeake Bay. Ad Acknowledgments Numerous individuals and agencies contributed their time and/or resources toward the completion of this project. Special thanks go to the following individuals who provided unpublished data sets and base maps used extensively in this synthesis: M. Fahay (National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory) for offshore egg and larval distribution data; T. Azarovitz, G. Shepherd, M. Terceiro and B. O'Gorman (National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory) for offshore adult distribution data; P. Howell and M. Johnson (Connecticut Bureau of Natural Resources - Marine Fisheries) for juvenile and adult distribution and length data; R. Jesien and C. Hocutt (University of Maryland, Horn Point Environmental Laboratory) for tagging data; L. Daniel III (Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences) for habitat data on juveniles in marsh creeks; J. Musick and J. Desfosse (Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences) for tagging data; L. Mercer and J.P. Monaghan Jr. (North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries) for juvenile and adult distribution, length and tagging data; C. Wenner (South Carolina Marine Resources Center) for offshore South Atlantic@ Bight adult distribution and length data and habitat data on juveniles in marsh creeks. The following individuals provided unpublished data that supported our work: A. Burnett and D. Byrne (New Jersey Div ision of Fish, Game and Wildlife); P-Carlsen (American Littoral Society); J. Cagey (Maryland Department of Natural Resources); M. Fonseca (National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory); T. Lynch (Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife); K. McKown (New York Department of Environmental Conservation); S. Michels (Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife); C. Powell (University of Rhode Island); C. Epifanio, K. Malloy and T. Targett (University of Delaware). Our literature search was facilitated by unpublished bibliographies contributed by: T. Azarovitz and R. Rountree (National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory); D. Packer and A. Studholme (National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory); R. Matheson (Florida Division of Natural Resources); J. Monaghan Jr. (North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries). The synthesis benefitted from discussions with and literature received from many individuals, including: J. Burke and D. Peters (National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory); W. Castonguay (Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries); G. Gilm'ore (Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute); T. Hoff (Mid-Atlantic Marine Fisheries Council); D. Hoss (National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory); x Acknowledgements J. Pafford and S. Shipman (Georgia Department of Natural Resources); A. Powell and F. Schwartz (University of North Carolina).. L. Markoff and T. Turrin, Rutgers University, Nelson. Biological Laboratories Computer Lab, provided graphics support. The following Rutgers University Marine Field Station personnel helped prepare the synthesis: E. Bender and E. Duval assisted with data entry and manipulation; A. Tonkin entered bibliographic data; B.r Zlotnik provided,word processing and editorial assistance. We sincerely thank all of the above and apologize to anyone inadvertently omitted. This work was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Ocean@Peogram, and Rutgers University, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences' (IMCS). This i's IMCS Contribution Number 94-14. Executive SumMary The summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus is overexploited, and. is currently at very low levels of abundance. This is reflectedIin the compressed 'age structure of the. population and the low catches in both commercial, and recreational fisheries. Declining habitat quantity and quality,pay,be.-contrO, uting.tothes.e declines,,,h.owe.ver we lack a thorougo understandi,ng of the role of.habitats in the. population dynamics of this species. Stock structure is unresolved and current interpretations, depending on the technique and study area, suggest that there may be two or three spawning populations. If so, these stocks may have differing habitat requirements. In response to this lack of knowledge, this document summarizes and synthesizes the available information on summer flounder habitat in all life history stages (eggs, larvae, juveniles and adults) and identifies areas where further research is needed. Several levels of investigation were conducted in order to produce this document. First, an extensive search for summer flounder habitat information was made, which included both the primary and gray literature as well as unanalyzed data. Second, state and federal fisheries biologists and resource managers in all states within the primary range of summer flounder (Massachusetts to Florida) were interviewed along with a number of fish ecologists and summer flounder experts from the academic and private sectors. Finally, information from all sources was analyzed and synthesized to form a coherent overview. This document first presents an overview of the economic importance and current status of summer flounder (Chapter 1). It then summarizes our present state of knowledge of summer flounder distribution, life history patterns and stock identification (Chapter 2). This is followed by a synopsis of habitat requirements during each life history stage. For convenience, this is presented by general habitat as offshore eggs (Chapter 3), offshore larvae (Chapter 4), estuarine larvae (Chapter 5), estuarine juveniles (Chapter 6), offshore juveniles (Chapter 7) and estuarine and offshore adults (Chapter 8). In several instances, previously undigested data sets are analyzed to provide more detailed information, especially for estuarine juveniles. The information is then discussed in terms of its relevance to resource managers (Chapter 9). A comprehensive bibliography on all aspects of the distribution, biology, and ecology of summer flounder (Appendix A) is provided with both an author index and a subject index for easy reference. This bibliography also serves as the primary reference for X11 Executive Summa!y literature cited in the text. Finally, a list of researchers who are considered experts on summer flounder (Appendix B) and a list of potential user groups of this document (Appendix C) are included. Summer flounder occur in continental shelf and estuarine waters of the western north Atlantic from Nova Scotia (Canada) to Florida (United States). The center of abundance lies in the Middle Atlantic Bight, and due to the extensive fishery and research emphasis, our understanding of'life history patterns is most complete for this portion of the range. In the Middle Atlantic Bight,-temporal and spatial distribution in estuarine and offshore habitats is determined largely by temperature and salinity. Generally, adult summer flounder and older juveniles migrate seasonally in response to temperature changes, spending winters -on the middle and outer continental shelf and summers on the inner continental shelf and in estuaries..' Adults spawn while moving offshore in autumn and early winter. Eggs rise to near surface waters and the newly hatched larvae are planktonic and symmetrical in shape. While over the continental shelf, larvae begin transformation, the process. by which the right eye migrates to the left side of the head. This is accompanied by other morphological and physiological changes as larvae prepare -for settlement. During winter to early spring, transforming larvae move into estuaries where eye migration is com Ipleted and settlement to the bottom marks the beginning .of the juvenile stage. In spring, many fishes that have overwintered on the continental shelf join these juveniles in estuaries. During their summer residencies, juveniles and adults are most abundant in higher - salinity waters of estuaries. As winter approaches, most juveniles move offshore with' adults, however some may overwinter in the deep waters of larger estuarine systems. In the South Atlantic Bight, summer flounder life history patterns have not been as thoroughly studied. In general, adults spawn on the continental shelf in autumn and winter, and transforming larvae enter estuarine nursery habitats in the spring where they settle. However, adults may predominantly use inner continental shelf waters as summer forage grounds rather than estuaries. This synt ,hesis indicates that temperature and dissolved oxygen are the habitat parameters of primary importance to summer flounder. Low winter temperatures are likely a source of natural mortality to transforming larvae as they enter estuaries, especially in the northern portion of their range. Low spring temperatures decrease growth rates for transforming larvae and early juveniles, and by delaying or slowing growth, may make these individuals more vulnerable to predation for longer periods of time, thus reducing survival. The presumed preference for higher salinity explains the greater abundance in the lower portions of estuaries. Low dissolved oxygen on the continental shelf and in estuaries can affect distribution and survivorship. Episodes of hypoxia or anoxia can cause habitat use patterns to change as individuals attempt to migrate away from feeding areas. These movements may concentrate individuals in a small area, making them more susceptible to fishing mortality. If migration is not Executive Summa[y Xiii possible, natural mortality can result, which together with fishing losses can have a significant- impact on local populations. In summary, despite the economic importance of summer flounderin fisheries along., the east coast of the U.S., we still lack a clear understanding.of habitat requirements and, this, is especially true for the.eggs and larvae. We know somewhat more for the. juve niles and adults, although the depth of understanding varies from region. to region. Due to the highly migratory naty.reof this species, summer flounder exploit a variety of habitats from shallow estuaries to the deep. edge of,the continental shelf., However, the habitats that are perhaps the most critical, estuarine nurseries, are the habitats. that are most severely impacted by human activity. As a result, we recommendthat estuarine'jyveniles should be th eJocus.of researchers and resource managers because: 1) juvenile growthand survival in estuarine nurseries may be especially critical to subsequent year-class strength; and 2) estuarine habitats are especially vulnerable to alteration and negative impacts that could.influence habitat quantity and quality. - Habitat-specific data is generally limited. Of those habitats examined, high-salinity subtidal salt Mars h..cree ks and-sha,ilow portions of bays appear to be most important as nurseries, especially -for.the early.j'uvenile stages.. We therefore suggest-that resource managers pay particular attention to these habitats and their maintenance in order to improve the status of su mmer flounder populations.. Chapter I Introduction BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW The summer flounder, (Paralichthys dentatus , an important species in commercial and recreational fisheries on the east coast of the United States, is currently overexploited (Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council 1990, 1991a,b). Since implementation of the summer flounder management plan (Mid-Atlantic -Fishery Management Council 1990, 1991a,b), the status has shown some improvement with about a 70% and 50% increase in commercial and recreational landings, respectively, between 1990 and 1992. However, the total reported commercial landings in 1992 (7,300 metric tons) were only about 40% of the total landings in 1979 when this fishery peaked (17,945 metric tons) and 1992 recreational landings were only about 25% of the 1983 peak for this fishery (Terceiro 1993). In addition, the most recent National Marine Fisheries Service/Northeast Fisheries Science Center fishery-independent groundfish survey indices for spring are about one-fifth of those for the mid-to-late-1970s (Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council 1990, 1991a,b). Along with reduced abundance, the age structure of the population is severely compressed with relatively few individuals older than three years of age (Terceiro 1993). As a result, the spawning individuals are younger, presumably less fecund than older, larger individuals, and have fewer seasons to reproduce before being harvested. Despite the importance of summer flounder, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the population dynamics of this species. For instance, several years of exceptionally poor recruitment throughout much of the range (Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council 1990, 1991a,b) suggest other factors besides fishing pressure affect summer flounder abundance, but these are poorly understood. Two major reasons why the patterns of recruitment are inadequately understood is that our knowledge of young-of-the-year habitats is poor, which may result in extremely variable young-of-the-year assessments. In addition, recent habitat-oriented studies have suggested that low temperatures encountered by juveniles in estuarine nurseries during the winter may impact both survival and subsequent year-class strength (Malloy and Targett 1991; SzedImayer et al. 1992). These kinds of results need to be summarized so that resource managers can effectively protect or enhance important nursery habitats. Thus, the purpose of this document is: 1) to synthesize the available literature (both primary and gray) on habitat parameters and habitat use patterns of all life history stages (egg, larval, juvenile, adult) of summer flounder 2 Introduction throughout its range; 2) to incorporate unpublished data from federal, state and academic institutions into the synthesis; and 3) to provide a complete bibliography for. all aspects of summer flounder biology. SCOPE For purposes of this synthesis, we define habitat as where an animal lives (Odum 1970). We interpret this broadly to include general distribution of all life history stages, as well as movements and selected aspects of the biology, such as those that appear related to habitat use or impacts on-habitats (anthropogenic effeqjs). We have cautiously interpreted prior generalizations, regarding, summer flounder habitat, and are particularly careful not toi,,e;@trapolate' from general statements concerning other closely related flQ..pnders (Paralichthvs.spp.). -Because'pertinent life history i-riformation is frequently lacking; we include-a brief.-sum.mary of our current understanding of the ,salient aspects. . 5iirice@ different. stqcks,or populations may have.-different habitat requirementsior patterns,of habitat use,we.also briefly, summarize what is known about. distribution and -stock @identification., Me, recogpizethat we still lack important. information, about the thabitat of-surnmer flounder.d.uring all life history stages. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA Chapter 2 Distribution and Life History Patterns GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Summer flounder occur in continental shelf and estuarine waters of the western North Atlantic (Fig. 2.1) from Nova Scotia, Canada (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Scott and Scott 1988), to Florida, United States (Ginsburg 1952; Gutherz 1967; Gilbert 1986; Grimes et al. 1989). They are most abundant from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to North Carolina (Grosslein and Azarovitz 1982). In the north, commercial and recreational catches drop in the vicinity of Rhode Island', and occurrence north of Cape Cod Bay is described as extremely rare (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Distribution in the southernmost part of the range is not clear partly because summer flounder are not identified to species in the commercial fisheries, which treat them largely as by--@ catch. Gilmore et al. (1981) list them as abundant in the Indian River Lagoon on the east coast of Florida, and Gilbert (1986) considers them to extend as far south as Sebastian Inlet, Florida. GENERAL LIFE HISTORY Summer flounder reproduce in the fall and perhaps into the winter. Detailed observations of the timing and location of spawning are available only for Georges Bank and the Middle Atlantic Bight (Morse 1981; Able et al. 1990; Fig. 2.1). There are no records of eggs from estuaries, but based on collections of planktonic eggs during the period from 1975 to 1985, spawning occurs during the seasonal offshore migration and is fairly equally distributed over the entire continental shelf (Fig. 2.2). Peak spawning occurs in October and November throughout the'Middle Atlantic Bight and Georges Bank, although December collections are lacking from some areas (Fig. 2.3). Spawning occurs over the continental shelf in the South Atlantic Bight as well, however data are largely lacking in the existing literature (Powles and Stender 1976). The planktonic larvae are reported over the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf but are not very abundant over Georges Bank (Fig. 2.4, 2.5). The earliest spawning and subsequent larval development occurs off eastern Long Island and on Georges Bank as early as September. By October, the larvae are primarily found on the inner continental shelf 4 Distribution Cape NOVA SCOTIA INE ... @Zt 6e EW HAMPSHIRE Cod Bay MASSA- 4C@ . . ........ HUSETTS X: @Co ...... .. ...... RHODE ong Island 6el ...... ISLAND Sound ............ ............. .......... NNECTICUT Long Island NEW YORK nasquan River th NEW JERSEY 7CP, at Say - Little ira Egg Harbor LAWARE elaware Bay MARYLAND 3(f' Cape sapeake Charles VIRGINIA 72@ Bay .......... . Cape lbemarle Henry 3e Sound Pamlico .@F:-X.% Hatteras Sound Cape NORTH 7,01 Lookout CAROLINA 3_ Cape Fear SOUTH CAROLINA Charleston ........ Harbor Y N 3 7 VIC. GEORGIA 0 100 Indian River Lagoon 2e' FLORIDA der; 78P: let UNITED OSUMMER STATES 2e Gulf of FLOUNDER CANADA 8d MeXICO RANGE Figure 2.1. East coast of the United States and Canada with features mentioned in the tex Distribution 5 .44 f6 74 7'2 7'0 ME e% EGGo NH- ................ 42 MA 1`4 2A NY CT R I 40 NJ 40, DE V IOM2 /rectangle, 3.8, 0 V A .01-.25 .26-.50 51-1.0 N > 1.0 7-2 7.0 6.8 7.4 Figure 2.2. Cumulative distribution and mean abundance of summer flounder eggs from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction (MARMI 'AP) offshore surveys during 1977-1984 (Sherman 1980 1986). Monthly to bimonthly plankton samples were collected from Cape Sable to Cape Hatteras (@ig. 2.1) using 61 cm bongd'frames (Sibunka and Silverman 1984; Morse et al. 1987). The 200 m and 1000 m contours are shown. (Figure from Able et al. 1990). 4 j Distribution loo. GEORGESBANK 0-: 100 W L< loo SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND Cn 0 loo LL 0 04 E 100 NEW JERSEY 0- (n 100- U. 0 % loo. DELMARVA PENNINSULA z 0- NS z W 100 100 VIRGINIA CAPES TO CAPE HATTERAS 0-: NS 100 JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV.DiC J@N FiB MAR APR MAY JUN Figure 2.3. Monthly abundance of summer flounder"eggs by region from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction (MARMAP), offshore surveys during 1979-81, 1984, and 1985. Monthly to bimonthly plankton samples were collected from Cape Sable to Cape Hatteras (Fig. 2.1) using 61 cm bongo frames (Sherman 1980, 1986; Sibunka and Silverman 1984; Morse et al. 1987). Southern New England is the offshore region between southeastern Cape Cod and northern coastal New Jersey. Delmarva is the peninsula between Delaware and Chesapeake bays that is part of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. NS no samples. Distribution 7 Z" ill i4l i2 i JER .44 iG i4 i2 iQ 44@ -44 Paralichthys dontatus Paralichthys dentatus 1977 -1987 1977-19B7 Larvae 10 ma Larvae 1,10 mz 0 EE t 42 42- -42 42- 40- 40 40- 40 N N kilometers ters MSNQ 100 0 100 0 38 38 -3B 38 September October 36 5 36 ?4 72 BB 66- 74 @2 ?.o B@B 76 74 72 @0 68 //616 76 74 7 2 70 68' 66 -44 44m -44 4, 44- Paralichthys dentatus ParAchthys dentatus -1987 1977-1987 1977 Larvae / 10 mz Lar"e / 10 Ma 10to 0 A-10 11-100 11-100 42 42 42 ------ 42 40 40 40 40 N N X kJoraeLers kilometers 0 10 0 LOO 38 38 @:' 3B -38 November Oecember j 36 36 35- 7 @4 @2 @0 68 66 ?-76 74 @2 7.0 6.8 Figure 2.4. Monthly distribution and'm;ean abundance of summer flounder larvae from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Marine. Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction (MARMAP) offshore surveys during 1977-1987. Monthly to bimonthly plankton samples ,were collected from Cape Sable to Cape Hatteras (Fig. 2.1) using 61 cm bongo frames (Sibunka and-S,ilverma.n 1984; Morse et al. 1987). The 200 m contour is shown. (Figure by M. P. Fahay, National Marine Fisheries Se.rvice, Sandy Hook, New Jersey). Distribution i2 7,0 il'i 7-6 7-4 7-2 7-a IS8 .44 @6 7'4 1'6 44 -44 @4 1. Paralichthys dentatus Parallchthys dentatus 1977-1987 1977-1987 Larvae / 10 mz Larvae 10 mz 0 0 1 10 4?@ 1-10 11:100 @i 11-100 42 42 42 42 -6- 40 40 40 40 N N ters kiloi ters 0 1 -38 30 -38 P 38 January February -313 36. 35 -36 74 @4 @O @2 50 68- 169 i4 i2 7i10 76 ?4 i2 44- 44 -44 -11 Paralichthys dentatus Paralichthys dentatus 1977-1987 1977-1987 Larvae 10 m2 Larvae 10 m2 0 0 Ed Ej .1-10 42 42 42 42 40 40 40 40 N N kilometers ters a 100 - Lao -36 36 38 -38 a March April 36 36 3B 74 @2 66 78 74 72 70 68 Figure 2.4 (continued). Distribution GEORGESBANK 100. 0- 100. LU SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND U<. cc 100' M Cn 0- Cn LL 100' 0 N E NEW JERSEY 100- W 0 100. LL 0 DELMARVA PENNINSULA M 100 W M 0-: z z < 100- Uj VIRGINIA CAPES 100. TO CAPE HATTERAS 0' NS 100 JUL A6G SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MA'R A@R MA'Y JUN Figure 2.5. Monthly abundance of summer flounder larvae by region from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction (MARMAP), offshore surveys during 1979-81, 1984, and 1985. Monthly to bimonthly plankton samples were collected from Cape Sable to Cape Hatteras (Fig. 2.1) using 61 cm bongo frames (Sherman 1980, 1986; Sibunka and Silverman 1984; Morse et al. 1987). Southern, New England is the offshore region between southeastern Cape Cod and northern coastal New Jersey. Delmarva is the peninsula between Delaware and Chesapeake bays that is part of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. NS no samples. to Distribution betwe 'en Chesapeake Bay and Georges Bank. During November and December, when the larvae are most abundant in ever region, they are fairly evenly distributed i ' y over both the inner and outer portions of the shelf. By January'and February, the remaining larvae are primarily found on the middle and outer portions of the shelf. In April, the re.mai,ning larvae,,,are concentrated off, North Carolina. As the larvae undergo eye migration during transformati .on (Fig. 2.6), they enter estuarine nu rsery areas (Bu rke et al.. 199 1;, Keefe and Able f 993). Based on data f rom the Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuanne,system in southern New Jersey (Fig. 2.7a), this occurs just as the right eye is migrating across the top of the head (transformation stage G th 'rough H+) at sizes of 8 - 16 mm SL [standard length] (Fig. 2.8). They then leave the water@ column and settle to the bottom where they begin to bury in the substrate and complete development to the juvenile stage (Keefe and Able 1994). The morphological transition from larva to juvenile lasts beyond initial settlement, making the distinction between lato;'Iarva and early juvenile somewhat arbitrary. We suggest that .summer flounder be considered juveniles,when they have reach the I stage (Fig. 2.6), when the pectoral fin resembles that of adults, and when the scales are formed. Further, we suggest that those individuals that have not completed ijye migration, pectoral fin and scale formation be'. referred tbas transforming larvae, as Burke (1991) has done. If larvae enter the estuary When water temperatures are low, mortality can occur (SzedIma yer et al. 1992) or transformation and growth can be delayed for weeks (Keefe and Able 1994) until warmer temperatures allow continued. growth and development. The ability to delay transformation may help explain the seeming disparity between a peak of,,,spawning in October and November and the occurrence of transforming larvae in estuaries over a protracted period from -October through April. Recently, settled juveniles can be found, in a variety of habitats, but.by summer many are found in salt Marsh creeks (Szedlmayer'et 'al. 1992; Wenner etal. 1990; Burke et al. 1991; Rountree and Able 1992a,b; Rountree and Able 1993). Growth during the summer'is exceptionally fast, and at least in some estuaries can average 1.9 mm per day (Szedltaye.r et al. 1992). By September or October, the individuals that were spawned the previous fall have reached 230 to 300 mm TL [total length] (Able et al. 1990; SzedImayer et al. 1992; Fig. 2.9). These fast growth rates appear to be common to most estuarine nurseries (Almeida.et al. 1992). At this time and size, many of these juveniles begin to move out of.the estuafries and onto the continental shelf (Able et al. 1990; SzedImayer and Able 1993). The adults -follow a similar pattern (Fig. 2.10, 2.11), migrating in the fall to spawn over the continental shelf. They overwinter near the edge of the shelf -and then migrate back into inner continental shelf and estuarine areas the following spring. 0 U) Cr 0 Pre-transformation F - F . . . . . . . . . . . H - H H + Figure 2.6. Classification of transformation stages for summer flounder based on degree of eye migration (adapted from Keefe and Able 1993). The right and left eyes are bilateral and symmetrical in pre-transformation individuals. At the first.stage of transformation, F -, the eyes are bilateral but asymmetrical with the right eye just dorsal to the left eye. By Stage G, the right eye is visible from the left side of the fish. Stage H - differs from G in that the cornea of the eye is visible from the left side of the fish. At Stage H, the right eye has reached the dorsal midline. By Stage H +, the right eye has reached the left side of the head but has not yet reached its final resting place. At Stage I , the eye is set in the socket and the dorsal canal has closed. 12 Distribution ......................................... .... .... ....... ::...: ............................ EAST: .. ........ .... .......... ........ . . . ...... .. ................ COAST .......... ...... : I A& . ............ UNITED: ............ ...... .......... ... ... .. ..... . .. STATES . .. .... ... . BLOCK ........ .. ISLAND ARSHELDEA M LONG ISLAND SOUND NEW % SOUND ISLAND JERSEY COAST.. E ... ... gg:, .......................... ..... ... . .......... ... ..... ...... Harbor STATW ............ ............ 'Or W bAK :X: ::,X .......... . .. ... .. X.- pshead ............... .@i@@i"Creek ....... NEWYC A . ....... B CONNEC ay @@-":Q,.,RUMFS .............. ... .......... ...... ... .. .. .... EAST: Little .. chooner .. . ... .... ...... Egg TEV: Albernarle Sound ........... .. ... Creek UM .... .. ...... .. st, TES.,:@ X.. .......... .... ......... Inlet Roan ...... ...... oke ............ ............... .... X zi*i ....... island .............. .................. . x, ...... ............... ............. ... ........... .... . ..... .. .. ... --- ...... ...... . ............ .... ... .. . ...... ... ............ .. regon .. ..... ........................ ... . . . ...... . ......% . Inlet NORTH . .. ....... . .#Y OCAROLINAf@@. .......... ..... ........... X. .................. SIM an. NEW: P .......... VW ................................... . .......... :.. . ............ ..... ......... . ................ Outer X . .. ....... ........ Pamiko X": Banks .. ...... . .Absecon Inlet Sound Study East ATLANTIC CrrY ...... WW" . .... . -::@Cape ............................... :X :EAST.:. Bluff Shoal Parntico ........ JU Hatteras COAST ....... Sound UNITM .... ........... ,STATES:: X:: -:-..-.X: :X ........... ............. West x ....... ....................... %.-...., -`Ocracoke Inlet .......... N ...... ........ .. .. ... . .. ...... .. . ....... ............ ................. : :- . 1: ....%%............... ... ........ . .. ..... ... . .. . ...... . ...%. ....... .......... .. ............ .......... ..."Banks ......... .. ......... . ... ........ .. ... .......... SOUTH D i Inlet .. .......... ;:;:N ..... rum C AROLINA X. X X.X. .................. . ............. .... ....... .... . ..... ..... . .................. X. .70-core Sound ............ ............. ......... .... x, ................. ........ ... .... S aund .......... .... .............. . ............ Beaufort 0 10 20 X,X.:.:.X: Cape :,'Ah Inlet B. 90gue rden's .. ........... ....... ... . Lookout k1lorneters .......... . ............ Sound Inlet .......... ............ Figure 2.7. A. Great Bay -Little Egg Harbor .. .. ......... . .... ...... ... .. ...... .......... estuarine system in southern New Jersey with X. . ..... ..... .......... ..... .... h ...... t e location of Rutgers University Marine Field ...... Station (RUMFS) indicated. Study sites ...... ........ ..... referred to in the text are indicated by a circle: ........ ........ ................... ........... ........................ ...... .............. ....... B. Charleston Harbor estuarine system in South .............. ....... ........... . Carolina. Study creeks mentioned in the text are .............. ... . ........ . ............ . .......... ... indicated by circled numbers and are as follows; ......... ... 1) Pita Creek, 2) Lachicotte Creek, 3) Beresford ........ Creek, and 4) Inlet Creek: C. Long Island ........... Charleston Sound system bordered by New York and Harbor@ Connecticut: D. Pamlico-Albemarle sounds estuarine system in North Carolina. N Distribution 13 A. 80- ............ LITTLE ......... . ............ SHEEPSHEAD .. .......... 60- CREEK Cn .. . .......... Nov 1990 - Nov 1991: ............ .... .......... ........... .. ......... . ......... 40- n 400 ..... ..... 0- .......... > 2 z F77771 LL 80- 0 - SCHOONER CREEK M Feb 1990 - Apr 1992 LU 60- n 77 40- z 20- 0 -F= FM Mill ...... I 8-8.9 10-10.9 12-12.9 14-14.9 STANDARD LENGTH (mm) B. 100- LITTLE ............ SHEEPSHEAD 80- CREEK 60- Nov 1990 - Nov ............ .. ........ 1991 40- n 400 20- z .............. W EM 0-- 100- SCHOONER CREEK 80- Feb 1990 - Apr 1992 LL 51 60- 40- 20- 0- G H- H H+ I TRANSFORMATION STAGE Figure 2.8. A. Length-frequency, and, B.. stage-frequency distributions for transforming summer flounder larvae collected durin Rutgers University Marine Field Station ichthyoplankton surveys in two Uat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuarine system marsh creeks (Fig. 2.7A). Sampling was conducted with 1.0 m and 0.5 m plankton nets with I mm mesh. See Fig. 2.6 for transformation stage descriptions. 14 Distribution 30-- NOV-APR 21 - 26 JUL .20-: n 65 n 21 10- 01 30-- 187 27 MAY 2 - 10 AUG n 7 n 106 20": 10- 0- >' 30-- 0 14 - 15 JUN 17 - 25 AUG z n 114 n = 125 20,_: 10__ w LL 0 30-- 28 - 30 JUN 30 AUG - 08 SEP n 38 n = 92 20- 10 01 X, 30-- 11 - 14 JUL 17 - 22 SEP n = 26 n 50 20-- 10- oa JA jj I I I I r-1 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 TOTAL LENGTH (mm) Figure 2.9. Length-frequency distributions for young-of-the-year summer flounder collected during 1988-1989 sampling in the Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuarine system (Fig. 2.7A; adapted from Szedlmayer et al. 1992). Distribution 15 r__4 ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q .. ....... MEAN NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS/ ONE-HALF HOUR TOW 0 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 25 26 to 50 50 + SPRING X AUTUMNL Fig. 2.10. Seasonal distribution and abundance of summer flounder from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) grdundfish survey& for spring (1982-1960) 'and a u-tumn (1981-1990). Sampling was conducted by stratified random design in the Gulf of Maine to Nova Scotia, on Georges Bank, and in the Middle Atlantic Bight (Fig. 2.1) using 0.5 hour tows of a #36 Yankee trawl With a 12.7 mm mesh liner in the codend . The 200 m and 1000 m contours are shown. (Adapted from maps provided by T. Azarovitz and B. O'Gorman, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts). 16 Distribution A? ................ ? AUTUMN SPRING MIGRATION MIGRATION ......... ...... ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ii: i ix@ X -,* . . . . . . . . . . . .:.::.: .. ........ . . .......... ............ . . . . . . . . . = 2.11. Synopsis of results of tagging studies on adult summer r depicting, A. offshore mov'ement from summer feeding grounds and, B. inshore movement from overwintering grounds. *indicates exact overwinter location was unknown; i.e., fish were tagged in an estuary in spring and were recaptured in an estuary the following spring. ? indicates no data available. Data are drawn from the following sources: Westman and Neville 1946); Hamer and Lux (1962); Poole (1962); Murawski (1970a); ScJetl (1984); Mercer et al. (1987); Desfosse et al. (1990); Jesien and Hocutt (1991). Distribution 17 STOCK IDENTIFICATION There have been, and continue to be, a number of attempts to resolve the identity of summer flounder stocks with a variety of techniques. To date, there have been three basic interpretations. First, the results of some studies have suggested that there are two major stocks, one in the Middle Atlantic Bight and another in the South Atlantic Bight. Many of these studies, beginning with Ginsburg (1952), have used meristic and morphometric techniques (Smith and Daiber 1977; Wilk et al. 1980; Fogarty 1981). However, other investigators (R. Jesien and C. Hocutt, pers. comm.) have been concerned with allometric effects on the analyses by both Wilk et al. (1980) and Fogarty (1981) because northern and southern study populations were of different sizes. A second interpretation identifies two Middle Atlantic Bight-based stocks. One stock appears to make a consistent offshore migration in the winter and return to estuaries and inner continental shelf waters in the summer. The second population appears to spend the summer in estuaries and inner continental shelf areas from Virginia to Maryland but overwinters near Cape Hatteras. This latter population has been referred to by some as the trans-Hatteras stock. This inte rpretation can be derived from electrophoretic (Van Housen 1984), meristic and morphometric (Delaney 1986) analyses and tagging studies (Holland 1991). Both of these potential stocks occur in Chesapeake Bay and along the eastern shore of Virginia and perhaps Maryland in the summer (J. Desfosse, J. Musick, R. Jesien, C. Hocutt, pers. comm.). A third interpretation is a combination of the previous two in that it recognizes three stocks, one from the Middle Atlantic Bight, one from the South.Atlantic Bight, and the trans- Hatteras stock. Evidence to support the distinction in local populations north and south of Cape Hatteras is based on the tagging studies by the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries (Mercer et al. 1987; Monaghan 1992). The resolution of these different interpretations will probablynot be immediate, but because of the poor status of summer flounder populations (Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council 1990, 1991a,b), there is considerable focus on this problem. Current emphasis is on tagging studies in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. Whether or not continued study eventually resolves stock identity, two results from the tagging studies are of interest. First, studies in which fish have been tagged in estuarine areas show that there are a large number of returns to the same estuary the subsequent summer (Westman and Neville 1946; Poole 1962; Hamer and Lux 1962; Murawski 1970a; Desfosse et al. 1990; Holland 1991; Jesien and Hocutt 1991; Jesien et al. 1992; Monaghan 1992). Most of these studies are from the Middle Atlantic Bight where these fish presumably overwinter along the edge of the continental shelf or closer to shore in the south. Second, there is a trend for some fish to be found to the north and east of the original capture sites. Chapter 3 Eggs INTRODUCTION Summer flounder eggs are buoyant (Smith 1973a,b), and ascend from the benthic spawning habitat on the continental shelf to upper ocean waters. Their distribution is a useful means of defining general limits of spawning. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION Summer flounder eggs have been collected over adult spawning grounds from inner to outer continental shelf waters as early as September in northern regions (Smith 1973a,b; Able et al. 1990) and as late as January (Able et al. 1990) and February (Smith 1973a,b) in southern regions (Figure 2.2, 2.3). From Georges Bank to Cape Lookout, peak concentrations occur primarily in October and November (Able et al. 1990), however Smith (1973a,b) reported a December peak off Cape Hatteras in 1965. In this region, stratified sampling to 33 m depth collected most eggs in the upper 15 m of the water column (Smith 1973a,b). Information on egg distribution south of Cape Lookout is not available. TEMPERATURE Vertical movement of the eggs from the bottom after spawning may expose them to as much as a 150C change in water temperature, but the available data suggest that they can tolerate such a range. Between Cape Cod and Cape Lookout, eggs were collected in temperatures from 9.1 - 22.90C, with most occurring in water temperatures of 13 - 17.90C (Smith 1973a,b). Laboratory studies have shown that egg incubation time and water temperature are positively correlated between 5 - 210C, and that in this range, normal development and hatching occurred from two to nine days (Smith and Fahay 1970; Smigielski 1975; Johns and Howell 1980; Johns et al. 1981). Further information is available from a study on the potential effects of entrainment in once- through cooling systems of power plants (Smith et al. 1979). Late embryo stage eggs were exposed to sudden increases in temperature (pre-experiment acclimation 160C; experimental shock exposures = 23, 26, 29, 32, and 350C) for time periods ranging from 3 - 180 minutes at each shock level, and survivorship was high. One hundred percent mortality occurred only at 350C for exposure times at and above 90 minutes. Chapter 4 Offshore Larvae INTRODUCTION After hatching over the continental shelf, larvae are planktonic, symmetrical in form, and dependent on their yolk sacs for nutrition. Under usual temperature and salinity conditions, the yolk sac is fully absorbed within four days and feeding begins (Smigielski 1975; Johns et al. 1981). Larval development in the Middle Atlantic Bight occurs during the autumn breakdown of the thermocline and the resultant plankton bloom (Morse 1981). Transformation (Fig. 2.6) begins offshore and may be accompanied by behavioral changes that aid movement into estuaries (Burke 1991) where permanent settlement occurs. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION Offshore larval distribution (Fig. 2.4) is similar to that for eggs (Fig. 2.2). Between Georges Bank and Cape Lookout (Fig. 2.1), larvae have been collected as early as September in the northern regions (off Cape Cod) and as late as May in the south (off North Carolina) (Smith 1973a,b; Smith et'al. 1975; Bolz et al. 1981; Able et al. 1990). Data on larval occurrences south of Cape Lookout are scarce, partly because identification is complicated by thepresence of the larvae of two and sometimes three other species of Paralichthys (Powles and Stender 1976). TEMPERATURE Larvae have been collected over a wide range of water temperatures (0 - 23.10C) between Cape Cod and Cape Lookout, with most occurring at temperatures of 9.0 - 17.90C (Smith 1973a,b). In the laboratory, yolk sac larvae died at temperatures below I 10C, but those held above I 11C developed normally (Johns and Howell 1980; Johns et al. 1981). Studies on the potential effects of power plant cooling systems to summer flounder larvae provide further information. The ability of newly hatched yolk sac larvae to avoid predation was actually enhanced after a +100C thermal shock (base 15. 1 OC; Deacutis 1978), however mortality resulted from shock exposure to 320C (Hoss et al. 1974). 22 Offshore Larvae SUBSTRATE Planktonic larvae may begin making excursions to the bottom before entering estuaries (K.W. Able, unpubl. data). Small numbers of transforming larvae have been collected with a small-mesh beam trawl during autumn 1991 from an inner continental shelf site (15 m depth) off New Jersey. These larvae were in early transformation (pre-transforming to stage H, 11.4 - 15.4 mm SL; Fig. 2.6) and had coloration typical of larvae that occurred in the plankton except some of the melanophores were stellate (expanded), which made them appear more pigmented than normal. We suspect that these larvae had settled on the substrate intermittently on their way into the adjacent, estuary (Fig. 2.8) because larger, later-stage summer flounder larvae were seldom found at this site, even though large numbers of other recently settled flatfishes (Etropus Scophthalmus were often collected (K.W. Able, unpubl. data). There is no evidence that permanent settlement occurs on the continental shelf (Able et al. 1990), although benthic sampling with the appropriate small-mesh gear has been infrequent. Chapter 5 Estuarine Larvae INTRODUCTION Summer flounder larvae entering estuaries are undergoing morphological transformation and are probably changing physiologically as well in order to cope with fluctuations of salinity in the estuary. Movement into the estuary may involve intermittent settling to test the substrate and larvae may take advantage of tidal stream transport prior to permanent settlement in the estuary. Because of the lack of developmental (stage) information in much of the literature, here we refer to all pelagic individuals as larvae and to all benthic individuals that have not achieved sexual maturity as juveniles. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION Summer flounder larvae move from offshore to shallow estuarine habitats to complete transformation and permanently settle (Keefe and Able 1993). In Middle Atlantic Bight estuaries from Long Island Sound to as far south as Chesapeake Bay, movement of larvae into estuaries has been reported to occur from October through April (Merriman and Sclar 1952; Olney 1983; Olney and Boehlert 1988; Able et al. 1990; Szedimayer et al. 1992). The only published report of the larvae in an estuary in summer (Herman 1963) is questionable (Smith 1973a,b; Able et al. 1990). In the Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuarine system (Fig. 2.7a), larvae have been sampled in two marsh creeks near Little Egg Inlet, Little Sheepshead and Schooner creeks, during a five-year period (Figs. 5.1, 5.2). At Little Sheepshead Creek, temporal occurrence of larvae was sporadic within and between years. In the winters of 1989-1990, 1990-1991 and 1992- 1993, most larvae occurred in January through March while few, if any, occurred in the fall. However, in the winter of 1991-1992, they were clearly more abundant in October through January. In Schooner creek, larvae were most abundant during December through March, although fall sampling did not occur in some years (Fig. 5.2). There seems to be some very general correspondence in abundance between these sites with the peaks in February 1990, February 1991, and December 1991 - February 1992 co-occurring at each creek. Earlier sampling (1962-1972) in nearby Manasquan Inlet collected all larvae during October through December (Able et al. 1990). In the South Atlantic Bight, movement into the estuary occurred from January through April with abundance peaks in February. and March in North Carolina and South Carolina (Weinstein 1979; Bozeman and Dean 1980; McGovern 1986; Hettler and Chester 1990; 24 Estuarine Larvae 0.020 1989 0.016 0.012 0.008 0.004 0.000 0.020. 1989-1990 0.016@ co 0.012- E aow. 0.004 0.000 0.020., 1990-1991 Z 0.016- LL 0.012- 0 M 0.008- ILLI 0.004 0.000 Z 0.020. -< 1991-1992 UJI 0.016. 0.012- 0.008- 0.004 0.000 0.020- 1992-1993 0.016. 0.012- 0.008- 0.004 1- 0.000 - 'OCT'NOV DEC 'JAN 'FEB 'MAR 'APR'MAY'TUN Figure 5.1. Catch per unit effort for summer flounder larvae moving into an estuary based on Rutgers University Marine Field Station ichthyoplanKton survey at. Little Sheepshead Creek (Fig. 2.7A) from February 1989 through May 1993. The sampling site is a broad creek that cuts through the salt marsh peninsula between Great Bay and Little Egg Harbor and recieves Atlantic Ocean water on flood tides. Two plankton nets (1 meter diameter hoop, 1 mm mesh) were deployed once a week during the night flood tide for 3 to 5 consecutive 0.5 hour sets. Volume of water strained was determined using flow meters. July, August and September were sampled but are omitted because no summer flounder were collected in these months in any year. Estuarine Larvae 25 0.38' 0.36' 1990 0.08, 0.06 0.04- 0.02 0.00 0.12 0.10 1990-1991 W _j CL 0.08 0.06 0.04 M M 0. 0.02 0.00 W 0.12- > 1991-1992 M 0,10. 0.08 0 0.06 M LU 0.04 M 0.02 0.00*0 0.12- - 0.10. 1992-1993 0.08. 0.06. 0.04 0.02 0,00LO *"An *0 112 S4511-2"3 4 5112 3' NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY Figure 5.2. Catch per unit effort for summer flounder larvae moving into an estuary based on Rutgers University Marine Field Station ichthy6plankton survey at Schooner Creek (Fig. 2.7A) from late-February 1990 through mid-May 1993. The sampling site is a small (1 km) polyhaline marsh creek that terminates in high marsh. A stationary plankton net (0.5 m diameter hoop, 3.0 mm mesh) was fished in the lower main creek continuously (day and night) for 1 to 7, 24 hour periods each week. Data are summarized for 5 sample periods during each month where the first four periods represent 7 days and the fifth period includes the 2 or 3 days remaining in that month. Months not represented were not sampled except for several days in late October 1992 during which time no summer flounder were collected. Unconnected points indicate breaks in sampling. 26 Estuarine Larvae McGovern and Wenner 1990; Warlen and Burke 1990; Burke et al. 1991). The consistency in transformation stages and sizes at which larvae enter Middle Atlantic Bight and South Atlantic Bight estuaries (Burke et al. 1991; Keefe and Able 1993) suggests that transforming larvae develop behaviors that first allow transport into the estuaries from offshore during early stages (Burke 1991) and then, during later stages, aid up-estuary movement to settlement habitats, perhaps by tidal stream transport as for Paralichthys spp. (Weinstein et al. 1980a). This is discussed further below (see Substrate and Behavior). TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY Temperature appears to be the most significant environmental factor controlling duration of transformation and thus, perhaps, timing of larval movement into estuaries. Late-development larvae have been collected in water temperatures ranging from 0 - 130C in Middle Atlantic Bight estuaries. (Olney and Boehlert 1988; Wyanski 1990; Szedlmayer et al. 1992), from 8.4 - 23.40C in South Carolina (McGovern and Wenner 1990) and from 2 - 221C in North Carolina (Williams and Deubler 1968a). Larvae collected in Little Sheepshead Creek (Figs. 2.7, 5.1) typically occurred at temperatures of 0 - 12.OOC. In Schooner Creek (Figs. 2.7, 5.2), larvae were collected at -2.0 - 140C. In the laboratory, however, water temperatures less than 20C killed transforming larvae (Szedlmayer et al. 1992). In another laboratory study of the same population, mortality of mid-transformation larvae held at 40C was significantly greater than those held at 100C (Keefe and Able 1993). Thus, estuarine larvae suffer increased mortality based on both the severity and duration of cold water temperatures. Further, duration of transformation was dependent on ambient water temperatures, ranging from 25 days at average temperatures of ITIC to 93 days at average temperatures of 6.60C. Data for a South Carolina estuary suggest that a milder winter may mean earlier movement into the estuary (Cain and Dean 1976; Bozeman and Dean 1980). Larvae moving into estuaries are reported from a wide range, of salinities. In the two New Jersey marsh creeks (Figs. 5.1, 5.2), larvae occurred at salinities ranging from 20 - 33 ppt. In North Carolina, larvae were collected throughout the estuary at salinities ranging from 0.02 - 35.0 ppt (Williams and Deubler 1968a). In a South Carolina study, larvae occurred from 0 - 24.7 ppt (McGovern and Wenner 1990). SUBSTRATE AND BEHAVIOR The estuarine movements of transforming larvae may be accomplished by vertical migrations between pelagic and benthic habitats (Weinstein et al. 1980a,b). In North Carolina, summer flounder and other species of Paralichthys responded to diel and tidal cycles by migrating to surface waters on night flood tides (Weinstein et al. 1980a). Many others have described increased catches of transforming larvae during night Estuarine Larvae 27 flood tides (Deubler 1958; Williams and Deubler 1968a,b; Olney and Boehlert 1988; Hettler and Chester 1990) and very high catches during new moon periods (Williams and Deubler 1968.a,b; Hettler and Chester 1990). Weinstein et al. (1980a,b) suggested that this behavior allows larvae to enter shallow habitats in marsh creeks and shoals where they are retained by an ebb-tide response of seeking the substrate. More recent behavioral data support these observations and indicate that transforming larvae may test the substrate before permanent settlement. Larvae observed in.the laboratory, in the absence of tidal currents, swam in the water column more often at night (Keefe and Able 1994). These larvae swam with their bodies held vertically, sank with their bodies held horizontally, and were capable of periodically resting on the substrate on their right sides even before completing eye migration (Keefe and Able 1994). Many were capable of partial burial at early stages (stages G to H-, Fig. 2.6), but were not able to bury completely until late transformation (H+). Burke (1991) suggests that these behaviors may begin to develop during transformation offshore. Chapter 6 Estuarine Juveniles INTRODUCTION Permanent settlement and subsequent fast growth of juveniles occurs in estuarine nursery grounds, and recent evaluation of age data has determined that juveniles may become sexually mature as early as the end of their first summers (Able et al. 1990; Szedimayer et al. 1992; Almeida et al. 1992). The temporal occurrence of juveniles in estuaries varies with location. In the northern part of their range, they leave during the winter and return the next spring with the adults. In the southern part of their range, they enter estuaries in the winter and may stay until the following winter. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION The best available information indicates that juveniles occur most frequently in shallow subtidal and intertidal areas in the lower portions of estuaries (Tagatz and Dudley 1961; Keup and Bayless 1964; Dahlberg 1972; Powell and Schwartz 1977), but the habitats may change with increasing size. In the South Atlantic Bight, recently settled individuals (< 25 mm TQ occur on tidal flats and in marsh creeks (Powell and Schwartz 1977; Weinstein and Brooks 1983; Burke et al. 1991). In Charleston Harbor (Fig. 2.7b), recently settled juveniles (< 25 mm TQ occurred in a number of estuarine creeks (Fig. 6.1) in the winter (January/March), which is consistent with the winter occurrence of larvae in this region (McGovern and Wenner 1990; Warlen and Burke 1990). Less is known for the Middle Atlantic Bight. In New Jersey, juveniles less than 50 mm TL are not frequently collected even though larvae are common (Able et al. 1990; SzedImayer et al. 1992; Keefe and Able 1992). The juveniles that have been collected were in many habitats including salt marsh creeks, shallow coves and shallow portions of bays (K.W. Able, unpubl. data). In Virginia, recently settled juveniles have been collected in shallow marsh habitats on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean side of Virginia's eastern shore (Wyanski 1990). Larger juveniles (> 50 mm TL) have been collected in estuaries all along the east coast. This has been documented for New Jersey (Szedlmayer et al. 1992; Rountree and Able 1992a,b), Delaware (Smith and Daiber 1977; Malloy 1990), Maryland (Schwartz 1961a,b), Chesapeake Bay and Virginia's eastern shore (Horwitz 1978; Geer et al. 1990; Bonzek et al. 1991; Wyanski 1991; Bonzek et al. 1992), North Carolina 30 Estuarine Juveniles Creek NOVEMBER APRIL 20 Pita n=O 80 n 143 Lachicotte 40 lo Beresf ord Inlet 01 .0 20 DECEMBER 20 MAY n=O n 31 10 10 C0 _J 01 JANUARY JUNE W n = 25 20 n =87 z LL 10@ 10 0 0 UJ 0 ... ..A FEBRUARY M 160 20 JULY n=246 n=1 80 10 0 80 MARCH 20 AUGUST n = 134 n = 0, 40 10 012 oil 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 10 30 50 70 go 110 30 150 TOTALLENGTH(mm) Figure 6.1. Length -frequency distributions for juvenile summer flounder collected during 1986 (November, December) -1987 from four Charleston Harbor estuarine system marsh creeks (Fig. 2.713) using a rotenone/block net method (Wenner et al. 1990). Ll Estuarine Juveniles 31 (Burke et al. 1991), South Carolina (Wenner et al. 1990) and Georgia (Reichert and van der Veer 1991). Additional details are available from Long Island Sound (Fig. 2.7c) where juveniles and adults, approximately 200 - 400 mm TL (Fig. 6.2), were collected throughout much of the sound (Fig. 6.3). The temporal pattern of estuarine use by these larger juveniles varies with latitude and presumably winter water temperatures. In Long Island Sound, they appear most abundant in spring and fall, and are less abundant in mid-summer (Fig. 6.2, 6.3), when they may have moved into subestuaries of the sound. By late fall/early winter (November), they have moved offshore into the Atlantic Ocean. In Great Bay, young- of-the-year spend the summer in the estuary and begin leaving as early as August (Able et al. 1990; Rountree and Able 1992a; Szedimayer and Able 1992; SzedImayer et al. 1992) and this continues until November or December, when very few individuals remain. In Delaware Bay, most individuals were collected from May through September but a few were taken in every winter month in the deeper parts of the estuary (Smith and Daiber 1977). In Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay, most collections are dominated by young-of-the-year, at least in most years (Horwitz 1978; Geer et al. 1990; Bonzek et al. 1991; Wyanski 1990; Bonzek et al. 1992). These individuals tend to be closer to the ocean in March and are more abundant farther up the bay during the summer and fall. Typically, all juveniles and adults move offshore for the winter (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928; Musick 1972), although this pattern may vary between years. In a warm year (1991) in Chesapeake Bay, some individuals were captured during January while in other years (1989, 1990) they were absent (Horwitz 1978; Geer et al. 1990; Wyanski 1990; Bonzek et al. 1991, 1992). For Pamlico Sound and the adjacent subestuaries in North Carolina (Fig. 2.7d), juveniles are most abundant in the summer but are collected as late as December (Fig. 6.4) and reportedly remain in the estuaries for the first 18 to 20 months of life (Powell and Schwartz 1977). The earliest collections available (March; Fig. 6.4) potentially represent individuals that overwintered. By May, the year class that entered as larvae in the winter (see above) is evident at sizes of 20 - 100 mm TL in shallow beach and marsh fringe habitats (Fig. 6.5). This same cohort is evident in trawl collections from the deeper portions of Pamlico Sound in seasonal collections from June through December (Fig. 6.4). These individuals are most abundant in the central portion of Pamlico Sound and are seldom found in the larger subestuaries (Pamlico and Neuse rivers) in the system, regardless of whether it is a year of relatively large (1987) or small (1990) abundance (Fig. 6.5). A seasonal pattern is evident with low abundance in the spring (March) and winter, and greatest abundance in summer (June and September) (Fig. 6.6). In Charleston Harbor (Fig. 2.7b), larger juveniles are evident in the harbor channels during bimonthly sampling (Fig. 6.7), thus at this latitude, a portion of the population overwinters in the estuary. In Georgia, juveniles have been collected from March through July and are most abundant in April and May (Mahood et al. 1974a,b,c,d); Shipman 1983; Music and Pafford 1984). 32 Estuarine Juveniles 20 1987 1990 n 526 n = 243 16 APRIIL APRIL 12 n = 93@ n 19 8 4 0 20 16 MAY MAY 12 n = 82 n = 41 8 4 0 PL_ A 20 16 JUNEL JUNE 12 n=27 n=7 8 4 0 1 A-1. .... . . U) 20 _J 16 JULY JULY 12 n = 39 n=5 4 z 0 P 11141 UP ... Imp ... 11.1 ... C. oil LL 20 0 16 AUGUST AUGUST cc LLI 12 n 86 n = 66 00 8 2 4 z 0 111111-Al &1 4, 1 IL a 20 16 SEPTEMBER SEPTEMBER 12 n = 70 n = 49 8 4 0 111 111111111 AIJI 18110 1116111 --------- 20 16 OCTOBER OCTOBER 12 n 101 n = 56 8 4 0 1, Id 0- A -1-11 20 16 NOV EMBER NOVEMBER 12 n=28 n=1 8 4 ... 0---.. R z ZZ, 'Z' -p p, IC, lp 5@' 4" 49 4 "N 0 TOTALLENGTH(mm) Figure 6.2. Monthly length-frequency distributions for juvenile and adult summer flounder in Long Island Sound (Fig. 2.7C) during years of high (1987) and low (1990) abundance. Collections were made with 0.5 hour tows of a 14 m otter trawl at, typically, 40 stations that were chosen by stratified random design. Data are based on the finfish surveys of the Connecticut Division of Marine Fisheries (1 990a, 1990 and 1992). A L4 Estuarine Juveniles 33 1987 1990 APRIL ................ 0 -so n 18 6 00 0 0 0 0 so 80 0. 00 0 0 0 0* 0 .. .......... 00 . . . .... . .... ..... .... . ....... . . ......... . .. . ...... ........... ..... ..... .. . .............. .... ........ ...... .................... .... ............................. MAY MAY 0 n 43 .:.,o 0 ....... . ..... . . ...... ... .... ... . . 0 0 ........ . . .... . ............. .... .. . ..... . 0 00:0 00 0 8* go 0 X, 0 ............... . ...... ..... ...................... .......... ............. .............. ..... ....... ....i............. ... . ........ .. . ..... .. ............. ........ . .... .. ... . .... ........ ..... 1 11 11 .......... .. ........ . .................... ..... . .......... . -.......................... .. ... ............ ................ ...... ............... ..... ..... . ...... . ..... ......... ... ........ ......... . . . ............. ....... ...... . .. ............. ... ..... ... ............... .... ..................... .. . .. .......... -- ..... .. 11 .... . ................. .. ... ........ JUNE ..... 60 ............ n=7 n 27 0 0 0 .... O's 0 0 .... 00 0 0 0 0 0 08 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 Oo 0 0 8 0 0 0 ....... .. ..... .. 0 0 .. ....... ... .... ..... ......... ........... ...... .. .... .I,: a 5 .0000 ........ 0 ....... 0 ......... 0 000 0 0 0 so 0 0go O@ 0 0 NUMBER 00 0 0 OF FISH 0 0 ....... SYMBOL I TOW ...... ... ... 0 0 . ... ....... ...........- ... .. -20 Figure 6.3. Distributio n and abundance of juVenile and adult summer flounder in Long Island Sound (Fig. 2.7C) during years of high (1987) and low (1990) abundance. * Collections were made with 0.5 hour tows of a 14 m otter trawl at, typically, 40 stations that were chosen by stratified random design. Data based on the finfish surveys of the Connecticut Division of Marine Fisheries (1 990a, 1990b and 1992). 34 Estuarine Juveniles 1987 1990 ........... FAUGUST 0 000 n=86 0 X- ... X 0 00 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 . ............ . Xx. ...................... ........................ ... .................. ........................ .. ........ . .................. . ......... ...... ........... .......... ... . .... . ...... ........................ SEPTEMBER SEPTEMBER n 70 0 n=49 08 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 988 0 0 0 . . .. ....... .......... ............ ............ ............ ........... .......... .. . ...... 1 11 . ...... . .. ........... ... ... ..................................................... OCTOBER ........ ... 0 OCTOBER 0. n 101 n 53 ... .. ...... I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oleo . ...... . 1 00 0 ......... so 0 0 see 0 000 0 0 . .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . I I . . . I I . . . . I . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . ......... ............. .............. ....... :.x ER @JNOVEMB NOVEMBER .................... . 11 1 n=2 n=l X. 9 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0* 8 ........... 8 000 0 00 9o 0 0 0 0 0 0 NUMBER OF FISH 0 0 0 0 0 0. .0 -X: SYMBOL /TOW 0 ............... ........... @:;:-X.: a -20 Figure 6.3 (continued). M U) 200-, 1987 1990 160-, n 19644 MARCH n 710 MARCH :3 n 139 120", n 23 CD C_ 807 40- CD ION . . . W 208'. ............. CD 160-'. W 120-. JUNE n = 920 JUNE 80- n 152 40. z - 0' ........ ........ LL 200. 0 160- cc 7 SEPTEMBER W 120- n = 470 SEPTEMBER n = 535 80 40 Z 0 A 200 160 120 DECEMBER DECEMBER n=115 NO SAMPLE 80 40 @p @p CP fp 5P A 4 @5- A 's b, @" A,: k\, k, X'@ A,! X" N@ AS: N@ N: AS! A%: XN@ NtK NIb N(b 61 Ib Ib NC@ NII ,Z N 'ZI 00 TOTALLENGTH(mm) Figure 6.4. Length-frequency distributions for juvenile and adult summer flounder in the Pamlico-Albe.marle sounds estuarine system (Fig. 2.7D) during years of high (1987) and low (1990) abundance. A stratified random design was used to choose sites throughout Pamlico Sound, the lower reaches of Albemarle Sound and three subestuaries (Pamlico, Neuse and Pungo rivers) for sampling by 20 minute tows of a Mongoose trawl during four months in 1987 and 3 months in 1990. Data are based on the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries (1987-1991) trawl survey. 36 Estuarine Juveniles 16- 12 E 1987 (n = 185) MAY E2 1990 (n = 80) 1987 n 28 8. , - 19,90 n 15 4 0 16- 12. JUN 8. 1987 n = 75 1990 n = 24 0 ap 16- Cn 12. JUL J 4 8- 1987 n = 27 n 1990 n = 21 In 4. 0 P PAW1 COJIM IN P 1P P . W 14 16-. z 12' AUG 1987 n = 20 0 8- cc - 1990 n = 13 LLI 47 co 0 12L 16- z 12. SEP 8. 1987 n 19 1990 n 1 4. 12. OCT 8. 1987 n 13 1990 n 6 4- . . . . . . . . . . 0 12 P P 0 ON 0 12. NOV 1987 n = 3 8. 1990 NS 4- 0 ... . . . . . . . TOTAL LENGTH MIDPOINT (MM) Figure 6.5. Monthly length-frequency distributions of juvenile summer flounder in shallow beach and marsh fringe habitats in the Pamlico-Albemarle sounds estuarine system (Fig. 2.713) during years of high (1987) and low (1990) abundance. Sampling was conducted from May through November by the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries with 10.5 and 20 m seines. Data from Noble and Monroe (1991). Estuarine Juveniles 37 1987. 1990 ............... MAR MARCH n 23 n 139 00 so . . .......................... .............. . 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 (D 0 0 0 ................... . ....... ... . . ..... . .. .. ... . . ... ... ... . ...... ... .... ... ....... ......... ................ ..... .. ... ....... .......... ..... .. ........ ................. ... . ...... ...... . ................ .. ...... . ..... .... .... 1 11 . . . ......... .. ........ .... . . . . . . . . ...... ....... ... ........ . . . ....... . .. ........ JUNE in 1 195 0 . ............ il n 214 r ih 00 j:j G) ON;, Q) ............. ...... ...... % Q % .......... ......... ........ ... ..........I............... Go NUMBER OF FISH SYMBOL TOW . .. .. ....... .... .. - .. .............. ................ ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 0 0 .................... - ...... . ........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1-5 ....... ... ... . . ..... . -10 ......... .... ..... 6 . . .... -20 .... .. ... Q 21-50 51-100 Figure 6.6. Distribution and abundance of juvenile and adult summer flounder in the Pamlico-Albemarle sounds estuarine system (Fig. 2.7D) during years of high (1987) and low (1990) abundance. A stratified random design was used to choose sites throughout Pamlico Sound, the lower reaches of Albermarle Sound and three subestuaries (Pamlico, Neuse and Pungo rivers) for sampling by 20 minute tows a Mongoose trawl during four months in 1987 and 3 months in 1990. Data are based on the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries (1987-1991) trawl survey. 38 Estuarine Juveniles 1987 1990 ................... .... ...... ... ... SE TEMBER E SEPTEMB R n 504 667 .......... 00 0 ............. G 40 .. ...... ....... S 0 ... ... ......... . P2 0 .... . ...... ..... ......... . @X: X ..:7 . . . . . . . . . . . IL .................. ............. ... . X DECEMBER n=115 . ......... ...... .. . ......... . 0 00 % 0 0 XX. 00 0 0 0@:ii; 0, NUMBER OF FISH SYMBOL TOW 0 0 .......... .... .... ...... 640 11-20 21-50 51-100 Figure 6.6 (continued). ....... .. . . ......... ... ..... ........ ... ... ........ .... . . . ..... . . ....... ................................ Estuarine Juvenil es 39 30 JANUARY 20 n =67 10 30 MARCH 20 n = 136 10- 0.1 W 30 MAY I < 20 n = 161 10 0 AL 0 M 30 W JULY M n = 162 2 20 M z 10 0 30 SEPTEMBER 20 n = 23 10 0 30 NOVEMBER 20 n = 74 10 01 4 12 20 28 TOTAL LENGTH (cm) Figure 6.7. Length-frequency distributions for juvenile summer flounder in channels in the Charleston Harbor. estuarine system (Fig. 2.7B) during 1985-1988. Bimonthly sampling was conducted using 4.9 and 7.6 serniballoon shrimp trawls with 3.2 - 32 mm mesh liners in the codends. Data based on a survey conducted by the South Carolina Marine Resources Center (C. Wenner, pers. comm.) 40 Estuarine Juveniles TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN Estuarine juveniles can be found in a wide range of naturally occurringr physical conditions. Most laboratory and field studies are in agreement regarding the preference for higher salinity, at least at larger sizes. In the winter, collections of recently settled individuals (< 50 cm TL) in the Charleston Harbor estuary (Fig. 2.7b; Table 6.1) occurred at very low as well as high salinities (February - March; Fig. 6.8). However, by May, when most individuals ranged from 20 - 110 mm TL, they were found at higher salinities (> 10 ppt). Thus in this system, as they disperse into the estuary, they may move up into nearly fresh water, but as they grow they are most abundant in the higher salinities that occur lower in the estuaries. In lower Chesapeake Bay, young-of-the-year were common in creeks that had salinities over 15 ppt and were most abundant at the highest salinities but were absent in a creek where values were 3 - 11 ppt (Table 6.2). In North Carolina, young-of-the-year have been found at salinities from 3 - 35 ppt, but were most abundant when salinities were greater than 12 ppt (Powell and Schwartz 1977). In more recent data from Pamlico Sound (Fig. 2.7d), almost all individuals were collected in the sound while few were found in the adjacent lower-salinity subestuaries such as the Pamlico and Neuse rivers (Fig. 6.6). This pattern was similar in years with both high and low abundance. A number of laboratory studies indicate that juveniles grow best in moderate temperatures and higher salinities. For example, feeding rate is positively correlated with temperature but interacts with salinity so that higher salinities result in faster feeding rates (Peters and Kjelson 1975). These studies found that weight gain and salinity were positively correlated between 10 - 30 ppt but reduced at 40 ppt. Other studies (Malloy and Targett 1991) found little effect of salinities (10, 20 and 30 ppt) on feeding rate, assimilation efficiency and growth rate. Studies designed to test the effects of temperature on condition, growth and survival of juveniles from estuaries north (Delaware) and south of Cape Hatteras (North Carolina) indicate that differences in late winter/early spring water temperatures have significant effects on growth (Malloy 1990; Malloy and Targett 1991; Malloy and Targett 1994; Malloy and Targett in press). Southern juveniles generally experience warmer temperatures in the field and showed increased vulnerability (reduced growth and increased mortality) to cold water conditions in the laboratory compared with northern juveniles. Low growth rates have been observed at low temperatures (< 12 - 140C) in the, laboratory (Malloy 1990; Malloy and Targett 1991; Malloy and Targett 1994; Malloy and Targett in press) and have been confirmed in caging experiments in New Jersey (Fig. 6.9). During the autumn, the average growth rate was negligible (-0.6 and 0.01 mm/day). Under these same conditions there was little change in developmental M (n C Table 6.1. Physical characteristics of four marsh creek study sites in the Charleston Harbor estuary (Fig. 6.1) sampled monthly CD for 13 months from June 1986 - August 1987 (Hoffman 1991). Fishes were collected by setting paired block nets upstream C_ c and downstream of the sites, releasing rotenone upstream, and then dip-netting and seining. See Fig. 2.713 for station < locations; 1 = Pita Creek; 2 Lachicotte Creek; 3 = Beresford Creek; 4 = Inlet Creek. (mlw = mean low water.) CD =3 CD (SITE NO.) TEMPER- SALINITY DISSOLVED DEPTH TOTAL NO. U) LOCATION ATURE (Ppt) OXYGEN (M) SUBSTRATE SUMMER (0 C) (PPM) FLOUNDER (1) 35.6 km from 7.6-32 0.8-24.5 4.2-10.2 0.6 - 1.1 at mIw shell hash 50 mouth of Charleston and sand Harbor (2) 30.7 km from 7.3-30.9 7.1-25.2 1.6-11.2 0.7 - 1.8 at mIw sand and shell 133 mouth of Charleston hash with some Harbor mud downstream (3) 20.7 km from 9.6-31.5 13.0-23.7 2.0-11.7 0.4 at mlw mud upstream, 223 mouth of Charleston sand and some Harbor shell downstream (4) 8.3 km NE of 7.2-32.0 27.4-36.2 0.8-10.7 0.7 at mlw shell hash with 201 mouth of Charleston very little mud, 2 Harbor in a creek off small oyster bars the Intracoastal in upper 1/2 part- waterway ially exposed at low tide 42 Estuarine Juveniles 80 Creek JANUARY 60 M Pita n=18 40 Lachicotte Beresford 20 ED Inlet W 80 .7, FEBRUARY 60 n = 246 40 20 0 80 MARCH 60 n = 134 40 20 0 80 APRIL z 60 n = 143 U- 40 0 CC 20 LU 80" MAY z 7 W n = 31 40' 20' 0 80 JUNE 60 n=6 40 20 0' 80 JULY 60 n=1 40 20 01 1!9-03 N9 @'- "\. Qr tr V fp lt@ 9@1 SALINITY (ppt) Figure 6.8. Abundance of juvenile summer flounder ,relative to salinity in four Charleston Harbor estuarine system marsh creeks (Fig. 2.713) collected by a rotenone / block net method during 1987 by the South Carolina Marine Resources Center. Data based on Wenner et al. (1990). M Table 6.2. Physical characteristics of four marsh creek study sites in lower Chesapeake Bay and the ocean side of the eastern shore of Virginia (Fig. 2.1) sampled monthly from June - November in 1989 and May - November in 1990 (Daniel in prep). Fishes were collected by setting paired block nets upstream and downstream of the sites, releasing rotenone upstream, and CD C_ then dip-netting and seining. C: MEAN CD (SITE NO.) TEMPER- SALNITY LOW TOTAL NO. =3 ATURE SUBSTRATE VEGETATION SUMMER CD LOCATION (Ppt) WATER CA (0 C) (m) FLOUNDER (1) small tributary 15-31 3-11 0.3-0.5 shell hash and off Spartina 0 of the Poropotank River; very muddy marsh, some -3.1-6.1 m wide, -30.5 m Juncus long (2) in Goodwin Islands 16-30 15-24 0.9 hard-packed mud off Sp-artina 26 at mouth of York River; and shell hash in marsh; Spartina -9.1 rn wide, -30.5 rn long center, very island in muddy sides center (3) creek off main channel entering town of Wach- 15-30 26-29 0.8-0.9 shell hash in cen- none 59 apreague; -6.1 m wide, (hole= ter and steep -30.5 m long 1.1-1.2) muddy sides (4) behind Parramore Island, close to mouth of Little Machipongo 17-28 28-33 0.15-0.2 sandy mud off Spartina 68 Inlet; -6.1 m wide, -30.5 (hole=1.2) marsh m long 44 Estuarine Juveniles 12- n 17 -::- n =7 SPRING (MAY-JUNE) 10 n 13 ......... ...... 8- . ... . ... .......... ... .. n 23 F771 -:X-X:X- 6- ......... Cl) n =22 E @:X::.X ........ ....... .... ... ........ ... E 4- n'= ....... ... .... ..... ........ ......... rr77M ......... ..... ... 2- . ..... ....... .... ...... 0 z ....... LU 0 ....... . _J TRIAL I TRIA 11 TRI I TRI@L 11 TRIAL I TRIAL 11 12- UJ (0 HABITAT 4 10- LU VEGETATED W 0 8- AUTUMN EELGRASS z SEA LETTUCE (NOVEMBER- z DECEMBER) UNVEGETATED -4 6- MUD UJ 4- n 4 2- n 3 n 6 loom X: X ...... n=20 n=18 ........ no data 0- TRIAL I TRIAL 11 TRIAL I TRIAL 11 TRI'AL I TRIAL 11 MARSH ELDER LITTLE BAY SCHOONER ISLAND CREEK STATION Figure 6.9. Habitat-specific growth of juvenile summer flounder held in cages (6 mm mesh) at three sites in the Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuarine system (Fig. 2.7A) during spring and autumn 1991. Two trials of 10 - 11 days duration were conducted at each station during each season. For each trial, four cages containing juvenile summer flounder (n = number of individuals used in each trial) of 12 - 41 mm SL were deployed: two on vegetated substrate (eelgrass = Zostera marina; sea lettuce = Ulva lactuca) and two on adjacent unvegetated substrate (mud). Adapted from Keefe and Able (1992). Estuarine Juveniles 45 stage as had been observed in laboratory experiments (Keefe and Able 1994). At temperatures below 2 - 30C, significant mortality has been reported in laboratory experiments (Malloy 1990; Malloy and Targett 1991; SzedImayer et al. 1992; Malloy and Targett 1994; Malloy and Targett in press) and this may be an important source of mortality affecting subsequent year-class strength. The impact of low temperatures may vary between Years depending on the severity of winter. During spring and summer, growth rates have varied from approximately 0.5 - > 1.0 mm/day for recently settled individuals (Keefe and'Able 1992) to a range of 1.5 - 1.9 mm/day for young-of- the-year juveniles (SzedImAyer et al. 1992; Rountree and Able 1992a). Estuarine juveniles with ultrasonic tags that were tracked for 1 - 33 days in Schooner Creek in Great Bay (Fig. 2.7a) were observed over a wide range of temperatures (16.0 - 28.OOC), salinities (22 - 35 ppt) and oxygen levels (2.4 - 8.9 ppm), but they generally stayed within narrow limits for these parameters (Szedlmayer and Able 1993). The mean values for each fish were much more restricted for temperature (22.3 - 24.90C), salinity (27 - 31 ppt) and dissolved oxygen (5.9 - 6.8 ppm). SUBSTRATE Recently settled individuals have been collected in estuaries on the eastern shore of Virginia in depths typically less than 2 m where the substrate was composed of more than 50% very fine sand, silt and clay (Wyanski 1990). In North Carolina estuaries, similar-sized individuals were abundant in shallow (< 1 m) areas but were also found in slightly deeper areas (1.5 - 3 m). They were most abundant over sandy substrates (Burke et al. 1991). In laboratory experiments with the same population, juveniles (14.7 mm � 1.2 mm SL) preferred sand substrate (< 5111o silt-clay) over mud substrate (> 95% silt-clay) regardless of availability of prey (Burke 1991). This same preference for sand was observed for similar stages in the laboratory for a New Jersey population (Keefe and Able 1992). In marsh creeks in Charleston Harbor (Fig. 2.7b), similar-sized individuals were abundant over substrates that ranged from mud to sand and shell hash with occasional oyster bars (Table 6.1). Larger young-of-the-year in North Carolina have been most abundantly collected where sand sediments or a transition from fine sand to silt and clay occurred and less abundantly where silt and clay predominated (Turner and Johnson 1973; Powell and Schwartz 1977). They also occurred abundantly in marsh creeks with soft mud bottoms and some shell hash in southern New Jersey (Szedlmayer et al. 1992; Rountree and Able 1992a), Virginia (Table 6.2) and South Carolina (Table 6.1). In Virginia, these larger individuals occurred over shallow sand, deep sand and deep fine sediments (Wyanski 1990) as well as in eelgrass beds (Orth and Heck 1980; Lascara 1981; Weinstein and Brooks 1983). Habitat quality, as measured by relative growth, was evaluated with caging experiments in Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor (Fig. 2.7a; Fig. 6.9). Growth of recently 46 Estuarine Juveniles settled and small juveniles (17 - 41 mm SQ based on caging experiments was variable in spring (range 0.18 - 0.89 mm/day). Growth did not appear to be strictly related to the habitats tested (eelgrass and adjacent unvegetated substrate, sea lettuce and adjacent unvegetated substrate and marsh creek). The fastest growth occurred in shallow bays and marsh creeks. BEHAVIOR Tagging studies in Long Island (Poole 1962), New Jersey (Hamer and Lux 1962; Murawski 1970a) and Maryland (Jesien et al. 1992) estuaries indicate that a large proportion of juveniles tagged in estuaries in the summer return to the same system during the following summer. Diel movements of estuarine juveniles have been studied- in two habitat types, marsh creeks and eelgrass habitats, and in the laboratory with sand and mud substrates. In the laboratory, recently settled juveniles exhibited a diel pattern of burying behavior that was influenced by several other variables as well, including substrate type, water temperature, tide and the presence and type of predator (fish or shrimp; Keefe and Able 1994). These individuals buried more during the day, especially at the time of high tide. In Great Bay,- ultrasonically tagged individuals followed a regular diel cycle of movements in the 1-km-long Schooner Creek (Fig 2.7a; SzedImayer and Able 1993). These young-of-the-year individuals (210 - 254 mm TQ.spent most of the time at the mouth of the creek during the July-September study period. Movements up the creek typically occurred on night flood tides followed by a return down the creek on the following ebb tide. These tide-mediated movements.were for feeding on resident marsh creek fishes and crustaceans (Rountree and Able 1992a) and may have been influenced by low dissolved oxygen conditions in the upper portion of the creek, especially on night low, tides (Szedlmayer and Able 1993). In North Carolina, some individuals move onto the surface of regularly flooded salt marshes during flood tides (Hettler 1989). In both field observations in Chesapeake Bay and laboratory experiments (Lascara .1981), juveniles fed in and at the edge of patchy seagrasses (Zostera marina and Ruppia maritima) while displaying an ambush predator strategy. In these habitats most feeding occurred in the-morning. Seasonal movements of larger juveniles from estuaries occur, as temperatures are dropping -in aut'umn but this pattern may vary with latitude, water depth of the estuary and temperature. - In-Great Bay (Fig. 2.7a), juveniles migrated out of marsh systems in the late summer and early fall. In one, instance, a single individual was tracked from Schooner creek, through Little Egg Inlet and into the ocean, a distance of about 1.5 km (Szedlmayer and Able 1993). In North Carolina, it has been assumed that juveniles overwinter in the estuaries (Powell and Schwartz 1977). However movement offshore, especially of larger individuals, may occur in late summer (A. Powell, pers. comm.), which may account for the smaller sizes reported for young-of-the-year at the end of the year (Powell 1982) relative to more northern populations. A similar migration offshore with increasing size has also been suggested for Georgia populations (Music and Pafford 1984). Chapter 7 Offshore Juveniles INTRODUCTION Juveniles join adults in an offshore migration, but details are lacking. Some juveniles that spend the first summer in estuaries move onto the continental shelf as temperatures decline in the fall or as they reach larger sizes. After overwintering on the shelf, many move back into estuaries for the second summer. Details of their habitats and other aspects of the biology are not we I I-known, because they are not frequently differentiated from adults. For purposes of this treatment, offshore juveniles are less than 320 mm in the fall, winter and spring. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION Juveniles appear to make seasonal migrations similar to those of the adults. They leave the estuaries during the summer- or early autumn throughout much of their range. In the Middle Atlantic Bight, young-of-the-year have been found exclusively on the inner continental shelf in fall surveys (Able et al. 1990) and this pattern was evident in more recent surveys as well (Fig. 7.1). In the northern Middle Atlantic Bight, most collections were very close to shore while farther south they were found farther out on the shelf. In the winter, this year class was distributed off the middle and outer continental shelf. from Long Island to Cape Hatteras. By spring.. portions of this same year class were still found near the edge of the continental shelf but some individuals had already moved back inshore. In the South Atlantic Bight (Fig. 7.2), the pattern of movement from the estuaries onto the continental shelf may differ in timing. South Atlantic Bight trawl surveys in depths of less than 10 m (Beatty et al. 1989; Wenner and Sedberry 1989) indicate that small juveniles (100 - 200 mm TL) could be found as early as June and that their numbers increased through July and August, when the-modal size was approximately 200 mm TL. They were especially abundant at sample locations adjacent to major inlets (Beatty et al. 1989; Fig. 7.3). By September through November they were collected 48 Offshore Juveniles .............. I*K1 a AUTUMN 1991 age = 0 n 178 WINTER 1992 age n 627 W. .......... SPRING 1992 age= 1 n = 98 Figure 7.1. Distribution of summer flounder juveniles (< 320 mm TL; 0 - 1 year of age) from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) groundfish surveys for A. autumn, B. winter, and C. spring, 1991 - 1992. Sampling was conducted by stratified random design in the Gulf of Maine to Nova Scotia, on Georges Bank, and in the Middle Atlantic Bight (Fig. 2.1 using 0.5 hour tows of a #36 Yankee trawl with a 12.7 mm mesh liner in the coden . Re 1000 m contour is shown. Collections where no juveniles were caught are omitted. (Adapted from maps provided by G. % Shepherd, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts). Offshore,Juveniles 40 ..........C Hatteras ape Pamlico Sound ..... . ...... ape Lookout Bogue Inlet River ape Fear Fear River Lockwood Folly Inlet ............... ...... .................. Bay North of Charleston Harbor (index station). .... .. .... .. ...... arl ton Harbor ......... Inlet SAMPLING AREA elena Sound E Wenner & ort Royal Sound Sedberry ..,.Savannah River @7. ORGIA Beatty, ... Itamaha Sound Webster & 0 100 Wenner 1989 Andrews Sound h s River WSt Andrews Sound Inlet .......... Cape C naveral River ......... agoon Figure 7.2. A. South Atlantic Bight (region between Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and Cape Canaveral, Florida) with major capes, bays and rivers indicated, and B. sample areas for two South Atlantic Bight inner continental shelf (< 10 m) trawl surveys. Wenner and Sedberry (1989) sampled at randomly chosen sites within each stratum during 1980, 1981 and 1982. Beatty et al. (1989) sampledfour inlet locations and an index station during 1987 and 1988. Three sites were sampled at each location; a within inlet site, a beach site and an off-beach site. a 50 Offshore Juveniles 50 EA. RAND M STATIONS 40 1:113. FIXED INLET JANUARY JULY STATIONS n = 177 n = 302 30 (NO SAMPLING 20 FOR STUDY B) . 10 0 pip ..... so. 40- FEBRUARY. AUGUST (NO SAMPLING n = 554 30@ FOR EITHER STUDY A OR B) 20. 10. 0 50. SEPTEMBER (n 40. MARCH (NO SAMPLING n = 282 30- FOR EITHER STUDY A OR 8) 20. 10' LL 0 50. cc 40- APRIL n = 185 OCTOBER M 30. (NO SAMPLING n = 280 FOR STUDY 8) 20- z 10. n 0 ........ 50 40 MAY NOVEMBER n = 253 n 305 30 20 10 0 50. 40. JUNE DECEMBER n= n = 22 30. 106 (NO SAMPLING FOR 20. STUDY A: FEW STUDY B SAMPLES) 10- 0 ......... 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 TOTAL LENGTH (cm) Figure 7.3. Monthly length-frequency distributions for juvenile and adult summer flounder from two trawl surveys conducted in nearshore waters (< 10 m) on the South Atlantic Bight inner continental shelf (Fig. 7.2): A. random stations sampled between Cape Fear and Cape Canaveral during 1980 - 1982 (Wenner and Sedberry 1989), and B. fixed stations sampled outside four major inlets between Cape Fear and Georgia during 1987 - 1988 (Beatty, Webster and Wenner 1989). Offshore Juveniles 51 both near the shore and at inlets. During the winter, sampling was less frequent in both these programs, but juveniles were abundant near the shore in January. This same year class is well represented at these areas in April and May throUgh July and August, which indicates that a portion spend the summer on the shallow inner continental shelf. TEMPERATURE In the Middle Atlantic,Bight -collections during 1970-1979, juveniles were most abundant at bottom temperatures greater than 159C (Sissenwine et al. 1979), but nothing else is known primarily because juveniles and*adults are not differentiated. Chapter 8 Estuarine and Offshore Adults INTRODUCTION The adult life history stage of summer flounder begins when individuals reach sexual maturity. Based on aging and maturation studies (Poole 1961; Eldridge 1962; Smith 1969; Powell 1974; Smith and Daiber 1977; Morse 1981; Smith et al. 1981; Gillikin and Holland unpublished), the majority become sexually mature at sizes as small as 240 - 270 mm TL for males and 300 - 350 mm TL for females (Morse 1981). The habitats occupied by adults are largely determined by their extensive migratory patterns (Figs. 2.10, 2.11). Details of their seasonal distribution are limited to large-scale trawl surveys. These have been more intensive and extensive in the Middle Atlantic Bight than in the South Atlantic Bight and this is reflected in the following account in which we combine the treatment of adults in estuarine and continental shelf habitats. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION In the Middle Atlantic Bight and northern South Atlantic Bight, adults overwinter on the outer continental shelf (70 - 155 m depth; Grosslein and Azarovitz 1982), migrate inshore to shallow inner continental shelf and estuarine waters in spring, and begin offshore migration back to the outer continental shelf in autumn (Figs. 2.10, 2.11; Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928; Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Grosslein and Bowman 1973; Smith 1973a,b; Rogers and Van Den Avyle 1983; Able et al. 1990) or as early as August in some cases (Schwartz 1961a,b). Gonad maturation may begin as early as late-summer in Middle Atlantic Bight estuaries (Schwartz 1961a,b; Smith 1969; Smith and Daiber 1977), and spawning occurs during offshore migration (Eldridge 1962; Smith 1973a,b; Murawski and Festa 1976; Able et al. 1990). There is some evidence to suggest that the largest, older individuals eventually remain over the continental shelf all year (Festa 1977). However due to current fishing pressure, the majority of adults are only three years of age or younger (Terceiro 1993), and those individuals largely utilize estuarine and inner continental shelf waters in summer. The seasonal patterns of distribution and abundance of adults in the Middle Atlantic Bight are largely reflected in the pattern of catches from the commercial fishery (Fig. 8.1), although these must be cautiously interpreted because the patterns may reflect the fisher's behavior rather than that of summer flounder. In January-March when water temperatures are coldest, they are clearly most abundant at the edge of the X ...................... -0- 14 .............. ............. ............. ++.+ + . .............. ::::@: ...... +++ + + + + + NN 4l' METRIC TONS + 0-10 + 10.0-20 +! + >20 JANUARY FEBRUARY M +++ + + + ++. + Z 11@ + + Aj + ........... ++ APRIL MAY Figure 8.1. Average annual landings (metric tons per ten minutes square of latitude and longitude) of summer flounder captured in t States commercial fishery during 1987-1989 from the Gulf of Maine to off Cape Hatteras (Fig. 2. 1) by month. The 200 m conto h V/* eN \0 ... .... ... . . .. .. .. . . .......... ... .... . . . . ....... .. . . . ... . . .. .... .... . . . .. .. ... . . .... ... ............. ............. . . ....... ... . . ... .. I (Adapted from maps provided by G. Shepherd, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts.) . .......... ++ + + + + ".4 ........... .............. . ........ . ..... .. . ......... ... .. .. .. . ...... . . ......... S% METRIC @Q@NS +0_1 + 10.0 + >20 JULY AUGUST, SEPI .. ........... -++ + ++.++ + ++.4j:!j@++++ + + + + .... ....... ++ + + ++++4@. . . .... ....... 4. + + 4+ + + + A. + 4j OCTOBER NOVEMBER DE Figure 8.1 (continued). 56 Adults continental shelf from the westernmost edge of Georges Bank to just south of Chesapeake Bay. By April, some catches are reported in shallower waters from off Long Island, the south shore of Massachusetts and on to Georges Bank. By May, this pattern is more pronounced with catches from inner continental shelf waters from Georges Bank south to Maryland. At this time there are much lower catches at the edge of the shelf. Catches decline on the shelf through June and July, but they begin to increase in August through September. By August, the first reports of catches north of Cape Cod occur and these continue through December. Most of the increased catches occur off southern Massachusetts and in the vicinity of Delaware Bay. By October, this trend continues while spreading over most of the Middle Atlantic Bight. In November, catches increase on the middle portions of the shelf, but none are reported from Georges Bank. By December, catches at the edge of the shelf have increased and the pattern begins to resemble that for January. This pattern is supported by the fishery independent data from the long time series of trawl surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service in the Middle Atlantic Bight (Fig. 2.10). During the spring survey (February - March) they were most abundant at the edge of the shelf from Georges Bank south to the North Carolina - Virginia border. This center of abundance is typically in depths of 70 - 150 rn (Azarovitz and Grosslein 1987). At the same time, smaller numbers were collected over middle to inner shelf waters. More fish were collected in inner shelf waters from Delaware Bay and south to Cape Hatteras. In autumn (September - November), fish were most abundant from Nantucket Shoals and shallower waters from Long Island to the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Small collections were also made on the mid-shelf portions of Georges Bank. Earlier studies, based on trawl surveys prior to 1979 (Sissenwine et al. 1979), demonstrated a similar pattern with individuals widely distributed over the continental shelf in depths from 0 - 360 m during the spring. During summer and autumn, they occurred primarily in depths less than 100 m but in winter they were not found in water shallower than 70 m. The occurrence of adults in estuaries in the Middle Atlantic Bight corresponds in time with their inshore movements on the continental shelf. This is evident from several systems. In Long Island Sound, individuals that are presumably age 1+ and older (Fig. 6.2) are present in April and May collections, become less abundant in June and July, and more abundant in August through October (Fig. 6.3). Fewer individuals are present in November, presumably because of the migration offshore. These are distributed throughout Long Island Sound although they are most abundant in the central portion. In Great Bay (Fig. 2.7a), based on an extensive creel survey from 1967 to 1976, adults (> 320 mm TL) are well represented in the catches, particularly from 1967 to 1972. Subsequently, the average size of fish landed was smaller during 1975 to 1976 (Fig. 8.2). In Maryland, adults are present in the estuary as early as April and through the summer (Jesien and Hocutt 1991). On the eastern shore of Virginia they occur from April - November (Richards and Castagna 1970). In Pamlico Sound Adults 57 100- 100-1 80. 1967 80- 1972 60-. 60. ' 40- 40. 20. 20' 0 0 " loo, 2007 80@ 1968 60- 100. Cn 40. 20 0 O@ loo- 200- > 1969 1974 80- 60. LL 100 0 40. Ix 20. Uj 0 ..... 0 ...... loo- 400 1970 1975 z 80- 60 -@ 200 40- 20 0 0 100- 100- 80- 1971 80. 1976 60. 60. 40-. 40- 20 20 -@ 0 0. LO C) LO C) LO C) LO C) CO LO Co U") 0 LO CI Lo CD Co C\I Co Co It 'IT L0 Lr) CO(C N Co Co I- 't LO LO 1@0 Co Al Al TOTAL LENGTH (cm) Figure 8.2. Length-frequency distributions of summer flounder in Great Bay (Fig. 23A) from the recreational fishery. creel survey conducted by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy for the month of July over a ten year period (Murawski and Festa 1979). Ali 58 Adults (Fig. 2.7d), adults are notable by their absence (Fig. 6.7) and a similar situation also occurs in South Carolina (Wenner et al. 1990; Fig. 6.10) and Georgia (Dahlberg 1972; Music and Pafford 1984). Information on offshore adults in the southern South Atlantic Bight is limited in part because summer flounder are not a major component of the commercial fisheries and also because the various species of Paralichthys are not differentiated. There are only a few adults (> 300 mm TL) captured during any month in South Atlantic Bight trawl survey programs on the inner continental shelf (< 11 m; Beatty et al. 1989; Wenner and Sedberry 1989). Prior surveys have captured few adults as well (Struhsaker 1969). Adults have been reported on ocean beaches and artificial reef habitats in spring and summer in Georgia and Florida (Miller and Jorgenson 1969; Gilmore et al. 1981) and on the outer continental shelf in the winter (Pearson 1932). TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND OXYGEN Seasonal fluctuations in water temperature may be one of the primary factors controlling the timing of spring and winter migrations and spawning for summer flounder adults (Nesbit and Neville 1935; Ginsburg 1952; Edwards 1964). Spawning adults are found primarily in bottom water temperatures of 12 - 190C (Smith 1973a,b; Festa 1974b) on the continental shelf habitat from Cape Cod to Cape Lookout. The cold bottom water present in the Middle Atlantic Bight in early autumn may limit the seaward extent of migration (Smith 1973a,b), and thus spawning habitat, during part of this time. In southern South Atlantic Bight waters, high temperatures may explain the absence of adults in estuarine habitats during spring and summer when young-of- the-year are present. Most adults occur in the high-salinity (> 28 ppt) portions of estuaries (Richards and Castagna 1970; Powell and Schwartz 1977; Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council 1990; 199ta,b; Burke 1991; Hoffman 1991; Noble and Monroe 1991; SzedImayer et al. 1992). Summer flounder oxygen requirements have not been well studied, however some reports indicate that episodes of hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen, -< 3 ppm) or anoxia (absence of dissolved oxygen, 0 ppm) may be a common feature of the offshore habitat and may significantly impact local distribution and survival. One of the best- studied episodes of hypoxia to affect summer flounder occurred on the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf off New Jersey in midsummer to late-autumn 1976 (Swanson and Sinderman 1979). Reports of dramatically increased catch rates of adults in the ocean beach and estuarine recreational fishery indicate that these fishes were avoiding hypoxic areas offshore by moving into Great Bay (Murawski and Festa 1977). During this event, summer flounder were caught only in ocean areas free of hypoxic water, and divers observed dead adults on the ocean floor (Freeman and Turner 1977). Adult summer flounder were also reported among the victims of a fish kill washed onto Jones Beach, New York, in September 1951 during a period of offshore Adults 59 hypoxia similar to the 1976 episode (Perlmutter 1959). Other fish kills reported for 1968, 1971 and 1974 suggest that mortality due to hypoxia is not uncommon (Freeman and Turner 1977)., SUBSTRATE Adult summer flounder are typically. described as preferring hard, sandy substrate in which they can easily bury (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Schwartz 1964;.$mith 1969). During their stay in Middle Atlantic and northern South Atlantic estuaries, however, adults exploit a broad range of lower and mid-estuary, habitats including salt marsh creeks (Dahlberg 1972; Rountree and Able 1992a) and seagrass beds (Bigelow and Schroede'r 1953; Orth and Heck 1980), which frequently have muddy or silty substrates, as well as sand flats (Dahlberg 1972; Gilmore et al. 1981). Adults with normal pigment can take on camouflaging patterns that resemble nearly any bottom substrate (Mast 1916). Chapter 9 Implications for Resource Managers Despite the importance of summer flounder to commercial and recreational fisheries, we lack a clear understanding of habitat requirements for all life history stages, particularly for the eggs and larvae. For instance, we know nothing about the role of transport processes on the behavior that influences the movement of transforming larvae into estuaries. We know somewhat more for the juveniles and adults, although the degree of understanding varies from region to region and is made more difficult because this species is highly migratory. In general, our understanding of habitat requirements for most life history stages is better for Middle Atlantic Bight than for South Atlantic Bight populations. Of those habitat parameters for which information is available, it appears that temperature and dissolved oxygen have the strongest influence on habitat use and quality. Temperature affects the seasonal occurrence in estuarine habitats especially in autumn when declining water temperatures result in offshore migration. This is evident in the Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic bights where the difference in seasonal temperatures in estuaries is great. In the former, most individuals leave the estuary for the winter; in the latter, some portion of the population overwinters in the estuary. This pattern may vary with the severity of the winter. Naturally varying temperatures may also influence survival during the first year and thus impact subsequent year-class strength. Low temperatures (2 - 30C) cause mortality in transforming larvae and small juveniles. As a result, long and cold winters may cause increased mortality, especially in the northern portion of the range. Low temperatures also cause reduced growth and potentially increased predation rates because transforming larvae and juveniles may remain at smaller, more vulnerable sizes for longer periods. Dissolved oxygen influences habitat-use patterns during episodes of hypoxia < 3 ppm) or anoxia (0 ppm). During the 1976 hypoxia/anoxia event off New Jersey, migration away from this stress caused fish to concentrate in nearby estuaries and resulted in increased fishing mortality. If migration is not possible, natural mortality can result with subsequent loss of a significant portion of the local population. It is clear that estuaries are critical nursery areas throughout the range. High salinity, subtidal salt marsh creeks are the most important estuarine habitats because they 62 Implications provide optimal conditions for growth of juveniles, especially during the spring and early summer of the first year. Natural or anthropogenic impacts on these creeks (ditching, bulkheading, etc.) probably reduce the quantity and quality of summer flounder nursery habitat and eventually reduce the growth and survival 'of populations anywhere this occurs. The same may be said@ of high-salinity- bays because these habitats are also used by older,juveniles and adults during the summer growing season. In the future, habitat research should focus on the transforming larvae and early juveniles because there is increasing evidence that year-class strength may be determined at this time. In addition, the fact that summer flounder are estuarine- dependent is critical because estuaries are the most likely to be affected by present and future human activities. This is especially relevant given the. increasing human Population levels expected on estuarine shores throughout the range of summer flounder. Resource managers who can influen,ce habitat decisions should begin to recognize that habitat loss and degradation has as an important effect on fisheries as oVerfishing, which has received disproportionately more attention. In addition, the habitat problem affects all fisheries, both commercial and. recreational. Further, because of the highly migratory nature of summer flounder populations, habitat loss and degradation in one local area can easily influence fish abundance elsewhere. Lastly, habitat research and management for summer flounder can not operate in a vacuum and requires complementary information on stocks, life history, migrations, food habits, etc., as well as a broader understanding of habitat changes on geographical and decadal scales. Glossary Adult: Fish that is fully developed in morphology and meristic characteristics and has also attained sexual maturity. Allometric: Growth of a part of an organism in relation to the growth of the whole organism or some other part of it. Ambient temperature: The natural temperature of the water. Anoxia: Absence of dissolved oxygen in water; 0 ppm. Anthropogenic effects: Human impacts on the natural environment and wildlife. Assimilation efficiency: The rate at which an animal converts food into body weight. Benthic: On or pertaining to the bottom substrate (the benthos) in an aquatic habitat. Buoyant: Tendency to float or rise in water. C (OC): Temperature in degrees Celsius. To convert to Fahrenheit, use equation OF = (9/5 x OC) + 32. Clay: Sediments with grain size < 0.004 mm in diameter based on the Wentworth scale. Cohort: All the individuals resulting from the same spawning event in a population. Continental shelf: The edge of the continent that is submerged in relatively shallow ocean water. Creel survey: A survey of the recreational fishery that quantifies the fish landings at public piers and docks. A "creel" is the traditional satchel in which anglers pack their catch during fishing, but a creel survey is not restricted to fish packed in creels. Crustacean: Aquatic arthropods that typically have a body covered with a hard shelf, including lobsters, shrimps, crabs, etc. Diel: Occurring on a daily basis. For instance, patterns of faunal movement that are correlated with the cycles of light and dark are diel patterns. Dissolved oxygen: Oxygen that is in solution with water, and is available for plant and animal respiration. Ebbtide: Tidal stage at which ocean water flows in an offshore direction and estuarine waters flow toward the ocean. 64 Glossa[y Egg: A reproductive cell produced by a female organism; an ovum. May refer to both fertilized and unfertilized state. Efectrophoresis: A means of detecting genetic differences among populations of a species by sampling proteins from members of the populations and analyzing the movement of these protein particles in a medium through which an electrical charge is passed. Entrainment: The intake of relatively immobile, free-floating organisms with water drawn into an industrial, municipal or electric utility power plant. Estuary (estuarine): Transitional environments between fresh water and salt water. Etropus microstomus: Scientific name for the flatfish with the common name smallmouth flounder. This is a letteye flounder in the same family (Bothidae) as summer flounder. Fauna: All of the animal life in a given region or period of time. Flora: All of the plant lite in a given region or period of time. Flood tide: The tidal stage at which ocean water flows in an inshore direction and into estuarine systems. Family: In scientific classifications, an assemblage of genera possessing certain characters in common by which they are distinguished. Subordinate to phylum, class and order and superordinate to genus and species. Genus: In scientific classifications, an assemblage of species possessing certain characters in common, by which they are distinguished (plural = genera). Subordinate to phylum, class, order and family and superordinate to species. Gonad (gonadal): A reproductive organ or sex gland (ovary, testis) in which the gametes (ova, sperm) are produced. Georges Bank: A large, shallow (< 5 m imsome areas) bank on the continental shelf in the northern Middle Atlantic Bight that is an important fishery region (see Fig..2.1). Groundfish: Fishes that primarily inhabit the benthic environment, such as flatfish. Habitat: The native environment or usual dwelling place of an animal or group of animals. High tide: The period during which water depth is highest during a given tidal cycle. This occurs as the terminus of flood tide, prior to the beginning of ebb tide. Hypoxia: Low levels of dissolved oxygen in water 3 ppm) that are extremely stressful to most aquatic life. Ichthyoplankton: Very small fishes that drift in the water column as plankton and are typically larvae. Glossaa 65 Inshore: Refers primarily to estuaries behind the shoreline of the coast, however may also refer to continental shelf areas close to the shore. Inshore movement is toward the shoreline and/or beyond into estuaries. Intertidal: Shallow areas along the shore and in estuaries that are alternately exposed and covered by the tides. Juncus: Genus name of upper estuarine plants that are generally named rushes. Juvenile: Young fish after attaining full adult morphology and meristic characteristics, but before sexual maturation. Larva: Young fish between time of hatching and the juvenile stage. Includes period of yolk sac absorption and morphological and physiological transformation. Low tide: The period during which water depth is lowest during a given tidal cycle. This occurs as the terminus of. the ebb tide, prior to the beginning of the. flood tide. MARMAP: Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction. National Marine Fisheries Service long-term offshore plankton survey. Mean low water (MLW): The average of all the low tide depths for a given region relative to a. set datum (reference point) in the region. Melanophore: Black and brown pigmented cells (chromatophores) in the epidermis (skin) of a fish that are capable of changing size, shape and color by expansion and contraction. Meristic: Numerical characteristics of the skeleton and musculature of an animal that can be used to identify species or races within species, such as the number of caudal (tail) fin rays. Middle Atlantic Bight: Zoogeographic marine region of the Atlantic Ocean that includes the estuarine and the continental shelf waters between Cape Cod, Massachusetts (including the northern extension of Georges Bank) and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (see Fig. 2.1). Migration: 1. Movement of fauna from one region to another. Usually refers to regularly observed patterns of movement based on season and/or life history stage of a migratory animal, however, the term may also refer to a localized, anomalous movement as well. 2. Movement of a subset within a larger system, e.g., eye migration of transforming summer flounder larvae,entails the movement of the right eye to the left side of the head. Morphology (morphological): The form and structure of an organism considered as a whole. Morphometric: The size relationships of various morphological characteristics of an animal. For instance, the width vs. the depth, or the snout to eye length vs. the snout to caudal (tail) length. These relationships can be used to identify species or races within species. Mud: Sediments with grain sizes within both the clay and silt ranges of < 0.0063 mm in diameter. NEFSC: Northeast Fisheries Science Center. 66 Glossa!y NMFS: National Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Offshore: Refers largely to the expanse of submerged continental, shelf on the ocean side of the shoreline but may also. refer to areas nearer the ocean edge of the shelf. Offshore movement is away from the shoreline. Osmoregulation: The'biological strategy employed by fish to regulate and maintain their internal water and salt concentrations against the water and salt concentrations in their surrounding environment; i.e., saltwater or freshwater. Overwinter: To spend the winter, Usually in a particular location or state of physiology. Parallchthys dentatus: Scientific name for the fish with the common name summer flounder in the family Bothidae (lefteye flounders). Pectoral fin: Paired fins located behind the head of a fish that articulate with the pectoral girdle (musculature). Pelagic: In or pertaining to the water column as distinct from the benthic region. Pigmentation: Coloration of tissues or cells. Planktonic: Pertaining to the aggregate of passively floating or drifting organisms in a body of water. Plankton bloom: An event where conditions are conducive to rapid reproduction of planktonic organisms in the ocean or other body of water. Population: A group of individuals of any one species that are capable of interbreeding. Uses of the term vary from including all individuals throughout the range to including only those individuals in a specified region. Ppm: Parts per million; units used to measure dissolved oxygen in water. Ppt: Parts per thousand; units to measure.the salinity of water.. Recruitment: Addition of new individuals to a life history stage by growth and survival (e.g., from ,larvae to juveniles), to a specified region by movement (e.g., from offshore to estuaries), or to a fishery by survival or based on capture gear (e.g., mesh size). Ruppia maritima: Scientific name for the plant with the, common name widgeon grass. Species of submerged angiosperm common to estuaries in the western Atlantic. A thin, flat-bladed grass that is anchored to the bottom by a root-rhizome system and produces stalk-like reproductive bodies. Salinity: Salt content of water. The combined weight of certain salts dissolved in 1, kg of sea water, usually expressed as parts of salt per thousand parts of water (ppt). Glossaa 67 South Atlantic Bight: Zoogeographic marine region of the Atlantic Ocean that includes the estuarine and continental shelf waters between Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and the southern tip of Florida (see Fig. 2.1). Scophthaimus aquosus: Scientific name for the fish with the common name windowpane flounder, a lefteye flounder in the same family (Bothidae) as summer flounder. Sand: Sediments with grain size ranging from 4.0 - @.O mm diameter (very coarse) to 0.062-0.125 mm in diameter (very fine) based on the Wentworth scale. Sift: Sediments with grain size 0.004 - 0.062 mm in diameter based on the Wentworth scale. Spawning: Fish reproduction process characterized by females and males depositing eggs and sperm into the water simultaneously or in succession so as to fertilize the eggs. Spartina: The genus name of salt marsh grasses generally named cordgrasses. These are the common tall- and short-form grasses fringing the higher-salinity portions of sandy estuarine systems of the western Atlantic with the Middle Atlantic being their primary range. Species: In scientific classifications, a group of individuals that share essential features, interbreed and produce similar progeny and possess the same scientific name. This name is typically two parts, consisting of the genus of that group (e.g., Paralichthys followed by the "specific" name (e.g., dentatus . This name is unique among all life within that kingdom and is subordinate to phylum, class, order, family and genus. Stellate: Descriptive term for melanophores that appear roughly star-shaped when expanded. Stock: 1. A separate breeding population of a species. 2. Term used to identify a management unit of fishery species. Standard length (SL): A method of measuring fish length from the anterior part of the head to the posterior margin of the hypural plates. Stratified sampling: A study design whereby replicate sampling is conducted in predetermined subsets of a region, e.g., conducting the same standardized trawling program at surface, midwater and bottom in the water column, or at the same depth but within equal-sized blocks of an area. Subestuary: Smaller system within a larger estuary such as a branching subtidal marsh creek with interlidal tributaries. Substrate: General term for any benthic habitat. Subtidal: The shallow water zone, often only a few feet deep, which is influenced by tides but never completely drained at low tide. Thermocline: A steep, vertical temperature gradient resulting in stratification of the water column. Tidal stream transport: A mechanism by which some marin 'el life passively move into estuarine systems by entering the water column during flood tides and moving to the bottom during ebb tides, resulting in net up-estuary movement. 68 Glossa!y Total length (TL): A method of measuring fish length from the most anterior part of the head to the furthest extension of the caudal (tail) fin. Transformation: Period of transition from the larval stage to the juvenile form characterized by both morphological and physiological changes. Trophic: Feeding or feeding relationships between animals. Ultrasonic tag: A fish-marking tag that emits a distinct radio frequency, allowing researchers to track fish movements with a receiver. Ulva lactuca: Scientific name for the macroalga with the common name sea lettuce. Common to estuaries, it grows in broad, translucent, bright green sheets, that are lobed or ruffled at the edges. Initially attaches to the substrate with a short stalk and later drifts free. Year-class: The fish spawned and hatched in a given year. Distinct from cohort in that some species may have several spawning events in a given year resulting in several cohorts but one year-class. Yolk sac: A bag-like ventral extension of the gut containing nutritive materials that first appears in the fish embryo and is later absorbed by the larva during the stage after hatching and before feeding. Young -of-the-Year: Age-O fish, or those animals born within.the past year, which have not yet reached one year of age. Zostera marina: The scientific name for the plant with the common name eelgrass. Species of submerged angiosperm common to estuaries in the western Atlantic. A broad, flat-bladed grass that is anchored to the bottom by a root-rhizome system and produces stalk-like reproductive bodies. 'Appendix A Comprehensive Summer Flounder Bibliography 1. Abbe, G.R. 1967. An evaluation of the distribution of fish populations of the Delaware River estuary. M.S. Thesis. University of Delaware. 64 pp. 2. Able, K.W., R.E. Matheson, W.W. Morse, M.P. Fahay and G.P. Shepherd. 1990. Patterns of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus early life history in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and New Jersey estuaries. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 88(l): 1-12. 3. Adams, S.M. 1976a. The ecology of eelgrass, Zostera marina (L.), fish communities. 1. Structural analysis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 22: 269-2291. 4. 1976b. The ecology of eelgrass, Zostera marina (L.), fish communities. 11. Functional analysis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 22: 293-311. 5. Agnello, R.J. 1989. The economic value of fishing success: an application of socioeconomic survey data. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 87(l): 223-232. 6. AhIstrom, E.H., K. Amoaka, D.A. Hensley, H.G. Moser and BY. Sumida. 1984. Pleuronectiformes: Development. Special Publication 1. Pages 640-670 in H.G. Moser, W.J. Richards, D.M. Cohen, M.P. Fahay, A.W. Kendall, Jr. and S.L. Richardson, editors. Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 7. Allen, D.M. and D.L. Barker. 1990. Interannual variations in larval fish recruitment to estuarine epibenthic habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 65: 113-125. 8. Allen, D.M., J.P. Clymer III and S.S. Herman. 1978. Fishes of the Hereford Inlet estuary, southern New Jersey. Lehigh University and The Wetlands Institute. 138 pp. 9. Allen, D.M., W.K. Michener and S.E. Stancyk. 1984. Pollution ecology of Winyah Bay, S.C.: Characterization of the estuary and potential impacts of energy development. Baruch Institute Special Publication No. 84-1. University of South Carolina, Columbia. 271 pp. 10. Allen, D.M., S.E. Stancyk and W.K. Michener, editors. 1982. Ecology of Winyah Bay, S.C. and potential impacts of energy development. Baruch Institute Special Publication No. 82-1. University of South Carolina, Columbia. 275 pp. 11. Almeida, F.P., R.E. Castaneda, R.V. Jesien, R.C. Greenfield and J.M. Burnett. 1992. Proceedings of the NEFC/ASMFC summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus aging workshop; 11-13 June 1990, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-89. National Marine Fisheries Service. A-2 Bibliography 12. Alperin, I.M. and J.C. Poole. 1956. Long Island's fluke. New York State Conservationist 11(3): 16-17. 13. Ames, W.H. 1954. Biological survey of the Delaware River estuary. Biennial Report 1953-1954, 2. University of Delaware, Marine Laboratory. pp. 21-31. 14. Anderson, E.D., J.M. Maso.n, A.M.T. Lange and C.J. Byrne. 1983. Cod-end mesh selectivity in the Long Island spring trawl fishery for summer flounder and associated species. Document No. 83-33. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 65 pp. 15. Anderson, V.T., Jr. 1978. Reverse summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus from the Middle Atlantic Bight. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science 23(t): 39-41. 16. Anderson, W.W. 1968. Fishes taken during shrimp trawling along the South Atlantic coast of the United States, 1931-35. Special Scientif ic Report-Fisheries 570. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 60,pp. 17. Anderson, W.W. and J.W. Gehringer. 1965. Bio log ical-stat istical census of the species entering fisheries in the Cape Canaveral area. Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 514. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 79 pp. 18. Arnold, E.L. 1951. Northward dispersal of warm water fishes in southern New England during the summer of 1949. Copeia 1951. 19. Arve, J. 1960. Preliminary report on attracting fish by oyster-shell plantings in Chincoteague Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Science 1: 58-65. 20. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Subcommittee for Fisheries of the Atlantic Bight. 1966. A summary of current research on the summer flounder. 2 pp. 21. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Summer Flounder Subcommittee. 1970. Life history of the summer flounder. A report to the Advisory Committee. 10 pp. 22. 1971. Life history of the summer flounder. A report to the Advisory Committee. 8 pp. 23. Azarovitz, T.R., C.J. Byrne, E.S. BevacqUa, L.I. Despres and H.A. Foster. 1980. Distribution and abundance trends of 22 selected species in the Middle Atlantic Bight from bottom trawl surveys during 1967-1979. Final report to BLM, AA550-1A7-35. National Marine Fisheries Service. 24. Azarovitz, T.R., C.J. Byrne, E.S. Pritchard, L.I. Despres-Patahio and H.A. Foster. 1985. Distribution and abundance trends of 22 selected species in the Middle Atlantic Bight from bottom trawl surveys during 1967-1979. Final Report to United States Mineral Management Service, Contract No. AA 550-IA7-33. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 25. Azarovitz, T.R. and M.D. Girosslein. 1987. Chapter 30: Fishes and squids. In Backus, R.H. and D.W. Bourne, Editors. Georges Bank. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Bibliogrgphy A-3 26. Bailey, R.M., J.E. Fitch, E.A. Herald, E.A. Lachner, C.C. Lindsey, C.R. Robins and W.B. Scott. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Special Publication 6. American Fisheries Society. 150 pp. 27. Baptist, J.P. and T.J. Price. 1962. Accumulation and retention of cesium-137 by marine fishes. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 62: 177-187. 28. Bass, D.G., Jr. 1983. North Florida streams research project, Study III: Rivers of Florida and their fishes. Completion Report for Investigations Project, Dingell-Johnson F-36. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Tallahassee. 29. Bean, T.H. 1888. Report on the fishes observed in Great Egg Harbor Bay, New Jersey, during the summer of 1887. Bulletin of the United States Fisheries Commission 7: 129-154. 30. Bearden, C.M. 1960. Flounders and their cousins - unique fish. South Carolina Wildlife. 5 pp. 31. 1961. Common marine fishes of South Carolina. Contribution Bears Bluff Laboratory 34. 47 pp. 32. Bearden, C.M. and C.H. Farmer, 111. 1972. Fishery resources of Port Royal Sound estuary. Pages 204-212 in Port Royal Sound, environmental study. South Carolina Water Resources Commission, Columbia. 33. Bearden, C.M., R. Low, R. Rhodes, R. Van Dolah, C. Wenner, E. Wenner and D. Whitaker. 1985. A review and analysis of commercial shrimp trawling in the sounds and bays of South Carolina. Technical Report No. 61. South Carolina Marine Resources Center. 51 pp. 34. Beatty, H.R., R.P. Webster and E.L. Wenner. 1989. Temporal and spatia I variations in biomass, abundance and community composition of fishes and invertebrates from the coastal habitat, South Atlantic Bight, 1987-1988. Seamap-SA Annual Report. South Carolina Marine Resources Division. 35. Bedsole, H.L., Jr., B.F. Holland, Jr. and J.W. Gillikin, Jr.. 1990. State of North Carolina R/V Dan Moore-cruise report no. 38. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 17 pp. 36. Berg, D.L. and J.S. Levinton. 1985. The biology of the Hudson-Raritan estuary, with emphasis on fishes. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 16. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 37. Berg, M.B. and P. Weller. 1967. Studies of organic acid, sugar, and amino acid transport in isolated perfused flounder tubules. Bulletin of the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory 7: 4- 5. 38. Bieder, R.C. 1976. Life history study of. the summer flounder. Pages 54-60 in C. B. Milstein, D. L. Thomas and Associates, editor. Ecological studies in the bays and waterways near Little Egg Inlet and in the ocean in the vicinity of the proposed site for the Atlantic Generating Station, New Jersey. Progress Report for January - December 1975. Ichthyological Associates Incorporated, Absecon, N.J. A-4 Bibliography 39. Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 53(74): 267-270. 40. BisbAl, G.A. and D.A. Bengston. 1993. Reversed asymmetry in labor a'tory-reared summer flounder. Progressive Fish-Culturist 55(2): 106-108. 41. Bodammer, J.E. 1980. Ultrastructural studies on the developing cranial cartilage in several species of larval-stage fish. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Council Meeting 1980. 9 pp. 42. BoIz, G.R., R.G. Lough and D.C. Potter. 1981. Autumn and winter abundance and distribution of ichthyoplankton on Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals, 1974-76, with special emphasis on dominant species. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions, Conseil Permanent International pour ['Exploration de la Mer 178: 168-170. 43. Bonzek, C.F., P.J. Geer, J.A. Colvocoresses and R.E. Harris. 1991. Juvenile finfish and blue crab stock assessment program bottom trawl survey annual data summary report series, Volume 1990. Special Scientific Report No. 124. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. 213 pp. 44. 1992. Juvenile finfish and blue crab stock assessment program bottom trawl survey annual data summary report series, Volume 1991. Special Scientific Report No. 124. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. 45. Bozeman, E.L., Jr. and J.M. Dean. 1980. The abundance of estuarine larval andjuvenile fish in a South Carolina intertidal creek. Estuaries 3(2): 89-97. 46. Breder, C.M., Jr. 1922. The fishes of Sandy Hook Bay. Zoologica 2(15): 331-351. 47. 1948. Field book of marine fishes of the Atlantic coast. G.P. Putnam and Sons, New York. 322 pp. 48. Briggs, J.C. 1958. A list of Florida fishes and their distribution. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum-2(8): 223-318. 49. Briggs, P.T. 1962. The sport fisheries of Great South Bay and vicinity. New York Fish and Game Journal 9(1): 1-36. 50. -. 1965. The sport fishery in the surf on the south shore of Long Island from Jones Inlet to Shinnecock Inlet. New York Fish and Game Journal 12(1): 31-47. 51. -. 1968. The sport fisheries for scup in the inshore waters of eastern Long Island. New York Fish and Game Journal 15: 165-185. 52. 1984. Fish investigation in the vicinity of a sewer outfall under construction off the south shore of Long Island, New York. New York Fish and Game Journal 31 (1). 53. Brown, R.A. and R.J. Pancirov. 1979. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Baltimore Canyon fish. Environmental Science Technology 13(7): 878-879. Bibliogrgph A-5 54. Bruce, R.A. 1967. North Atlantic trawl nets. Fisheries Leaflet No. 600 United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 23 pp. 55. Buchanan, C.C. 1972. Acomparison of sport fishing statistics from man-made and natural habitats in the Nwe York Bight. Proceedings of Sport Fishing Seminar, November 18-19, 1971, Jekyll Island, Georgia. Coastal Plains Center for Marine Development Service, Washington, North Carolina. 56. Buckley, L.J..1984. RNA/DNA ratio, an index of larval fish growth in the sea. Marine Biology 80(3): 291-298. 57. Buckley, L.J. and DR. Dillmann, 1962, Nitrogen utilization of larval surnmer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 59(2-3): 243-256. 58. Buller, R.J. and H.S. Spear. 1949. A survey of the sports fishery of the Middle Atlantic Bight in 1948. special 8cientific Beport-Fisherios No, 7. 59. Bullis, H.R. and J.R. Thompson. 1965. Collections by the exploratory fishing vessels Oregon, Silver bay, Combat, and Pelican made during 1956 to 1960 in the Southwestern North Atlantic. Special Scientific Report Fisheries No. 510. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 60. Bulloch, D.K. 1096. Marine gamfish if the Middle Atlantic. Illustrated Paper. American Litteral Society, Highlands, New Jersey. 61. Burke, J.S. 1991. Influence of abiotic factors and feeding on habitat selection of summer and southern flounder during colonization of nursery grounds. Ph.D. Dissertation. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. 108 pp. 62. Burke, J.S. and D.E. Hoss. Unpublished. Substrata preferences of sympatric summer (Paralichthys dentatus Linnaeus) and southern flounder (P. lethostigma Jordon and Gilbert) larvae in laboratory experiments. National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory, North Carolina. 22 pp. 61. Burke, J.S., J.S. Miller and D.E. Hoss. 1991. Immigration and settlement pattern of Paralichthys dentatus and P. lethostigma in an estuarine nursery ground, North Carolina, U.S.A. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology, Texel, 19�0, Part 1. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 27(3-4): 393-405. 64. Burns, R.W. 1974. Seasonal abundance and diversity of larval fishes in a high-marsh tidal creek. M.S. Thesis. University of South Carolina, Columbia. 54 pp. 65. Burreson, E.M. 1981. Effects of mortality caused by the hemoflagellate Trypanoplasma bullocki on summer flounder populations in the Middle Atlantic Bight. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Meeting 1981 (Collected Papers). Copenhagen, Denmark. 6 pp. 66. 1982a. The life cycle of Trypanosoma bullocki (Zoomastigophorea: Kinetoplastida). Journal of Protozoology 296q(l0q): 72-77. A-6 Bibliography 67. 1982b. The ecology and pathology of the hernoflagellate T!ypanosoma bullocki in Chesapeake Bay U.S.A. fishes. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Parasitology, Toronto, Canada, August 7-14, 1982. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology (Supplement), 454 pp- 68. Burreson, E.M. and L.J. Frizzell. 1986. The seasonal antibody response in juvenile summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus to the hemoflagellate Trypanoplasma bullocki, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 12(1-4): 395-402. 69. Burreson, E.M. and J.P. Sypek. 1981. Cryptobia sp. (Mastigophora: Kinetoplastidg) from the gills of marine fishes in the Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Fish Diseases 4(6); 519-522, 70. Burreson, E.M. and D.E. Zwerner. 1980. Host range life cycle and pathology of Trypanoplasma bullocki in lower Chesapeake Bay USA fishes. Journal of Protozoology 27(3): 23A-24A. 71. 1982. The role of host biology, vector biology and temperature in the distribution of Trypanoplasma bullocKi infections in the lower CheSaoeaka Bay, USA. Journal oi Parasitology 68(2): 306-313. 72. 1984. Juvenile summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus mortalities in the Western Atlantic Ocean caused by the hernoflagellate Trypanoplasma bullocki; evidence from field and experimental studies. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 37(1-4): 343-352. 73. Bushing, M.F., L.L. Parker and D.L. Feigenbaum. 1985. Food of fish associated with artificial reefs in the Chesapeake Bay and Virginia's nearshore waters. 63rd Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science, Williamsburg, Virginia, U.S.A., May 14-17, 1985. Virginia Journal of Science 36(2). 141 pp. 74. Byrne, C.J. and T.R. Azarovitz. 1992. Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus. MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph 15. Pages 109-113 in M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz, editors. Fish Distribution. New York Sea Grant Institute, Albany, New York. 75. Cable, R.M. and A.V. Hunninen. 1942. Studies on Deropristis inflata (Molin), its life history and affinities to trematodes of the family Acanthocolpidae. Biological Bulletin 82: 293-312. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 76. Gain, B.E. 1973. The annual occurrence, abundance, and diversity of fishes in an intenidal creek. M.S. Thesis. University of South Carolina, Columbia. 80 pp. 77. Cain, R.E. and J.M. Dean. 1976. Annual occurrence, abundance and diversity of fish in a South Carolina intertidal creek. Marine Biology 36: 369-379. 78. Carley, D.H. and C.M. Frisbie. 1968. The blue crab, oyster, and finfish fisheries of Georgia-an economic evaluation. Contribution Series No. 12. Georgia Game Fish Commission. 13 pp. 79. Carlson, J.K. 199 1. Trophic relationships among dernersal fishes of New, Haven Harbor (New Haven, CT) with special emphasis on the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus . M.S. Thesis. South Connecticut State University. 79 pp. 80. Carolina Power and Light Company. 1986. 1985 Biological monitoring report. Biblioqrap@y A-7 81. Casey, J.F., R.C. Raynie and A.E. Wesche. 1992. Investigation of Maryland's Atlantic Ocean and coastal bay finfish stocks. Federal Aid, Project No. F-50-R-1. Maryland Department of Natural -Resources, Tidewater Administration. - 82. Chang, S. 1993. Analysis of fishery resources: Potential risk from sewage sludge dumping at the deepwater dumpsite off New Jersey. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 91: 594-610. 83. Chang, S. and A.L. Pacheco... 1976. An evaluation of the summer flounder population in subarea 5 and statistical area 6. International Council for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Selected Papers 1. 84. Christensen,.D.J. and W.J. Clifford. 1979. @ Composition of catches made by anglers fishing for summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus from New Jersey party boats in 1978. Marine Fisheries Review 41(12): 28-30. 85. Christensen, D.J., W.J. Clifford and G.P. Shepherd. 1978. Size and age composition of the northern New Jersey party,boat.catch of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus . Reference SHL78-48.. National Marine 'Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 8 pp. 86. Clark, J.R. 1962. The 1960 salt-water angling survey. Fisheries Circular No. 153. United States Bureau of Sport Fishing and Wildlife.. 36 pp., 87. Clark, J.R., W.G. Smith, A.W. Kendall, Jr. and M.P. Fahay. 1969. Studies of estuarine dependence of Atlantic coastal fishes. Technical Paper 28. Unfted States Bureau of Sport Fishing and Wildlife.. 132 pp. 88. Clark, S.H. and B.E. Brown. 1975. Changes in biomass of finfish and squid in ICNAF subarea 5 and statistical area 6 as evidenced by Albatross IV autumn survey data. International Council for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Research Document 75/65, Series No. 3549. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 22 pp. 89. 1977. Changes in biomass of finfishes and squids from the Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 75(1): 1-22. 90. Clayton, G., C. Cole, S. Muraws.ki. and J. Parrish. 1978. Common marine fishes of coastal Massachusetts. Massachusetts Cooperative Extension Service, Amherst, Massachusetts. 91. Clements, L.C. and D.E. Hoss. 19777 Effects of acclimation time on larval flounder Paralichthys sp. oxygen consumption. Assoc. Southeast Biol. Bull. 24(2): 43. 92. Clifford, W.J. and D.J. Christensen. 1979. Length frequency of party and charter boat catch of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus , 1975-1978. Laboratory Reference SHL 79-25. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 93. Coduri, R.J. and H.G. Rand, Jr. 1972. Vertical plate gel electrophoresis for the differentiation of fish and shellfish species. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 55(3): 464- 466. A-8 Bibliography 94. Cole, R.W., J.C. Tinsman and R.J. Seagraves. 1985. Technical assistance to commercial fisheries for the period May 1, 1984 - April 30, 1994. Annual Report Project 3-358-D-3, Document #40-05/85/08/05. Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Dover. 95. 1986. Technical assistance to commercial fisheries for the period June 16, 1985 - May 31, 1986. Annual Report Project 3-358-D-4. Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Dover. 96. Colton, J.B., Jr. and R.R. Byron. 1977. Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank ichthyoplankton collected on ICNAF larval herring surveys September 1971-February 1975. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-717. 97. Colton, J.B., Jr., W.G. Smith, A.W. Kendall, Jr., P.L. Berrien and M.P. Fahay. 1979. Principal spawning areas and times of marine fishes, Cape Sable to Cape Hatteras. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 76(4): 911-915. 98. Colton, J.B., Jr. and J.M. St. Onge. 1974. Distribution of fish eggs and larvae in continental shelf waters, Nova Scotia to Long Island. Series Atlas Marine Environment Folio 23. American Geographic Society. I 99. Colton, M.D. and R.F. Temple. 1961. The enigma of Georges Bank spawning. Limnology and Oceanography 6: 280-291. 100. Colvocoresses, J.A. and J.A. Musick. 1980. Section 11. NMFS groundfish survey. In Historical community structure analysis of-finfishes. Special Report Appl. Mar. Sci. Ocn. Eng. No. 198. Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, Gloucester Point. pp. 45-78. 101. Connecticut Division of Marine Fisheries. 1990a. A study of marine recreational fisheries in Connecticut. Federal Aid to Sport Fisheries. Restoration F54R, Annual Performance Report March 1, 1989 - February 28, 1990. 102. -. 1990b. A study of marine recreational fisheries in Connecticut, 1984-1988. Federal Aid to Sport Fisheries Restoration F54R, Final Report, March 1, 1994 - February 29 1988. 103. -. 1992. A study of marine fisheries in Connecticut. Federal Aid to Sport Fisheries Restoration F54R, Annual Report, March 1, 1990 - February 29, 1991. 104. Copeland, B.J., R.G. Hodson and R.J. Monroe. 1979. Larvae and post-larvae in the Cape Fear Estuary, North Carolina, during the operation of the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant 1974-1978. Report 79-3. North Carolina Power and Light Company, Raleigh. 105. Copeland, B.J., R.G. Hodson and S.R. Riggs. 1994. The ecology of the Pamlico River, North Carolina: an estuarine profile. FWS/OBS-82-06. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 106. Copeland, B.J., R.G. Hodson, S.R. Riggs and J.E. Easley, Jr. 1983. The ecology of Albemarle Sound, North Carolina: an estuarine profile. FWS/OBS-83/01, United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 107. Cowan, J.H., Jr. and R.S. Birdsong. 1985. Seasonal occurrence of larval and juvenile fishes in a Virginia Atlantic Coast estuary with emphasis on drums (Family Sciaenidae). Estuaries 8(l): 48- 59. Bibliography A-9 108. Curley, J.R., R.P. Lawton, D.L. Chadwick, K. Reback and J.M. Hickey. 1974. A study of the marine resources of the Taunton River and Mount Hope Bay. Monograph Series No. 9. Massachusetts Division of. Marine Fisheries, Sandwich. 37 pp. 109. Curley, J.R., R.P. Lawton, J.M. Hickey and J.D. Fiske. 1971. A study of the marine resources of the Waquoit Bay-Eel Pond estuary. Monograph Series No. 9. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Sandwich. 40 pp. 110. Curley, J.R., K.E. Reback, D.L. Chadwick and R.P. Lawton. 1975. A study of the marine resources of Bass River. Monograph Series No. 16. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Sandwich. 33 pp. Ill. Dahlberg, M.D. 1970. Frequencies of abnormalities in Georgia estuarine fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 99: 95-97. 112. -. 1971. Habitats and diversity of the fishes in North and South Newport Rivers and adjacent waters. Final Reporl to Georgia Water Quality Control Board. Pages 32-121 in An ecological survey of the North and South Newport Rivers and adjacent waters with respect to possible effects of treated kraft mill effluent. University of Georgia, Marine Institute, Sapelo Island. 113. --. 1972. An ecological study of Georgia coastal fishes. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 70(2): 323- 353. 114. -. 1975. Guide to coastal fishes of Georgia and nearby states. University of Georgia Press, Athens. 187 pp. 115. Dahlberg, M.D. and E.P. Odum. 1970. Annual cycles of species occurrence, abundance, and diversity in Georgia estuarine fish population. American Midland Naturalist 83(2): 382-392. 116. Daiber, F.C. 1956. Marine sports fishing investigation. Annual Report on Dingell-Johnson Project F-5-R-5, Reference 56-20. 53 pp. 117. --. 1957. Marine sports fishery investigation. Annual Report on Dingell-Johnson Project F- 5-R-4, Reference 57-4. University of Delaware Marine Laboratories. 27 pp. 118. -. 1958. Marine sports fishery investigation. Annual Report on Dingell-Johnson Project F- 5-R-4, Reference 58-5. University of Delaware Marine Laboratories. 119. -. 1972 ' Environmental impact of dredge and fill operations in tidal wetlands upon fisheries biology in Delaware. 1972-1973 Report Project F-13-13-15, Job No. 111, 1-3. Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Dover. 120. Daiber, F.C. and R.W. Smith. 1968-1972. An analysis of the summer flounder population in the Delaware Bay area. 5 reports. University of Delaware Marine Laboratories, Newark. 121. Daniel, L.B., 111. In prep. Shallow marsh habitats as nursery areas for fishes in the lower Chesapeake Bay with notes on selected species. 122. Dawson, C.E. 1962. Notes on anomalous American Heterosomata with descriptions of five new records. Copeia 1992(l): 38-46. A-10 Bibliography 123. 1971. A bibliography of anomalies of fishes. Suppl ement 2. Gulf Research Reports 3(2): 215-239. 124. Deacutis, C.F. 1978. Effec ,tof thermal shock on predator avoidance by larvae of two fish species. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(4): 632-635" 125. Decker, E.A., M.C. Erickson and H.O. Hultin. 1988. Enzymic lipid oxidative'activities of sarcoplasmic reticulum in several species of Northwest Atlantic fish. Comparative Biochemistry, and Physiology 91(1): 7-10. 126. Deegan, L.A., J.T. Finn, S.O.'Ayvazia'n and C. Ryder. 1993. Feasibility and application of the index of biotic integrity to Massachusetts estuaries. Final Project Report, Research'and Demonstration Project 88-05, The Years of Study (1988-1990). Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. 127. DeGroot, S.J. 1967. A review paper on the behavior of flaff ishes. Proceedings of the 'FAO conference on fish behavior in relation -to fishing techniques and tactics, R/7, Vol. 11. FAO, Rome. 128. -. 1969. Digestive system and sensorial factors in relation to feeding behavior of flatfish (Pleuronectiformes). Conseil Permanent International pour I'Exploration de la. Mer .32: 385-395. 129. -. 1971. On the interrelationships between morphology of the alimentary tract, food and f eedi ng, behavior in flatfishes'(Pisces: Pleuronectiformes). Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 5(2): 121-196. 130. Delaney; G 'R. 1986. Morphomefric and meristic stock identif icatioh of. summer flounder (Pa alichthys dentatus . M.A. Thesis. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. 131. Derickson, W.K. and K. Price, Jr. 1973. The fishes of the shore zone, of Rehoboth and Indian River Bays, Delaware. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 102(3): 552-562. 132. Dery, L.M. 1983. Use of laminated plastic to impress fish scales. Progressive Fish-Culturist 45(2): 98-89. 133. --. 1988. Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. N 'OAA Technical Report No. 72. Pages 97-102 in Age determination methods for Northwest Atlantic species. National Marine Fisheries Service. 134. Desfosse, J.C., J.S. Musick and A.D. Estes. 1988. Stock identification of summer flounder (Pa'ralichthys dentatus) in the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight. VIMS Comm. WB-86-01-02. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. 35 pp. 135. Desfosse, J.C., J.A. Musick, A.D. Estes and P. Lyons. 1990. Stock identification of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus in the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight. Final Report submitted to Virginia Marine Resources Commission,- WB-86-01-04; Federal. Aid for Sports Fisheries Restoration, F-61-R. College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. Bibliogrg phy A-1 I 136. Despres-Patanjo, L. and R.A. Murchelano. 1981. Results of an initial survey to evaluate fish health in the western North Atlantic. International Council for the Exploration of the. Sea Council Meeting 1981. Copenhagen, Denmark. 13 pp. 137. de Sylva, D.P. and F.A. Kalber. 1960. Investigations of the fishes captured by trawls in the Delaware Bay area. Marine Sport Fishery Investigation, Federal Aid to Fish and Wildlife Restoration, Delaware Project F-13-R-3, Reference 60-7. University of Delaware Marine Laboratories. 26 pp. 138. de Sylva, D.P., F.A. Kalber and C.N. Shuster, Jr. 1962. Fishes and ecological conditions in the shore zone of the Delaware River estuary, with notes on other species collected in deeper water. Project F-13-R-1-2-3, Information Series Publication No. 5. University. of Delaware Marine Laboratories. 164 pp. 139. Deubler, E.E., Jr. 1958. A comparative study of the post-larvae of three flounders (Paralichthys) in North Carolina. Copeia 1958(2): 112-116. 140. Deubler, E.E, Jr. and W.E. Fahy. 1958. A reversed ambicolorate summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Copeia 1958(1): 55. 141. Deubler, E.E., Jr. and J.C..White, Jr. 1962. Influence of salinity on growth of postlarvae of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Gopeia 1962(2): 468-469. 142. Deuel, D.G. 1973. The 1970 salt-water angling survey. Curren It Fisheries Statistics 6200. National Marine Fisheries Service. 143. Deuel, D.G. and J.R. Clark. 1968. The 1965 salt-water angling survey. Resource Publication 67. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 51 pp. 144. DeVries, D.A. 1981. Stock assessment of adult fishes in the Core Sound, North Carolina area. Completion Report for Project 2-326-R. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 16 pp. 145. DeVries, D.A. and C.H. Harvell. 1982. Inshore Paralichthid flounder tagging. Completion Report for Project 2-372-R. Pages 137-156 in North Carolina Estuarine Finfish Management Program. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 146. Dovel, W.L. 1981. Ichthyoplankton of the lower Hudson estuary, New York. New York Fish and Game Journal 28(1): 21-39. 147. DuPaul, W. and S. Baker. 1979. The economic impact and status of the offshore fishing industry in Virginia. Special Report 67. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. 51 pp. 148. Ecological Analysts Engineering Science and Technology Incorporated. 1986. Entrainment and impingement studies at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station 1984 - 1985. Sparks, Maryland. 149. Ecological Analysts Incorporated. 1980-1984. Ecological studies at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. Progress Reports for September 1979 - August 1980, September 1980 - September 1981, September 1981 -August 1982, and September 1982 - August 1983. Sparks, Maryland. A-1 2 Bibliography 150. Edwards, R.L. 1964. Relation of temperature to fish abundance and distribution in the southern New England area. Contribution No. A-16, International Council for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Environmental Symposium, Rome, 27 January - I February, 1964. 16 pp. 151. Edwards, R.L. and R.E. Bowman. 1979. Food consumed by continental shelf fishes. Pages 387- 406 in Predator-prey systems in fisheries management. Sport Fisheries Institute. 152. Edwards, R.L., R. Livingstone and P.E. Hamer. 1962. Winter water temperatures and annotated list of fishes--Nantucket Shoals to Cape Hatteras. Special Scientific Repo rt-Fisheries No. 397. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 153. Eerly, S.P. 1984. Fishes of the Pamlico-Albemarle Peninsula, North Carolina, area utilization and potential impacts. Special Science Report No. 42. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 129 pp. 154. Eerly, S.P. and S.W. Ross. 1986. Characterization of the North Carolina Pamlico-Albemarle estuarine complex. Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC-175. National Marine Fisheries Service. 55 pp. 155. Eklund, A. and T.E. Targett. 1991. Seasonality of fish catch rates And species composition from the hard bottom trap fishery in the Middle Atlantic Bight (U.S. East Coast). Fisheries Research 12: 1-22. 156. Eldridge, P.J. 1962. Observations on the winter trawl fishery for summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. M.A. Thesis. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. 371 pp. 157. Essig, R.J., J.F. Witzig and M.C. Holliday. 1991. Marine recreational fishery statistics survey, Atlantic and Gulf coasts, 1987-1989. Current Fisheries Statistics 8904. National Marine Fisheries Service. 363 pp. 158. Fahay, M.P. 1983. Guide to the early stages of marine fishes occurring in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Cape Hatteras to the southern Scotian Shelf. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 4: 423. 159. Farmantarmaian, A., M. Eisenberg, R. Socci, V. lannaccone and R. Hsia. 1981. Interaction of mercury compounds with leucine transport in the intestine of winter and summer flounder. Biological Bulletin, Volume 161. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 325 1010. 160. Fee, R. 1989. St. Johns River fish and fishermen are in trouble. National Fisherman 89(10): 24- 26. 161. Festa, P.J. 1974a. A study of the distribution of young and larval summer flounder in New Jersey estuarine waters. Miscellaneous Report I Im. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 30 pp. 162. .1974b. Analysis of market size composition data for the New Jersey summer flounder commercial fishery - 1967 through 1972. Miscellaneous Report 12M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 24 pp. BiblioqraR@y A-13 163. -. 1974c. Creel census of the summer flounder sport fishery in Great Bay, New Jersey. Project Report, Federal Aid Project F-15-R-15. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 164. 1975. Creel census of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus sportfishery in Great Bay, New Jersey. Project F-15-R. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 165. -. 1976. Observations on the summer flounder (Paralichthys clentatus sport fishery in Great Bay, N.J. Technical Report No. 19M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 62 pp. 166. -. 1977. Observations on the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus sport fishery in Great Bay, N.J. during the summer of 1976 in reference to anoxic water conditions. Pages 463- 470 in Oxygen depletion and associated environmental disturbances in the Middle Atlantic Bight in 1976. NOAA Technical Series Report No. 3. National Marine Fisheries Service. 167. -. 1979a. Analy sis of the fish fora ge base in the Little Egg Harbor Estuary. Technical Report No. 24M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 168. -. 1979b. Creel census of the summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus sport fishery in Great Bay, New Jersey. Technical Report No. 19M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 21 pp. 169. Figley, W. 1977. Sex ratios within length groups of commercially caught summer flounder in New Jersey, 1962-1964. Technical Report 20M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Trenton. 16 pp. 170. Figley, W. and K. Lockwood. 1976. Commercial and recreational marine fisheries statistics of New Jersey. Technical Report No. 23M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Trenton. 59 pp. 171. Fiske, J.D., J.R. Curley and R.P. Lawton. 1968. A study of the marine resources of the Westport River. Monograph Series No. 7. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Sandwich. 52 pp. 172. Fiske, J.D., C.E. Watson and P.G. Coates. 1967. A study of the marine resources of Pleasant Bay. Monograph Series No. 5. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Sandwich. 56 pp. 173. Florida Department of Natural Resources. 1983. Summary of Florida commercial landings. Florida Division of Marine Resources, Tallahassee. 174. Fogarty, M.J. 1981. A review and assessment of the summer flounder (Paralichthys clentatus fishery in the northwest Atlantic. Laboratory Reference Document 81-25. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 54 pp. 175. Fogarty, M.J., G. Delaney, J.W. Gillikin, Jr., J.C. Poole, D.E. Ralph, P.G. Scarlett, R.W. Smith and S.J. Wilk. 1983. Stock discrimination of.summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus in the Middle and South Atlantic Bights: results of a workshop. Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-18. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole,, Massachusetts. 14 pp. A-14 Bibliography 176. Fowler, H.W. 1906. The fishes of New Jersey. Annual Report 1905. New Jersey State Museum. 177. -. 1911. The fishes of Delaware. Proceedings of the Academy o f.Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 63: 3-16. 178. 1914a. Notes on New Jersey fishes. Copeia 1914(13). 2 pp. 179. 1914b. Notes on the fishes at Ocean City, Maryland. Copeia 1914(2). 180. 1916. Notes on New Jersey fishes, several new to the state. Copeia 1916(27): 10-12. 181. 1919. Records of n orthern New Jersey fishes. Copeia 1919(31): 41-42. 182. 1920. A list of the fishes of New Jersey. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 33: 139-170. 183. -. 1952. A list of the fishes from the coast of New Jersey, with a ftt of offshore species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 109: 89-151. 184. Freeman, B.L. and S.C. Turner. 1977. The effects of anoxic water on the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus , a bottom dwelling fish. NOAA Technical Series Report No. 3. Pages 451-462 in Oxygen depletion and associated environmental disturbances in the Middle Atlantic Bight in 1976. National Marine Fisheries Service. 185. Freeman, B.L., S.C. Turner and D.J. Christensem 1976. A preliminary report-on the fishery for bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus off New Jersey in relation to the catches made by party boat anglers during 1975. Informal Report 108. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, New Jersey. 186. Freeman, B.L. and L.A. Watford. 1974-1976. Anglers' guide to the United States Atlantic coast. Sections II-VII. Nantucket Shoals to Fort Pierce Inlet, Florida. National Marine Fisheries Service. 187. Gabriel, W.L. 1992. Persistence of demersal fish assemblages between Cape Hatteras and Nova Scotia, northwest Atlantic. Journal of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science 14: 29-46. 188. Gallagher, M.L., M.L. Harrell and R.A. Rulifson. 1991. Variation in lipid and fatty acid contents of Atlantic croakers, striped mullet and summer flounder. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120(5): 614-619. 189. Gartner, J.V., Jr. 1986. Observations on anomalous conditions in some flatfishes (Pisces: Pleuronectiformes), with a new record of partial albinism. Environmental Biology of Fishes 17(2): 141-152. 190. Geer, P.J., C.F. Bonzek, J.A. Colvocoresses and,R.E. Harris. 1990. Juvenile finfish and blue crab stock assessment program bottom trawl survey annual-data summary report series, Volume 1989. Special Scientific Report No. 124. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. 211 pp. 191. Gerhart, E.H. 1977. Concentrations of total mercury in several fishes from Delaware Bay U.S.A. Pesticide Monitoring Journal 11(3): 132-133. Bibliogrgphy A-15 192. Gilbert, C.R. 1986. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (South Florida) southern, Gulf, and summer flounders. Biological Report 82(11,54). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 24 pp. 193. Gillikin, J.W., Jr. Unpublished. Results of tagging studies on summer flounder in North Carolina. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 194. -. 1982. Evaluation of trawl mesh selectivity and summer flounder in North Carolina. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development. 65 pp. 195. Gillikin, J.W., Jr., B.F. Holland, Jr. and R.O. Guthrie, Capt. 1981. Net mesh selectivity in North Carolina's winter trawl fishery. SSR No. 37. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development. 65. pp. 196. Gillikin, J@W., Jr. and, B.F,.. Holland. Unpublished,. Summary of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus maturity data from the Atlantic Ocean offshore North Carolina. North Carolina -Division of Marine Fisheries. 197. Gilmore, R.G., Jr. 1.974, A regional description and checklist of fishes of the Indian River. Annual Report. Pages 110-183 in D. Young, editor. Indian River Coastal Zone Study 1973-1974, Volume .1. Harbor Branch Consortium, Fort Pierce, Florida. 198. 19771. Fishes of the Indian River Lagoon and adjacent waters, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 22(3): 101-148. 199. Gilmore, R.G., Jr.1j CJ. Donohoe, D.W. Cooke and D.J. Herrema; 1981. Fishes of the Indian River -Lagoon and adjacent waters. Technical Report No. 41. Harbor Branch Foundation, Incorporated. 200. Ginsburg, 1. 1952. Flounder of the genus Paralichthys and related genera in American waters. Bulletin of the,United States Fish and Wildlife Service 52: 316-324. 201. Goldman, J.C. 1978. Combined toxicity effects of chlorine, ammonia, and temperature on marine plankton. Progress Report, -November 1976-January 1978, EY-76-S-02-2532. Department of Energy. 6 pp. 202. Goldstein, R.J. 1985. Winter kill -of summer flounder. Sea@ Frontier 31(2): 104-111. 203. Goode, G.B. 1884 Natural history of useful aquatic animals. Part 3, "The food fishes of the U.S. Pages 169-549, 610-612, 629-681 in Fishery Industry U.S. Section 1. 204. Gordon, B.L. 1960. A guide to the marine fishes of Rhode Island. Book and Tackle Shop, Watch Hill. 136 pp. 205. Greenwood, P.H.,.D.E. Rosen, S.H. Weitzman and G.S. Myer. 1966. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 131: 339-455. A-16 Bibliography 206. Grimes, B.H., M.T. Huish, J.H. Kerby and D. Moran. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic). Summer and winter flounder. Biological Report 8 (11.12). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 27 pp. 207. Grosslein, M.D. 1969. Groundfish survey program of BCF, Woods Hole. Commercial Fisheries Review 31: 22-30. 208. Grosslein, M.D. and T.R. Azarovitz. 1982. Fish Distribution. Monograph 15. MESA New York Bight Atlas. New York Sea Grant Institute, Albany. 182 pp. 209. Grosslein, M.D. and E. Bowman. 1973. Mixtures of species in subareas 5 and 6. International Council for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Research Document 73/9. National Marine Fisheries Service. 210. Grosslein, M.D., E.G. Heyerdahl and H. Stern, Jr. 1973. Status of the international fisheries off the Middle Atlantic coast. Laboratory Reference 73-4. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 211. Gudger, E.W. 1935. Two partially ambicolorate flatfishes (Heterosomata). American Museum Novitates. 8 pp. 212. 1935. Abnormalities in flatfishes (Heterostomata). Journal of Morphology 58(1): 1. 213. 1936. A reversed almost wholly ambicolorate summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. American Museum Novitates 896. 5 pp. 214. Gunter, G. 1956. A revised list of euryhaline fishes of North and Middle America. American Midland Naturalist 56: 345-354. 215. Gusey, W.F. 1976. The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Atlantic Bight. Environmental Affairs, Shell Oil Co., Houston, Texas. 216. Gutherz, E.J. 1967. Field guide to the flatfishes of the family Bothidae in the Western North Atlantic. Circular No. 263. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. 217. Halgren, B. and P.G. Scarlett. 1985. Briefing document for mesh selectivity for summer flounder. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife. 218. Hamer, P.E. and F.E. Lux. 1962, Marking experiments on fluke (Paralichthys dentatus in 1961. Minutes of the 21st Meeting of the North Atlantic Section, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Committee, Dinkier-Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia, September 27, 1962. Appendix MA-6. 219. Hargis, W. J., Jr. 1985. Quantitative effects of marine disease on fish and shellfish populations. Pages 608-640 in K. Sabol, editor. Transactions of the Fiftieth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Taking stock: Resource Management in the 50th Year, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., March 15-20, 1985, Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. Bibliograpby A-17 220. Hassler, W.W., N.L. Hill and J.T. Brown. 1981. The status and abundance of striped bass, Morone saxatilis in the Roanoke River and Albemarle Sound; North Carolina, 1956-80. Special Science Report No. 38. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 156 pp. 221. Hawkins, J.H. 1982. Estuarine fish stock assessment-nursery area monitoring. Completion Report Project 2-372-R. In North Carolina Estuarine Finfish Management Program. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 222. Henderson, E.M. 1979. Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus in the northwest Atlantic. Laboratory Reference No. 79-31. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 223. Hennemuth, R.C. 1968. Results of the joint USA-USSR groundfish studies: part 1. Comparative fishing experiments. International Council for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Research Document 68/86, Series No. 2074. 224. Hensley, D.A. and E.H. Ahlstrom. 1984. Pleuronectfformes: Relationships. Pages 670-687 in H.G. Moser, et al., editor. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Special Publication 1. 225. Herman, S.S. 1963. Planktonic fish eggs and larvae of Narragansett Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 8: 103-109. 226. Herold, R.C. 1970. Vasodentine and mantle dentine in teleost fish teeth. A comparative micro radiographic analysis. Arch. Oral. Biol. 15: 71-85. 227. Hester, J.M. and B.J. Copeland. 1975. Nekton population dynamics in the Albemarle Sound and Neuse River estuaries. Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-75-02. University of North Carolina. 228. Hettler, W.F., Jr. 1989. Nekton use of regularly-flooded saltmarsh cordgrass habitat in North Carolina, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 56: 111-118. 229. Hettler, W.F., Jr. and A.J. Chester. 1990. Temporal distribution of ichthyoplankton near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. Marine Ecology Progress Series 68: 157-168. 230. Hicks, B. 1972. Seasonal distribution and relative abundance of fishes in the channel reaches and shore areas. Pages 193-195 in M. Thompson, editor. Port Royal Sound environmental study. South Carolina Water Resources Commission, Columbia. 231. Hildebrand, S.F. and L.E. Cable. 1930. Development and life history of fourleen teleostean fishes at Beaufort, N.C. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries 46: 383-488. 232. -. 1938. Further notes on the development and life history of some teleosts at Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of U.S. Bureau of Fisheries 48(24): 505-642. 233. Hildebrand, S.F. and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Part 1. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries 43. 234. Hillman, R.J. 1977. Summer flounder. Pages 109-112 in Ecological studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress Report for September 1975-August 1976. Ichthyological Associates Incorporated, Ithaca, New York. A-18 Bibliography 235. Himchak, P.J. 1979a. Creel census of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus sportfishery in Great Bay, New Jersey. Report on Dingell-Johnson Project F-15-R. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Trenton. 22 PP. 236. -. 1979b. Food items of important fishfood organisms in the Little Egg Harbor estuary. Progress Report, on Dingell-Johnson Federal Aid to Fisheries Project: New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Trenton. 16 pp. 237. -. 1979c. Ichthyplankton study. Miscellaneous Report 47-M. Pages 109-129 in Studies of the back bay systems in Atlantic County, Final Report for Project 3--@223@R-3. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Trenton. 238. -. 1982. Distribution and abundance of larval and young finfishes in-the Maurice River and in the waterways near Atlantic City, New Jersey. M.S. Thesis. Rutgers University, New Brunswick. 78 pp. 239. Hodgins, H.O., B.B. McCain and J.W. Hawkes. 1977. Marine fish and invertebrate diseases, host disease resistance, and pathological effects of petroleum. In D. C. Malins, editor. Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic Marine Environments and Organisms. Volume 11. Biological Effects. Academic Press, New York. 240. Hoese, H.D. 1973. A trawl study of nearshore fishes and invertebrates of the Georgia coast. Contributions in Marine Science 17: 63-98. 241. Hoffman, W.G., 11. 1991. Temporal and spatial,distribution of ichthyofaUna inhabiting the shallow marsh habitats of the Charleston Harbor estuary. M.S. Thesis. College of Charleston, South Carolina.. 242. Holland, B.F. 1991. 'Summary of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus 'tagging data from the Atlantic Ocean offshore North Carolina and @Virginia. -North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 243. Horwitz, R.J. 1978. Chapter 6: Fish. In K.L. Heck, Jr., editor. Lecture notes on coastal and estuarine studies, 23: Ecological studies in the middle reach of Chesapeake' Bay, Calvert Cliffs. Springer-Verlag, Berl in-Heidelberg-New York. 244. Hoss, D.E. 1964. Accumulation of Zinc-65 by flounder of the genus Paralichthys. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 93(4): 364-368. 245. --. 1967. Marking post-larval Paralichthid flounders with radioactive elements. Transactions of the American Fishery Society 96(2): 151-156. 246. Hoss, D.E., L.C. Coston and W.E. Schaaf. 1974. Effects of sea Water extracts-of sediments from Charleston Harbor, S.C., on larval estuarine fishes. Estuarine, Coastal and Marine Science 2: 323-328. 247. Hoss, D.E., W.F. Hettler and L.C. Coston. 1974. Efiects of thermal, shock on larval estuarine fish-ecological implications with respect to entrainment in power plant cooling systems. Pages 357-371 in J.H.S. Blaxter, editor. The Early Life History of Fish. Springer-Verlag, Berlin- Heidelberg-New York. Bibliogrgphy A-.i 9 248. Hottell, H.E., D.R. Holder and C.E. Croomer, Jr. 1983. A fishery survey of the Altamaha River. Final Report F-29-10. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Game -Fish Division. 249. Howe, A.B. and B.T. Estrella. 1978. Fisheries resource assessment: winter flounder and other species. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Sandwich. 250- Hughes, E.H. 1980. Estuarine subtidal food webs analyzed with stable carbon isotopic ratios. M.S. Thesis. University of Georgia, Athens. 110 pp. 251. Hughes, E.H. and E.B. Sherr. 1983. Subtidal food webs in a Georgia estuary: C analysis. Journal of -Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 67: 227-242. 252. Hussakoff, L. 1914. On two ambicolorate specimens of the summer flounder, (Paralichthys dentatus , with an explanation of ambicoloration. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 33: 95-100. 253. Hyle, R.A. 1967. Fishes of the Newport River estuary, North Carolina, their composition, seasonality, and community structure, 1970-72. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 192 pp. 254. Ichthyological Associates. 1970-1971. Ecological study of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Artificial Island. Progress Reports for January-December 1969 (Parts One and Two) and January@December 1970, (Parts I and 11). Middletown, Delaware. 255. Ichthyological Associates Incorporated. 1972. Ecological considerations for ocean sites off New Jersey for proposed nuclear generating stations. Volume 1, Part 1. Ithaca, New York. 256. 1973-1977. Ecological studies in the bays and other waterways near Little. Egg Inlet and in the ocean in the vicinity of the proposed site for the Atlantic Generating Station, New Jersey. Progress Reports for January-December 1972 (Parts One and Two), January-December 1973 (Volumes One, Two and Three), January- December 1974 (Volumes One and Two) and January- December 1975, and Summary Report for 1972-1975. Ithaca, New York. 257. -. 1976-1977. An ecological study of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Artificial Island. Progress Reports for January-December 1974 (Volumes One and Two),. January-December 1975 and January-December 1976. Ithaca, New York. 258. -. 1977-1979. Ecological studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress Reports for September 1975-August 1976 (Volumes One and Two), September 1976-August 1977 (Volumes One and Two), and September 1977-August 1979. Ithaca, New York. 259. Industrial Fishery Project. 1956. The flounder and industrial fishery project. Interim Report-North Atlantic Fishery Investigation, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 4 pp. 260. International Gamefish Association. 1992. Yearly update of new and historical angling records. 261. Ishibashi, N. 1974. Feeding, starvation and weight changes of early fish larvae. Pages 339-344 in J.H.S. Blaxter, editor. The Early Life History of Fish. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. A-20 Bibliography 262. Itzkowitz, N., J.R. Schubel and P.M.J. Woodhead. 1983. Responses of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus embryos to thermal shock. Environmental Biology of Fishes 8: 125-135. 263. Jansen, M.E. and E.M. Burrewn. 1990. Parasites of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus in the Chesapeake Bay. Journal of the Helm intho logical Society of Washington 57(1): 31-39. 264. Jeffries, H.P. and W.C. Johnson. 1974. Seasonal distributions of bottom fishes in the Narragansett Bay area: Seven-year variations in the abundance of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus . Journal, of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31(6): 1057-1066. 265. Jeffries, H.P. and M. Terceiro. 1985. Cycle of changing abundances in the fishes of the Narragansett Bay Area. Marine Ecology Progress Series 25: 239-244. 266. Jensen, A.C. 1967. A brief history of the New England offshore fisheries. Fishery Leaflet 594. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 14 pp. 267. -. 1974. New York's fisheries for scup, summer flounder, and black sea bass. New York Fish and Game Journal 21: 126-134. 268. -. 1975. Artificial fishing reefs. Marine Ecosystems Analysts, New York Bight Atlas Monograph. 269. Jesien, R.V. and C.H. Hocutt. 1991. Tagging studies and stock characterization of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus in Maryland's coastal waters near Ocean City, Md. Final Report to Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Tidewater Administration. University of Maryland, Horn Point Environmental Laboratory, Cambridge. 270. Jesien, R.V., P.H., Hocutt and S.K. Gaichas. 1992. Tagging studies and stock characterization of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus in Maryland coastal waters near Ocean City, Md. Progress Report to Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Tidewater Administration, Contract No. F252-92@-008. University of Maryland, Horn Point Environmental Laboratory, Cambridge. 271. Johns, D.M. and W.H. Howell. 1980. Yolk utilization in summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus embryos and larvae reared at two temperatures. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2: 1-8. 272. Johns, D.M., W.H. Howell and G. Klein-MacPhee. 1981. Yolk utilization and growth to yolk-sac absorption in summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus larvae at constant and cyclic temperatures. Marine Biology 63: 301-308. 273. Johnson, K.L. 1979. Yield per recruit analysis for summer founder (Paralichthys dentatus . Laboratory Reference 79-34. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts.. 2 pp. 274. Jones, R.S., R.G. Gilmore, Jr., G.R. Kulczyck, W.C. Magley, and B. Graunke. 1975. Studies of the fishes of the Indian River Coastal Zone, pp. 57-88 in D.K. Young (editor), Indian River Coastal Zone Study 1974-1975. Annual Report. Harbor Branch Consortium, Fort Pierce, Florida. Bibliogrgphy A-21 275. Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann. 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 47(1-4). 3313 pp. 276. Jordan, D.S. and D.K. Goss. 1889. A review of the flounders and soles (Pleuronectidae) of America and Europe. Pages 225-342 in United States Commercial Fisheries Report 1886. 277. Jorgenson, S.C. and G.L. Miller. 1968. Length relations of some marine fishes from coastal Georgia. Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 575. United States Fisheries and Wildlife Service. 278. Judy, M.H. 1982. Catch composition, seasonality and distribution of ichthyoplankton from R/V- Onslow Bay monthly cruises in Onslow Bay and Newport River estuary, North Carolina, 1972- 1974. NOAA Technical Memorandum 46. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center. 279. June, F.E. and J.W. Reintjes. 1957. Survey of the ocean fisheries off Delaware Bay. Special Scientific Repo rt-Fisheries No. 22. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 55 pp. 280. Junqueira, L.C.U., F. Reinach and L.M.M. Salles. 1977. The presence of spontaneous and induced filaments in the melanophores of three species of teleost. Archivurn Histol. 40(5): 435- 443. 281. Junqueira, L.C.U. and L.M.M. Salles. 1978. Effects of 6-hydroxydopa mine and 5- hydroxydoparnine on teleost melanophores innervation. Journal of Fish Biology 13(4): 415-419. 282. Keefe, M. and K.W. Able. 1992. Habitat quality in New Jersey estuaries: habitat-specific growth rates of juvenile summer flounder in vegetated habitats. Final Report for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection & Energy. 283. -. 1993. Patterns of metamorphosis in summer, flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Journal of Fish Biology 42:713-728. 284. -. 1994. Contributions of abiotic and biotic factors to settlement in summer flounder, (Paralichthys dentatus). Copeia 1994(2):458-465. 285. Keirans, W.J., Jr. 1917. An immunochemically assisted ichthyplankton survey with elaboration on species specific antigens of fish egg vitellins; southern New Jersey barrier-lagoon complex. Ph.D. Dissertation. Lehigh University. 159 pp. 286. Keirans, W.J., Jr., S.S. Herman and R.G. Malsberger. Unpublished. Fish eggs and larvae of the Hereford Inlet estuary, southern New Jersey. 22 pp. 287. Keiser, R.K. 1976. Species composition and utilization of the incidental catch of the South Carolina shrimp fishery. Technical Report No. 16. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. 288. Kernmerle, S. and A. Meredith. 1977. Cape May County commercial fishing industry: economic and marketing considerations. Rutgers University Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey. A-22 Biblioc 1raphy 289. Kendall, A.W., Jr. 1975. Patterns of larval fish distribution in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Conference at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In Effects of energy-related activities on the Atlantic Continental Shelf. Upton, New York. 290. Kerr, G.A. 1976. Inventory - Indian River Coastal Zone Study 1975-1976 Annual Report. Volurne Harbor Branch Consortium, Fort Pierce, Florida. 291. Keup, L. and J. Bayless. 1964. Fish distributions at v arying salinities in Neuse River basin, North Carolina, Chesapeake Science 5: 119-123. 292. Kimmel, J.J. 1973. Food and feeding of fish from Magothy Bay, Virginia. M.S. Thesis. Old Dominion University. 190 pp. 293. Kindred, J.E. 1971. An attempt at a subjective and objective classification of the acidophilic granulocytes of some marine fishes. Biological Bulletin 140: 416-426. 294. Kirsch, R. 1978. Role of the esophagus in osmoregulation in teleost fishes. In C. B. Jorgensen and E. Skadhauge, editor. Proceedings of the Alfred Benson Symposium. Volume 11. Osmotic and Volume regulation, June 5-9, 1977, Copenhagen, Denmark. 512 pp. Muksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark. 295. Klein-MacPhee, G. 1971. Behavior, metabolism and growth of laboratory-reared summer flounder. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Rhode Island. 296. -'. 1980. Growth, activity and metabolism studies of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus (L.), under laboratory conditions. Dissertation Abstracts International (B) 40(10): 4695. 297. -. 1981. Effects of stocking density on survival of laboratory cultured summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus larvae. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions, Conseil Permanent International pour I'Exploration de la Mer 178: 505-506. 298. Kuntz, A. and L. Radcliffe. 1917. Notes on the embryology and larval development of twelve teleostean fishes. Document 849. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries 35: 87-134. 299. Kyle, H.M. 1921. The asymmetry, metamorphosis, and origin of flatfishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 211:75-129. 300. Lange, A.M.T. 1984. Long-term effects on summer flounder. Laboratory Reference Document No. 84-04. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 13 pp. 301. Langton, R.W. 1979. Food of nine'Northwest Atlantic Pleuronectiform fishes. Laboratory Reference No. 79-17. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 83 pp. 302. Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman. 1981. Food of nine Northwest Atlantic Pleuronectiform fishes. Laboratory Reference No. 79-17. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 83 pp. 303. -. 1981. Food of eight Northwest Atlantic Pleuronectiform fishes. Special Scientific Report- Fisheries No. 749. National Marine Fisheries Service. 16 pp. Bibfiogrgphy A-23 304. Lascara, V.J. 1981. Fish predator-prey interactions in areas of eelgrass (Zostera marina . M.S. Thesis. College of William and Mary, Virginia. 305. Latham, R. 191 -7..Migration notes of fishes, 1916, from Orient, Long Island. Copeia 41: 17-23. .306. Laudan, R., J.S. Stolen and A. Cali. 1986. Immunologlobulin levels of the winter flounder (Pseudo p leu ro nectes americanus) and the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus injected with the microsporidian parasite Glugea stephani Developmental and Comparative Immunology 10(3): 331-340. 307. Laurence, G.C. 1979. Larval length weight relations for seven species of northwest Atlantic fishes reared in the laboratory. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 76(4): 890-895. 308. Leim, A.H. and W.B. Scott. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic Coast of Canada. Bulletin 155. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. - 309. Lesser, C.A. 1968. Marine fisheries survey. Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Dover. 21 pp. 310. Lewis, E.J. and W.C. Mann. 197 1. Occurrence and abundance of larval menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. at two North Carolina inlets with notes on associated species. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society'100(2): 296-301. 311. Lewis, E.J., S.M. McLaughlin, J.E. Bodammerand T.K. Sawyer. 1992. Epitheliocystis in 10 new host species of marine fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 15(3): 267-272. 312. Lison, A.J., M.S. Haire, A.F. Holland, F. Jacobs, J. Jensen, R.L. Moran-Johnson, T.T. Podgar and W 'A. Richkus. 1979. Environmental Atlas of the Potomac, Estuary. Martin Marietta Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland. 280 pp. 313. Lison, A.j. and R.L. Moran. 1974. Ma nual for identif icatio n* of early development of fishes of the Potomac River estuary. Environmental Technology Center. Martin-Marietta .Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland. 314. Lux, F.E., P.E. Hamer and J.C*.'Poole. 1966. Summer flounder ... the Middle Atlantic flatfish. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, Leaflet No. 6. 4 pp. 315. Lux, F.E. and J.B. Mahoney. 1972. Predation by bluefish on flaff ishes. Marine Fisheries Review 34: 30-35. 316.. Lux, F.E. and F.E. Nichy. 1962. A,status report on the fluke or summer flounder .(Paralichthys dentatus). Minutes of the 21st'Meeting of the Middle Atlantic Section, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, Dinkier-Piaza Hotel, Atlanta, G.A., September 27, 1962. 317. --. 1971. Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an.otter,trawl near Woods Hole, Massachusetts, September 1961 to December 1962. Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 622. National Marine Fisheries Service. 318. 1980. Movements of tagged summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus off southern New England. In Laboratory Reference Document 80-34. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole,Laboratory, Massachusetts. 36.pp. A-24 Bibliography 319. Lux, F.E. and L.R. Porter, Jr. 1966. Length-weight relation of the summer flounder ' Paralichthys dentatus (L.). Special Report-Fisheries No. 531. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 320. Lynch, T.R. 1991. Rhode Island coastal fishery resource assessment (trawl survey) 1979-1991. Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife, Wickford. 321. MacKenzie, C.L., Jr. 1990. History@of the fisheries of Raritan Bay, New York and New Jersey. Marine Fisheries Review 52(4): 1-45. 322. MacPhee, G. 1979. Synopsis of biological data on the summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus). Unpublished manuscript. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island. 323.. Mahoney, J.B., F.H. Midlige and D.G. Deuel. 1975. A fin rot disease of marine and euryhaline fishes in the New York Bight. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 102(3): 596-605. 324. Mahood, R.K., C.D. Harris, J.L. Music, Jr. and B.A. Palmer. 1974a. Survey of the fisheries resources in Georgia's estuarine and inshore ocean waters. Part 1: Southern section, St. Andrew Sound and St. Simon Sound estuaries. in Contribution Series No. 22. 104 pp. Georgia Game Fish Division, Coastal Fisheries Office. 325. -. 1974b. Survey of the fisheries resources in Georgia's estuarine and inshore ocean waters. Part 2: Central section, Doboy Sound and Sapelo Sound estuaries. Contribution Series No. 23. Georgia Game Fish Division, Coastal Fisheries Office. 99 pp. 326. 1974c. Survey of the fisheries resources in Georgia's estuarine and inshore ocean waters. Part 3: Northern section, Ossabaw Sound and Wassaw Sound estuaries. Contribution Series No. 24. Georgia Game Fisheries Division, Coastal Fisheries Office. 100 pp. 327. -. 1974d. Survey of the fisheries resources in Georgia's estuarine and inshore ocean waters. Part 4: Southern, central and northern sections. Contribution Series No. 25. Georgia Game Fisheries Division, Coastal Fisheries Office. 201 pp. 328. Malloy, K.D. 1990. Effects of temperature and salinity on the feeding, growth and survival of juvenile summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus . M.S. Thesis. University of Delaware, Lewes. 329. Malloy, K.D. and T.E. Targett. 1991. Feeding, growth and survival of juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus: experimental analysis of the effects of temperature and salinity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 72(3): 213-223. 330. --. 1994. Effects of ration limitation and low temperature on growth, biochemical. condition, and survival of juvenile summer flounder from two Atlantic coast nurseries. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123(3):182-193. 331. --. In press. The use of RNA:DNA ratios to predict growth limitation of juvenile summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus from Delaware and North Carolina estuaries. Marine Biology. 332. Manooch, C.S. Ill. 1984. Fisherman's guide: fishes of the southeastern United States. North Carolina Museum of Natural History, Raleigh. 362 pp. Bibliogr 12hy A-25 333. Mansueti, A.J. and J.D. Hardy, Jr. 1967. Development of Fishes of the Chesapeake Region, An Atlas of Egg, Larval and Juvenile Stages. University of Maryland, National Resources Institute. 334. Marak, R.R. and J.B. Colton. 1961. Distribution of fish eggs and larvae, temperature and salinity in the Georges Bank-Gulf of Maine area, 1953. Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 398. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 61 pp. 335. Marak, R.R., J.B. Colton, Jr. and D.B. Foster. 1962. Distribution of fish eggs and larvae, temperature, and salinity in the Georges Bank-Gulf of Maine area, 1955. Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 411. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 66 pp. 336. Marak, R.R., J.B. Colton, Jr., D.B. Foster and D. Miller. 1962. Distribution of fish eggs and larvae, temperature, and salinity in the Georges Bank-Gulf of Maine area, 1956. Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 412. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 95 pp. 337. Marcellus, K.L. 1972. Fishes of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, with particular reference to seasonal influences and the possible effects of thermal discharges. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 338. Marsh, E. 1977. Structural modifications of the pectoral fin rays in the order Pleuronectiformes. Copeia 1977(3): 575-578. 339. Marshall, A. 1978. Data on the commercial sport fishery for summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus in Virginia. Virginia Marine Resources Department #80-7. 340. -. 1980. Data on the commercial sport fishery for summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus in Virginia. Virginia Marine Resources Report 80-5. 5 pp. 341. Marshall, A.R. and J.A. Lucy. 1981. Virginia's charter and headboat fishery: Analysis of catch and socioeconomic impacts. Special Report Appl. Mar. Sci. Ocn. Eng. No. 253. Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, Gloucester. 90 pp. 342. Martin, F.D. and G.E. Drewry. 1978. Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. In Stromateidae through Ogcocephalidae. Volume 1. 416 pp. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Service Program. 343. Massmann, W.H. 1954. Marine fishes in fresh and brackish waters of Virginia rivers. Ecology 35(t): 75-78. 344. Massmann, W.H., J.J. Norcross and E.B. Joseph. 1961. Fishes and fish larvae collected from Atlantic plankton cruises of R/V Pathfinder December 1959-December 1960. Special Scientific Report No. 26. Virginia Fisheries Laboratory. 15 pp. 345. -. 1962. Fishes and fish larvae collected from Atlantic plankton cruises of R/V Pathfinder March 1961-March 1962. Special Scientific Report No. 33. Virginia Fisheries Laboratory. 20 pp. 346. Mast, S.O. 1916. Changes in shade, color and pattern in fishes and their bearing on the problems of adaptation and behavior with special reference to the flounders Paralichthys and Ancylopsetta Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries 34: 173-238. A-26 Bibliography 347. Maurer, R.O., Jr. and R.E. Bowman. 1975. Food habits of marine fishes of the northwest Atlantic-Data Report. Laboratory Reference Document Number 75-3-. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 90,pp. 348. Mayo, R.K. 1975. Length frequencies of flounders other than yellow-tail. International Commission of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Workshop Paper 64. 9 pp. 349. --. 1976. Assessment data for flounders other than yellowtail in Subarea 5'and Statistical Area 6. International Commission of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Workshop Paper 76/IV/47. 7 PP. 350. McAllister, D.E. 1960. List of the marine fishes of. Canada.,- Biological Series No. 62. National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 168. 351. McClain, J.F., Jr. 1977a. Fisheries survey of the Little Egg Harbor@Manahawkin Bay estuary. Unpublished Report. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Trenton. 352. -. 1977b. Check list of fishes.of New Jersey. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Trenton. 353. McDermott, V. 1971. Study of the ichthyoplankton associated with two of New Jersey's coastal inlets. Miscellaneous Report 7M. New Jersey -Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton. 354. --. 1972. Part 3. Study of the ichthyoplankton associated with two of New Jersey's coastal inlets. Pages 1-34 in Ecological considerations for ocean sites off New Jersey for proposed nuclear generating stations, 2. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton. 355. McErlean, A.J., S.G. O'Connor, J.A. Mihursky and C.I. Gibson. 1973. Abundance, diversity and seasonal patterns of estuarine fish populations. Estuarine, Coastal and Marine'Science 1: 19-36. 356. McGovern, J.C. 1986. Seasonal recruitment of larval andjuvenile fishes into impounded and non-impounded marshes. M.S. Thesis. College of Charleston, South Carolina. 357. McGovern, J.C. and C.A. Wenner. 1990. Seasonal recruitment'of. larval a n*d juvenile fishes into impounded and non-impounded marshes. Wetlands 10(2): 203-222. 358. McHugh, J.L.. 1972. Marine fisheries of New York State. Fishery Bulletin 70(3):585-610. 359. --. 1976. Estuarine fisheries, are.they doomed'? @Pages 15-27 in M. Wiley, editor. Estuarine Processes, Volume 1. Uses, Stress and Adaptation to the Estuary. Proceedings of the Third International Estuarine Research Conference, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., October 7-9. Academic Press, New York. 360. 1977a. Limiting factors affecting commercial fisheries in the Middle Atlantic estuarine area. Pages 149-169 in New York Sea Grant Institute, Proceedings of a Conference-Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment. Volume 1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 361. 1977b. Fisheries and fishery resources of New York Bight. Technical Report Circular 401. National Marine Fisheries Service. Bibliography A-27 362. 1981. Marine fisheries of Delaware. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 79(4): 575-599. 363. McHugh, J.L. and Conover D.O. 1986. History and condition of food finfisheries in the Middle Atlantic regions compared with other sections of the coast. Fisheries 11(5): 8-13. 364. McHugh, J.L. and J.J.C. Ginter. 1978. Fisheries in MESA New York Bight Atlas. Monograph 16. 365. Mercer, L.P., J.P. Monaghan, Jr. and J.L. Ross. 1987. Marine fisheries research. Annual Progress Report, Project F-29-1, July - December, 1986. Norlh Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 366. Merriman, D. and R.C. Sclar. 1952. The pelagic fish eggs and larval of Block Island Sound. ,Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 13(3): 165-219. 367. Metzger, F., Jr. 1978. Summer flounder. Pages 205-214 in Ecological studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Volume 1: Fin and Shellfish. Progress Report for the period of September 1976-August 1977. Ichthyological Associates Incorporated, Ithaca, New York. 368. Michels, S.F. 1992. Coastal finfish assessment survey annual report and bottom trawl survey of juvenile fishes in the Delaware estuaries. Project F-42-R-3, Job 1-3. Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife. 369. Mid-Atlantic Council Staff. t978. Advice on summer flounder management. 2 pp. 370. Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 1990. Amendment I to the fishery management plan for the summer flounder fishery. In cooperation with National Marine Fisheries Service, New England Fishery Management Council, and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Washington, D.C. 371. -. 1991a and b. Amendment 2 to the fishery management plan for the summer flounder fishery. Volumes I and 2. In cooperation with National Marine Fisheries Service, New England Fishery Management Council, and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Washington, D.C. 372. -. 1993a. Amendment 3 to the fishery management plan for the summer flounder fishery. In cooperation with National Marine Fisheries Service, New England Fishery Management Council, and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Washington, D.C. 373. -. 1993b. Amendment 4 to the fishery management plan for the summer flounder fishery. In cooperation with National Marine Fisheries Service, New England Fishery Management Council, and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Washington, D.C. 374. 1993c. Amendment 5 to the fishery management plan for the, summer flounder fishery. In cooperation with National Marine Fisheries Service, New England Fishery Management Council, and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Washington,, D.C. 375. Miller, G.L. and S.C. Jorgenson. 1969. Seasonal abundance and length frequency distribution of some marine fishes in coastal Georgia. Data Report 35. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 103 pp. A-28 Bibliography 376. Miller, J.M., J.S. Burke and G.R. Fitzhugh. 1991. Early life history of Atlantic North American flatfish: likely (and unlikely) factors controlling recruitment. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 27(3/4): 261-275. 377. Miller, J.M. and D.S. Peters. Unpublished. Fishes of the Pamlico River estuary. National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory. 378. Miller, J.M., J.P. Reed and L.J. Pietraiesa. 1984. Patterns, mechanisms and approaches to the study of migrations of estuarine-dependent fish larvae and juveniles. Pages 209-225 in J.D. McCleave, G.P. Arnold, J.J. Dodson and W.H. Neill, editors. Mechanisms of Migration in Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 379. Miller, R.W. 1978. Marine recreational fishing in Delaware. Document 40-50/78@01/18. Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Dover. 28 pp. 380a. Monaghan, J.P., Jr. 1992. Migration and population dynamics of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatu in North Carolina, Study 3A. Transactions of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. In Marine Fisheries Research, Completion Report for Project F-29. 36 pp. Morehead City. 380b. -. 1993. Comparison of calcein and tetracycline as chemical markers in summer flounder. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122(2): 298-301. 381. Moore, H.F. 1894. 7. List of fishes collected at Sea Isle City, New Jersey, during the summer of 1892. Bulletin of the United States Fisheries Commission 12: 357-380. 382. Morris, T.L., Jr. 1981. Mouth structure relative to food habits for seven Northwest Atlantic Pleuronectiform fish species. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Council Meeting 198 I/G:67. 383. Morse, W.W. 1978. Preliminary fecundity estimates of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus occurring in Middle Atlantic waters. Laboratory Reference 78-39. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 5 pp. 384. 1979. An analysis of maturity observations of 12 groundfish species collected from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Nova Scotia in 1977. Report SHL-79-32. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New, Jersey. 32 pp. 385. -. 1981. Reproduction of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus (L.). Journal of Fishery Biology 19: 189-203. 386. Morse, W.W., M.P. Fahay and W.G. Smith. 1987. MARMAP surveys of the continental shelf from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Cape Sable, Nova Scotia (1977-1984). Technical Memorandum F/NEC-47. In Annual Distribution Patterns of Fish Larvae, Atlas Number 2. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 387. 1987. MARMAP surveys of the continental shelf from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Cape Sable, Nova Scotia (1977-1984). Atlas No. 2. Annual distribution patterns of fish larvae. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-47. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. pp. 177-184. Bibfiogrgphy A-29 388. Murawski, W.S. 1963. Fluke investigations. New Jersey Federal Aid Project F-15-R-4, Completion Report for Job 3. New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development. 389. -. 1964. Fluke investigations. New Jersey Federal Aid Project F-15-R-5, Completion Report for Job 3. New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development. 390. -. 1965a. Fluke investigations. New Jersey Federal Aid Project F-15-R-6, Completion Report for Job 3. New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development. 21 pp. 391. -. 1965b. Fluke investigations, April 1, 1964 to March 31, 1965. Research Project Segment, Project No. F-15-R-6, Completion Report for Job 3. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 392.. -. 1966. Fluke investigations. Progress Report, Federal Aid Project F-15-R-14, Completion Report for Job 3. New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development. 393. -. 1970a. Results of tagging experiments of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus conducted in New Jersey waters from 1960-1967. Miscellaneous Report No. 5M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 394. -. 1970b. Marine fisheries investigation and management. New Jersey Federal Aid Project F- I 5-R- 11, Progress Report for Job 11-1. New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development. 395. -. No date. Young fluke in New Jersey-fact or fiction. Pages 10-14 in New Jersey Outdoors. Trenton, New Jersey. 396. Murawski, W.S. and P.J. Festa. 1974. A study of the distribution of young and larval summer flounder in New Jersey estuarine waters. Miscellaneous Report No. I I M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Nacote Creek Research Station. 397. -. 1976. Ovary maturation in the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Miscellaneous Report No. 16M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Nacote Creek Research Station. 16 pp. 398. -. 1977. Creel census of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus sport fishery in Great Bay, New Jersey. Technical Report 19M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and .Shellfisheries. 399. Murawski, W.S. and R.L. White. 1964. Studies of the reproduction of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Dingell-Johnson Report, Project F-15-R. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game, Shellfisheries. I pp. 400. Murchelano, R.A. and J. Ziskowski. 1976. Fin rot disease studies in the New York Bight. Pages 329-336 in M.G. Gross, editor. Special Symposium of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography. Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. A-30 Bibliography 401. 1977. Histopathology of an acute fin lesion in the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatu and some speculations on the etiology of tin rot disease in the New York Bight. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 13(l): 103-106. 402. Music, J.L., Jr. and J.M. Pafford. 1984. Population dynamic s and life history aspects of major marine sportfishes in Georgia's coastal waters. Contribution Series No. 38. Coastal Resources Division, Brunswick. 403. Music, J.L., Jr., B.C. Williams and S.G. Rogers. 1989. Studies and assessment of Georgia's marine fisheries resources. Annual Report, project period I January 1988-31 December 1988. Georgia Department Natural Resources, Coastal Resources Division. 146 pp. plus appendices. 404. Musick, J.A. 1972. Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay and adjacent coastal plain. Special Scientific Report No. 65. Pages 175-212 in M.L. Wass, editor. A checklist of the biota of the lower Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 405. -. 1979. Section 111. A summary of the distribution, abundance, and food habits of the demersal fishes of the Middle Atlantic outer Continental Shelf - a concise source document for resource managers and users. Special Report Appl. Mar. Sci. Ocn. Eng. 198. In Historica,l community structure analysis of finfishes, pp. 79-80. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 406. Musick, J.A. and A.D. Estes. 1985. Sea Grant project summary: Stock identification of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus in the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight - tagging studies. Project No. R/CF-21. College of William and Mary,- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. 407. Musick, J.A. and J.D. McEachran. 1.968. Seasonal distribution of major species of dernersal fishes in Chesapeake Bight. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 13 pp. 408. National Marine Fisheries Service (United States). 1930-1940. Fishery industries of the United States, 1929 to 1938. Appendices to reports on United States commercial fisheries for fiscal years 1930-1939. United States Department of. Commerce. I I volumes. 409. 1942-1980. Fishery statistics of the United States, 1939 to 1976. Statistical Digests 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 30, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56-61, 6-7-70. United States Department of Commerce. 410. -. 1965. The big bite-commercial fisheries of the Middle Atlantic coast. Conservation Note 17. United States Department of Commerce. 8 pp. 411. 1965-1980. Nominal catch and effort statistics for the northwest Atlantic fisheries for the years 1963 to 1978. International Council for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Statistical Bulletin, Volumes 13-28. United States Department of Commerce. 412. -. 1973. The 1970 salt-water angling survey. Current Fisheries Statistics 6200. United S.tates,Deparlment of Commerce. 54 pp. 413. 1975. Nominal catches of finfishes and squids in subarea 5 and statistical area 6, 1964- 73. International Council for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Summary Document 75/ 10. United. States Department of Commerce. Bibliogrgphy A-31 414. -. 1977. Foreign trawl fisheries of Northwestern Atlantic, incidental catching of finfish. United States Department of Commerce Federal Register 42. United States Department of Commerce. pp. 415. -. 1978a. Foreign fishing regulations, activities within the United States Fishery Conservation Zone. Federal Register 43. United States Department of Commerce. pp. 416. -. 1978b. Summary of stock assessments, August 1978. Laboratory Reference No. 78-40. Resource Assessment Division, Woods Hole Laboratory. United States Department of. Commerce. 26 pp. 417. 1978c. Fisheries of the United States, 1977. Current Fisheries Statistics 7500. United States Department of Commerce. 418. -. 1980a. Marine recreational fishery statistics'survey, Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Current Fisheries Statistics 8000 and 8063. United States Department of Commerce. 419. -. 1980b. Provisional nominal catches in the northwest Atlantic, 1980. North Atlantic Fish. Org. SCS Document 80/VI/ 15. United States Department of Commerce. 420. -. 1987a. Bottom trawl survey preliminary catch summary ALBATROSS IV Cape Hatteras - western Scotian Shelf, September 10 - November 6, 1987. Fishery Report NEFC. United States Department of Commerce. 421. -. 1987b. Fishery management plan for the summer flounder fishery. United States Department of Commerce. 155 pp. 422. -. 1991. Marine recreational fishery statistics survey, Atlantic and Gulf coasts, 1987-1989. Current Fisheries Statistics 8904. United States Department of Commerce. 363 pp. 423. -. 1992. Interactions between sea turtles and the summer flounder trawl fishery, November, 1991 - February, 1992. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-307. United States Department of Commerce. 58 pp. 424. -. 1993. Maturation of nineteen species of finfish off the northeast coast of the United States, 1985-1990. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 113. United States Department of Commerce. 425. Nelson, D.M., L.R. Irlandi, M.E. Settle, M.E. Monaco and L *C. Coston-Clements. 1991. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in southeast estuaries. Estuarine Living Marine Resources Report No. 9. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, Maryland. 177 pp. 426. Nesbit, R.A. and W.C. Neville. 1935. Conditions affecting the southern winter trawl fishery. Fishery Circular No. 18. National Marine Fisheries Service. 12 pp. 427. Neville, W.C., C.L. Dickinson and J.R. Westman. 1939. Miscellaneous species. Pages 134-138 in A biological survey of the salt waters of Long Island Sound, Part 1. New York State Conservation Department. A-32 Bibliography 428. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 072. Studies of the Great Egg Harbor River and Bay. Final Report Project 3-137-R-1. Miscellaneous Report SM. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Nacote Creek Research Station. 429. -. 1973. Studies of the upper Barnegat system. Final Report Project 3-137-R-2. Miscellaneous Report No. IOM. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Nacote Creek Research Station. 430. -. 1971. Studies of the Mullica River-Great Bay estuary. Final Report Project 3-78-R-1 and 2. Miscellaneous Report No. 6M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Nacote Creek Research Station. 431. -. 1976. Studies of the Manahawkin Bay-Little Egg Harbor system. Miscellaneous Report No. 17. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Nacote Creek Station. 432. -. 1979. Studies of the back bay systems of Atlantic County. Miscellaneous Report No. 47M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Nacote Creek Research Station. 433. -. 1978. Studies of the Maurice River and Cove system. Final Report Project 3-223-R-2. Miscellaneous Report No. 40M. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Nacote Creek Research Station. 337 pp. 434. Newman, M.W. 1978. Pathology associated with Cryptobia infection in a summer flounder ParalichthVs dentatus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 14(3): 299-304. 435. Nichols, J.T. 1913. Notes on fishes near New York. Copeia 1913(1): 1. 436. Nichols, J.T. and C.M.. Breder, Jr. 1927. The marine fishes of New York and southern New England. Zoologica 9(l): 162-164. 437. Noble, E.B. and R.J. Monroe. 1991. Classification of Pamlico Sound nursery areas: Recommendations for critical habitat criteria. Project No. 89-09. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, Morehead City. 438. Noble, E.B. and W.D. Noble. 1989. Pamlico-Albemarle Sound: The use of long-term fisheries databases for estuarine habitat protection. Coastal Zone '89. 439. Norman, J.R. 1934. A Systematic Monograph of the Flatfish (Heterosomata). Volume 1. British Museum of Natural History, London. 459 pp. 440. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 1987-1991. State of North Carolina R/V Carolina Coast Pamlico-Albemarle Sounds survey cruise reports (monthly reports from March 1987 to September 1992). Morehead City. 441. -. 1991. Assessment of North Carolina commercial finfisheries, 1989-90 fishing season. Annual Progress Report for Project 2-IJ-16-2. Morehead City. 442. 1992a. Life history aspects of selected marine recreational fishes in North Carolina. Federal Aid to Sport Fisheries Restoration, Annual Performance Report, Segment 1. Morehead City. Qibliograp@y A-33 443, 1992b. Survey of population parameters of marine recreational fis hes in North Carolina. Annual Progress Report, Project F-42, January - December 1991, Segment 1. Morehead City. 444. --. No date Biology and significance of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus and the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostipma in oceanic waters of North Carolina. A proposal to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources. 14 pp. 445. Northeast Utilities Service Company (NUSCO). 1987-1993. Monitoring the marine environment of Long Island Sound at Millstone Nuclear Power Station, Waterford, Connecticut. Annual Reports for 1986-1992. 446. O'Brien, L., J. Burnett and R.K. Mayo. 1993. Maturation of nineteen species of finfish off the nort-heast coast of the United States, 1985-1990. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 113. United States Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia. 447. O'Conner, J.S. 1976. Contaminant eff ecls on biota of the New York U.S.A. bight. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Sal Harbour, Florida, U.S.A., October 1975. 448. --. 1981. Studies on fates and effects of pollutants in the New York Bight. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Council Meeting 1981. Copenhagen, Denmark. 9 pp. 449. Ogburn, M.V., D.M. Allen and W.K. Michener. 1988. Fishes, shrimps, and crabs of the North Inlet estuary, South Carolina: a four year seine and trawl survey. Baruch Institute Technical Report No. 88-1. University of South Carolina, Columbia. 299 pp. 450. Olla, B.L., C.E. Samet and A.L. Studholme. 1972. Activity and feeding behavior of the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus under controlled laboratory conditions. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 70(4): 1127-1136. 451. Olney, J.E. 1983. Eggs and early larvae of the bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli and the weakfish Cynoscion repalis in lower Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A., with notes on associated ichthyoplankton. Estuaries 6(l): 20-35. 452. Olney, J.E., Jr. and G.W. Boehlert. 1988. Nearshore ichthyoplankton associated with seagrass beds in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 45: 33-43. 453. Orth, R.J. and K.L. Heck, Jr. 1980. Structural components of eelgrass (Zostera marina meadows in the lower Chesapeake Bay - fishes. Estuaries 3(4): 278-288. 454. Osborn, C.M. 1939. The physiology of color change in flatfishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology 81: 479-515. 455. 1941. Studies on the growth of integumentary pigment in lower vertebrates. 1. The origin of artificially developed melanophores on the normally unpigmented ventral surface of the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus . Biological Bulletin 81: 341-35). 456.. Oviatt, C.A. and S.W. Nixon. 1973. The demersal fish of Narragansett Bay: An analysis of community structure, distribution and abundance. Estuarine, Coastal and Marine Science 1: 361- 378. A-34 Bibliograghy 457. Pacheco, A.L., editor. 1973.- Proceedings of a workshop on egg, larval and juvenile stages of fish in Atlantic Coast estuaries. Technical Publication No. 1, Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 338 pp. 458. Pacheco, A.L. and G.C. Grant. 1965. Studies of the early life history of Atlantic menhaden in estuarine nurseries. Part 1. Seasonal occurrence of juvenile menhaden and other small fishes in a tributary creek of Indian River, Delaware, 1957-1958. Special. Scientific Report- Fisheries No. 504. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 32 pp. 459. ---. 1973. Immature fishes associated with larval Atlantic menhaden at Indian River Inlet, Delaware, 1958-1961. Technical Publication 1. Pages 78-117 in A.L. Pacheco, editor. Proceedings of a workshop on egg, larval, and juvenile stages of fish in Atlantic coast estuaries. 338 pp. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 460. Pafford, J.M. and N. Nicholson. 1989. .,Georgia marine recreational fisheries survey, 1985-1987. Contribution Series No. 45. Georgia Department of Marine Resources, Coastal Resources Division. 157 pp. 461. Parker, R.O., R.B. Stone and C.C. Buchanan. 1979. Artificial reefs of Murrells Inlet, South Carolina. Marine Fisheries Review 41(9): 12-24. 462. Pearcy, W.G. and S.W. Richards. 1962. Distribution and ecology of fishes of the Mystic River Estuary, Connecticut. Ecology 43(2): 249-259. 463. Pearson, J.C. 1932. Winter trawl fishery off the Virginia and North Carolina coasts. Investigational Report No. 10. United States Bureau of Fisheries. 31 pp. 464. -. 1941. The young of some marine fishes taken in lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, with special reference to the gray sea trout, Cynoscion regalis (Bloch). Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 50: 79- 102. 465. Pendleton, E.C. 1979. Secondary productivity in a salt marsh estuary. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh., 278 pp. 466. Pentilla, A. and L.M. Dery. 1988. Age determination methods for Northwest Atlantic species. Transactions of the New York Academy of Science, Series 1121: 484-496. 467. Perlmutter, A. 1939. An ecological survey of young fish and eggs identified from tow net collections. A biological survey of the salt waters of Long Island, 1938. 28th Annual Report, Supplement Part 11. New York State Conservation Department. pp. 11-71. 468. ---. 1959. Changes in the populations of fishes and in their fisheries in the Middle Atlantic and Chesapeake regions, 1930 to 1955. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 21(6): 484-496. Series 11. 469. Perra, P. 1985. Interst ate fisheries management planning for Chesapeake Bay. The Chesapeake: Prologue to the Future. Pages 67-69 in Proceedings from the Chesapeake Bay Symposium. National Marine Educators Conference, July 30 - August 3, 1985, Williamsburg, Virginia. Bibliography A-35 470. Peters, D.S. 197 1. Growth and energy utilization of juvenile flounder, Paralichthys dentatus and Paralichthys lethostigma as affected by temperature, salinity and food availability. Ph.D. Dissertation. North Carolina State. University, Raleigh. 69 pp. 471. Peters, D.S. and J.W. Angelovic. 1973. Effect of temperature, salinity and food availability on growth and energy utilization of juvenile summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. In D.J. Nelson, editor, Radionuclides in Ecosystems, Volume 1, Proceedings of the National Symposium on Radioecology, Oak Ridge, Tennessee@ 1971. United States Atomic Energy Commission (CONF- 710501-PI), Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 472. Peters, D.S. and M.A. Kielson. 1975. Consumption and utilization of food by various postlarval and juvenile fishes of North Carolina estuaries. Pages 448-472 in L.E. Cronin, editor. Estuarine Research. Volume 1. Academic Press, New York. 473. Phalen, P.S. and D.C. Stephan. 1989. North Carolina marine fisheries trawl surveys. Pages 59- 64 in Proceedings of a Workshop on Bottom Trawl Surveys. Special Report No. 17 of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 474. Poole, J.C. 1956. Long Island's fluke. New York State Conservationist, December-January, 1956-1957. 475. -. 1961. Age and growth studies of the fluke in Great South Bay and their significance to the sport fishery. New York Fish and Game Journal, 8(1): 1-18. 476. -. 1962. The'fluke population of Great South Bay in relation to the sport fishery. New York Fish and Game Journal 9(2): 93-117. 477. -. 1964. Feeding habits of the summer flounder in Great South Bay. New York Fish and Game Journal 11(l): 28-34. 478. --. 1966. A review of research concerning summer flounder and needs for further study. New York Fish and Game Journal 13(2): 226-232. 479. -. 1970. Life history of the summer flounder. In Report to the Advisory Committee Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission by the Summer Flounder Subcommittee, 1970. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Setauket. 480. Powell, A.B. 1974. Biology of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus in Pamlico Sound and adjacent waters, with comments on P. lethostigma and. P. albioutta. M.S. Thesis. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 145 pp.. 481. -. 1982. Annulus formation on otoliths and growth of young summer flounderfaralichthys dentatus from Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 111(6): 688-693. 482. Powell, A.B., B.F. Holland and J.W. Gillikin, Jr. 1974. State of North Caro lina R/V Dan Moore - cruise report No. 2 - Currituck Beach to Cape Lookout Bight. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 29 pp. A-36 Bibliography 483. -. 1975. State of North Carolina R/V Dan Moore - cruise report No. 3 Currituck Beach to Boque Inlet. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 30 pp. 484. Powell, A.B. and F.J. Schwartz. 1972. Anomalies of the genus Paralichthys (Pisces: Bothidae) including an unusual double-tailed Paralichthys lethostigma Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 88(3): 155-161. 485. -. 1977. Distribution of Paralichthid flounders (Bothidae: Paralichthys) in North Carolina estuaries. Chesapeake Science 18(4): 334-339. 486. -. 1979. Food of Paralichthys dentatus and P. lethostigma (Pisces: Bothidae) in North Carolina estuaries. Estuaries 2(4): 276-279. 487. Powles, H. and B.W. Stender. 1976. Observations on composition, seasonality and distribution of ichthyoplankton from MARMAP cruises in the South Atlantic Bight in 1973. Technical Report Series No. 11. South Carolina Marine Resources Center. 488. Pulley, M.G. 1991-1992 Series. Pamlico Sound survey cruise reports (5 reports; March 1990- September 1991). North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 489. Purvis, 0. 1976. Nursery area survey of northern Pamlico Sound and tributaries. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, 62 pp. 490. Raney, E.C. and W.H. Massmann. 1953. The fishes of the tidewater section of the Pamunkey River, Virginia. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science 43(2): 424-432. 49 1. Reed, L., J.P. Monaghan, Jr. and J.L. Ross. 1988. Marine fisheries research. Annual Progress Report Project F-29-2, January - December 1987. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 492. Reichert, M.J.M. and H.W. van der Veer. 1991. Settlement, abundance, growth and mortality of juvenile flatfish in a subtropical tidal estuary (Georgia, U.S.A). Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology (Texel 1990), Part 1, Volume 27. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 27(3/4): 375-391. 493. Reintjes, J.W. and C.M. Roithmayr. 1960. Survey of the ocean fisheries off Delaware Bay, supplemental report 1954-1957. Special Scientific Report- Fisheries No. 347. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 18 pp. 494. Reis, R. 1977. Variations in utilization of a high marsh intertidal creek by larval and juvenile fish. M.S. Thesis. University of South Carolina. 495. Reisersen, L. 1982. The biology of common flaff ishes,,a selected bibliography. Rep. Forskningsprogram Havforurens. (Norw.)/Norw. Mar. Pollut. Res. Monit. Programme. 225 pp. 496. Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife. No date. Marine sport fishery investigations; sport fish population surveys in Rhode Island marine waters, I January 1991 - 31 December 1991; VI-2 juvenile fish survey. Wickford. Bibliograpty A-37 497. Richards, A. Unpublished. Proceedings of the Third Northeast Fisheries Center Stock Assessment Workshop, 1986. 498. Richards, C.E. 1962. A survey of salt-water sport fishing in Virginia, 1955-1960. Chesapeake Science 3: 223-235. 499. -. 1965. Availability patterns of marine fishes caught by charter boats operating off Virginia's eastern shore, 1955-1962. Chesapeake Science 6(2): 96-108. 500. -. 1970. Analog simulation in fish population studies. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. 4 pp. 501. Richards, C.E. and M. Castagna. 1970. Marine fishes of Virginia's eastern shore (inlet and marsh, seaside waters). Chesapeake Science 11(4): 235-248. 502. Richards, S.W. 1963. The demersal fish population of Long Island Sound 1. Species composition and relative abundance in tow localities, 1956-57. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 18: 5-29. 503. Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott. 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Special Scientific Publication No. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland. 174 pp. 504. -. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Fifth Edition. Special Publication No. 20, American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland. 505. Robins, C.R., G.C. Ray and J. Douglas. 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast.fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 354 pp. 506. Robohm, R.A. and C. Brown. 1978. A new bacterium (presumptive vibrio species) causing ulcers in flaff ish. Marine Fisheries Review 40(10): 5-7. 507. Robohm, R.A., C. Brown and R.A. Murchelano. 1979. Comparison of antibodies in marine fish from clean and polluted waters of. the New, York Bight: relative levels against 36 bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 38(2): 248-257. 508. Robohm, R.A. and D.S. Sparrow. 1981. Evidence for genetic selection of high antibody responders in summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, from polluted areas. Pages 273-278 in W. Hennessen and D.P. Anderson, editors. Developments in Biological Standardization. Volume 49. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Fish Biologics: Serodiagnostics and vaccines; Leetown, West Virginia, U.S.A., April 26-30, 1981. 509. Rogers, S.G., T.E. Targett and S.B. Van Sant. 1984. Fish-nursery use in Georgia salt-marsh estuaries: the influence. of springtime freshwater conditions. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113(5): 595-606. 510. Rogers, S.G. and MJ Van Den Avyle. 1983. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (South Atlantic)-summer flounder. United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-82/11.15. United States Army Corps of Engineers TR EL-82-4. 14 pp. A-38 Bibliography 511. Rosenberg, M. 1971. Epigenetic control of lactate dehydrogenase subunit assembly. Nature 230: 12-14. 512. Ross, J.L. 1991. Assessment of the North Carolina winter trawl fishery September 1985 - April 1988. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 513. Ross, J.L., J.H. Hawkins and D.A. DeVries. 1990. Assessment of the North Carolina winter trawl fishery, September 1982 - April 1985. Special Scientific Report No. 53. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 514. Ross, S.W. 1982. Estuarine fish stock assessment-long haul seine and pound net surveys. Completion Report Project 2-372-R. Pages 1-39 in North Carolina Estuarine Finfish Management Program. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 515. Ross, S.W. and S.P. Eerly. 1985. Utilization of shallow estuarine nursery areas by fishes in Pamlico Sound and adjacent tributaries, North Carolina. Pages 207-232 in A. Yanez-Arancibia, editor. Fish Community Ecology in Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons: Towards an Ecosystem Integration. UNAM Press, Mexico City. 516. Rountree, R.A. and K.W. Able. 1992a. Fauna of polyhaline subtidal marsh creeks in southern New Jersey: composition, abundance and biomass. Estuaries 15(21): 171-185. 517. -. 1992b. Foraging habits, growth and temporal patterns of salt-marsh creek habitat use by young-of-lhe-year summer flounder in New Jersey. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121: 765-776. 518. .-. 1993. Diel variation in decapod crustacean and fish assemblages in New Jersey polyhaline marsh creeks. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 37: 181-201. 519. Rozas, L.P. 1982. Utilization of oligohaline intertidal rivulets by fishes and macrofaunal crustaceans in the Cape Fear River estuary, North Carolina. M.S. Thesis. University of North Carolina, Wilmington. 74 pp. 520. Rozas, L.P. and C.T. Hackney. 1984. The importance of oligohaline fishes in wetland habitats to fisheries resources. Wetlands 3: 77-89. 521. Rulifson, R.A. 1985. Distribution and abundance of fishes in tributaries of South Creek estuary, North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 101(2): 160-170. 522. --. 1991. Finfish utilization of man-initiated and adjacent natural creeks of South Creek estuary, North Carolina, using multiple gear types. Estuaries 14(4): 447-464. 523. Sass, S.L. and R.A. Murchelano. 1988. Hepatic tumors and other liver pathology in Massachusetts flatfish. Aquatic Toxicology 11(3, 4): 420-421. 524. Sawyer, R.T. 1972. Observations on the marine leeches of South Carolina, Annelida hirudinea. Bulletin of the South Carolina Academy of Science 34: 103. 525. Scarlett, P.G. 1981. Fishery management plan for the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus fishery. Management Report 81-1. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife. 80 pp. Bibliograp-hy A-39 526. 1982. Annotated bibliography and subject index on the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Special Scientific Report-, Fisheries No. 755. National Marine Fisheries Service. 15 pp. 527. 1984. Memorandum on summer flounder scientific and statistical committee meeting, February 15, 1984, Philadelphia, Pa. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, Nacote Creek Research Station. 528., --,, 1989. Results of finf ish sampling in the Manasquan River, 1984-1986. Draft Report, Project, F-, I 5-R-30. @ New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, Trenton. 529. Scattergood, L.W. 1953. Notes on Gulf of Maine fishes in 1952. Copeia 1953(3): 194-195. 530. Schaaf, W.W., D.S. Peters, L. Coston@Clements, D.S. Vaughan and C.W. Krouse. 1993. A simulation model of how life history strategies mediate pollution effects on fish populations. Estuaries 16(4):697-702. 531. Schaaf, W.E., D.S. Peters, D.S. Vaughn, L. Coston-Clements and C.W. Krouse. 1987. Fish population responses to chronic and acute'pollution: The influence of life history strategies. Estuaries 10(3): 267-275. 532. Schaefer, R.H. 1966. A preliminary report concerning the effectiveness of New York's 14-inch minimum size limit on the summer flounder sport fishery. Submitted to Middle Atlantic Section, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 25th Annual Meeting, Sherato n-East land Motor Hotel, Portland, Maine, October 4-7, 1966. 533. Schauss, R.P., Jr. 1977. Seasonal occurrence of some larval and juvenile fishes in Lynnhaven Bay, Virginia. American Midland Naturalist 98: 275-282. 534. Schroeder, W.C. 1931. An account of the fishes dredged by'the Albatross 11 along the continental slope south of New England in February and March, 1929. Copeia 1931(2): 41-50. 535. Schwartz, F.J. 1961a. Fishes of Chincoteaque and Sinepuxent bays. American Midland Naturalist 65(2): 384-408. 536.. --. 1961b. Salt and brackish species: Record Maryland fish. Maryland Conservationist 38(3): 3-8. 537. --. 1964. Fishes of Isle of Wight and. Assawoman bays near Ocean City, Maryland. Chesapeake Science 5(4): 172-193. 538. 1989. Zoogeography and'ecology of fishes inhabiting North Carolina's marine waters to depths of 600 meters. NOAA-NURP Report 89=2. Pages 335-374 in R.Y. George and A.W. Hulbert, editors. North Carolina Coastal Oceanography Symposium. 539. Schwartz, F.J., W.T. Hogarth and M.P. Weinstein. 1982. Marine and freshwater fishes of the Cape Fear estuary, North Carolina and their distribution in relation to environmental factors. Brimleyana 7: 17-37. A-40 Bibliography 540. Schwartz, F.J., P. Perschbacher, M. McAdams, L. Davidson, K. Sandoy, C. Simpson, J. Duncan and D. Mason. 1979. An ecological study of fishes and invertebrate macrofauna utilizing the Cape Fear River estuary, Carolina Beach Inlet and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. Summary Report 1973-1977, Institute of Marine Science. University of North Carolina, Morehead City. 568 PP. 54). Schwartz, F.J., J.P. Perschbacher, M. McAdams, L. Davidson, K. Sandoy, C. Simpson, J. Duncan, D. Mason And J. Tate. 1979. An ecological study of fishes and invertebrate macrofauna utilizing the Cape Fear River estuary, Carolina Beach Inlet, and adjacent Atlantic Ocean. Annual Report for 1978, Institute of Marine Science. University of North Carolina, Morehead City. 326 pp. 542. Schwartz, F.J. and H.J. Porter. 1977. Fishes, macro invertebrates, and their ecological interrelationships with a calico scallop bed off North Carolina. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 75(2): 427- 446. 543. Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scoff. 1988. Atlantic Fishes of Canada. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 219: 537-538. 544. Scotton, L.N. 1970. Occurrence and distribution of larval fishes in the Rehoboth and Indian River bays of Delaware. M.S. Thesis. University of Delaware. 66 pp. 545. Scotton, L.N., R.E. Smith, N.S. Smith, K.S. Price, and D.P. de Sylva. 1973. Pictorial guide to fish larvae of Delaware Bay with information and bibliographies useful for the study of fish larvae. Delaware Bay Report Series Volume 7. College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark. 546. Seagraves, R.J. 1981. Delaware marine fishing surveys. Delaware Fishery Bulletin 2(2): 7-9. 547. -. 1982. Part Ill. 1981 Stock assessment of juvenile fishes in Delaware Bay. Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Dover. 548. -. 1983-1984. Technical assistance to commercial fisheries Delaware Bay juvenile finfish trawl survey. Annual Reports for Project 3-358-D-1 and 3-358-D-2, Document #40-05/83/08/04. Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Dover. 549. -. 1987. Survey of the sport fishery of the Delaware Bay. Annual Report, Aid to Fisheries Restoration Project F-42-R-2. Delaware Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, Dover. 550. Sharp, J.H. 1976. Anoxia on the Middle Atlantic shelf during the summer of 1976. Report on a workshop held in Washington, D.C., October 15-16, 1976. University of Delaware. 551. Sharp, B. and H.W. Fowler. 1904. The fishes of Nantucket. Pages 504-512 in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, May 1904. 552. Shealy, M.H., J.V. Miglanese and E.B. Joseph. 1974. Fishes of South.Carolina estuaries- relative abundance, seasonal distribution, and length frequency relationships. Technical Report Series 6. South Carolina Marine Research Center. 189 pp. 553. Shenker, J.M. and J.M. Dean. 1979. The utilization of an intertidal salt marsh creek by larval and juvenile fishes: abundance, diversity and temporal variation. Estuaries 2(3): 154-163. Bibliography A-41 554. Shepherd, G.P. 1990. A comparative study of aging methods for summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus . Laboratory Reference Document 80-13. National Marine Fisheries Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 29 pp. 555. Shepherd, G.P. and M. Terceiro. In prep. The summer flounder, scup and black sea bass fishery of the Middle Atlantic Bight and southern New England. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 556. Sheridan, P.F. and R.J. Livingston. 1979. Cyclic trophic relationships of fishes in an unpolluted, river-dominated estuary in north Florida. Pages 143-161 in R.J. Livingston, editor. Ecological processes in coastal and marine systems. Plenum Press, New York. 557. Sherman, K. 1980. MARMAP, a fisheries ecosystem study in the Northwest Atlantic: fluctuations in ichthyoplankton-zooplankton components and their potential for impact on the system. Pages 9-37 in F.P. Diemer, F.J. Vernberg and D.R. Mirkes, editors. Advanced Concepts in Ocean measurements for Marine Biology. University of South Carolina Press, Belle W. Baruch Institute of Marine Biology and Coastal Research. 558. -. 1987. Chapter 25: Zooplankton production and the fisheries of the Northeastern Shelf. 559. Shipman, S. 1983. Survey of Georgia's major marine fishery resources. Chapter 1. Contribution No. 33. Georgia Coastal Resources Division, Brunswick. 560. Shuster, C.W. 1959. A biological evaluation of the Delaware River estuary. Information Series Publication 3. In State of Delaware Intra-State Water Resources Survey, Section 21, 77 pp. University of Delaware, Marine Laboratory. 561. Silverman, M.J. and J.B. Mahoney. 1985. Pictorial documentation of fin necrosis of marine fishes in the New York Bight, U.S.A. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science 30(l): 39-42. 562. Sissenwine, M.P., R.R. Lewis and R.K. Mayo. 1979. The spatial and seasonal distribution of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus based on research vessel bottom trawl surveys. Laboratory Reference 79-55. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, Massachusetts. 101 PP. 563. Smigielski, A.S. 1975. Hormone induced spawnings of the summer flounder and rearing of the larvae in the laboratory. Progressive Fish-Culturist 37(l): 3-8. 564. Smith, C.F., J.R. Schubel, M.P. Greges, N. Itzkowitz, S.J. Dipiero, J. Longo and M.A. Morgan. 1979. Thermal resistance characteristics of early life history stages of finfish from Long Island waters. Special Report 26. Marine Science Research Center, Stony Brook. 64 pp. 565. Smith, H.M. 1894. Economic and natural history notes on fishes of the northern coast of New Jersey. Pages 365-380 in Bulletin of the United States Fisheries Commission XII. 566. --. 1897. The fishes found in the vicinity of Woods Hole. United States Fisheries Commission Bulletin, Volume XVII, 85. 567. 1907. Fishes of North Carolina, XI. Raleigh. 453 pp. A-42 BibliograRhy 568. Smith, J.W. 1981. 'A guide to flounder fishing in South Carolina. South Carolina Sea Grant, Charleston. 16 pp. 569. Smith, J.W. and C.A. Wenner. Unpublished. The biology of the summer and southern flounders (Bothiclae: Paralichthys) in the South Atlantic Bight. 570. Smith, R.W. 1969. An analysis of the summer flounder, Paralichthys clentatus (L.), population in the Delaware Bay. M.S. Thesis. University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. 72 pp. 571. Smith, R.W. 1980. Marine fish populations- in Delaware Bay and selected shore zone areas. I - Survey of selected marine fish- populations in Delaware Bay. Job No. 1-1: Sampling selected marine fish populations in Delaware Bay. Job No. 1-2: Analysis of shore zone fishes in the Delaware Iestuary. Period covered, I December 1987 - 31 January 1980. Document No. 40- 05180/03/3., Delaware Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, Dover. 572. 1982. Part 1. Survey of selected marine fish populations in Delaware Bay, 1981. Document #40-05-82/04/4. Delaware Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, Dover. 573. Smith, R.W. and F.C.'Daiber.' 1971. Biology of the su'mmer flounder, Paralichthys clentatus in Delaware Bay. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 75(4): 823-830. 574. Smith, -R.W.,. L..M.. Dery, P.G: Scarle-tt and A. Jearld, Jr. 198 1. Proceedings of the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus age and growth workshop, 20-21 May 1980, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-11. United States Department of Commerce. iv + 30 pp. 575. Smith, S.M., J.G. Hoff, S.P. O'Neil and M.P. Weinstein. 1984. Community and trophic organization of nekton utilizing shallow marsh habitats, York River, Virginia. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 82(3): 455-467. 576. Smith, W.G. 1973a. The distribution of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus eggs and larvae on the continental shelf between Cape Cod and Cape Lookout, 1956-66. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 71(2): 527-548. 577. @-.' 1973b. -Summer flounder, In A.L. Pacheco, editor. Proceedings of a workshop on egg, larval and juvenile stages of fish in Atlantic coast estuaries. United States Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Highlands, New Jersey. 578. 1980. What studies of young fish tell about fish populations. Underwater Naturalist 12(4): 9-16. 579. 1983. Temporal and spatial shifts in spawning of selected fish an invertebrate species in the Georges Bank region. National Marine Fisheries Service, Laboratory Reference SHL, Report 83-08, 22 pp. 580. Smith, W.G. and M.P. Fahay. 1970. Description of eggs and larvae of the summer flounder, Paralichthys clentat 'Us. Research Report No.* 75. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 21 pp. Bibliogr gphy A-43 58 1. Smith, W.G., J.D. Sibunka and A. Wells. 1975. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-1966. NOAA Technical Report, SSRF-691. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 68 pp. 582. Smith, W.G., A. Wells and D.G. McMillan. 1979. The distribution and abundance of ichthyoplankton in the Middle Atlantic Bight as determined from coastal surveys and site-specific studies, 1965-1976. Report No. SHL 79-0.2. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory. 582. Spitsbergen, D. 1979. A study of the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) in North Carolina waters. I Completion Report, Project 2-256-R. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. 44 pp., 583. Stender, B.W. and R.M. Martore. 1990. Chapter VIII: Finfish and invertebrate communities. Pages 241-287 in R.F. Van Dolah, P.H. Wendt and E.L. Wenner, editors. A physical and ecological characterization of the Charleston Harbor estuarine system. South Carolina Division of Marine Resources. 584. Stephan, C.D. 1988. North Carolina/NMFS Southeast area monitoring and assessment program (SEAMAP). Annual Report for Project SM-18-2. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 585. -. 1989. North Carolina/NMFS Southeast area monitoring and assessment program (SEAMAP). Annual Report for Project SM-18-3. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 586. Stickney, R.R. 1972. Effects of intracoastal waterway dredging on ichthyofauna and benthic macroinvertebrates. Technical Report Series No. 72-4. Georgia Marine Science Center. 587. Stickney, R.R. and D.B. White. 1972. Vertebrate aquaculture research under the Sea Grant program at Skiclaway Institute of Oceanography during 1971. Skidaway Institute Technical Report 72-1. pp. 1-22. 588. 1974. Lymphocystis in tank cultured flounder. Aquaculture 4(3): 307-308. 589. 1975. Ambicoloration in tank cultured flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Transactions of the American Fisheries. Society 104(1): 158-160. 590. Stickney, R.R., D.B. White and D. Miller. 1973. Observations of fin use in relation to feeding and resting behavior in flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes). Copeia 1973(l): 154-156. 591. Stock Assessment Workshop. 1990. Report of the Stock Assessment Workshop (SAW) Summer Flounder Working Group (WG #21); 26-28 September 1990. Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 592. ---. 1992. Report of the stock assessment workshop (SAW) summer flounder working group. October 27-29, 1992, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 593. Stolen, J.S., S. Draxler and J.J. Nagle. 1984. A comparison of temperature-meiiated immunomodulation between two species of flounder. Immunol. Commun. 13(3): 245-253. A-44 Bibliography 594. Stolen, J.S., T. Gahn, V. Kasper and J.J. Nagle. 1984. The effect of environmental temperature on the immune response of marine teleost (Paralichthys dentatus) Developmental and Comparative Immunology 8(l): 89-98. 595. ---. 1985. Natural and adaptive immunity in marine teleosts to bacterial isolates from sewage sludge. Pages 207-220 in M.J. Manning and M.F. Tatner, editors. Fish Immunology. 596. Stolen, J.S., T. Gahn and J.J. Nagle. 1982. The humoral antibody formation'to erythrocyte antigens in three species of f laff ish. Pages 101-106 in W.B. van Muiswinkel and E.L. Coer, editors. Immunology and Immunization of Fish; Proceedings of a conference, June 22-24, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, Supplement No. 2. 597. Stolen, J.S. 1985. The effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl aroclor 1254 and ethanol on the humoral immune response of a marine teleost to a sludge bacterial isolate of Esherichia coli. Pages 419-426 in F. J. Vernberg, editor. Marine Pollution and Physiology: Recent Advances; proceedings of a meeting, November 1-3, Mystic, Connecticut, U.S.A. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia. 598. Stolen, J.S., V. Kasper, T. Gahn, V. Lipcon, J.J. Nagle and W.N. Adams. 1983. Monitoring environmental pollution in marine fishes by immunological techniques: the immune response of the fishes exposed by injection or bath to bacterial isolates from sludge and in situ exposure to sludge. Biotechnology Techniques 1: 66-68. 599. Struhsaker, P. 1969. Demersal fish resources: composition, distribution and commercial potential of the continental shelf stocks off southeastern United States. Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 390. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 19 pp. 600. Sumner, F.B. 1911. The adjustment of flaff ishes to various backgrounds: a study of adaptive color change. Journal of Experimental Zoology.110: 409-505. 601. Swanson, R.L. and C.J. Sindermann, editors. 1979. Oxygen depletion and associated benthic mortalities in the New York Bight, 1976. NOAA Professional Paper 11. United States Department of Commerce. v + 345 pp. 602. Sypek, J.P. and E.M. Burreson. 1983. Influence of temperature on the immune response of juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus and its role in the elimination of Trypanosoma bullocki infections. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 7(2): 277-286. 603. Szedimayer, S.T. and K.W. Able. 1992. Validation studies of daily increment formation for larval and juvenile summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49(9): 1856-1862. 604. --. 1993. Ultrasonic telemetry of age-0 summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus movements in a southern New Jersey estuary. Copeia 1993(3): 728-736. 605. Szedlmayer, S.T., K.W. Able and R.A. Rountree. 1�92. Growth and temperature induced mortality of young-of-the-year summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus in southern New Jersey. Copeia 1992(l): 120-128. Bibliograrft A-45 606. Tagatz, M.E. and D.L. Dudley. 1961. Seasonal occurrence of marine fishes in four shore habitats near Beaufort, North Carolina, 1957-60. Special Scientific Report- Fisheries No. 390. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 17 pp. 607. Terceiro, M., editor. 1993. Assessment of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus , 1993: Report of the Stock Assessment Workshop Summer Flounder Working Group. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 93-14. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory. 72 pp. 608. Thayer, G.W., S.M. Adams and M.W. LaCroix. 1975. Structural and functional aspects of a recently established Zostera marina community. Pages 518-540 in L.E. Cronin, editor. Estuarine Research. Volume 1. Academic Press, New York. 609. Thayer, G.W., D.E. Hoss' M.A. Kjelson, W.F. Hettler, Jr. and M.W. LaCroix. 1974. Biomass of zooplankton in the New@ort River estuary and the influence of postlarval fishes. Chesapeake Science 15: 9-16. 610. Topp, R.W. and F.H. Hoff, Jr. 1972. Flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes). Pages 1-135 in Mem. Hourglass Cruises IV(2). 611. Truitt, R.V., B.A. Bean and H.W. Fowler. 1929. The fishes of Maryland. Conservation Bulletin 3. Maryland Conservation Department. 612. Turner, W.R. and G.N. Johnson. 1972. Standing crops of aquatic organisms in five South Carolina tidal streams. Pages 179-t93 in M. Thompson, editor. Port Royal Sound environmental study. South Carolina Water Resources Commission, Columbia. 613. -. 1973. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. Special Scientific Repo rt-Fisheries No. 666. National Marine Fisheries Service. 23 pp. 614. @. 1974. Standing crops of aquatic organisms in tidal streams of the lower Cooper River system, South Carolina. Pages 13-20 in F. Nelson, editor. The Cooper River environmental study. 177 pp. South Carolina Water Resources Commission, Columbia. 615. Tyler, A.V. 1971. Periodic and resident components in communities of Atlantic fishes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28: 935-946. 616. Uhler, P.R. and 0. Lugger. 1876. List of fishes of Maryland. Report, January 1, 1876. Maryland Fisheries Commission. 617. Van Housen, G. 1984. Electrophoretic stock identification of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. M.A. Thesis. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. 66 pp. 618. Varanasi, U. and D.C. Malins. 1977. Metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons: Accumulation and biotransformation in marine organisms. In Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic Marine Environments and Organisms. Volume 11. Biological Effects. 500 pp. Academic Press, New York. 619. Verrill, A.E. and S.I. Smith. 1873. Lists of species found in the stomachs of fishes, food of fishes. Report, 1871-1872. Volume 1. United States Fisheries Commission. A-46 Bibliography 620. Vladykov, V.D. and R.A. McKenzie. 1935. The marine fishes of Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science 19(l): 17-113. 621. Vouglitois, J.J. 1983. The ichthyofauna of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey-re lations hips between long term temperature fluctuations and the population dynamics and Ide history of temperate estuarine fishes during a five year period, 1976-1980. M.S. Thesis. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 304 pp. 622. Wang, J.C.S. and R.J. Kernehan. 1979. Fishes of the Delaware estuaries: a guide to the early life histories. Ecological Analysts Communications, Incorporated, Towson, Maryland. 623. Warfel, H.E. and D. Merriman. 1944. Studies on the marine resources of southern New England. 1. An analysis of the fish population on the shore zone. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 9: 1-91. 624. Warlen, S.M. and J.S. Burke. 1990. immigration of larvae of fall/winter spawning marine fishes into a North Carolina estuary. Estuaries 13(4): 453-461. 625. Weber, A.M. 1984. Summer flounder in Great South Bay: Survival of sublegals caught by hook- and-line and released. New York State Division of Marine Resources, Stony Brook. 626. Weeks, B.A., A.S. Keisler, O.N. Myrvik and J.E. Warriner. 1987. Differential uptake of neutral red by macrophages from three species of estuarine fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 11(1): 117-124. 627. Weeks, B.A., J.E. Warinner and C.D. Rice. 1989. Recent advances in the assessment of environmentally-induced immunomodulation. Oceans '89 2: 408-411.. 628. Weinstein, M.P. 19.79. Shallow marsh habitats as primary nurseries for fishes and shellfish, Cape Fear River, North Carolina. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 77: 339-357. 629. -. 1981. Plankton productivity and the dist ribution of fishes on the southeastern U. S. continental shelf. Science 214: 351-351 630. Weinstein, M.P. and H.A. Brooks. 1983. Comparative ecology of nekton residing in a tidal creek and adjacent seagrass meadow: community composition and structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 12: 15-27. 631. Weinstein, M.P. and R.W. Davis. 1980. Collection efficiency of seine and rotenone samples from tidal creeks. Estuaries 3: 98-105. 632. Weinstein, M.P., S.L. Weiss, R.G. Hodson and L.R. Gerry. 1980a. Retention of three taxa of postlarval fishes in an intensively flushed tidal estuary, Cape Fear River, North. Carolina. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 78: 419-436. 633. Weinstein, M.P., S.L. Weiss and M.F. Walters. 1980b. Multiple determinants of community structure in shallow marsh habitats, Cape Fear River estuary, North Carolina, USA. Marine Biology 58: 227-243. Bibliograpbj A-47 634. Wenner, C.A. and G.R. Sedberry. 1989. Species composition, distribution, and relative abundance-of fishes in the coastal habitat off the southeastern United States. NOAA Technical Report 79. National Marine Fisheries Service. 49 pp. 635. Wenner, C.A., C.A. Barans, B.W 'Stender and F.H. Berry. 1979a,b,c,d. Results of MARMAP otter trawl investigations in the South Atlantic Bight. Technical Report: 33 (1. Fall, 1973. 79 pp.), 41 (11. Spring, 1974. 62 pp.), 44 (111. Summer, 1974. 59 pp.) and 45 (IV. Winter-early spring,- 1975. 57 pp.). South Carolina Marine Resources Center. 79 pp. 636. -. 1980. Results of. MARMAP otter trawl investigations in the South Atlantic Bight. V. Summer, 1975.'Technical Report 45,. South Carolina Marine Resources Center. 57 pp. 637. Wenner, C.A., J.C. McGovern, R. Martore, H.R. Beatty and W.A. Roumillat. 1986. lchthyofauna. Pages 415-523 in M.R. DeVoe and D.S. Baughman, editors. South Carolina coastal wetland impoundments: ecological characterization, management, status and use. Volume 11: Technical Synthesis. Technical Report No. SC-SG-TR-86-2. South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium. 638. Wenner, C.A., W.A. Rournillat, J.E. Moran,'M.B. Maddox, L.B. Daniel III and J.W. Smith. 1990. Investigations on the life history and population dynamics of marine recreational fishes in South Carolina: Part 1. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources -Department, Marine Resources Research Institute, Charleston. 639. Wenner, E.L., W.P. Coon 11, M.H. Shealy; Jr. and P.S. Sandifer.. 1981. Species assemblages, distribution, and abundance of fishes, and decapod crustaceans from the Winyah Bay estuarine system, South Carolina. Contribution No. 137, South Carolina Marine Resource Center,- Technical Report No. 3. South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium. 61 pp. 640. 1984. A five year study of-seasonal distribution and'abundance of fishes and decapod crustaceans in the Cooper River and Charleston Harbor, South Carolina prior to diversion. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-782. National Marine Fisheries Service. 16 pp. 641. Wenner, E.L., M.H. Shealy, Jr. and P.A. Sandifer. 1982. A profile of the fish and decapod crustacean community.in a South Carolina estuarine system prior to flow alteration. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS SSRF-757. National Marine Fisheries Service. 17 pp. - 642. Westman, J.R. and W.C. Neville. 1946. Some studies on the life history and economics of the fluke (Paralichthys dentatus of Long Island waters. A report printed under sponsorship of the Islip Town Board. Islip, New York. 15 pp. 643. Wheatland-, S:B. 1956. Oceanography of Long Island Sound 1952-54. VII. Pelagic fish eggs and larvae. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 15: 234@314. 644. White, D.B. and R.R. Stickney. 1973. A manual of flatfish rearing. NOAA/NMFS Technical Report 73-7. National Marine Fisheries Service. 42 pp. 645. --. 1973. A bibliography of flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) research with partial annotation. Technical Report Series No. 73-6. Georgia Marine Science, Center, Skidaway Island. 76 pp. 646. White, J,C., Jr. and D.E. Hoss. 1964. Another record of incomplete ambicolo ratio n'in the summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus. Chesapeake Science 5(3): 151-152. A-48 Bibliography 647. Widerstrom, F.L., Jr. 1959. An economic and financial study of the fluke otter-trawl fishery of New Jersey. Commercial Fisheries Review 21: 17-26. 648. Wilk, S.J. 1980. The recreational fishery. Underwater Naturalist 12(4): 40-45. 649. Wilk, S.J. and B.M. Baker. 1989. Results of a fish-megainverlebrate survey of the New York Bight Apex, late summer 1983. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Sciences 34(2): 1-13. 650. Wilk, S.J. and B.E. Brown. 1980. A description of those fisheries, which take place in the western North Atlantic between the U.S.-Canadian border and North Carolina, that presently have or potentially could have user group allocation conflicts. Pages 502-518 in J.H. Grover, editor. Allocation of fishery resources. Proceedings of the technical consultation on allocation of fishery resources, April 20-23, Vichy, France, 1980. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the American Fisheries Society. 651. Wilk, S.J. and W.W. Morse. 1979. Annual cycle of gonad-somatic indices as indicators of spawning times for 15 species of fish collected from the New York Bight. Laboratory Reference SHL 79-11. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 54 pp. 652. Wilk, S.J., W.W. Morse and D.E. Ralph. 1978. Length-weight relationships of fishes collected in the New York Bight. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Sciences 23(2): 58-64. 653. Wilk, S.J., W.W. Morse, D.E. Ralph and T.R. Azarovitz. 1977. Fishes and associated environmental data collected in the New York Bight, June 1974-June 1975. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS SSRF-716. National Marine Fisheries Service. 654. Wilk, S.J., W.W. Morse, D.E. Ralph and E.J. Steady. 1975. Life history aspects of New York Bight finfishes. Laboratory Reference SHL 75-1. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 265 pp. 655. 1976. Life history aspects of Middle Atlantic Bight finfishes. Laboratory Reference 76-3. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 149 pp. 656. Wilk, S.J., W.W. Morse and L. Stehlik. 1990. Annual cycles of gonad-somatic indices as indicators of spawning activity for selected species of finfish collected from the New York Bight. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 88: 775-786. 657. Wilk, S.J., R.A. Pikanowski, A.L. Pacheco, D.G. McMillan, B.A. Phelan and L.L. Stehlik. 1992. Fish and megainvertebrates collected in the New York Bight apex during the 12-mile dumpsfte recovery study, July 1986 - September 1989. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-90. National Marine Fisheries Service. 658. Wilk, S.J. and M.J. Silverman. 1976a. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware 11 during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. Special Scientific Report-Fisheries No. 697. National Marine Fisheries Service. 159 pp. 659. 1976b. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-698. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, New Jersey. 16 pp. Bibliogrgphy A-49 660. Wilk, S.J., W.G. Smith, D.E. Ralph and J. Sibunka. 1980. Population structure of summer flounder between New York and Florida based on linear discrimination analysis. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109(3): 265-271. 661. Williams, A.B. 1972. A ten-year study of meroplankton in North Carolina estuaries: mysid shrimps. Chesapeake Science 13(4): 254-262. 662. Williams, A.B. and E.E, Deubler, Jr. 1968a. A ten year study of meroplankton in North Carolina estuaries: assessment of environmental factors and sampling success among Bothid flounders and Penaeid shrimps. Chesapeake Science 9(1): 27-41. 663. --. 1968b. Studies on macroplanktonic crustaceans and ichthyoplankton of the Pamlico Sound complex. Special Scientific Report No. 13. North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development. 91 pp. 664. Witting, D.A. and K.W. Able. 1993. Effects of body size on probability of predation for juvenile summer flounder and winter flounder based on laboratory experiments. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 91: 577-581. 665. Wolff, M. 1974. Preliminary stock assessment, North Carolina flounder (Paralichthys sp.). Completion Report. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 24 pp. 666. -. 1977. Preliminary stock assessment, North Carolina flounder, (Paralichthys sp.). North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 26 pp. 667. ---. 1978. Preli 'minary stock assessment, North Carolina flounder (Paralichthys sp.). Completion report for Project 2-294-R. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City. 20 pp. 668. Woodward, A.G. 1989. Effects of mesh-size on the composition and quantity of white shrimp and finfish caught with the cast net in Georgia's estuarine waters. Contribution Series No. 44. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Coastal Resources Division. 37 pp. 669. Woolcott, W.S. and C. Beirne. 1967. A comparison of the skulls of young flounders in three species of flounders, Paralichthys. ASB Bulletin 14(2): 46. 670. Woolcott, W.S., C. Beirne and W.M. Hall, Jr. 1968. Descriptive and comparative osteology of the young of three species on flounders, genus Paralichthys Chesapeake Science 9(2): 109-120. 671. Wyanski, D.M. 1990. Patterns of habitat utilization in O-age summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatu . M.A. Thesis. College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point. 54 pp. 672. Young, B.H., K.A. McKown, V.J. Vecchio, K. Hattala and J.D. Sicluna. 1990-1991. A study of the striped bass in the marine district of New York VI. Grant # NA88EA-D-AN030 (3 Reports: Annual Report for Period April 1, 1988 - March 31, 1989; Annual Report for Period April 1, 1989 - March 31, 1990; Completion Report for Period April 1, 1988 - March 31, 1991. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Stony Brook. 673. Younger, R.R. and J.A. Zamos. 1955. New Jersey's marine sport fishery. Miscellaneous Report 16, Job Completion Report for Project F-2. New Jersey Division of Fish and Game. A-50 Bibliography 671. Zingmark, R.G. 1978. An annotated checklist of the biota of the coastal zone of South Carolina. University of South Carolina, Columbia. 672. Ziskowski, J.J., L.M. Despres-Patanjo, A.B. Howe, D. Ralph and S. Atran. 1987. Disease in commercially valuable fish stocks in the Northwest Atlantic. Marine F@ollUtion Bulletin 18(9): 496- 504. Author index to the Bibliography Note: Numbers correspond to citations listed in Appendix A Abbe, G. R., I Berg, D.L., 36 Able, K.W., 2, 282, 293, 284, 516, 517, 518, 603, Berg, M.B., 37 604,605,664 Berrien, P.L., 97 Adams, S.M., 3, 4, 608 Berry, F.H., 635, 636 Agnello, R.J., 5 Sevacqua, E.S., 23 AhIstrom, E.H., 6,224 Bieder, R.C., 38 Allen, D.M., 7, 8, 9, 10, 449 Bigelow, H.B., 39 Almeida, F.P., I I Birdsong, R.S., 107 Alperin, I.M., 12 Bisbal, G.A., 40 Ames, W.H., 13 Bodammer, J.E., 41, 311 Amoaka, K., 6 Boehlert, G.W., 452 Anderson, E.D., 14 Bolz, G.R., 42 Anderson, V.T. Jr., 15 Bond, C.E., 503, 504 Anderson, W.W., 16, 17 Sonzek, C.F., 43, 44, 190 Angelovic, J.W., 471 Bowman, E., 209 Arnold, E.L., 18 Bowman, R.E., 151, 302, 303, 347 Arve, J., 19 Bozeman, E.L. Jr., 45 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Breder, C.M. Jr., 46, 47, 436 Subcommittee for Fisheries of Briggs, J.C., 48 the Atlantic Bight, 20 Briggs, P.T., 49, 50, 51, 52 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Brooker, JR, 503, 504 Summer Flounder Brooks, H.A., 630 Subcommittee, 21, 22 Brown, BE, 88, 89, 650 Atran, S., 672 Brown, C., 506, 507 Ayvazian, S.G., 126 Brown, R.A., 53 Azarovitz, T.R., 23, 24, 74, 208, 653 Brown, J.T., 220 Bailey, R.M., 26, 503, 504 Bruce, R.A., 54 Baker, B.M., 649 Buchanan, C.C., 55,461 Baker, S., 147 Buckley, L.J., 56, 57 Baptist, J.P., 27 Buller, R.J., 58 Barans, C.A., 635, 636 Bullis, H.R., 59 Barker, D.L., 7 Bulloch, D.K., 60 Bass, D.G. Jr., 28 Burke, J.S., 61, 62, 63', 376, 624 Bayless, J., 291 Burnett, J.M., 11, 446 Bean, B.A., 611 Burns, R.W., 64 Bean, T.H., 29 Burreson, E.M., 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, Bearden, C.M., 30t 3 1, 32, 33 263,602 Beatty, H.R., 34, 637 Bushing, M.F., 73 Bedsole, H.L. Jr., 35 Byrne, C.J., 14, 23, 24, 74 Beirne, C., 669, 670 Byron, R.R., 96 Bengston, D.A., 40 Cable, L.E., 231, 232 A-52 Bibliography Cable, R.M., 75 Desfosse, J.C., 134, 125 Cain, R.E., 76 Despres, L.I., 23 Cali, A., 306 Despres-Patanjo, L.I., 24, 135, 136, 672 Carley, D.H., 78 de Sylva, D.P., 137, 138, 545 Carlson, J.K., 79 Deubler, E.E. Jr., 140, 141, 662, 663 Carolina Power and Light Co., 80 Deuel, D.G., 142, 143, 323 Casey, J.F., 81 DeVries, D.A., 144, 145, 513 Castagna, M., 501 Dickinson, C.L., 427 Castaneda, R.E., I I Dillmann, DA, 57 Chadwick, D.L., 108, 110 Dipiero, S.J., 564 Chang, S., 82, 83 Donohoe, C.J., 199 Chester, A.J., 229 Douglas, J., 505 Christensen, D.J., 84, 85, 92, 185 Dovel, W.L., 146 Clark, J.R., 86, 87, 143 Draxler, S., 593 Clark, S.H., 88, 89 Drewry, G.E., 342 Clayton, G., 90 Dudley, D.L., 606 Clements, L.C., 91 Duncan, J., 540, 541 Clifford, W.J., 84,85,92 DuPaul, W., 147 Clymer, J.P. 111, 8 Easley, J.E. Jr., 106 Coates, P.G., 172 Ecological Analysts Engineering Science and Coduri, R.J., 93 Technology, Inc., 148 Cole, C., 90 Ecological Analysts, Inc., 149 Cole, R.W., 94,95, Edwards, R.L., 150, 151, 152 Colton, J.B. Jr., 96, 97,98,334,335,336 Eerly, S.P., 153, 154, 515 Colton, M.D., 99 Eisenberg, M., 159 Colvocoresses, J.A., 43, 44, 100, 190 Eklund, A., 155 Connecticut Division of Marine Fisheries, 101, Eldridge, P.J., 156 102,103 Essig, R.J., 157 Conover, D.O., 363 Estes, A.D., 134, 135 Cooke, D.W., 199 Erickson, M.C., 125 Coon, W.P. 11, 639, 640 Estes, A.D., 406 Copeland, B.J., 104, 105, 227 Estrella, B.T., 249 Coston, L.C., 246, 247 Evermann, B.W., 275 Coston-Clements, L.C., 425, 530, 531 Fahay, M.P., 2, 87, 97, 158, 386, 387, 580 Cowan, J.H. Jr., 107 Fahy, W.E., 140 Curley, J.R., 108, 109, 110, 171 Farmanfarmaian, A., 159 Dahlberg, M.D., if 1, 112, 113, 114, 115, Farmer, C.H. 111, 32 Daiber, F.C., 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 573 Fee, R., 160 Daniel, L.B. 111, 121, 638 Feigenbaum, D.L., 73 Davidson, L., 540, 541 Festa, P.J., 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, Davis, R.W., 631 168,396,397,398 Dawson, C.E., 122, 123 Figley, W., 169, 170 Deacutis, C.F., 124 Finn, J.T., 126 Dean, J.M., 45, 77, 553 Fiske, J.D., 109, 171, 172 Decker, E.A., 125 Fitch, J.E., 26 Deegan, L.A., 126 Fitzhugh, G.R., 376 DeGroot, S.J., 127, 128, 129 Florida Department of Natural Resources, 173 Delaney, G.R., 130, 175 Fogarty, M.J., 174, 175 Derickson, W.K., 131 Foster, D.B., 335, 336 Dery, L.M., 132, 133, 466, 574 Foster, H.A., 23, 24 QibliograRhy A-53 Fowler, H.W., 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, Hattala, K., 672 183, 551, 611 Hawkes, JA, 239 Freeman, B.L., 184, 185, 186 Hawkins, J.H., 221, 513 Frisbie, C.M., 78 Heck, K.L. Jr., 453 Frizzell, L.J., 68 Henderson, E.M., 22 Gabriel, W.L., 187 Hennemuth, R.C., 223 Gahn, T., 594, 595, 596, 598 Hensley, D.A., 6, 224 Gaichas, S.K., 270 Herald, E.A., 26 Gallagher, M.L., 188 Herman, S.S., 8, 225, 286 Gartner, J.V., 189 Herold, R.C., 226 Geer, P.J., 43, 44, 190 Herrema, D.J., 199 Gehringer, J.W., 17 Hester, J.J., 227 Gerhart, E.H., 191 Hettler, W.F. Jr., 228, 229, 247, 609 Gerry, L.R., 632 Heyerdahl, E.G., 210 Gibson, C.I., 355 Hickey, J.M., 108, 109 Gilbert, C.R., 192 Hicks, B., 230 Gillikin, J.W. Jr., 35, 175, 193, 194, 195, 196, 482, Hildebrand, S.F., 231, 232, 233 483 Hill, N.L., 220 Gilmore, R.G. Jr., 197, 198, 199, 274 Hillman, R.J., 234 Ginsburg, L, 200 Himchak, P.J., 235, 236, 237, 238 Ginter, J.J.C., 364 Hocuff, C.H., 269, 270 Goldman, J.C., 201 Hodgins, H.O., 239 Goldstein, R.J., 202 Hodson, R.G., 104, 105, 106, 632 Goode, G.B., 203 Hoese, H.D., 240 Gordon, B.L., 204 Hoff, F.H. Jr., 610 Goss, D.K., 276 Hoff, J.G., 575 Grant, G.C., 458,459 Hoffman, W.G. 11, 241 Graunke, B., 274 Hogarth, W.T., 539 Greenfield, R.C., I I Holder, D.R., 248 Greenwood, P.H., 205 Holland, A.F., 312 Greges, M.P., 564 Holland, B.F. Jr., 35, 195, 196, 242, 482, 483 Grimes, B.H., 206 Holliday, M.C., 157 Grosslein, M.D., 25, 207, 208, 209, 2 10 Horwitz, R.J., 243 Gudger, E.W., 211, 212, 214 Hoss, D.E., 62, 63, 91, 244, 245, 246, 247, 609, Gunter, G., 214 646 Gusey, W.F., 215 Hottell, H.E., 248 Gutherz, E.J., 216 Howe, A.B., 249, 671 Guthrie, R.O., 195 Howell, W.H., 271, 272 Hackney, C.T., 520 Hsia, R., 159 Haire, M.S., 312 Hughes, E.H., 250,251 Halgren, B., 217 Huish, M.T., 206 Hall, W.M, Jr., 670 Hultin, H.O., 125 Hamer, P.E., 152, 218, 314 Hunninen, AN., 75 Hardy, J.D. Jr., 333 Hussakoff, L., 252 Hargis, W.J. Jr., 219 lannaccone, V., 159, Harrell, M.L., 188 Ichthyological Associates, 254, 255, 256, 257, Harris, C.D., 324, 325, 326, 327 258 Harris, R.E., 43, 44, 190 Industrial Fishery Project, 259 Harvell, C.H., 145 International Gametish Association, 260 Hassler, W.W., 220 Irlandi, L.R., 425 A-54 Bibliocjrap@y Ishibashi, N., 261 Leim, A.H., 308 Itzkowitz, N., 262, 564 Lesser, C.A., 309 Jacobs, F., 312 Levinton, J.S., 36 Jansen, M.E., 263 Lewis, E.J., 310, 311 Jearld, A. Jr., 574 Lewis, R.R., 562 Jeffries, H.P., 264, 265 Lindsey, C.C., 26 Jensen, A.C., 266, 267, 268 Lipcon, V., 598 Jensen,J., 312 Lison, AA, 312, 313, Jesien, R.V., 11, 269, 270 Livingstone, R., 152 Johns, D.M., 271, 272 Livingston, R.J., 556 Johnson, G.N., 612, 613, 614 Lockwood, K., 170 Johnson, K.L., 273 Longo,J., 564 Johnson, W.C., 264 Lough, R.G., 42 Jones, R.S., 274 Low, R., 33 Jordan, D.S., 275, 276 Lucy, J.A., 341 Jorgenson, S.C., 277, 375 Lugger, 0., 616 Joseph, E.B., 344, 345, 552 Lux, F.E., 218, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319 Judy, M.H., 278 Lynch, T.R., 320 June, F.E., 279 Lyons, P., 135 Junqueira, L.C., 280,281 MacKenzie, C.L. Jr., 321 Kalber, F.A., 137, 138 MacPhee, G., 322 Kasper, V., 594, 595, 596, 598 Maddox, M.B., 638 Keefe, M., 282, 283, 284 Magley, W.C., 274 Keirans, W.J. Jr., 285, 286 Mahoney, J.B., 315, 323, 561 Keiser, R.K., 287 Mahood, R.K., 324, 325, 326, 327 Keisler, A.S., 626 Malins, D.C., 618 Kernmerle, S., 288 Malloy, K.D., 328, 329, 330, 331 Kendall, AW Jr., 87, 97, 289 Malsberger, R.G., 296 Kerby, J.H., 206 Mann, W.C., 310 Kernehan, R.J., 622 Manooch, C.S. 111, 332 Kerr, G.A., 290 Mansueti, A.J., 333 Keup, L., 291 Marak, R.R., 334, 335, 336 Kimmel, J.J., 292 Marcellus, K.L., 337 Kindred, J.E., 1971 Marsh, E., 338 Kirsch, R., 294 Marshall, A., 339, 340, 341 Kielson, M.A., 472, 609 Martin, F.D., 342 Klein-MacPhee, G., 272, 295, 296, 297 Martore, R.M., 583, 637 Krouse, C.W., 530, 531 Mason, D., 540,541 Kulczyck, G.R., 274 Mason, J.M., 14 Kuntz, A., 298 Massmann, W.H., 343, 344, 345, 490 Kyle, H.M., 299 Mast, S.O., 346 Lachner, E.A., 26, 503, 504 Matheson, R.E., 2 LaCroix, M.W., 608, 609 Maurer, R.O. Jr., 347 Lange, A.M.T., 14, 300 Mayo, R.K., 348, 349, 446, 562 Langton, R.W., 301, 302, 303, McAdams, M., 540, 541 Lascara, U., 304 McAllister, D.E., 350 Latham, R., 105 McClain, J.F. Jr., 351, 352 Laudan, R., 306 McDermott, V., 353, 354 Laurence, G.C., 307 McEachran, J.D., 407 Lawton, R.P., 108, 109, 110, 171 McErlean, A.J., 355 Bibliography A-55 McGovern, J.C., 356, 357, 637 Newman, M.W., 434 McHugh, J.L., 358, 359, 360, 361,,362, 363, 364 Nichols, J.T., 435, 436 McKenzie, R.A., 620 Nicholson, N., 460 McKown, K.A., 672 Nichy, F.E., 316, 317, 318 McLaughlin, S.M., 311 Nixon, S.W., 456 McMillan, D.G., 582, 657 Noble, E.B., 437, 438 Mercer, L.P., 365 Norcross, J.J., 344, 345 Meredith, A., 288 Norman, J.R., 439 Merriman, D., 366, 623 North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Metzger, F. Jr., 367 440-444 Michels, S.F., 368 Northeast Utilities Service Company, 445 Michener, W.K., 9, 10,449 O'Brien, L., 446 Mid-Atlantic Council Staff, 369 O'Conner, J.S., 447,448 Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 370, O'Connor, S.G., 355 371,372,373,374 Odum, E.P., 115 Midlige, F.H., 323 Ogburn, M.V., 449 Miglanese, J.V., 552 Olla, B.L., 450 Mihursky, J.A., 355 Olne y, J.E., 451, 452 Miller, D., 336, 590 O'Neil, S.P., 575 Miller, G.L., 277, 375 Orth, R.J., 453 Miller, J.M., 376, 377, 378 Osborn, C.M., 454, 455 Miller, J.S., 63 Oviatt, C.A., 456 Miller, R.W., 379 Pacheco, A.L., 83, 457, 458, 459, 657 Monaco, M.E., 425 Pafford, J.M., 402, 460 Monaghan, J.P. Jr., 365, 380a, 380b,491 Palmer, B.A., 324, 325, 326, 327_ Monroe, R.J., 104, 437, 438 Pancirov, R.J., 53 Moore, H.F., 381 Parker, L.L., 73 Moran, D., 206 Parker, R.O., 461 Moran, J.E., 638 Parrish, J., 90 Moran, R.L., 313 Pearcy, W.G., 462 Moran-Johnson, R.L., 312 Pearson, J.C., 463,464 Morgan, M.A., 564 Pendleton, E.C., 465 Morris, T.L. Jr., 382 Pentilla, A., 466 Morse, W.W., 2, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 65 1, Perlmutter, A., 467, 468 652,653,654,655,656 Perra, P., 469 Moser, H.G., 6 Perschbacher, P., 540, 541 Murawski, S., 90, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, Peters, D.S., 377, 470, 471, 472, 530, 531 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399 Phalen, P.S., 473 Murchelano, R.A., 136, 400, 401, 507, 523 Phelan, B.A., 657 Music, J.L. Jr., 324, 325, 326, 327, 402, 403 Pietrafesa, L.J., 378 Musick, J.A., 100, 134, 135, 404, 405, 406, 407 Pikanowski, R.A., 657 Myer, G.S., 205 Podgar, T.T., 312 Myrvik, O.N., 626 Poole, J.C., 12, 175, 314, 474, 475, 476, 477, Nagle, J.J., 593, 594, 595, 596, 599 478,479 National Marine Fisheries Service, 408-423 Porter, H.J., 542 Nelson, D.M., 425 Porter, L.R. Jr., 319 Nesbit, R.A., 426 Potter, D.C., 42 Neville, W.C., 42r6, 427, 642 Powell, A.B., 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486 New Jersey Department of Environmental, Powles, H., 487 Protection, 428-433 Price, K. Jr., 131 A-56 Bibliograghy Price, K.S., 545 Schaefer, R.H., 532 Price, T.J., 27 Schauss, R.P., Jr., 533 Pritchard, E.S., 24 Schroeder, W.C., 39, 233, 534 Pulley, M.G., 488 Schubel, J.R., 262, 564 Purvis, C., 489 Schwartz, F.J., 494, 485, 486, 535't 536, 537, 538, Radcliffe, L., 298 539,540,541,542 Ralph, D.E., 175, 652, 653, 654, 655, 660, 672 Sclar, R.C., 366 Rand, H.G. Jr., 93 Scott, W.B., 26, 308, 543 Raney, E.C., 490. Scott, R.N., 503, 504 Ray, G.C., 505 Scotton, L.N., 544, 545 Raynie, R.C., 81 Seagraves, R.J., 94, 95, 546, 547, 548, 549 Reback, K., 108, 110 Sedberry, G.R., 634 Reed, J.P., 378 Settle, M.E., 425 Reed, L., 491 Sharp, B., 551 Reichert, M.J.M., 492 Sharp, J.H., 550 Reinach, F., 280 Shealy, M.H. Jr., 552, 639, 640, 641 Reintjes, J.W., 279, 493 Shenker, J.M., 553 Reis, R., 494 Shepherd, G.P., 2, 85, 554, 555 Reisersen, L., 495 Sheridan, P.F., 556 Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife, .496 Sherman, K., 557, 558 Rhodes, R., 33 Sherr, E.B., 251 Rice, C.D., 627 Shipman, S., 559 Richards, A., 497 Shuster, C.N. Jr., 138 Richards, C.E., 498, 499, 500, 501 Shuster, C.W., 560 Richards, S.W., 462,502 Sibunka, J.D., 581, 660 Richkus, W.A., 312 Sicluna, J.D., 672 Riggs, S.R., 105, 106 Silverman, M.J., 561, 658, 659 Robins, C.R., 503, 504, 505 Sinderman, C.J., 601 Robohm, R.A., 506, 507, 508 Sissenwine, M.P., 562 Rogers, S.G., 403, 509, 5 10 Smigielski, A.S., 563 Roithmayr, C.M., 493 Smith, C.F., 564 Rosen, D.E., 205 Smith, H.M., 565,566,567 Rosenberg, M., 5 L i Smith, J.W., 568t569,638 Ross, J,L., 365, 491, 512, 513 Smith, M.G., 543 Ross, S.W., 154, 514, 515 Smith, N.S., 545 Rournillat, W.A., 637, 638 Smith, R.E., 545 Rountree, R.A., 516, 517, 518, 605 Smith, R.L., 570 Rozas, L.P., 519, 520 Smith, R.W., 120, 175, 571, 572, 573, 574, Rulifson, R.A., 188, 521, 522 Smith, S.I., 619 Ryder, C., 126 Smith, S.M., 575 Salles, L.M.M., 280,281 Smith, W.G., 87, 97, 386, 387, 558, 576-582, 66.0 Samet, C.E., 450 Socci, R., 159 Sandifer, P.S., 639, 640, 641 Sparrow, D.S., 508 Sandoy, K., 540, 541 Spear, H.S., 58 Sass, S.L., 523 Spitsbergen, D., 582 Sawyer, R.T., 524 Stancyk, S.E., 9, 10 Sawyer, T.K., 311 Steady, E.J., 654, 655 Scarlett, P.G., 175, 217, 525, 526, 527, 528, 574, Stehlik, L.L., 656, 657 Scattergood, L.W., 529 Stender, B.W., 583, 635, 636 Schaaf, W.E., 246, 530, 531 St. Onge, J.M., 98 Bibliogrgphy A-57 Stender, B.W., 487 Weinstein, M.P., 539, 575, 628, 629, 630, 631, Stephan, C.D., 584, 585 632, 633 Stephan, D.C., 473 Weiss, S.L., 632,633 Stern, H., Jr., 210 Weitzman, S.H., 205 Stickney, R.R., 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 644, 645 Weller, P., 37 Stock Assessment Workshop, 591, 592 Wells, A., 581, 582 Stolen, J.S., 306, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, Wenner, C.A., 33, 357, 569, 634, 635, 636, 637, Stone, R.B., 461 638 Struhsaker, P., 599 Wenner, E.L., 339 34, 639, 640, 641 Studholme, A.L., 450 Wesche, A.E., 81 Sumida, B.Y., 6 Westman, J.R., 427, 642 Sumner, F.B., 600 Wheatland, S.B., 643 Swanson, R.L., 601 White, D.B., 587, 588, 589, 590, 644, 645 Sypek, J.P., 69, 602 White, J.C. Jr., 141, 646 Szedlmayer, S.T., 603, 604, 605 White, R.L., 399 Tagatz, M.E., 606 Widerstrom, F.L. Jr., 647 Targett, T.E., 155, 329, 330, 331, 509 Wilk, S.J., 175, 648-660 Tate, J., 541 Williams, B.C., 403 Temple, R.F., 99 Williams, A.B., 661, 662, 663 Terceiro, M., 265, 555, 607 Witting, D.A., 664 Thayer, G.W., 608,609 Witzig, J.F., 157 Thompson, J.R., 59 Wolff, M., 665, 666, 667 Tinsman, J.C., 94, 95 Woodward, A.G., 668 Topp, R.W., 610 Woolcott W.S., 669,670 Truitt, R.V., 611 Wyanski: D.M., 671, Turner,W.R., 612,613,614 Young, B.H., 672 Tyler, AN., 615 Younger, R.R., 673 Uhler, P.R., 616 Zamos, J.A., 673 Van Den Avyle, M.J., 510 Zingmark, R.G., 671 Van Der Veer, H.W., 492 Ziskowski, J.J., 400, 401, 672 Van Dolah, R., 33 Zwerner, D.E., 70, 71, 72 Van Housen, G., 617 Van Sant, S.B., 509 Varanasi, U., 618 Vaughn, D.S., 530, 531 Vecchio, V.J., 672 Verrill, A.E., 619 Vladykov, V.D., 620 Vouglitois, J.J., 621 Walford, L.A., 186 Walters, M.F., 633 Wang, J.C.S., 622 Warfel, H.E., 623 Warlen, S.M., 624 Warriner, J.E., 626, 627 Watson, C.E., 172 Weber, A.M., 625 Webster, R.P., 34 Weeks, B.A., 626, 627 Subject index to the Bibliography Note: Numbers correspond to citations listed in Appendix A adults. 144 age: 11, 132, 133, 466, 474, 481, 554 anatomy: 128, 129, 226, 280, 281, 293, 294, 299, 338, 382, 455, 669, 670 (see also anomalies) anomalies: 15, 40, 111, 123, 140, 189, 211, 212, 213, 252, 494, 589, 646 aquaculture: 587, 588, 589, 644 Baltimore. Canyon: 53 behavior: t27, 295, 296, 304, 346, 450, 590 bibliography: 123, 495, 526, 545, 645 biochemistry: 37, 125, 159, 188, 330, 331, 511 biomass: 88, 319, 516, 652 Block Island Sound: 366 Canada: 97, 98, 158, 187, 308, 350, 384, 386, 387, 420, 543, 620, 650 Chesapeake Bay: 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 121, 233, 243, 263, 333, 404, 452, 453, 464, 469 Chesapeake Bight: 407, 468 color: see pigment commercial fisheries: see fisheries Connecticut: 79, 101, 102, 103, 462 Delaware: 131, 331, 362, 368, 379, 458, 459, 544, 546 Delaware Bay-River: 1, 13, 1.20, 137, 138, 177, 191, 238, 254, 257, 279, 433, 493, 545, 547, 548, 549, 560, 570, 571, 572, 573, 622 development: 6, 41, 205, 231, 232, 283, 298, 299, 313, 333, 342, 455 disease/parasites: 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 122, 136, 219, 239, 263, 306, 311, 323, 400, 401, 4.34, 506, 507, 508, 5239 524, 561, 588, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 602, 672 distribution (temporal & spatial): 1, 23, 24, 25, 34, 42, 48, 64, 76, 77, 98, 115, 150, 208, 425, 229, 230, 264, 289, 291, 334, 335, 336, 355, 396, 405, 407, 456, 462, 485, 487, 517, 521, 544, 552, 553, 562, 576, 579, 581, 599, 629, 634, 639, 640 dredging: 119,534,586 early life history: 2, 158, 376, 458, 510, 622 A-60 Bibliography eggs: 2, 42, 96, 98, 146, 225, 229, 237, 241, 271, 272, 278, 285, 286, 298, 333, 3.14, 335, 336, 352, 354, 366, 451, 452, 457, 467, 487, 557, 576, 577, 580, 582, 621, 637, 643 electrophoresis: 93, 617 entrainment: see industry/energy plant.studies estuarine dependence: 87, 378 fecundity: see reproduction feeding: 61, 128, 129, 261, 292, 304, 328, 329, 330, 382, 450, 477, 590 fisheries (commercial/recreational): 5, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 55, 58, 60, 78, 82, 84, 85, 86, 92, 94, 95, 116, 117, 118, 142, 143, 147, 155, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174, 185, 186, 203, 210, 235, 249, 259, 260, 266, 267, 268, 273., 279, 287, 288, 300, 309, 316, 317, 320, 324, 325, 326, 327, 339, 340, 341, 351, 359, 360, 361, 361), 363, 364, 365, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 379, 394, 398, 402, 403, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 421, 422, 423, 426, 438, 441, 442, 443, 460, 463, 468, 469, 473, 475, 476, 491, 493, 496, 498, 499, 512, 513, 514, 525, 527, 532, 546, 548, 549, 555, 557, 558, 559, 568, 599, 625, 642, 647, 648, 650, 672 Florida: 28, 48, 173, 192, 197, 198, 199, 186, 274, 290, 556, 658, 660 food/iood habits: 73, 129, 151, 167, 236, 250, 251, 292, 301, 302, 303, 347, 405, 470, 471, 472, 486, 619 Georges Bank: 42, 96, 99, 334, 335, 336, 579 Georgia: 78, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 240, 248, 251, 277, 324, 325, 326, 327, 375, 402, 403, 460, 492, 509, 559,668 Gulf of Maine: 39, 89, 96, 334, 335, 336, 529 growth: 56, 261, 282, 295, 296, 329, 329, 330, 331, 470, 471, 475, 491, 492, 517, 574, 603, 605 habitat selection/use: 61, 62, 282, 322, 437, 510, 520, 5-34, 671 Hudson River: 36, 146 identification: 47, 93, 114, 158, 200, 204, 216, 224, 233, 275, 276, 308, 332, 439, 505,,545, 610, 620 immunology: see physiology impingement: see industry/energy plant studies industry/energy plant studies: 9, 10, 80, 104, 112, 124, 148, 149, 234, 247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 337, 354,367,564 juveniles (incl. post-larvae): 1, 2, 43, 44, 45, 68, 104, 107, 139, 141, 161, 190, 138, 245, 282, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 356, 357, 378, 396, 457, 458, 459, 464, 470, 471, 472, 492, 494, 533, 547, 548, 553, 577, 578, 602, 603, 604, 605, 609, 632, 664, 671 larvae: 2, 7, 41, 42, 45, 56, 62, 64, 91, 96, 98, 104, 107, 146, 158, 161, 225, 229, 237, 238, 241, 246, 247, 271, 272, 278, 285, 286, 289, 297, 298, 307, 310, 333, 334, 335, 336, 344, 345, 353, 354, 356, 357, 366, 378, 396,451,452,457,459, 467, 487, 494, 533, 544, 545, 553, 557, 563, 576, 577, 580, 581, 582, 621, 624, 637, 643 length (incl. length/weight): 92, 169, 277, 307, 317, 319, 348, 375, 552, 652 life history: 21, 22, 25, 38, 192, 203, 206, 231, 232, 322, 402, 442, 479, 530, 531, 621, 638, 642, 654 Long Island Sound: 427, 445, 502 marking: see tagging/marking Maryland: 19, 81, 179, 269, 270, 312, 313, 535, 536, 537, 611, 616 Biblioargphy A-61 Massachusetts: 90, 108, 109, 110, 126, 172, 249, 317, 523, 551, 566, 576, 581 maturity: see reproduction mesh selectivity: 14, 194, 195, 217, 668 meristics: 130 metabolism: see physiology metamorphosis: 283, 299 Middle Atlantic: 2, 23, 24, 58, 60, 65, 134, 135, 155, 175, 184, 206, 215, 289, 314, 316, 342, 360, 363, 383, 405, 406, 410, 468, 550, 555, 582, 615, 655 migration: see movement morphometrics: 130 mortality/survival: 65, 72, 297, 328, 329, 330, 492, 601, 605, 625 movement: 145, 193, 218, 242, 245" 269, 270, 305, 378, 380a, 604 (see also tagging/ marking) Nantucket Shoals: 42, 152, 186 New England: 18, 150, 266, 318, 436, 555, 623 New Haven Harbor: 79 New Jersey: 2, 8, 29, 46, 84, 85, 148, 149, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 176, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 255, 256, 258, 285, 286, 288, 321, 337, 351, 352, 353, 354, 367, 381, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 398, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 516, 517, 518, 528, 565, 603, 604, 605, 647, 673 New York: 12, 14, 49, 50, 51, 52, 98, 49, 267, 321, 435, 436, 467, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 532, 564, 625, 642, 658, 660, 672, 358 New York Bight: 55, 74, 323, 361, 364, 400, 401, 447, 448, 507, 561, 601, 649, 651, 652, 653, 654, 656, 657 nitrogen: 57 North Atlantic: 54, 59, 83, 88, 136, 158, 174, 187, 209, 216, 222, 223, 301, 302, 303, 307, 349, 382, 411, 414, 419, 424, 466, 557, 558, 615, 650, 672 North Carolina: 35, 80, 89, 97, 104, 105, 106, 139, 141, 144, 145, 152, 153, 154, 158, 187, 193, 194, 195, 196, 220, 227, 228, 229, 232, 241, 242, 253, 278, 291, 310, 331, 377, 380b, 384, 386, 387, 420, 437, 438, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 463, 465, 472, 473, 480, 482, 483, 485, 486, 488, 489, 512, 513, 514, 51-5, 519, 521, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 567, 576, 581, 582, 584, 585, 606, 613, 624, 628, 650, 661, 662, 663, 665, 666, 667 nursery habitat: 61, 63, 221, 330, 458, 489, 509, 515, 628, 671 osteology: see anatomy oyster-shell habitat: 19 oxygen: 91, 184, 550 parasites: see disease/parasites physiology: 159, 280, 281, 293, 294, 295, 296, 306, 454, 455, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 600, 602, 618, 626,627 pigment: 140, 189, 211, 213, 252, 280, 281, 346, 454, 455, 589, 6001 646 pollutants/pollution: 9, 27, 53, 82, 112, 159, 190, 201, 239, 244, 246, 447, 448, 507, 508, 530, 531, 595, 597, 598,618,657 A-62 Bibliography post-larvae: see juveniles predation (by and on summer flounder): 304, 315, 664 Raritan Bay: 36, 321 recreational fisheries: see fisheries recruitment: 7, 63, 273, 356, 357, 376 reproduction: 97, 99, 169, 196, 383, 384, 38@, 397, .199, 424, 446,'561, 651, 656, 579 Rhode Island: 204, 225, 264, 265, 320, 456, 496 salindy: 141, 328, 329, 334, 335, 336, 470, 471 salt marsh habitat: 228, 241, 356, 357, 494, 575, 628, 633, 637 salt marsh creek habitat: 64, 76, 77, 121, 494, 516, 518, 519, 522, 553, 612, 614, 630, 631 Sandy Hook Bay: 46, 566 scallop bed habitat: 542 settlement: 63, 284, 383, 492 South Atlantic: 16, 17, 34, 175, 425, 510, 599, 615, 634, 635, 636 South Carolina: 9, 10, 30, 31, 32, 33, 45, 77, 230, 246, 287, 449, 461, 522, 524, 552, 568, 583, 612, 614, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 671 spawning: see reproduction species list: 26, 176, 177, 183, 197, 214,350, 352, 377, 381, 404, 490, 503, 504, 611, 616, 671 survival: see morlality/survival stocks/stock assessment: 81, 130, 134, 135, 144, 175, 207, 221, 269, 270, 406, 497, 607, 617 systematics: see identification tagging/marking: 145, 193, 218, 242, 245, 269, 270, 318, 380,393,406 temperature: 124, 150, 152, 202, 247, 262, 271, 272, 328, 329, 330, 331, 334, 335, 336, 337, 470,471, 564, 593, 594, 602, 605, 621 tracking: see movement vegetated habitat: 3, 4, 282, 304, 452, 45.1, 608, 6.10 Virginia: 43, 44, 73, 100, 107, 190, 242, 292, 339, 340, 341, 343, 463, 464, 490, 498, 499, 500, 501, 533 weight: see biomass, length (incl. length/weight) Appendix B List of Experts Able, Kenneth W., Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Marine Field Station, 800 Great Bay Blvd., Tuckerton, NJ 08087 Azarovitz, Thomas R., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, 116 Water Street, Woods Hole MA 02543-1097 Bengston, David A., Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02 881 Burke, John S., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516-9722 Byrne, Donald M., New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, Nacote Creek Research Station, P.O. Box 418, Port Republic, NJ 08241 Casey, James F., Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Tidewater Administration, Fisheries Division, 580 Taylor Avenue, Tawes State Off ice Bldg., Annapolis, MD 21401 Castonguay, Wayne, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Cat Cove Lab, Sale m, MA 01970 Daiber, Franklin Co., College of Madne Studies, University of'Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 Daniel, Louis B., III Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 786, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 Desfosse, Joseph C., Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, P.O Box 1046, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 DeVries, Doug, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, FL 32408 Epifanio, Charles E., University of Delaware, Marine Biology-Biochemistry Program, 700 Pilottown Rd., Lewes, DE 19958 Fahay, Michael P., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory, Highlands, NJ 07732 Fogarty, Michael NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole. Laboratory, 116 Water Street, Woods Hole MA 02543-1097 Fonseca, Mark NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516-9721 B-2 Experts Gorski, Stan, NOAAiNational Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory, Highlands NJ 07731 Hettler, William, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516-9722 Hocuff, Charles H., Horn Point Environmental Laboratory, University of Maryland, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613-0775 Hoff, Thomas B., National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole Laboratory, 116 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Howe, Arnold B., Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Sandwich, MA 02563-1802 Howell-Heller, Penelope T., Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Fisheries, .. P.O. Box 248, Waterford, CT 06385 Jearld, Ambrose Jr. NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, 116 Water Street, Woods Hole MA 02543-1097 Jesien, Roman, Horn Point Environmental Laboratory, University of Maryland, PO Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 Kaiser, Susan C., Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Marine Field Station, 800 Great Bay Blvd., Tuckerton, NJ 08087 Keefe, MaryLouise, Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife, 211 Inlow Hall, Eastern Oregon State College, LaGrande, OR 97850 Klein-MacPhee, Grace, University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197 Lynch, Timothy R., Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Fish and Wildlife, 150 Fowler St., Wickford, RI 02852 Malloy, Kirk D., Boston University, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215 Mercer, Linda P., North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries, P.O. Box 769, Morehead City, NC 28557-0769 Michels, Stewart F., Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Department of Marine Fisheries, 99 Kings Highway, PO Box 1401, Dover, DE 19903 Monaghan, James Patrick, Jr., North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries, P.O. Box 769, Morehead City, NC 28557-0769 Murawski, Walter S., New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, Bureau of Freshwater Fisheries, CN 400, Trenton, NJ 08625 Musick, John A., Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, P.O Box 358, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 Experts B-3 Norcross, Brenda, University of Alaska- Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 Poole, John C., P.O. Box 167, Melvin Village, NH 03850 Powell, Allyn B., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516-9722 Powell, Christopher, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Fish and Wildlife, Great Swamp, P.O. Box 218, West Kingston, RI 02892 Ross, Jeffrey L., North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries, Monteo Field Office, P.O. Box 1550, Manteo, NC 27954 Rountree, Rodney A., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, 116 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1097 Scarlett, Paul G,, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, Nacote Creek Research Station, P.O. Box 418, Port Republic, NJ 08241 Shepherd, Gary P., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, 116 Water Street, Woods Hole MA 02543-1097 Shipman, Susan, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Coastal Fisheries Dept., I Conservation Way, Brunswick, GA 31523-8600. Smith, Joseph W., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516 Smith, Ronal W., Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, 89 Kings Hwy., P.O. Box 1401, Dover, DE 19903 Smith, Walter G., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory, Highlands NJ 07732 Studholme, Anne L., NOAAJNational Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory, Highlands NJ 07732 Targett, Timothy E., College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Rd., Lewes, DE 19958 Terceiro, Mark, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, 116 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1097 Wenner, Charles A. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, SC 29412-2559 Wilk, Stuart J., NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory, Highlands NJ 07732 Appendix C User Groups American Littoral Society Sandy Hook, Highlands, NJ 07732 Attention: P. Carlsen Connecticut Bureau of Natural Resources, Marine Fisheries P.O. Box 248, Waterford, CT 06385 Attention: P.T. Howell, M. Johnson Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife 89 Kings Highway, PO Box 1401, Dover, DE 19903 Attention: S. Michels, R. Seagrave, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Inc. 5600 Old Dixie Highway Ft. Pierce, FL 33946 Attention: R.G. Gilmore, Jr. Georgia Department of Natural Resources Coastal Fisheries Dept., I Conservation Way, Brunswick, GA 31523-8600. Attention: J.L. Music, Jr., J. Pafford, S. Shipman Maryland Department of Natural Resources Tidewater Administration Fisheries Division, 580 Taylor Avenue Tawes State Office Bldg. Annapolis, MD 21401 Attention: J.F. Casey Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries Cat Cove Laboratory, Salem, MA 01970 Attention: W. Castonguay NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center Beaufort Laboratory 101 Pivers Island Road Beaufort, NC 28516 Attention: J. Burke, S.E. Chester, L. Coston-Clements, D. Hoss, D. Peters, A.B. Powell C-2 User groups NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory Highlands, NJ 07732 Attention: A. Bejda, M.P. Fahay, W.G. Smith, A.L. Studholme, S.J. Wilk NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory Milford, CT 06460 Attention: A. Calabrese NOAXNational Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Woods Hole Laboratory 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1097 Attention: T. Azarovitz, M. Fogarty, T. Hoff, A. Jearld, B. O'Gorman, G.P. Shepherd, M. Terceiro New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife Nacote Creek Research Station P.O. Box 418 Port Republic, NJ 08241 Attention: D. Byrne, P.G. Scarlett, B. Halgren New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife Bureau of Freshwater Fisheries 501 E. State St.,CN 400 Trenton, NJ 08625 Attention: B. Freeman, W.S. Murawski New York Department of Environmental Conservation Stony Brook, NY 11790 Attention: K. McKown, V.J. Vecchio-, B.H. Young State University of New York Marine Science Research Center Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000 Attention: J. Schubel North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries P.O. Box 769, Morehead City, NC 28557 Attention: D. DeVries, L. Mercer, J.P.. Monaghan, Jr. North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Elizabeth City District Office, Elizabeth City, NC 27909 Attention: L. Henry User groups C- 3 North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Washington District Office, Washington, NC 27889 Attention: 0. Moye North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Wilmington District Office, Wilmington, NC 28402 Attention: F. Rohde North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries Monteo Field Office, P.O. Box 1550, Manteo, NC 27954 Attention: J.L. Ross Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife 150 Fowler St., Wickford, RI 02852 Attention: T.R. Lynch Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences Marine Field Station, 800 Great Bay Blvd. Tuckerton, NJ 08087 Attention: K.W. Able, S.C. Kaiser, D.A. Witting South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Center P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, SC 29422-2559 Attention: R. Martore, J. Smith, B. Stender, Ft. VanDolah, C.A. Wenner, D.M. Wyanski South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department Waddell Mariculture Center, Bluffton, SC 29910 Attention: D. Hamilton, J. Hollaway United States Environmental Protection Agency South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882 Attention: D.A. Bengsten United States National Park Service Biscayne Bay National Park, Homestead, FL 33030 Attention: T. Rutledge University of Delaware College of Marine Studies 700 Pilottown Road Lewes, DE 19958 Attention: C.E. Epifanio, T.E. Targett University of Maryland Horn Point Environmental Laboratory University of Maryland System, Cambridge, MD 21613 Attention: C. Hocutt, R. Jesien C-4 User groups University of Massachusetts Cooperative Extension, Essex County Office 562 Maple Street Hawthorne, MA 01937-0362 Attention: S. Jacobson University of North Carolina Wilmington, NC 28402 Attention: D. Lindquist University of North Florida 'Coastal Fisheries Laboratory, Jacksonville, FL 32203 Attention: C. DeMort University of South Carolina Belle Baruch Marine Laboratory, Georgetown, SC 29440 Attention: D. Allen, G. Ogburn University of South Carolina Coastal Carolina College P.O. Box 1954, Conway, SC 29526 Attention, R. Moore Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary P.O. Box 1046, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 Attention: J.C. Desfosse, J.A. Musick U.S. GOVERNMENT PRIN71NG OFFICE: 1994 - 3 0 0 - 5 6 6 1 0 4 0 4 0 0 . ........... . . .. ............... ................ SPAING: LIMMOI . ...... ......... . .......... . . . . .IMINTERAUTUM ..... ....... - ................. . . - -------- --- ....... ...... ............ . ...... ......... . ....... ........... .................... ..... ...... ........ ... :: .. .. ...... ... ..... ..... .. ........ ....... ... ............. ....... .. ........... .. .. ....... ....... . ....... . ........ ........... ... ........ - . . . . . . . . . ..... ......... Life History of Summer Flounder. Adults generally spend summer in estuaries and on the shallow continental shelf, migrate offshore in autumn, spend winter in the ocean, and migrate back inshore in spring. Adults spawn in the ocean during autumn and winter. Eggs rise to near-surface waters and larvae hatch. Larvae are pelagic and begin development in the ocean but they enter estuaries during winter and spring to complete development and settle. Juveniles grow rapidly during the summer and join adults in offshore migration in autumn, returning to estuaries the following year. i , 3 6668 00003 7335 - - -------