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117 7L U I E 11 0 D D I L@ 11 u 0 QL 444 M33 T39 17 1979 -i J PRELIMINARY STOCK ASSESSMENT, NORTH CAROLINA/- ROCK SHRIMP (Sicyonia brevirostris) by David L. Taylor North Carolina. Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Division of Marine Fisheries Morehead City, NC 28557 Completion Report for Project 2-362-R December, 1979 This project was conducted under the Commercial Fisheries Research and Development Act (PL 88-309, as amended) and funded, in part, by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service. ABSTRACT During October, 1979 the R/V DAN MOORE utilized a conventional shrimp trawl at 22 locations offshore North Carolina from south of Cape Hatteras to southwest of Cape Fear in search of rock shrimp (Sicyonia brevirostris). Data were compiled on distribution, relative abundance, size and sex composition, and cull rates. Rock shrimp were found to be more abundant in Long Bay than in Onslow and Raleigh Bays, and it was evident that catches decreased in numbers as latitude increased. Although the vast majority (94.8%) of rock shrimp captured were of commercial size, nowhere were they located in commercially significant concentrations. Males averaged slightly smaller in total length than females and females became more numerous than males in the larger size categorie s. Sex ratio did not vary significantly from 1:1. 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT ii INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I METHODS AND MATERIALS 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................. 5 Distribution and Relative Abundance ................... 5 Size Composition ....................................... 7 Sex Composition ........................................ 7 Cull Rates. . ........................................... 13 RECOMMENDATIONS . ........................................... 13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ........................................... 13 LITERATURE CITED . ........................................... 14. INTRODUCTION Rock shrimp (Sicyonla brevirostris) are found in US coastal,waters in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Atlantic Ocean from the Florida Keys to Chesapeake Bay entrance (Williams, 1965). The area of maximum abundance on the east coast, hence the area of most importance to North Carolina fishermen, is from Cape Hatteras, NC to Cape Canaveral, FL (Cobb et al. 1973). The life history and biology of rock shrimp was reviewed by Cobb et al.'(197.3). Rock shrimp, about which little is known by North Carolina fishermen, have supported a small fishery in Florida and Georgia since the early 1970s (Kennedy et al. 1977). Because of the recent decline in North Carolina's penaeid shrimp fishery, interest has been generated among NC fishermen in what may or may not be an underutilized resource offshore North Carolina. The R/V DAN MOORE has occasionally encountered rock shrimp in scallop dredges and fish and shrimp trawls in depths from 14..5 to 181.9 m all along the North Carolina coast. During 1977 and 1978, the Division of Marine Fisheries conducted a general trawl survey in Long Bay, NC (west of Cape Fear). Significant .concentrations of rock shrimp were encountered in depths of 20 to 145.5 m where the bottom consisted of hard sand/shell substrate. These findings agree with work conducted off the east and west coasts of Florida Department of Natural Resources (Cobb et al. 1973; Kennedy et al. 1977). Since that time the R/V DAN MOORE has completed the general trawl survey of Long, Onslow and Raleigh Bays. In these Bays, large areas of hard sand/shell bottom have been located, indicating suitable habitat for rock shrimp and the possibility of the existence of an underutilized resource that could compliment the penaeid shrimp fishery. Determination of fishable stocks of rock shrimp in these areas would benefit the commercial,fishing industry. The Division of Marine Fisheries proposed a study to conduct a preliminary assessment of rock shrimp stocks offshore North Carolina. The primary objectives of the study were: 2 1. To investigate the relative abundance, distribution, size and sex composition, and cull rates of rock shrimp, 2. To determine if rock shrimp occur in sufficient quantities to support a commercial fishery, 3. To provide the Division of Marine Fisheries with a data base for comparison in future stock assessment activities, and 4. To prepare a report on these findings. METHODS AND MATERIALS From 15 to 24 October, and from 29 to 31 October 1979, the R/V DAN MOORE conducted trawling operations in search of rock shrimp. Effort was concentrated in areas previously determined to have suitable habitat. Sampling was conducted within grids of 10 minutes latitude and longitude in three general areas: Long Bay (southwest of Cape Fear), Onflow Bay (south of Cape Lookout), and Raleigh Bay (south of Cape Hatteras) (Figure 1). Samples were stratified by depth and distance from shore within these three general areas. Following the example of Kennedy et al. (1977), the study area was divided into four depth zones: Zone I from 18.0 to 20.0 m, Zone II from 21.0 to 33.0 m, Zone III from 34.0 to 55.0 m, and Zone IV from 56.0 te 74.0 m. Exact station localities appear in Figure 1. A conventional 23.3 m (77 ft) shrimp trawl equipped with a 25.0 m (86 ft)'.@ sweep was utilized at all stations. Seventeen link lengths of 0.63 cm chain tied at every fifteenth link were positioned on both wings of the trawl with four loops of chain in the back. The 4.4 cm stretched mesh trawl was equipped with a 0.63 cm tickler chain and 2.4 m x 1.0 m chain doors. All tows were conducted durtng the hours of darkness and varied in duration from 30 to 107 minutes, depending upon the type of bottom encountered. Initially, a 30-minute tow was to be considered as a standard sample, however, due to the paucity of rock shrimp, 60-minute tows were considered as standard. AM' Ne. AN* 'LEG END [email protected] S HMP trawl AO IJ @T6.i4,,teriminated.due..tci,harig-'Up.,;- 7- AP AQ 0 34 AR Iq PA I AS FRYII C-A ALS r AT 3917 AU 3918 0 3912 AV. 3913 3915 AW r, 391 2 2: AX 2 7 8 9 10 11 12 13_',"14 15 16 1 .18 19'.. t dc Fi gu re 1 Cape@ Lookout, NC-to Cape Romain$ SC. Exact localities., within 10 minute'. i u of stations occuoied during October,.1979 rock shrimp cruise. - FA t-e- -4 2%71 4o 2 29 30.- '31 1 32 ;36 :B E'@, 3 )33 /T B D-. BC B B 4 Ih Aake 37 c Bav! e B A A A A B A C /D Akbema@,-@t @d )A E Sour Q) A F 17 CL Q) LEGEND AG 0 4J - 0,; 23.3 mshrimp trawl AH :Tow terminated due to hang-up 0 P mlic Soun I A I ca L 41 C5 A J AK 3 32/ TGFF AL AM L 17 w- - V93 AN b.. 76 75 5 When rock shrimp were present in sufficient quantities, at least 50 individuals were measured to the nearest mm (TL) aInd sex was determined. Total catch was determined by counting and weighing. When catches of several pounds or more of rock shrimp were made, count and heads-on weight were determined. All species captured were recorded. Cull rate was estimated by determining the proportion of rock shrimp 85 mm TL and under (55 count, heads-off), which is currently the minimum acceptable market size. Final ly,percent weight loss by heading was also calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Distribution and Relative Abundance Rock shrimp were found to be more abundant in Long Bay than in Onslow and Raleigh Bays, although not in concentrations that could be considered commercially- significant. A total of 1,976 rock shrimp were captured in Long Bay compared with 393 in Onslow Bay and 335 in Raleigh Bay. Even though more fishing effort was expended in Long Bay than in the other areas, it was evident that rock shrimp catches decreased in numbers as latitude increased (Table 1). In Long Bay, Zone II yielded more rock shrimp"(973 individuals) than any other zone. Zone I was the least productive in Long Bay, with 126 shrimp captured, and Zone III produced a total of 424 rock shrimp. A good sign of rock shrimp was encountered at the one offshore station (Zone IV) at which 453 rock shrimp were captured. Rough seas, which made it impossible to determine the bottom type at that depth, precluded more quantitive sampling in this zone. In Onslow Bay, Zone II yielded only 14 individuals while Zone III yielded 379 rock shrimp.. Sampling was limited in Onslow Bay due to the paucity of uitable hard sand/shell substrate. Zone II in Raleigh Bay produced only 13 rock shrimp while 322 were captured in Zone III. Again rough seas precluded extensive trawling from offshore Drum Inlet to Hatteras Bight and effort was'@.concentrated east of Cape Lookout and south of Cape Hatteras. T@ 1. @tiMocaMes M otMperMnt M cMWni"MortVMroXM roMhriW%amOM 100 OcMMr 10P. Loran "A" Length Total Headed, Count Station Bearings Depth of tow Weight Total .,WeTght.@,,' Per Discard Ratio Number Date Grid LatitudeLongitude 3H6 M (m) min) (kg) Number (kg)" P6und Di scards/Totaj: 0 Long Bay Area 0 0 3911 10-15-79 12AU 330271 78007' 3054 4926 24 60 5.5 278 3.9 33 .0 3912 10-16-79 12AU 330 211 780 071 3099 4906 27 60 4.3 177 2.5 32 O;U 3913 10-16-79 12AV 330141 78006' 3130 4879 31 60 6.4 288 4.0 33 0.02 3914 10-16-79 12AW 33 009' 780 061 3167 4860 33 15 Net severely damaged *3915 10-17-79 12AW 33 0091 780 041 3149 4849 35 52 1.3 56 0.6 0.20 3916 10-18-79 11AT 330361 780 13' 3048 4972 20 60 2.3 126 1.5 39 0.02 3917 10-18-79 11AT 33032' 78013' 3075 4962 24 60 3.6 161 2.3 32 0.02 *3918 10-18-79 11AU 330241 780121 3124 4933 25 37 1.8 69 0.9 34 0.02 3919 10-20-79 13AW 33004' 78059' 3142 4813 40 60 3.4 169 2.0 36 0.02 3920 10-20-79 12AX 33000: 780 021 3183 4801 56 60 9.5 453 5.5 38 0.02 *3921 10-20-79 13AW 33002 770 58' 3142 4797 51 30 0.9 44 0.6 35 0.05 3922 10-21-79 13AW 33 04 77 58' 3126 4807 42 107 2.7 164 1.9 39 0.08 Onslow Bay Area 0 0 3923 10-21-79 22AQ 340001 76 24' 1989 4740 47 60 2.3 171 1.4 57 0.28 3924 10-22-79 22AQ 34 071 76026' 1951 4762 40 60 1.4 54 0.9 27 0.04 3925 10-22-79 22AQ 340031 760 271 1981 4753 40 60 1.8 92 1.1 23 0 3926 10-22-79 22AQ 34003: 760291 2004 4761 40 60 1.3 62 0.7 41 0.06 3927 10-23-79 20AO 34030 760 45 1925 4869 22 60 0.3 14 Insufficient number for analysis Raleigh Bay Area 3928 10-29-79 23AO .340291 760 16' 1698 4800 35 60 0.05 1 Insufficient number for analysis 3929 10-29-79 24AO 34028 760 08 1652 4781 40 60 2.9 146 1.8 36 0 0 3930 10-29-79 24AO 34 34: 76008 1687 4769 44 60 3.2 175 1.8 44 0 3931 10-31-79 27AK 35003 750 371 1132 4798 31, 60 0.2 13 Insufficient number for analysis 0 0 3932 10-31-79 27AL 34 59 75 30' 1136 4776 55 25 Net severely damaged *Tow terminated early due to rough bottom. 7 Bottom water temperatures over the entire study area ranged from 210 to 240C with an average of 23 0C and were not considered as'a significant factor influencing rock shrimp distribution. Few problems were encountered in negotiating the predominantly sand bottom, however at three stations (3915,.3918 and 3921) tows were terminated early due to rough bottomappearing on the fathometer. Major net damage was sustained at stations 3914 and 3932 due to obstructions-.-that..did-not-show up:.ofi'.the fathometer tracing. SIZE COMPOSITION During the study period, total lengths were taken and sex was determined for 844 rock shrimp. The majority (800 or 94.8%) of the rock shrimp were of commercial size, greater than 85 mm or 55 count. Heads-off count per pound ranged from 23 to 57 with an average count of 36. Length frequency distributions, by sex, for rock shrimp captured in Long, Onslow and Raleigh Bays with a combined length frequency of all rock shrimp, sexes combined, appear in Figures 2-5 respectively. A t-test revealed a significant differe nce at the 5% level of the mean lengths of males from Long Bay compared with those from Onslow and Raleigh Bays. No significant differences were found for females. In all three areas, the majority of the rock shrimp captured ranged in total length from 100 to 110 mm. Males were found to average slightly smaller in length than females overall, and females became more numerous at lengths greater than 110 mm. SEX COMPOSITION Sex was actually determined for 843 rock shrimp. The sex of one juvenile (46 mm) was impossible to determine upon gross examination-and was not used in the calculation of sex ratios. Of the 843 shrimp captured which were sexed, 419 were female and 424 Were male for a sex ratio a of 0.99 (T'ble 2). -In. Long and Raleigh Bays, males were more abundant than females, but females outnumbered males in Onslow Bay. 40 30 Males N.;= 283 Mean = 101.88 S.D. = 8.64 20 10 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Total Length (mm) .40 30 Females N 260 Mean = 105.27 S.D. = 10.28 20 10 .80 0 60 70 90 1bO 110 120 13' Total Length (mm) Figure 2. Length frequency distributions, by sex, of rock shrimp captured in Long Bay, NC October 1979. 9 40 '0- Mal es N 86 Mean - 98.36 S. D. 10.60 20- 10 60 70 80 90 160 '0 110 12 130 Total Length (mm) 40- 30- Females N 114 Mean = 103.85 S.D. = 10.57 20 10- 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Total Length (mm) Figure 3. Length frequency distributions, by sex, of rock shrimp captured in Onslow Bay, NC October 1979. 10 40 30 Mal es N 55 Mean 98.45 S D. 5. 14 20 10 60 A 86 do lob ifo *0 1SO Total Length (m) 40 30 Females N 45 Mean = 104.04 S.D. = 7.34 20 -10 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Total Length (m) Figure 4. Length frequency distribution, by sex, of rock shrimp caotured in Raleigh Bay, NC October 1979. 40 30 Males and Females N'.'. 8431.- Mean 100.92 S.D. 9.98 20 10 Cr (U U- 60 70 80 90 100 1101 120 130 Total Length (m) Figure 5. Length frequency distribution, sexes combined, of 843 rock shrimp captured in Long, Onslowand Raleigh Roys, NC October 1979. 12 Table 2. Sex composition, by area, for 843 rock shrimp, offshore North Carolina, October, 1979. AREA TOTAL NO. FEMALES PERCENT NO. MALES PERCENT SEX RATIO Long Bay 543 260 47.9 283 52.1 0.92 Onslow Bay 200 114 57.0 86 43.0 1.33 Raleigh Bay_ 100 45 45.0 55 55.0 0.82 Total 843 419 49.7 424 50.3 0.99 13 CULL RATES Cull rates (discard ratios) were calculated for each tow and appear in Table 1. Very few noncommercial sized rock shrimp were encountered anywhere during the study period. Only 44 (5.2%) of the 844 shrimp measured were less than or equal to 85 mm. The most discards per tow occurred in Onslow Bay. -At station 3923 for example, 14 of the 50 shrimp captured were culled for a discard ratio of 0.28, the highest of the cruise. Percent weight loss after heading was 38.8% which agrees with work conducted off Cape Canaveral, FL by the Florida Department of Natural Resources (Cobb et al. 1973). RECOMMENDATIONS Even though rock shrimp of commercial size were captured throughout the study area, they were not present in sufficient quantities to warrant any extensive commercial effort by North Carolina fishermen at this time. More exploratory work of this nature needs to be conducted in.the future to locate and delineate areas in which commercial concentrations of rock shrimp do occur. It is recommended that these efforts take place during the summer and winter months, traditional periods of maximum abundance. It may be that the use of heavier chain and doors in conjunction with the 23.3 m trawl would obtain more successful results by allowing deeper penetration of the sand substrate, but this is only speculation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I greatly appreciate the assistance of biologists B. F. Holland, Jr. and John W. Gillikin, and the entire crew of the R/V DAN MOORE during the field sampling portion of this study. I would also like to thank Michael W. Street for his advice and critical review of the report. 14 LITERATURE CITED Cobb, S.P., Futch, C.R., and D.K. Camp 1973. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises: the rock shrimp, sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson 1871 (Decapoda, Penaeidae). FL Dep. Nat. Resour., Mar. Res. Lab. 111 (1) : 1-38. Kennedy, F.S., Crane, J.J., Schlieder, R.A., and D.G. Barber 1977. Studies of the rock shrimp, sicyonia brevirostris, a new fishery resource on Florida's Atlantic shelf. FL Dep. Nat. Resour., Mar. Res. Lab., FL. Mar. Res. Pub. No. 30, 69 p. Williams,'A.B. 1965. Marine decapod crustaceans of the Carolinas. US Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 65(l):1-298. 15 A P P E N D I X Associated species which were most numberous in the trawl catches were scorpionfis (Scorpaena spp.), dusky flounder (Scyacium papillosum), and sand perch (Diplectrum formosum), all of which are known to prey upon rock shrimp (Cobb et al. 1973). The northern searobin (Prionotus carolinus) and Atlantic longinned squid (Loligo pealei) were also abundant in most catches. Associated species were merely noted as present; they were not counted, measured, or weighed. A few commercially important finfish such as spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) and weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) were cap- tured during the study period. Those captured were of non-commercial size. A few seed calico scallops (Argopecten gibbus) were present at stations 3919, 3928, and 3932, however, they were too small and too few in number to warrant any commercial effort. A few large pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), which ranged from 20 to 25 per pound, were also captured in Long and Onslow Bays, But again in insignificant quantities. Appendix Table 1 lists all species taken during the project in addition to rock shrimp and the stations at which they were taken. 16 Appendix Table 1. - Phylogenetically ordered list of all species (except rock shrimp) captured offshore North Carolina during the October 1979 cruise and the stations at which they were captured. SPECIES STATION NUMBER Atlantic torpedo (Torpedo nobiliana) 3917 Clearnose skat (Raja eglanteria) 3911, 3912, 3915, 3917, 3922, 3926, 3931 Southern stingray (Dasyatis americanus) 3915, 3932 Blackedge moray (Gymnothorax nigromarginatus) 3913, 3922, 3923, 3924, 3926 Margintail conger (Paraconger caudilimbatus) 3920 Palespotted eel (Ophichthus ocellatus) 3924 Spotted snake eel (Ophichthus ophis) 3922 Spanish sardine (Sardinella anchovia) 3917, 3922 Inshore lizardfish (Synodus foetens) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3915, 3916, 3917, 3927, 3929 Sand diver (Synodus intermedius) 3926 Offshore lizardfish (Synodus poeyi) 3932 Snakefish (Trachinocephalus myops) 3912, 3913, 3915, 3919, 3922, 3923, 3924, 3925, 3926, 3929, 3930 Atlantic midshipman (Porichthys porosissimus) 3912, 3916, 3919, 3920, 3922, 3923, 3925 Splitlure frogfish (Antennarius scaber) 3920, 3923 Pancake batfish (Halieutichthys aculeatus) 3925 Batfish (Ogcocephalus spp.) 3918, 3920, 3921, 3915 Blackedge cusk-eel (Lepophidium graellsi) 3916 Blotched cusk-eel (Ophidion grayi) 3913, 3917, 3918, 3919, 3927 Bank cusk-eel (Ophidion holbrooki) 3911, 3912, 3915, 3919, 3920, 3927, 3925, 3928, 3930 Striped cusk-eel (Rissola marginata) 3918 Red cornetfish (Fistularia petimba) 3922, 3929, 3930 Lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) 3911, 3918, 3921 Bank sea bass (Centropristis ocyurus) 3913, 3915, 3918, 3922, 3925, 3926, 3928, 3929, 3930, 3931 Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) 3913, 3917, 3932 Sand perch (Diplectrum formosum) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3915, 3916, 3917, 3919, 3920, 3921, 3922, 3926, 3927, 3928, 3929, 3931, 3932 17 Tattler (Serranus phoebe) 3922 Bigeye (priacanthus arenatus) 3917, 3918, 3922, 3923, 3931 Short bigeye (pristigenys alta) 3915 Twospot cardinalfish (Apogon pseudomaculatus) 3918 Round scad (Decapterus punctatus) 3923, 3929 Vermilion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens) 3913, 3913, 3932 Tomtate (Haemulon aurolineatum) 3913, 3915, 3917, 3918 White grunt (Haemulon plumieri) 3917 Pigfish (Orthopristis chrysoptera) 3927 Whitebone porgy (Calamus leucosteus) 3915, 3918, 3922 Knobbed porgy (Calamus nodosus) 3922 Spottail pinfish (Diplodus holbrooki) 3917 Red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) 3918, 3922 Longspine porgy (Stenotomus caprinus) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3917, 3928, 3929, 3931, 3932 Weakfish (Cynascion regalis) 3927 Jackknife-fish (Equetus lanceolatus) 3917, 3922 Cubby (Paraques umbrosus) 3913, 3922 Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) 3927 Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus) 3916 Atlantic croaker (Micropagonias undulatus) 3916 Red goatfish (Mullus auratus) 3912, 3930 Spotted goatfish (Pseudupeneus maculatus) 3925 Reef butterflyfish (Chaetodon sedentarius) 3922 Blue angelfish (Holocanthus bermudensis) 3922 Yellowtail reeffish (Chromis enchrysurus) 3922 Lancer stargazer (Kathetostoma albigutta) 3915, 3920 Scorpionfish (Scorpaena spp.) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3915, 3916, 3918 3920, 3922, 3923, 3924, 3925, 3926, 3927, 3928, 3929, 3930 Horned searobin (Bellator militaris) 3923, 3930 Northern searobin (Prionotus carolinus) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3915, 3916, 3917, 3918, 3919, 3920, 3923, 3924, 3926, 3927, 3928, 3929, 3931 Striped searobin (Prionatus evolans) 3927 Bandtail searobin (prionotus ophryas) 3911, 3915, 3922, 3923 Flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) 3922 Ocellated flounder (Ancylopsetta quadrocellata 18 Flounder (Bothus robinsi) 3925, 3926, 3930 Eyed flounder (Bothus ocellatus) 3920, 3921, 3922, 3923, 3924, 3925, 3926 Spotted whiff (Citharichthys macrops) 3911, 3913, 3915, 3916, 3918 Spotfin flounder (Cyclopsetts fimbriata 3911, 3912, 3915, 3924, 3932 Flounder (Etropus sp.) 3917, 3918 Shrimp flounder (Gastropsetta frontalis) 3920, 3922 Gulf flounder (Paralichthys albigutta) 3912 Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus 3917, 3927 Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) 3912 Windowpane (Sopthalmus aquosus) 3927 Dusky flounder (Syacium papillosum) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3916, 3918, 3920 3922, 3923, 3924, 3925, 3927, 3928 3929, 3930, 3931 Naked sole (Gymnachirus melas) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3915, 3920, 3921 3922 Spottail tonguefish (Symphurus urospilus) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3920, 3927 Dotterel filefish (Aluterus heudeloti) 3922 Orange filefish (Aluterus schoepfi) 3918, 3922 Planehead filefish (Monocanthus hispidus) 3911, 3913, 3918, 3920, 3922, 3928, 3929 Honeycomb cowfish (Lactophrys polygonia) 3917 Scrawled cowfish (Lactophrys quadricornis) 3922 Smooth puffer (Lagocephalus laevigatus) 3931 Marbled puffer (Sphoeroides dorsalis) 3915, 3919, 3921, 3922, 3923, 3924 3925, 3926 Northern puffer (Sphoeroides maculatus) 3911, 3921 Invertebrates Calico scallop (Argopecten gibbus) 3919, 3928, 3922 Atlantic longfinned squid (Loligo pealei) 3911, 3916, 3918, 3919, 3920, 3922, 3923, 3928, 3929, 3930, 3931, 3932 Octopus (Octopus sp.) 3911, 3912, 3915 Horsehoe crab (Limilus polyphemus) 3928, 3931 Mantis shrimp (Squilla sp.) 3916, 3917 Pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) 3911, 3912, 3917, 3918, 3927, 3928 3931 Spanish lobster (Scyllarus americanus) 3912, 3913, 3932 19 Sand crab (albunea gibbesii) 3911, 3912, 3916, 3927, 3928 Calico crab (Calappa flammea) 3911, 3912, 3913, 3916, 3917, 3918 3920 Portunid crab (Portunis gibbesi) 3912, 3916, 3927, 3928 Portunid crab (Portunis spinimanus) 3911, 3912, 3916, 3917 Lady crab (Ovalipes quadulpensis) 3916 Spider crab (Libinia sp.) 3912 Sea urchin (Arbacia sp.) 3920 Sand dollar (Clypeaster sp.) 3913 1@ I 1 141034662