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ILI QL 444 M33 E97 1976 pt. I QL444.M33E97 1976 PT. 1 EXPLORATORY FISHING AND RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOBSTER RESOURCE OFF NORTH CAROLINA: RELATIONSHIP TO SQUID AND BLUE CRABS PART I: EXPLORATORY FISHING BY B.F. HOLLAND, JR. AND SCOTT G. KEEFE NC DIVISION OF MARINE FISHERIES MOREHEAD CITY, NC 28557 14 JANUARY 1976 FINAL REPORT CONTRACT #1054011 FROM COASTAL PLAINS REGIONAL COMMISSION ABSTRACT During the period 16 August through 27 September 1974, sampling for Loligo pealei was conducted aboard the R/V DAN MOORE in the oceanic waters of North Carolina and Virginia. Loligo pealei were most abundant in the southernmost portion of the study area. September was the month of maximum abundance. During both August and September, maximum abundance of L. pealei was found to be in the 40-100 fm (73-183 m) depth zone. Optimum log mean catches occurred at 13* C. Length frequency data showed that a 10 cm modal peak, representing squid less than one year old, dominated the offshore catches. a standard No. 41 Yankee trawl proved to be slightly more efficient than the experimental 151' (45.1 m) wing trawl. INTRODUCTION Recent investigations of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) aboard the Research Vessel DAN MOORE in North Carolina and adjacent waters during the period July, 1972 - December, 1973 resulted in significant in- cidental catches of long-finned squid (Loligo pealei). These catches, when evaluated along with data of other squid investigations in North Carolina (Serchuk and Rathjen, 1974; Summers, 1969), suggested that a potential re- source for North Carolina commercial fisherman might exist. On this basis, a study of the squid population in oceanic waters off North Carolina and Virginia was undertaken. The objectives: (1) To collect ecological and biological data on the long-finned squid during the late summer offshore North Carolina, (2) To design and evaluate trawl gear suitable for the effec- tive capture of the long-finned squid, were met during the period of August and September 1974. METHODS AND MATERIALS The R/V DAN MOORE made two ten-day cruises during the late summer 1974, one from 19 August through 30 August, and the other from 16 September through 27 September. Each cruise consisted of two five day segments. The first five days of each cruise was utilized to determine geographical and bathymetric distribution of Loligo pealei, and, for clarity, was termed Phase I. The second five-day segments of each cruise was utilized to compare gear efficiency and termed Phase II. Sampling Sampling was conducted in two phases. Phase I sampling occurred in three transects, latitude 35* 45'N, 36* 15N, and 36* 45'N. Within each transect, four depth zones were sampled: 20-30fm (37-55m), 30-40fm (55-73m), 40-50fm (73-91m), and 50-100fm (91-183m) (Figures 1 and 2). The location of stations during Phase I insured strtification by depth and latitude. The Phase I sampling area consisted of 12 stations which were sampled once each month. The 7 23. 29 1) 3 3D. 4 3 5 -?' '41 ;Z-A a C _J L7Z -M B A m 4ZA ;"tV 2555 AS C --=AA ........... 'CL-i D 1L. 5 5 6 .2561 A -A F AG A H N A 14 i4 Fi Locations for X" Pha Ii se I and Phase AK !J Samplim- du-'a- Augus t i 1975. Phase I Sa=Dling- Phase IV Samplix1g, xsf Cast. Betweert- A N) Transects 30 )547 A N .29 25. 27., 30 t ac 33 "7 Ij % B A 2 470---2 A A --2 74- 14" 1 A 3 lot- Iz 575C-@2530 Alf, -A C/ ........... 9 AD -.A E f 1-2(Z86 -42 A F u 255 -256.5 -AG 01 A iz It At), A i Fig 2 A Station locations for Phase I and Phasa Il A Sampling duri ag i September, 1975. ri? ase I Sa- I -la@7 Ph A L 'Phase I ..Samplin. o XRT Cast Bet-r;e-?!n Traasects AN PHASE II sampling areas was determined from Phase I catches. The depth zone which produced the maximum abundance of Loligo pealei was sampled from the northern to the southern extent of the study area where the bottom type was suitable. During the August segment of Phase II, the 50-100fm (91-183m) depth zone was sampled from ca. latitude 36 33'N to 35 45'N. During the September segment of Phase II, the 40-50fm (73-91m) depth zone was sampled from ca. latitude 35 45'N to 36 13'N, and the 20-30fm (37-55m) depth zone from ca. latitude 36 10'N to 35 45'N. A complete list of station locations and per- tinent data is shown in Table 1. Two types of sampling gear were employed during this study: a standard No. 41 Yankee trawl and a 151' (46.1m) modified wing trawl, both having 1 1/2" (3.8cm) stretch mesh in the cod ends. The latter was designed and constructed by Captain Fred Smith and the crew of the R/V DAN MOORE, and has shown to be highly efficient in the capture of palagic anadromous fishes in previous investi- gations (Figure 3). All tows during Phase I were of 30 minute duration at ca. 4.5 knots towing speed with a No. 41 Yankee trawl. Sampling during the Phase II segment consisted of successive alternate tows of one hour duration at ca. 4.5 knots towing speed with the No. 41 Yankee trawl and the 151' (46.1m) modified wing trawl. During the August segment of Phase II, five tows with the No. 41 Yankee trawl and four tows with the wing trawl were accomplished. Modifications of the wing trawl were necessary during this period because the net was "fishing" off the bottom. Six tows with the No. 41 Yankee trawl, and five tows with the modified wing trawl were achieved during the September segment of Phase II. COLLECTION OF MATERIAL Samples collected during both phases of the survey were treated similarly. both 'Loligo pealei and Ilex illcebrosus were culled from the catch and weighed. A subsample of approximately 200 squid was retained when available. The species were seperated, counted, and dorsal mantle lengths according to Haefner (1964) were obtained. Estimated weights of incidental organisms were recorded, and the presence of foreign fishing vessels was noted. 5- Tab I e l.--Statioa locations and other pertinent data Aust Phase I Statioas Bottom Total Ration temD waf- gh t, V- L, no a G-r-id Lat.- Long- Loran bearings D ap ti-, (n) C6 -Gear 0 0 139 31AG 35 0 451 74 051, 3H41552 R14800 143 13 US Yan.94L 2540 31AG 35 45' 74 52' 3H41547 3L14800 fto 13 T, *13 Yan. V41L 141 31AG 35 o 46" 74 053' 31141551 3L14805 91 12 50 Yar-L. #41. 0 a it 42 31-AG 35 0 47' 74 057' 3H41534 R14813 57 14 27 Yan. W411 43 .30AG 35 48" 75 00' 3H41520 3H52908 49 16 27 Yan.AL 44 31AD 36 0 16. :7-eW M41872 3H5Z910 179 11 56 -'Yan. #4-1 0 0 YanA41 145 31AD 36 IS' 74 51r. 3H41879 3EL52920 91 13 4Z 2546 MU 36 0 191 74 053" 3H41383 3H52926 70. 12 42 Yan. #41. 31AC 36 2 3 74 5T"- 3U4190 T 3102940 37 --,14 @14. Y-;in. 041. _147' 2548 32PA 36 0 40 74041T. 3R42232 3H52930 121 14 44 Y an ..#41 49 32AA 36 0 48' 74042? 3H42238 Ta52936 91 11' 23 Yaa.#41 150 32AA. 36 0 47' 74 a45' M42M 3,a52945 68 11 0 27 Yan.w`41 ,o 2551 32AA, 30 48' 74051' 3H42197 3a52955 49 11 -1.6 Yan, 041- tThase 11 Stations 52 32AB 36 0 321 74 a44' 3H42070 31a5292-1 278 11 12 Yan.#41 53 32AC 36 0 281 74o47' 3H42003 3H52922 132 14 9 WT 154 32AC 36 0 24' 7448' 3H41955:3H52919 117 14 167 -Yan."41 0 0 V 2555 32AD 36 0 19' 74 049' .3H41908 3H52915 135 14 0 WT. 56 3ZAD 36 0 15' 74 048' 3R41865.3H52911 121 14 .-:-.-54 Yan.#41. 1,57 32AE 36 09"-@- 74 48' M41801 3a52905 -130 13- 1 WT 2558 32AE 36 0 03' 74 0491 3H41743 3H52 900 124 13 1.55 -"W-T 0 0 59 32AF 35 58' 74 49' 3H41679 3H52896 124 13- - 128 0 0 160 3 LL-7 35. 53'@`- 74 51' M41626 3F323,94 154 12 -Yan. #41 2561 '@G 35 0 431. .740-53. 3H41569 3LT52-2,394 83 -15 0 -Yan �-41 Phase I Station s 0 0 162 31AG 35 0 44' 74 050' 3E[41543 3L14795 134 14- 81 Yan. i4l, '03 31AG 35 45t 74 53' 3H41540 M14797 97 12 81 yau.Pw4l, 64 31AG 35 0 45' 74 056' 3H41520 3LI fi8 13 63 -Yan-V'41 2565 30AG 35 0 44' *75 002' 3H41472 48 16 68 Yan.f-411 1,56 32AD 36 0 15, 74 048' 31q41859 152 12 52 Yan. -I'Ll 2567 31AD 3 66014' 74 050' 3a41838 3R52915 86 12 122 Yan.�41 3LAD 0 't 0 .3 14 08 36015 740531 MUM M52922 57 30 Y an - i74-1 ['69 30AD 306 15, 75 00, 3H41801 3H52937 37 15 72 Yan..V'14-1 70 32AIN 36 0 45T 74 040' 3-,q42226 31q52924 146 12 57 Yaa.!,'41 72 3 2 AA 36 0 45' 74 043' 3H42204 3H52933 86 19 72 Y an - 1': 141 2573 32AA 35 0 451 74 0461 34-42193 3H52941 64 11 25 Yaa. @-41 0 v 174 3 D A 36045'. 74 51' 3H42173 3H52 . 953 44 10 Yan.'41 Table I.-(Cant.) Septa-mber Phase 11 Stations Bottom Total- Station temp. weisht@, C, Loran bearings Dep th (ra) C) squi -Lor_Q_ n u Mb e r Grid Lat. 0 d(k 0, 0 2575 32AA 36 42' 74 44'- M42172 M52933 79 _,@.ii 39 Y 0 0 2575 32AB 36 361 740 46' 3H4ZI00 M52930 77 11 4 2577 32AB 36 31' 74 461 3H42047.3a52925 82 10 130 0 2573 32AC 306 206" 7449' 3H41978 3U52921 84.-.- .21, i0a 0 0 2579 31AC 36 21" 74 51' 3H41917 3H52919 82 . 11 206 .258 .0 3 LAD 36 0 15' 74'511 3_H41845 M52918 79 189' 2581 31AE- 36 0 104 74055' 3H41780 3H52920 49 14 :41 Yar 2_5: 3 2 31AE 36 05' 7456' M41724 3H52917 53 14 -32 2533 31AE 36'01.t' 74'59T M416063 3R52919 _@37 8 0 0 2584 3 IAF 3Y567 75 001. 3H41607 3E[52916 42 -17 -149 -,.WT 2585 31AF 35 0 521 750 00, 3HR41564 3H52911 46 96 y 0 0 .,44 17 0 2586 30AG 35 46' 75 01" 3H41507 3H5290.8_,_-__,_ 46.1 rn T (3 P 5 2.5 m -5 0 T T. C NI 77 21-3.4 cm S T R -A 2 5.4 c rq ST R. 6 i3 m" 65 160 4- TOP QUA R E 25.4cm STRI. U3 v 170m' 2 0.3 c rn S T R. Lo )v 4* 200ni I> .7 -0 C). 2 c n, Tq. 1"ure 3.-Experimental. win- trawl utilized during Phase II- co @ZJQ 2 2 0 C) TO p 5 2. S m 0 T 0 IM 3.4 S T.R 2 5. 4 .7.- --7 55 G 04 25.4c.-o STR- iola.4Z 17 0 rn@ Jr, -J. 20,@Qcrn-STR- 7 200m.@ A --o G 10.2c m, IS T R im Figure 3.-Continued -9- At each station of both Phase I and Phase II, hydrographic data we're obtained by an expendable bathythermograph (XBT). During the Phase I segment when steaming between transects, additional XBT casts were -made (Figure I and 2). The collection of these data afforded both the delineation of bottom isotherms and temperature profiles in the study 'area. Analysis of data in relation to abundance required that a catch-per- unite-effort (CPU-E) be defined. The stratified mean catch. (kg) of Loligo pealei" per 30-minute tow time, calculated after' a loge transformation, was utilized as an. index of relative abundance. Loge, mean catches squid have been, employed by Serchuk and Rathjen (1974) 'and Sum:mers' (1969) on the basis that the frequency distributions of catches were postively skewed' due to the patchiness" of squid distribution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Distribution Maximum lo mean catches occurred in-the southernmost transect 35 45'N) ge for 'both months (Figure. 4.). The' log mean catches decreased steadily as e latitude increased. September loge mean catches were slightly higher than ..August at all transects with a maximum loge mean catch of 4.16 (64 kg) in the. southernmost transect. when months were combined. The distribution of L. pealei with relation. to depth is shown in Figure- 5. Long-finned squid were present in all depth zones sampled with, maximum catches in the deeper zones (40-100fm) (73-183m). September was the month'of maximum abundance in all depth zones except in the 50-100'fm (91-183m) zones. -Here, loge mean catches for August were slightly higher. During the August cruise, a minimum value was obtained in the 20-30 fm zone. From this minimum value, -the log e mean catches of L. pealei"increased with depth. The individual Phase I station log e mean catches for each transect are. shown in. Figure 6. The relative abundance of L. pealei in relation to bottom water tempera- tures was calculated. Although the temperature range in the study- area was somewhat restricted (11-16 C), optimum log mean catches occurred at 13C. When -10- 5 7-77. P4 0 3 . . . .......- .0. 2 E-4. -@"'September .-Honths Combined Augtist 0 0 0 0 35 45' 36 15' 306 45' LATITUDE Figure 4.-Log mean-CPUE vs latitude e- 5 5 0 E-1 P4 3- 2- September August 0 50-IOOFM 20-30F.L4 30-40FM 4 0 - 5 0 YM 3 7-55MI 55-71.11 73-91111 91-183M DEPTa ZO'NE Figure 5. -Lo gemean CPUE vs. depth 4 3- 2- 0 36 45' Transact .. .. . .. ...... 0- E-4 4 3. 0 .@--'.36 15' Transact. 2 CD 0 r=4 0- --35 45' Transact 3 - 2 Augus C 0 20-30FM 30-40RI yx 40-50FM .50-100 37-55M 55-731.1 73-91M 91-183M. DEPTH ZONE Figure 6.--Individual Phase I station log rean catch for three transects. comparing ronths. e -13- mean temperature and catch values were combined by month according to depth zone, a correlation between temperature and catch was difficult to discern. Mean catch values increased with greater depths, yet mean temperatures were similar among the 30-100 fm (55-183m) zones (12.5 - 13.2 C) . Notably, the highest recorded mean temperature of 14.5 C (20-30fm) (37-55m) produced the lowest catch. Size Composition The mean dorsal mantle length of L. pealei-was slightly longer at each deptzone -for' specimens captured, in September- (Figure. 7). - During August,:-: similar mean dorsal mantle lengths were observed for all depth zones. During September, larger L. pealei, were. noted in the 20-30 fm (37-55m) depth zone.* then size decreased with increasing depths.. The occurrence of squid. eggs and relatively small squid (ca. 1 cm)-during this study period suggested an ex- tended breeding. season in this portion of its range.- Dorsal mantle length frequency distributions for Loligo pealei were determined for both the August and September cruises (Figure 8) The data were analyzed in accordance with the findings of Summers (1968, 1971). it is apparent in Figure 8 that the 10 cm modal peak, representing -squid, less than-, one year old, dominated offshore catches. Two year olds were present, but were not a meaningful component of the catch. Gear Evaluation The Phase II segment of the study was used to evaluate gear. During the August Phase II cruise, modifications of the experimental-151" (46.1m) wing trawl were -accomplished. Negligible catches of any benthic organisms during, the first two tows required the. addition of weight to the wings and the re- moval of floats from. the headrope. Furthermore, 1/2" (1. 27cm), chain leg lines were added just prior to the second cruise. The quantitative evaluation of this net in relation to standard gear was, therefore, only accomplished during- ,the September Phase II segment. The log mean catch of the standard No- 41 Yankee trawl was slightly e. obtained with the greater than that experimental wing trawl (4.04 and 3.96 40 n Mean dors al mantle length, Augu 0. Mean dorsal mantle length,"'.. September 35 30 25 E-4 20 E-4 15 -7. .7- 10 .7 5 7:7 0 20-30FIM 30-40FZ4 40-50FM 50-100RU (37-55M) (55-731M) (73-91M) (91-183Nf) DEPTH ZONE. Figure 7.-Dorsal mantle len-th ranaes and means by de.pth'zone or Au-ust and September. -15- 22- 20 - August 18 - N=3665 16- 14- E- 0 EA P4 12 - P:1 10 P4 8 September, 6- YJ 4479 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 .40 45 4 NTUE DORSIAL ILA LENGTH (CX) r requency distribution of L. poaZa--E' for'August a-ad .Figure 8.--Dorsal mantle length f Septezber cruises. respectively). Within the 40-50 fm (73-91m) depth zone, catches of squid' were consistently greater with the standard gear. In addition',- the weight of squid relative to the overall catch was significantly higher. On the other haad, the experimental trawl appeared to be' at least as efficient as the'standard gear within the 20-30 fm (37-55m) zone in both loge mean squid- . catches, and in the weight of squid relative to the overall catch.' FOREIGN FISHING Five foreign stern trawlers were sighted in the study area. Four were. Spanish trawlers, and one not in the immediate vicinity was not identified. All of the 'trawlers were: f i s hing the 50-100 fm'(91-183m)depth zone, pre sumably for squid and butterfish. Other Commercially Important Species TWO other commercially important species, butterfish(Peprilus triacanthus) and Atlantic deep sea scallops (Plactopecten magellanicus), were caught in commercial quantities incidental to squid. Butterfish were abundant and widely distributed throughout the study area. However, practically all were under 15 cm FL and of no commercial value in existing domestic markets. In the 40- 50 fm (73-91m) depth zone at ca.. latitude 36 43N, 150 pounds (6.7.6kg) of sea scallops were caught during a 60-minute tow.' Other sea scallop catches were scarce, ranging from 5-50 pounds (2.3-22.6kg) per 60-minute tow. A complete species list by depth-zone is shown in Table 2. This list con- tains a number of commercially important or potententially important commercial. species, however these species -were not captured in commercial quantities or were of no commercial interest to domestic markets. Additional Observations of L. pealei other than August and September, 1974 During the period October 1973 through May 1975, the R/V DAN MOORE was en- gaged in two projects, a study of flounder, and a project concerning pelagic anadromoous fishes. A total of 161 stations of 30-minutes duration was sampled during this period from Capa Hatteras to Cape Henry in water of 3-20 fms (5.5- 37m). Loligo pealei were present during every month in small concentrations (under 4.5kg) over the entire area, but the highest concentrations (over 22.7kg) were recorded off Cape Henry during April 1975. -17- Table. 2.-Species list 20 30 Bonito, Atlantic (Sarda sarda) Burrfish, striped (Chilomycterus schoepfi) Butterfish (Peprilus tricanthus) Cutlassfish, Atlantic (Trichiurus lepturus) Filefish (Alutera sp.) Filefish,planehead (Monacanthus hispidus) Flounder, fourspot (Paralichthys oblongus) flounder, ocellated (ancylopsetta quadrocellata) Flound, summer (Paralichthys dentatus Goosefish (Lophius americanus) Hake, spotted (Urophycis regius) Herring, round (Etrumens teres) Jack, horse-eye (Caranx latus) John dory (Zenopsis ocellata) Octopus (Octopus vulgarius). Porgy, longspine (Stenotomus caprinus) Puffer (Sphoeroides sp.) Scallop, Atlantic deepsea (Plactopscten mageellanicus) Scallop, calico (Argopecten gibbus) Sea bass, black (Centropristis striata) Seahorse, lined (Hippocampus erectus) Searobin, northern (Prionotus carolinus) Searobin, striped (Prirotus evolanss) Shark, angel (Squatina dumerili) Skate, Clearnose (Raja elganteria) Skate, rosette (Raja garmani) Squid, long-finned (Loligo pealei) Squid, short-finned (Ilex illecebrou Stingray, rough-tail (Dasyatis centroura) Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) -18- Table 2,--(Con't) Windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus) Crab, horseshoe (Limulus polyphemus Crabs, Jonah & Rock (Cancridae) Crabs, portunid (Portunidae) 30 - 40 fm Flounder, foursPot (Paralichthys oblongus) Flounder, summer (Paralichthys dentatus) Frogfish, ocellated (Antennarius ocellatus) goosefish (Lophius americanus) Hake, red (Urophycis chuss) Hake, spotted (Urophycis reguis) Herring, round (etrumens teres) John dory (Zenopsis ocellata) Mackerel, frigate (Auxis thazard) Octopus (Octopus vulgarius) Puffers (Sphoeroides sp.) Rag, Silver (Ariomma bondi) Scallop, Atlantic deepsea (Plactopecten magellanicus) Sea bass, black (Centropristis striata) Shark, angel (Squatina dumerili) Skate clearnose(raja elgantaria) Skate- rosette (Raja elgantaria Squid, longfinned (Loligo pealei) Squid, shortfinned (Ilex illecebrous) Starfish (Echinoderma) Crab, horseshoe (Limulus polyphemus) Crabs, Jonah & Rock (Cancridae) Crabs, portunid (Portimodae) - 19- Table 2.--(Con) 40 50 fm Boarfish, deepbody (Antigonia capros) Butterfish (Peprilus triancanthus) Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) Flounder, fOurspot (Paralichthys oblongus) Goosefish (Lophius americanus) Flake, silver (Merluccius bilinears) Hake, spotted (Urophycisragius) Herrin-, John dory. (Zenopsis oceUata) Mackerel, f r8i-ate (A0=4-0s t2haz(0=d) Octopus (2Oct4ap-as 8=Zgari0") Puffer (2Sp6hoerdides sp.) r6io= Rag, s ilve r ( A a bondi) Scallop, Atlantic deepsea 0Mactapecten mageLL0=ima) Sea bass., black (Centropriatis striata) Sea turtle (C8hetoniidae) Skate.- 'rosette (I?0gja gax-m=i) Suid, lon-@finned CLotigo peatei) Cy Suid, short-finned (1-lex i8Uecebrov0o) Starfish CAster0oidea)' F Crab, horseshoe (8LinmZus poZ@0m7iemnu3) Crabs, Joma24 & Rock (4Cane-z-0&ze) Crabs, portunid (8Portunid"-e) 50 100 fm Boarfish, deepbod24y (Antigo2nsa cap2ros6) Butterfish 6(24Pepz-0!0Lus triacant0hus) Do,-fish, chain 2(24Scy0Zior0hinus retifer) Flounder, fourspot (Para 0Lic0ht-4h0ya ob4l2an6g8US) Goosefis.h (28Lo44p48hius a2merica2mu6z) Table 2.-(Con't) Hake red (Urophycis chus) Hake, silver (Merluccius bilinearis) Hake, spotted (Urophycis regius) Herring, round (Etrumeus teres) John dory (Zenopsis ocellatus) Mackerel, chub (Scomber' japonicus) Puffer (Sphoeroides sp.) Sea_bass,black' (Centropristis -striata) Searobin, armored (Peristedion miniatum) Searobin, rimspine (Peristedion thompsoni) Searobin, slender (Peristedion gracils) Shark, angel (Squatina dumerili) Skate, rosette (Raja garmani) Snapper-, glasseye (Priacanthus cruentatus) Snipefish, longspine (Macrorhamphous scolopax) Torpedo, Atlantic (Torepedo nobiliana) Crab, horseshoe (Limulus polyphemus) Crab, walking (Cancridae) Lobster, American(Homarus americamus) Squid, long-finnedd (Loligo pealei) Squid, short-finned (Ilex illecebrous) Starfish (asteroidea) -21- SUMMARY 1. Sampling for Loligo pealei was conducted in the oceanic waters of North Carolina and Virginia from ca. latitude 35o 45'N to ca. latitude 36o 45'N, and from 20 fms to 100 fms (37-183m) in depth, during August through September 1974. 2. The maximum loge mean catches of L. pealei occurred at the southermost transect of the study area. The loge mean catches decreased with increasing latitude. 3. September was the month of maximum abundance. L. pealei was present in all depth zones sampled with maximum loge mean catches in the 40-100 fm (73-183m) depth zone. 4. The distribution of long-finned squid in relation to bottom temperature was calculated. The temperature range was somewhat restricted (11o c - 16o C). The maximum loge mean catches occurred at 13O C. 5. the mean dorsal mantle lengths were slightly longer during the month of September, and decreased with depth. During August, the mean dorsal mantle lengths were similiar for all depths zones. 6. The length frequency distribution of L. pealei was determined. The data were analyzed and a 10 cm modal peak, representing squid less than one year old , dominated the offshore catches. 7. The loge mean catches of the No. 41 Yankee trawl were slightly greater than the experimental 151' (46.1m) wing trawl. The No. 41 Yankee trawl was more efficient in the capture of squid in the 40-50 fm (73.91m) depth zone. The experimental wing trawl proved to be at least as efficient as the No. 41 Yankee trawl in the 20-30 fm (37-55m) depth zone. 8. Five foreign stern trawlers were sighted fishing in the 50-100 fm(91-183m) depth zone off North Carolina. -22- 9. The commerically important species butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus) and Atlantic deep sea scallops (Plactopecten magellanicus) were the only species captured in significant commercial quanitities incidental to squid. -23- LITERATURE CITED Haefner, P.A. 1964. Morphomtery of the common Atlantic squid, Loligo pealei, and the brief squid, Lolliguncula brevis, in Deleware Bay. Chesapeake Sci. 5:138-144. Serchuk, F.M., and W.F. Rathjen, 1974. Aspects of the distribution and abudnance of the long-finned squid, Loligo pealei, between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank. Mar. Fish. REv. 36(1): 10-17. Summers, W.C. 1968. The growth and size distribution of current year class Loligo pealei. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 137:202-216. 1969. Winter population of Loligo pealei in the mid- Atlantic Bight. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 137:216. 1971. Age and growth of Loligo pealei, a population study of the common Atlantic coast squid. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 141:189-201. PROGRESS REPORT Project Title: Exploratory Fishing and Research for Development of the Lobster Resource Off North Carolina: Relationship to Squid and Blue Crabs Peri od October-, 1- - December 31 'l 974 (Second -Quarter).:.- Investigators: N. B. Webb F.@B. Thomas T.-- M. Miller W. S. Otwell 1. Handling of Live Crabs This phase of the project was completed with the submission of a joint report by the Industrial Extension Service, School of Engineering and the Department of Food Science, N. C. State University to the Department of Administration, State of North Carolina in December 1974. A copy of this report entitled, I'Development of Improved Handling, Holding and Transporting Techniques for N. C. Blue Crabs" by N. B. Angel, G. L. Crow, N. B.@ Webb and W.- S. Otwell is enclosed (Enclos ure -I).- Additional copies are-available upon request. II. Handling and Procesing-of Squid SampLing trips conducted by R/V Dan Moore August 19-30 and September 16-27 were described in the Quarterly Progress Report for July I to September 30, 1974. The first trip resulted in harvest.compostion consisting of 98% Loligo peali Lesueur, and 2% Illex illecebrosus, while the.-second trip harvest was.100010 of the former species Processing investigations, conducted at the N. C. StateUniversity .Seafood Saboratory, Morehead City were aimed at gaining awareness of body structure ofthe species and knowledge of its proximate composi-- tion. The work involved separating a representative sampling of the catch into weight categories, dividing each category into component parts, and analyzing each portion in its relationship to the whole. The yi-eld of cleaned and skinned mantle was considered relevant to future utilization experiments while cooking losses, based on 2 boiling water, seemed likely to provide guidance in designing future processing steps. The relationships referred to in the previous paragraph may depend on how the squid have been handled at sea, and.upon measures employed in-seeking optimum preservation. The experi- mental design specified for handling the catch aboard the R/V Dan Moore involved dividing representative samplings ofthe catch into.thr,ee lots to be chilled as.rapidly as possible viz (T-) --by direct contact with ice, (2) by immersion in.refrigerated-sea water, followed by icing, or (3) by initiating freezing as.rapidly- as possible. Upon returning to port lots, (1) and (2). were classified, sub-samples separated into body components, packaged and frozen for later examination. Lot (3) was thawed, subjected to similar handling, then refrozen for laterexamination.' Preliminary compilation of the data has been accomplished. The data presented in this report are Catch Compostion (Enclosure 2), Proximate Analysis of the.Whole Squid (Enclosure 3),@Component Parts of the Whole Squid (Enclosure 4) and Component Parts of the Raw and Cooked Mantle for Various Weight Ranges (Enclosure 5). These data will be analyzed statistically for preparation of the final project report. Mr. Y. Takegami describes Loliqo Peali as rather thin in flesh, only sold in limited quantities in Japan @ U. S. $500/Metric ILetter to Mr. Alvah Ward from Mr. Y. Tak@qami, Hoko Fishing Co.,, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, May 17, 1974. 3 Ton (22.7@/lb.) CIF Tokyo. Those caught by Japanese trawlers, because of better quality which they attribute to rapid freezing at sea and packing standardization are-sold at U. S. $900/Metric Ton'(40.9@/lb.) CIF Italy. "Packing Standardization", to which he refers, is based on the following categories, packed in 580mm x 325mm x 80rrm (22.8" x 12.8" x 3.1") blocks: 14HOLE SgUID PACKED IN 13 KG. BLOCKS Size Description No./Block Wt./Unit (Grams) Very Large Ito 25 500+ Large' 26 to 52 250 to 500 Middle. 53 to 130 100 to 250 Small 131 to 260 .50 to 100 Very Small, 261+ 50- Fisheries Development report2 estimates the total Europ .ean market for squid to be 113 million pounds based on Spain, Italy. and France as-the major consumers. It is s7tated that the most suitable product form in all markets is whole, cleaned (eyes removed) skin on fish. Because of its simplicity it'is recommended that the whole fish product form.be marketed in Europe, at least initially. 2Fisheries Development Limited, London, (National-Marine Fisheries Service,, New England Fisheries Development), January 1975. 4 SIZE GRADING Length of Body Weight Less than 19 cms. (4") 50 - 100 g (2 - 3 1/2 oz) 10 - 15 cms (413 611) 100 - 150 g (3 1/2 - 5 oz) 15 - 20 cms (6 150 - 200 g (5 - 7 oz) 20 - 25 cms (811 lol 200 - 300 9 (7 -.9 oz) 25 - 30.cms (1011 1211) 300 - 400 g (9 - 11 oz) Over 30 cms (Over 12") Over 400 9 (11 oz) Other suggestions which have been made for marketing sqLff-d are: 1)'Squid should.be block frozen with a distinct preference for a blast frozen product, 2) Individual blocks should be wrapped in flexible film (e.g. polythene/polypropylene) envelopes. In.this and other assessments of market potential in foreign countries it is clearly indicated that there is competition. Brea 1 k ng into this market.must be done with regard to meeting or exceeding present quality standards at market prices not expected.to improve in the face of present. business outlook. These observations assume:'', technological importent business outlook.. These observations 'assume technological importance in attempting to judge what requirements must be.met by'N. C. fishermen in attempting to harvest this resource. There are two approaches to the utilization of squid in the U. S. market viz. 1) Modification of existing foreign products for the U. S. and 2) Developmentof totally new products. .Kalikstein3 ex-* plored the subject of marketability of squid. Attempts to i.ntroduce portions of squid with eye-appeal (cleaned mantles) into dishes 3Kalikstein, P. H., "The Marketability of Squid," Massachusetts Institute' of Technology, Report No. MITSG 74-24, May 20, 1974. likely to have'domestic consumer acceptance, evaluating results through taste panels and.market re searc h techniques, has provided useful information. The seafood laboratory at MoreheO* City via The Nutrition Leaders Advisory Committee, has been working onthe modification of existing product types to utilize squid tissue. Squid sukiyaki has met with good acceptability by taste panels. The use of'squid to extend and augment protein quality of other chowder, in co mbination seafodds appears promising, e.g. clam Wi-th mechanically deboned fish meats, etc. 111. Research Plans for 1975 The development of new products and the expansion of markets for food products which have not been widely accepted i n the U. S., such as squid, requires extensive scientific research on functional properties in order to accomplish the visual-goods on a sound basis-..' Therefore, research will be conducted on.the functional properties of squid muscle proteins--during 1975. These investigations will be extensive; reviewing the various types of functional property evaluation techniques for many types of food proteins with their subsequent application to squid proteins...Due to the need for the development, these techniques, it has been requested that the project completion date'be extended from June 30, 7975 'to December 31, 1975. In addition, further work will be done on the modification of existing products to utilize squid.tissue e.g.- the use of squid in a seafood pizza. 6 Enclosures: 1. ."Development of Improved Handling, Holding and Transporting Techniques for N. C. Blue Crabs." 2. "Catch Composition" 3. "Proximate Analysis Whole Squid" 4.. "Component Parts" 5. "Component Parts Removing and Processing Mantle" CATCH COMPOSITION* TRIP #1 8/19/74 8/23/74 Loligo peali Weight Range, Grams 0-50 51-100 101-250 250-500 Percent of Total Sample Weight 40.0 43.7 15.0 1.2 No. of Individuals/Size Range 974 5.66 4 Average Weight, Grams 37.2 63.9 129.1 275.6 Maximum Weight, Grams 47.3 90.3 220.0 298.0 Minimum Weight, Grams 25.3 48.3 94.0 252.0 Average Mantle Length, Cm. 10.6 13.1 18.1 28.1 Maximum Mantle Length, Cm. 12.0 15.9 23.2 29.3 Minimum Mantle Length, Cm. 8.2 11.4 14.9 27.3 98% Loligo peali and 2% Illex illece-brosus PROXM4ATE ANALYSIS -.WHOLE SQUID TRIP #1 8/19/74 - 8/23/74 Loligo peali Weight Range Treatment Moisture Fat Protein Ash 0-50 Iced 78.50% 0.60% 15.78% 2.66%' Prechilled 81.01% 0.50% 14. 6 2t. 1.28% Frozen 79.08% 1.41% 15 . 43% 1.26% 79.53%-.-, 0. 84% Average._- 15.287. f.73/. -------- - --- - ----------------- -- - -------------------- ------------- ------- 51-1-GO Iced 78.43% 0.617.. 16.227. 1.59%-- , Prechilled ..--80.28% 15.06% 1.38% Frozen. 79.06-7. .0.68%@--__ 16. 35% 1.24% Average, 79.26% 0.58%_ 15.88% 1.40% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 101-'250 'Iced 78.01% 0.547. 16.69% 1.497. Prechilled 80.25% Q.46% 16 @, 1.5% 1.417. Frozen 77.29%. 1-15% 17.09% 1.48% Average . 78.52% 0.72% 16.64% 1.46% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 250;-600 Prechill ed. 1.: 77. 94%. 0. 47% 17.58% 1. 277, coMPONENT PARTS* 8/19/74 - 8/23/74 TRIP #1@' Lo.ligo -peali 101-250 250-500 0-50 Weight Range, Grams 51-100 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------- 35.1 (60 indiv.) 63.3 (60 indiv.) .127.7 (60 indiv.) 277.5 (4 indiv.) Average Weight, Grams MANTLE (% of Body Weight),. 56.9 % 51.7 % 53.2 61.8 % Moisture 79.94.0/. 79.72% 78.40% 77.87% Fat 0.87% 0.43% 0.84% 0.45% Protein 15.57% 15 . 8 W1. 16.77% 17.78% Ash 1,72% 1.45% 1.53% 1.32% TENTACLE (% of Body Weight) 15.2 % 18.9 % 20.2 % 18.1 % Moisture 81.10% 79.69% 79.70% 79.48% Fat 0.58% 0.62%. 0.46% 0.60% Protein 14.49% 15.67% 15.78% 16,33% Ash 1.42% 1.20% 1.27%- 1.13% HEAD & VISCERA (% of Body 30.7 % 28.8 % 26.0 % 19.1 % Weight) Moisture 78.67% 78.75% 77.82% 78.07% Fat 0.92%. 0'.82% 0.68% .0.41% Protein 14.76% 15.75% 16.30% 16.99% Ash 1.93% 1.47% 1.49% 1.24% QUILL (% of Body Weight) 005 % 0.6 % 0.8 % 1.0 % x Moisture 51.93% 54.12% 51.94% 51.65% Fat 0.36% 0.26% 0.48% 0.05% Prot'ein 35.54% 35.60% 36.23%' 37-71% Ash 1.32% 0.82% 0.88% 0.54% 98% Loli@o peali and 2% 11.1ex illecebrosus COMPONENT PARTS REMOVING & PROC--SSING MUNTLE* TRIP #1 8/19/@4 - 8/23/74 Loligo peali* Weight Range, Raw Squid, Gruns 0-50 51-100 101-250 250-500 Dressed Raw Mantle 44.1 % 41.0 % 44.3 % 54.5 % (% of Whole Raw Squid) Moisture- 80.54% 80.91% 79.61% 80.23% 4 Fat 0.38% 0.36% 0.39% 0.39% Protein 15.87% 15.60W 15.76% 16.39% Ash 1.11% 1.05% 1.17% 1.11% - ------------------------- ---------- ----------------------------- ------- --------------------------------- Cooked Mantle 22.8 % 24.6 % 28.9 % 41.1 % .,(% of Whole Raw Squid) Moisture 75.79% 73.997. 74.45% 75,05% Fat 1.63% 1.53% 1.52% 1.68% Protein 19.31% 21.41% 20.39% 20.19% Ash 1.66% 1.16% 1.19% 1.16% -------------- ----------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------ ----------- 98% Loligo peali and 27, Illex illecebrosus I 3 6668 14103 4704