    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                                                                PB91- 169987

                              Distribution and Abundance of Fishes
                              and Invertebrates in Texas Estuaries

                                                            Sabine Lake

                             San Antonio Bay

                                                         Gulf of Mexico
                           Baffin Ba'

                           Laguna Madre   :

                                              September 1989

                                      U.S. Department of Commerce
                                National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                           National Ocean Service
    QL1 39                             REPRODUCED BY
    .E4                                U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
    no. 3                                      NATIONAL TECHNICAL
    c.1                                       INFORMATION SERVICE
                                              SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161

    In June 1985, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began a project to develop a com-
    prehensive information base on the life history, relative abundance and distribution of fishes and invertebrates in
    estuaries throughout the Nation (Monaco 1986). This project, the Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR)
    project, is conducted jointly by the Strategic Assessment Branch (SAB) of the Office of Oceanography & Marine
    Assessment and laboratories of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Currently, the Pt. Adams (Ham-
    mond), OR; Galveston, TX; Beaufort, NC; and Oxford, MD laboratories are compiling information for the
    contiguous West Coast, Gulf of Mexico, Southeast, and Northeast regions.

    To date, the project has compiled data for 115 species found in 73 estuaries. Four reports have been published:
    State of Washington (Monaco and Emmett 1988); State of Texas (Monaco et al. 1989); West Coast Volume I: Data
    Summaries (Monacoet al. 1990); and Eastern Gulf of Mexico (Williams etal. 1990). Alsoscheduled forpublication
    in 1990 are the Central Gulf of Mexico (Mississippi Sound, MS through Calcasieu Lake, LA'; the Southeast
    (Albemarle Sound, NC, through Biscayne Bay, FL) and the West Coast Volume II: Life History Frofiles.

    Three salinity zones as defined in Volume 1 of NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas (NOAA 1985)
    provided the spatial framework for organizing information on species distribution and abundance within each
    estuary. These salinity zones are tidal fresh (0.0 to 0.5 ppt), mixing (0.5 to 25.0 ppt), and seawater (25.0 and greater
    ppt). The primary data developed for each species for each salinity zone include spatial and temporal distribution
    and relative abundance by life stage, e. g., adult, spawning or mating, juvenile, larva, and egg. In addition, a
    detailed estuarine life history profile is developed for each species.

    Additional information on this or other projects of the Strategic Assessment Branch is available from:

                                            Strategic Assessment Branch
                                   Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment
                                  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                            6001 Executive Blvd., Rm. 220
                                              Rockville, Maryland 20852
                                                   (301) 443-0453

    Reports available from NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources project include:

    Monaco, M. E., et al. 1989. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Texas Estuaries. ELMR Rpt. No. 3.
    Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 107 p.

    Monaco, M. E., et al. 1990. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in West Coast Estuaries, Volume I: Data
    Summaries. ELMR Rpt. No. 4. Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 240 p.

    Bulger, A. J., et al. 1990. A Proposed Estuarine Classification: Analysis of Species Salinity Ranges. ELMR Rpt. No. 5.
    Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 28 p.

    Williams, C. D., et al. 1990. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Eastern Gulf of Mexico Estuaries.
    ELMR Rpt. No. 6. Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 105 p.

                                BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

                                                                            PB91-169987

    Report Nos: ELMR-3

    Title: Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Texas Estuaries.

    Date: Sep 89

    Authors: M. E. Monaco, D. M. Nelson, T. E. Czapla, and M. E. Pattillo.

    Performing Organization: Estuarine Living Marine Resources Project, Rockville, MD.

    NTIS Field/Group Codes: 47D

    Price: PC A06/MF A0l

    Availability: Available from the National Technical Information Service,
                  Springfield, VA. 22161

    Number of Pages: 114p

    Keywords: *Marine fishes, *Texas, *Gulf of Mexico, *Estuaries, *Invertebrates,
    Spatial distribution, Abundance, Tables(Data), Seasonal variations, Species
    diversity, Salinity, *Estuarine Living Marine Resource Project.

    Abstract: The report presents information synthesized on the spatial and temporal
    distribution, relative abundance, and life history characteristics of 40 fish and
    invertebrate species in 9 estuaries along the Texas coast. Its purpose is to
    disseminate the results from the component of NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine
    Resources (ELMR) project. The presence, distribution, and relative abundance of
    each species' life history stage, and the time period it utilizes each estuary, are
    shown. The data and framework presented are illustrative of the nationwide ELMR
    project. As additional work continues on other estuaries throughout the Gulf of
    Mexico and more is learned about how specific species use estuaries, the data
    presented in the report may be refined further.

                                                                                     PB91-169987

                  Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates
                                               in Texas Estuaries

                                                     Project Team

                                         Mark E. Monaco and David M. Nelson
                                              Strategic Assessment Branch
                                              Ocean Assessments Division
                                    Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment
                                                 National Ocean Service
                                                  Rockville, MD 20852

                                        Thomas E. Czapla and Mark E. Pattillo
                                                  Galveston Laboratory
                                                Fishery Ecology Division
                                               Southeast Fisheries Center
                                            National Marine Fisheries Service
                                                  Galveston, TX 77551

                                                 ELMR Report Number 3

                                                     September 1989

                                                             Orr

                                                        4"'MENT OI~~

              Acknowledgements

              We thank those individuals who provided information and reviewed the data in this report. Without their efforts
              a study of this magnitude and complexity would not be possible. In addition, we thank the many other scientists
              and managers who provided contacts and references. A special thanks is due to the Texas Parks and Wildlife
               Department (TPWD) for being the primary reviewers of the species data sheets and to Drs. C.E. Bryan and Jerry
              Clark of TPWD for coordinating the review process. We also thank Donald W. Field for his assistance in the final
              preparation of this document.

                             LIBRARy
                            NOAA/CCEH                      (
                        1990 HOBSON AVE.
    N~ ~               CH-LAS. SC 29408-2623

    Introduction ..............................................................

    Why Conduct ELMR?......................................................

    Data Collection and Organization............................................2

        Selection of Estuaries                                                 ..................................................2
        Selection of Species                                                    ...................................................3
        Species Profiles.......................................................3
        Data Sheets..........................................................4
        Data Verification.......................................................4
    Results of Study.........................................................6

        Data Summaries                                                          ......................................................6
        Seasonal Abundance...................................................6

    Quantitative Abundance of Selected Species                                .................................7

        Fishes .............7
        Shrimp............                                                      9
        Salinity and Species Abundance                                          ..........................................9
        Stocking Programs .....................................................11

    Data Content and Quality ..................................................11

       Variability in Space and Time .............................................12
       Abundance Data.......................................................12
       Brazos River Estuary Data ...............................................13
       Complex Life Histories ..................................................13

    Use of ELMR Data ..15.....................................................i

       Classifying and Comparing Estuaries.......................................15
       Linkages to Marine Ecosystems...........................................15

    Concluding Comments....................................................15

    Data Summary Tables .....................................................17

         Spatial Distribution ....................................................18
        Temporal Distribution..................................................25
         Data Reliability.......................................................46
         ELMR Texas Presence/Absence Table....................................53

    Appendices .............................................................5

       Appendix 1. Gulf of Mexico ELMR species list................................56
       Appendix 2. Gulf of Mexico ELMR estuary list................................56
       Appendix 3. National Estuarine Inventory Map of Galveston Bay .................57
       Appendix 4. Species Profiles and Data Sheets ...............................58
       Appendix 5'. Personal Communications.....................................80
       Appendix 6. Primary References and Personal Communications .................81
    Literature Cited..........................................................90

       Figure 1: ELMR study regions and regional research labs
       Figure 2: Major steps taken to complete the ELMR Texas study
       Figure 3: Texas estuaries
       Figure 4: Example of a species/estuary data sheet: Bay anchovy in Galveston Bay
       Figure 5: Mean number of species ranked as abundant or highly abundant in the mixing zones of Texas estuaries
       Figure 6: Total number of species ranked as abundant or highly abundant in the mixing zones of Texas estuaries
       Figure 7: Annual mean number of fish per hectare by estuary
       Figure 8: Low abundance (<40/ha) fish by estuary
       Figure 9: Moderately abundant (40-800/ha) by estuary
       Figure 10: Highly abundant (>1000/ha) fish by estuary
       Figure 11: Abundance of shrimp by estuary
       Figure 12: Mean numbers of Red drum stocked by estuary

       Table 1: ELMR species list for Texas
       Table 2: Data Summary Table: Spatial distribution and relative abundance
       Table 3: Data Summary Table: Temporal distribution
       Table 4: Data Summary Table: Data reliability
       Table 5: Texas ELMR species presence/absence table

       Appendix 1: Gulf of Mexico ELMR species list
       Appendix 2: Gulf of Mexico ELMR estuary list
       Appendix 3: National Estuarine Inventory map of Galveston Bay
       Appendix 4: Species profiles and ELMR data sheets
       Appendix 5: Personal communications
       Appendix 6: Personal communications and primary references

    0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

    This report presents information synthesized on the       Estuaries are among our most productive natural
    spatial andtemporaldistribution, relative abundance,      systems (Mann 1982, Odum and Heald 1975). The
    and life history characteristics of 40 fish and           physical, chemical, and biological composition of
    invertebrate species in 9 estuaries along the Texas       estuaries are critically important to sustaining many
    coast. Its purpose is to disseminate the results from     living resources (Healy 1982, Gunter 1967, Weinstein
    this component of NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine          1979). These important nursery areas provide food,
    Resources (ELM R) project (inside front cover). The       refuge from predation, and various habitats for many
    presence, distribution, and relative abundance of         aquatic species (Joseph 1973).  Many of these
    each species' life history stage, and the time period     organisms are important commercial and recreational
    it utilizes each estuary, are shown. The data and         fishes and invertebrates, such as sciaenids, crabs
    framework presented are illustrative of the nationwide    and shrimp. In spite of the well documented
    ELM R project. As additional workcontinues on other       importance of these areas to fish and invertebrate
    estuaries throughout the Gulf of Mexico and more is       populations, very little comprehensive and consistent
    learned about how specific species use estuaries,         information exists on large numbers of species found
    the data presented in this report may be refined          in or among groups of estuaries. Much of the
    further.                                                  distribution and abundance information for these
                                                            estuarine dependent species exists primarily for the
    The objective of ELMR is to develop an inventory on       offshore life history stage or the scale does not
    the distribution of selected fishes and invertebrates     adequately address estuarine distributions (Darnell
    within the Nation's estuaries. The relative abundance     et al. 1983, NOAA 1988).
    of each species' life stage and monthly occurrence
    were recorded by estuary forthethree salinity regimes     Only a few comprehensive sampling programs (e.g.
    (seawater zone, mixing zone, and tidal fresh zone)        State of Texas; Hammerschmidt and McEachron
    identified in NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory -       1986, McEachron and Green 1984) collect organisms
    Volume I (NOAA 1985). When completed, the entire          with identical methods across groups of estuaries
    data base will contain information for approximately      within a region. Thus, much of the data cannot be
    150 estuarine species found in over 115 of the            compared among estuaries due to the variability in
    Nation's estuaries. The Nationwide data base is           sampling strategies. In addition, existing programs
    divided into four study regions (Figure 1).               do notfocus onthe importance of groups of estuaries

    Figure 1. ELMR study regions and regional research labs.

                  . .:~. �
       Hammond, :
       OR Lab

       West      -C
       coast

                                                                                                    (33)
                                                                                           /0-t;0O )xford,
                                                                                                 MD Lab

                                                                                                 Beaufort,
                          \0000-:00 3 j to 0                                                       NC Lab

                                                  Galveston,  Southeast
                                                  (32)                                   Nab Southeast
                                                  TX Lab 1                           f

                 Numbers In parentheses are the                  .i
                 numbers of estuaries in each region.  G     o     ex  \~Ul         A        0

    for regional management of fishery resources. The         m.. |   _           .   ._
    comprehensive data that do exist are for a relatively
    few important commercial and recreational species.       Figure 2 summarizes the major steps taken to collect
                                                             and organize information on the distribution and
    Since life stages of many species use both estuarine     abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Texas
    and marine habitats, it is necessary to combine          estuaries. The initial steps were selection of the
    information on distribution, temporal utilization, and   estuaries and species to be studied.
    life history strategies to understand the relationships
    and linkages of estuariesto nearshore/offshore areas.    Selection of Estuaries. Estuaries in Texas were
    To date, a national, comprehensive, and consistent       selected based on NOAA's  National Estuarine
    data base does not exist on the time, space, and         Inventory (NEI) Data Atlas - Volume I (Appendix 2)
    function of each life stage for many species found in    (NOAA 1985). Of the 38 Gulf of Mexico estuaries
    estuarine and marine habitats.  Consequently, a          included in the NEI, nine of these are located along
    need exists to develop a framework to integrate the      the Texas coast (Figure 3):
    available fragments of information on marine and
    estuarine species and their associated habitats into     1. Sabine Lake
    a useful, comprehensive, and consistent structure.       2. Galveston Bay
                                                             3. Brazos River
    The ELMR project has been designed to address the        4. Matagorda Bay
    needs and to provide NOAA a uniform nationwide           5. San Antonio Bay
    data base on selected estuarine species. Results         6. Aransas Bay
    will complement other NOAA efforts to formulate a        7. Corpus Christi Bay
    national estuarine assessment capability (NOAA           8. Laguna Madre
    1985) and coastal oceanicfishery sampling programs       9. Baffin Bay
    (e.g. Sherman 1985). Compiling this information will
    also provide a status of our knowledge of species in     Data on species spatial and temporal distributions
    estuaries through the identification of information      were developed and organized based on the tidal
    gaps and an assessment of existing data content          fresh (0.0 to 0.5 ppt), mixing (0.5 to 25.0 ppt), and
    and quality.                                             seawater (25.0 and greater ppt) zones delineated for
                                                              each estuary in the NEI. A representative map and

    Figure 2. Major steps taken to complete the ELMR Texas study.
                                                                                           Sample
                                                                                           Outputs

                 Estuadrne       l      O MPn1e                   Tbtmibuotl0n
                 Ad~U~Y~    Estuaries   InfE.Mm

    data table (Galveston Bay) from the NEI Data Atlas      species were chosen. The four criteria were defined
    (NOAA 1985) is shown in Appendix 3.                     as:

    Compiling consistent species data nationwide for a       1) Commercialvalue -determinedby reviewof catch
    region limits the amount of information that may be     data and value statistics from NMFS, e.g., Gulf
    compiled for each species and estuary combination.       menhaden  (Brevoortia patronus)  and  Shrimp
    Also, it would be time and cost prohibitive to map       (Penaeusspp.).
    each species by life stage for each estuary (Monaco
    1986). This  framework  enables  a consistent           2) Recreational value - defined as a species that
    compilation and organization of available information    recreational fishermen specifically try to catch that
    on the distribution of fishes and invertebrates in       may or may not be of commercial importance.
    estuaries.                                               Recreational species were determined by consulting
                                                             regional experts and NMFS reports, e.g., Spotted
    Although necessaryforthisstudy, the NEIDataAtlas        seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) and Red drum
    (NOAA 1985) does not contain sufficient information     (Sciaenops ocellatus).
    on some physical parameters that affect species
    distributions. Additional information was compiled      3) Indicator species of environmental stress  -
    on geological history, bottom type, watertemperature,   identified from the literature, discussions with fisheries
    tidal and freshwater circulation, and water quality to   experts, and from monitoring programs such as
    help understand  the  reported  distribution  of        NOAA's NationalStatus and Trends Program(NOAA
    organisms. These additional data helped filter out       1984).Thesespeciesweremollusksorbottomfishes
    seasonal anomalies and reports of unusual species       that consume benthic invertebrates or have a strong
    distributions. Therefore, the information developed      association  with  bottom  sediments.  Their
    represents a species normal spatial and temporal        physiological disorders, morphological abnormalities,
    distributions.                                           and bioaccumulationof contaminants, such as heavy
                                                             metals, indicate episodes of environmental pollution
    Figure 3. Texas estuaries.                              and/or stress, e.g., Gulf flounder (Paralichthys
                                                             albigutta) and  American  oyster  (Crassostrea
                                                             virginica).

        Texa.                       i- Basal 0 - 0 00-0 -  i i  i i4) Ecological value - based on several attributes,
                                                             including trophic level, relative abundance, and
                                                             evidence of its importance as a key predator or prey
                                                             species, e.g., Bay anchovy  (Anchoa  mitchill/).
                             a.i..t.t40 fi4                tlag.rda.- :;  IRegional allowances for endangered species were
                                                             also taken into consideration, e.g., Alabama shad
                                                             (Alosa alabamae).

                                                             Species Profiles. A profile or life history description
                                       d0-  lGulf of Mexico  was developed for each species to provide an
     :: :s0Baffi t;ni:: ll1                                  overview of how the species utilizes estuaries. The
                                                             profiles contain more information than is depicted in
                                                             the data summaries of this report and were essential
      . ::Laguna Madr::                                      to understanding and interpreting the distribution of
                                                             each species.  Although many species profiles
                                                             previously have been published, most lack specifics
                                                             on estuarine life history data deemed necessary for
                                                             this study.   Therefore, the profiles developed
    Selection of Species. Species were selected based       emphasize estuarine ecology, in situ species salinity
    on four general criteria.  However, species were         and temperature ranges, and life history information
    ultimately selected based on data availability.          for estuarine dependent life stages. Representative
    Consequently, many of the species selected are           species profiles and data sheets for Bay anchovy
    either commercially or recreationally important.         (Anchoa mitchillh), Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus),
    However, species of ecological value, or indicators      and Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) are included in
    of environmental stress were also chosen when            Appendix 4.
    possible. A species list (Table 1) was developed and
    peer reviewed to ensure that the most "important"

                                                       3

                                                             individuals, juveniles as immature but otherwise
    Table 1. ELMR species list for Texas                     similar to adults, and spawning was defined as the
                                                             release of eggs and sperm (fertilization). A few
    Scientific name              Common name                 exceptions existed, such as the livebearers and
                                                             mating in crabs.
    Argopecten irradians         Bay scallop
    Crassostrea virginica        American oyster             Three steps were taken to compile these data. First,
    Rangia cuneata               Common rangia               the presence or absence of a species within an
    Mercenaria species           Hard clam                   estuary was determined.   Second, the species
    Lolliguncula brevis          Bay squid                   monthly distribution was determined and, if possible,
    Penaeus aztecus              Brown shrimp                the peak occurrence of each life stage was noted.
    Penaeus duorarum             Pink shrimp
    Penaeus setfenrus            White shrimp                Finally, the relative abundance of a species in an
    Palaemonetes pugio           Grass shrimp                estuarywasdetermined usingthefollowing categories
    Menippe adina                Gulf stone crab             as defined below:
    Callinectes sapidus          Blue crab
    Carcharhinus leucas          Bull shark                    * Not present  species or life history stage not
    Megalops atlanticus          Tarpon                          found, questionable data as to identification of
    Alosa alabamae                Alabama shad                   species,  and/or recent loss of habitat or
    Brevoortia patronus          Gulf menhaden                   environmental degradation suggests absence.
    Dorosoma cepedianum          Gizzard shad
    Anchoa mitchilli              Bay anchovy                  * No information available:  no existing data
    Anus felis                  - Hardhead catfish               available, and when after expert review it was
    Cyprinodon variegatus        Sheepshead minnow
    Fundulus grandis             Gulf killifish                  determined that not even an educated guess
    Menidia species              Atlantic silversides            would be appropriate.
    Centropomus undecimalis      Snook
    Pomatomus saltatrix           Bluefish                     * Rare:  species is definitely present but not
    Caranx hippos                Crevalle jack                   frequently encountered.
    Trachinotus carolinus        Florida pompano
    Lutjanus griseus             Gray snapper                  * Common: species is generally encountered but
    Archosargus probatocephalus   Sheepshead                      not in large numbers, does not imply an even
    Lagodon rhomboides           Pinfish                         distribution over a specific salinity zone.
    Bairdiella chrysoura         Silver perch
    Cynoscion arenarius          Sand seatrout
    Cynoscion nebulosus          Spotted seatrout              * Abundant   species is often encountered in
    Leiostomus xanthurus         Spot                            substantial numbers relative to other species.
    Micropogonias undulatus      Atlantic croaker
    Pogonias cromis               Black drum                    � Highlyabundant: species numerically dominates
    Sciaenops ocellatus          Red drum                        relative to other species.
    Mugil cephalus               Striped mullet
    Gobiosoma robustum           Code goby                   Forwell-studied species such as shrimp, quantitative
    Scomberomorus maculatus      Spanish mackerel            data were used to estimate abundance levels.
    Paralichthys albigutta       Gulf flounder
    Paralichthys 1alboigutta  S  oGutHer flounder            However, for many species within any given estuary,
                                                              reliable quantitative data were generally very limited.
                                                              Therefore, regional and local experts were consulted
                                                              to estimate relative abundance based on the above
    Data Sheets. A species data sheet was developed          criteria. Referelative abundane speciesd on the bundance
    to enable quick compilation and simple graphic           criteria. Referenceorguidespecieswithabundance
    presentation of the data. Figure 4 shows the data         levels corresponding to the above criteria were
    sheet for Bay anchovy in Galveston Bay. A draft data     developed for each estuary in cooperation with local
    sheet was developed for each species for each            biologists. Other species were then placed into the
    estuary before additional experts were consulted.        appropriate category relative to the guide species.
    Data collected on each species include:  1) the          Thesedataonlyrepresentspeciesrelativeabundance
    salinity zone it occupies (seawater, mixing, or tidal     levels within a specific estuary. Relative abundance
    fresh); 2) monthlydistributionthroughoutthosezones;       levels across a suite of estuaries could not  be
    and 3) life history stage(s) in a particular zone and
    their relative abundance level.
                                                              Data Verification.  Approximately one year was
    Adults were  defined as reproductively mature             spent on data compilation and consultation with
                                                              regional and local experts to develop, verify, and

                                                            4

    revise the 360 data sheets required for Texas           particularly helpful in providing estuary/species
    estuaries (Figure 4). Initial interviews were arranged  specific information on distribution and abundance.
    to explain the overall Living Marine Resources          Theyalsoprovidedadditionalreferencesandcontacts
    Program and to introduce the ELM R project. Each        and identified additional species to be included in the
    data sheet was carefully peer reviewed during these     ELMR data base.
    meetings or subsequently by mailing the draft data
    sheets to reviewers. These important consultations      The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD)
    complemented the work and other published data          served as the primary source of data and reviewers
    sets aggregated by NOAA.   Approximately 50             ofthedatasheets becauseoftheirextensiveestuarine
    scientists and managers at 20 institutions oragencies   fishery data base and knowledge. Each draft data
    were consulted. The names and affiliations of these     sheet was reviewed and verified by several TPWD
    experts  are listed in Appendix 5, as well as in        coastalbiologists. Inaddition, expertswereconsulted
    Appendix 6, which lists the primary data sources for    at colleges and universities with estuarine research
    each species by estuary.  Local experts were            and academic programs.

           Figure 4. Example of species/estuary data sheet: Bay anchovy in Galveston Bay.

             SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anchoa mitchilli         REGION:           Gulf of Mexico
             COMMON NAME:   Bay anchovy                STATE:            Texas
             ESTUARY NAME:   Galveston Bay             INVESTIGATOR:  Tom Czapla

                    SALINITY      LIFE               RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
                 SALINITY        LIFE
                   ZONE         STAGE
                                           J  F  M   A   M   J  J  A  S  O                N   D  R
                               ADULTS                                                        2
                               SPAWNING                                                      2
               TIDAL FRESH   JUVENILES                                                       2
                0.0 - 05 ppt   LARVAE
                               EGGS                                                          2
                               ADULTS                                                        2
                     MIXING    SPAWNING
               0.5 - 25.0 ppt   JUVENILES
                               LARVAE                                                        2
                               EGGS                                                          2
                               ADULTS---                                                     2
                               SPAWNING                                                      2
               SEAWATER
                              JUVENILES                                                     2
                 >25.0 ppt
                               LARVAE                               -__                      2
                               EGGS               ._                      _. 2

             Legend:    Relative Abundance:                         Data Reliability (R):

                                 | = Not Present                   1 = Highly Certain
                                 ----= No Data                     2 = Moderately Certain

                                 *  = Rare                         3 = Reasonable Inference

                         _=l~   = Common
                        iBM_~- = Abundant
                                 = Highly Abundant

                                                             counted for each lifestage in each month in the
                                                              mixing zonesof Sabine Lake, Galveston Bay, Brazos
    Data Summaries.  The information compiled for            River, Matagorda Bay, San Antonio Bay, Aransas
    eachspeciesandestuaryonthe360datasheetshas               Bay, and Corpus Christi Bay.  The numbers of
    been synthesized into three data summaries. These        species were averaged across estuaries, and the
    summaries provide graphic presentations of the           mean numberof species present as larvae, juveniles,
    spatial and temporal distributions, and relative         and adults were plotted versus month (Figure 5).
    abundance by life stage, for each species and estuary    Mixing zones only were considered because their
    (Tables 2 and 3). A ranking of the level of reliability  intermediatesalinitiesbesttypifytheestuarine habitat
    associated with these data is provided (Table 4).        and they are present in seven of the nine estuaries
                                                             studied. Although this is not a statistical analysis of
    Spatialdistribution andrelative abundance. Table 2      seasonal abundances, it does provide insights into
    summarizes the distribution and relative abundance       how species are seasonally distributed in Texas
    by life stage for each species by salinity zone in each  estuaries. Results were:
    estuary. The highest level of abundance at any point
    in the year in each estuary is depicted. Although this   1 ) The number of species for all life stages tends to
    report contains only a small portion of the nationwide   be lower in winter, and higher in spring and summer.
    data base, Table 2 begins to show the significance of
    estuaries, orat leasttheiruse by specific species and    2) In each month, the number of species ranked as
    theirlife stages. Ingeneral,youngerlifestagesoccur       abundant or highly abundant in the mixing zone is
    at lower salinities, while adults often are found in the  highest for juveniles, moderate for adults, and lowest
    seawater zone.                                           for larvae.

    Temporal distribution. Table 3 summarizes the           3) The number of larval species appears to peak in
    temporal distribution of each species by month and       May, and the number of juvenile species appears to
    life stage foreach estuary. This information collapses   peak in July and August. This could be the result of
    overthe three salinity zones and the highest level of    maturation of larvae into juvenile size classes, or of
    abundance for a particular life stage by month is        immigration of juveniles into the mixing zone. The
    shown.                                                   number of adult species is fairly stable from spring
                                                             through fall, but is lower in the winter months.
    Although each species/lifestage is assigned one of
    five possible levelsof relative abundance: not present;  4) The seasonal variation in the number of species
    rare;common;abundant;orhighlyabundant, Tables           is highest for larvae, moderate for juveniles, and
    2 and 3 do not distinguish between the rare and not      lowest for adults.
    present levels. This has been done because
    management of estuarine fisheries often does not         Seasonal abundances for individual bays by larval,
    direct efforts towards rare species. To distinguish      juvenile and adult lifestages are presented in Figure
    between "not present", "rare", and "no data", Table 5    6. Larval stages are lowest in the winter months
    presents information on the presence/absence of          (Decemberto February), increasing duringthe spring
    species/lifestages by salinity zone. If a lifestage of   (March to May), and summer (June to August), and
    a species is rare, common, abundant, or highly           finally declining inthefall (Septemberto November).
    abundant forat least one month of theyearwithin an       Juvenile and adult stages are abundant during the
    estuary, it is considered present.  These data are       spring, summer and extending into the fall.  The
    important and are often used to explore linkages         number of species present as juveniles and adults is
    between habitats and species biogeography (Hom           high during the fall primarily due to many of these
    and Allen 1985).  In addition, the Brazos River          specieshavingannualcycles,thatis, juveniles are at
    estuary has a number of species for which there are      or approaching maturity during fall and winter.  In
    no data available. This is the only estuary in the       addition, adults that had earlier immigrated into the
    Texas study where this occurs and these species are      estuariesduring spring/summerwill experiencecooler
    also reported as "not present" in Table 2 and 3.         temperatures in late fall, which typically drives a
    Approximately five percent of the entire Texas data      majority of the adults out to warmer shelf waters,
    base falls intothe aggregated category"not present/      usually creating a "run" (e.g., the fall flounder run).
    rare/no data".                                           The Brazos River system appears to have fewer
                                                             species than other Texas estuaries for each lifestage.
    Seasonal Abundance .  To examine general                 This may be primarily due to the lack of data for
    seasonal abundances in species, the number of            species in the Brazos.  However, it may also be
    species ranked as abundantorhighlyabundantwere           partially due to the comparatively atypical physical

                                                           6

    Figure 5. Mean number of species ranked as abundant or highly abundant in the mixing zones of Texas
              estuaries.

               14 -
                      *   Larvae
                      *   Juveniles
              12-  0   Adults

            10

                    Jan   Feb   Mar   Apr   May   Jun    Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov   Dec
                                                            Month

    and hydrographic characteristics of the Brazos          compiled in this report. Since TPWD generates a
    estuary. The Brazos estuary is a river dominated        great deal of data from various sampling gear, only
    system with relatively high flow and depth/width        the bag seine data are being presented. Bag seines
    ratios, whereas most other Texas estuaries are          are routinely taken in the program twice a month
    relatively shallow, broad, tidetwind dominated          giving more complete data (gill nets being set in the
    systems.                                                spring and fall; ottertrawlsoncea month). Bagseine
                                                               data typically include smaller fishes, juveniles and
    [,,loml hl " mg.[,nt , x.ig'F-n[gih4,*                nektonic shellfish. The following discussion refersto
                                                               data on annual mean number of fish per hectare by
    Unlike most  other                  coastal states,       T       exas, through its  bay.
    Tex        as Parks a       nd Wildlife Department (TPWD), has
    been conducting a compre hensive  fish mon itoring      Fishes . Figure  7 shows that Galves ton Bay is
    progra     m in coastal bays since 1977. The   data     compar atively hig her for annu al mea nca tchfortotal
    presented                          in this section were synthesized f rom numberoffishes.G alvest on Bayisin easter nTexas
    published TPWD reports. The monitoring program          and receives a great deal of f    reshwat er inflow. It is
    uses bag seine, otter trawl and gill net equipment to   probably more representative of a " typical" estuary
    estimate abundances o f fishes  and invertebrates. t  than the other Texas bays.  Estuaries from San
    This long-term monitoring program now makes it          AntonioBaytoMexicohaveonlymixingandseawater
    possible to meaningfully compare the     relative       zones or  a seawater zone only; a tidal fresh zone is
    a         bundance of selected species across Texas     absent (NOAA 1985). Whilethe mixing zon e    is the
    estuaries.Theannualcatch recordsc anbe monitored        essential character of  an estuary, the lack of e ither  a
    to witness oravoid the crashes of particularfisheries,  tidal fresh or limited mixing zone may account for the
    a                            nd     a     llow TPWD to modify existing regulations as  comparatively lower abundance seen in these other
    necessa ry (McEachron and Gre       en 1984). De            tails  of bays.
    the operation    of th is program,  estuary boundaries as
    d efined by TPWD, and sampling  site locations are      In Figures   8, 9, a nd 10, the mean  annual   catch
    reported in McEachron and  Green (1984). records by species have been               grouped by orders of
                                                              magnitudeise to illustrate three distinct  levels of
    TheTPWDquantitative informationsupplementsthe           abundance by species  and across estuar ies. The
    relative abundance rankings of the ELMR species         "low abundance fishes", comprised mostly of the
                      U,~~~~~~~~~~

    Figure 6. Total number of species ranked abundant and highly abundant in the mixing zone by estuary.

            Estuary ~~Larvae                               jJuveniles                                IAdults

     Corpus Ctwisti
     Bay                                                              .    ,..I

       Arnsas                                                ~..~

     San Antonio
                 Say .. ...... *~j:  . . .... .....

     Matagorda
      Say                          ...                                                       . ..

     Brazos
     River

     Galveston
     Bay                ....... .

     Sabine

                    Ia~     ~~ume o f S e    i s 5iNumber of Species  Number ofSpecies

                  Legend:                winter                Spring           ... Summer         ( J Fall

    Figure 7. Annual mean number of fish per                 9). The mean number of "highly abundant fishes",
             hectare by estuary.                            gulf menhaden and other primarily forage fishes,
                                                             such as anchovy and killifishes, range in the
      soo -                                                 thousands per hectare (Figure 10). Galveston Bay
                                                             again has comparatively higher numbers for several
                                                             species (spotted seatrout, black drum, sand seatrout,
       6000                                                  hardhead, Atlantic croaker, and gulf menhaden).

                                                             Shrimp. The overall abundance data for the major
    ' 4000 * .        : .:       ~ ;:.     .                 penaeid species is shown in Figure 1 1. White shrimp
                                                             are more abundant from Sabine Lake to Matagorda
              AE2 ~  ~        ~        ~       hi .Bay and brown shrimp are relatively abundant
                  ~~ ~2ooo0  � i~ ~~~ '~=i~ ~throughout all the bays. Pink shrimp mostly occur in
                                                            the estuaries of South Texas.
    E
         0                          o                        SalinityandSpecies Abundance. Estuaries along
              c      '      i      i      i f                the Texas coast generally increase in salinity going
                                                             south from Sabine Lake to Laguna Madre (Diener
                            B             s      &           1975). The effect of increasing salinity on relative
                                                             abundance can be seen by changes in the numbers
                                                             of certain species from estuaryto estuary. Numbers
      Source: Texas Parks and Wildale Departmem
                                                             of hardhead catfish, sand seatrout, Atlantic croaker,
                                                             gulf menhaden and white shrimp are relatively high
    sciaenids and other major predatory fishes, range in     in Galveston and Matagorda Bays, but decline toward
    annual mean number per hectare (ha) from 0-35total       Laguna Madre. The importance of low salinity water
    fish (Figure 8). The "moderately abundant fishes",       to particular species, or estuarine dependence, can
    ranging in the hundreds per hectare, contain the         be seen by the production of commercially important
    smaller sciaenids, pinfish and mullet, all of which are  species off Louisiana. As examples, the menhaden
    foragefish inhabitingthe estuaries as juveniles (Figure  and shrimp fisheries are some of the most productive

    Figure 8. Low abundance (<40/ha) fish by estuary.
         40                                      *  Red drum
                                                 *  Spotted seatrout
                                                 a Black drum
                                        ,       []  Sheepshead
                                                o  Southern flounder
    . 30 -                                         Sand seatrout
    v                                           [] U  Hardhead catfish

    . 20 -
    E

                Galveston       Matagorda      San Antonio        Aransas      Corpus Christi    Laguna Madre

       Source: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

                                                       9

    Figure 9. Moderately abundant (40-800/ha) fish by estuary

        700 -
                                         0 Atlantic croaker
                                           OPinfish
        600 -                                 ESpot
                                            Striped mullet

       400-
    0
    (D

      2 300-

     -~200  ...-...
                     C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ...
        100-

          0
               Galveston       Matagorda      San Antonio       Aransas       Corpus Christi   Laguna Madre
      Source. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

    Figure IO. Highly abundant (>1000O/ha) fish by           Figure 1 1. Abundance of shrimp by estuary.
             estuary.
      me4000-                                               IM 15Pin
                                  UGulf menhaden Pn
                                  I~Other Fishes        -cUBrown
                                                               o~~~~~~~~E OWhite
    cL 3000                                                  C
                 Co                                        .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1000-

    a)
     *2000*
                 E~~~~~~~~~~~~

    E 100:10

      <~~

                               0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

        Suc:Texas Parks and Wildlife Department              Source: Texas Parks and Wildliffe Department

                                                   I10

    fisheries in the United States (NMFS 1988). These       eggs was less than 10 %  of the total).  These
    species and many others, such as spot and Atlantic      releases have occurred in all months except January
    croaker, arevery abundant in regions with low salinity  and February, and in all bay systems except Baffin
    waters. Thesewaters, inconjunction with other abiotic   Bay. The bay systems of the coastal bend (Corpus
    and biotic parameters, such as bottom substrate, are    Christi, Aransas, and San Antonio) usually receive
    important requirements of estuarine dependent           more releases because of their close proximity to the
    organisms.                                              hatcheries.

    Stocking Programs. The Texas Parks and Wildlife         The effect of stocking on any of these bay systems is
    Department releases eggs, fry and fingerlings of        not well understood. One study demonstrated that
    recreationally important fishes as an integral part of  fingerlings survive up to one and a half months after
    its fisheries management program to supplement          stocking in some systems (Dailey and McEachron
    theabundanceof natural stocks. The programbegan         1986), while another study did not demonstrate any
    in 1975 with red drum and striped bass. Since 1984,     survival (Matlock 1988). Although survival rates of
    TPWD  has released five different species of            stocked fishes cannot be determined at this time,
    recreational importance:  red drum, striped bass,       average annual releases of 1 to 4 million eggs, fry or
    spotted seatrout, black drum, and snook (Dailey         fingerlings within a system could increase the
    1988). The program varies inthe numberofreleases        abundance of red drum.
    between years and bays. Red drum have been
    released in all bays. Since 1983 spotted seatrout       Stripedbass. From1975to1977,stripedbasswere
    and striped bass have had limited releases in
    and striped bass have had limited releases  in          principally stocked in Corpus ChristiandSan Antonio
    Matagorda and Galveston Bays. Black drum have           Bays. More recently (1983-1987), efforts have been
    only been released in Aransas Bay and snook only in     in stocking Galveston Bay with an average of 2.6
    Matagorda Bay.                                          million striped bass fry per year (Dailey 1988). Less
                                                            than 0.2% of the total has been stocked in Matagorda
    Red drum. Red drum is regularly stocked in great        Bay.
    abundance relative to other species (Figure 12).
    Since the beginning of the program in 1975, an          Spotted seatrout. Releases of spotted seatrout fry
    annual average of over 10 million eggs, fry or          and fingerlings have taken place almost entirely in
    fingerlings have been released (the number of the       Matagorda Bay, with less than 3% of the total being
                                                            stocked in Galveston Bay. An annual average of
                                                            over334,000 spotted seatrout have been released in
    Figure 12. Mean annual numbers of Red drum              Matagorda Bay since 1983.
               stocked by estuary.
                                                            Black drum and Snook. The stocking programs for
                                                            black drum and snook are not as extensive as those
       5 -                                                 for the species mentioned above. In 1984, 31,000
                                                            black drum were released in San Antonio Bay, and
    o                                                      4,249 black drum were released in Matagorda Bay.
    04 -.                                                  In 1985, 333 snook were released in Aransas Bay.

    cc    .                                                 An important aspect of any study, especially one
                       o :~:  ::': .<.-~-.-.;~:: | ^s ~based on literature reviews and consultations, is to
    t  2.-                        :                        determine the quality of the data used. Depending
                                                            on the questions to be addressed, data of varying
                                               * 1     Y    s        quality may or may not be suitable to use. An explicit
                 1    ~-"-".~: ~'"~...."; f.a. : : " : fJ..:'.'-:~!  effort was undertaken to assess consistently the
                                                            'overall" quality of the data developed so that the
                                              .-  1 ::i:i  ": information can be used appropriately.

            - 2'             8     =    = '~ BEstimates of the level of reliability associated with the
                  a,    g    zc          ,M    a            distributional information organized by species, life
                                         C  g  >c stage, and estuary are presented in Table 4 of the
                                                             Data Summary Tables section. The following criteria
    Source: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department            were used:

    Highlycertain: Considerable sampling data available. the personalcommunications and primary references
    Distribution, behavior, and preferred habitats well       to enable individuals to track and obtain additional
    documented within an estuary.                             information efficiently.

    Moderately certain: Some sampling data available          Variability in Space and Time. Species data have
    for an estuary. Distribution, preferred habitat, and      been organized according to the salinity zone
    behavior well documented in similar estuaries.            boundaries developed for each estuary in the NEI
                                                              data atlas-Volume 1 (NOAA 1985). However, division
    Reasonable inference: Little or no sampling data          of an estuary on the basis of salinity is highly variable
    available. Information on  behavior and preferred         duetothe many interacting factors that affect salinity,
    habitats documented in similar estuaries.                 such as variations in freshwater inflow, wind, and
                                                              tides. To compile information on species distribution
    The quality and quantity of available data vary by        according to these zones, it is assumed that if a
    species and byestuary. Forexample, a large amount         particular salinity zone increases or decreases, the
    of information is available on shrimp because they        distribution of a mobile species in that zone will
    are  highly  valued  both  commercially  and              correspond to that shift. For example, if increased
    recreationally. The least amount of information           freshwater inflow shifts the tidal fresh zone further
    available and poorest quality of data are for the         downtheestuary,thedistributionofaspeciesconfined
    spawning, egg, and larval life stages. Except for a       to that zone increases to include the new area. If a
    few species (e.g. brown shrimp), very little data has     species exhibits a wide range of salinity tolerance, a
    been generated on particular habitat preferences          shift may or may not occur. This information was
    and environmental tolerances. This is particularly        combined with additional habitat parameters, such
    true for the smaller forage and/or non-commercial         as bottom type, to develop species distributional
    fishes and invertebrates. Gearselectivity, inabilityto    data. The final placement of species in a salinity
    correctly identify larval stages and difficulty of        zone was ultimately determined by where they have
    sampling various habitats limits the development          actually been observed or captured.
    and reliability of this information. In addition, life
    history data are lacking on some of the commercially      Temporal distributions are often dependent on annual
    important sciaenid and pelagic species.                   climatic conditions and water currents.  Monthly
                                                              distributional patterns were derived based on the
    Data reliability was also based on the number of          consistent presenceof a life stagewithin aparticular
    studies conducted on a species within an estuary          month. If a species is only present in an estuary in
    and whether they represented a time-series data set       unusual years (e.g. drought), it is not portrayed as
    or were designed to identify and quantify a species'      part of that species spatial or temporal distribution.
    particular life stage.  For example, TPWD used            However, if a species is normally found, even during
    different gear types to sample various habitats           a restricted time period, it is portrayed present forthe
    accurately (Hammerschmidt and McEachron 1986).            specific month(s). Greatertemporal resolution, such
    These data are more reliable due to sampling of           as on a biweekly ratherthan on a monthly basis, was
    specific habitats with consistent and efficient gear. In  not possible.
    the case of limited studies, information was
    occasionally inferred. Because this report is part of     Abundance Data.  Except for a relatively few
    the larger Gulf of Mexico data base still under           important commercial or recreational species, little
    development, an opportunity exists to refine the data     or noquantitative information is available to determine
    presented based on additional reviews.                    relative species abundance for a large number of
                                                              organisms across estuaries. Therefore, an attempt
    Given that the amount and quality of available            was made to only determine the relative abundance
    information varies by species, by life stage, between     of a species compared to other species within an
    estuaries, and even within an estuary, considerable       individual estuary.  For well studied species, e.g.
    scientific judgment is required to derive or infer        juvenile sciaenids or juvenile penaeids, quantitative
    spatial and temporal distributions from existing data     data were used to estimate abundance within an
    and available literature.  Unfortunately,  even the       estuary. However, in most cases the final level of
    most informed judgment is farfrom perfect due to the      abundance assigned to a species was determined
    complexity of estuarine systems.  Consequently,           by asking regional and local experts for opinions
    information on the level of certainty associated with     basedontheirknowledgeof individualspecieswithin
    each data element  must be  presented when                anestuary. Thiseffortcomplementedthequantitative
    synthesizing multipledatasets (Table4). Inaddition,       studies, and greatly increased the reliability of the
    Appendices 5 and 6 provide a complete summary of          abundance information. It is important to note that

                                                           12

    the TPWD has a quantitative computerized data            ComplexLifeHistories. Becauseofthecomplexlife
    base on the distribution and abundance of several       histories of some species, the following comments
    species found in Texas bays.   The published            areprovidedtoclarifyand supplementthe information
    information from this data base was a component         presented in the data summary tables.
    used to develop the relative abundance information
    shown in this report.  However, for the reasons          Invertebrates. Sessile invertebrates, such as clams
    discussed below, it was not possible to use this data   and oysters, usually have a patchy rather than a
    base to determine species abundance levels across       general distribution. Therefore, the areal distribution
    the nine Texas bays in the ELMR study. First, not all    of these organisms may be overestimated, but the
    of the estuaries in the ELMR project are included in    salinity zones of colonization are identified. Specific
    the TPWD data base. Second, the TPWD reports             areas may contain acceptable salinity regimes, but
    only summarize some of the commercially or              suitable bottom habitat for colonization may not
    recreationally important fishes and invertebrates       exist. Specific habitat requirements and life history
    (approximately 15) and classifythe rest of the fishes,  characteristics of a number of invertebrate species
    such as forage species, into a category designated      are provided below:
    as "otherfinfish". Finally, it was not feasible to query
    the TPWD system for40 species and 9 estuaries, by         * Bay scallop: Usually associated with seagrass
    3 salinity zones, forover approximately 10 years due        beds.
    tothetremendous amount of time and effort necessary
    to do this. Therefore, the analyses ofthe TPWD data        � Rangia: All life stages occur in salinities below
    shown in this report are synthesized from their annual      25 ppt.
    reports. These reports typically summarize the last
    year of data by month along with several previous          � Hard clam: Most life stages occur in salinities
    years of data by year, allowing for some comparison         above 20 ppt.
    between bays, but only on a yearly basis. This report
    only attempts relatively simple analyses  of the          * Bay squid: The lower lethal salinity limit is 17.5
    TPWD data to generate a summary of several years            ppt, and bay squid actively avoid salinities that
    by months to explore seasonal patterns. Based on            are lowerthan this. Therefore, the distribution of
    the above facts, the relative abundance information         juveniles and adults will only be from the lower
    shown in the data summaries of this report is the           margin of the mixing zone to the sea water zone,
    "best" that could be synthesized from the TPWD              and out tothe nearshore shelf waters of the Gulf
    reports, other studies, and expert reviews.                 of Mexico.

    Brazos RiverEstuary Data. A special section on            * Penaeid shrimp: Postlarvae and juveniles are
    the data for the Brazos River estuary is presented          the critical life stages utilizing the estuaries.
    hereduetothe limited amountof biologicalinformation         Adults normally move to nearshore spawning
    available for this system. The Brazos River is one of       grounds, where spawning, egg development,
    the longest and largest river basins in Texas, making       and most of the larval development occur.
    it an important system with respect to river drainage
    and as an estuarine ecosystem influenced bysalinity.      * Grass shrimp: Eggs and larvae are brooded.
    It is physically and hydrologically different from other
    Texas estuaries. Biological data on species temporal      * Gulf Stone crab:  Usually found in salinities
    and spatial distributions and relative abundance is         greater than 20 ppt. Males are typically located
    very limited for the Brazos River Estuary.  The             in nearshore waters, but migrate intothe estuaries
    literature contained only two accessible reports            for mating.
    addressing species distributions: Johnson (1977),
    and Armstrong and Goldstein (1975). Therefore             * Blue crab: Mating usually takes place in the low
    much of the Brazos River data in this report is             salinities of the tidal fresh to the upper region of
    primarily inferred from the tidal fresh and mixing          the mixing zone. After mating, females move to
    zones data of Matagorda and Galveston Bays; its             the seawater zone, while males often remain in
    closest neighbors.  However, not all data can be            the upper reaches of the estuary. The females
    easily transposed since the Brazos is a river               brood the eggs, and larvae are released in the
    dominated system (Bernard et al. 1978), and lacks            seawaterzone. Megalopae are transported into
    thetidal influences that affect the adjacent estuaries.     the estuary for dispersion throughout the salinity
    Therefore, the reliability of the Brazos River Estuary      zones. As they approach maturity, blue crabs
    information is low.                                         seek lower salinities.

                                                      13

    Fishes. Aggregating species by salinity zone uses a       * Graysnapper. Larvae and juveniles aretypically
    single fundamental habitat parameter. However, a            associated  with  vegetation  in estuaries,
    combination ofhabitatcharacteristics, such as bottom         particularly seagrass beds and mangroves.
    type, water temperature, and bathymetry, would              Adults, spawning  and  eggs usually occur
    more accurately indicate species spatial and temporal       offshore.
    distributions. Specific habitat requirements and life
    history characteristics of a number of fishes are          * Pinfish: Juveniles arethepredominant lifestage
    presented here:                                             within estuaries. Spawning, eggs and adults are
                                                                usually offshore. Larvae are transported to
     � Bullshark: Development of eggs and larvae are            inlets, but usually juvenile size has been attained
       internal, and birth results in pups of juvenile size.    beforethey enterthe bays. Subadults and adults
       Therefore, only juveniles and adults are found in        may remain in some bays before migrating out to
       the estuaries. Fishing gear usually limits the           spawning grounds.
       ability to take large sharks. Based on the sizes
       of sharks captured, it may be inferred that            * Sheepshead:  Spawning occurs in nearshore
       parturition is occurring within the estuaries.           and inletwaters. Larvae aretransportedtowards
                                                                the estuaries, but usually juvenile size is reached
     e Tarpon: Spawning, egg and larval stages occur            before they enter.
       well off shore. Juveniles use the estuaries as a
       nursery ground, often seeking waters of low            * Sciaenids: Almost all of the sciaenids move to
       dissolved oxygen and low salinity.                       nearshore or offshore waters for spawning,
                                                                although somefish may spawn in passes. Larvae
     * Alabama shad' Not found west of the Barataria            may be transported toward estuaries, but fish
       Bay barrier islands in Louisiana.                        are usually of juvenile size bythe time they enter.
                                                                Juveniles develop in the nursery habitats of the
      Gulfmenhaden: Typically only the juveniles are            bays, then migrate out as subadults. Since some
       found in the estuaries. Sub-adults move into the         of these species have rather long life spans,
       Gulf for maturation and spawning, and larvae             several years may be spent in the estuaries as
       move towards the bays.                                  juveniles. As temperatures drop in the winter,
                                                                they move into deeper waters.
     e Gizzard shad' Large juveniles and adults are
       found in the estuaries, but adults must return to      * Striped mullet: Adults, spawning, eggs and
       freshwater to spawn. In large rivers there is a          larvae are in offshore waters, although some
       migration or "spring run" up the river. Large            spawning  may  occur around the passes.
       juveniles that are washed into bays with floods          Estuarine habitat is primarily used by juveniles.
       can mature to adulthood, but their upstream
       migration  may  be  impeded  by waterway               * Codegoby: Usuallyassociated with seagrasses
       restrictions.                                            and higher salinities.

     � Hardheadcatfish: Eggs and larvae are brooded           * Spanish mackeret Juveniles occur in estuaries,
       in the mouths of adult males, therefore their            but all other life stages are pelagic and occur
       distribution is determined bythe adult population.       offshore.

     � Bluefish: Juveniles and adults are the principal       * Flounders: Both Southern and Gulf flounders
       life stages found in estuaries. Adults may ascend        have similar habitat requirements. Spawning,
       rivers into brackish waters. Spawning, egg and           eggs and larvae are distributed in nearshore
       larval development occur offshore.                       waters.  Juveniles migrate into the bays for
                                                                growth and development. Gulf flounder appear
      Crevalle jack  The juvenile stage is found in             to be more restricted in their ascent into fresher
       estuaries, but all other life stages are in offshore     water, typically remaining in salinities greater
       waters.                                                  than 20 ppt.  Juveniles and adults migrate
                                                                according to temperature, creating "fall runs" to
     � Florida pompano: Typically found in nearshore            the offshore waters.
       surf and inlet waters, but juveniles and adults
       sometimes enterthe bays. Spawning, eggs and
       larvae are distributed offshore.

                                                         14

       �Nf                           � .                    such as specific salinity regimes, 3) other offshore
                                                             species spawning near the mouths of estuaries so
    Classifyingand ComparingEstuaries. In spite of          thattidal andwind driven currentscan carry eggs and
    the qualitative nature of the distributional data        larvae into estuarine nursery areas; and 4) species
    precluding exactcomparisonsof species abundances        entering estuaries as adults during certain times of
    among  estuaries,  much  can  be  done  using           year to feed on higher densities of prey.  The
    information on presence or absence and timing of life   importanceof anyestuarytoprimarilyoffshorespecies
    stages inasalinityzone. This information, combined      can be determined by the intensity of use of that
    with the identification of thetime period eachspeies     estuary by those species, most of which fall into one
    utilizes the estuary, is the strength of the data base.  or more of the four categories. Importance can be
    Estuaries can be categorized in a preliminary wayby     measured both by the number of offshore species
    their biological characteristics, and correlations of    present as well as their actual abundances in the
    species distributions in and among estuaries may be     estuary and offshore. These data may provide clues
    identified.  The relative importance of individual      for further investigation of the adverse effects on an
    estuaries in a particular region can also be assessed   offshore population due to environmental degradation
    for a specific group of species based on varied          of a given estuary.
    criterion of significance.
                                                             The presence or absence of members of a set of pre-
    The species found in a given estuary are far more        selected species or species with specific life history
    sensitive indicators of both mean and extreme           strategies can be used to rank an estuaries'
    conditions than any set of physical measurements.        importancetothesespeciesonaregionalbasis. For
    Estuaries can therefore be classified by the number     example,  if the species group is defined as
    of species present and bywhetherthey are primarily       anadromous  species  which  are commercially
    marine, estuarine, orfreshwaterdominated. Species        important offshore, the strength of the offshore-
    assemblages may correlate with any number of             estuarine linkage for each estuary can be established.
    physical characteristics, such as bottom substrate,     This can be used to identify, on a regional basis,
    vegetation, and the areal and temporal characteristics   estuaries worthy of special attention or management.
    of salinity zones. Species assemblage correlations       This kind of approach may facilitate the linking and
    can be done even with an incomplete species list as      importance of estuaries to geographically defined
    cang as the list's biases are considered.  The           marine ecosystems.  The data sets developed or
    long                          as the list's biases are considered. The under development in the Living Marine Resources
    information on species presence or absence, area,       under development in the Living Marine Resources
    or other attributes can be used to determine whether     Program will enable regional assessments with
    estuaries clusterorarespread outalong a continuum       consistent species information for life stage and life
                                                             history strategies from the head-of-tide in estuaries
    Any shift in a species position in a list ranked by      to the continental shelf.  The integration of the
    degree of abundance when comparing estuaries             biological and physical data will significantly improve
    warrants further analysis.  A comparison among           our ability to identify and define the linkages and
    estuaries using various correlates of that species'      interchanges between estuarine and shelf habitats.
    distribution can identify differing factors among those
    estuaries that might account for the species shift in    _
    relative abundance, thereby helping to define the
    major environmental  variables controlling  its         This study is the second completed component of an
    major  environmental  variables  controlling  its        effort to develop a consistent and comprehensive
    distribution.  In addition, ecological controls on a     effort to develop a consistent and    rehensive
    species can also be investigated. For example, a        data base on the life history, distribution, and relative
    species may show differing salinitytolerances among      abundance of selected fishes and invertebrates
    estuaries, indicating that some other factor, such as   throughout estuaries of the USA. The information
    presence of a competitor, predator, availability of      presented is a result of a program designed to
    specific food source, bottom type, or degree of          "capture"theNation'sdata, information, and expertise
    pollution may be regulating its distribution.            on species in estuaries. This work is one step in
                                                             developing an information base and operational
    Linkages To Marine Ecosystems. Many species             capability to bridge the gap between site specific
    use estuaries for specific parts of their life histories  estuarine problems and formulation of regional
    and spend the rest offshore. Most species fall into      management strategies.  Filling this gap(s) is now
    fourgeneralcategories: 1 )diadromousspeciesusing         more importantthan everbefore, as itbecomes clear
    estuaries as migration corridors and, in some            that the cumulative effects of small changes in many
    instances, nursery areas; 2) species that enter          places may have much greater systematic effects
    estuaries to utilize various habitats for spawning,      throughout the Nation's estuaries and coastal oceans.

                                                      15

    Compiling, transcribing, and unifying the endless
    fragments of information is a very difficult task, but
    necessary   to effectively manage the Nation's
    estuarine resource base. Although the knowledge
    available to effectively preserve these areas and
    their resources continues to be limited, the ELMR
    data base will enable comparisons among species,
    groups of species, specific life stages and times of
    year within an estuary, or by geographic regions. In
    addition, knowledge gaps will be identified. When
    combined with other NOAA data sets, the ELMR
    data base will also be useful in developing and
    testing various hypotheses.

    Developing this information for the Nation is an
    enormous undertaking. This report alone required
    consultations with over 25 experts and the use of
    over 400 references to develop the relatively simple
    data summaries for only nine estuaries.
    Consequently, the emphasis has been primarily on
    developing distributional information on individual
    species by estuary, paying particular attention to life
    stage, the time period a species utilizes an estuary,
    and its general habitat requirements. Knowledge of
    the detailed biogeography of many species across
    estuaries provides new opportunities to address a
    range of broader problems and a framework to
    identify resourceuseconflictsforfurther investigation.

                                                          16

    Table 2: Spatial distribution and relative abundance
    Table 3: Temporal distribution
    Table 4: Data reliabilty
    Table 5: ELMR Texas presence/absence table

                                                      17

    Table 2. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.

                                                             Texas Estuaries

                          Sabine   Galveston  Brazos  Matagorda   San.    Aransas                 Laguna   Baffin
                                                                                    LakeoLagCurnsa
                           Lake      Bay       River      Bay      Antonio     Bay                 Madre      Bay
                                                                  Bay                 Bay
     Species/Life Stage   T  M  *  T  M  S  T  M  *  T  M  S  *  M  S *  M  S *   M   S *  *   S  *  *  S
     Bay scallop       A
       Argopecten      J
       irradians
                      L
                      E
     American oyster   A     O                    0          0                    0         0
       Crassostrea    S      o0                             0 �                  0         0
       virginica      J     0       a                       0 �                  0         0
                      L  0            5                    0         0          0         0
                      E   0           1                    0   �                0         0
     Common rangia   A       *       5   0               O  0
       Rangia         S a              0                O 0
       cuneata         J          �   0                .0  0
                      L �  00                          00
                      E 0    0                         00
     Hardclam          A                   0                    0          0   00   0 0
       Mercenaria   S                      0                   0          0   00   00
       species         J                   0                   0          0   0 0   0 0
                      L                  0                    0   0  O0  00
                      E                  0                    0   0  00  00
     Bay squid         A                0 O   O              0         0 �        0 0   0 0               0         0

       Lolliguncula  S00                                   0    a               00    00                0          0
       bres   JL                         00                 00   0  00  00    0

                      E0 O�   O                                                O 0 10   0
                      E               00                   05  05  00  00   0
     Brown shrimp      A                                     O  *      O                                  0
       Penaeus         S
       aztecus        J        0 3                       060 *0 13     0                                 @          O
                      L               � 0    0    �-                           00
                      E
                         T M  T M ST M*  T                                      M  S*     M  S* M                S
                          Sabine   Galveston  Brazos  Matagorda   San        Aransas   Corpusffin
                           Lake      Bay       River      Bay       ntonio     Bay      Christia             Ba
                                                                  Bay            Bay            Madre      Bay
                                                                  Bay                 Bay
                                                             Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                                   Salinity Zone                                    Life Stage

    � Highly Abundant                                    T - Tidal Fresh                                  A - Adults
    � Abundant                                           M - Mixing                                       S - Spawning
    0       Common                                       S - Seawater                                     J - Juveniles
    Blank  Not Present, Rare, or                         e - Salinity zone not present                    L - Larvae
            No Data Available                                                                             E - Eggs

                                                       18

    Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.

                                                               Texas Estuaries
                           Sabine   Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda SnAassCru auaBfi
                            Lake       Bay       River      Bay  Antonio            B     yChristi  Maguna   Bayfi
     -                                                                 ~~~~~~~~                        ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~Bay  Bay Mar By
    Species/Life Stage  TM  T M STM*T M S  M SM S*M S* S* S
    Pink shrimp        A                                      0 0    0 0    0                               0
       Plenaeus
       duorarum    J0                                                    0 0   0 0   00 O                              0
                       L
                       E
    White shrimp   A6                   0 0   0               60  a6a  00   06
       Penaeus         S
       setiferus           66   a6 6                      a6             60           0   a6
                       L  a  06                   6   66O6

    Grass shrimp    A  aa   06    a                           6             0       66        6
       paiaemonetes S  a  06    a    66    a0 6                                               6
       pugio           J             06a    6   66                       60    6a    6                      6 a
                       L686   06    6   66    6 0   66  66
                       E606   06                    6 661116   60   66 66
     Blue crab          Ag  a666   0   060C   6 0   60  CD                                                   6          6
       Cailinectes     M a  6        0             0      0             0          0      C D               0
       sapidus         i6            66            0    06              6           6         06    a
                       L a              66   0    6                                   0   06                           0
                       S                66  CD                   0                                                     O
     Gulf stone crab  A                      0                 0 0   0 0   0 0   0 0                                    0
           Menppe      M                    0                    0          0          0          0                    0
           Menippe~~    0   00  0 0  0 0  0 0                                                                          0
       adina                                                                                      O0
                       S                                    0  0                      0               000
     Bull shark         A
       Carcharhinus   M
       leucas                            O 0   00   0 0   00   0 0

                           Sabine   Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda   San         Aransas   CorpusLauaBfi
                            Lake       Bay       River      Bay      Antonio     Bay      Christi  Maguna  Sayi
                                                                     Bay                  Bay       Mar        By
                                                               Texas Estuaries

     Relative Abundance                                    Salinity Zone                                     Life Stage

     6       Highly Abundant                               T - Tidal Fresh                                   A - Adults
     6       Abundant                                       M - Mixing                                       S - Spawning
     0       Common                                        S - Seawater                                      J - Juveniles
     Blank   Not Present, Rare, or                          *-Salinity zone not present                      L - Larvae
             No Data Available                                                                               E - Eggs
                                                                                                       M - Mating

    Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.

                                                                Texas Estuaries
                                     Sabin    GalvstonBrazo    Mataorda San*    rna       Corpus
                           Sabie   G ayl          vesto Brazoyaaod   Antonio       A      assChristi  Laguna   Baffin
                                      Lake ay Rier Ba BayBay                                Bay       Madre      Bay
    Species/Life Stage  T M  T MSTM*T M S*M S  M S*M S*S                                                              S
    Tarpon             A                                          0         0
       Meg~alops       S
       atlanticus                                                OO
                       L
                       E
    Alabama shad       A
       Alosa
       aiabamae
                       L
                       E
    Gulf menhaden  A 0 0                        a6   00                                       0 0           0
       firevoortia     S
       patronus            66a  06                a        66            60   a6   a6    a                             6I
                       L                                                              6          0
                       E
    Gizzardashad   AQQ 0 O   0 000    60                                           0                                   6

       Dorosoma        S
       cepedianum    J                                    6  0           0                    0
                       L
                       E
    Bay anchovy   A g    a6                        6  a60 a60  a60  a60                                     6
       Anchoa          S  0              66l       6   06a0   6 0   6 0   60   a   a
       mitchilli       J6            666  a                66 ~0  IS0  a60  a60    a    a
                       LOC  06    6  6 00    060  6 0   6                                                              6
                       E  0             66   6   00                        0   a60   a60   III
    Hardhead catfish A   0   06600                            66    66   III   60                           6          6
      Arius           S   0             66                   66         6             0       6
       felis           J   0             660                  66         6            0        6
                      L  0             6666                                       60   60                  6          6
                      E  0             66                    66 60   60                                    6          6
                          TM T M STM  T M S M S-M S *M S*S*S
                                     Sabin    GalvstonBrazo    Mataorda San*    ass    Corpus
                           Sabie   G ayl Rvesto Brazoyaaod           Antonio   Aransa  Christi    Laguna   Baff in
                                      Lake ay Rier Ba BayBay                                Bay       Madre      Bay

                                                                Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                                    Salinity Zone                                      Life Stage

    6       Highly Abundant                               T  -Tidal Fresh                                    A - Adults
    6       Abundant                                      M - Mixing                                         S - Spawning
    0       Common                                        S  -Seawater                                       J - Juveniles
    Blank   Not Present, Rare, or                         *-Salinity zone not present                        L  -Larvae
            No Data Available                                                                                E - Eggs

                                                          20

    Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.

                                                           Texas Estuaries
                         Sabine  Galveston  Brazos  Matagorda  AS an            sas              Laguna   Baffin
                          Lake      Bay       River      Bay      Antonio    Bay       Christi    Madre      Bay
                                                                Bay                 Bay
    Species/Life Stage    T  M  *  T  M  S  T  M  *  T  M  S *  M   S *  M  S  *  M  S *  *   S *  *   S
    Sheepshead minnowA              0      O O  O                  0    5  O
      Cyprinodon   S   0   0                                 0  0   0 �
      variegatus   J �           � a       @� @a �                                                         a
                     L 1          0 01          0          13 0 ��   ��    05                           *         1
                     E��  0O01                  0    �0    0   0� 55   O                                �    �
    Gulf killifish    A  0          0    0                                   0          0  0
      Fundulus    S                    0  0                    0   0                        00           0
      grandis    J             �0        �0            �             �   0   00   �   �
                     L �              �    O0   @S   5�  �0  00                                          �
                     E  I             S�  0                @�   55   @0  00    � 0
    Atlantic silversides A         0    0                                           0 C       0           * O
      Menidia        S O   0             �  �   �                                  0                     * �
      species    J             �       S0               5             S �0   �0 �
                     LOS 05  55  55    �                                         0 0 0
                     EOQ 00 13                  1                    0                      0
    Snook             A
      Centropomus
      undecimalis     J
                     L
                     E
    Bluefish          A
      Pomatomus
      saltatrix
                     L
                     E
    Crevalle jack    A                                       00    00    00    00                        0          0
    Crevalle jack     A                                     O  O       O  O      O  O       O  O          O         O
      Caranx         S
      hippos    J                      00   0    00  0 0   0 0   00                                                0
                     L
                     E
                        T M* T MST M TMS  M S*                               M S*  M S * M S* * S * * S
                         Sabine   Galveston  Brazos  Matagorda   San        Aransas              Laguna   Baffin
                          Lake      Bay       River      Bay             Bay           ChristiBay   Ma dre  Bay

                                                           Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                                  Salinity Zone                                    Life Stage

    *       Highly Abundant                             T - Tidal Fresh                                  A - Adults
    � Abundant                                           M- Mixing                                       S - Spawning
    0      Common                                        S - Seawater                                    J - Juveniles
    Blank  Not Present, Rare, or                         * - Salinity zone not present                   L - Larvae
           No Data Available                                                                            E - Eggs

                                                     21

    Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.

                                                            Texas Estuaries
                         Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda   San        Aransas   Corpu    Laguna   Baffin
                          Lake      Bay       River      Bay      Anto                            Madrnio    Bay
                                                                Bay                 Bay
    Species/Life Stage    T  M  *  T  M  S  T  M  *  T  M  S *  M  S *  M  S *   M  S  *  S *  *   S
    Florida pompano   A                                                   o                              0
      Trachinotus
      carolinus      J                    0                    0         0          0         0 �
                     L
                     E
    Gray snapper      A
      Lutianus       S
      griseus         J                                                                                  0
                     L
                     E
    Sheepshead   A O                    00   0  00   10   0 0   00    0    0
     Archosargus      S                                                             0      00 0
     probalocephalus J 00   0 0                   0   0   0   00   0 0   0                               0
                     L                                                         00  00
                     E                                                         00 0 0
    Pinfish           A                                  00               0 �                0            0         0
      Lagodon         S
      rhomboides  JOO 0            05            5 �   �                           5             0          �
                     L
                     E
    Silver perch    A 0 0               0 0   0   O 0 0   0                      0 O   00                 0
                     S                00  0   00  0   00  00   0
      chrysoura   J                    00   0               00   0              00   00    �
      chrysoura      J                 �         0 �                  0 �  �                             0
                     L                00  0   00  0   00  00    0 �
                     E-               00  0  O  0 0  O0                                                      0
    Sand seatrout   A    I                                  0 0                  00    0   0
      Cynoscion      S                                                              0         0
      arenarius   J                    00   0   0 0 0   0 0   0 0    0                                             0
                     L                                                             0         0
                     E                                                             0         0
                        T M * T M ST M* T M S* M S* M S * M S* * S * * S
                         Sabine  Galveston  Brazos  Matagorda   an          Arans   Corpus                   Ba
                          Lake                       Bay Ri v                    e r  Bay Antonio  Christi
                                           Lake Bay  River  Bay             Bay                 Madre      Bay
                                                           Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                                   Salinity Zone                                    Life Stage

    *       Highly Abundant                              T - Tidal Fresh                                  A - Adults
    O      Abundant                                      M - Mixing                                       S - Spawning
    0      Common                                        S - Seawater                                     J - Juveniles
    Blank  Not Present, Rare, or                         * - Salinity zone not present                    L - Larvae
           No Data Available                                                                             E - Eggs

                                                      22

                Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.

                                                                       Texas Estuaries
                                      Sabine   Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda   San        Aransas   Corpu~sLauaBfi
                                       Lake      Bay       River    Bay        Antonio        B     yChristi  Magune   Bayfi
                                                                            Bay       Bay'       Ba       Mar        By
                 Species/Life Stage  TM *T M STM *T MS  M S*M S*M S* S* S
                 Spatted seatrout   A                00        0          00         00        00         00           0          0
                    Cynoscion                        0 (0   0    0 0   00   00   00O    0    0
                       neblousJO                    00C OOO                0 00   00   0                 00           0    0
                                      L C)        00  0    00O  0 0  0 0  0 0    0    0
                                  E               00O    0 00  0 0  0 0  0 0    0    0
                 Spot               A W  00                              000   0 0    6 66                             6          0
                    Lelostomus      S
                    xanthurus   J OOC  060 06   0 60   60 66                                                6           6         6
                                  L
                                  E
                 Atlanticocroaker    A6              0  0                 666                  60         6 06
                    Micropogonias
                    undulatus    JO               6660                 66            66   a6    66   a                        a
                                  L                                                             606
                                  E
                 Black drum    A                     0 0   0              00  00   0 O          0    00 0                 O
                    Pogonias        s0                                       0                    0          0         06
                    cromi~s           O O    0 000  0 00  0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0
                                  L                   0                    0                    0          0         0          6
                                  E                   0                    0                    0                    0          6
                 Red drum           A                0 0                     0
                    Sciaenops0
                    ocellaftus         O O   000 0)    000   00   00   00  C   )C                                      0          0
                                  L                00                      0
                                  E                                        0
                 Striped mullet   AQO C   0 00   0   06   00   0 0   00O                                               0          0
                    Mugil           S                                        6
                    cephalus   J00    066   0   66                                     0   66   66                     6
                                  L                                        6
                                  E                                        60
                                     TM  T M ST MT MS M S*M S -M SS   S*
                                      Sabine   Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda   San        Aransas   CorpusLauaBfi
                                       Lake      Bay       River      Bay      Antonio      Bay     Christi  Maduna   Bayfi
                                                                            Bay                  Bay      Mar        By
                                                                       Texas Estuaries

                 Relative Abundance                                   Salinity Zone                                     Life Stage

    *              U ~~~~~ Highly Abundant                               T - Tidal Fresh                                  A - Adults
                 6       Abundant                                      M -Mixing                                        S - Spawning
                 0       Common                                        S -Seawater                                      J - Juveniles
                 Blank   Not Present, Rare, or                         *- Salinity zone not present                     L - Larvae
                        No Data Available                                                                              E - Eggs

                                                                  23

     Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.

                                                              Texas Estuaries
                          Sabine   Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda   San.  Aransas                   Laguna   Baffin
                           Lake      Bay       River      Bay      Antonio    Bay        Christi               Bay
                                                                  Bay                  Bay
    Species/Life Stage     T  M  *  T  M  S  T  M  *  T  M  S *  M   S *  M   S  *  M   S *  *   S   *  *  S
    Code goby          A                                      O O                  O             O          O         O
                     Gobisoma  S                              O 00               0O   00
      Gobiosoma
      robustum                                               00                   00   00r
                     L                                      00                   00  00    � I
                     E                                      00                   00  O0                            0
    Spanish mackerel A        0
      Scomberomorus
     maculatus       J                     0
                     L
                     E
    Gulf flounder      A
      Paralichthys    S
      albigutta       J
                     L
                     E
    Southernflounder A g g   O                   �a0          O         O �   0 O   0 O                     0         O
      Paralichthys
      lethosbgma  J                 00   0  0  0   0 �0 0�0 0�0   0   0
                     L

                         T M* T M STM MS M *                                  M S*MS *  S * * S
                          Sabine   Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda   San.    Aransas  Laguna   Baffin
                           Lake      Bay       River      Bay      Antonio      Bay      Christia             Ba
                                                                  Bay             Bay           Madre      Bay
                                                                  Bay                  Bay
                                                             Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                                   Salinity Zone                                     Life Stage

    *       Highly Abundant                               T - Tidal Fresh                                  A - Adults
    � Abundant                                            M- Mixing                                        S - Spawning
    O       Common                                        S - Seawater                                     J - Juveniles
    Blank  Not Present, Rare, or                          * - Salinity zone not present                    L - Larvae
            No Data Available                                                                              E - Eggs

                                                        24

    Table 3. Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                   Texas Estuaries
                               Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay         Brazos River
     Month                  J FM A M JJA SON DJ F MAM J JA SON D J FM AM J JA SON D
     Species/Life Stage
     Bay scallop         A
                         S
      ArgopectenJ
      irradiansL
                         E
     American oyster     A i                      ...................
                         S
      Crassostrea        j  I          I. L mi .na! ..    1111111..M
      virginica          L                            . .....

     Common rangia       A                        ...
                         S-
      Rangia             j__
      cuneata            L
                         E
     Hard clam           A

      MercenariaJ
      species            L

     Bay squid           A
                         S
      Lolliguncula       J
      brvevs             L
                         E

     Brown shrimp        A
                        S
      Penaeus                                       ....         .     1*~

                        E
                           JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                               Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay         Brazos River
                                                  Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                           Life Stage

            Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
                     Abundant ~~~~S - Spawning
               I~~~    Abundant ~~~~~J - Juveniles
        E~  Common                               L - Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or                E-Eg
            No Data Available

                                             25

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                    Texas Estuaries
                               Matagorda Bay       San Antonio Bay       Aransas Bay
     Month                  JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Bay scallop        A

      Argopecten
      irradians
                         L
                         E
     American oyster     A                      I            .    .I

      Cras~sostrea      J                                     -
      virginica         L

     Common rangia      AI
                         S
      Ran gia           j
      cuneata           L
                         E
     Hard clam          AI

      Mercenariaj
      species           L__ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

     Bay squid          A                          jm-m~mm-j. mumuum ~Ir!nf  .
                             Sm. I-............   .  ...  .... ..... in .- .--
      Lolliguncula             rnu -mN.....                    ... -.n:-.-W

                            E   a a.. mO-Mi             .

     Brown shriimp      A
                         S
      Penaeus             I                         Ml      n!......
      aztecus           L~

                         E

                           JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                              Matagorda Bay       San Antonio Bay       Aransas Bay
                                                  Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
        ~*  Abundant                            S- Spawning
                                                J - Juveniles
            Common                             L -Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, orE-gs
            No Data Available

                                             26

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                   Texas Estuaries
                             Corpus Christi Bay    Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
     Month                 J FM AM J JA SON D JF MA MJ JA SON D J FM A MJ JA SONDC
     Species/Life Stage
     Bay scallop         A
                         S
      Argopecten        J
      irrains           L
                         E
     American oyster     Ai
                         S
      Crassostrea       j
      virginica         L
                         E
     Common rangia      A
                         S
      Rangia            j
      cuneata           L
                         E
     Hard clam          At
                         S
      Mercenaria        J
      species           L
                         E__         _ _
     Bay squid          A                      I
                         S     II
      Lolliguncula      i
      brevis            L                      I
                         E                     i
     Brown shrimp        A                          E
                         S
      Penaeus           i                             S                 Ii m ~--
      aztecus           L

                         E
                           J FMA MJJASON D JFM AMJJASON D J FMA MJJASO N 1
                             Corpus Christi Bay    Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
                                                   Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
                     Abundant ~~~~S - Spawning
               E~~'    Abundant  ~~~~~J - Juveniles
        ED  Common                              L -Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or               E-Eg
            No Data Available

                                             27

    Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution.

                                                    Texas Estuaries
                                Sabine Lake        Galveston Bay        Brazos River
     Month                 J FMA MJ JAS ON D JFMAM JJASON D J FMA MJJ ASO N
     Species/Life Stage
     Pink shrimp        A
                         S
       Penaeus           i
       duorarum          L
                          E
     White shrimp       A
                         S
       Penaeusj
       setiferus         L         --
                          E
     Grass  shrimp      A                                               .....................

       Palaemonetes      j---                                                       **
      pugio             L                      E,111111N3..........
                          E  I 11                                              E       .-i
     Blue crab          A

       Callinectes    ..              ~               .~.......... .....
       sapidus           L                 ..    .-~:  ....-*         ...................

     Gulf stone crab    A

       Menippe
       adinaL
                         SL

     Bull shark         A
                          M
       Carcharhinus
       leucas

                            J FMAMJJASO0N DJ FM AMJJASON D J FMA MJ JASO NO
                               Sabine Lake        Galveston Bay        Brazos River
                                                    Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abund ance                        Life Stage
             Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
         ~II Abundant                           S - Spawning
                                                 J - Juveniles
             Common                             L -Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or      E          - Eggsn
             No Data Available                  M-Mtn

                                                28

    Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution.

                                                 Texas Estuaries
                              Matagorda Bay      San Antonio Bay      Aransas Bay
     Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAIMJJASONC
     Species/Life Stage
     Pink shrimp        A
                        S
      Penaeus           j
      duorarum          L
                        E
     White shrimp       A____
                        S
      Penaeus           j
      setifrs           L              *.-.-ca
                        E
     Grass shrimp       A           ....-      ... -       . . N.W.  ::":I-....
                        S                                 M-
      Palaemonetes                              . .     ......         ..***.........
      pugia             L                                           I..  c ...
                                E                 ........ ~~~~..........*..M....

     Blue crab          A 1

      Callinectes       J.                      _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
      sapidus           L_________ _______

     Gulf stone crab    AI

      Menippe
      adina             L

     Bull shark         A
                        M
      Carcharhinus______
      leucas

                          J FMA MJJA SO N DJFM AMJJASON D J FMA MJ JASO N
                             Matagorda Bay       San Antonio Bay     Aransas Bay
                                                Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
                    Abundant ~~~~S - Spawning
              O~~i'~~j  Abundant ~~~J - Juveniles
            Common                             L -Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or              M - Eggsn
            No Data Available                  M-Mtn

                                             29

    Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution.

                                                  Texas Estuaries
                             Corpus Christi Bay    Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
     Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJ ASOND JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Pink shrimp        A             [D
                        S
      Penaeus           J I        I   I f l  iii__ iii_ - ;          [
      duorarum          L
                         E
     White shrimp       A           l -: :
                        S
      Penaeus           J                     I iZ33333333H31  3; 3;33H31
      setiferus
                         E
     Grass shrimp       A  i                             _
                        S
      Palaemonetes
      pugio             L            _l    _:::                  ::: :u
                         E           _
     Blue  crab         A                                            .....E.............P........... 1  ii33333H33#33  I... .3....3333H3H33H33

      Callinectes       J         _U :         E3H3H333H33H3H3H33HJ3333H3 I33H3H  I 1
      sapidus           L    -..........
                         ,S         ,          IW il:u;i t333333333333333333H I

     Gulf stone crab    A I

      Menippe           M                    0
      adina             J                      I
                         L C]
                         S      I              I                        I             I

     Bull shark         A
      Carcharhinus      M
      leucas

                           JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                             Corpus Christi Bay    Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
                                                   Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
             3m1iiiiiii~jjl   Abundant          S - Spawning
                                                J - Juveniles
            Common                             L-Larvae
                                                E - Eggs
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or               M - Mating
             No Data Available

                                              30

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                              Texas Estuaries
                            Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay        Brazos River
     Month                 J FMA MJJASO N DJFM AMJJASON D J FMA MJJASO N
     Species/Life Stage
     Tarpon              A
                       S
      Megalops          J
      atlanticus        L
                       E
     Alabama shad       A
                       S
      Alosa             J
      alabamae          L
                       E
     Gulf menhaden      A
                       S
      Brevoortiaj
      patronus          L
                       E
     Gizzard shad       A'i

      DorosomaJ
      cepedianum        L
                       E

     Bay anchovy        A

      Anchoa            j
      mitchlilli        L
                       E

     Hardhead catfish    A                   II

      Arius                          ___I__
      fells             L~

                       E
                         JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                            Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay        Brazos River
                                             Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
           Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
                   Abundant ~~~~S - Spawning
             2"~~fl   Abundant  ~~~~J - Juveniles
           Common                              L - Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or               E-Eg
           No Data Available

                                        31

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                Texas Estuaries
                             Matagorda Bay      San Antonio Bay      Aransas Bay
     Month                J FMA MJ JASON D JFM AMJJASON D J FMA MJ JASO N
     Species/Life Stage
     Tarpon             A
                       S
      Megalops          J
      aftanticus        L
                        E
     Alabama shad       A
                       S
      Alosa             i
      alabamae          L
                        E
     Gulf menhaden      A
                       S
      Brevoortiaj
      paftrnus          L
                        E
     Gizzard shad       A             ...
                       S
      Dorosoma          J      .~-~.,-
      cepedianum        L
                        E
     Bay  anchovy       A    ---I..........

      mitchilli         Lh

          fells       ~~L             .-  .
                        E

           Hardhe~ataoda ca                       anAtonish .a        Aranss.Ba
                ~~~~~~~~~~~TeAs surius
     Relatvl bnaceLf  tg

                Highl ~       atgodaBy Sbnant  Anoi Ba AduatsaBy

                    Abundant ~~~~S - Spawning
                    Abundant                 ~~~~~~J - Juveniles
            Common                             L -Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or              E-Eg
            No Data Available

                                           32

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                   Texas Estuaries
                             Corpus Christi Bay    Laguna Madre          Baffin Bay
     Month                 J FMAMJJASO N DJFM AMJJASON D J FMA MJJ ASO N 0
     Species/Life Stage
     Tarpon             A
                         S
      Miegalops         j
      atlanticus        L
                         E
     Alabama shad       A
                         S
      Alosa             j
      alabamae          L
                         E
     Gulf menhaden      A___
                         S
      Brevoortia        jI                                          -     .      .--.---
      patronus          L
                         E
     Gizzard shad ME
                         S
      Dorosoma          i
      cepedianum        L
                         E
     Bay  anchovy       A  __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _            _ _ _ _ _ _

      Anchoa__                 _ _  _ _  _ _  _ _  _ _  _ _  _ _  _ _ _ _ _ _ _     _ _
      mitchilliL

                         E

     Hardhead catfish    A     -MM MHOM.UMMI
                         S
      Anius             J                        t
      fells             L          .

                         E
                           J FMAMJJASON D JFM AMJJASON D J FMA MJJ ASO N D
                             Corpus Christi Bay    Laguna Madre          Baffin Bay
                                                  Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
                                                S - Spawning
        *** Abundant                           J - Juveniles
        E~  Common                             L - Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or              E-Eg
            No Data Available

                                             33

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                         Texas Estuaries
                                   Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay         Brazos River
     Month                 J FM AM J JA SON DJ F MA M J JA SOND JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Sheepshead minnow  A      M     O          ~        0-i--~Oli    ...a-
                                             ........                         ... UM-4 Sfi:  ..-. ..
                                                               .................-.. .   ..-...-.........
      Cyprinodon        j   a::-I'...-.....Ml........-.-.                          -.- -*

              grandis     L    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...............               1 -'-"''I

                                      S   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... ..== =. .J      UMMM.
             Men~~~~ ~  ~~~~~~~~             ~~~~~ ~~Idi  jr. = U... ....  .......... .   ......

      urndeiais         LN            !iM             .:
                           E
    Btlueficshlesi      A  !:i"..:nlm N       : :-utmgnl-M.i t...............M

      specaie     s      L

                           E

    Crvaoejak           A
                           S

      hipposall         L

                           E

         Heighl AbnatA-dut

    PomaCommon                                 V    ra

        Noval jack Avial

                 Caranx   S~~~~3

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                Texas Estuaries
                             Matagorda Bay       San Antonio Bay       Aransas Bay
     Month                 JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Sheepshead minnow  At---'---             .11                  11
                       5   H!!I33!H!3.         I..........          ....    u -.-......J
      Cyprinodon        j I      a..          .dL............................
      variegatus         L   I   iEiEIhrI    I::::::-*-i          I=====it
                                         '                    I
     Gulf killifish      Am--.
                       S

      grandis            L
                       E
     Atlantic silversides  A I                 I Iff33aaaa -   -  LI
                       5           =3.,
      Menidia            j       3333ii    I   I        3m33!333!I
      species            L  =i

     Snook               A
                       S
      Centropomus       j
      undecimalis        L
                        E
     Bluefish            A
                       S
      Pomatomus
      saltatrix          L
                        E

     Crevalle jack       A
                       S
      Caranx                    ___________
      hippos             L

                        E
                          JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                             Matagorda Bay       San Antonio Bay       Aransas Bay
                                                Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
                                             S - Spawning
           Abundant                             J - Juveniles

            Common                              L-Lgrvae
                                             E - Eggs
    Blank Not present, Rare, or
            No Data Available

                                           35

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                      Texas Estuaries
                               Corpus Christi Bay     Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
     Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Sheepshead minnow  A         'Iaiiiiaiail i-  ia:iiiiiiil              Uf -iE-il-l3. HrlillM=.a !,
                          S      iBl....iii  ...iii                       .... iH. .i..�. ...  I
      Cyprinodon         J  Li.i.iii-.:- .i...i:=ii-iiii.-ii.i.-. I .i.i..iiai.j-
      variegatus         L    i.ii.iii   .........                      .iiiii......iiiiiii. I.
                          El.
     Gulf killifish      A                                    . I 1l..i:i !iuai'il-a!iiinl-liia'iia i iWi=i. A li:ii-ii iiiii-iiiiiiii

      Fundulus           J  I                     I'a jangi=!":";=-: "! -'-'   I" !.-i-i; eE.iii=..:.i=i"--'! !
      grandis            L             a  I.il.ili.lii.iiiEiiiiill             .,ii.iii ili iiii
                          E       I.                    -. I            .li i'i-iii"i:i' i!i~i =.'".!:iiiil  Ii    -!i -:-iiiiH=. !ii iii. r . :-
     Atlantic silversides  A
                          S      -muU"="w.a
      Menidia            j  ; .t.-
      species            L
                          E
     Snook               A
                          S
      Centropomus        J
      undecimalis        L
                          E

     Bluefish            A
                          S
      Pomatomus          j
      saltatrix          L

                          E

     Crevalle jack       A             I    _ . _
                          S
      Caranx             J              I    I= : ..
      hippos             L
                          E
                             JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                               Corpus Christi Bay     Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
                                                      Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
             Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
             If:: Abundant                       S - Spawning
                                                  J -Juveniles
             Common                              L - Larvae
                                                   E - Eggs
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or
             No Data Available

                                                36

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution
                                                 Texas Estuaries
                              Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay        Brazos River
     Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASON0 JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Florida pompano    A
                        S
      Trachinotus       j
      carolinus         L
                        E
     Gray snapper        A
                        S
      Lutjanus          j
      griseus           L
                        E
     Sheepshead         A                      ii
                        S
      Archosargus       j
      probatocephalus   L
                        E
     Pinfish            A
                        S
      rhomboides        L
                        E
     Silver parch        A
                        S
      Bairdiella
      chrysoura         L

                        E
     Sand seatrout      A
                        S
      Cynoscion
      arenarius         L

                        E
                          J FMA MJJASON D JFM AM JJASON D J FMA MJ JASO ND
                               Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay        Brazos River
                                                 Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
            Abundant                           S - Spawning
                                              J - Juveniles
            Common                              L -Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or               E-Eg
            No Data Available

                                           37

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                   Texas Estuaries
                               Matagorda Say       San Antonio Bay      Aransas Bay
     Month                 J FMA MJJASO ND JFM AM JJASO ND J FMA MJJ ASO ND
     Species/Life Stage
     Florida pompano    A
                         S
       Trachinotus       J
      carolinus         L
                         E
     Gray snapper       A

      LutjanusJ
      griseus           L
                         E
     Sheepshead         A        ft:     nsm- -n-                   I I

      A rc hosarg us    j
      probatocephalus   L
                         E
     Pinfish            A..... .... .
                         S
      rhomboides        L
                         E
     Silver perch        A                     i
                         S
      Bairdiella                                                    I
      chrysoura         L___                            ___                  ___

                         E              J

     Sand seatrout      A
      Cynoscion                                    _____
      arenariusL

                         E
                           J F MAM J JA SON DJ F MAM J JA SON D JF MAM J JA SON 0
                               Matagorda Bay       San Antonio Bay      Aransas Bay
                                                   Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
                     Abundant 8~~~~ - Spawning
                ~~   Abundant  ~~~~~~J - Juveniles
            Common                             L -Larvae
                                                E - Eggs
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or
            No Data Available

                                             38

    Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution.

                                                  Texas Estuaries
                             Corpus Christi Bay     Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
     Month                  J FMAMJJASO NO0JFM AMJJASON D J FMA MJJASON D
     Species/Life Stage
     Florida pompano    A
                        S
      Tra chin otus
      carofinus          L
                        E
     Gray snapper        A
                        S
      Lutjanus           j
      griseus            L
                        E
     Sheepshead          Ai                       'I
                        S
      Archosargus        j                                .............
      pro batocephalus   L
                        E

      Lagodon            J  IW--!ed........
      rhomboides         L
                        E
     Silver parch        A                                                 . .  ........  .... ...

      Bairdiella
      chrysoura   ..L .............. ....   ............

                        E
     Sand seatrout       A  IIl!.!'mi
      Cynoscion
      arenarius I.................
                        E
                           J FMA MJJASO N DJFM AMJJASON D JF MA MJJASO0ND0
                             Corpus Christi Bay     Laguna Madre            Baffin Bay
                                                  Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                            Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
                     Abundant 8~~~~ - Spawning
              ~~    Abundant  ~~~~~~J - Juveniles
        EJ  Common                               L -Larvae
                                               E - Eggs
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or
            No Data Available

                                             39

    Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution.

                                                 Texas Estuaries
                              Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay        Brazos River
     Month                 JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Spotted seatrout    A
                        S                           I           I
      Cynoscion         J
      nebulosus         L J                          I r '                            J
                        E                           I
     Spot                A         -     Il        I
                        S
      Leiostomus        J '                    IH..ii.ii.iiii-iH.iiiiHHHi5HiHi.iiiii-i.- iii li.iiH.iii.i.iiiiEH..ii. EHHiii.iiii
      xanthurus         L
                        E
     Atlantic croaker    A               t:iil    I
                        S
      Micropogonias     J !:i1tiiH! H-..:~-. . _--.H-..
      undulatus         L
                        E
     Black drum         A                       I g
                        S I I
      Pogonias          J                      I
      cromis            L
                        E                          -
     Red drum           A

      Sciaenops         j r                    II                   I
      ocellatus         L
                        E

     Striped mullet      A
                        S
      Mugil             J                      I li.iii!..ii.:i-i:i-i:i--.:!iiiiiii II
      cephalus          L
                        E
                          JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                              Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay        Brazos River
                                                Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
            ;;;'  AbundantS - Spawning
                                              J - Juveniles
            Common                              L- Larvae
                                              E - Eggs
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or
            No Data Available

                                            40

    Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution.

                                                     Texas Estuaries
                                Matagorda Bay      San Antonio Bay      Aransas Bay
     Month                J FMA MJJASO N DJFM AMJJASOND0 J FMA MJ JASO NID
     Species/Life Stage
     Spotted seatrout    A                    i
                          S17
       Cynoscion         j                     ii
       nebulosus         L
                          E          i
     Spot               A                                           ..... .. --....   ... ..  ..............
                          S
       Lejostomus        j        I             !IT - HHE.M-m.E!=i
       xanthurus         L
                          E
     Atlantic croaker   A                            m   m- :....mi -:I           umI

                          S
       Micropogonias    j                  ~-
       undulatus         L                                              -.
                          E
     Black drum         A
                          S
       Pogonias          J                     iI
      cromis            L
                          E   __  __                                     _

     Red drum           A
                          S
       Sciaenops
      ocellatus         L
                          E

     Striped mullet     A........*I

                      Mugil~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N -.. ...................-...-.......
      cephalus          L                                                             mE~

                            JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                                Matagorda Bay      San Antonio Bay      Aransas Bay
                                                     Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
        IIHighly Abundant                      A - Adults
         Abundant                              S - Spawning
                                                  J - Juveniles
             Common                            L - Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or              E-Eg
             No Data Available

                                                41

    Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution.

                                                     Texas Estuaries
                              Corpus Christi Bay    Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
     Month                 JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Spotted seatrout    A I                   '
                          SII
       Cynoscion         J 'i
       nebulosus         L
                          E
            Spot         A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ..-. ..  . i  -.  ..............
          Spot A~~

       xanthurus         L
                          E
     Atlantic croaker    A .     .      . .           -.    .-....-.-.....

      Moicropogonias  .           .            .~~                  I.    ....................  .  .
       undulatus         L                   Omn
                          E
     Black drum          A -- -           -      -      -      -      ..~......

       Pogonias          j                                                   ..
      cromis            L
                          E
     Red drum           A

       Sciaenops                                I
       ocellatusL
                          E
     Striped mullet      A                                                          NnUHMM

                 Mug#      .    ..............""...I
      cephalusL
                          E                      13
                            J FM A M JJA S 0N DJ FMAM J JA S 0N   JFMAMJJASONID
                              Corpus Christi Bay    Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
                                                    Texas Estuaries
    Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
             Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
         Abundant                               S - Spawning
                                                 J - Juveniles
             Common                              L -Larvae
    Blank   Not pre-sent, Rare, or              E-Eg
             No Data Available

                                                42

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution
                                                Texas Estuaries
                              Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay          Brazos River
     Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
     Species/Life Stage
     Code goby           A
                        S
      Gobiosoma          J
      robustum           L
                        E
     Spanish mackerel   A
                        S
      Scomberomorus   j
      maculatus          L
                        E
     Gulf flounder       A
                       S
      Paralichthys       J
      albigutta          L
                        E
     Southern flounder   A I- -         i   .iiii-iriiii  I -
                        S
      Paralichthys       J
      lethostigma        L
                        E
                          JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                              Sabine Lake         Galveston Bay          Brazos River
                                                Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
    ; .      Abundant                            S - Spawning
                                             J - Juveniles
    ri�   �  Common                              L - Larvae
                                             E - Eggs
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or
            No Data Available

                                          43

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution
                                                  Texas Estuaries
                              Matagorda Bay       San Antonio Bay         Aransas Bay
     Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASONC
     Species/Life Stage
     Code goby           A,
                        S
      Gobiosoma          j
      robustum           L

     Spanish mackerel   A
                        S
      Scomberomorus   j
      maculatus          L
                        E
     Gulf flounder       A
                        S
      Paralichthys       J
      albigutta          L
                        E
     Southern flounder   A  W !.I.s....: . ! .-H                      l  F -                I I
                        S
      Paralichthys       J ,
      lethostigma        L
                        E
                           JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                              Matagorda Bay       San Antonio Bay         Aransas Bay
                                                 Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                            Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
                                              S - Spawning
                                              J - Juveniles
    r-'--I Common                                 L- Larvae
                                              E - Eggs
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or
            No Data Available

                                           44

    Table 3 (continued). Data Summary Table: Temporal Distribution

                                                 Texas Estuaries
                            Corpus Christi Say     Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
     Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASONIJ
     Species/Life Stage
     Code goby           A                      i----=r :=-n=-=-l :=4'  S

      robustum           L
                        E I                      IM-F- m-Tum"M
     Spanish mackerel   A
                        S
      Scomberomorus   j
      maculatus          L
                        E
     .Gulf flounder      A
                        S
      Paralichthys
      albiguttaL
                        E
     Southern flounder   A

      Paralichthys       J
      lethostigma        L
                        E
                          JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                            Corpus Christi Bay     Laguna Madre           Baffin Bay
                                                Texas Estuaries

    Relative Abundance                            Life Stage
            Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
                    Abundant 3~~~~ - Spawning
              j~~~~a   Abundant ~~~~J - Juveniles
            Common                               L -Larvae
    Blank   Not present, Rare, or                 E-Eg
            No Data Available

                                           45

    Table 4. Data Summary Table: Data Reliability

                                                                   Texas Estuaries

                                                                        San       A      rna Corpu LaunaBfi
                            Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda Antonio   Aass Christi             Laua        afn
                             Lake    S ay        River       Bay       Bay    Bay          Bay       Madre       Bay
    Species/Life Stage
    Bay soallop        A     li         M         9I        01         0      E l           0          I
                        S   j                                13j            3 03 El   El                         0
       Argopecten      J                          9                    o3        El 3E    o
       irradians:      L    IN El 3                                                              ElE o
                        E                         9    0    01    0                         03  El
    American oyster    A     M *3                           1

       Crassostrea     j     *                    1                                                   El        U
       virginica       L   El          13         1 oQ1                                      31
                        EQ              0 El0    0  El  El                                       3 El0
    Common rangia    A       N *11                1                    9I I                 E
                        S,         Q3                                  Q          Q3 Q3 1   31
       Rangia          J     *M        0        E                      mm1
       cuneata         L    [3      E l           03        0          03        03         0         0
                        E     [3        0    3    03         O         E3         E3        Q
    Hard clam          A     I*Ii                  3         oE
                        S   l           03  03               0         0          01        0          El        U
       Mercenaria      J     *                       3      W       E      l     0
           speiesL  U                  03  0                0          0         03         0         ii    U
                            E~~                   0          03            03  0 0                     El 0      U
    Bay squid          A   *                                           Q 39 O     99                   91
                            S~~                   Q          Q3 Q3 Q3                       Q          Q3        Q
       Loffiguncula    J     *             E      13        m1                   III 9                9
       braids          L El            0   El               0          0          3         0   El               0

    Brown shrimp       A     *                               UUUUUU
                        S                                              U          U         U                    U
       Penaeus         i
       aztecus         L   U           0          0         U          U   a                U         U          N

                           Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda ASntoi    Akansas   Corpust        Laguna    Baffin
                             Lake       Bay      River       Bay       ntayl  Chr isti               Madre       Bay

                                                                  Texas Estuaries

    Reliability                                        Life Stage

    U     Highly Certain                                A - Adults
    El    Moderately Certain                            S - Spawning
                                                        J - Juveniles
    03    Reasonable Ineference                         L - Larvae
                                                        E - Eggs

                                                            46

    Table 4 (continued). Data Summary Table: Data Reliability

                                                                     Texas Estuaries

                                                                           San    A assCorpus  Lgn  afi
                             Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda  Antonio   Aass Christi    Lgn                   afi
           Specie/LifeStage   Lake    S ay         River       Bay       BWY        Bay       Bay       Madre       Bay

    Pink shrimp         A     *UU                                                                                   U

        Penaeus          J     *                                          U         i
        duorarurm        L     *9 ,                                                 ,

    White shrimp        A                U                    U          U          UU                   UU
                         S               U          U          U          U         U          U          U         U
        Penaeus          J     *
        setiferus        L     *                    E3                              U

    Grass shrimp        A     IM         0         13         U          9          V          N         9
                         SD E3                      0   II    U  IN                             U         9
        Palaemonetes  j   IN             1          0          p          U          U         U          Ii
       puglo            L   0                      0          m          9          U1         9    ,
                         ED   El I0                                       N    m    N    9
    Blue crab           A                          13    U10                        9          N~
                         S  U            U           3 a                  0         U   IN    U                     0
        Caifinectes     i      U         U3 0                  U      le                       0 U    a
        sapidus          L     U         U          O          13     E l            IN     I N
                         EU N                       0    0  El 0                          9    N                    0
    Gulf stone crab     A    ,    Up     0                               i3         Ii N                            U
                         SD    U3 U 0                                     D  El 9                    N               0
        Menippe          J     *         U3   0    U                                                      ii 0   M
        adina            L   D                      0          ff                    U         U!         U
                         EQ                         0
    Bullishark          A    U

        Carcharhinus   i       *0 U3                                                 U
        leucas           L     *
                         EU    U
                                                                           San                Corpus
                             Sabine Galveston Brazos Matagorda Antonio Aransas Christi Laguna Baffin
                               Lake       Bay       River       Bay    S ay          Bay       Bay       Madre       Bay

                                                                      Texas Estuaries

     Reliability                                          Life Stage

    U   H-ighly Certain                                  A - Adults
    U1    Moderately Certain                             S - Spawning
                                                           J - Juveniles
    o:    Reasonable Inference                           L - Larvae
                                                           E - Eggs

                                                               47

    Table 4 (continued). Data Summary Table: Data Reliability

                                                                Texas Estuaries

                                                                      San               CorpusLauaBfi
                           Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda  Antonio          A     nssChrist!  aua    afi
    Species/Life Stage      Lake        Bay      River       Bay       Bay       Bay       Bay       Madre      Bay
    Tarpon             AD [3iiL

       Megalops        Ji
       atlanticus      L    O                    ii                                                   o    91

    Alabama shad    A  0               U          03        U          0         U          U         U         U
                       S. 0                 0              U    U  a                       U    U    U
       Alosa           j    *                      3
       alabama,    LU0                      U  o
                       EU              U 0    U                       U    U    U  a                            U
    Gulf menhaden      A    UU                               ]L                   iL                   iU

       Brevoartia      j    *                    o E3                                       ii        [U 9II
       patronuis       L U             U          U 0                  U]        L          U         Li Uf

    Gizzard shad       A     UU0                             ]]UU[i

       Dorosoma    J0                  N         13 fl                           f          I
       cepedianum    L U0

    Say anchovy        A U             U Mi                            L                               iL
                       S               U3 0                03  03 El                       U]     11
       Anchoa          J    U          U          0         U          U]        U]         0         Li
       mitchilli       L    E3              0          O    13U9 o                      IN                      L

    Hardhead catfish   A    U]         U          0                    ML                    iU
       Arius           s    *           i         0 3    Li            LiL                   i         i
                       L    Li        111        03         N         U]         L          i         i

                                                                     San        A       assCorpusLauaBfi
                          'Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda Antonio   kass Chrsti              aua    afi
                            Lake       Bay      River       Bay    s ay          Bay      Bay       Madre      Bay

                                                                Texas Estuaries

    Reliability                                        Life Stage

       *  Highly Certain                                A - Adults
       Li Moderately Certain                            S - Spawning
                                                      J -Juveniles
    03    Reasonable Inference                          L - Larvae
                                                      E - Eggs

                                                          48

    Table 4 (continued). Data Summary Table: Data Reliability

                                                               Texas Estuaries

                                                                    SanArnaCopsLgnBafi
                          Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda  Antonio   Aass Chrpust
    Species/Life Stage       Lake        Bay      River       Bay        Bay        Bay       Bay 1     Madre      Bay
    Sheepshead minnow A    9             W         Oi                    i          IN 9                 ii9

       Cyprinodon       J    *                        3       N~             NI
       varnegatus       L     3         13         13        O          O          13         13         9

    Gulf killifish      A    E          N          11         9          v          9          N         N
                       S                0 N       13        I                      IN                   9 E l 0
       Fundulus         J   *                         3       N         0I
       grandis          L   iu          N          13 W              I             09                    9
                       EU 0                       03 U IN   U
    Atlantic silversides  A   *                    O          9                                13        U
                       SQ                   3 D    1 3                      3 O              Q3 0   El1
       Menidia          J     *
       species          L   3           E3         O           3        13    13              O  IN

                       EQ              0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0

       CentropomnusJ   *                Mi 3                                                                       INMm9IN
       undecimalis      L    *          N                               U 3        ml

    Bluefish            A U                        o E3                                       ii    1u1 M

       Pomnatomrus      J    13                         1      3     IN            13         93i                   i
       saltaffix        L

    Crevalle jack       A    *UI

       Caranx                                                                                                      H
       hippos            LU

                                                                    San AassCru auaBfi
                          Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda  Antonio   ka         s Chrpust
                           Lake       Bay       River       Bay       Bay        Bay       Bay       Madre       Bay

                                                               Texas Estuaries

    Reliability                                          Life Stage

       U  Highly Certain                                 A - Adults
       U  Moderately Certain                             S - Spawning
                                                     J  Juveniles
    03  Reasonable Inference                             L - Larvae
                                                     E - Eggs

                                                         49

    Table 4 (continued). Data Summary Table: Data Reliability

                                                                Texas Estuaries

                           Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda   Ano           i       oAan s a Chrpust Laguna   Baff in
    Species/Life Stage      Lake    S ay         River       Bay    S ay          Bay      Bay       Madre      Bay
    Florida pompano   A    N                                                                          N Q        L  iL
                        S  U            U         U
       Trachinotus     J    U                    0          03        U                               9 LI N L
       carolinus       L U 6                                                                N         0

    Gray snapper       A    U          N          0    3    03 U                 U           iLi

       Lutianus        j               mO *                             WM!
       9fiseUS         LU              U          U         U          U         U

    Sheepshead    AU                   U N                              i        U          U          U         L

       Archosargus      J    Ni         i                                                    iL
       probatocePhalus L    .ii                                                   L                     iL

    Pinfish            A    *           l         0UL                            L           iIi                 L

       Lagodon         J    U          m          03        U          U         Li          I N    0           L
       rhomboides      L    *

    Silver parch       A    U           U         0    3     I I    fli           I N    Im           Li

       Bairdiella      J    U          U          0         U          U         U          U         U         L
       chrysoura       L U             U          o 1  3          N1 1           Ifl 9
                        E UL 0                               i         U    3 a i 111                 1 i           IN
    Sandsesatrout      A    U           U         03         I N    fli           L         E          U          IN
       Cynoscion       S               U3        CO         U           3        L3         Li        U3        L
       arenanius       L  N            0          0    IN              m         N          9         9
                        EQ    0   03 03  0   0   0   03   0

                                                                      San               Corpus
                           Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda  Antonio   Aransas   Christi    Laguna    Baffin
                            Lake       Bay      River       Bay       Bay        Bay      Bay       Madre       Bay

                                                                 Texas Estuaries

    Reliability                                         Life Stage

    *     Highly Certain                                A - Adults
                IM  Moderately Certain ~S - Spawning
                Li    Moderately Certain              ~~~J - Juveniles
    o3  Reasonable Inference                            L - Larvae
                                                       E - Eggs

                                                           5 0

    Table 4 (continued). Data Summary Table: Data Reliability

                                                                      Texas Estuaries
                                                                           San                Corpus
                             Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda  Antonio   Aransas   Christi    Laguna    Baffin
     Species/Life Stage       Lake       Bay       River    SyBay        Bay      ~    '      Bay        Madre      Bay
     Speckled seatrout  A    N           U          11         Ii        I          N          U          U         U
                          S   E]          U               0  0            IN         U          Ii    m l
        Cynoscion    J  Ug               U                 El goUN9I
        nebulosus    LU                    I        N ff                 U3  U3  U                        U         U

    Spot                A  IN           U3 0                  U                    9 U        U

        Lelostomus       j i
        Xanthurus        L U                                  U

    Atlanticocroaker    A     UU0UUUUUU

        M~icropogonias  j    U           U       El           U          U          U          U
        undulatus        L U             U

    Black drum          A  03  U W

        Paognias         i    U3 U                            N
        cromis           L            No            U                                                     0         U

    Rod drum            A   U                                                                            9

        Scianops        J U              U          0          i         UUU                              UU
        ocellatus        L U
                         EU  0                     U                     0          0          0
    Striped mullet      A    U          U3 0                  U          U         U        I     N      U
                         S  U            U1 U                 U          U          U
        Mfugil           J    U          U      I N           U
        cephalus         L U             U

                                                                           San Cru
                             Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda  Antonio   Aransas   ChrisipaunaBfi
                              Lake       Bay       River       Bay       Bay        Bay       Bay       Madre       Bay

                                                                     Texas Estuaries

    Reliability                                          Life Stage

    U     Highly Certain                                 A - Adults
    U     Moderately Certain                             S - Spawning
                                                           J - Juveniles
    El Reasonable Inference                              L - Larvae
                                                           E - Eggs

    Table 4 (continued). Data Summary Table: Data Reliability

                                                                   Texas Estuaries

                                                                         San                Corpus
                            Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda Antonio   Aransas   Christi  Laguna    Baff in
          Specie/LifeStage  Lake        Bay      River    S ay         Bay       Bay       Bay       Madre      Bay
    Code goby          A~              U M

       Gobiosoma       J    U                                                    UU
       robustum        L U                        0         03 0l      1                    9         0  El
                        EU              U    0    03    0    U                                         0    0
    Spanish mackerel A  03  N                     03  03  9                      U          U
                        S  0    a                 U         U          U          U         U
      scomberomoru's  j    ID                    o 3                  U          El 0                 U         U
      maculatus,       L U0W0a0

    Gulf flounder      A    *                     0 3    ff            U         N                    9
                        S  *                                           0 U  U
       Paralichth~ys    J   IN      I N          0                                                    9
       aJbigutta       L U

    Southernflounder  A    U3 U                             0

       Paralichth~ys    j    U         U         0 3    U
       Iethosdgma      L    U          U      a             9

                            Sabine  Galveston  Brazos   Matagorda Anni    AiSan  Corpusi   Laguna    Baff in
                             Lake    S ay        River    s ay    S ay            Bay      Bay       Madre      Bay

                                                                    Texas Estuaries

    Reliability                                         Ufe Stage

    U     Highly Certain                                A - Adults
                 IN  Moderately Certain ~S - Spawning
                 U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  Juvenitly  esti
    0     Reasonable Inference                          L - Larvae
                                                         E - Eggs

                                                             52

    Table 5. Presencelabsence of 40 species in Texas estuaries.

                                                                                        Estuary
                               Sabine      Galveston    Brazos         Matagorda   Sani Antonio  Aransas      Corpus Christi Laguna       Baffin
                               Lake         Bay          River         Bay          Bay          Bay           Bay           Madre        Bay
    Species                   T M    T MS T M    TMS   M S   M S    M S                                                              S            S
    Bay scallop,           A                        4                                   4 4           4 4
      Argopecten      J     3                                                 4      .                   44
      irradians            1.1:                     4                                                                             x444444:
    American oyster,    A 4                 4           nd nd           44                  4         44            4 4               4
      Crassosirea   J          4              4 nd nd                  444                 4          44           44
      vimninfa             14               44 ndnd                    44                  4          4    4               4
    Comnion rangia.    A    ... 4... .dn                                4       . 4
      Rangla               .4 4            -J   4       .........4                 .        .        4 . .
      cuneata              L4     4        4 4          nn
    Hard clam,             A                    44           nd            4  4         44               44
      Mercenarla     J     3                    44           nd            4  4          444
      species              L                    44           rd            4  4         444
    Bay squid.             A      4          :  44:          4                4             4            4             4
      Lolliguncula    J    3      4. 44                      44                         4                444
      brae~s               L                    44            id              4         4                4          4
    Brown shrimp,          A  4   44 4                                                  4 44
      Penaeus,   J    44                    44 nd4444                                                 44444
      azrecus             1L       4               4nd4444                                            44            44
    Pink shrimp,           A           .          ... 44                                 4.       ..                             .4  .......
      Penaeus              J                       4.d                     44           4             44               4             44
      duo ralum L          I-
    White shrimp,          A44                  4       nd  4          44          - 4                44            44                44
      Penaeus    J 34                       4 4 4                      44                4               4          4
      setiferus            L                    4       4              4      4          4
    Grasssh~rimp,          A  4+V  ~4      4      4'    rId4           4 4 4            44.  . . ..   .                       .  .        .       4
      Paiaemonetes    .34A4 d                                            444            4                4          4   4

    Gulf stone crab,       A       11 4n4rd                                44            44           4  4          44               4            4
      M-Onipe              J    4               44           nd            4 4          4 4           4 4          4 4               4            4
      adina                L                                                   4             4            4             4            4
    Blue crab.             A :4   .        ...  ..    i   4           4    ~4                                .. . 4
      Callirlectes           A:::   4 44  .4..                              ..4 .. 44
      sapidus              L                   4                          4 .                            4          4
    Bull shark,            A4
      Carcharhlnus  J.34    4   4 nd nd                                4 44             4 4           4 4          4 4               4            4

      Tarpon,              A                    4                                          4         44             4
      MWallops            .3 44np                                         44            4                4          4
      aftantlcs                                                                                                         4W4
    Alabama sh~ad,         A
      Alosa        J       3
      ala bamae            L
    Gulf menhaden,         A  4 -                                              4            "v444
      firevoorla   J 34                    4.4d                          4.             44           44             4
      vatronus             L:                                                                             4             4
    Gizzard shad,          A  4   4        4   4   4   4   4           4   4               4          4 4           4 444
      Donosorna      J     3                            nd  rid        4 4 4            4444
      cepedianum           L
    Bay anchovy,           A~ :4   4,W .......                             4 4          4                 4        4 4
      Anchoa               .344                v4 ~                      .4              4               4          4   4:
      mitchilll            14L4                                           4              4               44
    Hardhead catfish,    A44               4 4 4 44                        444                        44444
      Arius         J        344    4 44 4rid                              444                        44444
       lelis                L      4n4rd444                                                            44444
    Sheepshead minnow, A44                     4 4 4                       4                4         44            4
      Cypnnodon   J34                       4-4                           4                4             4          4
      variecalus           14L4                         44             4 4              4            44444
    Gulf Idlilish,        A4          4   44  444                     4 44              44           44            4 4     4
      Fundulus    J 344    4 4 44  4    444                                             4 4    44444
      oiarandis            144    44 4 44                                  4 4    4 4    44444
    Atiariuicsilversides.    A4              4444                       44                  4         4                 4: ..                     :
      Menidla              J 44             4444                      :4444                           444.4
      species             1L:                 4          4             4                                 4          4  .4
                               T M   T MS T M   T M S   M    M S   M 5S    S    S~
                               Sablne      Galveston    Brazos         Matagorda   San Antonio Ararisas       Corpus Christi Laguna       Baffin
                               Lake         Bay          River         Bay          Bay           Bay          Bay           Madre        Bay

    Legend:
    T - Tidal fresh zone              A = Adults            4 =Species/liifestage IS present. Present - rare, common, abundant, or highly abundant
    M -Mixing zone          J         3 = Juveniles       Blank = Species/lifestage Is not present
    S =Seawater zone                  L = Larvae            rid  = No data available
       =Salinity zone not present

    Table 5, continued. Presencelabsence of 40 species in Texas estuaries.

                                                                                        Estuary
                               Sabine     Galveston    Brazos       Matagorda   San Antonio Aransas      Corpus Christl Laguna    Baffin
                               Lake    S ay            River        Bay         Bay          Bay         Bay          Mad re      Bay
    Species                  T M    T MS  T M    T MS    M S    M S    M S                                                   S8         S
     Snook.               A                       '                4'4'              .4                      4'
       Cantropomus        J                       '4              '4                                       1 4    '  4   '4.'
       undeedmalls        L                                                                         4'
     Bluefish,            A                                                            '        4'           4'
       Pomalomus          J      '4      ''' nd'                 '4                             '4          '4.

     Crevallejack,        A.4'           '4.'4                                     '4'4.4'44
       Caranx             J   J4             ...  ..   ... .4                                  '.4             4'4
       hippos             I.
     Florida pompano,     A                                                            '        4'           4'              4'
       Tlachinofljs       J                       '                        4'                    44         '.               4'
       carollnus L
     Gray snapper,        A;:�.::                                                   :17v:

       gntseus            I             :.:�  ... ..: *.*..       ... ......
     Shteepshead,         A-'                 '4 q -nd  4          '4.44           '44         '44          '4.4             '4         '4
       Ard~osivgus        J'44            '.      4nd'4            ' 4              44         '.             4              4'
       Drbatocephalus  L                                                                         44         '4'
     Pinfish,             A                        .,A '4 4                        ''            4            4              4'
       Lagodbn            J44            44.'                        44            '4          '4            4               4           '
       rhomboldes L
     Silver perch,        A'4  '4        '4  '4  '4  nd  '4        ' '44 '4   4          -     '4 4    4         '4         '4'
       Bawidiefia         J'4  4         '4  4'4nd'4                   4.4         '44          '44           4              4
       chrysoura     L                        '44         '4           '4.4        '44         '4.4         '.                           '
     Sand seatrout.       A                   '.'4-                                            '4!-4        '44'
       cynosclon    ,     J      '4      ' 4' n 4                    . 4           4. 4:        4             4              4'
       arenarius     .                                    .....
     Spotted seatrout,    A' 4           '44    '4 nd'4            '44             '44         '44          '44'
       Cy"Osoron          J'4            4..nd'4                   '4 44             4                        4              4
       nebulosus   L 4                        '4           4           444                     '4           '4                           4

       Lejosromus         J4              4444-44                                     4        '              4              4'

     Atlantic croaker,    A'4  '4         ' '4 '4  nd  nd         '4  '4  '4      '4  '4        '4 4        '4 4'4
       Micropogonlas      J4'                 4      4                4              4           44         ..               4'
        undulatus     L                                                                              4       '   4'
     Black drum,          A:    '4       ttn  44          .      .     .    .    .     4    .    4     .    '4               '
       Pogonlas           J.44            4      4       4         4 4             4              4          4               4'
       crones       L                                                      4,1 4'4.
     Red drum,            A  4 ' 4          4     '4  nd  nd      '4  '4  '4      '4  '4       '4 4         '4 4'44
       Sciaenops          J'4'4           '4.4'4nd.4               4  44           '4.4        '4'4'44
       ocellatus     L                        '4  '4                      '4
     Striped mullet,      A' 4            44      4 d4               44               4          44         '4               4

       cephalus           14':
     Code goby,           A                       '4      nd           '44         '44          '.          '4'44
       Gobiosoma          J                       4       nd           '4            44          4            4              4'
       robuslurn     L                            4       nd           '44         '4.          4             4              4'
     Spanish mackerel,    A       .                                                :.   4..>..4.             4'47
       Scomberornonjs     J      '44                      444                      . 4         '.4           44.4
       macu/a lusI
     Gulf flounder,       A                       '4'   4'                                      4  '4       '4  '4'
       Parwichithys       J                       '                     44         '.            4            4              4'
       albioutta L
     Southemnflounder,    A'    '4:       '4        4'              444            .44         '4           '44                     :
       Paralldnthys       J' 4              4.44n        4         ' 4             '4           '4          '4               4'
       lelhosti-ama

     Number of species/ A222             18la2731 516             20 33 34    31 34~ 35 341 36 35 1                         331   281
     lifestages present    Jj23 30      125 32 371825            12537 38         34 35        39 37        39 37           35          32
    writhin each zone:    LIa  12       10  16  18  4  10         9    s1919    is   16       17 23   IS   23               19          14
                                T M    TM    T M    TMS M                               Sa                     i MS        - MSI   . 5. 5
                               Sabine      Galveston                            ;.Atn   assBrazos  Matagorda   Sa AnoM Aa sa   Corpus Christ Laguna  Baffin
                               ILake       Bay          River       Bay          Bav         Bav          Bay    I     Madre       Bay

    Legend:
    T - Tidal fresh zone           A = Adults           '4 =Speciesdifestage Is present. Present =rare, common, abundant, or highly abundant
    M -Mixng zone                  J = Juveniles      Blank = Speciesillfestage Is not present
    S -Seawater zone        L         = Larvae          nd  = N'o data avaIlable
      =Salinity zone not present

                                                                             54

    Appendix 1: Gulf of Mexico ELMR species list
    Appendix 2: Gulf of Mexico ELMR estuary list
    Appendix 3: National Estuarine Inventory map of Galveston Bay
    Appendix 4: Species profiles and ELMR data sheets
    Appendix 5: Personal communications
    Appendix 6: Personal communications and primary references

                                                       55

    Scientific Name               Common Name                 Estuary                       State

    Argopectonirradins            Bay scallop                 Florida Bay                    Florida
    Crassostrea virginica         American oyster             Ton Thousand Islands          Florida
    Rangia cuneata                Common rangia               Charlotte Harbor              Florida
    Mercenaia species             Hard clam                   Caloosahatchee River          Florida
    Lollgunculabrevis             Bay squid                   Tampa Bay                      Florida
    Penaeus aztecus               Brown shrimp                Suwanee River                 Florida
    Penaeus duoranum              Pink shrimp                 Apalachee Bay                  Florida
    Penaeus setiferus             White shrimp                Apalachicola Bay               Florida
    Palaemonatespugio             Grass shrimp                St. Andrew Bay                 Florida
    Pan ulirus argus              Spiny lobster               Choctawhatchee Bay            Florida
    Callinectes sap idus          Blue crab                   Pensacola Bay        .        Florida
    Menippe adina                 Gulf stone crab             Perdido Bay                    Florida
    Menippe mercenarfa            Stone crab                  Mobile Bay                    Alabama
    Carcharhinus leucas           Bull shark                  Mississippi Sound             Alabama/Mississippi
    Mlegalops atlanticus          Tarpon                      Breton/Chandeleur Sounds       Louisiana
    WAosa alabamae                Alabama shad                Lake Borgne                    Louisiana
    Brevoortiapatronus            Gulf menhaden               Lake Pontchartrain             Louisiana
    Brevoortia smithi             Yellowf in menhaden         Mississippi River              Louisiana
    Dorosoma cepedianum           Gizzard shad                Baratania Bay                  Louisiana
    Anchoa mitchNi                Bay anchovy                 Terrebonne/Timbalier Bays      Louisiana
    Arius falls                   Hardhead catfish            Atchafalaya and Vermilion Bays  Louisiana
    Cypninodon variegatus         Sheepshead minnow           Calcasieu Lake                Louisiana
    Fundulusgrandis               Gulf killifish              Sabine Lake                    Louisiana/Texas
    Menfida species               Atlantic silversides        Galveston Bay                 Texas
    Centropormusundecimnalis      Snook                       Brazos River                  Texas
    Pomatomussaltatrix            Bluefish                    Matagorda Bay                  Texas
    Caranx crysos                 Blue runner                 San Antonio Bay               Texas
    Caranx hippos                 Crevalle jack               Aransas Bay                   Texas
    Trachinotus carofinus         Florida pompano             Corpus Christi Bay            Texas
    Lutjanus gnseus               Graysnapper                 Laguna Madre                  Texas
    Archosargus pro batocephalus   Sheepshead                 Baffin Bay                     Texas
    Lagodon rhomboides            Pinf ish
    Bairdiella chrysoura          Silver perch
    Cynoscion arenanius           Sand seatrout
    Cynoscion nebulosus           Speckled seatrout
    Leiostomusxanthurus           spot
    Micropogonias undulatus       Atlantic croaker
    Pogonias cromis               Black drum
    Sciaenops ocellatus           Red drum
    Mugilcephalus                 Striped mullet
    Gobiosomae robustum           Code goby
    Scomberomorus maculatus       Spanish mackerel
    Paralichthys albigutta        Gulf flounder
    Paralichthys lethostigma      Southemn flounder

                                                       56

                                                                                                                                                                    --                                          I              ~~~~~~~Galveston Bay
          PHYSICAL AND HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS                              1         2          4         00 J                   I                           IB ER TY                                              TX
          PHYSICAL         FRESHWATER INFLOW           TIDAL DATA

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                                              1...  *      .      -  SI                  --

    Species profile: Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)         1963; Houde 1974). Taken only rarely in Yucatan,
                                                            Gulf of Maine, and Florida Keys and never in the
             Common Name: Bay Anchovy                       West Indies (Daly 1970; Hoese and Moore 1977;
            Scientific Name: Anchoa mitchilli               Hildebrand 1943). There are two distinct subspecies
                                                            of the bay anchovy: Anchoa mitchillidiaphana which
    Other Common Names: Anchovy                             occurs in the study area and ranges fromthe Yucatan
                                                            to South Carolina, and Anchoa mitchillimitchilliwhich
    Classification                                          extends from North Carolina to Maine (Hildebrand
            Phylum:    Chordata                             1943).  It has also been shown by morphometric
            Class:     Osteichthyes                         methods that virtually every section of the coast
            Order:     Clupeiformes                         within the range of the bay anchovy has a distinct
            Family:    Engraulidae                          population (Hildebrand 1943; Hildebrand 1963).

    Value                                                   Within Studv Area:  Occurs from Rio Grande to
    Commercial: Not currently harvested in United States    Mobile, Alabama, primarily in open bays (Hoese and
    due to their small size, but of some use as bait and    Moore 1977; Springer and Woodburn 1960).
    forthe preparation of anchovy paste (Christmas and
    Waller 1973; Daly 1970; Hildebrand 1943; Hildebrand     Life Mode
    1963).                                                  All stages are pelagic, occurring throughout the
                                                            watercolumn (Hoese 1965; Hoese and Moore 1977;
    Recreational: Indirectly importanttosportfisheryby      Houde 1974; Kuntz 1913; Reid 1955; Ward and
    serving asa majorforagespeciesformanygamefish           Armstrong 1980) as nektonic larvae, juveniles, and
    (Hildebrand 1943; Christmas and Waller 1973).           adults (Darnell 1958; Damell 1961; Hildebrand 1943;
                                                            Kuntz 1913; Reid 1955). Small schooling occurs in
    Indicatorof Environmental Stress: Studies supported     large numbers during the day in protected areas
    by the Texas Water Quality Board show that the bay      usually close to shore. Small schools have been
    anchovy can be used to indicate poor water quality.     observed while feeding at night when in the presence
    This species can quickly adaptto pollution stress due   of predators (Arnold etal. 1960; Daly 1970; Hildebrand
    to its small size and short food chain and can become   1943; Hoese and Moore 1977; Ward and Armstrong
    the dominant species of the polluted area.  Its         1980). Activity is primarily nocturnal and probably
    dominance in a particular area for two of more          associated with feeding (Daly 1970; Zimmerman
    consecutive seasons is indicative of deteriorating      1969).
    water quality (Bechtel and Copeland 1970).
                                                            Habitat
    Ecological: Bay anchovies probably constitute the       Iyo: Bay anchovy primarily a shallow estuarine and
    greatest biomass of any fish in the estuarine waters    inshore coastal water species (Jones et al. 1978;
    of both the south Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico       Arnold etal. 1960;Swingle and Bland 1974;Springer
    (Christmas and Waller 1973; Perret etal.1971;Perry      and Woodbum 1960; Kilby 1955; Gunter 1945;
    1979; Reid 1955). This large population provides a      Sheridan 1978; Sheridan 1983; Ward and Armstrong
    major staple in the diet of many birds and fish         1980). Studies show the bay anchovy is able to
    (Christmas and Waller 1973; Hildebrand 1943; Reid       exploit a wide variety of habitats such as: in bays and
    1955). Piscine predators include Sciaenopsocellatus,    bayous; off sandy beaches; in muddy coves; grassy
    Cynoscion arenarius,  C. nebulosus, Bairdiella          areas along beaches; around mouths of rivers; and
    chrysoura, Strongylura marina, Synodus foetens,         in both shallow and deeperwaters offshore (Jones et
    Elops saurus,  Ictalurus furcatus,  Micropogon          al. 1978; Reid 1955; Sheridan 1978; Swingle and
    undulatus, Paralichthys lethostigma, and Caranx         Bland 1974), but prefers bays and estuaries to shallow
    hippos(Carr and Adams 1973; Darnell 1958; Darnell       waters of the Gulf of Mexico (Christmas and Waller
    1961; Gunter 1945; Reid 1955; Sheridan 1978).           1973; Gunter 1945; Kilby 1955; Springer and
    Distributions of predators indicate that the bay        Woodburn 1960). Population density appears to be
    anchovy is an important prey species in the weedy       influenced bythe mass of zooplankton present (Reid
    shallows as well as surface and bottom waters           1955) which probably accounts for their preference
    (Darnell 1961).                                         for bays and, when found in the Gulf, bay water
                                                            masses (Hoese 1965). It is particularly common in
    Range                                                   primary and secondary bays, around shallow bay
    Overall: Occurs from Casco Bay, Maine to Vera           margins, islands, spoil banks, and sheltered coves,
    Cruz, Rio Panuco, Tampico, Mexico (Daly 1970;           but scarce in tertiary bays (Kilby 1955; Simmons
    Hoese and Moore 1977; Hildebrand 1943; Hildebrand

                                                        58

                                                                           Bay anchovy species profile, cont.
    1957; Swingle 1971; Ward and Armstrong 1980).         to 29.9 ppt in Mobile and Baldwin counties, AL
    Reported as occurring from fresh to hypersaline       (Swingle 1971);0.0 to 14.9 ppt in Lake Pontchartrain,
    waters (Perret et al. 1971; Simmons 1957; Swingle     LA (Tarver and Savoie 1976); and 2 to 4.9 ppt along
    and Bland 1974) and from depths of 0.5 to 20.0 m,     the Mississippicoastline(ChristmasandWaller1973).
    appearing to prefer 2 to 3 m (Bechtel and Copeland    Larvae tend to move into less saline waters near the
    1970; Dokken et al. 1984; Dunham 1972; Franks         freshwater interface, moving back to more saline
    1970; Miller 1965; Perret et al. 1971; Reid 1954;     waters as they mature (Gunter 1945; Swingle and
    Renfro 1960; Swingle 1971).                           Bland 1974; Hoese 1965).

    Substrate: Characteristic of unvegetated  mud         Migrations and Movements
    substrate (Cornelius 1984). Also occuroverbottoms     Moves into deeper waters during winter, and back
    of clay, hard sand, silty clay, clayey silt, silt and sand,  inshoreduring summer (Hildebrand 1943; Hildebrand
    sandy mud, and muddy sand (Dunham 1972; Dokken        1963; Christmas and Waller 1973; Swingle and
    et al. 1984; Franks 1970; Miller 1965; Reid 1954;     Bland 1974). Larvae reporter to migrate into lower
    Reid 1955; Swingle 1971;Tarverand Savoie 1976).       salinity nursery areas while developing toward
                                                           adulthood, and then migrate back to more saline
    Phvsical/Chemical Characteristics:                    areas (Hoese 1965; Swingle and Bland 1974).
    Temrerature-
    Eggs- Spawning and egg development have been          Reproduction
    recorded from 22� to 320 C (Detwyler and Houde        Mode: Sexual, external fertilization.
    1970; Houde  1974; Kuntz 1913).   Preferred
    temperature range is 27.20 to 27.8� C (Ward and       Matina and Snawnina: Spawning occurs in waters
    Armstrong 1980).                                      lessthan20 mdeep in bays and estuaries, and in the
                                                           Gulf of Mexico where it is limited to the shallow
    Larvae/iuvenilesladults- Eurythermal, reported from   inshore areas in bay water masses (Bechtel and
    waters ranging from 4.50 to 39.80 C (Chung and        Copeland 1970; Jones et al. 1978; Hoese 1965;
    Strawn 1982; Dunham 1972; Franks 1970; Gunter         Ward and Armstrong 1980).  Eggs usually are
    1945; Juneau 1975; Kilby 1955; Miller 1965; Perret    released in the early evening, 6-9 pm, during warm
    etal. 1971; Reid 1954; Renfro 1960; Simmons 1957;     water (>190 C) periods (Jones et al. 1978; Kuntz
    Springer and Woodburn 1960; Swingle 1971; Swingle     1913; Hoese 1965; Ward and Armstrong 1980) with
    and Bland 1974; Tarver and Savoie 1976) with          typical seasons in the study area being: February to
    larvae preferring >11 � C and adults preferring 8.10 to  March and to June in the Gulf near Port Aransas, TX
    32.2� C (Ward and Armstrong 1980). A possible         and the latter part of March in Copano and Aransas
    upper lethal limit of 400 C was reported in one       Bays (Gunter 1945; Hoese 1965); summer months
    temperature study (Chung and Strawn 1982).            (JuneandJuly)in EastBay, TX; Februaryto October
                                                           in Galveston Bay, TX (Bechtel and Copeland 1970;
    Salinity-                                             and February through October along the Mississippi
    Eggs- Spawning and development has occurred at        coastline (Christmas and Waller 1973). In addition,
    30.9 to 37 ppt (Detwyler and Houde 1970; Hoese        some year round spawning is reported throughout
    1965; Houde 1974 and per. comm.1989).                 the study area (Dokken et al. 1984; Miller 1965;
                                                           Perret etal. 1971; Swingle 1971; Ward and Armstrong
    Larvae/iuveniles/adults- Euryhaline, collected from   1980) that may be due to the area's usually short mild
    waters ranging from 0.0 to 80 ppt (Juneau 1975;       winters which involve warming trends during which
    Perret et al. 1971; Swingle 1971; Simmons 1957;       shallow water temperatures approach and exceed
    Tarver and Savoie 1976; Cornelius 1984; Swingle       200 C (Dokken et al. 1984; Hoese 1965). Spawning
    and Bland 1974; Gunter 1945; Renfro 1960; Franks      has beenobserved occurring in highersalinityportions
    1970; Dunham 1972). Salinity appears to have no       of estuaries with ranges of 30 to 37 ppt and <45 ppt
    relationship with distribution (Christmas and Waller  being reported (Bechtel and Copeland 1970; Dokken
    1973; Cornelius 1984; Hoese 1965; Krull 1976; Ward    et al, 1984; Swingle and Bland 1974).
    and Armstrong 1980), but recorded preferences
    include: 0.5 to 1+ ppt for larvae and 1 to 32 ppt for  Reoroductive Canacitv: Preliminary data using fish
    juveniles and adults in Matagorda Bay, TX (Ward       from the Chesapeake Bay population indicate that
    and Armstrong 1980); 5 ppt and less in Copano and     during the peak spawning period virturally all females
    Aransas Bays, TX (Gunter 1945); 11 to 30 ppt for      daily spawn a batch of eggs that can range from ca.
    adults, and 11 to 20 ppt and 31 to40 ppt forjuveniles  400-2000, with the actual directly related to the
    in Alazan Bay, TX (Cornelius 1984); less than 50 ppt  weight of the female. This can conceivably result in
    in the upper Laguna Madre, TX (Simmons 1957); 20      a female producing 30,000 to 50,000 eggs during the

                                                    59

                                                                            Bay anchovy species profile, cont.
    four month season in Chesapeake Bay (Houde per.         with a recorded mean of 56.3 mm TL for males and
    comm., 1989).                                           60.0 mm TL forfemales (Ward and Armstrong 1980).
                                                           Two and possibly three size classes have been
    Growth and Development                                  observed in wild fish populations but are virtually
    Egg: Slightly elongated; major axis 0.65 to 0.75 mm     indistinguishable due to year round spawning
    in length and is 0.1 to 0.8 mm longerthan minor axis.   (Cornelius 1984; Gunter 1945; Miller 1965; Perret et
    Transparent with no oil globule; yolk composed of       al. 1971).
    separate masses appearing as large cells (Kuntz
    1913; Hildebrand 1943). Yolk volume of 0.15 mm3         Food and Feeding
    (Houde 1974). Eggs float at or near water surface       Bay anchovies are primary consumers that feed
    until near hatching and then gradually sink (Kuntz      predominantly on zooplankton in nocturnal currents
    1913; Hildebrand 1943). Cleavage advances with          (Bechtel and Copeland 1970; Daly 1970; Reid 1955).
    great regularity and at a rapid rate (Kuntz 1913).      Youngindividualsareplanktonstrainers,consuming
    Blastopore closes approximately ten hours after         microzooplankton such as copepod nauplii and
    spawning with embryo slightly longer than 1/2 the       rotifers. When a body length of approximately7 mm
    greater circumference of the egg.  Soon after           is reached, they feed on copepodites and copepods
    blastopore closure, Kupffer's vesicle forms and         (Detwyler and Houde 1970; Damell 1958). Some
    embryo increases in length until it extends morethan    detritus is also consumed but phytoplankton is not,
    two thirds around the greater circumference of the      suggesting that food straining occurs nearthebottom
    yolk. Incubation is approximately 24 hours at 27.8�     (Darnell 1958). As anchovies grow in size their diet
    C (Kuntz 1913).                                         becomes  increasingly selective, shifting from
                                                            copepods more and more to small shrimp, larval and
    Larvae: 1.8-2.7 mm TL (total length) at hatching and    juvenile fish, mysids, insect larvae, crab zoeae,
    weigh 0.0176 mg (Detwylerand Houde 1970; Houde          clams,  cladocerans,  schizopods,  gastropods,
    1978; Kuntz 1913; Ward and Armstrong 1980). Yolk        isopods, malacostracans, and supplemented by
    sac comparatively large and greatly elongated           detritus from occasional bottom feeding (Amold etal.
    tapering to a point posteriorly. Flattened slender      1960; Bechtel and Copeland 1970; Carr and Adams
    body almost perfectly transparent with no evidence      1973; Detwyler and Houde 1970; Darnell 1958;
    of pigmentation. Larvae are 2.6 to 2.8 mm TL after      Darnell 1961; Hildebrand 1943; Reid 1954; Reid
    hatching. Yolk mass retains elongated form and          1955; Sheridan 1978; Weaver and Holloway 1974).
    segmented character decreasing in size until its        Gut analysis of individuals 30-49 mm long showed
    absorbed 1 Sto 25 hours after hatching with post yolk   the following diet proportions:9% microinvertebrates;
    sac larvae ranging from 2.7-16 mm (Kuntz 1913;          58% zooplankton, and 33% organic detritus (Darnell
    Houde 1974; Ward and Armstrong 1980).                   1961). Benthic animals and sand are most frequently
                                                            encountered during the winter suggesting more
    Juvenile: Limits of stage unknown, metamorphosis        intensive feeding in this area at this time (Darnell
    is essentially complete by 22.5 mm SL (standard         1958).
    length) (Jones et al. 1978; Ward and Armstrong
    1980). Developmentof mouth and gut, pigmentation        Persons Consulted
    of  eyes,  and  yolk  exhaustion. completed             Dr. Edward  Houde,  University of Maryland,
    simultaneously at 36 hours after hatching at 26.20 C    Chesapeake  Biological Laboratory,  Solomons
    and 30.9 ppt (Detwyler and Houde 1970; Kuntz            Maryland.
    1913; Hildebrand 1943). Size when feeding was
    initiated was 2.9 mm SL (Houde 1978). Growth rate       References
    of 0.70 mm/day reported after fourth day from hatch     Arnold. E. L., Jr., R. S. Wheeler and K. N. Baxter.
    (Detwyler and Houde 1970) reaching a weight of          1960. Observations on fishes and otherbiota of East
    0.236 mg after 16 days (Houde 1978). Length of 18       Lagoon, Galveston Island. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
    mmTL attained during first month after hatchgrowing     Spec. Rep. Fish. No. 344. 30 pp.
    10 mm/month over following 2 months (Christmas
    and Waller 1973).                                       Bechtel, T. J. and B. J. Copeland.  1970.  Fish
                                                            species diversity indices as indication of pollution in
    Adult: Attain maturity at approximately 2.5 months      Galveston Bay, Texas. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 15:103-
    (Jones et al. 1978; Hildebrand 1963) and at 34-40       132.
    mm TL (Gunter 1945; Ward and Armstrong 1980).           Carr, W. E. S. and C. A. Adams. 1973. Food habits
    Reported size range for adults in study area is 34-93   of juvenile marine fishes occupying seagrass beds in
    TL (Franks 1970; Dunham 1972; Gunter 1945; Perret       the estuarinezone near Crystal River, Florida. Trans.
    et al. 1971; Renfro 1960; Tarver and Savoie 1976)

                                                         60

                                                                              Bay anchovy species profile, cont.
    Amer. Fish. Soc. 102(3): 511-540.                        Ocean. Col. 8(2): 1-165.

    Christmas, J. Y., and R. S. Waller. 1973. Estuarine      Hildebrand, S. F. 1963.  Family Engraulidae. In:
    vertebrates, Mississippi. na: Cooperative Gulf of        Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Mem. no. 1, pt.
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    pp. 320-406. Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs,
    MS.                                                      Hoese, H. D. 1965. Spawning of marine fishes in
                                                              Port Aransas, Texas area as determined by the
    Chung, K., and K. Strawn. 1982. Predicted survival       distribution of young and larvae. Ph. D. Dissertation.,
    of the bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) in the heated      Univ. Texas, Austin. 144 pp.
    effluent of a power plant on Galveston Bay, Texas.
    Env. Biol. Fish. 7(1): 57-62.                            Hoese, H. D. and R. H. Moore. 1977. Fishes of the
                                                              Gulf of Mexico. Texas A&M Press, College Station,
    Cornelius, S. 1984. An ecological survey of Alazan       TX. 327 pp.
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                                                             delayed feeding on growth and survival of larvae of
    Daly, R. J. 1970. Systematics of southern Florida        three species of subtropical marine fishes. Mar. Biol.
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                                                             Houde, E. D. 1978. Critical food concentrations for
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    416.                                                     Jones, P. W., F. D. Martin, J. D. Hardy Jr. 1978.
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    Damell, R. M. 1961. Trophicspectrumof anestuarine        atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages, Vol. 1. U. S.
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                                                             Juneau Jr., C. L. An inventory and study of the
    Detwyler, T. M. and E. D. Houde.  1970.  Food            Vermilion Bay-Atchafalaya Bay Complex. La. Wildl.
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                                                      61

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    Fla. St. Bd. Cons., Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 1. 104 pp.

    Swingle, H. A. 1971. Biology of Alabama estuarine
    areas-cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory.
    Ala. Res. Bull. 5: 1-123.

    Swingle, H. A. and D. G. Bland. 1974. A study of the
    fishes of the coastal watercourses of Alabama. Ala.
    Mar. Res. Bull. 10: 22-102.

    Tarver, J. W. and L. B. Savoie. 1976. An inventory
    and study of the Lake Pontchartrain-Lake Maurepas
    estuarine complex. La. Wildl. Fish. Comm., Tech.
    Bull. No. 19: 1-159.

    Ward, G. H. and N. E. Armstrong. 1980. Matagorda
    Bay, Texas: its hydrography, ecology and fishery
    resources. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Prog.,
    Washington, D. C. FWS/OBS-81/52. 217 pp.

    Weaver, J. E. and L. F. Holloway. 1974. Community
    structure of fishes and macrocrustaceans in ponds of
    a Louisiana tidal marsh influenced by weirs. Contrib.

                                                          62

                                                 Bay anchovy - Galveston Bay data sheet

    SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anchoa mitchilli        REGION:          Gulf of Mexico
    COMMON NAME:   Bay anchovy              STATE:            Texas
    ESTUARY NAME:  Galveston Bay            INVESTIGATOR:  Tom Czapla

               SALINITY  LIFE            RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
        ZONE         STAGE                     BY MONTH
                              J F M A M J J A S O N D R
                   ADULTS                                                      2
                   SPAWNING                                                    2
     TIDAL FRESH   JUVENILES                                                     2
      0.0 - 0.5 ppt   LARVAE                                                     2
                   EGGS  2

           MIXING   SPAWNING

         SEAWATER   JUVENILES2
     0.5 - 25.0 ppt  JU ENILES
                   LARVAE                                                      2
                   EGGS                                        _               2
                   ADULTS                                                      2
                   SBPAWNING-2
      SEAWATER SANN
       >25.0 ppt    JUVENILES                                                    2
                   LARVAE                                                      2
                   EGGS                                                        2

    Legend:    Relative Abundance:                       Data Reliability (R):
                     | |= Not Present                 1 = Highly Certain

               |   ---| = No Data                      2 = Moderately Certain

               Iiiii::iiiii!!i:ii=  Rare               3= Reasonable Inference
                 = Common

             OM=  Abundant
                 = Highly Abundant

                                   63

    Species profile: Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus)         brown shrimp were better biodegraders of the ester
                                                            than oysters.
            Common Name: Brown shrimp
          Scientific Name: Penaeus aztecus                 Ecological: Brown shrimp are consumed by many
                                                            finfish species and by large crustaceans. The loss of
    Other Common Names: Brownies; Golden shrimp;            marsh habitat and reduction in freshwater inflow into
    Green lake shrimp; Native shrimp; Red or red tail       the bays have come under recent scrutiny as major
    shrimp (Motoh 1977).                                    factors influencingshrimpproduction (Kutkuhn 1966;
                                                            Minello and Zimmerman 1985; Zimmerman and
    Classification                                          Minello 1984).
           Phylum:    Arthropoda
           Class:     Crustacea                            Range
           Order:     Decapoda                             Overall: PenaeusaztecusisdistributedfromMartha's
           Family:    Penaeidae                            Vineyard, Massachusetts, around the tip of Florida
                                                            and throughout the Gulf of Mexico to northwestern
    Value                                                   Yucatan. They are conspicuously absent along the
    Commercial: The Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery isthe     western Florida coast from the Sanibel grounds to
    most valuable commercial fishery in the U.S. Total      Apalachicola Bay. Their maximum density occurs
    brown shrimp production for the area west of the        alongthe coasts of Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi
    Mississippi River Delta to the Texas-Mexico border      (Williams 1984; NOAA 1985).
    was 67.7 million pounds (heads off) in 1985; slightly
    higherthan the average yield of 67.1 million pounds     Within Studv Area: In the northwest Gulf of Mexico,
    from 1976-1984 (Klima et a/. 1987). The season          brown shrimp are distributed throughout bays,
    begins in May, peaks from JunetoJuly and gradually      estuaries and coastal waters.  In the estuaries,
    declines through April. Major fishing grounds are off   postlarvae and small juveniles are associated with
    the coasts of Texas and Louisiana.   Federal            shallow vegetated habitats and large juveniles/
    regulations have annuallyclosedthe offshorefishery      subadults inhabit nonvegetated, deeper open water
    along the coast of Texas from around mid-May to         bottoms (Parker 1970;Zimmerman and Minello 1984).
    mid-July, not more than 55 days, to allow shrimp to
    grow to larger sizes (Klima eta/. 1982; 1987). The      Life Mode
    majorityofthe brown shrimp are harvestedfor human       Eggs are denser than seawater and are demersal
    consumption, although a bait-shrimp fishery also        (Kutkuhn 1966). Larval stages are planktonic, and
    exists (Klima et al. 1987).                             their position in the water column is dependent on
                                                            time of day, water temperature and water clarity
    Recreational: Approximately 8.8 and 5.2 million lbs     (Temple and Fischer 1965; 1967; Kutkuhn et al.
    (heads on) of total shrimp weretaken by recreational    1969). Fall-spawned postlarvae may burrow intothe
    shrimpers in 1979 and 1980, respectively, in Texas      sediments to escape cooler temperatures and to
    and Louisiana. In Louisiana, no license is required     overwinter(St. Amant etal. 1966; Aldrich etal. 1969).
    for otter trawls up to 16 ft. In Texas, licenses are    Postlarvae move into estuaries and transform into
    required for recreational fishermen, in addition, a     benthic juveniles (Cook and Lindner 1970). Adults
    license is needed for trawls; catches are limited by    generally inhabit offshore waters ranging from 14 to
    location and season of fishing (Gulf of Mexico Fishery  110 meters (Renfro and Brusher 1982).  Brown
    Management Council 1981).                               shrimp have an annual life cycle (Perez-Farfante
                                                            1969).
    Indicator of Environmental Stress: Miligan (1983)
    indicated dredge material was non-toxic to brown        Habitat
    shrimp when exposed to dredge material free of          ITse: Eggs occuroffshore and are demersal. Larvae
    significantconcentrations of heavy metals, pesticides   occuroffshore and begin to immigrate to estuaries as
    and waste metabolites.  A second experiment             postlarvae around 8-14 mm TL (total length) (Cook
    demonstrated faster growth of shrimp in dredge          and Lindner 1970). Juveniles and subadults prefer
    material treated ponds.   Confounding  factors          shallow marsh areas and estuarine bays. Adults
    prevented direct interpretation of a third experiment   occur in neritic Gulf waters (Perez-Farfante 1969;
    in a dredge material containment site. Ward et al.      Williams 1984).
    (1981) determined a concentration of 1.2 mg/I
    selenium (96 h LC50) to be toxic to brown shrimp.       Substrate: Larvae and juveniles inhabit soft, muddy
    Wofford etal. (1981) observed the bioaccumulation       areas, especially in association with plant/water
    of phthalate esters (plasticizers) and demonstrated     interfaces. Adults are associated with terrigenous

                                                         64

                                                                           Brown shrimp species profile, cont.
    silt and muddy sand substrate (Williams 1984;           GrowthandDevelopment
    Hildebrand 1954).                                       Embryos:  Eggs are approximately 0.26 mm in
                                                            diameter. Hatch occurs within 24 hours of release
    Phvsical/Chemical Characteristics:                      into the water column (Kutkuhn 1966).

    Temperature- Eggs will not.hatch at temperatures        Larval andJuvenile Develooment: Larvaetransform
    below 240 C (Cook and Lindner 1970). Postlarvae         through five naupliar stages with average TL's of
    have been collected from temperatures of 12.60 -        0.35, 0.39, 0.40, 0.44 and 0.50 mm respectively;
    30.6�C. Aldrich etal. (1969) demonstrated postlarval    three protozoeal stages with average TL's of 0.96,
    burrowing in temperatures below 18� C. Extended         1.71, and 2.59 mm; and three myses stages with
    exposure to temperatures below 200 C may be             average TL's of 3.3, 3.8 and 4.3 mm to become
    detrimental to population survival (Zein-Eldin and      postlarvae at an average TL of 4.6 mm, in a period of
    Renaud 1986). Brown shrimp greater than 75 mm           10-25 days (Cook and Murphy 1971). Postlarvae
    tolerate temperatures between 4� and 36� C with a       entertheestuariesandtransformintojuvenilesaround
    preferredrangeof14.9- 31.0�C(Ward etal. 1980).          25 mm TL. Juveniles in the estuary range from
                                                            approximately 25 - 90 mm. The shrimp spend
    Salinity- Brown shrimp are euryhaline to stenohaline    approximately three months on the nursery grounds
    depending on lifestage. Larvae tolerate salinities      and then move back offshore in sizes ranging from
    ranging from 24.1 - 36 ppt (Cook and Lindner 1970).     80 - 100 mm TL (Cook and Lindner 1970; Copeland
    Postlarvae have been collected from salinities of 0.1   1965; Parker 1970). Growth rates are temperature
    - 69 ppt and have shown good growth at 2 - 40 ppt.      dependent. Larval growth rate estimates are: nauplii,
    Juvenile brown shrimp are distributed from 0- 45 ppt,   0.1 - 0.2 mm/day; protozoea 0.3 - 0.35 mm/day;
    but prefer 10 - 20 ppt. Adults tolerate salinities of 0.8  myses 0.4 - 0.5 mm/day (Ward etal. 1980). Postlarval
    - 45 ppt with an optimum range of 24 - 38.9 ppt.        growth is maximum (greater than 0.5 mm/day)
    Salinity  and  temperature  effects  are  more          between 25� - 270 C. Juveniles have grown at 3.3
    conspicuous at either extreme (Zein-Eldin and           mm/day at temperatures above 25� C, but their
    Renaud 1986).                                           growth decreases from 29� - 33� C (Zein-Eldin and
                                                            Renaud 1986). Growth of offshore adults has not
    Migrations and Movements                                been studied in detail.
    Brown shrimp and postlarvae move into estuaries
    from February to April with the incoming tides          Food and Feeding
    (Copeland and Truitt 1966; King 1971).  In the          All life stages are omnivorous, and feeding begins
    northern Gulf of Mexico, estuarine recruitment may      with the first protozoeal stage (Cook and Murphy
    occur all year (Baxter and Renfro 1967). Emigration     1971). Larval stages feed on phytoplankton and
    to offshore spawning grounds occurs from May            zooplankton.   Postlarvae feed  on  epiphytes,
    through August, coinciding with full moons and ebb      phytoplankton and detritus, but faster growth is
    tides (Copeland 1965).  Tagging studies in the          attained on food of animal origin (Zein-Eldin and
    northern Gulf indicate a west and southward             Renaud  1986).   Juveniles and adults forage
    movement of the adults with the prevailing currents     nocturnally on available food, including polychaetes,
    (Cook and Lindner 1970). However more recent            amphipods, chironomid larvae, but also detritus and
    studies do not indicate any net movement in any         algae. Juveniles are primarily encounter-feeders,
    direction (P. Sheridan, personal communication).        whereas adults are selective omnivorous predators
                                                            (Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council 1981;
    Reproduction                                            Zein-Eldin and Renaud 1986).
    Mode: Sexual reproduction with external fertilization
    (Cook and Lindner 1970; Lassuy 1983).                   Persons Consulted
                                                            Sheridan, Peter F. DOC\NOAA\NMFS\SEFC -
    Matinn and Snawnina: In waters off Texas, spawning      Galveston Laboratory, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, Texas
    occurs at depths greater than 14 m; year-round at       77550.
    depths of 64-110 m; and peaks of spawning in
    shallower water are during late spring and in the fall  References
    (Renfro and Brusher 1982).  Brown shrimp may            Aldrich, D. V.,C. E. Wood and K. N. Baxter. 1969. An
    spawn more than once (Perez-Farfante 1969).             ecological interpretation of low water temperature
                                                            responses in Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus
    Renroductive Caoacitv: Renfro and Brusher (1982)        postlarvae. Bull. Mar. Sci. 18: 61-71.
    found brown shrimp released an average of 246,000
    viable eggs of which 15 % hatched.

                                                     65

                                                                           Brown shrimp species profile, cont.
    Baxter, K. N., and W. C. Renfro. 1966. Seasonal         Lassuy, D. R. 1983. Species Profiles: life histories
     distribution and size distribution of postlarval      and environmental requirements (Gulf of Mexico) -
    brown and white shrimp near Galveston, Texas,           brown shrimp. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., OBS, FWS/
    with notes on species identification. Fish. Bull., U. S.  OBS-82/1 1.1
    66: 149-158.
                                                            Miligan, D. 1983. Selection criteria and procedures
    Cook, H.L., and M. L. Lindner. 1970. Synopsis ofthe     for establishing mariculture facilities in existing
    biologicaldataonthebrownshrimp, Penaeusaztecus          containment sites. Dredging Operations Technical
    aztecus Ives, 1891. FAO Fish. Rep. 57: 1471-1498.       Support Program. Aquaculture Material Containment
                                                            Areas, Proceedings, pp. 153-162.
    Cook, H. L, and M. A. Murphy. 1971. Early
    developmental stages of the brown shrimp, Penaeus       Minelbo, T.J., and R.J.Zimmerman. 1985. Differential
    aztecus Ives, reared in the laboratory. Fish. Bull., U.  selection of vegetative structure between juvenile
    S. 69: 223-239.                                         brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) and white shrimp
                                                            (P. setiferus), and implications in predator-prey
    Copeland, B. J. 1965. Fauna of the Aransas Pass         relationships. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 20: 707-716.
    Inlet, Texas. I. Emigration as shown by tide trap
    collections. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. 10: 9-21.            Motoh, H. 1977. An annotated list of scientific and
                                                            English common names of commercially important
    Copeland, B. J., and M. V. Truitt. 1966. Faunaof the    penaeid prawns and shrimps.  Southeast Asian
    Aransas Pass Inlet, Texas.  II. Penaeid shrimp          Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Dept.,
    postlarvae. Tex. J. Sci. 18: 65-74.                     Tech. Rep. 2, 14 p.

    Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. 1981.        Parker, J. C. 1970. Distribution of juvenile brown
    Draft Update of Fishery Management PlanforShrimp        shrimp (Penaeus aztecus Ives) in Galveston Bay,
    Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management       Texas, as related to certain hydrographic features
    Council, Tampa, FL. 241 p.                              and salinity. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 15: 1-12.

    Hildebrand, H. H. 1954. A study of the brown shrimp     Perez-Farfante, I. 1969. Western Atlantic shrimps of
    (Penaeus aztecus) grounds in the western Gulf of        the genus Penaeus. Fish. Bull., U. S. 67: 461-591.
    Mexico. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. 3: 233-366.
                                                            Renfro, W. C., and H. A. Brusher. 1982. Seasonal
    King, B. D., III. 1971. Study of migratory patterns of  abundance, size distribution, and spawning of three
    fish and shellfish through a natural pass.  Texas       shrimps (Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus, and P.
    Parks Wildl. Dept., Tech. Ser. 9, 54 p.                 duorarum) inthe northwestern Gulf of Mexico, 1961-
                                                            1962. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFC-94, 47 p.
    Klima, E. F., K. N. Baxter and F. J. Patella. 1982. A
    review of the offshore shrimp fishery and the 1981      St. Amant, L. S., K. C. Corkum and J. G. Broom.
    Texas closure. Mar. Fish. Rev. 44: 16-30.               1963.  Studies on growth of the brown shrimp,
                                                            Penaeus aztecus, in Louisiana waters. Gulf Coast
    Klima, E. F., J. N. Nance, P. F. Sheridan, K. N.        Fish. Inst., pp 14-26.
    Baxter, F. J. Patella and D. B. Koi. 1987. Review of
    the 1986 Texas closure for the shrimp fishery off       NOAA  (National  Oceanic  and  Atmospheric
    Texas and Louisiana. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-              Administration) 1985. Gulf of Mexico Coastal and
    SEFC-197, 153 p.                                        Ocean Zones Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas. U.
                                                            S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and
    Kutkuhn, J. H. 1966. The role of estuaries in the       Atmospheric Administration, Strategic Assessment
    development and perpetuation of commercial shrimp       Branch, Rockville, MD.
    resources. In: R. F. Smith (editor), A Symposium on
    Estuarine Fisheries, pp 3-16. Am. Fish. Soc., Spec.     Temple, R. F., and C. C. Fischer. 1965. Vertical
    Publ. 3.                                                distribution of planktonic stages of Penaeid shrimp.
                                                            Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci 10: 59-67.
    Kutkuhn, J. H., H. L. Cook and K. N. Baxter. 1969.
    Distribution and density of prejuvenile Penaeus         Temple, R. F., and C. C. Fischer. 1967. Seasonal
    shrimp in the Galveston entrance and the nearby         distribution and relative abundance of planktonic-
    Gulf of Mexico (Texas). FAO Fish. Rep. 57: 1075-        stage shrimp (Penaeus spp.) in the northwestern
    1099.                                                   Gulf of Mexico, 1961. Fish. Bull., U. S. 66: 323-334.

                                                         66

                                                                             Brown shrimp species profile, cont.
    Ward, G. H., Jr., N. E. Armstrong and the Matagorda
    Bay Project Teams. 1980. Matagorda Bay, Texas:
    Rs hydrography, ecology, and fishery resources. U.
    S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Prog., FWS/OBS-81/
    52.

    Ward, G. S., T. A. Hollister, P. T. Heitmuller and P. T.
    Parrish. 1981. Acute and chronictoxicityof selenium
    to estuarine organisms. Northeast Gulf Sci. 4: 73-
    78.

    Williams, A. B. 1984. Shrimps, Lobsters, and Crabs
    of the Atlantic Coast of the Eastern United States,
    Maine to Florida. Smithsonian Institution Press,
    Washington, D.C., xviii + 550 p.

    Wofford, H. W., C. D. Wilsey, G. S. Neff, C. S. Giam
    and J. M. Neff. 1981. Bioaccumulation and
    metabolism of phthalate esters by oysters, brown
    shrimp and sheepshead minnows. Ecotox. Environ.
    Saf. 5: 202-210.

    Zein-Eldin, Z. P., and M. L. Renaud. 1986. Inshore
    environmental effects on brown shrimp, Penaeus
    aztecus, and white shrimp, P. setiferus, populations
    in coastal waters, particularly of Texas. Mar. Fish.
    Rev. 48: 9-19.

    Zimmerman, R.J., and T. J. Minello. 1984. Densities
    of Penaeus aztecus, Penaeus setiferus, and other
    natant macrofauna in a Texas salt marsh. Estuaries
    7: 421-433.

                                                      67

                                                              Brown shrimp - Galveston Bay data sheet

    SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penaeus aztecus          REGION:           Gulf of Mexico
    COMMON NAME:   Brown shrimp               STATE:            Texas
    ESTUARY NAME:   Galveston Bay             INVESTIGATOR:  Tom Czapla

        SALINITY        LIFGE               RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
          ZONE         STAGE                      BY MONTH
                                     J  F  M  A   M   J  J  A   S  O    N   D    R
                       ADULTS                                                        1
                       SPAWNING                                                      1
      TIDAL FRESH   JUVENILES
       0.0 - 0.5 ppt   LARVAE                                                        1
                       EGGS                                                          1
                       ADULTS                                                        1
         MIXING       SPAWNING                                                      1
      0.5 - 25.0 ppt   JUVENILES                  __ '.:"'"*>1
                       LARVAE .:j . . .: ..
                       EGGS                                                          1
                       ADULTS                                                        1
      SEAWATER    SPAWNING                                                          1
                       JUVENILES                  :..
        >25.0 ppt-<--<r~                                                       ~
                       LARVAE           _
                       EGGS                                                          1

    Peaks: Juveniles peak May - June

    Comments: Larvae are less than 25 mm TL ( = postlarvae")

    Legend:    Relative Abundance:                         Data Reliability (R):

                          |= Not Present                    1 = Highly Certain

                    | I = No Data                          2 = Moderately Certain
                      = Rare                                3 = Reasonable Inference
                          = Common
                          = Abundant
                     = Highly Abundant

    Species profile: Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)         and Avault 1975; Boothby and Avault 1971; Hoese
                                                             and Moore 1977; Matlock 1980; Overstreet 1983;
               Common Name: Red Drum                        Perret et al. 1980; Welsh and Breder 1924). The
          Scientific Name: Sciaenops ocellatus              most important recreational fisheries in the study
                                                             area are in Texas and Louisiana. Alabama does not
    Other Common Names - red fish, channel bass,            consider this species a popular sport fish, and in
    drum, branded drum, spotted bass, spottail (Benson      Mississippi, although popular, low fishing effort due
    1982; Bryan 1971; Daniels and Robinson 1986;           to a low human population and fewtourists results in
    Hoese and Moore 1977; Overstreet and Heard 1978;        relatively insignificant catches (Bass and Avault 1975;
    Pearson 1929; Welsh and Breder 1924; Yokel 1966).       Christmas and Waller 1973; Matlock 1980; Overstreet
    Smaller fish (<2.27 kg) are called rat reds or puppy    and Heard 1978). The most sought after fish are
    drum while larger fish (>2.27 kg) are referred to as    those less than 2.2 kg, larger fish being unpopular
    bull reds (Breuer 1957; Christmas and Waller 1973;      due to presence of parasites in the flesh and the
    Welsh and Breder 1924; Yokel 1966).                     belief that larger fish have a poor taste (Adkins et al.
                                                             1979; Benson 1982; Boothby and Avault 1971).
    Classification                                          Hybridization experiments with this species show
            Phylum:    Chordata                             promise in producing an excellent sport fish (Anon.
            Class:     Osteichthyes                         1983). Fishing is primarily by rod and reel, or pole
            Order:     Perciformes                          and line in surf, island passes, and estuaries especially
    Family: Sciaenidae                                      during seasonal runs in the spring and fall (Benson
                                                             1982; Boothby and Avault 1971; Franks 1970; Matlock
    Value                                                   1980).
    Commercial: Highly prized as a food fish throughout
    its range and is probablythe most important sciaenid    Eco.Qgical: Marine, littoral, crepuscular predators
    commercially. Although a commercial fishery exists      that indiscriminately feed on the bottom or in the
    on the Atlantic coast, the main industry is along the   water column, usually in shallow water (Benson
    northern Gulf of Mexico in Texas, Louisiana, and        1982; Boothby and Avault 1971; Gunter 1945; Holt et
    Florida (BassandAvault 1975; Benson 1982; Boothby       al. 1983; Pearson 1929; Simmons and Breuer 1962;
    and Avault 1971; Hoese and Moore 1977; Matlock et       Ward and Armstrong 1980; Zimmerman 1969).
    al. 1977; Perret et al. 1980; Vetter et al. 1983).
    Commercial harvest is by gill net, trammel net, and     Indicator: A study funded by the University of Florida
    trotline (Adkins et al. 1979; Heffernan and Kemp        has found evidencethat metalpoisoning has occurred
    1980; Matlock 1980; Matlock et al. 1977). Fish in the   among large (7-18 kg) red drum (Cardeilhac et al.
    Gulf of Mexico are also caught by hand lines, beach     1981).
    seines in the surf, and intertidally in Gulf shrimp
    trawls. Harvest occurs mainly during fall (October -    Range
    December) and spring (March - June), usually in         Overall:lnthewesternAtlanticfromtheGulfof Maine
    estuaries (Matlock 1980).                               off Massachusetts to Florida, and in the Gulf of
                                                             Mexico from Florida to Tuxpan, Mexico (Boothby and
    A decline in reported landings in recent years forGulf  Avault 1971; Holt et al. 1983; Hoese and Moore
    coast states has been due to overfishing and habitat    1977; Lux 1969; Matlock 1980; Matlock 1987;
    destruction (Swingle et al. 1984; Heffeman and          Overstreet 1983; Simmons and Breuer 1962; Ward
    Kemp 1982). These declines resulted in closure of       and Armstrong 1980; Welsh and Breder 1924; Yokel
    the Texas commercial fishery in 1981, closure of the    1966). New Jersey probably represents the northern
    Alabama commercial fisheries, and severe restriction    boundary where this species occurs as a regular part
    of the harvest in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida.  of the marine fauna. The exact southern end of the
    Commercial landings for 1985 were: Alabama              range is unknown but probably occurs between
    1,292,368 kg; Mississippi 12,272 kg; and Louisiana      Tuxpan and Tecolutla, duetothe absence of bays or
    1,334,545 kg (NMFS 1986).                               estuaries south of Nautla (403 km south of Tuxpan)
                                                            (Yokel 1966). Centers of abundance exist in the
    Recreational: Highly prized as both a game and food     waters of Chesapeake Bay, North Carolina, and the
    fish. Theirfighting abilityon lighttackle and delectable  Gulf of Mexico (Matlock 1980; Ward and Armstrong
    taste has probably made this fish the most important    1980; Yokel 1966).
    recreational species of sciaenid. It is highly esteemed
    for the table in the south, but in the northern part of  Within Studv Area: Rio Grande River to Mobile,
    its range it is primarily a game fish caught by surf    Alabama (Boothby and Avault 1971; Holt et al.
    fishing (Adkins et al. 1979; Arnold et al. 1960; Bass   1983;Hoese and Moore 1977; Matlock 1980;Matlock

                                                      69

                                                                             Red drum species profile, cant.
    1987; Overstreet 1983; Simmons and Breuer 1962;       best in polyhaline to euhaline waters, while early
    Ward and Armstrong 1980; Welsh and Breder 1924;        larvae are found in mesohaline to euhaline waters.
    Yokel 1966). Centers of abundance occur in Texas       Older larvae and post larvae are euryhaline (Arnold
    and Mississippi (Ward and Armstrong 1980; Yokel        et al. 1979; Crocker et al. 1981; Holt et al. 1981a;
    1966). HigherabundanceinMississippiwatersmay          Overstreet 1983; Perret et al. 1980; Peters and
    be due to the benefits of the extensive estuaries      McMichael 1987; Vetter et al. 1983; Ward and
    present in nearby Louisiana and low fishing effort     Armstrong 1980; Yokel 1966).
    (Yokel 1966).
                                                           Juveniles: Euryhaline (Benson 1982; Crocker et al.
    Life Mode                                              11981; Crocker et al. 1983; Daniels and Robinson
    Eggs, larvae, and early juveniles are planktonic and   1986; Gunter 1942; Gunter 1956; Holt et al. 1981 a;
    pelagic (Breuer 1957; Peters and McMichael 1987;       Perret et al. 1980; Peters and McMichael 1987;
    Ward and Armstrong 1980). Juveniles and adults         Simmons 1957; Simmons and Breuer 1962; Yokel
    are pelagic and nektonic (Benson 1982; Breuer          1966). Found in a wide variety of habitats perhaps
    1957; Gunter 1945; Holt et al. 1981a; Osbum et al.    due to their movements from bay shores to quiet
    1982; Peters and McMichael 1987; Ward and              backwater areas asthey grow and begin to disperse
    Armstrong 1980).  Juveniles are often found in         throughthe bay(Petersand McMichael 1987). Prefer
    schools, but adults are largely solitary when living in  shallow, protected, open waters of estuaries, coves,
    shallow water (Adkins et al. 1979; Benson 1982;        and secondary bays with depths up to 3.05 m, but
    Breuer 1957; Christmas and Waller 1973; Osburn et      may also be found near the mouths of tidal passes.
    al. 1982; Overstreet 1983; Pearson 1929; Peters and    Juveniles have also been reported from tidal pools,
    McMichael 1987; Simmons and Breuer 1962). Some         marsh habitats, depressions in marshy areas, boat
    schools in the Gulf of Mexico are associated with      basins, bayous, flats, channels, reefs, back bays,
    schools of Pogonias cromis, Megalops atlanticus,       around islands, near river mouths, and occasionally
    Caranx crysos,  Euthynnus alletteratus,  and          the surf along the Gulf of Mexico in the spring
    Trachinotus carolinus, at least when near shore,      following hatching. Olderjuveniles tend to move into
    although they do not randomly mix with schools of      slightly deeper, more open waters and into primary
    otherspecies. Largeschoolscan contain 150,000to        bays (Benson 1982; Breuer 1957; Osburn et al.
    200,000 individuals and first appear about April and   1982; Christmas and Waller 1973, Crocker et al.
    disappear offshore from September to October.          1981; Holt et al. 1981a; Overstreet 1983; Pafford
    Schools are often spread out more during summer        1981; Pearson 1929; Perret et al. 1980; Peters and
    than in spring or autumn (Overstreet 1983; Perret et   McMichael 1987; Simmons and Breuer 1962; Reid
    al. 1980).Activityseemstobeequallydividedbetween       1955; Simmons 1957; Swingle 1971; Ward and
    night and day (Benson 1982; Minelloand Zimmerman       Armstrong 1980; Yokel 1966; Zimmerman 1969.
    1983; Peters and McMichael 1987; Zirhmerman
    1969).                                                Adult: Euryhaline (Benson 1982; Crockeret al. 1981;
                                                            Daniels and Robinson 1986; Gunter 1942; Gunter
    Habitat                                                1956; Holt et al. 1981a; Simmons and Breuer
    ITYe:                                                  1962).Occasionally found in shallow bays, but tend
    Eggs and larvae: Spawning occurs in nearshore         to spend more time in marine habitats aftertheir first
    waters close to barrier island passes and channels.    spawning. They are typically found in the Gulf of
    Larvae and post-larvae are carried by tidal currents   Mexico in littoral and shallow nearshore waters off
    into the shallow inside waters of bays and estuaries   beaches (Benson 1982; Overstreet 1983; Pafford
    (Benson 1982; Heffernan 1973; Holt et al. 1981 a;      1981; Perret et al. 1980; Ross et al. 1983; Ward and
    Pearson 1929; Peters and McMichael 1987; Yokel         Armstrong 1980). Often caught in more offshore
    1966). Larvae move through the passes and tend to      waters, as far as 25 km from shore in depths up to 40
    seek shallow, slack water along the sides of the       m, and are commonly reported from depths of 40 to
    channels to prevent being carried offshore during      70 m; occasionally caught on Gulf reefs (Benson
    periods of ebb tide (King 1971). As larvae enter       1982; Heffernan 1973; Lux 1969; Overstreet 1983;
    inside waters, they seek grassy quiet coves, tidal     Ross et al. 1983).
    flats, and lagoons where the vegetation protects
    them from predators and swept back offshore during     Substrate:
    ebbtides, andtheycan avoid rough watersuntilthey       Larvae/early juveniles: Newly hatched larvae are
    are strong enough to swim actively (Holt et al. 1983;  found in the Gulf surf over pure sand bottoms, but
    Overstreet 1983; Pearson 1929; Perret et al. 1980;     prefer muddy bottoms after entering bays and
    Simmons and Breuer 1962; Ward and Armstrong            estuaries. Occur in inshore waters over substrates
    1980; Yokel 1966). Eggs fromcaptive spawns develop     of mud, sand, or sandy mud bottoms as well as in and

                                                        70

                                                                                Red drum species profile, cont.
    among patchy sea grass meadows. Small fish are          Salinity: All life stages are sensitive to high salinities
    probably more successful at capturing prey in the       when combined with high temperatures, but this is
    less dense vegetation areas while living in areas of    influenced by the size of the fish (Simmons 1957).
    greater sea grass density may help them to avoid        Eggs and larvae in particular are sensitive to
    predation (Benson 1982; Holt et al. 1983; Overstreet    environmental conditions (Overstreet 1983).
    1983; Perret et al. 1980; Pearson 1929; Simmons
    and Breuer 1962; Ward and Armstrong 1980; Yokel         Eggs: Eggs fromcaptive spawns develop successfully
    1966). Normally associated with such sea grasses        into feeding larvae at salinities of 10 to 40 ppt in a
    as Halodule beaudettes, Ruppia maritima, and            temperature of 250 C. Below 10 ppt hatch rate is
    Thallasia testudinum(Perret et al. 1980;Zimmerman      poor, and below 25 ppt eggs sink resulting in losses
    1969).                                                  from fungal infection, crowding, and low oxygen
                                                             (Vetter et al. 1983). High salinities coupled with high
    Large juveniles/adults: Common over muddy, sandy,       temperatures were associated with poor yolk-sac
    or oyster reef bottoms with little or no sea grass      larvae survival (Holt et al. 1981 a). Salinities reported
    (Perret et al. 1980; Yokel 1966).                       best for 24 h survival and hatch are 30 ppt at 25� C
                                                             and 34 to 36.5 ppt at 23 to 26� C (Lee et al. 1984; Neff
    Phvsical/chemical: Tolerance to the environment         et al. 1982; Overstreet 1983).
    changes with age (life history), season, and
    geography (Crocker et al. 1981).                        Larvae: Larvae from captive spawns were more
                                                             stenohaline than older life stages, particularly during
    Temperature: Eggs/larvae: Eggs and newly hatched        the first two weeks after hatching with best survival
    larvae tend to be stenothermal, but become more         around 30 ppt (Crocker et al. 1981; Holt et al. 1981 a;
    eurythermal at 10 da and older (Crocker et al. 1981).   Overstreet 1983). One article reports tolerance from
    Eggs and larvae from captive spawns havedeveloped       <1 to 50 ppt and a preference of 20 to 40 ppt salinity
    over a temperature range of 20 to 300 C with optimal    (Ward and Armstrong).  Larvae and post-larvae
    survival at 25� C, while higher temperatures (30 and    collected in the wild were found in a salinity range of
    35� C) were associated with poor yolk sac larvae        16 to 36.4 ppt (Peters and McMichael 1987; Yokel
    survival (Holt et al. 1981 a; Lee et al. 1984; Overstreet  1966).
    1983). Larvae and post-larvae have been collected
    inthewild from 18.3 to 31.0� C (Peters and McMichael    Juveniles/adults: Euryhaline (Benson 1982; Crocker
    1987; Perret et al. 1980; Yokel 1966).                  et al. 1981; Daniels and Robinson 1986; Gunter
                                                             1942; Gunter 1956; Holt et al. 1981a; Perret et al.
    Juveniles: Eurythermal, found in waters ranging in      1980; Simmons and Breuer 1962; Yokel 1966). Very
    temperature from 2.0 to 34.90 C (Adkins et al. 1979;    efficient osmoregulators with the ability to tolerate
    Barret et al. 1978; Bonin 1977; Christmas and Waller    abrupt changes in salinity which is especially important
    1973; Daniels and Robinson 1986; Franks 1970;           to juveniles in the estuarine environment. Juveniles
    Gunter 1945; Holt et al. 1981 a; Peters and McMichael   appear more tolerant to low salinity, whereas adults
    1987; Perret et al. 1971; Perret et al. 1980; Simmons   that are less dependent on estuarine areas and
    and Breuer 1962; Tarver and Savoie 1976; Yokel          spend more time at sea are more tolerant of high
    1966). Appear to prefer temperatures ranging from       salinity (Crocker et al. 1983; Yokel 1966). Collected
    10 to30� C (Ward and Armstrong 1980). Juveniles in      regularly from a salinity range of 0 to 45 ppt, but only
    heated discharge waters have survived up to 35� C,      rarely at 50 ppt or above (Crocker et al. 1981; Barret
    but at 39� C some mortality occurred, apparently        et al. 1978; Bonin 1977; Christmas and Waller 1973;
    from handling stress (Overstreet 1983).  Large          Daniels and Robinson 1986; Franks 1970; Gunter
    numbers have been reported killed in sudden severe      1945; Holt et al. 1981a; Juneau 1975; Perret et al.
    cold spells, but normally fish will move into deeper    1971; Perret et al. 1980; Peters and McMichael
    waters during periods of extreme temperatures           1987; Simmons 1957; Simmons and Breuer 1962;
    (Adkins et al. 1979; Simmons and Breuer 1962).          Tarver and Savoie 1976; Ward and Armstrong 1980;
                                                             Yokel 1966). Large juveniles and adults appear to
    Adults: Eurythermal, collected over a temperature       prefer salinities from 20 to 40 ppt, with maximum
    range from 2.0 to 33� C (Juneau 1975; Daniels and       growth for juveniles occurring at 35 ppt (Benson
    Robinson 1986; Perret et al. 1980; Simmons and          1982; Bonin 1977; Crocker et al. 1981; Holt et al.
    Breuer 1962; Ward and Armstrong 1980; Yokel             1981a; Perret et al. 1980; Ward and Armstrong
    1966). Adults considered more susceptible to the        1980). One report found small juveniles (17-58 mm
    effects of winter cold waves than smaller fish (Yokel   TL) at greatest abundance in salinities below 15 ppt
    1966), and normally move into deeper waters for         (Gunter 1945).
    refuge (Simmons and Breuer 1962).

                                                      71

                                                                               Red drum species profile, cont.
    Other:                                                  adults may remain in the bays year-round, but older
    Oxygen: Fry can not survive low D.O.'s of 0.6-1.8       fishmoveoutintotheopenGulfinlatefallandwinter,
    ppm (Overstreet 1983). Large juveniles have been        andpossiblyduringsummer(Matlock 1987; Perret et
    reported in waters with D.O.'s of 5.2 and 8.4 ppm       al. 1980). This seasonal movement is a gradual one
    (Barret et al. 1978).                                   with fish disappearing offshore presumablyto spawn
                                                            (Benson 1982; Pearson 1929). Class I juveniles
    NH3: The maximum concentration allowing normal          leaving the bay system in the fall probably reenter
    growth of larvae was 0.11 mg/liter, butolderfishwere    wih older juveniles the following spring in a more
    found able to tolerate higher concentrations (Holt      contracted migration (Benson 1982; Pearson 1929;
    and Amrold 1983).                                       Ward and Armstrong 1980). Migrating fish may use
                                                            salinity gradients as predictive cues for directed
    Movements and Migrations                                movements from estuarine to oceanic habitats and
    Relatively  non-migratory  with  no  significant        back (Owens et al. 1982)
    movements, but does have broad random
    movements,  loosely coordinated  temperature            Results from recent studies suggest large offshore
    induced migrations, and strong offshore or deep         fish may have a more extensive migration over time
    water spawning migrations (Adkins et al. 1979; Moe      than was previously thought. This migration may be
    1972; Osburn et al. 1982; Perret et al. 1980; Simmons   dictated by abundance of specificfood items in which
    and Breuer 1962; Ward and Armstrong 1980).              case the red drum might continually migrate in a
    Tagging studies have shown little intra-bay movement    relatively consistent pattern in order to optimize rich
    or bay-Gulf travel, except perhaps for short periods,   areas seasonally (Overstreet 1983; Overstreet and
    and a few individuals with some extensive movement,     Heard 1978; Pafford 1981).
    but very infrequently (Beaumariage 1969; Osbum et
    al. 1982; Pafford 1981; Simmons and Breuer 1962).       Reproduction
    These studies also show fish tagged in the Gulf of      Mode: Fertilization in captive fish is by externally
    Mexico  remained there, perhaps  permanently            broadcast sexual products.
    (Simmons and Breuer 1962; Simmons and Hoese
    1959).                                                  Matina and Soawnina: Onset and duration vary with
                                                            photoperiod, water temperature, and possibly other
    Eggs, larvae, and early juveniles are carried bytides   factors (Holt et al. 1981a; Overstreet 1983), but
    and currents in late fall into the shallow estuaries and  typically lasts from latesummerthrough earlywinter,
    bays with peaks occurring in October. Larvae tend       usually beginning in September and ending in early
    tomovethrough barrier island passes in mid-channel      January, with peaks in mid-September through
    surface waters with thetidal current (Bass and Avault   October and then declining (Benson 1982; Boothby
    1975; Benson 1982; Holt et al. 1981a; King 1971).       and Avault 1971;Christmas and Waller 1973; Gunter
    Fish move from bay shores farther into the estuaryto    1945; Heffeman 1973; Holt et al. 1981a; Lee et al.
    quiet back water areas as they grow, eventually         1984; Matlock 1987; Overstreet 1983; Perret et al.
    occupying secondary bays considerable distances         1980; Welsh and Breder 1924; Yokel 1966). Occurs
    from their original point of entry (Perret et al. 1980;  in nearshore coastal waters on the Gulf side of
    Peters and McMichael 1987; Yokel 1966). Young           barrierislands usually in ornear passes and channels
    drum will leave these shallow areas when ca. 40-120     between islands where currents can carry eggs to
    mm or 85-100 mm TL and move into primary bays           shallow inside waters (Benson 1982; Breuer 1957;
    and somewhat deeper waters (>1.8 m).  This              Gunter 1945; Higgins and Lord 1926; Holt et al.
    movement may be accelerated by cold (Osbum et al.       1981 a; Lee et al. 1984; Matlock 1987; Pearson 1929;
    1982; Pearson 1929; Peters and McMichael 1987;          Peters and McMichael 1987; Perret et al. 1980;
    Yokel 1966). Movement of sub-adults (<3 years) in       Yokel 1966).   One study estimated spawning
    bays appears limited with schools remaining in a        occurring 7.3 to 21.9 m offshore of a natural pass in
    single localeforseveral months (Osburn et al. 1982).    Texas (Heffeman 1973). Spawning activities are
    Most movements bythis group apparently consist of       initiated in early evening ornight (Guest 1978; Holt et
    responses to temperature and salinity, and foraging     al. 1981b; Overstreet 1983).
    which can be considerable even if the fish remain
    within a small general area (Overstreet 1983;Pafford    ReDroductive  Caoacitv:  Captive  fish spawn
    1981). As juveniles approach 200 mm TL during           repeatedly and produce large numbers (ca. 106/
    their first spring, they may remain in deep water       spawn) of small buoyant eggs (Vetter et al. 1983).
    areas of bays or congregate near passes usually         Estimated number of oocytes from a 758 mm SL
    occurring  in large. aggregations  (Peters and          femalewas61,998,776whencalculatedbyvolumetric
    McMichael 1987; Simmons and Hoese 1959). Sub-           means, or94,513,172 using thegravimetric method

                                                         72

                                                                                Red drum species profile, cont.
    (Overstreet 1983). Inoneexperiment, 10-1 2spawns/       the ventral and anal fins remains of larval fin fold.
    fish over 90-100 days were typical, with one captive
    fish spawning 31 times over 90 days, while another      Temperature hasa pronounced effect on larvalgrowth
    reported 3 females spawning 52 times in 76 days,        (Holt et al. 1981b; Lee et al 1984). The yolk-sac
    producing an estimated 6 x 107 eggs.  Captive           stage can range from 40 h at 30� C to 85 h at 200 C
    spawns were around 1 million/spawn during the first     (Holt et al. 1981a; Holt et al. 1981b), and larval
    45 days, dropping to 10-100 thousand thereafter.        growth can average 17.74 p/da at 240 and 30.25 p/
    The maximum recorded spawn was 2,058,000/fish           da at 28� C. Two distinct growth periods are evident
    during one night (Arnold et al. 1979; Overstreet        in early larval development.  One extends from
    1983). A maximal single spawn apparently exists,        hatching through depletion of the yolk-sac, while the
    estimated as 30,000,000 for 9-14 kg fish (Overstreet    otherbegins with the onset of active feeding. Growth
    1983).                                                  rate in terms of SL was low in the first stage and
                                                             averaged less than 0.06 mm/da or more (Lee et al.
    Growth and Development                                  1984).
    Egg: Oviparous, spherical, and buoyant. Mean
    diameter of 0.95 mm and a range of 0.86-0.98 mm.        Juvenile: 8.0 mm SL to ca. 40 mm TL (Gunter 1945;
    Usuallyone and upto six clearoil globules averaging     Peters and McMichael 1987). Above 10 mm TL,
    0.27 mm (0.24-0.31 mm) present. The perivitelline       pigment rapidlyappearswithdistinctivecolorpattems
    space varies in size, but is generally less than 2% of  at ca. 25 mm TL. Twenty to 50 dark distinct blotches
    the egg diameter (Holt et al. 1981b; Vetter et al.      present at this point from the lateral line tothe dorsal
    1983). Eggs spawned at 240 C and 28 ppt hatch in        fin on each side of the trunk.  At 36 mm TL, a
    19-20 h (Arnold et al. 1979), 22 h when spawned at      pronouncedchromatophoreenlargementatthebase
    230 C and 36 ppt (Vetter et al. 1983), and 28-29 h at   of the upper caudal fin appears that results in the
    22-23� C (Holt et al. 1981b). Live eggs float with oil  characteristic black ocelli. At 42 mm TL, juveniles
    globule on top, and animal pole downward. Eggs 1.5      are morphologically identical to adults except for a
    h after fertilization (AF) are in 1-4 cell stage; morula  slightly more pointed caudal fin and lack of distinct
    stage occurs ca. 2.5 h AF; blastula forms by 3 h AF     ocelli. Ocelli faintly visible at 50 mm TL and very
    and many are in gastrula stage. Somites form 14 h       apparent at 75 mm TL.  Brown lateral blotches
    AF. Eye lenses evident in the optic vesicles at 17-19   enlarge with fish until 150 mm TL, and then tend to
    h AF and tail begins to elongate and bend with          fade and finally disappear (Pearson 1929; Simmons
    curvature of egg. Section of brain evident at 24-29 h   and Breuer 1962). Growth tends to be sporadic in
    AF; tail lengthened past oil globule and free of yolk   juveniles averaging 18.8 mm TL/mo or 20.4 mm SLU
    sac; moderately developed finfold present around        mo for the first 7.5 mo of life (Bass and Avault 1975).
    posterior2/3's of embryo (Holt et al. 1981 b). Hatching  Other estimates based on Texas fishes report: 320-
    usuallyoccurs in latesummertoearlywinter, peaking       360 mm SL first year growth; 500 mm SL second
    in September-October (Matlock 1987).                    year; 550-600 third year; 875 mm SL sixth year; 925
                                                             mm SL seventh year; 975-1000 mm SL eighth year
    Larvae: Fish less than 8.0 mm SL are larvae, while      (Miles 1950). Modally averages run: 340 mm SL first
    those 8-15 mm SL fish are considered transitional       year; 540 mm SL second year; 640 mm third year;
    juveniles (Peters and McMichael 1987). Larvae are       750 mm SL fourth year; 840 mm SL fifth year; 330-
    either transparent with no pigment patterns at          356 mm first year; 484-559 second year; 660-762
    hatching, or have a compressed band of dendritic        mm third year; 890-965 fourth or fifth year (Johnson
    melanophores on the ventral surface of the body in      et al. 1977).
    the yolk-sac region (Holt et al. 1981 b). Newly hatched
    larvae are negatively buoyant with SL range of 1.71-    Sexual maturity occurs at the end of the third, fourth,
    1.79 mm (mean 1.74). At 25� C, on the third day after   or fifth year with 5 year old fish constituting the bulk
    hatching, the mouth forms, eyes are pigmented, and      of the spawning population. Males reach maturation
    more time is spent swimming to stay near surface.       during their third year and females mature in their
    Swim bladder is well developed by day 4 and larvae      fourth or fifth year (Benson 1982; Johnson et al.
    remain in a horizontal position in the water column     1977; Pearson 1929; Simmons and Breuer 1962).
    with little effort (Holt et al. 1981 b). Four to 5 mm TL  Generally mature at ca. 700-800 mm TL (Miles 1950;
    fish have yolk-sac present, dorsal and ventral fin      Simmons and Breuer 1962), but smaller ripe fish are
    folds continuous to caudal fin, caudal fin well         occasionallyfound. Maturefishhavebeencollected
    developed as are ventral fins, but rays of dorsal and   in Texas as small as 425 mm TL. Males are presumed
    ventral fins indistinct, ventrals and pectorals obscure  to mature at a smaller size than females and have
    (Peters and McMichael 1987). At 7 mm TL, yolk-sac       been reported from Mississippi to reach maturity at
    hasdisappeared and only a small membrane between        320-395 mm. Another study reported ripe males 500

                                                     73

                                                                              Red drum species profile, cont.
    mm SL and ripe females 550 mm SL from samples           include  Uca  sp.,  Sesarma  reticulatum,
    (Gunter 1945; Miles 1950; Perret et al. 1980). In       Rithropanopeus harrisii, Menippe spp., Eupagurus
    Florida, a 630 mm FL ripe female was collected          spp., Libinia dubia, and Neopanope texana, but are
    (Yokel 1966).                                           generally unimportant (Bass and Avault 1975; Miles
                                                            1949;  Peters and  McMichael  1987).   Crabs
    Adult: Average adult size is 800-850 mm SL (Miles       predominate in the diet of fish 184-625 mm TL,
    1949; Pearson 1929).  This is a long lived fish,        particularly Callinectessapidusand Rithropanopeus
    surviving over eight years (Johnson et al. 1977)        harrisii, as well as some fish (Darnell 1958).
    Largest recorded fish is 1520 mm TL (Pearson
    1929).                                                  Fish play a substantial role in the diet of juveniles >
                                                            15rmm TL, but were most abundant in juveniles > 90
    Food and Feeding                                        mm TL (Bass and Avault 1975; Peters and McMichael
    Diet consists of food items belonging to five major     1987). Juveniles 20-29 mm TI began eating other
    groups: copepods,  mysid shrimp, amphipods,             sciaenids, usually Leiostomusxanthurus and some
    decapods, and fish (Bass and Avault 1975). Utilization  Micropogon undulatus. Otherfish include: Myrophis
    of these groups is determined by their size and         punctatus, Brevoortiapatronus, Anchoasp., Synodus
    availability (Bass and Avault 1975; Boothby and         foetens, Mugil sp., Menidia beryllina, Gobionellus
    Avault 1971; Overstreet and Heard 1978).  The           boleostema, and Citharichthys spilosopterus.
    major prey of larvae are copepods, including
    cyclopoids, calanoids, and harpacticoids as well as     Food habits vary little in fish 250-924 mm SL (Boothby
    various zooplankton (Bass and Avault 1975; Benson       and Avault 1971). Smallerfish generally eat smaller-
    1982; Peters and McMichael 1987). Larvae up to 9        sized items, but the three main groups, shrimp,
    mm TL subsist on copepods and their nauplii that        crabs, and fish, were eaten by all size classes. No
    range from 0.4-1.5 mm TL (Bass and Avault 1975).        noticeable difference has been observed between
    The calanoid Acartia sp. occur most frequently, but     the diets of males and females (Boothby and Avault
    species of cyclopoids, harpacticoids, and calagoids     1971). Red drum 245-745 mm TL have been found
    are also found. Although they appear in juveniles 10-   to consume algae, grass, eggs, cysts, detritus, mud
    39 mm TL, copepods cease to be important in             and sand, annelids, ostracods, amphipods, fish,
    volume by 10-19 mm TL. Mysid shrimp, particularly       penaeid shrimp, squid, blue crabs, Palaemonetes
    Mysidopsis almyra, appear from 10-169 mm TL, but        vulgaris, Panopeus herbstii, Neopanope texana,
    are most important in small juveniles 10-49 mm, TL      Crago sp., Calianassa jamaicense, Mugil sp.,
    constituting 70-100% of their diet (Bass and Avault     Myrophis punctatus, Gobiosoma bosci, Cyprinodon
    1975; Peters and McMichael 1987). Fish 30 mm TL         variegatus, Sygnathus scovelli, Anchoa mitchilli, Arius
    and over eat small crustaceans like schizopods and      felis, Luciana parva, Leiostomus xanthurus, and
    amphipods (Darnell 1958). Gammarid amphipods            Symphurus plagiusa (Breuer 1957; Bryan 1971;
    are consistently found in 10-109 mm TL fish and are     Dieneretal. 1974; Gunter 1945; Knapp 1949; Pearson
    a dominant food item in fish 30-60 mm TL (Bass and      1929; Reid 1955; Reid et al. 1956; Simmons 1957).
    Avault 1975; Peters and McMichael 1987). Generally      Although crustaceans as a group exceed fish in
    at least five species including the genera Ampelisca    frequency of occurrence and per cent volume, fish
    and Carinogammadus are a minor part of the diet,        are consumed more frequently, in greater numbers,
    but are moderately important in fish 30-49 mm TL. A     and in greater volume than shrimp or crabs alone.
    largevariety of decapods are eaten byfish 8-120 mm      Plant and substrate material that occurs in stomach
    TL. The first to appear are caridean shrimp, usually    contents is probablytaken incidentallyduring feeding
    Palaemonetespugio, as well as Hippolytezostericola,     activities. Fish are generally more prevalent in the
    Crangonspp., and Apheid shrimp. These are eaten         diet of red drum during winter and spring months,
    until fish reach 150-159 mm TL. Penaeid shrimp,         Brevoortiasp. being a favorite. Crustaceans become
    Penaeus setiferus, P. duorarum, and P. aztecus,         increasingly more important during late spring and
    enterthe diet of fish 70-79 mm, and become important    by summer are the main staple and continue as such
    at 90-99 mm TL and larger (Bass and Avault 1975;        until late fall. Shrimp appear more frequently in the
    Miles 1949; Overstreet and Heard 1978; Peters and       spring, summer, and fall. Crabs are more frequent
    McMichael 1987). At 100-1 75 mm TL, the chief food      than shrimp only in the winter (Boothby and Avault
    items are small penaeid shrimp, palaemonetid shrimp,    1971).
    small mullet, silversides, gobies, and small crabs
    (Simmons and Breuer 1962). Callinectes sapidus          Other organisms eaten byjuveniles contributed little
    and C. spp. appear at 40-49 mm TL and assume            tostomachcontentvolumewiththepossibleexception
    importance at 70-79 mm TL. Other crabs are found        of polychaetes, especially Glycera americana (Bass
    predominantly in larger juveniles (>105 mm TL) and      and Avault 1975; Peters and McMichael 1987). These

                                                          74

                                                                                 Red drum species profile, cont.
    were eaten by 30-139 mm TL fish, but were most          Arnold Jr., E. L., R. S. Wheeler, and K. N. Baxter.
    important to 60-79 mm TL (Bass and Avault 1975;         1960. Observations on fishes and otherbiota of East
    Overstreet and Heard 1978).  Echinoderms are            Lagoon, Galveston Island. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
    eaten regularly by large fish, but are not an important  Spec. Sci. Rep., Fish. No. 344: 1-30.
    diet item (Overstreet and Heard 1978).
                                                             Barret, B. B., J. L. Merrell, T. P. Morrison, M. C.
    Inadditiontothemainfoodspeciesarethefollowing           Gillespie, E. J. Ralph, and J. F. Burdon. 1978. A
    occasional specific animals: molluscs- Bamea             study of Louisiana's major estuaries and adjacent
    truncata;  Petricola  pholodiformes;  Sinum             offshore waters. La. Dept. Wildl. Fish.,Tech. No. 27:
    perspectivum; crustaceans- Callinectes simulis;          197 pp.
    Hepatus epheliticus; Ovalipes ocellatus; Pagurus
    longicarpus;  Portunus gibbesi;  Squilla sp.;           Bass, R. J. and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1975. Food habits,
    echinoderms-   Mellita  quinquiesperforata;              length-weight relationship, condition factor, and
    Sclerodactyla briareus; fishes- Fundulus majalis;       growth of juvenile red drum, SciaenoDs ocellatus, in
    Menticirrhus americanus; Lagodon rhomboides;            Louisiana. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 104(1): 35-45.
    Opsanus tau, Trachinotus carolinus; and Trinectes
    maculatus (Boothby and Avault 1971; Miles 1949;         Beaumariage, D. S. 1969. Returns from the 1965
    Overstreet and Heard 1978; Pearson 1929). Isopods,      Schlitz tagging program including a cumulative
    bivalve siphons, bivalves, and a marsh rat have also    analysis of previous results. St. Fla. Dept. Nat. Res.,
    been reported from stomach contents, but these          Tech. Ser. No. 59.
    items have never been abundant (Pearson 1929;
    Peters and McMichael 1987).                             Benson,  N.  G.,  (editor).  1982.  Life history
                                                             requirements of selected finfish and shellfish in
    Ecological Interactions and Notes                       Mississippi Sound and adjacent areas. U. S. Fish
    Several organisms are known to parasitize red drum      Wildl. Serv., Off. Biol. Serv., FWS/OBS-81/51 .97 pp.
    possibly as a consequence of the diverse foods
    consumed (Overstreet 1983; Perret 1980; Yokel            Bonin, R. E. 1977. Juvenile marine fishes of Harbor
    1966).   Known parasites include: Sporozoans-           Island, Texas. M. S. Thesis, Texas A&M  Univ.,
    Hennequya  ocellata; Trematodes- unidentified;          College Station, TX. 109 pp.
    Cestodes- Poecilan cistrium robustum (known as
    spaghettiworm) infecting muscles andoften resulting      Boothby, R. N. and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1971. Food
    in fish being discarded; Copepods- parasitized most     habits, length-weight relationship, and condition factor
    heavily by this group, contains Brachiella qulosa, B.   of the red drum (SciaenoDs ocellatus) in southeastern
    intermedia, Echetus typicus, Lernaeenicus radiatus,     Louisiana. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 100(2): 290-295.
    Caliqus latifrons, C. repax, C. bonito, C. haemulonis,
    and Lernanthropus paenulatus; Isopods- Nerocila          Breuer, J. P. 1957. An ecological survey of Baffin and
    sp. (Perret et al. 1980;Simmons 1957; Yokel 1966).      Alazan Bays, Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. 4(2): 134-
                                                             155.
    Barnacles, Balanus improvisus, are known to attach
    to the flanks of red drums (Overstreet 1983).            Bryan, C. E. 1971. An ecological survey of the Arroyo
                                                             Colorado, Texas 1966-1969. Tex. Parks and Wildl.
    References                                               Dept., Tech. Ser. No. 10. 28 pp.
    Adkins, G., J. Tarver, P. Bowman, and B. Savoie.
    1979. A study of the coastal finfish in coastal         Cardeilhac, P. T., C. F. Simpson, F. H. White, N.P.
    Louisiana. La. Dept. Wildl. Fish. Tech. Bull. No. 29:   Thompson, and W.E. Carr. 1981. Evidence for metal
    87 pp.                                                   poisoning in acute deaths of large red drum
                                                             (Sciaenops ocellatus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
    Anonymous. 1983. Texas biologists cross redfish          27: 639-644.
    and black drum. Mar. Fish. Rev. 45: 72.
                                                             Christmas, J. Y. and R. S. Waller. 1973. Estuarine
    Arnold, C. R., W. H. Bailey, T. D. Williams, A.         vertebrates, Mississippi, In: Christmas, J.Y. (editor)
    Johnson, and J. L. Lasswell. 1979. Laboratory            Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and
    spawning and larval rearingof reddrumand southern        study - Mississippi. Miss. Mar. Cons. Comm., Ocean
    flounder. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish         Springs, Mississippi, pp. 320-434.
    Wildl. Agen. 31:437-440.

                                                      75

                                                                                 Red drum species profile, cont.
    Crocker, P. A., C. R. Arnold, J. A. DeBoer, and G.J.     Heffernan, T. L. and R. J. Kemp. 1982. The conflicts
    Holt. 1983. Blood osmolality shift in juvenile red       andcontroversies surrounding red drum and spotted
    drum, Sciaenoos ocellatus L. exposedtofresh water.       seatrout. Mar. Rec. Fish. 7: 57-63.
    J. Fish Biol. 23: 315-319.
                                                             Higgins, E., and R. Lord. 1926. Preliminary report on
    Crocker, P. A., C. R. Arnold, J. A. DeBoer, and J.D.     the marine fisheries of Texas. Rep. U. S. Comm.
    Holt. 1981. Preliminary evaluation of survival and       Fish. 1926: 167-199.
    growth of juvenile red drum (ciaenos oceliatus) in
    freshandsaltwater.WorldMaricultureSociety12(1):          Hoese, H. D. and R. H. Moore. 1977. Fishes of the
    122-134.                                                 Gulf of Mexico. Texas A&M Univ., College Station,
                                                             TX. 327 pp.
    Daniels, W. H., and E. H. Robinson. 1986. Protein
    and energy requirements of juvenile red drum             Holt, G.J.,andC. R. Amold.1983. Effects of ammonia
    (Sciaeno ,s ocellatus). Aquaculture 53: 243-252.         and nitrite on growth and survival of red dium eggs
                                                             and larvae. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 112: 314-318.
    Damell, R. M. 1958. Food habits of fishes and larger
    invertebrates of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, an       Holt, J., R. Godbout, and C. R. Amold. 1981a. Effects
    estuarine community. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. 5: 353-       of temperature and salinity on egg hatching and
    416.                                                     larval survival of red drum, Sciaenos wellatus.
                                                              Fish. Bull., U. S. 79(3): 569-573.
    Diener, R. A., A. Inglis, and G. B. Adams. 1974.
    Stomach contents of fishes from Clear Lake and           Holt, J., A. G.Johnson, C. R. Arnold, W. A. Fable, Jr.,
    tributary waters, a Texas estuarine area. Contrib.       and T. D. Williams. 1981 b. Description of eggs and
    Mar. Sci. 18: 7-17.                                      larvae of laboratory reared red drum, Sciaenops
                                                             ocellatus. Copeia 1981 (4): 752-756.
    Franks, J. S. 1970. An investigation of the fish
    population within the inland waters of Horn Island,      Holt, S. A., C. L. Kitting, and C. R. Arnold. 1983.
    Mississippi, a barrier island in the northern Gulf of    Distributionof young reddrums amongdifferent sea-
    Mexico. Gulf Res. Rep. 3(1): 3-104.                      grass meadows. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 112: 267-
                                                              271.
    Guest, W. C. 1978. A note on courtship behavior and
    sound productionof red drum. Copeia 1978(2): 337-        Johnson, J., W. A. Fable Jr., T. D. Williams, and C.
    338.                                                      R. Arnold. 1977. Description of reared eggs and
                                                              young larvae of the red drum, Sciaenops ocellata.
    Gunter, G. 1942. A list of the fishes of the mainland    Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Fed. Aid Completion Rep.,
    of North and Middle America recorded from both            Prof. F-31-R. Austin, TX. Pp. 118-127.
    freshwater and sea water. Amer. Midi. Nat. 28(2):
    305-326.                                                 Juneau Jr., C. L. 1975. An inventory and study of the
                                                              Vermilion Bay-Atchafalaya Bay Complex. La. Wildl.
    Gunter, G. 1945. Studies on marine fishes of Texas.       Fish. Comm., Tech. Bull. No. 13: 21-74.
    Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. 1(1): 1-190.
                                                              King IlI, B.D. 1971. Study of migratory patterns of fish
    Gunter, G. 1956. A revised list of the euryhaline        and shellfish through a natural pass. Tex. Parks
    fishesof NorthandMiddleAmerica.Amer. Midi. Nat.          Wildl. Dept., Tech. Ser. No. 9., 54 pp.
    56: 345-354.
                                                              Knapp, F.T. 1949. Menhaden utilization in relation to
    Heffernan, T. L. 1973. Survey of adult red drum          the conservation of food and game fishes of the
    (Sciaenopsocellatus).Tex. ParksWildl. Dept.,Coast.       Texas Gulf coast. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 79: 137-
    Fish. Branch, Proj. Rep., pp. 37-66.                     194.

    Heffeman, T. L. and R. J. Kemp. 1980. Management         Lee, W. Y., G. J. Holt, and C. R. Arnold. 1984. Growth
    of the red drum resource in Texas. Proc. Red Drum        of red drum larvae in the laboratory. Trans. Amer.
    and Seatrout Colloq. ln: Gulf States Mar. Fish Comm.,     Fish. Soc. 113: 243-246.
    pp. 71-80. Spec. Rep. No. 5.
                                                              Lux, F. E. 1969. First record of the channel bass,
                                                              Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus), in the Gu If of Maine.
                                                              Copeia 1969(3): 632-633.

                                                           76

                                                                                 Red drum species profile, cont.
    Matlock, G. C. 1980. History and management of the        Freeport, Texas, 1979-1981. NOAA Tech. Mem.
    red drum fishery.  Proc. Red Drum and Seatrout            NMFS-SEFC-69. 58 pp.
    Colloq. In: Gulf States Mar. Fish Comm., Spec. Rep.
    No. 5, pp. 37-53.                                         Overstreet, R. M. 1983. Aspects of the biology of the
                                                              red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, In: Miss. Gulf Res.
    Matlock, G. C. 1987. The role of hurricanes in            Rep., Suppl. 1, pp. 45-68.
    determining year-class strength of red drum. Contrib.
    Mar. Sci. 30: 39-47.                                      Overstreet, R. M. and R. W. Heard. 1978. Food of the
                                                              red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, from Mississippi
    Matlock, G. C., J. E. Weaver, A. W. Green. 1977.          Sound. Gulf Res. Rep. 6(2): 131-135.
    Trends in spotted seatrout and red drum abundance
    in Texas coastal waters influenced by commercial          Pafford, J. M. 1981. Seasonal movement and
    netting activities. Proc. Annu. Conf. SoutheastAssoc.     migration of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in
    Fish Wildl. Agen. 31: 477-483.                            Georgia's coastal waters. Estuaries 4(3): 279-280.

    Miles, D. W. 1949. A study of the food habits of the      Pearson,J. C. 1929. Natural history and conservation
    fishes of the Aransas Bay area.  Univ. Houston,           of redfish and other commercial sciaenids on the
    Houston, TX. 70 pp.                                       Texas coast. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 44: 129-214.

    Miles, D. W. 1950. The life histories of the sea-trout,   Perret, W. S., W. R. Latapie, J. F. Pollard, W. R.
    Cvnoscion nebulosus, and the redfish, Sciaenogs           Mock. G. B. Adkins, W. J. Gaidry, and C. J. White.
    ocellatus. Sexual development. Tex. Game Fish             1971. Fishes and invertebrates collected intrawland
    Comm., Ann. Rep. Sept. 1, 1950 to Aug. 31, 1950.          seinesamplesinLouisianaestuaries, ln:Cooperative
    Rockport, TX.                                             Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study.
                                                              Louisiana. La. Wildl. Fish. Comm., New Orleans, LA.
    Minello, T. J. and R. J. Zimmerman. 1983. Fish            41-105.
    predation on juvenile brown shrimp, Penaeus azecus
    Ives: The effect of simulated Spartina structure on       Perret, W. S., J. E. Weaver, R. Q. Williams, P. L.
    predation sites. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 72:211-231.     Johansen, T. D. Mcllwan, R. C. Raulerson, W. M.
                                                              Tatum. 1980. Fishery profiles of red drum and spotted
    Moe Jr., M. A. 1972. Movement and migration of            seatrout. Gulf St. Mar. Fish. Comm., 60 pp.
    south Florida fishes. Fla. Dept. Nat. Res., Tech. Ser.
    No. 69: 1-25.                                             Peters, K. M. and R. H. McMichael, Jr. 1987. Early life
                                                              history of the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Pisces:
    Neff, J. M., M. P. Coglianese, A. Reitsema, S.            Sciaenidae), in Tampa Bay, Florida. Estuaries 10(2):
    Anderson, and W. McCulloch. 1982. Brine toxicity          92-107.
    bioassays on redfish. Vol. V (Pt. A). In: Jackson, W.
    B. (editor). Shrimpand redfish studies; Bryan Mound       Reid, G. K., A. Inglis, and H. D. Hoese. 1956.
    brine disposal site off Freeport, Texas, 1979-1981.       Summer foods of some fish species in East Bay,
    NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFC-69. 82 pp.                      Texas. Southwest Nat. 1(3): 100-104.

    National Marine Fisheries Service. 1986. Final            Reid Jr., G. K. 1955. A summer study of the biology
    secretarial fishery management plan, regulatory           and ecology of East Bay, Texas: Pt. II. Tex. J. Sci. 7:
    impact review, regulatory flexibility analysis for the    430-453.
    red drum fishery of the Gulf of Mexico. December
    1986. Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Nat. Ocean. Atmos.           Ross, J. L., J. S. Pavela, and M. E. Chittenden, Jr.
    Admin., U. S. Dept. Comm. 104 pp.                         1983. Seasonaloccurrence of black drum, Pogonias
                                                              cromis and red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, off Texas.
    Osburn, H.R., G.C. Matlock, and A.W. Green. 1982.         Northeast Gulf Sci. 6(1): 67-70.
    Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) movement in Texas
    bays. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 25: 885-97.                      Simmons, E. G. 1957. An ecological survey of the
                                                              upper Laguna Madre of Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci.
    Owens, D. W., K. A. Jones, and B. J. Gallaway. 1982.      4(2): 156-200.
    Brine avoidance/attraction bioassays on redfish. Vol.
    V (Pt. B). In: Jackson, W.B. (editor). Shrimp and
    redfish studies; Bryan Mound brine disposal sites off

                                                       77

                                                                                 Red drum species profile, cont.
    Simmons, E. G. and J. P. Breuer. 1962. A study of
    redfish, Sciaenops ocellatus Linnaeus and black
    drum, Poonias cromis Linnaeus. Pubi. Inst. Mar.
    Sci. 8: 189-211.

    Simmons, E. G., and H. D. Hoese. 1959. Studies on
    the hydrography and fish migrations of Cedar Bayou,
    a natural tidal inlet on the central Texas coast. Publ.
    Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 6: 56-80.

    Swingle, H. A. 1971. Biology of Alabama estuarine
    areas-cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory.
    Ala. Res. Bull. No. 5: 1-123.

    Swingle, W., T. Leary, C. Davis, V. Blomo, W. Tatum,
    M. Murphy, R. Taylor, G. Adkins, T. Mcllwain, and G.
    Matlock. 1984. Fishery profile of red drum. Gulf of
    Mexico Fish. Mgt. Coun. and Gulf States Mar. Fish.
    Comm. 74 pp.

    Tarver, J. W. and L. B. Savoie. 1976. An inventory
    and study of the Lake Pontchartrain-Lake Maurepas
    estuarine complex. La. Wildl. Fish. Comm., Tech.
    Bull. No. 19: 1-159.

    Vetter, R. D., R. E. Hodson, and C. R. Arnold. 1983.
    Energy metabolism in a rapidly developing marine
    fish egg, the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Can. J.
    Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 627-634.

    Ward, G. H. and N. E. Armstrong. 1980. Matagorda
    Bay, Texas: its hydrography, ecology and fishery
    resources. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Prog.,
    Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS-81/52. 230 pp.

    Welsh, W. W. and C. M. Breder, Jr. 1924.
    Contributions to life histories of Sciaenidae of the
    eastern United States Coast. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 39:
    141-201.

    Yokel, B. J. 1966. A contribution to the biology and
    distribution of the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, M.
    S. Thesis, Univ. Miami. 161 pp.

    Zimmerman, R. J. 1969. An ecological study of the
    macro-fauna occurring in turtle grass (Thaiassia
    testudinum Konig) surrounding Ransom Island in
    Redfish Bay, Texas. M. S. Thesis, Texas A&l Univ.,
    Kingsville, TX., 129 pp.

                                                           78

                                                           Red drum - Galveston Bay data sheet

    SCIENTIFIC NAME:  Sciaenops ocellatus    REGION:           Gulf of Mexico
    COMMON NAME:   Red drum                  STATE:            Texas
    ESTUARY NAME:  Galveston Bay             INVESTIGATOR:  Tom Czapla

                SALINITY  LIFE            RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
         ZONE         STAGE                      BY MONTH
                                 J  F  M   A  M   J  J   A  S  O   N  D    R
                     ADULTS   n.                     ..  '   .  g                 2
                     SPAWNING                                                     1
      TIDAL FRESH   JUVENILES -                                       ________   2
      0.0 - 0.5 ppt   LARVAE                                                      1
                     EGGS                                                         1
                     ADULTS       X.                                              2
           MIXING   SPAWNING                                                      1
     0.5 - 25.0 ppt   JUVENILES                                                   2
                     LARVAE                                                       1
                     EGGS                                                         1
                     ADULTS                                                       2
                     SPAWNING                                                     3
      SEAWATER2
        25.0 ppt    JUVENILES      _      __                                      2
                     LARVAE                                                       2
                     EGGS                                                         3

    Peaks: Juveniles peak in fall

    Legend:    Relative Abundance:                        Data Reliability (R):

                    = Not Present                        1 = Highly Certain

               -II***I����1 ..= No Data                   2 = Moderately Certain
               go]= Rare                                  3= Reasonable Inference

                   _= Common

               -_= Abundant

                 II   =  Highly Abundant

                                        79

    A.     Baxter, K. N.           National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston
    B.     Benefield, R. L.        Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Seabrook
    C.     Bryan, C. E., III       Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin
    D.     Campbell, P.           Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Rockport
    E.     Chaney, A.             Texas A&l University, Kingsville
    F.     Clark, J.              Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin
    G.     Dailey, J.              Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Palacios
    H.     Dansby, B.              Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Brownsville
    I.     Edwards, R.             Pan Am University, Edinburg
    J.     Forsythe, J.            Marine Biomedical Institute, Galveston
    K.     Fuls, B.                Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Flour Bluff
    L.     Green, L.               Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Rockport
    M.     Hildebrand, H. H.       Flour Bluff, TX
    N.     LeBlanc, C.             Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Port Arthur
    0.     Mambretti, J.           Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Port Arthur
    P.     Martin, J.             Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Flour Bluff
    Q.     Marwitz, S.             Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Port O'Conner
    R.     Meador, K.              Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Rockport
    S.     Rice, K.                Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Brownsville
    T.     Sheridan, P. F.         National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston
    U.     Trimm, D.               Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Seabrook
    V.     Tunnell, J.             Corpus Christi State University, Corpus Christi
    W.     Wagner, T.              Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Port O'Conner
    X.     Weixelman, M.           Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Palacios
    Y.     Wood, C.                Texas A&l University, Kingsville
    Z.     Zimmerman, R. J.        National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston

                                                         80

                               Scdentiflo/Common Name                                               Sabine Lake

                                 American nter

                                   Hadclam
                               Laoqii &r fbreml             350; N, 0
                                 Sav sauld
                               Pansaew aziacus               127,150,207,24Z 248,247.350, 368; N, 0
                                 Brown shrlmD
                               Pans au duorarum              127,150.242,248,247; N, 0
                                 Pink shrimo
                               Penas GABssnIAMN              126,127,150,207,242, 248,247,350,352,368; N, 0
                                 White ahdmo

                                        alilnacssapldue      1~26,127,242.273 36 ,368 .. .. .....
                                       Blue~~~~~~~~~. .....crab....  .....................
                                 CmunsacM:                   t.....
                                                     Bull~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. .....ha.r.k. .. ....

                                   Aaaashadk . .  . ......

                               Rraevofllspsfrnus:            242,313,349; N. 0
                                 Gulf'menhaden
                               Duamrsom  capedianuin         349; N. 0
                                 Gintard shad

                                      Cypetnckmn vdagahe     34;N0
                                                  Sheecaheed~~~~~~~~~~.. .....nnow..
                                       FWI~~~~~~lcw~~~~~~es~......    . . . ; ...

                               Mernffla species              N, 0
                                 Atliantic siversides
                               COnanpanus undealmatle        N, 0
                                 Snook
                               Pomstcnwg salfair'tx          349; N, 0
                                 Bluefish
                               Cara=s hippos                 349; N, 0
                                 Crevaile lack
                                                       .         ..... ......

                                 Sheegahead                                            XX     X

                              Bardaldlal cuysoura          N, 0
                                 Silver Parch
                               Gynosclon warnawdr            126,242,313,349; N, 0
                                 Sand seatrout
                               Cynascion nabuloaus           126,242,313,349; N, 0
                                 Soolted seatroul
                               L.aketomus xanrhurus          24Z,313,349; N, 0
                                 Soot

                                -Alianto coaker
                                       Pogontaecroe*         126,2423, %*AO49.........
    *                           Bl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ack drumi.. .
                                           Slaancpmocailatcs~ ~ 9,2243.49N0

                                    baol  m                  42msm.u.....   N,.

    *                           ~~~~~~~~Code oobv
                               Scombarononar  Maswtskjs      24Z,349; N, 0
                                 Soanish mackerel
                              Paralid hys albigulta         N, 0
                                 Gulf flounder
                              Pfaratidthys lathaedgma       24Z,313,349; N, 0
                                 southern flounder
                              Numbers correspond to references listed in the Uiterature Cited section, pp. 90 - 107
                              Letters correspond to individuals listed in the Personal Communications section, p. 80.

                                                                                          81

    Appendix 6, continued. Personal communications arnd primary references.

    ScientificCommon Name                                            Galveston Say

       American miter2  14 1.46
           Bangle amuse         5,1.1M91,210,25,299.334,8, U, .....

    Marroarb spadr               St 174,180,241:,2008334; ,U

    Lotlygunculs brevs    a       , 51,Be. 158,154,210.241,258,299, 3D6,334; B,U, J
      Sm iould
    PMWtae  aztecz               1, 5,13,14,19-21, 54-56,76,82,85,126-128,191-194, 203,207,237,238,241-244,
      Brown ihtlnrn             240-260. 292. 298. 299. 301. 303. 306. 310. 334. 356. 359. 360. 369. 371.8373: A. S. U
    POnaeW duolruma              19-21, 76,127,128,203,237.241, 242,246-260,334,356, 380:A, B, U
      Pink alirmo
    PanaeuwaedleNus              1, 5, 8,10, 14,19-21,55,56,78, 77,82,85,107,126-128,178,191-194,203,207,210,
      White shdmo                237. 241-244.240-260.296.299.301.303.306.310.332.334. 356.360.369.372: A.B. U

           Menw~~~~~edkm ~~~85, 162 ..4 ..1 .58 299 ....8,

                Cflbwctespldue   35,8,10,1,20,2, 56,81,873,2,85,4112, 2S-284M  191-198,910, 241, 24X2,25

    Afegalops adianftu           291; S. U
      Taroon
    Alosa alasbama.              B, U
      Alabama shiad
    Bevomrapauarrus              5,8,10,15,56,82,85,93,109, 113,114,156,175,178,191-193,204,205,210,236,
      Gulf menhaden              240-242.258.291. 298.300.3MS. 306.308.310.313.829: B. U
    Domeoms copedfnum      ,    5,3,56, 82, 85,114, 204, 210, 241, 258, 291, 298. 300, 305, 306, 308, 310, 329:9, U
      Gizzard shiad

                Nerritead etfie  306.08.21; 81329.330.831: .U
     qFldhonMvaflegAw...;a   tO,:    56. 82. 85,14,190:,192204 212,213, 2fl,258,291,298;-S 30036,36,10:  ~:: ::X: . :::::  .1
     a Ltieeoh  minnw            3942.U
           Ftmdukagrandk~~~ a.M8 .468,02,190122421"8  91.298,3~0, i306,308,1032% 5342 B~:. U

    Marddlle peclal              2,5, 8, 5682, 102,113,178,192,241, 258.305,308,310,329; B, U
      Atwlani iiiversides
    Cenfropornw undecimalis      241; S. U
      Snook
    PcenaJMMIwsa Mul             8, 204, 258, 291,8300, 310; B, U
      Blueflis
    cisnar hlppas                8,15,85,114,156,204,205,241,258, 291, 298,300,305,308,329:98, U
      Crevaile lack
           P~~hbbo~~~~acen ~ ~ ~ cidc:a 6,114126,258,2.. ..... .....1.. ....

    ~Aw~hngas;pmatplziua  5ae-., Pr-,33-3,S  114,126,156,20%M ,             N2102520222829202820
                  Sheeosheed     298.300.305.306.3031 0.313 329.351,.35t .

      Pftfl                     310. IM3M3.329t........
    ftdefrtul diqoysra     S      . 85,102,114,156.204,205,241,258,291, 298,300,305-308,310,329: B. U
      Silveroaerdh
    CynOscion arenedus           5,8,15,17,56,82,85,93,102,113,114,126,156,178,192,2D4,205,210,.240)-242,
      Sand seekrout              258.261.288.291.298.300.305-30. 313.329-331: B. U
    cynoscion nebutasw           5,8,9,32,35-38,56,93,94.102,114,126,156,190, 191,205,210,215,216,240-242,
      S~ooled seatrou           268. 269. 270. 288. 290. 291. 298.300. 305. 306. 308. 310.313. 329. 351. 352:9B. U
    Lelforms txanthunis          2S,5,,15,56,82,85,93,102,113,114,156,l178,190,191,204,205,210,240-242,-
      Soot                       258. 291.300.306.308-610.313.329-331:1B. U

           A~lazwogwtla wsdufa~us 5,80,15,3256,.85,9310,104I,�1t�,20,s,9ol g4, 205,M 210,:236,.:M~
            Atlantic ~ ~ ~ :: a'ew24-4. 258 288.90291:.298.300.305.-310.311329-931.3M51,   .352.365:9, U.
       paahs crumba  ~i~        5 68,32,SO3538,685,3,02114,12e,14%11 190,191,2425202526202

      lRed'drum          :xw 240-2141.258269.270.28-9.983 38310'.311 329.3M1.352.2383 a 11
             Mugifeeph~~~ ~    ~~~~~AZ  2,,,68,59,141,2,5,7811,90,191,204, 208,210,241,242,258,
            Gil~~ed mullet       291.298.  300,30SM0. 310D. 31 3. 32tLU
    Gobbasome robusturn          11 4,204, 241, 258. 291:9, U
      Code noby
    &combwuamonua maaflatus      204, 24Z,258,291, 305,31 0;S. U
      Sweish mackerel
    Paralhtdhys albiguthR        85, 114, 178, 229241,291; B, U
      Gulf flounder
    Pfarahldfhystledwaslgma   S.,8,32. 35-38, 82, 85, 93,102,114, 156,190I-192,1 0. 215, 216, 229, 240-242Z 258,
      Southern flounder          263. 269.270.288.290.291, 298.300. 305-308.310.313.329.346.351. 352:9S. U
    Numbers correspond to references listed in fth Uterature Cited sectilon, pp. 90 - 107
    Letters correspond to individuals listed in the Personal Communications section, p.80o.

                                                           82

    Appendix 8, continued.  Personal communications and primary references.

     Scienflfic(Common Name                                                  Brazos River
          Arr4*CI4R... . . .    .......
    Ot~n

                 Common~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~. ....  .......
                          Vs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ...ci  .1....
    Lottiguccia bray!              51,*194
      Saw scuid
    Panaeucs aztecus               55,194
      Brown shrimD
    Ponas" duoranurn               194
      Pink ShriM
    Penaeus setitena               63,55,194
      While shrimp
        Pfse~wspo1
           Gras  elitists     :2:~~.>:   :..:
               Gutratone~~~~~~~~~~~.... .. ....b.

      Alabashad
    MtuOWt    nnS                  6, 194

      Gulf menhaden
    Dwmmcmna cepedianum            6,194
      Gizzard shad

    MOMs  0001.. ......

    Ftmduhxarandk             .:.09           .
     -Gul~f iillsh:                .:. ...:...  .....
    Msnidaf Species                19.4
      Atlantic aliversides
    Cenfmponnuw undeermais
      Snook
    Pwnatornus sa~faifl            194
      Bluefish
    Cfaran NppirP                  194
      Cirevaile lack
                     7051*105W~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ..tth    ...194. . .   .......... .....
       el"rd ........e.....
                   Luparus~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .............. ...... .....
           Grew~~~~~. ..s..n...a...n...e...r.
          Arlmsaguspnawcspha.   .1....9...4 .           .     .     .            X.......
      GM:Sheeo-%a-.l.......
               Lngoan~~~~~~.... ......kls  .   ...   ..........
                    Pintlsh~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ..... ...... ..  ....
        Beirdtet~~   W .....u   ..........94....

    eioabtdMa xanfhurus8 194
      ASlhwi cakerc
    Cynsonl as cramue             1G4, 335
    Scyanopsci atblasus            619431

                             Radcfrum~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2.> �. ::.... ....

                        Muglicephak~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. .. .. ~. .14:*

    Scanberamorus maculatus        194
      Swaish mackerel
    Parafithtrs aMbigul
      Gulf flounder
    Paralfdmys lthaftfra           194
      Southern flounder
    Numbers correspond to references listed in the Literature Cited section, pp. 90 - 107
    Letters correspond to indivduals listed In the Personal Communications section, p. So.

                                                             83

    Appendix 6, continued. Personal communications and primary references.

     ScientillcCommon Name                                             Matagorda Bay

      L aned  n wse  -I0 1c  ..  .1
             flangi~~~~~~~~ .    ...... .tnt  . .     .. v  . .. . .

     Loifigunwe be"*              5,51, 68,98,99,163, 275; G. X
       Say sould
     F'enaewaztecus               5, 119-21,55, 98-100, 127, 128, 193, 198, 207,237.242,246,248,249,251-257,259,
       Brown shrimp               260.275.277-279.301.361:6G. X
     Penaaw duwranmi              20,21. 98,127,237.242,248,248,249,251-257,259.260. 275,277-279:, G.X
       Pink shrlmo
     Panaae a edrt,               5, 19-21, 55, 98, 100, 126-128, 193,198. 207, 237, 242, 246, 248, 249, 251-257. 259,
       White shrlmo               280. 275. 277-279. 301. 361:0G. X
              Pdaenenelmpuajo~~~~~~~~x W,.7. ..6,X.........

           *Ga,~~aMuw Mrs   ~~  116;6,1.,G XK......
     Megalcpa nanhleu             228:6,
      Tamaon
     Aloes aiabamae        G       , X
      Alabama shad
     Br~aso fpalmnuw              5,93,97,99,208,240,24Z 275,313,361.364,G. X
      Gulf menhaden
     Daweama Cepedlanum           97.99, 208, 275:6G, X
      Gizzard shad
               en~~~~~~2 -G
              Metes                      fl240,24z276,w~....        ........

     .::Sheecaheed mIr .no...

            Menhi~~a apecis       97,99, 208, 275; G, X
      Atlantlc sllversidas
     CenbcpOmntm wdeckmaba        6, X
      Snook
    Plamealmw esaufta            275. G. X
      Bluefish
     Cwanwh4cpoe                  97,208, 275; G, X
      Crvavle lack
               T0Wtb~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AkSite,; .a  .u  . .. . I.........
                 Flofldauontaeno~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......
        LilrpJB~~~~.. .........
                Awhlua~~~~wbafoowhaka ~M~ 3234,3 9,2,9,208, 215,2   242, 263,N 27,27288, 29,.313 351;I)

                 rhO viiboldes   9%3.97,99, 208,20,2.,2. ......
    Bahdwlaholo usouma           97,2D8, 275; G, X
      sl~ver nerch
    cynoacionranadw              5, 93,97,99,125,198.208,240,24Z,275,288,290,313; G, X
      Send seatrnul
    QoCkn nebulo"u               5, 32,35-38,93,94,97,99,126,198.206,208, 215,216,240, 24Z,263.275,276, 288,
      Spotted seetrout           290.313.351. 361. 364:6G. X
    LOW1omwsXanthufus            5,93,97,198,208,240,242,275,313,361,364; G, X
      Spot
            D~h~vpogo~u utte~s          93; 27.:99,426, 198,:208, 240,242,275,288,29,13.351.381,~384,:0, X

                                     3Z '78, 103,94.971219  216,10.$240, 2  262, 27978.6.2f:9Q,03
                   Sciercpaoewrs  5, ~4 35-38,3,94,97,9,125,14 .982_08215,~216.230  231, 234,246, 242,26,
      Red dan2M-:27%'288290.3 13.33& 351.381. 364:. ~X
                     ...... ~    5  f3        t 9,.8,26208,242,275,:313,:361,364; ,GX
      Stipned mullet-.. . ....
    Goblboama mfbustum,          97,208,275; G, X
      Code ooby
    SconMbevovww MaUINAw         97, 208, 242, 275; G, X
      Soanish mackerel
    Paralikhihys alhgutla        229; G, X
      Gulf flounder
    Paraildflhys etMflgma        5, 32, 35-38, 93, 97, 99,198. 206, 208, 215, 216, 229, 240, 24Z,263, 275, 276. 288, 290,
      Southern flounder    313.351.a3ei. 364:6G. X
    Numbers correspond to references listed in the Literature Cited section, pp. 90 - 107
    Letters correspond to individuals listed in the Personal Communications section, p. SO.
                                                          84

    Appendix 6, continued. Personal communications and primary references.

    ScientiicCommon Name                                             San Antonio Say

    ,Aucwedw* kffladans~i        RW 29Q~ W
           awsree vbpb~~~~I 1:  58,80,65,6971,126,~1 28,143.15S7,161,16  16,6-6,20292     294,

    Ren10-111 brew      s        5.5,141,210, 3;230,   W

      Brown f~shrim          2      951527,    592930.31; W
    Pcllgduamuma breve              ,58,1532815201;     3,4 04,2 8 4 9 5 1 575,2031,W
       Pinkshrimp
     Penaeunzteasbe               5, 19-21,158, 64.70, 75. 127.128, 140, 157.,201, 207, 210,237, 239,.24924,240a, 2
       Brown shrimp               249, 251-257. 259. 260. 301: 0. W

            Pelaeraietespugie     :5, r 83210, 239,1 0, W:~:

                 S~~eomo~ ~

    Me gaiaing affandcus   W.    mi,:0, W
       Tarpon
    Al=n alAbamae         a       , W
      Alabama shad
    &arvoorolpaworru             5, 5% 93,210,240,242,313, 0, W
      Gulf menhaden
     Dorosoma caepdlwrum          58, 59,210; 0, W
      Gizzard shad

    AflueISkt)                   5,59,5B,93,1714M0,22 W1,390
                 Hardhead~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ....cat....fi........sh.... ....

     :.Gulf Idlilfis
    Mer~dia spades               5158.59,121, 21 0;0, W
      Atlantic sitverskles
    Conaupomws undadmails        59: 0, W
      Snook
    Panawnrms sallafrix          0, W
      Bluefish
    Caranux hippos       A        8121; 0, W
      Crevele lack

            Lvi jnnts rkems       58a, W.

                 Lagcrdonrhombadw ~  ~       ~       41 55,9.6,7831,240,242,31~33;0, Ww~
                      PII~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....  .
    Bal/dsield chOryso           58,121,157,339; 0, W
      sliver perch
    Gy"cscbl aranlarius         5, 58, 59, 93,157,210, 240, 242, 288, 290. 313, 339; 0, W
      Sand seatrout
    cynoscidn nebukiasta         5,32,35,36,38,59, 62,67, 72,93,121,126,157,201, 210,215, 216,240, 249, 288,
      Spotted seatrout           290.313. 339.- 351: 0. W
    LOAMIUmusxanlhunu    S.,58,59,62,67,93, 121,157,210,240,242,313,339:O, 0.W
      spot
              Atmpogoetmtmdulal   5,32,5859,62,6 7,93, 121, 157,:210,240, 24 2,29  290,:313,3, 5;0
      Allantlacrmeker'
             Poganim crank ~   ~      ' 53388599.62,Z67,72,78.93,121,16201,10,252620,2228
             Black drum          ~290,313.3M. 339.351:0 tOW.
                  Sawncpieov~~~~~lkftw"   Vn3-8,%6,7,28-5, g,16 149. 201,13 216, 231, 240, 242, 286290,
             Rod drum            ~~~~~313,M33839443:0.     ....
            A~~agffcqrha~~~~u      51,.58593. 93,10121,126,1$7, 21 0,24,13   W

    Gobkoomen robustum           210:0, W
      Code caby
    Scomberamana, maculalua      59,242, 0, W
      Spanishi mackerel
    Parallohlhys albulia         201, 229: 0, W
      Gulf flounder
    Parallchrhys lethcdgma       5, 32,37,38,58,59,62,67. 71,93,121, 157,201,210, 215, 216,229,240, 242, 288,290,
      Souflierri flounder        313.339,351: 0. W
    Numbers correspond to references listed in the Uterature Cited section, pp. 90 - 107
    Letters correspond to individuals listed in the Personal Communications section, p. 80.

     Appendix 6, continued. Personal communications and primary references.

     Scientifict~ommon Name                        Aransas Say

             Argopecten Inud~~~m  163 293 l371 0    3, ,R  :
         3ricalc  Water                                                                                                                                  -

     LcdlgUnWAR breVi             5.84,12D, 148,153,169,314:  ,
       Bev sauld
     PenUsage"ate                 5,19-21.80. 81,864, U. 111,117.120.125,127,128, NO.,147,148,159,193,
       Brown shdimo               207.237. 242.248. 248.249.251-257.259.20. 296.301. 319.322.325: 0. R
     P'saeisw duornrum            19.21, 84,38,111,120,127,128,148,159,180,193,237.24 246,248,249,
       Pink shdmpn                251-257. 259.290.319.322.325.370:OD. R
     Pmnaeues $tferus             5,19-21.51,111,117,120.126-128,141,147,148,159,190,207, 237,242,248,
       While shrimpe              248. 249. 251-257.258.260. 296. 301. 319. 322.325.370:0D. R

       Gras   rabit
     ::..ane wee

                   Ce'ckithue~~~~~~~~~~~tras47. 4 12 118,148 I8  M26 3700,L,

     99Afsgadapahngos      I A 8,347;0D.R
       TaOort
     Abrea aiabamae        D .     R
       Alabama shad
     filevortapahroru             4,5.25.84,127,117,118,147,158, 159. 240, 242. 311, 313, 314:0D, H
       Gulf menhaden
     DOMMwOnacspedanum            118, 125,147,148,311,314:D. R
       Gizard shad
                                       4,5,23118,12,122,47,148   5,5,8,226  311,370;!), R

             C~~qw~i~mvalsgaas   23,8,11$,12j, 12,4. 48,12,13,11,3432!,F
               Funduils~~~~~~~e gun  23181217tos134,42;o 5. .                     . .*2 .

        hand:ftClllsh:

     Menidle specSB               45,523,117,118,121,122,125,147,148,158.160,182,311.314,370; 0, R
       Atlantic sliverfldas
     Cenlicpomwru undeclnall      347; D, R

     Pbnualaernsalleft            84,118,158,314.347; 0, R
       Bluefish
     Caranx hippos                84,118,121, 147,158,347.370 D, R
       Cravelna lack
                          Tradikwhnrcam~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iws~~~~   . . 8 .f  ......8......R.

                 Sheecohead       3lt 314.818.320M-.323514.70; D. R. ...

     SairdisiJa duysoura          4,28,25,84, 117.118,121,125.147,148,158,160. 177,182,258,314,
       -giver Derch               326,370:0. D.H
     cynoscida arenarlu           4.5,84,90.117,118,126,158.240, 242.268.288,290,313,314,326,370:0. D,
       Sand seatroul
     �'ynoucbtnhwbulus            4,5,23,32,35-38.49,84,93,117,vI18, 121,125,147.148, 177,182,215,216,240,
       Scoffed seatrout           242,268.288.290. 295.297.313. 314,318,320. 328, 327.347.351, 3700. D.H
     Lehxstomus xaniuru           4.5,23,90,117,118,121,125,147,148, 158-16, 182.240,242,268,313,314.
       Soot                       3700D. R
                 fdavpgonlsundlabj  4,5,23,2,3Z 4,93118,122125126,147,148,15j8,159182240,242,268,..

                  Atlanifo c~oaker  288.290:296.323.3.26311.35.70:0MR.....
                 Pogmtlmuo~k     4,,25,32,5-38,7893,117117,4121   261714,1821 216204,
             Btackdrum ~ ~ ~        "Z22 282031.3440333633,5.7:)  R                                            0

    Atgicaphaks'                 45238,,181T1812,2121418160,242,257,268,i $1,313,

     Gobbwnoa roust urn, 4-28,158,160, 182-184,314,370; D. R
      Code oobv
    Scornbermornons mawulatus    84,118.158,242,268,312,326,347,370;0  D.
      Soanish mackerel
    Paralldtthyealblgufa         4', 23, 118, 158,1I82,229,268,354:0  D.H
      Gulf flounder
    Pafrahlk"h Iethcsnlgma       4'. 5, 23,'25,Z 32,5-37,84.93, 118,121,148,160, 182,215,216,229,240),242,268.
      Southern flounder          288. 290. 313. 314. 318. 320. 323. 326. 340, 351. 354. 370: 0. R
    Numbers correspond to references listed in the Uiterature Cited section, pp. 90 -107
    Letters correspond to individuals listed in thle Personal Communications section, p. 80.

    Appendix 6, continued. Personal communications and primary references.

     Scientific/Common Name                                          Corpus Chuisti Bay

            Augopedtm beans0 180. 7,371: K

    CAI~usssue *hta         5     .484,128,5,163,15928,2,314;     K

      BeCouldmnttl

    Poneawlula durevm            2,24,84,84129,153,17,588, 1     ,1,,237142 46:2 K4

       Pink shrinma               251-257.259. 260. 301. 370:, K
    Penaew sedfwis               5, 20. 21, 24, 51, 111,126, 127, 128, 129, 151,.159,.207. 220, 221,225, 237,
       White shrime               2421 246. 248. 249. 251-257. 258. 260. 301. 370: K                          _ ___

          caecressqnie     X.X   80212,16,,4271812%1151,1800178,2117,j224.227,242,27.

     Megallws adant kW            370: K
       Tarnon
    Al~oes sasi'nse              K
       Alabama shad
     &uW~tssr&Pq&                 4.5.25,84,93.151,158,159.195,240,242,313. 314,.K
       Gulf menhaden
     Dormsomscsipedkinum,         314: K
       Gizzard shad ... .

                    (elk         8,2484,9% 128,~~50 158,96 248,242, 31,31436 370 K
       Haritheada
                           q~~~~~~v~~~~~tatmvaflagaas~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ........12,31,32;
              Sheaushead~ ~ ~~~8 m              -2.4Ano.....

              no:noo..k.

     T4DchhfltEWc 1t         4     ,3122125,126,5,16, 158, 314,30 K
       Ftloand lomerside
     Luonfmmus uleadmali          15347; K

      Sheeamssheed~       8        4.124�1586.20.      31414 3231370: K
       Bluefishi343630
     Off" 111AdWyOw               24,234,25.8347,123 5817,8,9534,2,30
       Sivlver elack
         Cynosclcarensfl.    ......,8.,....6,..9..8 ....1.5........28....,3.....4..6..3.0..
                  Sand~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: ........a.............
         rigclnsbls         .      ,,33,53,88,3151619  i.i, 17,1220 1526,1,23

                Pogonlascmmk ~ ~  ~ ~ ~ 35`& 4,5,,:~25, 32,,3,238,38, 7, 93,126.19,158 215,   20 2141, 22 % :226,4,4228

     BarMft diph   -              4,,23,244,25,     108.125,IA17128129,11,$,6195,314,326341,370. K

       Code oobvh

     Pnllduffhys albigrutt,       4,,284,3,      212,15 8,180152022,28%29031,31432,7; K
       Gulfdflounder
     Pynsrslln nlhysletuhslin     4'.5,723-2 5328-38,49.  4,9312,129,147,160,17182,9,206, 215,218,218, 223.
       Soufted sftounde           226.229240. 242. 295.297. 313.314. 327. 347.351.354370: K
     Lebtters corepndu 4o 5individua25129 liste In 58he  0 Pesoa  Comnctons 195ction4, 2p. 290. 30
                     SDOI~ ~~~~~~~8

    Appendix 6, continued. Personal communications and primary references.

     ScienglfWcCommon Name                                               Laguna Madre

    Arpopscn mkrakw               29,57,3116:1-1,8, V-.....
                      Bay~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... . .. ...o..
                    Qnaflea *phta  28,2% 9,48; 50,128,127,143 16318, IS 118625,294,337;I, S

            Mercenalseper~        28, 29.174;ljL4.V

     Lo~uc~lllwmulaet              5,29,29,39,57r. 152,153,328,33?; H, 8, V
       Say sauld
     Pwmew! aaczicre               5,19-21,28.29,39,43,45, 50,57,111,127.149.132.134,136, 152,185,188,193,
       Brown ahrmp                 207. 237. 242. 248. 248, 249. 251-257. 259. 260. 285. 296. 301. 336. 353: K S. V
     Pendus duwrarm                19. 20.21,29,43,45.111,127,128,132,'134,1136.18S5,188,193, 237,242, 248,
       Pink shrimp       ,         248.240.261-267.250.260.285,301.3M536.36:H. S. V
    Perawasu etliws               5 19, 20,21,26,29,39,43.45,50,111,127  128,132,134.136.152  , 185,88  193.
       While shrImpo               207.237.242. 246. 248,249. 251-257. 259. 260. 285. 301. 328.336.353: H. S. V
              Phluwmewtnpugb  ~      a, 43' 1,52',263,35H,8V

          Oat Oct~~~~. .....S     5,62,8,93 3, 45,50,81, 88, 3127,126,~ 1130 a..13.,1...1...152..8
       Blue: asA19242'.11Z M273.288.2 328.336. W7: H. S

     Megyalop attentikus           29, 50,336; HK IS
       Tarpon
    Akxa atabwame         M        4.18S
       Alabama shaed
     Bmiwhftpafronus               5,20,39, 43. 45'. 50,57,93,162,180. 240.242,313,328,336;H,1. LS
       Gulf menhaden
    Dormsoma capedianum           29.45,5% 130,152,315, 336; H, 1,8S
       Ginawd shad
            .........5303946506?  101280.315,28A6,371f  1,

            Cw~~~~~fln ~   ~      fi 211n 2W,43.50,57123,1%W 15,12 18M1638                        -,33343371.
                         Sheecaheed~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....... ..m...... ....o...
                             Fwt~~~~~~~~~~~uwS  2% 43~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 5. P . 18.36.  2;tSQ:........

    M~ant d species               123,150.15p,'180. 313.328,3MO; H. 1,8
      Atlantic silversidee
    Conal'pamufa undoclmalls      337; H. k S
      Snook
    Fbannwmussaltarir             328, 336; H. 1, S
      Bluefish
    Carnx hippos                  29, 39, 50,180,328.336; H, 1,8S
      Crevalle lack
     TjcbWM" CAMNrIUB:            428,180,2833 H,  S ....  ...
                      Thddavvmpano~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........X  ........
                        Lu~~~~~~~anusgrkaw~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.  2,10384.L.S.... .. ....

             Bakaef chly~a        293.,39 50,57        9,1%150,18524,18,01,328,338,;3H, 11,S
      Silver Derch
    Qwwscmarsffnadwu              5.30, 46, 50. 93.126. 130. 152, 180, 240, 242, 288,290, 313, 336, K. 1, S
      Sand seatrout
    Croscibnnebukeue              S.28, 29. 30,32-48,50,57,93,126,130,133,137,139,160,152,180, 215.216,240
      Spotted seatrmut            242. 288. 290. 313.328. 336. 337. 351: K. I S
    Letestomusmxanthuntw          93,130,139,150,1St 180,240,242,313,328,336; H. 1,83
      spot

    Pogumniacavmis       ,        6,28-3941-48,50,3,12
      Black drum 4t8.9W33383533.5:H  .
         .Rdrum         .       .':215,2160 M, 230 :.21.2431:2,288. 290,313.315. 32& W,1938-K338     : . 3 . ....
             MLW#0ph~~~~s        5.2W,~0 939, 4.43%   57,;-93,.10812 130.13%50,:--152: 18. 24 2, 67, Mj3
                      Sruloedmuhet~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .  1.32.36.H...........
    Gablosoin robuslum            57 1 80; H, 1, 8
      Code DOW
    Sooabemaon~sinmaculalus       29.30.50, 123,24Z,328;H  K LS
      Spanish mackerel
    Parafichftss albigaut         29,150,229,336; H. 1.8S
      Gulf flounder
    Fafall idifs Iegmtrwima       5.28-30, 32-39,41-48.50,93, 126, 130,133.137, 150, 152, 180,215.216, 240,
      Southern flounder           242.288.290.313,336.351:. H. 1,8S
    Numbers correspond to references listed In the Uiterature Cited section, pp. 90 - 107
    Letters correspond to individuals listed in the Personal Communications section, p. 80.

    Appendix 6, continued. Personal communications and primary references.

     ScndenlfcConimon Name                                                Baffi Bay

    CrUst.A     fn                28,7 10; 34P
       Ameown OSterD

     PHnuf dwarn   m       3        0

       Bronkshrima
    penaemg Bali Wuw              27,89, 210, 340; P
       White shflmD
             Palaeoroaeie poglo   210348;. ....

                     AfenO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p~~~. s.n.  . 9. ...P

      Bull sharkX-
    A118gak1*  alariflams         27,89; P
      Tar~on
    Akmoakbfamas                  P
      Alabama shad
    Brevoormipaimunw              89, 110, 202, 210,340,358; P
      Gulf menhaden
    Daowsns cepedlsnum           27,89,1110,202, 340,358: P
      Gizzar shad

    ArluufO.                    i 27~ ~,87,891t:202 340,:358; P

     Gul:&f khllfish
        Mndaspecks.               27, 87. 89,105,106, 202,210, 340; P
      Atlantic sllversldes
    C9naopomuts uadecbnalk       27; P
      Snook
    Panmantmus aan                P
      Blluefish
    caranx hio pe.               340,358; P
      crevelle lack

            Amttwamps pohatceptalr    89.3401 P

                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;r-PIhs
    Beiatwa civysoura            27, 89, 110, 202, 340, 358; P
      Silver Darch
    Q'noscion aranarfw           27. 89,110,340,358; P
      Sand asatrout
    cynnoscon nebukuus            27, 87, 89105, 1 06, I110,202,210, 340, 358; P
      Sooltad seatrout
    Lae, taints xandhunis         27, 89106,.106,110, 202, 210, 340, 358; P
      Soot

    Pogonte crown,             i: i 27,87,89,90105,00 Illa j 2:0;2,Z 210,21 4,338 , 30358;PR
      Black drum~:
       Soteapntra:               .2.7,8,%1022203%303438

    Gabmowma mobustum             89; P
      Code oobv
    Scavnbwoinams inacaila        P
      Soanlsh mackerel
    Paffilidithya a/biguUt        340; P
      Gulf flounder
    Paraiio'thya let hedfgina    27,87,89,110,202,210,340,358; P
      Southern flounder
    Numbers correspond to references listed in tihe Uterature Cited section, pp. 90 - 107
    Letters correspond to individuals listed in the Personal Communications section, p. 80.
                                                               899

                                                             11. Baughman, J. L. 1947. Fishes not previously
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                                                      90

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    26. Branstetter, S. G. 1986. Biological parameters       37. Breuer, J. P. 1967. Analysis of populations of
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    28. Breuer, J. P. 1960. An ecological survey of the      39. Breuer, J. P. 1970a. A biological survey of the
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                                                             41. Breuer, J. P. 1970c. Juvenile and adult food and
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                                                          91

    43. Breuer, J. P. 1971b. A survey of the North            55. Chamberlain, G. W. and A. L. Lawrence. 1983.
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    44. Breuer, J. P. 1972a. Juvenile and adult food and
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    45. Breuer, J. P. 1972b. Biological survey of the
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    48. Breuer, J. P. 1975. Biological studies in the        59. Childress, U. R. 1960a. Analysis of forage and
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    51. Bryan, C. E. and T. J. Cody. 1975. White shrimp,     Comm., Coast. Fish. Branch, Proj. Rep. 1961-1962,
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                                                      92

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                                                         93

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    115.  George, L. C. and W. E. Grant.  1983. A          March 1986. Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Coast. Fish.
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                                                         95

    130.  Harrington, R. A.  1970.  Evaluation of the       141. Hedgpeth, J. W. 1950. Notes on the marine
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    131. Hawley, W. 1963a. Bluecrab investigations in       142. Heffernan, T. L. 1960. Survey and inventory of
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                                                             146. Heffernan, T. L. 1964. Astudyofoystergrowth
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                                                             147. Heffernan, T. L. 1970. An ecological evaluation
    137. Hawley, W. 1965b. Population studies of the        of some tributaries of the Aransas Bay area. Tex.
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                                                             148. Heffernan, T. L. 1971. Port Bay, an evaluation
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                                                     96

    152.  Hildebrand, H. H. and D. King.  1975.  A         163. Hofstetter, R. P. 1964. A summary of oyster
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    1974 Central Power and Light Co. 290 pp.               176.

    153.  Hixon, R. F.  1980.  Growth, reproductive        164.  Hofstetter, R. P.  1965a.  Study of oyster
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                                                            165. Hofstetter, R. P. 1965b. Study of the oyster
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                                                            166. Hofstetter, R. P. 1966a. Oyster mortality
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    156. Hoese, H. D. 1959. Achecklistoffishesof area      167. Hofstetter, R. P. 1966b. Study of the oyster
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    157. Hoese, H. D. 1960. Biotic changes in a bay        168. Hofstetter, R. P. 1967. Oysterstudiesalongthe
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    158. Hoese, H. D. 1965. Spawning of marine fishes      169. Hofstetter, R. P. 1968. Oysterstudies alongthe
    in Port Aransas, Texas area as determined by the       Texas coast, 1968. Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Coastal
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                                                            170. Hofstetter, R. P. 1970a. Oyster studies - 1969.
    159. Hoese, H. D., B. J. Copeland, F. N. Moseley and   Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Coastal Fisheries Proj. Rep.
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    60.                                                    Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Coastal Fisheries Proj. Rep.
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    160. Hoese, H. D. and R. S. Jones. 1963. Season-
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    161. Hofstetter, R. 1965. A summary of oyster
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                                                             243.

                                                          97

    175. Holcomb Jr., H.W. 1970. An ecological study          186. Johnson, R. B. 1964b. Life history study of the
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    Station, TX, 47 p.                                        1963: 177-183.

    176. Holland, J. S., N. J. Maciolek, R. D. Kalke and      187. Johnson, R. B. 1964c. Population studies of
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    June, 1973.  First Final Report to Texas Water            188. Johnson, R. B. 1965a. A study of the juvenile
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    177. Holt, G. J., A. H. Scott and C. R. Arnold. 1985.     1964: 123-133.
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    178. Holt, J. and K. Strawn. 1983. Community              Parks Wildl. Dept., Coast. Fish. Branch, Proj. Rep.
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    Galveston Bays. Estuaries 6: 66-75.
                                                              190. Johnson, R. B. 1966a. The effects of engineer-
    179. Holt, S. A., C. L. Kitting and C. R. Arnold. 1983.   ing projects on the ecology of Jones Bay. Tex. Parks
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    271.
                                                              191. Johnson, R. B. 1966b. The effects of engineer-
    180. Hook, J.H. 1986. Seasonalvariations, relative        ing projects on the ecology of Moses Lake. Tex.
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                                                              192. Johnson, R. B., Jr. 1974. Ecological changes
    181.  Horn, M. H., and L. G. Allen.  1985.  Fish          associated with the industrialization of Cedar Bayou
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    182. Huh, S. H. 1984. Seasonal variations in
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    183. Huh, S. H. 1986. Ontogenetic food habits of
    four common fish species in seagrass meadows. J.          195.  Jones, R. S.  1965.  Fish stocks from a
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    1963: 117-126.

                                                      98

    197. King, B. D., IIIl. 1964a. A study of oystergrowth  207. Leary, T. and H. Compton. 1960. A study of the
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    Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Coast. Fish. Branch, Proj.     Mar. Fish. Div., Proj. Rep., 1959-1960, Proj. No. M-
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    198. King, B. D., III. 1964b. Population studies of the  208. Lyon, J. M. 1962a. Composition of fish species
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    200. King, B. D., Ill. 1965b. Population studies of the  210. Mackin, J. G. 1971. A study of the effect of
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    575-587.                                                Texas A&M Univ.

    201. King, B. D., III. 1971. Study of the migratory     211. Mann, K.H. 1982. Ecology of coastal waters.
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                                                            212. Martin, F. D. 1968. Intraspecific variation in
    202. Krull, R. M. 1976. The small fish fauna of a       osmotic abilities of Cyprinodon variegatusLacepede
    disturbed hypersaline environment. M. S. Thesis,        from the Texas coast. Ecology 49:1186-1188.
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                                                            213. Martin, F. D. 1970. Feeding habits of Cyprino-
    203. Kutkuhn, J. H., H. L. Cook and K. N. Baxter.       don variegatus (Cyprinodontidae) from the Texas
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    204.  Landry Jr., A. M.  1977.  Life history and        Kingsville, TX, 106 p.
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    205. Landry Jr., A.M. and K. Strawn. 1973. Annual
    cycle of sportfishing activity at a warmwater dis-      216. Martin, J. H. and L. W. McEachron.  1986.
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    206. Lasswell, J. L., G. Garza and W. H. Bailey.        Data Ser., No. 96:23 p.
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    fresh waters of Texas. Proceedings of the Annual        217.  Martinez, R.  1963a.  Survey of blue crab
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                                                          99

    218. Martinez, R. 1963b. Population studies of the      229. Matlock, G. C. 1982. By-catch of southern
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    219. Martinez, R. 1963c. Study of oyster popula-        stocking Texas bays with red drum. Tex. Parks Wildl.
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    220. Martinez, R. 1963d. Populations of juvenile        Coast. Fish. Branch, Mngmt. Data Ser., No. 85:7 p.
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    Game and Fish Comm., Coast. Fish. Branch, Proj.         232. Matlock, G. C. 1987. Maximumtotal length and
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    221. Martinez, R. 1964a. Astudyof populations of        233. Matlock, G. C. 1988. Survival of red drum fry
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    NOAA, EPO, Washington, D.C.                             344. Spears, R. W. 1986. Observations of red drum
                                                            mortality in the Gulf of Mexico. Tex. Parks Wildl.
    333. Sherman, K., and L. M. Alexander (editors).        Dept., Coast. Fish. Branch, Mngmt. Data Ser., No.
    1985. Variability and management of large marine        112: 11 p.
    ecosystems. AAAS Selected Symposium 99. AAAS,
    Washington, DC. 319 p.                                  345.  Spiller, K. W.  1977.  Biology of the grass
                                                            shrimp, Palaemonetes, on the lowerTexas coast. M.
    334. Shidler, J. K. 1960. Preliminary survey of         S. Thesis, Texas A&l Univ., Kingsville, Texas, 70 p.
    invertebrate species. Tex. Game and Fish Comm.,
    Mar. Fish. Div., Proj. Rep., 1959-1960, Proj. No. MO-   346. Spiller, K. W. 1982. The daytime fall southern
    1 -R-2: Job No. B-2b; 15 p.                             flounder recreational fishery in three Texas passes.
                                                            Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Coast. Fish. Branch, Mngmt.
    335. Shlossman, P. A. and M. E. Chittenden, Jr.         Data Ser., No. 46: 28 p.
    1981. Reproduction, movement and population
    dynamicsofthesand seatrout, Cynoscionarenarius.         347. Springer, V. G. and J. Pirson. 1958. Fluctua-
    Fish. Bull., U. S. 79: 649-669.                         tions in the relative abundance of sport fishes as
                                                            indicated by the catch at Port Aransas, Texas 1952
                                                            1956. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. 5: 169-185.

                                                         105

    348. Stevens, H. R., Jr. 1959. A general survey of      360. Trent, L., E. J. Pullen and R. Proctor. 1976.
    fish species in Corpus Christi Bay. Tex. Game and       Abundance of macrocrustaceans in a natural marsh
    Fish Comm., Marine Laboratory Reports, 1959, Proj.      and marsh altered by dredging, bulkheading and
    No. M-7-R-1: Job No. A-2a, A-2b; 3 p.                   filling. Fish. Bull., U. S. 74: 195-200.

    349. Stevens, J. R. 1960a. Checklist of the fishes       361.  Ward, G. H. and N. E. Armstrong.  1980.
    of the Area M-1. Tex. Game and Fish Comm., Mar.          Matagorda Bay, Texas: Its hydrography, ecology
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    Job No. A-2; 11 p.                                       Department of the Interior, 230 p.

    350. Stevens, J. R. 1960b. Checklist of inverte-         362. Weinstein, M. P. 1979. Shallow marsh habitats
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    Mar. Fish. Div., Proj. Rep., 1959-1960, Proj. No. M-     Fear River, North Carolina. Fish. Bull., U. S. 77: 339-
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    351. Stevens, J. R. 1963a. Coordination of coast-        363. Weixelman, M. B. 1982. The fall red drum Gulf
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    352. Stevens, J. R. 1963b. Population studiesofthe       364. Wetzel, G. L. and N. E. Armstrong.  1987.
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    355. Reference deleted.
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                                                             368. Wurtz, C. B. and S. S. Roback. 1955. The
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                                                      106

    370. Zimmerman, R. J. 1969. An ecological study
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    371. Zimmerman, R. J. and A. H. Chaney. 1969.
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    372. Zimmerman, R. J. and T. J. Minello. 1984.
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    373. Zimmerman, R. J., T. J. Minello and G. Zamora,
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    * The references with numbers that contain decimals
    were added afterthe matrix (Appendix 4) was devel-
    oped.

                                                          107

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