[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]







                 Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and
                    Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries
































                                   October 1991



                           U.S. Depar tmen t of Commerce
QL,   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1 39                    National Ocean         Service
.E4
no. 9                                                    COASTAL ZONE
                                                 INFORMATION CENTER








The Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) Division of NOAA's Office of Ocean Resources Conservation
and Assessment (ORCA) was created-in response to the need for comprehensive information on the effects of
human activities on the Nation's coastal ocean. The SEA Division performs assessments of the estuarine and
coastal environments and of the resources of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

In June 1985, the NOAA began a program to develop a comprehensive information base on the life history, relative
abundance and distribution of fishes and invertebrates in estuaries throughout the Nation (Monaco 1986). The
Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) program is conducted jointly by the SEA Division and laboratories
of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Currently, the Pt. Adams (Hammond), OR; Galveston, TX;
Beaufort, NC; and Oxford, MD laboratories are compiling information for the contiguous West Coast, Gulf of
Mexico, Southeast, and Northeast regions. Additional data for the Northeast are being compiled by the Virginia
Institute of Marine Sciences and the University of Massachusetts. To date, the program has compiled data for 115
species found in 83 estuaries. Seven reports are available free upon request (see below).

Three salinity zones as defined in Volume 1 of NOAA's National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas (NOAA 1985)
provided the spatial framework for organizing information on species distribution and abundance within each
estuary. These salinity zones are tidal fresh (0.0 to 0.5 ppt), mixing (0.5 to 25 ppt), and seawater (>25 ppt). The
primary data developed for each species include spatial distribution by salinity zone, temporal distribution by
month, and relative abundance by life stage, e.g., adult, spawning, juvenile, larva, and egg. In addition, a detailed
estuarine life history summary is written for each species.

Additional information on this or other programs of NOAA's Strategic Environmental Assessments Division is
available from:

                                Strategic Environmental Assessments Division
                          Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment
                              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                        6001 Executive Blvd., Rm. 220
                                          Rockville, Maryland 20852
                                      FTS/Comm. (301) 443-0453/8921







Reports available from NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources program include:

Monaco, M. E., et al. 1989. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Texas estuaries. ELMR Rpt. No. 3.
Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 107 p.

Monaco, M. E., et al. 1990. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in west coast estuaries, Volume I: Data
Summaries. ELMR Rpt. No. 4. Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 240 p.

Bulger, A. J., et al. 1990. A proposed estuarine classification: analysis of species salinity ranges. ELMR Rpt. No. 5. Strategic
Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 28 p.

Williams, C. D., etal. 1990. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in eastern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. ELMR
Rpt. No. 6. Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 105 p.

Czapla, T. C., et al. 1991. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in central Gulf of Mexico estuaries. ELMR
Rept. No. 7. NOAAINOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 82 p.

Emmett, R. L., et al. 1991. Fishes and invertebrates in west coast estuaries, Vol II: life history summaries. ELMR Rept. No.
8. NOAAINOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 329 p.

Nelson, D. M., et al. 1991. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in southeast estuaries. ELMR Rept. No.
9. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 177 p.









                     Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and
                         Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries



                                           Project Team

                              David M. Nelson* and Mark E. Monaco
                           Strategic Environmental Assessments Division**
                       Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment
                                       National Ocean Service
                                        Rockville, MD 20852

                Elizabeth A. Irlandi, Lawrence R. Settle, and Linda Coston-Clements
                                        Beaufort Laboratory
                                     Southeast Fisheries Center
                                  National Marine Fisheries Service
                                        Beaufort, NC 28516

                                      ELMR Report Number 9

                                           October 1991








                                                      U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                      COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                      2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                                      CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413



       contact for copies of this report.        Property of CSC Lira
 AN ** formerly Strategic Assessment Branch.
-J
e2i    This report should be cited as:
       Nelson, D. M., E. A. Irlandi, L. R. Settle, M. E. Monaco, and L. C. Coston-Clements. 1991. Distribution and
       Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries. ELMR Rept. No. 9. NOAA/NOS Strategic
       Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 177 p.








Introduction                                   ..................... .........................................

Rationale                                                                           ................................................... ...........1

Data Collection and Organization                                                   ...........................................2

   Selection of Estuaries...................................................2
   Selection of Species....................................................3
   Data Sheets                                                                     ..........................................................4
   Data Verification.......................................................5

ResulIts.................................................................5

    Data Summaries                                                                 .......................................................5
   Seasonal Comparisons..................................................6

Data Content and Quality..................................................6

   Analysis of Data Content and Quality .......................................10
   Variability in Space and Time .............................................10
   Life History Notes......................................................1 1
   Hurricane Hugo ........................................................13

Use of ELMR Data ........................................................13

   Classifying and Comparing Estuaries .......................................13
   Linkages to Marine Ecosystems ...........................................14

Future Plans .............................................................14

   Species Lif e History Su mmaries ...........................................14
    East Coast Strategic Assessment..........................................14

Acknowledgements .......................................................15

Literature Cited...........................................................15

Data Summary Tables                                                                ..................................................... 17

   Spatial distribution and relative abundance                                    .................................. 19
   Temporal distribution....................................................41
    Data reliability .........................................................91
   Occurrence of 40 species in 20 southeast estuaries............................113

Appendices..............................................................115

   Appendix 1. ELMR estuaries .............................................116
   Appendix 2. ELM R species...............................................118
   Appendix 3. National Estuarine Inventory Map of Pamlico Sound.................121
       Appendix 4. Lifeso'ry"Summary: Bluefish, Northeast region ...................122
   Appendix 5. Life History Table Headers.....................................127
   Appendix 6. Table of references and personal communications ..................128
   Appendix 7. Personal communications......................................148
   Appendix 8. References.................................................151









Figure 1. ELMR regions.
Figure 2. Major steps to complete the Southeast ELMR study.
Figure 3. ELMR Southeast estuaries.
Figure 4. Example of a species/estuary data sheet: Atlantic menhaden in Pamlico Sound.
Figure 5. Number of species, by salinity zone, life stage, and month.
Figure 6. Number of species, by life stage, estuary, and salinity zone.
Figure 7. Mean data reliability by estuary.
Figure 8. Mean data reliability by species.














Table 1. ELMR species list for the Southeast.
Table 2. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.
Table 3. Temporal distribution.
Table 4. Data reliability.
Table 5. Occurrence of 40 species in 20 southeast estuaries.







Distribution andAbundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries


     0MIT. , t                       T. 

This report presents information on the spatial and    Estuaries are among the most productive natural sys-
temporal distribution, relative abundance, and life his-   tems and are important nursery areas that provide
tory characteristics of 40 fish and invertebrate species    food, refuge from predation, and valuable habitat for
in 20 estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North Caro-    many species (Gunter 1967, Joseph 1973, Weinstein
lina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Its purpose    1979, Mann 1982). Estuarine organisms that support
istodisseminatedatadeveloped inthe NationalOceanic    important commercial and recreational fisheries in-
and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Estuarine    clude sciaenids, crabs, and shrimp. In spite of the well-
Living Marine Resources (ELMR) program (inside front   documented importance of estuaries to fishes and
cover). The ELMR program is conducted through a    invertebrates, few consistent and comprehensive data
series of joint regional studies by the National Ocean    bases exist which allow examinations of the relation-
Service (NOS) and National Marine Fisheries Service    ships between estuarine species found in or among
(NMFS).  The presence, distribution, and relative   groupsof estuaries. Furthermore, muchofthedistribu-
abundance of each species' life stage, and the time   tion and abundance information for estuarine-depen-
period it utilizes each estuary are the primary data    dent species (i.e., species that require estuaries during
compiled.  The data and framework presented are   their life cycle) is for offshore life stages and does not
illustrative of the nationwide ELMR program. Similar   adequately describe estuarine distributions (NOAA
reports have been published for nine estuaries in   1988, Bane and Van Devender 1989, Wenner and
Texas (Monaco et al. 1989), thirteen estuaries along    Sedberry 1989).
the Gulf coast of Florida and Alabama (Williams et al.
1990), nine estuaries in Louisiana and Mississippi    Only a few comprehensive sampling programs collect
(Czapla et al. 1990), and 32 estuaries onthe west coast   fishes and invertebrates with identical methods across
of California, Oregon, and Washington (Monaco et al.   groups  of  estuaries  within  a  region  (e.g.,
1990).                                                 Hammerschmidt and McEachron 1986). Therefore,
                                                       most existing estuarine fisheries data cannot be com-
The objective of the ELMR program is to develop a    pared among estuaries because of the variable sam-
consistent data base on the distribution, abundance,    pling strategies.  In addition, existing research pro-
and life history characteristics of important fishes and    grams do not focus on howgroups of estuaries may be
invertebrates in the Nation's estuaries. The Nation-    important for regional fishery management, and few
wide data base is divided into four study regions    compile information for species having little or no
(Figure 1). The data base contains the relative abun-    economic value.
dance and monthly occurrence of each species' life
stage by estuary for three salinity zones (seawater,    Because life stages of many species use both estua-
mixing, and tidal fresh) identified in NOAA's National    rine and marine habitats, information on distribution,
Estuarine Inventory (NEI) Data Atlas-Volume I (NOAA    abundance, temporal utilization, and life history char-
1985).  When completed, the entire data base will   acteristics are needed to understand the coupling of
contain information for 135 fish and invertebrate spe-    estuarine, nearshore, and offshore habitats. To date, a
cies found in ca. 117 U. S. estuaries.                 national, comprehensive, and consistent data base of

                Pt. Adams. .:
                OR Lab
             West Coast                             /.est.ar
             32 estuaries.                                                         34 estuaies.
             247 secaies                                                            62 species
                                                                                  Univ. of Mass.
                                                                                 Oxford. MD Lab
                                                                           - Va. Inst. Marine Sci.
                                                                             Beaufort. NC Lab

                                   Fr 1.Galves on,           m           riSoutheast
                                              ITX Lab 20 estuarles,


                                                       44 species
Figure 1. ELMR study regions and regional research labs.

                                                    1








this type does not exist. Consequently, there is a need    Data on spatial and temporal distributions of species
to develop a program which integrates fragments of   were developed and organized bythetidalfresh (0.0 to
information on marine and estuarine species and their   0.5 parts per thousand (ppt)), mixing (0.5 to 25.0 ppt),
associated habitats into a useful, comprehensive, and    and seawater (>25.0 ppt) zones delineated for each
consistent format. The ELMR program was designed    estuary in the NEI. Each salinity zone is present in
to help fulfill this need by developing a uniform nation-    most of the Southeast estuaries, except that the sea-
wide data base on selected estuarine species. Results    water zone is absent from Albemarle Sound, Pamlico/
will complement NOAA efforts to develop a national    Pungo Rivers, Neuse River, and North/South Santee
estuarine assessment capability (NOAA 1985), iden-    River; and the tidal fresh zone is absent from Indian
tify information gaps, and assess the content and    River and Biscayne Bay. A representative map and
quality of existing estuarine fisheries data.          data table (Pamlico Sound) from the NEI Data Atlas is
                                                     shown in Appendix 3.
I. .     -  0  . TI ï¿½.          I
                                                     Compiling consistent data nationwide limits the amount
Figure 2 summarizes the major steps taken to collect   of information that may be compiled for each species
and organize information on the distribution and abun-    and estuary. Also, it would be time and cost prohibitive
dance of fishes and invertebrates in Southeast estuar-   to map each species by life stage for each estuary
ies. The initial steps were selection of the estuaries and    (Monaco 1986). This framework enables a consistent
species to be studied.                                 compilation and organization of available information
                                                     on the distribution of fishes and invertebrates in estu-
Selection of estuaries. Estuaries in the Southeast    aries.
region were selected from the National Estuarine In-
ventory Data Atlas - Volume I (NOAA 1985). The 20
estuaries selected for the Southeast study are shown
in Figure 3.


                                                                                           Outputs


                                                                                            Spatial
                                                                                           Distribution





  National
  Estuarine        2 0              lEstua                                                    Distribution
  Inventory Estuar is
 Data A          tlas        Information


                                                Prepare       Peer Review:
                                             Species/Estuary       Data        Microcomputer
                                               Worksheets       verification     Database



  Species       Species                                                                        Relative
                                                                                           Abundance





                                                                                             Data
                                                                                            Reliability


Figure 2. Major steps taken to complete the Southeast ELMR study.

                                                   2







Selection of Species.  Four criteria were used to   3) Indicatorspeciesof environmentalstress-identified
identify 40 species that had sufficient available infor-   from the literature, discussions with fisheries experts,
mation for inclusion in the ELMR data base. The four   and from monitoring programs such as NOAA's Na-
criteria were:                                          tional Status and Trends Program (NOAA 1984). These
                                                      species (e.g., American oyster, Crassostrea virginica,
1) Commercial value - determined by review of catch    and Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus) are
data and value statistics from NMFS and state agen-    molluscs or bottom fishes that consume benthic inver-
cies,e.g.,Atlanticmenhaden(Brevoortiatyrannus)and    tebrates or have a strong association with bottom
blue crab (Callinectes sapidus).                        sediments. Their physiological disorders, morphologi-
                                                      cal abnormalities, and bioaccumulation of contami-
2) Recreational value - defined as a species that    nants, such as heavy metals, indicate episodes of
recreational fishermen specifically try to catch, that    environmental pollution and/or stress.
may or may not be of commercial importance. Recre-
ational species were determined by consulting re-   4) Ecological value - based on several attributes,
gional experts and NM FS reports, e.g., spotted seatrout   including trophic level, relative abundance and impor-
(Cynoscion nebulosus) and flounders (Paralichthys   tance as a key predator or prey species, e.g., bay
spp.).                                                  anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli.


                :;0:::::: .:::::::-- :::::::-:::0: .....0        Estuary    Salinity zones Dresent
                                                                Albemarle Sound           T I M l* 
                                                                Pamlico Sound             T       S
                            Not 00rth G0 00 4X   iCarolina.. 4Pamlico/Pungo Rivers IT I MU *
                                                                Neuse River              I T  M  * 
                     ,,::::::::::::::---:------ :- Bogue SoundS |
                                                                New River                 T     S |
                 ..~ .........  -       t-- -                    Cape Fear River            T  M S
             Sout---zh Catrolina                    Winyah Bay
         :':?:    .:;;:;00 0 ;i:::!':::  . -::;0"- 0North/South Santee River I T  M  * 
                                                     Charleston Harbor             T  M S
                                                     St. Helena Sound             ITMIS I
                  -ï¿½ï¿½-01'0 00   0   0                 Broad River                    T M S
      Georgia:
                                            Savannah River                   T  M S
                                            Ossabaw Sound    ,               T , MS ,
                                            St. Catherine/Sapelo Sound   T  M  S
                                            Altamaha River                   TI M S
                                            St. Andrew/St. Simon Sound { T I M S I


                                                     St. Johns River IT I M  S I
                 Florida                              Indian River      *  M  S
                                                     Biscayne Bay    *  M S 



                                                                        Legend:
                                                                        T = Tidal fresh zone
                                                                        M = Mixing zone
                                                                        S = Seawater zone
                                                                         = Salinity zone not present.

Figure 3. ELMR Southeast estuaries and associated salinity zones.

                                                    3







Table 1. ELMR southeast species (n=40)                The relative abundance of a species was classified
                                                       using the following categories:
Common Name            Scientific Name
                                                       * Not present: species or life history stage not found,
Blue mussel            Mytilus edulis                 questionable data as to identification of species, and/
Bay scallop            Argopecten irradians           or recent loss of habitat or environmental degradation
American oyster        Crassostrea virginica          suggests absence.
Common rangia          Rangia cuneata
Hard clam              Mercenaria species             ï¿½ No information available: no existing data available,
Brown shrimp           Penaeus aztecus                and after expert review it was determined that not even
Pink shrimp            Penaeus duorarum               an educated guess would be appropriate.
White shrimp           Penaeus setiferus
Grass shrimp           Palaemonetes pugio             ï¿½ Rare:  species is definitely present but not fre-
Blue crab              Callinectes sapidus            quently encountered.
Atlantic sturgeon      Acipenser oxyrhynchus
Ladyfish               Elops saurus                   ï¿½ Common:  species is frequently encountered but
American eel           Anguilla rostrata              not in large numbers; does not imply a uniform distribu-
Blueback herring       Alosa aestivalis               tion over a specific salinity zone.
Alewife                Alosa pseudoharengus
American shad          Alosa sapidissima              ï¿½ Abundant: speciesisoftenencounteredinsubstan-
Atlantic menhaden      Brevoortia tyrannus            tial numbers relative to other species.
Bay anchovy            Anchoa mitchilli
Sheepshead minnow   Cyprinodon variegatus              ï¿½ Highly abundant: species is numerically dominant
Mummichog              Fundulus heteroclitus          relative to other species.
Silversides            Menidia species
White perch            Morone americana               Adults were defined as reproductively mature individu-
Striped bass           Morone saxatilis               als, juveniles as immature but otherwise similar to
Bluefish               Pomatomus saltatrix            adults, and spawning adults as those releasing eggs
Cobia                  Rachycentron canadum           and sperm. There were a few exceptions to these
Gray snapper           Lutjanus griseus               defined life stages, such as mating in crabs.
Sheepshead           Archosargus probatocephalus
Pinfish                Lagodon rhomboides             For well-studied species such as Atlantic croaker,
Spotted seatrout       Cynoscion nebulosus            quantitative data were used to estimate abundance
Weakfish               Cynoscion regalis              levels. For many species, however, reliable quantita-
Spot                   Leiostomus xanthurus           tive data were limited. Therefore, regional and local
Southern kingfish      Menticirrhus americanus        experts were consulted to estimate relative abun-
Atlantic croaker       Micropogonias undulatus        dances based on the above criteria. Several reference
Black drum             Pogonias cromis                or "guide" species with abundance levels correspond-
Red drum               Sciaenops ocellatus            ing to the above criteria were identified for each estu-
Striped mullet         Mugil cephalus                 ary. These guide species typified fishes and inverte-
Spanish mackerel       Scomberomorus maculatus    brates belonging to a particularlife mode (e.g., pelagic,
Gulf flounder          Paralichthys albigutta         demersal) or occupying similar habitats. Once guide
Summer flounder        Paralichthys dentatus          species were selected, other species were then placed
Southern flounder      Paralichthys lethostigma       into the appropriate abundance categories relative to
                                                       them. These data represent relative abundance levels
Data Sheets. A data sheet was developed for each    within a specific estuary only; relative abundance lev-
species in each estuary to enable quick data compila-   els across southeast estuaries could not be deter-
tion and presentation. Figure 4 depicts the data sheet    mined.
forAtlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Pamlico
Sound. Data sheets were developed by project staff   The final level of abundance assigned to a species was
and reviewed by local experts. Data compiled for each    determined by asking regional and local biologists for
species/life stage included:  1) the salinity zone it  expert opinions based on their knowledge of individual
occupies (seawater, mixing, ortidalfresh), 2) its monthly    species within an estuary. This effort complemented
distribution in those zones, and 3) its relative abun-    quantitative studies, the ELMR relative abundance
dance in the zones.  The ELMR data sheets were    categories, and greatly increased reliability of abun-
entered into a microcomputer data base management    dance information. The quality of relative abundance
system.                                               information varied between estuaries as well as spe-

                                                     4








cies. As a result, temporal resolution was greater in
well-studied estuaries. Nevertheless, the relative
abundance data shown in the data summaries are the    Data summaries. The information compiled for each
best that could be synthesized from agency reports,    species and estuary (800 data sheets) was organized
academic studies, and expert reviews. in four data summaries (pp. 17-113). Tables 2 and 3
                                                      provide graphic presentations of the spatial and tem-
Data Verification.  Approximately two years were    poral distribution and relative abundance by life stage
required to develop the 800 data sheets (Figure 4) and    for each species and estuary. The information shown
consult with regional and local experts for the 20    represents the usual spatial and temporal distribution
estuaries studied. Nearly all of the data sheets were    of a species in a particular estuary. Table 4 ranks the
carefully reviewed during consultations or by mail.    relative reliability of the information presented for each
These consultations complemented the literature and    species and estuary.
published data sets compiled by NOAA. Sixty-four
scientists and managers at 24 institutions were con-    Spatial distribution and relative abundance.  Table 2
suited. Local experts were especially helpful in provid-    (pp. 19-40) summarizes the distribution and relative
ing estuary/species-specific information. They also    abundance for each species by life stage, in each
provided additional references and contacts, and iden-    estuary by salinity zone. The highest level of abun-
tified additional species to be included in the ELMR    dance during the year in each estuary is depicted.
data base. The names and affiliations of these experts
are listed in Appendix 7.


           Scientific name:    Brevoortia tyrannus    Region:            Southeast
           Common name:        Atlantic menhaden      State:             North Carolina
           Estuary name:      Pamlico Sound           Investigator:     L. R. Settle / reviewed

                Salinity                            Relative abundance by month
                         zone  Life stage   JI F IM IAI M IJ IJ AI  I  D    R
                            Adults 2
                            Spawning
               Tidal fresh    Juveniles                                                      3
             0.0 - 0.5 ppt
                            Larvae f ,.. .....::  ~ :         :     .     i:~3
                            Eggs I
                            Adults                                                          3
                Mixing       Spawning I
                            Juveniles                                                       2
             0.5 - 25.0 ppt
                            Larvae                                                         2
                            Eggs                                                            1
                            Adults                                                          3 :  -
               Seawater Spawning                                                             1
               Seawater Juveniles                         '                                  2
               >25.0  ppt!!:?;:;!
                            Larvae                                                         2
                            Eggs                                                            1

           Legend:     Relative Abundance:                          Data Reliability (R):
                               = Not Present                      1 = Highly Certain
                               = Rare                             2 = Moderately Certain
                                Common                           3 = Reasonable Inference
                               = Abundant
                               = Highly Abundant


Figure 4. Example of a species/estuary data sheet: Atlantic menhaden in Pamlico Sound.

                                                    5








Temporaldistribution. Table 3 (pp. 41-90) summarizes    ing. The paucity of these life stages may also be a
thetemporaldistributionof each speciesbymonth and    result of limited studies  on  spawning  and
life stage for each estuary. This table combines data    ichthyoplankton in estuaries.
over the three salinity zones, showing the highest level
of abundance for a particular life stage by month..                 

Occurrence of 40 species in 20 southeast estuaries.    An important aspect of the ELMR program, especially
Table 5 (p. 113) was developed to quickly determine    since it is based primarily on published and unpub-
the occurrence (as adults or juveniles) of each of the 40    lished literature and consultations, is to determine the
ELMR species in each of the 20 southeast estuaries.    quality of available data.  For many species, gear
The highest level of abundanceoverayear of the adult   selectivity, difficulty in identifying larvae, and difficulty
or juvenile life stages is depicted. The spawning, egg,    in sampling various habitats has limited the amount of
and larval life stages are not included.  This table   reliable information. Therefore, a deliberate effort was
suggests the relative abundance and zoogeographic    made to assess the overall reliability of the data base
distribution of species across southeast estuaries.     so that it could be used appropriately.

Seasonal Comparisons. To examine general sea-    Estimates of the reliability of the distribution and abun-
sonal abundance patterns, the numbers of species    dance information organized by species, life stage,
ranked as "common" or greater were counted for each    and estuary are presented in Table 4 (pp. 15-116) of
life stage by month and by salinity zone. In Figure 5, the    the Data Summary Tables section. Data reliability was
number of species was averaged across estuaries and    classified using the following categories:
plotted by month. In Figure 6, the number of species
was plotted by estuary. Although these summaries are    Highly certain: Considerable sampling data available.
not statistical analyses, they do provide insights into   Distribution, behavior, and preferred habitats well
the seasonal distribution of selected species in the    documented within an estuary.
estuaries:
                                                        Moderately certain: Some sampling data available for
-   Estuarine utilization by all life stages is highest in   an estuary. Distribution, preferred habitat, and behav-
the summer, and lowest in the winter (Figure 5).        ior well documented in similar estuaries.

O The numberof species present as larvae reaches    Reasonable inference:  Little or no sampling data
a peak in April (Figure 5).                             available. Information on distributions, ecology, and
                                                        preferred habitats documented in similar estuaries.
*   In any given month, more species utilize these
estuaries as juveniles than as any other life stage    The quality and quantity of available data vary by
(Figures 5 and 6).                                      species, life stage, and estuary. For example, a large
                                                        amount of information is available on blue crab be-
,  The number of species appears to be lowest in the    cause they are highly valued both commercially and
tidal fresh zone (Figures 5 and 6). However, this may    recreationally. The least amount of information avail-
be because the selected ELMR species are primarily    able and poorest qualityof data occurforthe spawning,
estuarine, not freshwater. Also, few studies exist for a    egg, and larval life stages. Except for a few species
large number of estuaries and species in tidal fresh   (e.g., blue crab), very little data has been generated on
waters, so any true patterns are difficult to define.   particular habitat preferences and environmental toler-
                                                        ances. This is particularly true for the smaller forage
ï¿½  The number of species appears to be lowest in the    and/or non-commercial fishes and invertebrates. Gear
south Florida estuaries, Indian River and Biscayne Bay    selectivity, inability to correctly identify larval stages,
(Figure 6).  However, this is probably because the    and difficulty of sampling various habitats limits the
selectedspecieslistdoesnotadequatelyrepresentthe    development and reliability of this information.  In
south Florida estuarine fauna. The selected ELMR    addition, life history data are lacking on some of the
species are representative of the temperate Carolinian    commercially important sciaenid and pelagic species.
biogeographic province (Briggs 1974), whereas the
south Florida estuaries include species from the tropi-    Data reliability was also based on experimental design
cal Caribbean biogeographic province.                   and whether the studies were relatively recent. In the
                                                        case of limited studies, information was occasionally
ï¿½  Many east coast estuarine-dependent species    inferred.  An opportunity exists to refine the data
spawn in marine waters, thus, of the five life stages, the    presented based on additional reviews.
fewest species were present as eggs and for spawn-

                                                      6






Figure 5. Number of species* in Southeast estuaries, by salinity zone, life stage, and month.

 Legend:            40   Tidal fresh zone

 Adults
      LIiIZ_3I30 -

                  2.0
                   t) 20 -
 Larvae           0






                          Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr  May  Jun  Jul  Aug  Sep  Oct  Nov  Dec
                                                       Month
                     40 - Mixing zone





                   @20-                   i   1-


                     30 -




                          Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr  May  Jun  Jul  Aug  Sep  Oct  Nov  Dec
                                                       Month
                     40 - Seawater zone


                     30-


                    " 20 -

                                                          E,,1




                          Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr  May  Jun  Jul  Aug  Sep  Oct  Nov  Dec
                                                       Month
                  * number of species with relative abundance of 'common' or greater, averaged across estuaries.

                                               7






Figure 6. Numbers of ELMR species* in Southeast estuaries, by estuary, salinity zone, and lifestage.

                 Tidal fresh zone                                     Mixing zone                                           Seawater zone
                                 Number of spedes                                     Number of species                                      Number of species
                05  19 152                    5 2p  25 3 3P  4P I  19 p15  29  25  39p  35  4p 0  5 19 p 152p  25 39  35  4p

Albemarle Seawater zone not present




Sound


 Pamlico/Pungo                                                                                                              Seawater zone not present
 Rivers



 River                                                                                                                        --  Seawater zone not present
 River







 New



                                                                    i['     ~:  . I  l: :i: ::.ff:  l?:.:ill : : ~ij :. i   ::~i -  i ::'l .i :. ~ j ii  1  ~iil;i lf fii!::11   i: i:i-  :iiii.ii ::xi. i i [?:?.!:i i : .iii  i: :11111! :: :,. !!!i i!?~ ?:!:-!i:i  i iii-f-  J
 Cape Fear
 River


 Winyah-
 Bay



 Norlh/Souelh                                                                                                               Seawater zone not present
 Santee Rivers


 Charleston
 Harbor

                0o  56   i0o   15    20    25    30    35    400           5    10    15    20    25    30    35    400    5                 15           25    30    35    40
                                 Number of species                                    Number of spades                                      Number of species
                Tidal fresh zone                                     Mixing zone                                           Seawater zone

                * number of specides with relative abundance of 'common' or greater.

                Legend:       Z     Zi:   .i.iiiiiiiiiiiii:ii.iiiiii
                               Adults             Juveniles             Larvae













Figure 6, continued. Numbers of ELMR species* in Southeast estuaries, by estuary, salinity zone, and lifestage.
                 Tidal fresh zone                                         Mixing zone                                              Seawater zone
                                  fehznNumber of species               MxnzoeNumber of species                                 Sa tezoeNumber of species
                 05 4.191                  29..25.~P  39, 35  .490*5..  . 19.152... 2 53935 P.. p ..49 0   5.lq .191529~2539 35.49
                                                                                                  .  . ~ ~~~~~. . !. . 5.. . . . . . . X-a
St. Helena
Sound

                                                                                   ~~II
Broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  .
 River


Savannah
 River
                                                                                                                                r

                  S avannah~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiii~ t::il i i~'11i !::i:::i! !::iiijijiiililiiiii::!ii::?i:1ij7:i::j: ji:ii t

Ossabaw
 Sound

                                                                        lii li:i  l            ;           iiii::iiiiiiii ' l _i il-i:.ji   :::i il?.llj    iijliii ii? . iiii? l~ :::iiiii   ?.:?:.--.   i? !:iii~iiiiiii   ii iii:-:iiiijiiiiljiii il
 St. Catherinel
 Sapelo Sound
                                                                                   r              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Altamaha                                                                               - ----
 River


 St. Andrew/l...
 St. Simon
 Sound

 St. Johns
 River

                                                                        l'ii:~ i'i  i "i': i:i:~ i iiii:: i::   iiiii: .i.ii: : ~ i ~::  i:':: ii::i::   i ::; i'i ii -l? il iii i:: i 'ii i~:?: i::i  :i  i:i  !  :.  :.:  ?.i :::.:!::ii:.ii:i :::   ilï¿½ï¿½::  iliï¿½: :ï¿½ :  i?:: : . ii:  i!:ï¿½ : i: : . il?    :ii::::iiii:: i:~ ii  il:~: ï¿½  :.::iii
 Indian
     Rndiver     Tidal fresh zone not present
 River


 Biscayne         Tidal fresh zone not present
 Bay

                 a    i     ib    15    20    25    30    35    400            g     i  1 5   '20'    25    3           35    460       5         11         20  25       30  35        40
                                   Number of species                                       Number of spades                                         Number of species
                  Tidal fresh zone                                         Mixing zone                                             I Seawater zone

                  number of species with relative abundance of 'common' or greater.
                 Legend:  iii:i.iiii.iiiiiiiiii
                                 Adults               Juveniles              Larvae








Given that the amount and quality of available informa-    When averaged across estuaries and analyzed by
tion varies by species, by life stage, between estuaries,    salinity zone, data reliabilitywas lower in the tidal fresh
and even within an estuary, considerable scientific    zone than in the mixing and seawater zones. This is
judgment is required to derive or infer spatial and    possibly because the selected species are primarily
temporal distributions from existing data and available    estuarine, not freshwater, and may also be due to
literature.  Unfortunately,  even the most informed    fewer studies of tidal fresh waters.
judgment is far from perfect due to the complexity of
estuarine systems. Consequently, information on the    When averaged across salinity zones and life stages
level of certainty associated with each data element    and analyzed by species (Figure 8), data reliability was
must be presented when synthesizing multiple data    relatively high for most of the invertebrate species,
sets (Table 4). Appendices 6, 7, and 8 provide a    including bay scallop, American oyster, hard clam,
complete summary of the personal communications    blue crab, and brown, pink, and white shrimp.  This
and primary references used so that readers can track   reflects the economic value of these species and
and obtain additional information efficiently.          consequently the large number of research studies
                                                        that have focused on them. Itwas relatively lowforblue
AnalysisofData ContentandQuallty. To assessthe    mussel and common rangia, neither of which are
overall certainty of the ELMR southeast data, mean    commercially important in the southeast. Of the fish
data reliability was calculated by estuary, salinity zone,    species, data reliability was relatively high for Ameri-
species, and life stage. Inthis analysis, "highly certain"   can eel, bay anchovy, white perch, bluefish, spot, and
= 3, "moderately certain" = 2, and "reasonable infer-   Atlantic croaker.  It was relatively low for Atlantic
ence" = 1. Mean data reliability was calculated using    sturgeon,sheepsheadminnow,southem kingfish, black
data reliability values for only those species and life   drum, and gulf flounder.
stages that were known to occur within an estuary.
This allowed comparisons between estuaries and spe-    When analyzed by life stage, data for juvenile and adult
cies, because species and life stages known to be    life stages were most reliable, while data pertaining to
absent were typically recorded as highly certain.       spawning adults, larvae, and eggs were less certain.
                                                        This reflects the number of research studies which
This analysis identified estuaries, species, and life   have concentrated on adult and juvenile life stages.
stages that have the most reliable information and    Species-specific studies of spawning adults, larvae,
those with the least. This information suggests the    and eggs, have not been conducted in most estuaries.
ELMR species, life stages, and estuaries that could be    Thus, some of the information forthese life stages was
the focus of research efforts. Future research should    inferred from life history studies and data from similar
include a comprehensive and consistent sampling    estuaries.
program to quantify species distributions and abun-
dances within and across estuaries.  In addition, life   Variability in Space and Time. Species data were
history data (Appendices 4 and 5) needs to be com-   organized according to the salinity zone boundaries
piled, especially for those species that may not have    developed for each estuary in the NEI data atlas-
economic value, but are ecologically important.         Volume 1 (NOAA 1985).  However, division of an
                                                        estuary on the basis of salinity is highly variable due to
Mean data reliability of fish and invertebrate data for   the many interacting factors that affect salinity, such as
southeast estuaries ranged from a high of 2.27 for   variations in freshwater inflow, wind, and tides. To
Cape Fear River to a low of 1.25 for Ossabaw Sound,    compile information on species distribution according
with an overall average of 1.70 (Figure 7). In general,    to these zones, it is assumed that if a particular salinity
the reliability estimates reflect the amount of fisheries    zone expands or contracts, the distribution of a mobile
research that has been conducted within an estuary.    species in that zone will correspond to the shift. For
These data reveal that large estuaries (Albemarle and    example, if increased freshwater inflow shifts the tidal
Pamlico Sounds) have been relatively well-studied,    fresh zone further down the estuary, the distribution of
while many small bays and estuaries have not. Devel-    a species confined to that zone increases to include the
oped estuaries (i.e., with port facilities and nearby    new area. If a species exhibits a wide range of salinity
urbanization) and their drainages typically have been    tolerance, a shift may or may not occur. The placement
the focus of numerous research studies, for example,    of species in a salinity zone was ultimately determined
Cape Fear River and Charleston Harbor. In contrast,    by where they have been observed or captured.
some of the least-developed estuaries (e.g., the south-
ern Georgia estuaries) appear to be less-studied.    Species temporal distributions are often dependent on
Hence, there appears to be a need to collect baseline    annualclimaticconditions andwatercurrents. Monthly
fish and invertebrate distribution and abundance data    distributional patterns were derived based on the con-
from relatively undeveloped estuaries.                  sistent presence of a life stage within a particular

                                                     10










                               Data reliability                             Less          Data Reliability      Highly
                    Less                         Highly
                   certain                       certain                   certain                              certain
                                                             Species         I                  2                   3
 Estuary            1
 Abemarle Sound                                                 Mussel
 Panrico Sound                                                       Bay scallop
                                                             American oyster 
 Pamlico/Pungo Rivers      _                                    Common rangia      g 
 Neuse River                                                    Hard darnm         _     _.
 Bogue Sound                                                    Brown shrimp
                                                             rPink shrimp
 New River                                                      White shnmp
                                                             White shrimp
 Cape Fear River     ._                                         Grass shrimp
 Winyah Bay               _                                     Blue crab
 N/S Santee Rivers                                              Atlantic sturgeon
                                    , Ladyfish                                   _ .....
 Charleston Harbor                                              Ladyn fiels
                                                             American'eel
 St. Helena Sound                                               Blueback herring
 Broad River        sm                                          Alewife
 Savannah River                                                 American shad
                                                             Atlantic menhaden
 OssabawSound  Bayanchovy 
                                                             Bay anchovy  -.-
 St. Catherine/Sapelo Sound  ' ,                                Sheepshead minnow '
 Altamaha River       _                                         Mummichog    ' -
 St. Andrew/St. Simon Sound                                     Atlantic silversides 
 St. John's River                                               Sped ass 
                                                             Striped bass
 Indian River           _                                       Bluefish
 Biscayne Bay                       ,                           Cobia               _
                                    1  2                      Gray snapper
                    Less                         Highly        Sheepshead
                    certain                       certain      Pinfish
                                                             Spotted seatrout
                              Data reliability                Weakfish
                                                             Spot   ':s-
                                                             Southern kingfish         '
Figure 7. Mean data reliability by estuary.                      Atlantic croaker    _
                                                             Black drum               :
                                                             Red drum
                                                              Striped mullet  am       _
month.  If a species is only present in an estuary in           Spanish mackerel
                                                             Gulf flounder
unusual years (e.g., drought), it was not portrayed as           Summer flounder
part of that species' spatial or temporal distribution.          Southern flounder
However, if a species is usually there, even during a                                               2                   3
restricted time period, it was considered present forthe                       Less                                Highly
specific month(s).  Greater temporal resolution, such                         certain        Data Reliability      certain
as on a biweekly rather than on a monthly basis, was
not possible.                                                  Figure 8. Mean data reliability by species.

Life History Notes. Because of the complex life his-
tories of some species, the following comments are    and juveniles occur in some North Carolina estuaries.
provided below to clarify and supplement information    However, these mussels generally don't survive to
presented in the data summary tables.                          adulthood.

Invertebrates.  Sessile invertebrates, such as clams           ï¿½   Bay scallop:  Usually associated with seagrass
and oysters, usually have a patchy rather than a    beds and salinities greater than 25 ppt.
uniform distribution. Therefore, the areal distribution of
these organisms may be overestimated, but the salin-    ï¿½   American oyster: Populations tend to be intertidal
ity zones of colonization are identified. Specific areas    south of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, and subtidal
may contain acceptable salinity regimes, but suitable    from Cape Lookout northward.
bottom habitat for colonization may not exist. Specific
habitat requirements and life history characteristics of    ï¿½   Rangia: All life stages occur in salinities below 25
a number of invertebrate species are provided below:    ppt. Not common in the south Florida estuaries.

    Blue mussel: Notcommon south of Cape Hatteras.             ï¿½   Hard clam:  Most life stages occur in salinities
Larvae may be transported southward of Cape Hatteras,    above 20 ppt.


                                                         11








ï¿½  Penaeid shrimp: Postlarvae and juveniles are the    ï¿½  Blueback herring:  Spawning is in the spring,
main life stages utilizing the estuaries. Adults generally    primarily in fresh water above and below head-of-tide.
move to nearshore spawning grounds, where spawn-    Adults typically return to sea after spawning, and may
ing, egg development, and most of the larval develop-    spawn repeatedly in their natal river. Not present in the
ment occur.                                            southern Florida estuaries.  Blueback herring and
                                                       alewife are often referred to collectively as "river her-
*   Grass shrimp:  Fertilized eggs are held on the   ring".
female's pleopods until hatching.
                                                       ï¿½  Alewife: Spawning is in the spring, in fresh water
ï¿½  Blue crab: Mating usually takes place in the low    above and below head-of-tide, and in low salinity
salinities of the tidal fresh to the upper region of the    estuarine waters.  After spawning, adults typically
mixingzone. Aftermating,femalesmovetotheseawa-    move seaward. Not abundant south of Bogue Sound,
ter zone, while males often remain in the upper reaches    North Carolina.
of the estuary. Females brood the eggs (sponge
females), and larvae are released in higher salinities.   *  American shad: An anadromous species with a
Development through the late zoeal stages occurs   fairly strong natal homing tendency. Adults spawn in
offshore.  Megalopae are transported back into the   freshwater rivers and die afterwards. Juveniles use
estuary and disperse throughout the salinityzones. As    low-salinity estuarine waters as a nursery area, then
they approach maturity, blue crabs seek lower salini-   move offshore in the fall. Does not occur south of the
ties.                                                  St. John's River, Florida.

Fishes. Aggregating species by salinity zone uses a    *  Atlantic menhaden: Major winter spawning areas
single fundamental habitat parameter.  However, a    are offshore of Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout,
combination of habitat characteristics, such as bottom    North Carolina. Larvae move inshore and into estuar-
type, water temperature, and bathymetry, would more    ies, and juveniles are often highly abundant in estua-
accurately indicate species spatial and temporal dis-   rine waters. May hybridize with yellowfin menhaden
tributions. Specific habitat requirements and life his-   (B. smithi) in southern Florida.
tory characteristics of a numberof fishes are presented
here:                                                  ï¿½  Bay anchovy: All life stages occur in estuaries,
                                                       although adults may move offshore. A key forage
*  Atlantic sturgeon: Spawning occurs in freshwater    species that is one of the most abundant fishes in east
rivers or low-salinity tidal waters. Eggs are demersal    coast estuarine waters.
and adhesive, larvae drift downstream, and juveniles
migrate seaward. Adults are iteroparous, i.e.,they may    *   Sheepshead minnow:  The entire life cycle is
return to spawn more than once. Not present south of   completed within the estuary, and all life stages are
the St. John's River, Florida.                         euryhaline and eurythermal.  Tends to prefer open
                                                       bottom to heavily vegetated areas.
ï¿½ Ladyfish: Spawning occurs offshore. Juveniles
are euryhaline, and are found in a variety of estuarine    ï¿½  Mummichog:  The entire life cycle is completed
and coastal habitats.  Not abundant north of Cape    within the estuary, and all life stages are euryhaline.
Hatteras.                                              One of the most abundant fishes in east coast estua-
                                                       rine marsh habitats. Not common south of St. John's
ï¿½  American eel: Spawning occurs in the Sargasso    River, Florida.
Sea in the spring, and the pelagic larvae (leptocephali)
may spend over a year in marine waters before being    ï¿½  Silversides: Large schools spawn in the intertidal
transported shoreward.   As leptocephali reach the    zone at high tide. Spawning behavior is periodic, and
continental shelf, they metamorphose into transparent    may be affected by tidal cycle, lunar phase, and day-
"glass eels". As glass eels migrate into estuaries and    light. Silversides are often one of the most abundant
fresh water, they develop pigment and are considered    fish species in an estuary.
"elvers", which then grow into the "yellow eel" stage.
Yelloweels inhabit estuarine andfreshwatersforyears    ï¿½  White perch:  Spawning occurs in fresh water
before maturing intothe"silvereel"stage and migrating    above and below head of tide, and in low-salinity
seaward. Forthe purposes ofthis study, silvereels are    estuarine waters. Eggs are demersal. Juveniles and
considered adults, elvers and yellow eels are consid-    adultstypically remainwithinthe estuary. Notcommon
ered juveniles, and glass eels and leptocephali are    south of Charleston, South Carolina.  Landlocked
considered larvae.                                     freshwater populations also exist.


                                                     12







ï¿½   Striped bass: Spawning occurs in the spring in   HurricaneHugo. In September, 1989, Hurricane Hugo
freshwater rivers, and intida low-salinitywaters where    came ashore, affecting 90 miles of the South Carolina
there is sufficient current. Eggs are non-adhesive and    coast, from Charleston to Myrtle Beach. The storm
semi-buoyant.  Juveniles tend to form schools and    surge and heavy rainfall produced low salinity and low
remain in estuarine waters. Adults may move offshore,   dissolved oxygen conditions in the Charleston Harbor
or stay within the estuary.                            estuary, resulting in extensive mortality and down-
                                                        stream displacement of the estuarine fauna (Knott and
ï¿½  Bluefish: Juveniles and adults are the principal life   Martore 1991).  As water quality parameters in
stages found in estuaries. Adults may ascend rivers   Charleston Harbor returned to normal in the following
into brackish waters. Spawning, egg and larval devel-    months, grass shrimp, juvenile Atlantic croaker, and
opment occur offshore.                                 other estuarine species returned to the affected estua-
                                                        rine habitat in relatively high abundance (Knott and
ï¿½  Cobia: Adults are often attracted to large floating   Martore 1991). At North Inlet, a tide-dominated high-
objects such as buoys or anchored boats.  Cobia    salinity estuary about 50 miles north of Charleston
migrate to warmertropical marine waters in the winter.    Harbor, fishes, shrimps, and crabs were displaced
                                                       toward the ocean following the retreat of a 13 foot storm
ï¿½  Gray snapper: Juveniles are typically associated    surge.  No significant mortality was observed, and
with vegetation in estuaries, particularly seagrass beds    rapid reoccupation of high marsh habitats occurred
and mangroves. Adults, spawning,eggs, and larvae   within a month (Ogburn et al. 1990, Service et al. 1990).
are usually offshore.                                  Although it is too early to discern any long-term effects,
                                                        it appears that the estuarine fauna of South Carolina
*   Sheepshead: Spawning occurs in nearshore and    are recovering to typical levels and patterns of abun-
inlet waters. Larvae are transported towards the estu-   dance. The information presented in this volume is
aries, but typically enter as juveniles.               based on pre-Hugo conditions.

*   Pinfish: Juveniles and adults are the predominant
life stage within estuaries. Spawning and eggs occur
offshore. Larvae are transported into estuaries, but    Classifyingand Comparing Estuaries. Although the
may attain juvenile size before they enter.            qualitative nature of the distribution data precludes
                                                        statistical comparisons of species abundances among
*  Sciaenids: Most sciaenids move to nearshore or   estuaries, comparisons can be made using data on the
offshore waters for spawning, although some may    presence/absence of species in salinity zones. This
spawn in passes. Larvae may be transported toward    information, combined with the spatial and temporal
estuaries, but typically attain juvenile size before they   distribution data, is the strength of the data base.
enter. Juveniles develop in the nursery habitats of the    Estuaries can be loosely categorized by their physical
bays, then migrate out as subadults. Since some of   and chemical characteristics and their associated spe-
these species have rather long life spans, several    cies assemblages.  The relative importance of indi-
years may be spent in the estuaries as juveniles. As    vidual estuaries to specific species may also be de-
temperatures drop in the winter, they move into deeper    termined.
waters.
                                                        The species found in an estuary are sensitive indica-
ï¿½   Striped mullet: Estuarine habitat is primarily used    tors of both the mean and extreme environmental
by juveniles and adults. They spawn offshore or near    conditions within that estuary. Estuaries can be clas-
passes, and larvae move inshore and into estuaries.    sified bythe numberof species present and bywhether
                                                        the fauna are primarily marine, estuarine, or freshwa-
ï¿½   Spanish mackerel: Juveniles and adults occur in   ter. Species assemblages may correlate with physical
estuaries, but other life stages are pelagic and primarily   characteristics, such as bottom substrate, vegetation,
in coastal waters.                                     and areal and temporal characteristics of salinity zones.
                                                        The information on species presence/absence or other
ï¿½   Flounders:  Spawning, eggs, and larvae are in   attributes can be used to determine the faunal similari-
nearshore waters. Juveniles and larvae migrate into   ties and differences among estuaries.
bays for growth and development. Gulf flounder ap-
pear to be more restricted in their ascent into fresher    A comparison of estuaries and associated species can
water, typically remaining in salinities greater than 20    identify differing factors among those estuaries that
ppt. Southern flounder are more generally distributed.    might account for shifts in species distribution and
Juveniles and adults migrate according to tempera-    relative abundance, helping to define ecological vari-
ture, creating 'fall runs" to the offshore waters.     ables controlling species distributions. For example, a

                                                     13








species may show differing salinity tolerances among    tributes are categorical (e.g., feeding types can be
estuaries, suggesting that some other factor, such as    classified as carnivore, herbivore, detritivore, etc.) and
temperature,competition, or predation may be regulat-    more easily viewed in a tabular format.  Therefore,
ing its distribution.                                   information found in the species life history summaries
                                                        will be augmented with additional physical and biologi-
Linkages to Marine Ecosystems. Estuaries are home    cal parameters and condensed into three life history
to many aquatic species year-round, however, a large   tables.  Major table headings are: Habitat Associa-
number of species only use estuaries for specific parts   tions, Biological Attributes, and Reproduction (Appen-
of their life histories and spend the rest offshore. Most    dix 5). These tables will present life history charac-
of these latter species fall into four general categories:   teristics for each species along with behaviortraits and
1) diadromous species, which use estuaries as migra-    preferred habitats. They will reflect the most current
tion corridors and, in some instances, nursery areas; 2)    information about a species as gathered from published
species that use estuaries for spawning, often at spe-    and unpublished literature and can be used to quickly
cific salinities; 3) species that spawn in marine waters    identify species with similar traits.
near the mouths of estuaries and depend on tidal- and
wind-driven currents to carry eggs, larvae, or early    East Coast StrategicAssessment. Development of
juveniles into estuarine nursery areas; and 4) species    a capabilityto define and interpret the effects of anthro-
that enter estuaries during certain times of year to feed    pogenic and natural phenomenon on living marine
on abundant prey. The importance of an estuary can    resourceswillbeacomponentofthe Strategic Environ-
be assessed by the intensity with which species use    mental Assessments Division's East Coast of North
estuarine habitats. Importance can be estimated both    America Strategic Assessment Project scheduled to
by the numberof species present aswell as the density    begin in FY 92 (NOAA 1991). This project will charac-
of specific life stages in estuaries relative to offshore   terize the biological, physical, chemical, and economic
habitats. These data may assist in identifying adverse    characteristics of the east coast of North America to
effects of estuarine degradation on offshore popula-    address multiple resource use conflicts.  The data
tions.                                                  compiled for the ELMR southeast and northeast study
                                                        regions will be a major component of this project. The
                                                        new initiative will include electronic mapping of the
                                                        distribution and relative abundance of living marine
Species Life History Summaries. The ELMR pro-    resources. The study area begins at the head-of-tide
gram is continuing to compile and assess estuarine    in estuaries and encompasses the continental shelf as
biological and physical data to improve the Nation's    defined by the 200-m isobath. Beyond the shelf the
ability to manage coastal ocean resources. The next    study area contains epipelagic waters. The areal
step is to complete data compilation for the develop-    coverage will extend from the Straits of Belle Isle,
ment of species life history summaries for each of the    Newfoundland, to Tampa Bay, Florida. The ELMR
fishes and invertebrates in the southeast data base.    distribution and abundance data will be the primary
                                                        source of fish and invertebrate information for east
A concise life history summary will be written for each    coast estuaries. These data will be integrated with the
species to provide an overview of how and when a    coastal and offshore living resource information to
species uses estuaries and what specific habitats it   develop a consistent data base base on species found
uses. The summaries will highlight species-specific    fromthe head-of-tide to past the continentalshelf. This
life history characteristics that relate directly to estua-   will enable the development of capability to define and
rine spatial and temporal distribution and abundance    understand the coupling of estuarine and marine habi-
(e.g., many molluscs have particular salinity and sub-    tats based on species spatial and temporal distribu-
strate preferences).  Information for the species life   tions and life history characteristics.
history summaries will be gathered primarily from pub-
lished and unpublished literature; individuals who have    Additional data sets developed or under development
species-specific knowledge will be consulted. As an    (e.g., National Status and Trends) in NOAA programs
example, the species life history summary for bluefish   will enable regional environmental assessments of
(Pomatomus saltatrix) in the northeast region is shown    anthropogenic effects on living marine resources. Inte-
in Appendix 4.                                          gration of biological, and physical datawill significantly
                                                        improve our ability to identify and define the biological
While the species life history summaries will provide    linkages and physical interchanges between estuarine
brief accounts of important life history attributes, they    and shelf habitats. As it becomes apparent that the
do not permit a direct and simple assessment of   cumulative effects of small alterations in many estuar-
characteristics that a species shares with others (or   ies have a total systemic impact on coastal ocean
lacks altogether). Furthermore, many life history at-   resources, it is more important than ever to compile

                                                      14








consistent information on the Nation's estuarine fishes    Gunter, G. 1967. Some relationships of estuaries to the
and invertebrates. Although the knowledge available   fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico. In G. H. Lauff (editor),
to effectively preserve and manage living resources is   Estuaries, pp. 621-638. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Sp.
limited, the ELMR data base provides an importanttool    Publ. No. 83, Washington, DC. 757 p.
for assessing the status of estuarine fauna and exam-
ining their relationships with other species and their   Hammerschmidt, P. C. and L. W. McEachron. 1986.
environment. The ELMR data base provides baseline    Trends in relative abundance of selected shellfishes
information on the zoogeography and ecology of es-    along the Texas coast: January 1977 - March 1986.
tuarine fishes and invertebrates, and identifies gaps in   Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Coast. Fish. Branch, Mgmt.
our knowledge of these resources. When combined    Data Ser., No. 108:149 p.
with data sets under development in the East Coast of
North America Strategic Assessment Project, our    Joseph, E. B. 1973. Analysis of a nursery ground. In A.
ability to conduct interdisciplinary assessments to   L. Pacheco (editor). Proceedings of a Workshop on
identify strategies to balance resource development    Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Stages of Fish in Atlantic
and conservation efforts will be significantly enhanced.    Coast Estuaries.

      , o  - o, -  -                                    Knott, D.M., and R.M. Martore. 1991. The short-term
                                                       effects of Hurricane Hugo on fishes and decapod
We thank those individuals that provided information    crustaceans in the Ashley River and adjacent marsh
and reviewed the data in this report.  Without their   creeks, South Carolina. J. Coastal Res. Spec. Iss. 8:
efforts a study of this magnitude and complexity would    335-356.
not be possible. In addition, we thank the many other
scientists and managers who provided contacts and    Mann, K. H. 1982. Ecology of coastal waters. Univ. of
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Matthews and David M. Knott for their comments on
Hurricane Hugo. Fish illustrations on the cover were    Monaco, M. E. 1986. National Estuarine Inventory:
obtained from Shipp 1988.                               Living marine resources component, preliminary West
                                                       Coast study. ELMR Rpt. 1. Ocean Assessments Divi-
 I~L(-..]~lm    l_[:le]TF~                              sion, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 33 p.

Bane, N., and T. Van Devender. 1989. Annual Report    Monaco, M. E., T. E. Czapla, D. M. Nelson, and M. E.
of the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment    Pattillo. 1989. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes
Program (SEAMAP).  Gulf States Marine Fisheries    and Invertebrates in Texas Estuaries. ELMR Rpt. No.
Commission. 11 p.                                       3.  Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA.
                                                       Rockville, MD. 107 p.
Barrett,B.B., J.L. Merrell, T.P. Morrison, M.C. Gillespie,
E.J. Ralph andJ.F. Burdon. 1978. Astudyof Louisiana's    Monaco, M. E., D. M. Nelson, R. L. Emmett, and S. A.
major estuaries and adjacent offshore waters. Louisi-    Hinton. 1990. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes
ana Dept. Wildl. Fish., New Orleans, LA. 197 p.         and Invertebrates in West Coast Estuaries, Volume 1:
                                                       Data Summaries. ELMR Rpt. No. 4. Strategic Assess-
Briggs, J.C. 1974. Marine Zoogeography. McGraw-    ment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 240 p.
Hill, New York. 475 p.
                                                       NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
Bulger, A.J., B.P. Hayden, M.E. Monaco, D.M. Nelson,    stration). 1984. The national status and trends pro-
and M.G. McCormick-Ray. 1990. A proposed estua-    gram for marine environmental quality: Program de-
rine classification: analysis of species salinity ranges.    scription (memo). Ocean Assessments Division, NOS/
ELMR Rept. No. 5. Strategic Assessment Branch,    NOAA. Rockville, MD. 28 p.
NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 28 p.
                                                       NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
Darnell, R. M., R. E. Defenbaugh, and D. Moore. 1983.    stration). 1985. National Estuarine Inventory: Data
Northwestern Gulf shelf bio-atlas. Open File Report    Atlas. Volume 1. Physical and Hydrologic Characteris-
No. 82-04. Minerals Management Service, Gulf of   tics. Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA.
Mexico OCS Regional Office. Metairie, LA. 438 p.        Rockville, MD. 103 p.

Gilmore, R. G. 1977. Fishes of the Indian River Lagoon    NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
and adjacent waters, Florida. Bull. Fla. St. Mus., Biol.   stration). 1988. Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas
Sci. 22: 101-148.                                       Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas. Strategic Assess-

                                                    15








ment Branch, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 135 p.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
stration). 1991. Prospectus forthe East Coast of North
America Strategic Assessment Project: Biogeographic
Characterization Component. Strategic Environmen-
tal Assessments Division, NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD.
17 p.

Odum, W. E., and E. J. Heald. 1975. The detritus-
based food web of an estuarine mangrove community.
In L. E. Cronin (editor). Estuarine Research. Academic
Press. New York, NY. pp. 265 - 286.

Ogburn, G., S. Service, and D. Allen. 1990. Effects of
Hurricane Hugo and other climatic events on intertidal
nekton of North Inlet, SC (abstract). Southeast Estuar-
ine Research Society (SEERS) Spring Meeting, 1990.

Perry, H. M., G. Adkins, R. Condrey, P. C. Hammer-
schmidt, S. Heath, J. R. Herring, C. Moss, G. Perkins,
and P. Steele. 1984. A profile of the blue crab fishery
of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf States Marine Fisheries
Commission Report, December 1982. 184 pp.

Powell, A.B., D.E. Hoss, W.F. Hettler, D.S. Peters, L.
Simoneaux, and S. Wagner. 1987. Abundance and
distribution of ichthyoplankton in Florida Bay and adja-
cent waters. South Florida Research Report SFRS-87/
01.

Service, S., G. Ogburn, and D. Allen. 1990. Short-term
effects of Hurricane Hugo on the estuarine fauna of
North Inlet, South Carolina (abstract). Benthic Ecology
Meeting, 1990.

Sherman, K., and L. M. Alexander (editors). 1985.
Variability and management of large marine ecosys-
tems. AAAS Selected Symposium 99. AAAS, Wash-
ington, DC. 319 p.

Shipp, R. L. 1988. Guide to fishes of the Gulf of Mexico.
Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL.
256 p.

Wenner, C.A., and G.R. Sedberry. 1989. Species
composition, distribution, and relative abundance of
fishes in the coastal habitat off the southeastern United
States. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 79, 49 p.

Weinstein, M. P. 1979. Shallow marsh habitats as
primary nurseries for fishes and shellfish. Cape Fear
River, North Carolina. Fish. Bull., U. S. 77: 339-357

Wilkinson, L. 1987. Systat: The system for statistics.
Systat, Inc., Evanston, IL.


                                                    16








                            Data Summary Tables


Table 2. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Table 3. Temporal distribution

Table 4. Data reliability

Table 5. Occurrence of 40 species in 20 southeast estuaries


In each data summary table, species are listed in phylogenetic order, as in Table 1. Estuaries
are listed in a north to south order, from Albemarle Sound, NC, to Biscayne Bay, FL. At the
beginning of each data summary is an index table showing the page location of each species
and estuary within the data summary.
































                                           17










                                                 S.                                                 N  - S  S    0 --      M.  S




Index to Table 2. Page location of spatial distribution table for each species and estuary.

                                                                                                        Estuary





 Common and Scientific Name                                                                                      C3
 Mussel (MyJifis eduis) ......
 Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) .....
 American oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
 Common rangia (Rangia cuneala) 
 Hard clam (Mercenaria species) ... ...
 Brown shrimp (Penasus azlecus) ..  .  ..  
 Pink shrimp (Penasus duoranum)
 White shrimp (Penaeus setiferus)
 Grass shrimp (Palasmonstes pugia)                           .3p.2p.5
 Blue crab (Callinectes sapdus)p.2p                                                                          4         p 5
 Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus
 Ladyfish (Elops saurus)
 American eel (Anguilla rostrata) ....
 Blueback barring (Aloas aestivalis)
 Alewife (Alosa psoudoharangus)
 American shad (Alosa sapidissimna)                                                          :7P.2-
 Atlantic menhaden (Bravoorfia tyrannus)
 Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchiffi)........
 Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon vafiegatus)
 Mummichog (Fundulus helera c/itus)
 Atlantic silversides (Menidia species)                      .2p.3p.1
 White parch (Morons ameficana)p.2p                                                                           3         p 1
Striped bass (Morane saxatills)
 Bluefish (Pon~atomus saitatrix)
Cobia (Rachycantron canadum)
Gray snapper (Lu/janus griso us).........
Sheepshead (Archosargus pmbatcacpha/us)
 Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)                           P                            .P                                      4
 Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)
 Weaklish (Cynoscion regalis)
 Spot (Laiostomus xanthurus)
 Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus arnericanus)
Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)                 p. 35                         p. 36                         p. 37
Black drum (Pogonias cromis)
Red drum (Sciaenops ace//a! us)
Striped mullet (Mugil cepha/us)
Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus macu/a/us)
Gulf flounder (Parafichthys albigutta)
Summer flounder (Para/ichthys dentatus)           ~3                                       .3                           .4
Southern flounder (Paralichthys la/ho s/i gia)








Table 2. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                        Southeast Estuaries
                                    Pamlico/                                 Cape
                  Albemarle  Pamlico   Puno    Neuse    Bogue         New       CFe
                                    ml'co   Pungo                            Fear
                   Sound    Sound    Rivers    River    Sound         River    River

Species/Life Stage    T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
Mussel            A
                S
  Mytilis         J                   4                             4          4        4
  edulis          L                     
                E
Bay scallop       A               0  @                            0 0      0  O          l
                S                  @                          0O  0                   4
  Argopecten     J                @@0                           0o           0 
  irradians 
                L                  @                          0Oï¿½  0ï¿½
                E                  O                          Oï¿½   Oï¿½                 4
American oyster   A     0    O a                                    0                O 0 
                S  0    @                           O   000  00 @   0
   Crassostrea    J      0         O                   0         *         *     0 
   virginica      L      0         a                   0         06         6a       0 
                E  0                                          *  0   a  a6   0 
Common rangia  A 0   0   0 0  0     0   0 0   0 0
                S@@  @@  @@  @@  00  00  00
   Rangia         JO              0 0     0   0 0   0 0   0 0
  cuneata    L@@    @  @I   00   00   00
                E            ï¿½@ 1 3@  00  0 0  0 0
 Hard clam         A               O O  * ï¿½ a*   @6
                S                  6                          @6*  06  @0
   Mercenaria      J                                              ï¿½*       *       * 
  species         L                                             O     0 
                E               ï¿½ï¿½ *ï¿½   66   @ï¿½
 Brown shrimp      A     0O        O  O  
                S
   Penaeus    J   0                      o      oo 0* *0 IN 
  aztecus         L               00                  0        *0    10
                E
                   T M *TMSTM  T M *T M S T M S T M S
                                    Pamlico/                                 Cape
                  Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungo    Neuse    Bogue         New      Cear
                   Sound    Sound                 River    Sound      River    River
                                    Rivers                                  River
                                        Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                        Salinity Zone                    Life Stage
a Highly Abundant                         T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
1      Abundant                           M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
0      Common                             S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
4I     Rare                               * - Seawater zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                         E - Eggs

                                       20








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                          Southeast Estuaries
                              N&S
                    Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                      Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound      River     River    Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S
Mussel            A
                 S
  Mytilis         J         q
  edulis          L
                 E
Bay scallop       A
                 S
  Argopecten      J
   irradians       L
                 E
American oyster   A                              0 a  0   0      a          0       
                 S  00  0                  i           N   6 *   a a  0O O 
   Crassostrea   J   a@            0 o                  Sï¿½    66   00 oo
   virginica       L   06   0 o                         S          66    00    a 
                 E  6 6  O  a0  aï¿½0 *                                 0 0  a *
Common rangia  A0   0 0  0  O O   0 0   0 0
                 S 0   0                                                           0    00  00
   Rangia          J  0  0 0    4                            0 0   00 
  cuneata         L       O    0  0 ï¿½                  4      4         0  0      0  0
                 E 0   0                                               00  00
Hard clam         A   O O               0  O           0    a              0 0   0 0
                S  ï¿½ï¿½  0    ï¿½@   00  C0   ï¿½ï¿½  ï¿½ï¿½
  Mercenaria   j                  0          ï¿½         0 00            00   0 0
  species         L   ï¿½ï¿½   0                 @ï¿½   00  O   O1
                 E a0    0                     l 00   00 ï¿½                Oï¿½
Brown shrimp      A      O          O )  )             / /      O  O      O  O        )  )
                S  4 
  Penaeus    J                                *    * -    Iï¿½    00 0
  aztecus         L               0
                 E   4 4
                   TM ST M * TMST M ST M ST M ST  M S
                             N&S
                    Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                     Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound      River     River    Sound

                                          Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Salinity Zone                    Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                     T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
0)     Abundant                            M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
0      Common                              S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
4      Rare                                * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                          E - Eggs

                                        21








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                     Southeast Estuaries
                   St. Cathe./ Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapelo    River   St. Simon   River       River      Bay
                    Sound               Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  *  M  S  *  M  S
Mussel            A
                S
  Mytilis         J
  edulis
                L
                 E
Bay scallop       A                                                   4         O
                S                                                    O0
  Argopecten      J                                                   4         0
  irradians       L                                                             O
                 E                                                  4         O
American oyster   A     a0   )  0           0       l O       O0             0 O
                S  (    0 0   @    I   0 0  0 0
  Crassostrea   J    3             00 )   O                  00    00
  virginica    L a                 0 O          a         @   0 0   00 
                 E  *    0*         0   66  a                   0 0  0 0
Common rangia  A0    0 O   O O    O O                              4
                 SO  00  00  00   4


                 EOO  00  00  00    4

                 S @@  @                              00  0 0  00 
  Mercenaria  J  00   00   00   0 0   00   00
  species         L  @ï¿½   ï¿½@   @ï¿½   00   00   00
                 E  0  00  00   00  00  0 0
Brown shrimp      A      0         0 0       i3                   4   i
                 S
  Penaeus    J   3                 00 o      0 Do                 00   1 
  aztecus         L                                               0  0   
                 E
                    TM ST M ST M ST M S* MS * MS
                   St. Cath./ Altamaha St. Andrewl St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapelo      River   St. Simon   River      River      Bay
                    Sound                Sound
                                      Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance              Salinity Zone                    Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant           T - Tidal Fresh                 A - Adults
ï¿½-      Abundant                 M - Mixing                      S - Spawning adults
O       Common                   S - Seawater                    J - Juveniles
4      Rare                      * - Salinity zone not present.  L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                               E - Eggs

                                         22








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                           Southeast Estuaries
                                      Pamlico/                                  Cape
                   Albemarle  Pamlico  Pamlico    Neuse    Bogue        New
                                       Pungo                                    Fear
                     Sound    Sound    Rivers    River    Sound         River    Riea
                                       Rivers                                   River
Species/Life Stage    T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  *  T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S
Pink shrimp       A      O       a           0         0
                 S
  Penaeus         J   0                      0@        O a                            0a 
  duorarum
                 E
White shrimp      A     0          0  O      0         0
                 S
   Penaeus    J O    @O  O    O    00   0040,
   setiferus       L                  0 0  0                      0 0 0   0 ï¿½          0 a
                 LO 0 S0   O0  0  0 
                 E
Grass shrimp      A O   O0    0                                  S               
                 S  0               ï¿½ @                          @   ï¿½ ï¿½     ï¿½ ï¿½
   Palaemonetes J   0               ï¿½ï¿½    ï¿½             ï¿½         ï¿½          ï¿½ï¿½    * a
  pugio           L   O           @@    ï¿½                 
                 E  O    O                      ï¿½ ï¿½ Oï¿½  00 ï¿½
Blue crab         A O   O 0   0     O   O                    a O   Sï¿½    )   0  0
                 MOO  0ï¿½  0ï¿½  0ï¿½   o0  00ï¿½s
   Callinectes   J0                * @             a          0    O          O 
   sapidus         L                                    4         O9 a                  01
                 E     a           ï¿½4 *  0                                   1  
Atlantic sturgeon   A O     O  O  O  O  O  O        O  O                           O  O  O
                 SO   00  O 0  0                                                 O
   Acipenser   J 0 O  0000 0   0 0 4   0 00
   oxyrhynchus  LO              00   00   00                                       00
                 EO 0   00  00  00                                               0
 Ladyfish          A                00                                              0   00
                 S
   Elops    J o    000  0  00                                                      0  4  000
   saurus          L               00                                           4000
                 E
                    TM  * T M ST M * T M * T M ST M ST M S
                   Albemarle  Pamlico  Pamlico/   Neuse    Bogue        New       Cape
                                       Pungo                                    Fear
                     Sound    Sound        uvers    River    Sound      River     River
                                       Rivers                                   River
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Salinity                         Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                     T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
O      Abundant                            M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
O      Common                              S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
4      Rare                                * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                          E - Eggs
                                                                   M - Mating
                                         23








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative

                                        Southeast Estuaries
                            N&S
                   Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                    Bay     Rivers    Harbor    Sound    River       River    Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T          M  *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
Pink shrimp       A      4 0      0          4  4      4  4     0  0       4  4      4  4
                S
  Penaeus   J  00                          00                  00  00  00
  duorarum    L  0 0   0                    0 0   4             00 ï¿½ 
                E
White shrimp   A 4 0                        0                    0 0    0 a a O
                S                         '  V
  Penaeus    J 41     ï¿½    66   9 a    0 
  setiferus       L        @                *0                                      0 
                E   / /
Grass shrimp      A     *   *                  6 *  *  1   
                S ï¿½*            ï¿½         Ii *ï¿½ *ï¿½   ï¿½ï¿½ 13
  Palaemonetes  J          *      *         *         @         @          @         @@
  pugio           L            @            U         @          ï¿½         @@          ï¿½ 
                E  *6 *   OS * *@   00 1@
Blue crab         A0  ï¿½   0             ï¿½ ï¿½ a a ï¿½ a   * ï¿½    1 * ï¿½   ï¿½    ï¿½ ï¿½   ï¿½ ï¿½
                M 0  ï¿½   a                          O0   000  00
  Callinectes  JO a    Oa               0  o 0 ï¿½  0 ï¿½ 000
  sapidus         L     4  ï¿½      6                                        4  
                E    @   0                   ï¿½                ï¿½          ï¿½    41 *,iï¿½
Atlantic sturgeon   A  /  4  4                       0  0  0    0  0 0    O  00  0  0
                SQO                   4  V    O 00   0    0
  Acipenser   J 00                         4       O O  O O O O o  O OO O
  oxyrhynchus  LOO ï¿½                          00   00   0  
                EQO    4  40   OO  00  0  0
Ladyfish          A   44  4    0l                        0   0O 4 O  0             0 00
                S
  Elops          J / 0 0    0                 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0ï¿½0 0
  saurus          L   4 0   4                  0   0 0             0   0 0   0 0
                E
                  T M ST M *  T M S  T M ST M ST M S
                            N&S
                   Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                    Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound    River      River    Sound
                                        Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                        Salinity                         Life Stage
6      Highly Abundant                    T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
ï¿½ Abundant                                M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
0      Common                             S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
V      Rare                               * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                         E - Eggs
                                                               M - Mating
                                      24








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative

                                     Southeast Estuaries
                  St. Cathe./ Altamaha St. Andrewl St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapel ï¿½             St. Simon
                    Sapelo    River   St.ouSmon   River       River       Bay
                    Sound                Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  *  M  S  *  M  S
Pink shrimp        A                                               0  0
                S
  Penaeus   J  00  O                         00000 0  *6
  duorarum         L                              4 
                E
White shrimp       A     *  *       @  {      *  *                  4  4      |  4
                S
  Penaeus    J   a                                6       0 a@      o 0    44
  setiferus       L   00   00   00    6    O0   4 
                E
Grass shrimp       A     I     IE 1           13 1     0a  O  O
                S a    r   a 00  0                                   00
  Palaemonetes J  aï¿½ @X   000 aO                                               00
  pugi9           L  a0 ï¿½)   ï¿½0 01  1                              a  0 0
                E I   a   a   00 0  0   00
Blue crab          A 0  0  I  1  0  13 0  0  O  O *                1  0       *  1
                M00  00  00  000  00  @0
  Callinectes  J  a a ï¿½ ï¿½ a               ï¿½O                       0ï¿½    ï¿½  
  sapidus         L      4*         4*           0                 13 13    0ï¿½
                E  4ï¿½   4ï¿½   4. *0    0  1 
Atlantic sturgeon   A O  O  O  O  O  O  O             O O O  / 4   4
                SO    O    O  4
  Acipenser  J000000000   44
  oxyrhynchus    LO             O         O 0J 
                E 0    0    0    44
                EO           O         O          VV
Ladyfish           A 400  0000000     00   0 0
                S
  Elops           J O O O O ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½     0 0
  saurus          L   9 a          0 0              0 0   a a                0 0
                E
                   T M ST M ST M ST M S* M S * M S
                   St. Cath./  Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                   Sapelo      River     Siver                River      Bay
                   Sound                Sound
                                    Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance               Salinity                         Life Stage
*       Highly Abundant          T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
ii      Abundant                 M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
O       Common                   S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
/4  Rare                         * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                E - Eggs
                                                       M - Mating
                                       25








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                          Southeast Estuaries
                                      Pamlico/                               Cape
                   Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungo    Neuse    Bogue       New      Fear
                     Sound    Sound    Rivers    River    Sound    River    River
Species/Life Stage    T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  * T  M *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
American eel**  A 0 0   0   O O       0 0  O O                O O ï¿½     O O O 0 0 0
                 S
  Anguilla
      Anguilla   J (  (       a  ï¿½  ï¿½  ï¿½  0  0  0  0   0 0  O  0
  rostrata       L                                  9 1     0  0  0  0  0
                 E
Blueback herring  A       ï¿½  13    *                              4 O  *             Co  o

  Alosa    J jï¿½    ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½   00   J J  / / '                                        o o000
   aestivalis     Lï¿½         0*  *                                             0 .  *     00
                 Lï¿½          ï¿½         ï¿½        ï¿½          V        *J   O0
                 E*          *04       ï¿½        *          '  4     '         O
Alewife          A ï¿½          0o o0 0  00    O OO ï¿½ 4 4 4 44
                 Sï¿½   0                0   a              0O  /               ' I
  Alosa           J  i        ï¿½00    O                      a O O O4
  pseudoharengus L               0                    4    0          '         i  I
                 E *                   0 ï¿½                O 0    "             1
American shad    A            0  O0  OO   O 0  0            4  '  '  ' 4       O O  O 0
                 SO          O         O        O          '        '4        O
   Alosa          J   0  00000 00  O J   / '4O O O
   sapidissima    L           0         0         0                               0
                 EO          0         0        0          J        '         0
Atlantic menhaden A              O  ï¿½      ï¿½     ï¿½         ï¿½            0  0      0O  ï¿½
                 S
   Brevoortia     J            a     g              o              *  aO  
   tyrannus   L               ï¿½                   ï¿½   ï¿½s.ï¿½.sï¿½ï¿½*
                 E
 Bay anchovy   A ï¿½   0 a a 0                         ï¿½ 0a  0 a  Oa 0 a a         0 
                 S  *    *                3    *    * 55    @ï¿½  ï¿½
   Anchoa   Jï¿½@  O                                o OOseoï¿½eos
   Anchoa   J a0ï¿½ ï¿½0                              0a  0ï¿½ ï¿½0ï¿½ ï¿½0 ï¿½
   mitchilli      L                                  *         *. a      * 
                 E  *             @a  a   a                  a*         5ï¿½ * 
                    T  M  * T  M  ST  M  *  T  M  *  T  M  ST  M  ST  M  S
                                      Pamlico/                                Cape
                   Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungc    Neuse    Bogue       New      Cear
                     Sound    Sound    Rivers    River    Sound    River    River
                                       Rivers                                 River
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                       Salinity                       Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                   T - Tidal Fresh                A - Adults
-3     Abundant                          M - Mixing                     S - Spawning adults
0      Common                            S - Seawater                   J - Juveniles
,4     Rare                              * -Salinity zone not present.  L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                      E - Eggs

                                         26
** See Life History Notes, p. 12.








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative

                                        Southeast Estuaries
                            N&S
                   Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                    Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound      River     River    Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S
American eel**   A O O O O O   O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
                S
  Anguilla    J                          OOOOOOOOOO  OO  
  rostrataO    00000000
      rostrata    L O  0 O O 0    O  0 0 0               O O O 0 0 0 0   O    
                E
 Blueback herring A O O 4             O O   O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
                SO    O    O    O    O    0  0 V
  Alosa           J00 OO ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
  aestivais          0 0L      0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 04
  aestivalis                                                                J ï¿½  ï¿½ï¿½
                L 0O    0    0    0    0 0                                      0O
                EO           O         O         O         O          O V  O 
Alewife           A  i  4  4
                S
  Alosa            J  4  4  4
  pseudoharengus L  4
                E 4
American shad  A O O                  O O   O O O O O  0       I  I 0    O O  O O O
                SO           O         O         O          V    O              O
  Alosa           J O0  0    0O  00000 O    O    000000
  sapidissima     L 0          0  0      0         0                    0         0

Atlantic menhaden A  / O  O   `/ O            O  O      O  O      O  O      O  O       O  O
                S
      Brevoortia    J 0  0 0  0 ï¿½0 ï¿½ 9                        0 0 0   0 ï¿½0 ï¿½      O    )
  tyrannus    L 4 000 0ï¿½ *   ï¿½       0 O
                E
Bay anchovy    A     0  0   IO 0 0 a                       O   O a a               O *0 a
                S  ï¿½  0a ï¿½ï¿½  0   0  00  ï¿½ï¿½
  Anchoa          J  a            6   0*              a         
  mitchilli       L
                E  06   S *6 *6   ï¿½0 *6   0ï¿½
                  T M S T M * T M ST M ST M ST M S T M S
                            N&S
                   Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                    Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound      River     River    Sound

                                       Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Salinity                         Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                     T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
ï¿½ Abundant                                 M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
0      Common                              S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
4      Rare                                * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                          E - Eggs

                                      27
ï¿½* See Life History Notes, p. 12.








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative

                                       Southeast Estuaries
                   St. Cathe./ Altamaha St. Anrew  St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                     Sapelo      River   St. Simon   Riv
                       Sound   River    Soun         River     River       Bay
                     Sound                Sound
Species/Life Stage     T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  *  M   S  *  M   S
American eel**   A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0   0 0
                 S
   Anguilla         J   ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½@ @ ï¿½                              00    00
   rostrata         L (9         19                                .00    0 
                 E
 Blueback herring A  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0    0 0 0




                 EO  O V   O  /   O
 Alewife            A
                 S
  Alosa            J
  pseudoharengus L
                 E
American shad  A 4 a   / O O   0 0 0 O  0 0 0
                 S 4          0          0          0
   Alosa            J    O   O  000o
   sapidissima      L  4         O          O          O
                 E  0    0    0
Atlantic menhaden A   0 O    O O    0 ï¿½0  ï¿½                          0 0
                 S
   Brevoortia
      Brevoortia   J 0          a 0   0   0 0    0   0 
   tyrannus        L                                   0  0  0       0 
                 E
 Bay anchovy    A O * ï¿½ O *  O *0   ï¿½                                            6 *  a a a O
                 S  ï¿½ï¿½   ï¿½ï¿½   ï¿½ï¿½   ï¿½ï¿½   ï¿½ï¿½   ï¿½ï¿½
   Anchoa          Jo                                               a **
   mitchilli        L a    a    *.                                   *        
                 L  aï¿½  aï¿½  aï¿½  aï¿½  aï¿½  aa
                 E  6a   66 *6   66 *6 *                          *
                    T M ST M ST M ST M S* M S * M S
                    St. Cath/ Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapelo      River   St. Simon   River       River       Bay
                     Sound                 Sound
                                      Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                Salinity                         Life Stage
*       Highly Abundant           T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
-       Abundant                  M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
O       Common                    S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
4       Rare                      * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                 E - Eggs

                                          28
ï¿½* See Life History Notes, p. 12.








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                      Southeast Estuaries

                 Albemarle Pamlico  Pamlico/   Neuse    Bogue      New      Cape
                   Sound    Sound    Pungo    River    Sound    River    Fear
                                   Rivers                                River
Species/Life Stage    T  M  * T  M  S T  M  *  T  M *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
Sheepshead   A   V  0 100   00   00ï¿½ O a                                      4 
minnow           S     /                  0   0            00N O   O
  Cyprinodon   J             0  00   0  0 0    0   O 
  variegatus     L     4    O   O               0         0      0   O            0
               E              ï¿½ O   0 O   OO. 0 3  0    i
               E 4 o@@  0 o 0Oï¿½o0@@  @0
Mummichog    A 4 0   0 **0   0I 013                                 0        
               S v O   O * * O  a   O                      * O       * * O  a  ï¿½)
               SVO O0sO@ Oï¿½ ossose @@
  Fundulus   Jo V            O * *    01                  0    0a ï¿½ï¿½   
  heteroclitus   L4O   O   O0    0                        0  a            0*  
               EL   0 aa 0O  0@  0 ï¿½ï¿½0ï¿½ ï¿½  
Atlantic silversides A O  O   O  0                  ï¿½ O   O  O  a a a a   * /    O ï¿½
               S  ï¿½ 30   0                       @            0  
 Menidia         J O    O  O  O    O    O  O
 species         L    @           @6      0                    @          .      @
               E ï¿½            @3        0   ï¿½             a           a *
White perch      A *  *       O  O  O  O  O      O  O      4 
               Sï¿½ï¿½  00  00O O00  
  Morone         J  ï¿½   0 0   0 0   00  
  americana   L 6            00   00 O0 O  I
               Eï¿½ï¿½  00  00 ï¿½0  44
Striped bass     A O   O      O  O      O   O   0         / 44      4   V     4 4 4
               Sï¿½ 1        0         0        0O        V  4   V
  Morone    J@0   00   00   004   4 
  saxatilis      L    0      0         00        00 ï¿½  ï¿½   
               E           0        0         0         4         4         44
Bluefish         A    O       II          O          4           @  ,  44           0
               S
  Pomatomus  JOO   4@  4O                           0           @   O00 O1
  saltatrix      L
               E
                  T M  * T  M  ST  M  * T  M  * T  M  ST  M  ST  M  S
                 Albemarle Pamlico  Pngco/   Neuse    Bogue        New      Cape
                  Sound    Sound          River         Sound    River
                                   Rivers                                River
                                      Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                      Salinity Zone                   Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                  T - Tidal Fresh                 A - Adults
ï¿½ Abundant                              M - Mixing                      S - Spawning adults
O      Common                           S - Seawater                    J - Juveniles
4I     Rare                             * - Salinity zone not present.  L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                      E - Eggs
                                                            M - Mating
                                     29








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                    Southeast Estuaries
                         N&S
                 Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                  Bay     Rivers   Harbor   Sound    River        River    Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
Sheepshead    A O O   0                 O O  O   O O O O    ) 
minnow     5 0  V                       0 000000000    0  
  Cyprinodon  J00  0   00   0  0 0 0   00
  variegatus  L O 0                 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 
              E O O V O O   O O O  O'O O O O O O 1) 3 O   O )
              E00400  0000000000@ï¿½0ï¿½ï¿½
Mummichog        A    )     0   0 0  *

  Fundulus    J 0 a    0                                                ï¿½ ï¿½  0    ï¿½ a
  heteroclitus   L  


Atlantic silversides A   O       O      4 O  O  O   O           6    O   0  O  
              S  ,0                        0  a                      0 0    0 0
 Menidia         J  o   o    O   0  0    O  0    O O
 species         L               a            0        a               0   00
              E   0  *                    0    ï¿½    a 00  00
White perch      A 0  0       O  O      O  O
              S 0   00  00
  Morone         J   4 O   0 0
  americana      L @  (       0  0      0  0
              E 6)   0 0  00
Striped bass    A         O O   O O   O O   O O O O              0  O O a 0 ) O
              SO    0    0    0    0    O 4  O 4
  Morone            0 0  00  0 0  0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
  saxatilis      LO                     0        0         0         04  
              L O         O         O         O         O         O l  O V
              EO    0    0    0    0    04  04
Bluefish         A         l                            0         0
              S
  Pomatomus  J   o   0    0 0   00   00   0 0   0 0
  saltatrix      L
              E
                T M ST M * T M ST M ST M ST M ST M S
                         N&S
                 Winyah   San tee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                  Bay     Rivers    Harbor    Sound    River      River    Sound

                                    Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                       Salinity Zone                   Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                   T - Tidal Fresh                 A - Adults
03     Abundant                          M - Mixing                      S - Spawning adults
O      Common                            S - Seawater                    J - Juveniles
     Rare                              * - Salinity zone not present.  L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                       E - Eggs

                                   30








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                     Southeast Estuaries
                   St. Cathe./ Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapelo     River   St. Simon   River      River      Bay
                    Sound               Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S *  M  S *   M  S
Sheepshead    A 0   0 13  0  0                                               0 0
minnow            S O  @'  0 9'0 0  0  'O O                 O O
  Cyprinodon  J 0              0         0  0 00   ï¿½ï¿½   0 0
  variegatus    L 0 S ï¿½  0                0   0   0 0   *  0 0
                E0   0  00 )    000  0  00
Mummichog    A O ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ * * ï¿½ * * O                                 ' 4
                S O * * O a   * O * a 0    1 a   )  V V
   Fundulus    J  O  0    ï¿½  0 ï¿½ ï¿½    0    a 0 
   heteroclitus   LO  @@ O  O   @ 0                                '4
                E O * * O * * O * * 0 13 i) 6/ V
Atlantic    silversides A 0  0  0   @  0  0  0   ï¿½    ï¿½                      0  0
                S 0@  0  0                           00 U    @ 
  Menidia    J 0 a  0                         @@  @ O   
  species          L   0   0   0                                   66 @*
                E  0  0  0@ ï¿½   66 9ï¿½
White perch       A
                S
   Morone          J
   americana
                 E
Striped bass       A  '   4      0  0  0  '  '4    ' 0
                S   / 0 O    /   O
   Morone          J ' '  40004  4  4 0
  saxatilis       L  '  '      0 o                  0 4  0
                 E'4'4  O                4J    0
Bluefish          A                                         0     ï¿½ï¿½
                S
   Pomatomus  J  00   00   00   00   '4    '4'
   saltatrix       L
                 E
                   T M ST M ST M ST M S* M S  M S
                   St. Cath./ Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapelo      River   St. Simon   River      River      Bay
                    Sound                Sound
                                     Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance               Salinity Zone                   Life Stage
*       Highly Abundant          T - Tidal Fresh                 A - Adults
O      Abundant                  M - Mixing                      S - Spawning adults
O      Common                    S - Seawater                    J - Juveniles
'4     Rare                      * - Salinity zone not present.  L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                               E - Eggs

                                        31








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                           Southeast Estuaries
                                       Pamlico/                                 Cape
                    Albemarle  Pamlico  Pamlico/   Neuse    Bogue        New      Cear
                     Sound    Sound und Rivers    River    Sound        River    River
                                        Rivers                                  River
Species/Life Stage    T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
 Cobia             A               00                            0 0   00     0
                 S                  na
   Rachycentron J                  00                            00    00   0 0
   canadum        L                na na                            0          O
                 E               na na
 Gray snapper      A
                 S
   Lutjanus              4         00                  4 4        44         44         4
   griseus        L
                 E
Sheepshead    A   4               00                                         0         0O
                 s                                                 ï¿½
  Archosargus      J     4         0      s            0   
 probatocephalus L                                               0                      O
                 E  
 Pinfish          A            0        ï¿½        ï¿½ ï¿½               Oï¿½      *   
                 S
   Lagodon   J  ' O  0                     O a        0 0    0 a  O
   rhomboides    L                 55        0                   u          us        4 O
                 E
Spotted seatrout   A    O   0 ï¿½ 0  0                                      ï¿½       ï¿½ O  O
                 S               00O                           , V  V
   Cynoscion   J0ï¿½   0                       0   40   0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 
   nebulosus      L                                               4         4 
                 E               O                              4V4  44V 
 Weakfish          A   0           @   0               0                       0ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ 0ï¿½
                 S               ï¿½         0         0             0         V ï¿½
   Cynoscion   J 4O V    E               4 0      0          o ï¿½ï¿½   1    03
   regalis        L      na        0         0         0          4ï¿½           4    0ï¿½
                 E     na         )    0             0            0           /        (3
                    TM * T M ST M * T M * T M ST M ST M S
                                      Pamlico/                                 Cape
                   Albemarle  Pamlico  Pamlico/   Neuse    Bogue        New      Cape
                     Sound    Sound    Puers    River    Sound          River    Rier
                                       Rivers                                  River
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                        Salinity Zone                    Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                    T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
ï¿½ Abundant                                M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
O      Common                             S - Seawater                     J -Juveniles
4I     Rare                               * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                         E - Eggs
na     No data available                                                   M - Mating
                                          32








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                           Southeast Estuaries
                              N&S
                     Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                      Bay     Rivers    Harbor    Sound    River       River    Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
 Cobia             A    4 l  O               00 0O   ï¿½ ï¿½   O s              V 
                 S
   Rachycentron J   4             O          0 00    00               0 0   00
   canadum        L
                 E
 Gray snapper      A
                 S
   Lutjanus    J    4   0   O O O    4 4      
   griseus        L                4            0
                 E
Sheepshead   A  0 0   O    00   00   00   00   00
                 S
 Archosargus   j  00   0                    00   00   00   00   0 0
 probatocephalus L                     0    00           0          0     0ï¿½0       0  
                 E
 Pinfish           A  a   0                  00                  0 0 0   00   0 0
                 S
   Lagodon    J ï¿½ ï¿½    0   4 00                             00  O   O O   O 
   rhomboides  L  ï¿½0 0   00  0                                            0 0   0 0
                 E
Spotted seatrout A 4 0 0 4                  O  O O                       a          a a a a   
                 S    0                       0  O0               0               ï¿½ï¿½
   Cynoscion J  00                       00 0                                       130  a 0
   nebulosus   L  00   4                    00   00                 0   O 
                 E    0                       O0   00             0         O   1)

                 S                                      0    0  4    44ï¿½
   Cynoscion    i   00   a                   ï¿½        0 0          0 (Y 
   regalis        L     00                                0         0      ï¿½  
                 E                                      0         0        4 J      4 I
                    T  M  ST  M  *  T  M  ST  M  S T  M  S T  M  S'T   M  S
                              N&S
                    Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                      Bay     Rivers    Harbor    Sound    River       River    Sound

                                          Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                        Salinity Zone                   Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                    T - Tidal Fresh                 A - Adults
O      Abundant                           M - Mixing                      S - Spawning adults
0      Common                             S - Seawater                    J - Juveniles
4I     Rare                               * - Salinity zone not present.  L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                         E - Eggs

                                         33








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                      Southeast Estuaries
                   St. Cathe./ Altamaha St. Andrewl St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapelo    River   St. Simon   Riv
                     Sound               Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S *  M  S *  M  S
Cobia             A   44                  /4           O   00
                 S
  Rachycentron J   00   0 0   0 0    0 0
  canadum         L
                 E
Gray snapper      A                                O          O  O  a a    * O
                 S
   Lutjanus       J  Vq  V  ' 4 a 4 '        1 4                             0 
  griseus         L                                   00 5
                 E
Sheepshead   A  00 0                0 O O   O O O O 
                 S                                       O                '  I
 Archosargus   J  00   00   00 O0 S                                        '4 
 probatocephalus L   00    00 0ï¿½0    00 ï¿½   
                 E                                      O                 4 
 Pinfish           A  00   00   00 O0 S O*
                 S                                             00
   Lagodon   J  00  00   00 0  ï¿½                                            65
   rhomboides  L  00   0 0   00   ï¿½@   @6 *                                *
                 E                                             00
Spotted seatrout   A    a a a a a a                0 0  0       a a        0 0
                 S  @@   @ @   *                         O  *5               O
   Cynoscion a O 13o@0                            0o0 a   00
   nebulosus       L   a         ( r      0    13     0      0    a     0 0
                 L  *              ~                 0 00  a   00
                 E IN    s    a                          0  5a 0
Weakfish          A   00   0 0   0 0                         0 0    4 
                 S       4       '4 V                    (/   
   Cynoscion      J      ï¿½                       01                         4 
   regalis         L  is           ï¿½ï¿½                                       4
                 E   '4    '   O                         O                   4
                    T M ST M ST M ST M S* M S * M S
                    St. Cath./ Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapelo     River   St. Simon   River     River      Bay
                     Sound               Sound
                                       Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance              Salinity Zone                  Life Stage
a Highly Abundant               T - Tidal Fresh                A - Adults
ï¿½O     Abundant                 M - Mixing                     S - Spawning adults
0      Common                   S - Seawater                   J - Juveniles
4      Rare                     * - Salinity zone not present.  L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                             E - Eggs

                                          34








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                           Southeast Estuaries
                                       Pamlico/                                 Cape
                    Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungo    Neuse    Bogue         New      Car
                     Sound    Sound    Rivers    River    Sound    River    River
Species/Life Stage    T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
 Spot              A  @    ï¿½   0    0                               aO    ï¿½ï¿½   @
                 S
   Leiostomus  JOS *    0 ï¿½   O ï¿½0 ï¿½ 
   xanthurus       L     4          ( *                 J.       *ï¿½ ï¿½O  ï¿½  ï¿½
                 E
 Southern kingfish A     O         O  O      O         O          O         ï¿½ O       00  O
                 S
   Menticirhhus  J   0             00    0             0     O                       00
   americanus    L                 0  0                O             O         O         O
                 E
 Atlantic croaker    A   O         0 0        O                O  ï¿½              (a  ï¿½ 66  /    4
                 S
  Micropogonias  Jo0   @a   66  0  0   ) 
  undulatus        L               0*        O          O         *      O  * 
                 E
 Black drum        A     4         O  O      O         O          4  4      4  4   /    /
                 S
   Pogonias       J      4         0  0      0         0  J 4 4I                       1  J
   cromis         L                                               J 4 4I 44               4
                 E
 Red drum          A               O      O                       0 O  O    4/ 4      / O
                 S                   4                             0                  O0
   Sciaenops   J  4                0 0    0            0          o O0 J l 4   1  0 0
   ocellatus    L                  00    0             0            0    4 4             0
                 E                   4                             0         4         O
 Striped mullet    A            0                    C)       0  0      0  0  1
                 S
   Mugil    Joï¿½  0o  0   a   0   o 0  ï¿½  0 a 
   cephalus       L            O  0       13                      ï¿½         ï¿½ï¿½ 01
                 E
                    T M * T M ST M * T M * T M ST M ST M S
                    Albemarle Pamlico Punco/   Neuse    Bogue            New      Cape
                     Sound    Sound           River          Sound    River
                                        Rivers                                  River
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                        Salinity Zone                    Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                    T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
13     Abundant                           M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
O      Common                             S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
4      Rare                               * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                          E - Eggs
                                                                     M - Mating
                                          35








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                          Southeast Estuaries
                              N&S
                    Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                      Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound      River     River    Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T           M  T  M  S       T  M  S  T M   S T  M   S T  M   S
Spot              A   @@   @                 O ) a         3                00    ) 
                 S
  Leiostomus   J   0 ï¿½ ï¿½    0  a   0  ï¿½
  xanthurus       L    a a       a      )    0  0a
                 E
Southern kingfish  A    0)                                )       E  )    O  * @)  
                 S                                                         ~/ V      V  V
   Menticirhhus    j     @ï¿½        0 1                                      *g   
   americanus   L   ï¿½ï¿½                                               9    00    00
                 E                                                         V  V      l  V
Atlantic croaker    A    60              0       O O                1      0  0   O   ï¿½ï¿½
                 S
 Micropogonias  J    o0 *                 0   0s a  ï¿½  a                           ï¿½
 undulatus        L      *         e            e       m           e * 
                 E
 Black drum        A   O           I         O O   O     O O   O O   O O
                 S                                       0         0        4O  V I    V 
   Pogonias    J   O0 O                      0 0    0 0   0 0 0             0 0  V 0 0
   cromis          L                         00   0 0   0 0   00   0 0
                 E                             4         0         0       4  4  VI
Red drum          A V O O 0 0             V O O   O O   O O   O O   O 0
                 S        0                    0         0         0    V V   V V
   Sciaenops   J                             O O ' 4    4 O    00   00   00 O 
   ocellatus    L   lO   V    00   00   00   00   00
                 E        O                    0         0         0       q4   V     4 4
 Striped mullet   A O O   0 0   O 4    0   O   O O O  ) 0                    O   O 0  O   O 0
                 S
   Mugil           J 0 o ï¿½  0    O   o 0 ï¿½                         0   a  O O   ï¿½
   cephalus    L                0 (O                              @   00    00
                 E
                    TMST M * TM ST M ST M ST M ST M S
                              N&S
                    Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                      Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound      River     River    Sound

                                          Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Salinity Zone                    Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                     T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
       Abundant                           M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
O      Common                              S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
'/     Rare                                * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                          E - Eggs

                                         36








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                      Southeast Estuaries
                   St. Cathe./ Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                     Sapelo    River   St. Simon   River        River      Bay
                     Sound                Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  * M   S  *  M  S
Spot               A  @@ @ï¿½            @   000  O O                           0 O O
                 S
  Leiostomus  J 0 ï¿½ ï¿½ 0                                            a a 0 *  a O O O  6 6   0 0
  xanthurus    L    )0    0   0    0. 0                                       0 0
                 E
Southern kingfish  A     O        a O         @a0        O     0  0 0
                 S    4  4V   V  44 
   Menticirhhus  J   *@   *    a    00   00 ï¿½ 
  americanus  
                 L 00  00  00  00  00 
                 E   44   44   4 l
Atlantic croaker    A    O  0 @                0  0  0  0  13    0  0          4 4
                 S
 Micropogonias  J O *0  0   a                                      00 O
 undulatus         L      *@ 
                 E
Black drum    A   O0   0  0   0                         0 0  a             a O 
                 S   4 V    4    4 O                      0   6                 V
   Pogonias   J 4 00  0 0                             0 00 4O O  a 
   cromis          L  00   0 0   0 0                                 o   4 V
                 E   4 V             4     O              0  a6                 4
Red drum           A   0 O   O 0   O O O O 0   1 0   4 4
                 S   V4 4V                   4     @                            4
   Sciaenops   J   @@   0a    0                                      0 a       4a
   ocellatus    L   00                  O   00     O  O                        44
                 E  V4              4   44                   o  0 
Striped mullet   A O  (0 0  0                                       6 0   g  0  a * O  0 0
                 S
   Mugil    J ï¿½ ï¿½  ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½                                  ï¿½    0 
   cephafus   L  00   00   000 ï¿½ ï¿½      00
                 E
                    T M ST M ST M ST M S* M S * M S
                   St. Cath./ Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                    Sapelo      River   St. Simon   River      River      Bay
                    Sound                Sound
                                      Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance               Salinity Zone                    Life Stage
a Highly Abundant                T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
O      Abundant                  M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
0       Common                   S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
4      Rare                      * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                E - Eggs

                                         37








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                             Southeast Estuaries
                                        Pamlico/                                   Cape
                     Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungo    Neuse    Bogue           New
                      Sound    Sound    Rivers        River    Sound       River     River
                                         Rivers                                    River
Species/Life Stage    T  M  *  T  M  S  T  M  *  T  M  *  T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S
 Spanish mackerel A       O         O       O               0     0     O0
                  S
  Scomberomorus J 0                 0 0   0              0         0  O  O O               0
  maculatus                         na na 
                  L                na na            C                           O
                  E
 Gulf flounder     A                 V  O                           O  O          O       4
                  S
   Paralichthys  J                  00                             00    00  4 4
   albigutta       L                   O                               O       4O            4
                  E
 Summer flounder A   O               O O   O              O         O         O        O O
                  S
  Paralichthys    J 4 O                 0 ï¿½  0           0          0 0    0 0    0 0
  dentatus          L   0           01                    0          4/ 0         0   0 0
                  E
 Southern flounder A O    O                            O 0   O                          O 0  0  0
                  S
   Paralichthys  J  O     O00                                   0  0 0 0 0                 0
   lethostigma   L   40                                            00    00    00
                  E
                      T M * T M ST M * T M *T M ST M ST M S
                                        Pamlico/                                   Cape
                     Albemarle Pamlico   Pu           Neuse    Bogue        New
                                         ml'co   Pungo                             Fear
                      Sound    Sound    Rivers        River    Sound       River     River
                                           Rivers
                                             Southeast Estuaries



Relative Abundance                          Salinity Zone                     Life Stage
*       Highly Abundant                     T - Tidal Fresh                   A - Adults
1      Abundant                             M - Mixing                        S - Spawning adults
O       Common                              S - Seawater                      J - Juveniles
4      Rare                                 * - Salinity zone not present.    L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                            E- Eggs
na     No data available










                                            38








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                          Southeast Estuaries
                             N&S
                    Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                      Bay     Rivers    Harbor   Sound    River       River    Sound
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S T  M  *  T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S T  M  S
Spanish mackerel A         O                   0     00        00                  0  O  0
                 S
 Scomberomorus  J       i O       J        O  O      O  O      O  O      O  O      O  O
 Scomberomorusj            0    ~          0 0   0 0   0 0   0 0   0 0
 maculatus       L         4                   4         4 
                 E
Gulf flounder    A      4  V               O4   4 0  0  /                  44  44
                 S
   Paralichthys    J     4                  00                  44           4      4 
  albigutta      L       400                                   4         4   
                 E
Summer flounder  A      40        O         00 00             0  0 O  O            4O 
                 S
 Paralichthys   J   o0           0         00   00   00  
 dentatus         L  00   0    0 0   0 0   00   00   0 
                 E
Southern flounder A O  O  O A    O      O  O  O  O  O  O  O 0        O  O O   O  O  O
                 S
   Paralichthys  J O O                   0 0 0 0 0 0 00    0
   lethostigma    L               0         0 0       0 0       0  0  4 00  00
                 E                                                         0         0
                   TMST M  TMST M ST M ST M ST M S
                              N&S
                    Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                      Bay     Rivers    Harbor   Sound    River       River    Sound

                                          Southeast Estuaries


Relative Abundance                       Salinity Zone                   Life Stage
*      Highly Abundant                   T - Tidal Fresh                 A - Adults
O      Abundant                          M -Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
0      Common                            S - Seawater                    J - Juveniles
4      Rare                              * - Salinity zone not present.  L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                        E - Eggs











                                         39








Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

                                          Southeast Estuaries
                     St. Cathe/ Altamaha St. Andrew St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                      Sapelo      River   St. Simon 
                       Sound      River     Sound      River      River       Bay
Species/Life Stage    T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  T  M  S  *  M   S  *  M   S
 Spanish mackerel A   O0    0 0    0 0                         0                0 O
                   S
  Scomberomorus j   00   00 00                               0     -           00
  maculatus         L                                         0                     0
                   E
 Gulf flounder      A      4          4  4       4  4    0      0    *  *       O 0  0
                   S
   Paralichthys   J    4 I   000                                          00
   albigutta        L           44    4  00    00   00
                   E
Summer flounder  A         4  J          'J 4          0  0  O  0 
                   S
  Paralichthys      J .OO 0    0 0                          OO          44
  dentatus          L  00   00   00   00 ï¿½                              4
                   E
 Southern flounder A 0 0            0 0                                     O O O O O O O  44 O O  
                   S
   Paralichthys   J 0 O 0  0  O   00    4 
   lethostigma   L 4 00   00   00 0                                    00 0         
                   E    0              0          0
                      T M ST M ST M ST M S  M S  M S
                     St. Cathe./ Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                       Sapelo      River   St. Simon   River       River      Bay
                       Sound                Sound
                                          Southeast Estuaries


Relative Abundance                Salinity Zone                    Life Stage
*       Highly Abundant           T - Tidal Fresh                  A - Adults
(3      Abundant                  M - Mixing                       S - Spawning adults
0       Common                    S - Seawater                     J - Juveniles
4       Rare                      * - Salinity zone not present.   L - Larvae
Blank  Not Present                                                 E - Eggs











                                             40











                                                             1~~~~ 09s r:W                 *    6   0  sIMM






Index to Table 3. Page location of temporal distribution table for each species and estuary.


                                                                                                                        Estuary






 Common and Scientific Name                                               C   .           Ci                     qf    C3 
 Mussel (Mythil adults) ......
 Say scallop (Argopecten irradians)
 American oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
 Common rangia (Rangia cuneata)                                            4pA.5 0~U                                     47      p.48
 Hard clam (Mercenaria species)
 Brown shrimp (Penaous azte cus)
 Pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum)
 White shrimp (Penaeus setiferus)
 Grass shrimp (Palaenmonetes pugic)
 Blue crab (Caffinectes sapidus)                  p. 49         P. 50         P. 51        p. 52        P. 53        p. 54       p. 55
 Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus)
 Ladyfish (Flops saurus)
 American eel (Anguilla rastrata)
 Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalitl)
 Alewife (Ala"c pseudohtarengus)                                   5           .5           .5           .6           .6          .6
 American shad (Alosa sapidissima)                                                                16
 Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)
 Bay anchovy (Anchoa milchillij
 Sheepshead minnow (Cyprnnodon variegalus)
 Mumnmichog (Fundulus heteroc~tutl)
 Atlantic silversides (Menidia species)p.6                      p.4           p.6          p.6          p.7          p.8         p.9
 White parch (Morons americana)p.                         6     p.     6      p        5 p  6P.7P.8P.9
 Striped bass (Morone saxailfis)
 Bluefish (Pomnatamus saltatrix)
 Cobia (Rachycantro caneadum) ... 
 Gray snapper (Lutianus grissus)
 Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocep'talus)    ~        0    ~       1     ~                 .7           .7           ,7          .7
 Pinfish (Lagodon rhomnboid"es)~                                                             .3:           74 P          75 ~7
 Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)
 Weakfish (Cynoscion regahis)
 Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)
 Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus)
 Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)        .7            .8            .7          p.0          p.8          p.2         p.3
 Black drum (Pogontias cromis)p.7 P.7                                         p.9 P.8 P . 1                          p       2p 3
 Red drum (Sciaenops ocallatus)
 Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus)
 Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus)
 Gulf flounder (Pare lichihys aibigutta)    ~          4        p8             .8           .8           .8           .8          .9
 Summer flounder (Pare lichthys dents/us)
 Southern flounder (Paralichthys lathostigma)















                                                                                     41









Table 3. Temporal distribution
                                               Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                 Albemarle Sound       Pamlico Sound   Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
Month                 J F MA MJ J A S O N D J FM AM J J A S O N D J F MA MJ J A S O N D
Species I Life Stage
 Mussel            A
                     S
    Mytilis         J                       .................
    edulis          L                       .....
                     E

 Bay  scallop       A                      1.3333333333333333333
                     S
                     S I 33333333333 
   Argopecten       J                       3333333333333333333
   irradians        L 
                     E 
 American  oyster   A  I                                       N  Peouqu.4nn    atio-aseop3i13 3333    333,3333 l l3 li 3

    Crassostrea     J  I                   I 3.3.3.3.i..31...................3.-3.-3333 ...I I P 31. 3 33-3333
    virginica       L   
                     E
                     E          i         I        D = = 7Mjiiiiiiiiiiiiiii  1 _iii~iiiiiijiiii~

 Common rangiaA333]3:3333333i
                     S     liimiiii  l mijifiiiiij  i33333333333333  13nlEEE33EEE3Eii333331   iiiiil  iii~iiiii
    Rangia          J   E ; -              IIiiiii3iiiii i iE333E3ii 3iiiiiiii i  3iijiii33ijiji ii Eii 33iiii3 3iiii3   tiiiiii3iiEE3EEiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 3
    cuneata          L _                                ra_ 11E1
                      E     EEEM   E~fhEEi      EE1             1

 Hard clam   A .i.iI.ii..................
                     S 
    Mercenaria      J                                   .i33i3.ii3.il.i ..i.iii.3ii33i3i
   species          L                               i
                      E                                ZN

 Brown shrimp       A
                     S
    Penaeus    J.             . ......... ..... .....--*- iiiii.i.iii3E..iiji33i!33.ii  1-- . .33ii3----
    aztecus          L
                      E
                        JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                           Albemarle Sound      Pamlico Sound   Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
                                                Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
  liiifijil  Abundant                       S - Spawning adults
                                              J - Juveniles
    E   Common                              L - Larvae
  ......... .Rare                           E -Eggs

Blank   Not Present

                                           42









Table 3, continued.-,Temporal distribution
                                           Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                    Neuse River          Bogue Sound           New River
 Month                  J FMA MJJASO0N D J FMAM JJASON D J FMA MJJA SON D
Species I Life Stage
 Mussel             A
                   S.
   Mytilis          J .................
   edulis           L...........
                   E
 Bay scallop        A                                             I

   Ar~gopecten      J.
   irradians        L                   .....
                   E                  .....
 American oyster    A 
                   s LNN
   Crassostrea      J 
   virginica        L                I~                         ---I
                   E                                                   LIEN=

 Common rangia      A                       II

   Rangia           J   imiHH Mu H .ii ii :ii        ii 
   cuneata          L...._ __                                                   _ _


 Hard clam          A
                   s
   Mercenaria       j
   species          L
                   E

 Brown shrimp       A
                   S
   Penaeus          J..... ............._____
   aztecus          L      ~    X
                   E
                      J FM A M JJA SON DJFMAMJJASOND J F MAM J JA SON D
                          Neuse River         Bogue Sound           New River
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
    OEHighly Abundant                       A - Adults
    in  Abundant                             S - Spawning adults
                                         J - Juveniles
    E~  Common                               L - Larvae
    ..... Rare                               E - Eggs
Blank Not Present

                                      43








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                          Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                   Cape Fear River         Winyah Bay         N&S Santee River
Month                   JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND Jr-MAMJJASOND
Species I Life Stage
 Mussel             A
                   S
   Mytilis          J ........ .........
   edulis           L...........
                   E
 Bay scallop    A..................

   Argopecten     ..................
   irradians        L .......

 American oyster     A
                   S
   Crassostrea      J
   virginica        L BE-
                   E
 Common rangia    A1I
                   S                               J
   Rangia           J                       I
   cuneata          LE2
                   E      _ _       _ __          _      _  __                   _

 Hard clam           A 

   Mercenaria       j....................
   species           L 
                   E                                                   L Z
 Brown shrimp        A
                   S ...
   Penaeus   ..                               .......
   aztecus           L                       ..:::...:....
                   E ...
                      J FMA MJ JASO N DJFM AM JJASO ND J FMA MJJASO0N D
                        Cape Fear River        Winyah Bay         N&S Santee River
                                          Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                            Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
          Ei~~fl    Abundant  ~~~S - Spawning adults
                Abundant ~~~~~~J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                                L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                                E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                     44









Table 3, continued; Temporal distribution
                                                 Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                    Charleston Harbor      St. Helena Sound          Broad River
 Month                    JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Mussel               A
                      S
    Mytilis           J
    edulis            L
                      E
 Bay scallop          A
                      S
   Argopecten        J
   irradians         L
                      E
 American oyster      A      "        .i!i.:......ii..i!i.i..l...iiiiiiiiiiii..:.-...i.l__
                      S     I   {iiiiliii..iiiiiiiii!!!!: !!!!!i  I  _'"'";;;;;;:;:...... . .
    Crassostrea       J  ww!!!!.!!::_!i!!ii!,iiii:'!:-'".ii__iiiiiiii!i!!_   __:
    virginica         L      I  IIIIIIII-:'.  I.           :_           ..'
                      E
                      :E    I  :,..-iii~i~iiiiiiiiiiii~'i~ii-~    I '" _:::;:  ' -'_=

 Common rangia A *- ... 
                      S   *-------... . ..... ...... .... .......      . .......o    .ooooo.
    Rangia J  ........................ . ................................................................
    cuneata           L ......................................................
                      E *--------    *------ ..........................................

 Hard clam            A    ...i!i. ...............ii I                I . ............................
                        S !L'i....i..!i1'q!!!: _H'H-iiiiLiL!! 11 I           1 :..!.':=.'.L'~..'~~i!i~iii !i~i!iiiii !!i !!i!!Hj
    Mercenaria        j   i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiL-il   .ii......      .
   species            L
                      E--  :  : =!ii!ii"iiLi Jii J                            ,iiiiiii         .     :   : .':,:'!.'i.i .':.' .:   i, i

 Brown shrimp         A                               L -;..  . .......-.....
                      S
    Penaeus           J ........ ....
    aztecus            L           ,-            I  i'!!!!! I           |:iiiii.
                      E
                          JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                           Charleston Harbor      St. Helena Sound          Broad River
                                                  Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                         Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                        A - Adults
  E2E    Abundant                               S - Spawning adults
                                                J - Juveniles
 I--- Common                                    L - Larvae
                   .........re~   ~E - Eggs
.......    Rare
Blank    Not Present


                                            45








Table 3, continued. Ternporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Savannah River       Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species I Life Stage
 Mussel             A
                    S
   Mytilis          J
   edulis           L
                    E
 Bay scallop        A
                    S
   Argopecten       J
   irradians        L
                    E
 American oyster    A  ........... I                            I 

   Crassostrea      J                      Iii
   virginica        L  I II.       ....1 .... ...


 Common rangia    A1                        II
                    S
   Rangia           J  iI
   cuneata          L
                    E
 Hard clam          A                      I                     I

   Mercenaria       j  I                   III
   species      .    .            .. ...            ..__......_


 Brown shrimp       A
                    S
   Penaeus          J  EV-         .       .      .      .      i
   aztecus          L
                    E
                       J FM A MJ JA SON D J F MA MJ JA SON D J F MAM J JA SON D
                         Savannah River       Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
                                             Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
     Abundant                               S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
        Common                              L - Larvae
    ..... Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                        46








Table 3, continued: Temporal distribution
                                                 Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
 Month                 JF MA MJJ ASO ND J FM AMJJASOND J FMAMJJASON D
Species I Life Stage
 Mussel             A
                      S
    Mytilis         J
    edulis          L
                      E
 Bay scallop        A
                      S
   Argopecten       J
    irradians       L
                      E
 American oyster    A  I                   II~I

    Crassostrea     J                      I zz::::        .    I
    virginica       L  C.        ...    ...   --IIIIIIIIINM,           ..................


 Common rangia    A                        I                    I
                      S
    Rangia           JI                                          I
    cunleata         L___
                      E
 Hard clam          A                      I                    i

   Mercenaria       j  I                  Ii                   I
   species  ..                                   ...... .  . . . . 


 Brown shrimp       A
                      S
    Penaeus          J  I                  II                   I
   aztecus          L                                              .............
                      E
                         J F MAM J JA SON D J FM AM J JA SON DJ F MAM J JA SON D
                            Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
                                                 Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
    E*  Abundant                           S - Spawning adults
                                               J - Juveniles
         Common                             L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                            47









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                 Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                      Indian River         Biscayne Bay
Month                   JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Mussel              A
                   S
   Mytilis           J
   edulis            L
                   E
 Bay scallop  A .................................. 
                   S ...... I-j
   Argopecten J .................................. 
   irradians         L                  ......
                   E                  ......I
 American oyster     A   
                   S          I           J      l              J 
   Crassostrea       J                       i
   virginica         L       L
                   E 
     Common rangia ~A ..................................
 Common r         angi a         A.
                   S ..................
   Rangia  J ..................................
   cuneata           L ..................
                   E ..................

 Hard clam           A  i                     I
                   S .......  
   Mercenaria        J  J
   species           L            .         ...
                   E           ---.......---- 1  i 

 Brown shrimp                        A 
                   S
   Penaeus           J  I ..................................
   aztecus           L                        ...............    .........
                   E
                      JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
                           Indian River         Biscayne Bay
                                 Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                             Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                       A - Adults
                 E~~~ ~Abundant  ~S - Spawning adults
                                          J - Juveniles
I----I   Common                                L - Larvae
......... Rare E  - Eggs
Blank    Not Present

                                      48









Table 3, continued; Temporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                 Albemarle Sound       Pamlico Sound   Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
 Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
 Species / Life Stage
 Pink shrimp        A                 1      _
                    S
   Penaeus          J                      i      :iiLjijijijj .  ..
   duorarum         L
                    E
 White shrimp       A               I    I   
                    S
   Penaeus         J               _               I iiiiiiiiilli I     I         I
   setiferus        L  ii
                    E
 Grass shrimp       A  I         l          ..li i i.. 3.i- -   r-  1   ........ ............i...... li....i..i.i..i.. .

   Palaemonetes    J   iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
   pugio            L                  I
                    E
 Blue crab          A
                    M
   CalIinectes     J   1 2 1 ii 2 ;.iiiiiz:;:i ; .!;ii .i :;i!::;gi;:;l  ii.;iii;ii -;;: _ i;  iiii:i;: V
   sapidus          L .................. ..................
                    E       ..................  i  ...............
 Atlantic sturgeon    A      
                    S            I                7I
   Acipenser        J                     II 
   oxyrhynchus      L      r
                    E      F    
 Ladyfish           A                              1      1
                    S
   Elops           J i    
   saurus           L
                    E
                      JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                         Albemarle Sound      Pamlico Sound   Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
                                            Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
        Iiiiiji Abundant                   S - Spawning adults
                                          J - Juveniles
     Common                                L - Larvae
    .........  Rare                        E -Eggs
                                          M - Mating
Blank   Not Present

                                       49









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                           Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                   Neuse River         Bogue Sound          New River
Month                 J FMA MJJASO ND J FMAM JJASON D J FMAM J JASONMD
Species / Life Stage
Pink shrimp        A
                   S
   Penaeusj                                a
   duorarumL
                   E
 White shrimp       A
                   S
   Penaeus         j
   setiferus        L
                   E
 Grass  shrimp      A  *:iV: iw                                      ~   D.... . ........

   Palaemonetes    j ---         -        ----------------

                    E 
 Blue crab          A

   Callinectes   --   -- ----- ---- ----.........
   sapidus         LE            .........


 Atlantic sturgeon    A       E
                   S          l
   Acipenser        j...........
   oxyrhynchus      L
                    E        E
 Ladyfish           A
                   S
   Elops       ...................
   saurus           L
                    E
                      J FM AM J JA SON D JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                          Neuse River         Bogue Sound          New River
                                            Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
    I~J Abundant                           S - Spawning adults
                                          J - Juveniles
    E~  Common                             L -Larvae
    .....Rare                              E - Eggs
                                          M - Mating
Blank   Not Present

                                       50








Table 3, continued.-Temporal distribution
                                         Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Cape Fear River        Winyah Bay         N&S Santee Rivers
 Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND J FM A M JJA SON D
 Species / Life Stage
 Pink shrimp         A             .... .                      .....   .     .....
                  S
   Penaeus      . .. ............ ..
   duorarum         L ....
                  E
 White shrimp        A                                           .     .. ....
                  S
   Penaeus          j      ~       ii~~
   setiferus        L
                  E
 Grass shrimp        A --.......

   Palaemonetes    j              .....
   puglo            L  I.. .....tt
                  E        .
 Blue crab           A

   Callinectes      J
   sapidus          L   BEENE.                                                      nn...
                  E             :i
 Atlantic sturgeon    A  .............. ..........
                  S                              ~.......
   Acipenser        J ...................
   oxyrhynchus      L........
                  E               ........
 Ladyfish            A         E~
                  S
   Elops            i ....
   saurus           L
                  E
                     J FMA MJ JASO0N D J FMAM JJASON D J FMA MJJASO0N D
                       Cape Fear River        Winyah Bay        N&S Santee Rivers
                                         Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
       Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
    ~I  Abundant                            S - Spawning adults
                                       J - Juveniles
   E~  Common                               L -Larvae
   ..... Rare                               E - Eggs
                                        M - Mating
Blank   Not Present

                                    51









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                                   Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound         Broad River
 Month                  JFMAMJJASOND  JFMAMJJASOND J F M A M J J A S OND D
Species / Life Stage
 Pink shrimp         A          ------...... .     ......
                       S
   Penaeus           J            *.....  I..                          ..................
   duorarum          L ............... .                                  I
                       E
 White shrimp        A  I           i              I    l  
                       S        ......
    Penaeus          J                  _  i                        l
   setiferus         L         iiii                            I            iii i
                       E        ......
 Grass  shrimp       A            _L             iiiiiiiil.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil.iiiiii liiiiiill.iiiiiiiiilii....liiiiiliiii.ii
                       S     [      _     7        I   .-i --i  .5 iiii I    Iii  liiii~iiiiiiiii~iiiiiii~iii   I
   Palaemonetes    j                          iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 
   pugia             L                           I               I
                                     A  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...|...4;;;.............;;;;;;;;
                       E       E        D
 Blue crab           A  *..
                           M  iiii, .................3,,.. ,1.. . ...... 1 =~i~l~iiIiiiiiiiii 
    Callinectes    J -.-                                     _              _
   sapidus           L ._. ............iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii    .              ...
                       E     I    eiriiiiriiisiiigi siniii  IIiiiiiii ||   iiijjsg ji ii3xse  I  !   ii iii i iiig iii ,
                       E      i
 Atlantic sturgeon    A   ..............
                       S                          . ...
   Acipenser  ......... ...........                               ,  
   oxyrhynchus       L                                       ........._   I
                       E        ......
 Ladyfish            A           ...............
                       S
   Elops             J     I -                                                       I
   saurus            L     
                       E
                          JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                            Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound         Broad River
                                                   Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                      Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
         Df Abundant                          S - Spawning adults
                                                 J - Juveniles
        Common                                L - Larvae
         ..... Rare                           E - Eggs
                                                  M - Mating
Blank   Not Present
                                                52









Table 3, continued: Temporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                   Savannah River       Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASON DJFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
Pink shrimp         A  ....................................... ....................
                    S    .... *----        .*---                          ......
   Penaeus          j  I   
   duorarum          L
                    E ,...... ......
 White shrimp        A  iii       iiiiiii   i         iiiiiiiii  iiiiiiiii
                    S
   Penaeus          J               _.. Y                                 -
   setiferus         L    
                    E
 Grass shrimp        A  ti..iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilil    iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii   iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
                    S     _N _lHMMUMM15i -I.
   Palaemonetes     J           .iiii........aHiii iiIaiiiMiMiiii i liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini
   pugio             L           D       w                 -

 Blue crab           A  gij:
                    M


                    E .. . .
 Atlantic sturgeon    A                      I I
                    S
       Acipenser                          I  I 
   Callnects    J    ..................... riiiaiiiiiaiailiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiaij tiiiaiiiiiiaiiiieiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiisaiggia iaiaiiltiaiiiiaaiiisija.iiaiaiiiaaiiaaiiaaiaiiaiahiit
   sapidus           L        E                     C         il             ri-iii 


 Atlantic sturgeon    A                                
                    S   i        I              i      i             I      r
   Acipenser         J                      II |                  {|
   oxyrhynchus      L   I 
                    E   IE                                           E Z Z 
 Ladyfish            A           I    
                    S
   Elops             J 
   saurus            L       I             I      I7                      . i.i.      I
                    E  
                       JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                         Savannah River       Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
                                             Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                            Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
  Dfiiiijjl   Abundant                       S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
     Common                                  L - Larvae
                                           E - Eggs
                 .........Rare  ~M -Mating
Blank   Not Present


                                        53









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                                    Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                    Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
 Month                   J F MAMJ J ASO N D J FMAMJJASO N D J F M A MJJASOND
 Species / Life Stage
 Pink shrimp         A                         ...       .................
                       S
    Penaeus           J    .................     I           I
    duorarum          L  .
                        E
 White shrimp        A        I                          RE-HR:,,ii,,l liii  iiiii
                       S
    Penaeus           J  I .......i....i..i,...i.....,, l           iii         _iiiiiiii iil
    setiferus         L   
                        E
 Grass  shrimp       A   tiiiii Iiiii  iii iii giiiiii:  ii,,i i iiiiiiiii iiiii:ii    iGisi  _;[
                       S         1=m3iilijiiiiiiiiiii~iii .. . ...  . ..i. .    .      .................. I  I
    Palaemonetes      J    riiii iiiiiiiiii  iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii il ii-------- - --  I-
    pugio             L               r_
                        E
 Blue  crab          A   iiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii gi  iiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 
                                     M Z | | | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...................................,.,,,,..,,,,,, 
    Callinectes       J  riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i:ii:iiiii ii l iii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii; ;iiii    iiil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;
    sapidus           L         I    I iliiiiiiiii I                      iiiiii    iiii
                        E     .I iiiiiiiiiii  Li iiiiiiiii
 Atlantic sturgeon    A .      ...
                        S            I              I      I.........
    Acipenser    J                            ...................
    oxyrhynchus       L                                                     ............
                        E                                                     .........
 Ladyfish            A
                        S
    Elops             J
    saurus            L                                               E
                        E
                           JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                              Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
                                                     Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                             Life Stage
          Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
             EZTiiiiiii ~ Abundant  ~S - Spawning adults
                    EPE~ ~Abundant  ~J - Juveniles
      Common                                   L - Larvae
  ......... .Rare                              E - Eggs
                                                   M - Mating
Blank    Not Present

                                               54









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                    Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                    Indian River        Biscayne Bay
 Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Pink shrimp        A 
                     S .
   Penaeus          J    I     .................... nn_
   duorarum         L  I   i.i.....iiiiii.. . .....
                     E
 White shrimp A * ..
                     S
   Penaeus          J .....   . .......... ...............
   setiferus        L .....................
                     E
 Grass shrimp       A           ....iiiiii..ii..iiiiiiiiii i.iiiiiji 
                     S i                        I            I
   Palaemonefes    J           .eiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii..........Ii
   pugio            L      iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiliiiiii 
                     E         =    t                        1
 Blue crab          A
                     M  *  s                |   1i. iiiijiijii.
   Caflinectes      J 
   sapidus          L       I                [iiT7ti1  1
                     E

 Atlantic sturgeon    A
                     S
   Acipenser        J
   oxyrhynchus      L
                     E
 Ladyfish           A
                     S
   Elops            J
   saurus           L     _    J 
                     E
                        JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                             Indian River       Biscayne Bay
                                   Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
  EJi~    Abundant                          S - Spawning adults
                                             J - Juveniles
        Common                              L- Larvae
    .......  Rare                           E -Eggs
                                             M - Mating
Blank   Not Present

                                         55








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                                  Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                  Albemarle Sound       Pamlico Sound    Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
 Month                 J FM AM J JA SON D J F MAM J JA SON D JFM A M J JA SON D
 Species / Life Stage
 American eel**     A
                      S
   Anguilla         j                                            Iiii~i~iiiiiii;iiii~i mw 
   i-ostrata        L   *BD
                       E
 Blueback herring   A                                                 . .........
                      S     i.                  . I. F.                  I
    Alosa            j  W.                  ii         Ia
    aestivalisL
                       E         1111111j 
 Ailew~ife          A           77-1         ...... ..

   Alosa             j                      i
   pseudoharengus  L EE                                                 1
                       EEE
 American shad      A       ::E                    J
                      S                                                J
   Alosa            J
    sapidissima      L
                       E
 Atlantic menhaden   A                                         III

        Brevoortia  ~J            Gilltte 
    tyrannus         L   i'"
                       E
 Bay anchovy        A                                                    gnz  uu"1

   Anchoa__                _ _  _ _ _  _ _  __  _ _  _ _ _   _ _
    mitchilli        L


                          JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND J F MA M JJA SON D
                            Albemarle Sound       Pamlico Sound    Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
                                                  Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                    Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
    E~' Abundant                            S - Spawning adults
                                                 J - Juveniles
    EI  Common                              L - Larvae
    ..... Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present


 **See Life History Notes, p. 12.        56








Table 3, continued.- Temporal distribution
                                           Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                     Neuse River           Bogue Sound            New River
Month                   JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
American eel**      A               E~
                   S
   Anguilla          j

                   E
 Blueback herring    A      I     ..............

   Alosa             j  I...................................
   aestivalis        L..........


 Alewife             A  m 




 Ameri~can shad   A;         ;..........               ......


                          S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~         .................

       Alosa ~                  D      .     ....... ...... ...... ...........






                   E



                           JFMAJJAONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                          Neuse River          Bogue Sound            New River
                                            Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                       Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                       A - Adults
    EI  Abundant                              S - Spawning adults
                                           J-Juveniles
    EJ  Common                                L - Larvae
    ..... Rare                                E-Eggs
Blank    Not Present


 **See Lie History Notes, p. 12. 5








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                              Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                   Cape Fear River         Winyah Bay        N&S Santee Rivers
Month                  J FMA MJJASO0ND0J FM AMJJASON D J FMAMJ JASON D
Species I Life Stage
 American eel**      A              EDJI    ~
                    S

   rostrata          L                   E    ~
                    E
 Blueback herring    A                     0 
                                 S~~~~~~E
   Alosaj
   aestivalis       L     E    ~           ~    ~ ~


 Alewife             A..........
                    S..........
  Alosa             j ................. ...........
  pseudoharengus  L..........
                     E..........
 American shad       A
                    S
   Alosa            J  ii                                          i:::
   sapidissima       L
                     E
Atlantic menhaden   A                            II
                     S
   Brevoortia       i   -             f.=...   -Ia;;: j!MH -
   tyrannus         L  ..........
                     E
 Bay anchovy         A                                      i: ti::
                     S                                                    E
   Anchoa  
   mitchilli        L 
                     E
                       J F MAM J JA SON D JFMAMJJASOND J F MA M JJA SON D
                          Cape Fear River         Winyah Bay        N&S Santee Rivers
                                              Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                      Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
    0fl Abundant                             S - Spawning adults
                                             J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                                L - Larvae
    ..... Rare                                E -Eggs
Blank    Not Present


 **See Life History Notes, p. 12.         5 8









Table 3, continued: Temporal distribution
                                          Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                 Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound        Broad River
 Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
 Species / Life Stage
 American eel**     A  EO  [l                             L       ] 3      - -        I
                   S
   Anguilla         J ,                    iI  i
   rostrata         L                                             E
                   E
 Blueback herring   A     E                   [    J               [ ' "
                   S   I"1 -1                                      1  1
   Alosa            J  I                   m    i             J
   aestivalis       L
                   E             r 
 Alewife            A
                   S
  Alosa             J
  pseudoharengus  L
                   E
 American shad      A                                            ............
                   S , ............
   Alosa            J   ..........................
   sapidissima      L                                            ...............
                   E                                            ............
 Atlantic menhaden   A  
                   S
   Brevoortia       J  E3!!333i33 3 3 i3  11    i.3333333.33333333333333333333  1  i 7333_3||33{33333!333.333    I
   tyrannus         L  O;. _                 3333-33 1  
                   E
 Bay anchovy        A
                   S                          1,.  . [    
   Anchoa
   mitchilli 
                   L   "D1-1                  :.'.'-[Z-7-1
                   E            "_ :'
                     JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                       Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound       Broad River
                                          Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                    Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
                                        S - Spawning adults
                                        J - Juveniles
        Common                              L - Larvae
........   Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present


** See Life History Notes, p. 12.        59








Table 3, continued. Terriporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                 Savannah River       Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath.ISapelo Sound
Month                 J FMA MJJASO0N D J FMAM JJASON D J FMA MJJASO0N D
Species I Life Stage
American eel*'     A                                       E   ~
                    S
   Anguilla         j                                                               I i m:i:i;  iiiiI   IIII    II   i IiiI
   rostrataL    !UDE                                                   J
                    E
 Blueback herring   A

   Alosa   j                                                  .... ....I ....
   aestivalis       L
                    E                                                l
 Alewife            A
                    S
  Alosa            j
  pseudoharengus  L
                    E
 American shad      A   .................

   Alosa            J ...................
   sapidissima      L              ........
                    E              .......
Atlantic menhaden   A
                    S
   Brevoortia      J
   tyrannusL 
                    E
 Bay anchovy        A

   Anchoa              _________________   ________
   mitchilliL-
                    E
                      J FM AM J JA SON D J FM AM J JA SON D J F MAM J JA SON D
                         Savannah River      Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath.fSapelo Sound4
                                            Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                    Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
    II  Abundant                           S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
        Common                             L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                             E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                        60
 See Life History Notes, p. 12.








Table 3, continued:- Temporal distribution
                                             Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                   Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND J F MAM J JA SON D
Species / Life Stage
 American eel**     A                                        7-1E
                    S
   Anguilla         j           ~i
   rostrata         L 
                    E
 Blueback herring   A                                                               El
                    S      EJIF-
   Alosa            j                      i.   ........IIII
   aestivalis       L
                    E                           E
 Alewife            A
                    S
  Alosa             j
  pseudoha~rengus  L
                    E
 American shad      A       -

   Alosa            j  El                   13E
   sapidissima      L
                    E                                                              E
Atlantic menhaden   A .......
                    S
   Brevoortia       j      ......................................
   tyrannus         L                    EiM ~ lE              M
                    E
 Bay anchovy        A
                    S    --E
   Anchoaj
   mitchilliL-
                    E
                       J F MAM J JA SON D J FM AMJJASO ND1 J FMA MJ JA SON D
                          Altamaha River   St. And.fSt. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
                                             Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                    Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
    EJ  Abundant                            S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
        Common                              L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                         61
 **See Life History Notes, p. 12.









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                   Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                    Indian River       Biscayne Bay
Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 American eel"*     A
                    S
   Anguilla         j                      Ii
   rostrata         L
                    E
 Blueback herring   A
                    S
   Afosa            j
   aestivalls       L
                    E
 Alewife            A
                    S
  Alosa            j
  pseudoharengus  L
                    E
 American shad      A
                    S
   Alosa            J
   sapidissima      L
                    E
Atlantic menhaden   A
                    S
   Brevoortia      j
   tyrannus         L   ~
                     E
 Bay anchovy        A
                    S                               -:mmmmo
   Anchoa__                _ _ _  _ _ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _  _  _ _
   mitchilliL
                     E
                       JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                             Indian River       Biscayne Bay
                                   Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                    Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
    EJ  Abundant                           S - Spawning adults
                                            J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                             L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                             E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                          62
 **See Life History Notes, p. 12.








Table 3, continued.. Temporal distribution
                                             Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                   Albemarle Sound        Pamlico Sound    Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND J F MAM J JA SONOD
Species I Life Stage
 Sheepshead   A                   ...................
 minnow              S                          .................
   Cyprinodon  J..................
   variegatus        L ............

 Mummichog           A  i                                            . ...........................

   Fundulus         j  ...........
   heteroclitus     L
                    E               J
 Atlantic silversides   A  .....................
  Menidia           j  --------- ----------    - - .  -------
  species           L
                    E
 White perch         A                                              I
                    S   -
   Morone           J
   americana         L
                    Emo

 Striped bass        A  Ii                                          
                    S
   Morone           J



 Bluefish            A           E      72

   Pomatomus 
   saltari 
                    E
                       JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                          Albemarle Sound       Pamlico Sound    Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
                                              Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                            Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
    E   Abundant                              S - Spawning adults
                                            J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                                L-Larvae
    ..... Rare                                E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                         63








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                           Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                      Neuse River            Bogue Sound            Now River
Month                   JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species./ Life Stage
 Sheepshead           A  ii
 minnow        
   Cyprinodon        JII
   variegatus         L
                   E
 Mummichog    A ...............
                      S
   Fundulus          j .........  ......
   heteroclitus      L                               -IE-
                   E 
Atlantic silversides   A  Iiiiii::
                   S   Di'iENO
  Menidia            j       pea
  species            L


 White perch          A  ..................

   Morone            J  II.................
   amerncana         L........

 Striped bass    A .                .          ................ ..............

   Morone            j...................................
   saxatifisL
                   E    ...........
 Bluefish             A                   .............

   Pomnatomus          
   saltatrixL
                   E
                      J FMA MJJ ASO0N D J FM AMJJASO ND J FMA MJJASO0N D
                          Neuse River           Bogue Sound             New River
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                               Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                        A - Adults
      J Abundant                               S - Spawning adults
                                          J - Juveniles
        Common                                 L  -Larvae
    ..... Rare                                  E - Eggs
Blank    Not Present

                                       64









Table 3, continued: Temporal distribution
                                          Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Cape Fear River         Winyah Bay         N/S Santee Rivers
Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Sheepshead          A    I        ...................   1
 minnow              S
   Cyprinodon       J                                             I1
   variegatus       L .....
                   E
 Mummichog           A                       .................................... ... ..  i ......ii!!iiiiii l..iiii..i......................
                   S                                    -
   Fundulus         j..........
   heteroclitus     L


Atlantic silversides A I.i.. .......................................
                              S~
  Menidia           J  -         ---           11 --i 1 --------- -
  species           L                                                 E1 IEZZ
                   E        -                                       EZJSi3iiii~iia.   i3
 White perch         A                        .....................I
                   S                             3:1
   Morone           J                        1
   americana        L
                   E                            3 

Striped bass  A ..... .,,..
                   S      -........
   Morone   i .....
   saxatilis        L                               ..
                   E .........                             .
 Bluefish            A ..................... .........
                   S
   Pomatomus   . ...........................................
   saltatrix        L
                   E
                      JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                        Cape Fear River        Winyah Bay         N/S Santee Rivers
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                      Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
        ï¿½~  Abundant                        S - Spawning adults
                                         J - Juveniles
EJ | Common                                   L - Larvae
.........  Rare                               E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                      65









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                          Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                 Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound       Broad River
Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
Sheepshead         A           -     - -i .. -.. .3.3i..-.-.1i--- - -  II
 minnow             S   I  
   Cyprinodon       J   i
   variegatus       L                                              i           i 
                   E     I  I                           I.  
 Mummichog          A   !iiii; 6ii.iiiiiIiiiiiiiiiii3i3iiiii l  !E.3ii3 iiii.ii,33H333iiiiviii,,iiiJ
                   S     I :33.-i3i3i33i333!3L-3!.::  31.::'.  1 .i. '.i................iiii-.... I
   Fundulus        J  E1ii3iiiijiiii3ii3iiiivii:jliii  iiiEii   3iii:iii.i {{i.i3iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 
   heteroclitus     L                                              I iDii_|      I


Atlantic silversides  A
                   S     I       I           L     _ Di _-
  Menidia          J
  species          L      I                    E L
                   E                   I I        ~ _
 White perch        A
                   S     I
   Morone          J
   americana        L
                   E     I
Striped bass       A  i                                                            f ii  il 3
                   S                  I         i                 I    i
   Morone          J  ,                    ~                   II
   saxatilis
                   E     I        I          L E Z
 Bluefish           A                                         E-I  E         - 
                   S
   Pomatomus       j             i                           I
   saltatfrix
                   E
                      JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                        Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound       Broad River
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
        E~fl:~iiiiij.il  Abundant          S - Spawning adults
                                         J - Juveniles
-- iCommon                                  L - Larvae
......... Rare                              E- Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                      66








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                          Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Savannah River      Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND J F MA M JJA SON D
Species I Life Stage
Sheepshead         A              ";s;40 a ;;  IDD   Dgiii.as  ;;i  ;00
 minnow             S



 Mummichog          A
                   S           ---
   Fundulus        j
   heteroclitus     L
                   E
Atlantic silversides  A    2iii:             .:::.:.*.   .1I
                   S ~
  M~~enidfia       J  .... .   ..   ......I....   ..  .  .......M... ........
  species          L                             .
                   E
 White perch        A
                   S
   Morone          J
   americana        L
                   E
Striped bass       A                      Ii;.      .................
                   S .   I    .....
   Morone          J .................
   saxatilisL
                   E      ......
 Bluefish           A
                   S
   Pomatomus       i  0  .... ... ...
   saltatrix        L
                   E
                      J F MAM J JA SON D J FM A M JJA SOND1 J F MAM J JA SON D
                        Savannah River      Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
    E~  Abundant                            S - Spawning adults
                                         J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                              L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                       67









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                              Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                   Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Sheepshead          A    liii.iiii-iiii  iiiiiii ii iiiiii! iiiiiiiiiil   I          I
 m   innow          S      ligiig..iii .iiiiiiiii"iiii iiii. [ri iiiiiiiiiiiiiii.....iiiiiiiiiiiii.iii.  I 
   Gyprinodon       J  .................... . ... ............



                     S            - .....                         I1
   variegaFundulus  L .......ii.....ii.-...... i                          ii.ii...iii.i...iiiiiiiii..il

   heterndoclitus 
   heteroclitus     L  r."r-' :.~
                     E                                                    r I=
Atlantic  silversides  A  I;iii:liin a  aiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiii iiiiiIiiii iiisii:i: ii tii iiiiiii ii  iiii  i
       MtSenidia    j               .l.. .   -    _.. .                               -.
  species           L        _              =      **- iiiMjiMi:iii   ,,j,,igjjj   j
                     E                            E Z  iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 
 White perch        A
                     S
   Morone           J
   americana        L
                     E
 Striped bass        A  .................................. I
                     S    I ......... -                                              ] c
   Morone           J ...I ...............................
   saxatilis        L
                     E .........
 Bluefish           A
                     S
   Pomatomus   J 0 ...                   .                       I
   saltatrix        L
                     E
                        JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                           Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
                                               Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
         Eii~EJ   Abundant                   S - Spawning adults
                                             J - Juveniles
         Common                              L- Larvae
.........  .Rare                             E- Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                          68









Table 3, continued.. Temporal distribution
                                   Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                     Indian River        Biscayne Bay
 Month                  JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Sheepshead         A
 minnow              S I _                  I I_
   Cyprinodon       J  !- 7,,f              I
   variegatus       L              I                   I

 Mummichog A ..................................
 Mummichog          A.
                     S        ....................
   Fundulus  ..................................
   heteroclitus     L
                     E       ....................
Atlantic silversides  A                     i       .-. i

  Menidia           J
  species           L
                    L           _ .3.i.i 3.................................-......-.....

 White perch        A
                     S
   Morone           J
   americana        L
                     E
Striped bass        A
                     S
   Morone           j
   saxatilis        L
                     E
 Bluefish           A   _ :.
                    S
   Pomatomus        j ..............................
   saltatrix        L
                     E
                        JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
                             Indian River        Biscayne Bay
                                   Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
         EWiiiiiiiii'il  Abundant            S - Spawning adults
                                            J - Juveniles
        Common                              L - Larvae
.........  Rare                              E- Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                         69









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                          Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Albemarle Sound       Pamlico Sound    Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Cobia              A
                   5                                na
   Flachycentron    J
   canadum          L                                na
                   E                                na
 Gray snapper       A
                   S
   Lutjanus         j    . . . ......_......
   griseus          L
                   E
Sheepshead         A                 ..................

  Archosargus       j           ...... .........
 probatocephalus   L
                   E
 Pinfish            A
                   S
   Lagodon          J  IIU ii. zi;i;;;;;;;iii;ii;;i;;;;            ;;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
   rhomboides       L                      OE E0
                   E

 Spotted seatrout    A . ....i~i:ai!
                   S
       Cynoscion~~~  I                               me iiii oin j:::
   nebulosus        L


 Weakfish           A     1             71...
                   S
   Cynoscion                                  ......I..
   regalis          Ln 

                   E           naI
                     JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                        Albemarle Sound       Pamlico Sound    Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
                                          Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
      . Abundant                            S - Spawning adults
                                         J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                              L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present
na      No Data Available
                                      70








Table 3, continued. -Temporal distribution
                                               Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                   Neuse River         Bogue Sound          New River
 Month                 J FMA MJ JASON D J FM AMJJASON D J FMA MJJASO0N D
 Species I Life Stage
 Cobia              A
                     S
    Rachycentron    J
   canadum          LEZ                                                    J
                     E
 Gray snapper       A
                     S
    Lutjanus        j..........................
    griseus         L
                     E
 Sheepshead         A           .... .                                    ... I.................................
                     S
  Archosargus       j-------------
  probatocephalus   L                                                     I
                     E
 Pinfish            A
                     S
    Lagodon         J  ..I  -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______                          ____
    rhomboides      L  l                     _______
                     E
 Spotted seatrout    A    I                iifl

    Cynoscion       J          ~...I
   nebulosus       L


 Weakfish           A     I          . . i..........................

    Cynoscion      J              ~       ....
   regalisL 


                        J FMAMJJASO ND JFM AMJJASOND J FMA MJJASON D
                            Neuse River         Bogue Sound          New River
                                                Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
         Abundant                           S - Spawning adults
                                              J -Juveniles
    E~  Common                             L -Larvae
    .....Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                           71









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                        Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                 Cape Fear River       Winyah Bay       N&S Santee Rivers
Month                JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
Cobia             A         I       I          ...............
                  S
   Rachycentron    J                            .............
   canadum         L
                  E
 Gray snapper      A
                  S
   Lutjanus        J ............... .........
   griseus         L
                  E
Sheepshead        A       .= ii i1iI:-iii.iiiiii' J   r'...... I.- I
                  S
 Archosargus      J  I    iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiI ......I  I.I . I
 probatocephalus  L          ............
                  E
 Pinfish           A       I .i.i. ..ii...ii.ii.i,  I ..... : .. 
                  S
   Lagodon         J     .i      ii....iii . .i:. I -- E{ 
   rhomboides      L    J                  l  iiiiiiii
                  E
Spotted seatrout    A ........................
                  S      Iii~  i.,:,-' , I  I       I
   Cynoscion       J .        iiiiii.liiillii .......................
   nebulosus       L


 Weakfish          A       !!!!i!!!! !!!!!!! I ..... ........
                  SCynoscion ... .. I
   Cynoscion       J                   . iiiiiiiiiiiiiii:!i!:!ii{iii  i          I I ...........
   regalis         L ........
                  E                       F iiiiiAAiiiSiiii              S  I 
                    JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                       Cape Fear River      Winyah Bay        N&S Santee Rivers
                                         Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                        Life Stage
       Highly Abundant                   A - Adults
E12iiJii   Abundant                       S - Spawning adults
                                       J - Juveniles
       Common                            L - Larvae
                                       E - Eggs
......... Rare
Blank   Not Present


                                    72









Table 3, co~ntinued;.Temporal distribution

                                             Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                 Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound      Broad River
 Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
 Species I Life Stage
 Cobia              A
                    S
   Rachycentron    J
   canadum          L
                    E
 Gray snapper       A
                    S
   Lutjanus        j          1- ..........................
   griseus         L
                    E
Sheepshead         A                      I                   I
                    S
  Archosargus       j                      II
  probatocephalus   L
                    E
 Pinfish            A                    i... II...
                    S
   Lagodon         J  i-I
   rhomboides      L                   E E3Il
                    E
Spotted seatrout    A                     i.....................

   Cynoscion       J                                                    .....................
   nebulosus       L
                    E                           E~
 Wi'eakfish         A  i       1.111IDIt::,.,  H IS01                   .........
                    S
   Cynoscion       JI
   regalisL                                           J

                    E                             E
                       JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                         Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound      Broad River
                                             Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
    EJ  Abundant                           S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                             L -Larvae
    .....Rare                              E -Eggs
Blank   Not Present


                                        73









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                              Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                   Savannah River        Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
Month                  J FMA MJ JASO N DJFM AMJJASOND0 J FM AMJ JASO0N D
Species I Life Stage
 Cobia               A........................
                     S
   Rachycentron      i            ~
   canadum           L
                     E
 Gray snapper        A
                     S
   Lutjanus         j .................. ............... ...........
   griseus           L
                     E
 Sheepshead          A  II
                     S
  Archosargus        j  ii
  probatocephalus   L
                     E
 Pinfish             A
                     S
   Lagodon          J  iI
   rhomboides       L
                     E

 Spotted seatrout    A        .................. ........................
                     S        ~
    Cynoscion        j                       i       ~       ::.
   nebulosus        L
                     E
 Weakfish            A .     .............I

    Cynoscion      --------
   regalisL


                        J FMA MJ JASO N DJFM AM JJASO NO J FM AM J JA SON D
                          Savannah River       Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath.fSapelo Sound
                                               Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                            Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
    EI  Abundant                             S - Spawning adults
                                             J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                                L - Larvae
    ..... Rare                                E - Eggs
Blank    Not Present

                                          74









Table 3, continued: Temporal distribution
                                                 Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                    Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
 Month                   JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
 Species / Life Stage
 Cobia               A ............... .........
                      S
   Rachycentron    J             [           I J                    I
   canadum           L
                      E
 Gray snapper        A
                      S
    Lutjanus          J ..........................................................
   griseus           L
                      E
 Sheepshead           A                       II                    I ii:..iii.iiii.iiii ii iiiiiiiiii iiiiii
                      S I I
  Archosargus        J    i                   II                    :iiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiI
  probatocephalus   L
                      E
 Pinfish             A                            I        I                 ii
                      S
   Lagodon           J  I                    II  tiiiiii iiiiiiiiii iii:iiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiii
   rhomboides        L  I                             1                                 0]
                      E

 Spotted seatrout     A  t.ii ..-  i ,ii.iii                         Ii
                      S       I                     EiESiiiiJ | I  I    3ij U   
    Cynoscion         J     I    .ii......iiiiiiiii ..iii..iii.:ii  ! iii I
   nebulosus         L
                      nbLosus L '-i;",;;iiiiiii;;. I  i..:iiiiiiiiiiiiiii  J  II


 Weakfish            A                        ........* .  .       ......I   ..iiii!i.ili.iiiiiiii!!i!ii.:!!l
                      S .......................:::,.... : ........... [iiii  ~.:;.: F .::.:: ~ 4
    Cynoscion          iiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii       iiii iiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiii
   regalis           L                                ..
                      L       L.""iiii iiii:illi.iiiiii  I  li -iii-i Fii'i!'":ii:ii~i' i ] I  .ii iii .:ii"iiri i !F'i ~
                      E ...: :-                  ........ ...........  ['i;,:~:'-'l
                         JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                            Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
                                                 Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                             Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                       A - Adults
  EZDiiiii   Abundant                          S - Spawning adults
                                               J - Juveniles
- -  Common                                    L - Larvae
......... Rare                                 E- Eggs
Blank    Not Present

                                            75








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                 Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                      Indian River         Biscayne Bay
Month                   JF MA MJJ ASO ND J FM AMJJASOND
Species I Life Stage
Cobla                A
                   S
   Rachycentron      J
   canadum           L
                   E
 Gray snapper        A
                   S
   Lutjanus          j
   griseus           L-
                   E
Sheepshead           A .................

 Archosargus         j ......... .......
 pro batocephalus   L ......

 Pinfish             A

   LagodonJ
   rhomboides        L        J]           El0
                         E~~~~~E
Spotted seatrout     A

   Cynoscion         J
   nebulosus         L
                   E 
 Weakfish            A .................
                   S............
   Cynoscion         i.................
   regalis           L
                   E............
                      J FM AM J JASO N D J F MAM J JA SON D
                           Indian River         Biscayne Say
                                 Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                             Life Stage
    -   Highly Abundant                        A - Adults
    I:iij Abundant                             S - Spawning adults
                                          J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                                 L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                                 E - Eggs
Blank    Not Present

                                       76









Table 3, continued; Temporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                 Albemarle Sound      Pamlico Sound   Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Spot               A                                               I ]
                    S
   Lejostomus      J
   xanthurus       L ........ .                                ...........
                    E
 Southern kingfish   A
                    S
   Menticirhhus    J        I            j  
   americanus      L
                    E
Atlantic croaker   A  I                  i         i.iiii...:..i 
                    S
  Micropogonias     J    I   ii iiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii    I I    iii i !.i i .
  undulatus         Li                                  r 
                    E
 Black drum        A          ..................
                    S
   Pogonias  J ...................................I  I        I
   cromis          L
                    E
 Red drum           A                      I

   Sciaenops       J                                  ........
   ocellatus       L


 Striped mullet    A            II   !!:i!'ii;!'i!i!!!.!;:!!!!!n:iiiii!.' I  !=::i !i
                    S
   Mugil           J  I   iJiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiii-iiii!!!!! iiiiiii!i iiii  I :iiiiiiiiiiiii iii.!!!!ii!:'!!'.-i. !iiii.iiiiiiiiii!... !!  II
   cephalus        L
                    E
                       JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                         Albemarle Sound      Pamlico Sound   Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
                                             Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                   A - Adults
        E!Wti~i~iil  Abundant             S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
        Common                             L- Larvae
.........  Rare                            E- Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                        77








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
Estuary
Month                  J FM A M JJA SOND0 J FM AM J JA SOND J F MA M JJA SON D
Species I Life Stage        Neuse River          Bogue Sound            New River
 Spot                A       l     ~      
                    S
   Leiostomus        J
   xanthurus         L                      ...                          ...El    B ENUE
                    E
 Soutlhern  kingfish  A                           i   ...............
                    S
   Menticirhhus      ji 
   americanus        L
                    E
Atlantic croaker     A     . . . . . ......
                    S
  Micropogonias      j
  undulatus          L                                       E                      =:M
                    E
 Black drum          A      .     ..............................
                    S
   Pogonias          J                     II...................................
   cromis            L..........
                    E
Red drum             A...........I.............

   Sciaenops    ...................
   ocellatusL


 Striped mullet      A         l       I          I
                    S


                    E
                      JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND J FM A MJ JA SON D
                           Neuse River          Bogus Sound            New River
                                            Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                             Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
                                          S - Spawning adults
    Ifl Abundant                              J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                                L -Larvae
                 Rare                       ~~~~~~~E - Eggs
Blank    Not Present

                                        78








Table 3, continued; Temporal distribution
                                               Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                  Cape Fear River        Winyah Bay       N/S Santee Rivers
 Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
 Species / Life Stage
 Spot               A     I       .E.!!!i.i!!3.-iii!!!!!!.!!!ii!.!!! Ii .....!!!   ...............i..-!i.......i. .....ii  .. i.iii!i!!..ii..!!!!!.... -
                     S
   Leiostomus       J   '       '-'' ' I. r3-31i i  _                               I
   xanthurus        L .i-1               []  _                 II E     ;. 
                     E
 Southern kingfish   A            I ........I   4               i ........"-=':,. iiii=i.iii..1
                     S
   Menticirhhus    J    , ........   ........iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii                       I
   americanus       L                                    D . . . . . . . - . .---  
                     E
 Atlantic croaker   A        ......                 -.....ï¿½.....-..   i..i
                     S
  Micropogonias    J  
  undulatus         L  1              11                   n                       !! !!
                     E
 Black drum         A     ...... ..................................
                     S
   Pogonias        J        _     ii~     I ..................................
   cromis           L    ............ ............
                     E
 Red drum           A  , ..................................
                     S                    I ..... I
   Sciaenops       J                             .               ..Lii........i.:i.;...'.'.:..*    ..iii .ii iiii. . ..................................
   ocellatus        L
                     E   ..... ---
 Striped  mullet    A                    I   I    !!i!!i!:*!!! **!!!:!:i!:. !!i  I I
                     S
   Mugil
   Mugil           J   I                  I_ i!! !         ii !!!!!3! ! 3!!!!!i.- ' .! !!-. ' !!!3!!!!!!!!! !!!!.'-! !!!!3!!3!.- ' .--;:
   cephalus         L   ! E                                      r         1
                     E
                        JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                           Cape Fear River       Winyah Bay        N/S Santee Rivers
                                                Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
         EZZJ    Abundant                   S - Spawning adults
                                              J - Juveniles
r-- Common                                  L- Larvae
......... Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                           79









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound       Broad River
 Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
                               , i  giijo..iiniiiiioiiii?:::2!!i:.!::r. :  I   I *;: r . - NO  MOD
 Spot               A .....t :,: .   .:,,:.'.-.:.4[                   i..,:.-:-...'-..
                    S
   Leiostomus      J  i                        ii- 
   xanthurus        L    EW    '[              r         1      EiZJ             E l
                    E
 Southern kingfish   A            S ii.ii=illm:.? -----t  .l. iiiiiii'ii..il  --t  !..........a .iiaiaia.il!I
                    S
   Menticirhhus    J       I   i!.."4ii.:iiii.a'iltia   II  ilii.i:.il.im' riok.'.."i. I .. ...itia"iiii"''  I
   americanus      L         I""i"!I:            I  I 
                    E
Atlantic croaker   A     I              I  I  ;::...         .'i  I    I    "..'.; :r"  I
                    S
  Micropogonias     J  -  I
  undulatus         L                             I        _ I                    i
                    E
 Black drum         A  I                  I  
                    S      ............     I         I
   Pogonias        J                      II                  II
   cromis          L   ,           I        I         J          I        J
                    E      ............    
 Red drum           A     I              I I                   I,
                    S                [         I        [            -'"
   Sciaenops       J  ,                   II   
   ocellatus
                    E       r '    Z                       I [
 Striped mullet     A  i                  I  I               I : :,;,3::!l,!!!ii,  .  . !,:.'!!.
                    S
   Mugil           J                               :iwwiwi!!!!-!.DWl!!!.-i!i I!:...0... ,   :..4::,::..:.5...l.... -,I si!m.l!iiii
   cephalus        L  i           I  I                         liiil  I 
                    E
                      JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                        Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound      Broad River
                                            Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                         Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
l:::--:j:-   Abundant                      S - Spawning adults
                                          J - Juveniles
'-- Common                                 L - Larvae
........  Rare                             E- Eggs
Blank   Not Present


                                       80









Table 3, continued.-Temporal distribution
                                                Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Savannah River      Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
 Month                 J FMA MJJASO N DJFM AMJJASON D J FMA MJJASO0N D
Species / Life Stage
 Spot          A                  .       .    ..I. .  .      ... I. ....
                     S.
   Lefostomus 
   xanthurus        L              ~E
                      E
 Southern kingfish   A .    ....I...... ......I                                   7..

   Mvenltic~irtihuLs  J
   americanus       L


 Atlantic croaker   A                                                      na soeta
                      S
  Micropogonias    j-----------------
  undulatus         L  I01111~:                                                  EM
                      E
 Black drum         A  ii

    Pogonias        J  I                   I II
    cromis           L                                J
                      E...............

 Red drum           A                            I

    Sciaenops                              i;.j
    ocellatusL                           J

 Striped mullet     A                                      .     I os I I I I    ;quI

    Mugil            i    F                      :NN00NNN09....=
    cephalus         L
                      E
                         J FM AM J JA SON D JFMAMJJASOND J FM A M JJA SON D
                           Savannah River      Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
                                                 Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
    E~  Abundant                           S - Spawning adults
                                               J - Juveniles
    El  Common                              L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                           81









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                           Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                  Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
Month                 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Spot               A ........I..          I                    I    ,I
                   S
   Leiostomus    J                i-i l-l  i
   xanthurus        L          ;i....li.iii..i  I 
                   E
 Southern kingfish   A ........ I.. .......... ---..  i                             i
                   S ..................... ..............
   Menticirhhus     J      iiiii      iiii,:.i  I I i
   americanus       L
                   E .................... ................

Atlantic croaker   A       I    iL:.-iiii.ii!i.L    I    I       II                l
                   S
  Micropogonias     J              _i!i!!':!!!!  =!!-!        - , ::iiiii-::: -: I  !i.-'iiiili! :-: !!:!:: : :!ii-iiii
  undulatus         L    _              Cm     _1l c 
                   E
 Black drum         A                      ii . 
                   S ......... ..... I                                 I
   Pogonias        J  I                   II                   I iii iii
   cromis           L r -                       r .               r=
                   E ......... ... ..._.
 Red drum           A .i..
                   S             *----------         -...........  
   Sciaenops        J ......................iiiiiiiiii
   ocellatus        L
                   E                     * ... .........r............
 Striped   mullet   A        m ..l::i!::i!!!.iii:iiii!iiii:!::!    II  . iiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiii  II  I
                   S
   Mugil           J            _                                 =      _
   cephalus         L  m         I              J  
                   E
                      JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                         Altamaha River   St. And./St. Sim. Sound   St. Johns River
                                           Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                          Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                    A - Adults
Eifl    Abundant                            S - Spawning adults
                                          J - Juveniles
'I |Common                                  L- Larvae
.........  Rare                             E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present

                                       82









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                 Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                     Indian River        Biscayne Bay
Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Spot               A                    E E 
                   S
   Leiostomus       J  E     2       .
   Leiostomus j minion ................... 
   xanthurus        L                                -E  l
                   E
 Southern kingfish A i                      ..................................
                   S
   Menticirhhus j I                         ..................................
   americanus       L                           ..................
                   E
Atlantic croaker    A  ..................................
                   S
  Micropogonias   ..................................
  undulatus          L
  undu/atus L ............... ......
                   E
 Black drum         A ..................................
                   S _ ......
   Pogonias         J           _iiii   iof." ' !!..il  ..................................
   cromis           L  .....................
                   E _':                        ] ..................
 Red drum            A  tiiiiiiiij         iii ..................................
                   S  1i1..  ..iii.iiiii.ii.l - -
   Sciaenops        J    _                        3     
   ocellatus        L 
                   E     "         iiiiiiiiiii ..................
 Striped mullet     A
                   S
   Mugil            J
   cephalus
                    L            _  :i      i I --'j-
                    E
                      JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                           Indian River        Biscayne Bay
                                 Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
        @@@    Abundant                     S - Spawning adults
                                          J - Juveniles
        Common                              L- Larvae
.........  Rare                              E - Eggs

Blank   Not Present

                                       83








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                              Southeast Estuaries
 Estuary                  Albemarle Sound        Pamlico Sound    Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
 Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
 Species / Life Stage
 Spanish mackerel   A                                                       ......... I  I
                    S
  Scomberomorus   J               r       L            L _ .                          I
  maculatus         L                                 na
                     E
 Gulf flounder       A
                     S
   Paralichthys     J
   albigutta        L
                     E
 Summer flounder    A      I                 i  .- "-:-:.Qr    I                      I
                     S
  Paralichthys       J      .   m :.: -- ':!'.: ' 11 .
  dentatus           L E l    ,             -,3,                O
                     E
 Southern flounder   A  I          *-;-"   '.:.:j;'.i.ii II   ii  I I
                     S
   Paralichthys     J    ri                  r              i      ii'' 
   lethostigma      L ............ 
                     E
                       JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                          Albemarle Sound       Pamlico Sound    Pamlico/Pungo Rivers
                                              Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                     Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A -Adults
         E~::~:l   Abundant                  S - Spawning adults
                                            J - Juveniles
        Common                              L- Larvae
......... Rare                                E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present
na       No Data Available












                                         84








Table 3, continued-. Temporal distribution
                                              Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                     Neuse River         Bogue Sound           New River
 Month                  J FM AM J JA SON D J F MA MJ JA SON D J F MA M JJA SN D
Species I Life Stage
 Spanish mackerel   A ....
                     S
  Scomberomorus   j                     J
  maculatus         L
                     E
 Gulf flounder      A
                     S
   Parafichthys     j                                            i
   albigutta        Lc                                                               C
                     E
Summer flounder   A                                     mi-m..-.I
                     S
  Paralichthys      j                        II
  dentatus           L                    o
                     E
 Southern flounder  A                    ~.
                     S
   Paralichthys     J            .ii
   1ethostigma      L                      C0                 C0
                     E
                        JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND J FM A M JJA SON D
                             Neuse River         Bogue Sound           Now River
                                               Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                     Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
     Abundant                               S - Spawning adults
                                             J - Juveniles
    EJ  Common                               L - Larvae
    ..... Rare                               E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present













                                         85








Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                          Southeast Estuaries
Estuary
Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species I Life Stage     Cape Fear River        Winyah Bay        N/S Santee Rivers
 Spanish mackerel   A  ..... 
                   S
  Scomberomorus   j                                                       ..................
  maculatusï¿½
      maculatus L ...........
                   E
 Gulf flounder      A .................. ....................... ..........................
                   S
   Paralichthys     j ......................................................................................
   albigutta        L
   albigutta L ..................... ......
                   E
Summer flounder   A        ,    
                   S
  Paralichthys      j   !!!!!!!:!!!i.!......... . ........1
  dentatus          L                                             
                   E
 Southern flounder  A                                   ... ..   
                   S
   Paralichthys     J  l'-.ii:iii. ':     {lI  iliiiiiiii.iiiiii.ii:  Iii I.I
   lethostigma      L                     i :1  0                                   E I   
                   E
                     JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                        Cape Fear River        Winyah Bay        N/S Santee Rivers
                                          Southeast Estuaries

Relative                                     Life Stage
     Highly Abundant                        A - Adults
        El2~    Abundant                    S - Spawning adults
                                         J - Juveniles
r'- i Common                                 L - Larvae
.........  Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present













                                     86








Table 3, continued.- Temporal distribution
                                             Southeast Estuaries
Estuary
 Month                  JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
 Species / Life Stage     Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound        Broad River
 Spanish mackerel A ......   
                    S
  Scomberomorus   J            L          J          [ J                  I
  maculatus         L
                    E
 Gulf flounder      A                                                ..........................
                    S
   Paralichthys     J      I                                      ..................................
   albigutta        L                                             .........
                    E
 Summer flounder   A       , 
                    S
  Paralichthys      J                       I                    I 
  dentatus           L
                    E
 Southern flounder  A      I              I    r   ..           i.-.-'     m -.- .-4
                    S
   Paralichthys     J  I                   II                   II
   lethostigma      L  
                    E
                       JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                         Charleston Harbor    St. Helena Sound        Broad River
                                             Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
E7iij~l   Abundant                           S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
"'- Common                                   L - Larvae
.........  Rare                              E - Eggs
Blank   Not Present













                                        87









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
Estuary
Month                  JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Species / Life Stage     Savannah River        Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
 Spanish mackerel   A                  - [                                         I
                    S
  Scomberomorus   J   I                     I      I E                   L
  maculatus         L
                    E
 Gulf flounder       A       .        ..............................................................................
                    S
   Paralichthys     J ..................................
   albigutta        L
                    E
Summer flounder  A ................................................
                    S
  Paralichthys       J  .-lu !.-!: -!:! II H                             *!?            I
  dentatus           L         I 
                    E
 Southern flounder  A ........ i......i : .iziiiail ........ :il-i .ii
                    S
   Paralichthys     J   iiiiiiiiiiiiiii-iiiiiiiiii  iiii  iiiiii  iiiiiiiiii
   lethostigma      L                                               I
                    E     I 
                       JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                         Savannah River       Ossabaw Sound   St. Cath./Sapelo Sound
                                            Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                           Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                     A - Adults
        EEJ    Abundant                     S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
        Common                              L - Larvae
.........    Rare                             E -Eggs
Blank   Not Present













                                       88








Table 3, continued: Temporal distribution
                                            Southeast Estuaries
Estuary
Month                    J FMA MJJASO N DJFM AMJJASO ND J FM AMJ JASO0N D
Species / Life Stage        Altamaha River    St. And./St. Sim. Sound    St. Johns River
 Spanish mackerel   A
                    S
  Scomberomorus   j  I......4I
  maculatus           L
                    E
 Gulf flounder    A .................. ................
                    S
   Parafichthys   j  ...................I.................
   albigutta         L                         ....... .                                  .....
                    E
Summer flounder A ...................................
                    S
  Pa~ralichthys       j  .......... ........
 dentatus            LE
                    E
 Southern flounder   A                ..        ...I .....I
                    S
   Parafichthys      J  ii                      ii
   letho stigma      L      .........
                    E
                       J F MA M JJA SON D J F MAM J JA SON D J FM AM JJ A SON D
                          Altamaha River    St. And./St. Sim. Sound    St. Johns River
                                             Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                               Life Stage
        Highly Abundant                        A - Adults
    j~: Abundant                                S - Spawning adults
                                           J - Juveniles
    E~ Common                                   L -Larvae
    ..... Rare                                  E - Eggs
Blank    Not Present












                                        89









Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution
                                    Southeast Estuaries
Estuary                     Indian River         Biscayne Bay
Month                  J FMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJ ASOND
Species / Life Stage
 Spanish mackerel   A                   ---...............
                     S
  Scomberomorus j ..................................i
  maculatus          L
                     E
 Gulf flounder       A          i             i                    i
                     S
   Paralichthys     J  l_:-;  _    = ' : -   |-~ J 
   albigutta        L   i -D
                     E
 Summer flounder   A  .....................-
                     S
  Paralichthys  ..................................
  dentatus           L
                     L .........
                     E
 Southern flounder  A . ................................
                     S
    Paralichthys  J I                         i..................................
   lethostigma    L                        ] ...............
                     E
                        JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
                              Indian River        Biscayne Bay
                                    Southeast Estuaries

Relative Abundance                            Life Stage
         Highly Abundant                      A - Adults
         I~iiriiiiiiil   Abundant             S - Spawning adults
                                              J - Juveniles
-       "I Common                             L - Larvae
......... Rare                                E - Eggs

Blank   Not Present













                                          90











                                                               T-11 O  MI              MOM






Index to Table 4. Page location of data reliability table for each species and estuary.




                                                                             I                            ~~~~~~~Estuary






 Common and Scientific Name                                                        z       ?~..
 Mussel (Mytilis adults)
 Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians)
 American oyster (Crassostrea virginicsOj4
 Common rangia (Rarrgia cuneata)2
 Hard clam (Mercenaria species)
 Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus)
 Pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum)
 White shrimp (Perraeus setiterus)
 Grass shrim p (Palaemonetes pugio)                           9                           .9                           .9
 Blue crab (Caflinectes sapidus)                      P                         .9                                      .9
 Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus)
 Ladyfish (Elops saurus)
 American eel (Anguilla trssIrate)
 Blueback herring (Alosa aestiva /fs)
 Alewife (Alosa pseudloharengus)
 American shad (Alass sapkidssima)                         P~                             .9                           . 100
 Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)
 Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchill,)
 Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon vanegat us)
 Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclltuti)
 Atlantic silversides (Menhdia species)10p.10p.10
 Whits parch (Morone amoncana)                 P                0                          .     1      2      P           0
 Striped bass (Morone saxa/ills)
 Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatnix)
 Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)
 Gray snapper (Lu/janus griseus)
 Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus)
 Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)                              P,.104                        P.105:                       p. 106
 Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)
 Weakflsh (Cynoscian rega/iti)
 Spot (Lelostomnus xanfturus)
 Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus: americanus)
 Atlantic croaker (Micropoonias undula/us)         ~            0                         .18p   0
 Black drum (Paognias cromis)                              p             0            .      18          P                 0
 Red drum (Sca~enops ocellafus)
Striped mullet (Mug/i caphalus)
Spanish mackerel (SComberomorus macu/a/us)
Gulf flounder (Parafichfhys albigutta)
Summertflounder (Parafich/hys dentatus)                   P. 110~ p.111.pl2:
Southern flounder (Parafichfths le/hostigm,)














                                                                             91








Table 4. Data reliability

                                             Southeast Estuaries

                                        Pamlico/                                 Cape
                     Albemarle  Pamlico   Pu/go    Neuse    Bogue         New       Cear
                                         m~co   Pungo                             Fear
                      Sound    Sound                 River    Sound      River    River
 Species/Life Stage
 Mussel            A   ï¿½           0         0         0          0         O         O
                  S  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½                      ï¿½         ï¿½         ï¿½         ï¿½
   Mytilis         J    *ï¿½  ï¿½                          ï¿½        .          [ ï¿½
   edulis          LO                                                       O         ï¿½
                  E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½]    ï¿½    ï¿½
 Bay scallop'      A    ï¿½  ï¿½                           ï¿½         [          [3        ï¿½
                  S  ï¿½    I    ï¿½    ï¿½ *                                   [    ï¿½
   Argopecten      J    ï¿½                    ï¿½         ï¿½ *  3
   irradians       L3 
                  E    ï¿½         E         ï¿½         ï¿½          E         El        ï¿½
 American oyster   A    ï¿½                    ï¿½         ï¿½          ï¿½ *                 i
                  S    ï¿½         El        ï¿½          O                   IN E 
   Crassostrea     J    ï¿½         EI         ï¿½         ï¿½         ï¿½         El        El
   virginica       L                                   O 
                  EE    *        E                   O          EE                  El
 Common rangia   A    ï¿½            ï¿½         ï¿½          i         ï¿½  [0               0
                  S  I[          O         O         EO         O         O
   Rangia          J   *ï¿½          ï¿½         ï¿½         []    [] ï¿½ 
   cuneata         L    O          [ ]                 O         O         O[         O
                  E   [E  .O                         O          O         O         O0
 Hard clam         A    ï¿½          Iï¿½                  ï¿½          ï¿½         i         ï¿½
                  S  ï¿½    I    ï¿½                      ï¿½ *                           ï¿½
   Mercenaria      J    *ï¿½         l         *                              I 
   species         L                         *.                            0          0
                  E  *ï¿½    II              ï¿½         ï¿½          I         O         ï¿½
 Brown shrimp      A    ï¿½          1I        El        ï¿½          [] El               ï¿½
                  S  *ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½ 
   Penaeus         J    El                   El 3    
   aztecus         L     I  o 0  
                  E  *    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½                           ï¿½         ï¿½         ï¿½

                                        Pamlico/                                  Cape
                     Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungo    Neuse    Bogue         New       Cear
                      Sound    Sound    Rivers    River    Sound         River     River
                                          Rivers                                  River

                                             Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                               Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                      A - Adults
                                       S - Spawning adults
IE    Moderately Certain                  J -Juveniles
0     Reasonable Inference                L- Larvae
                                       E - Eggs

                                           92








Table 4, continued. Data reliability
                                                        Southeast Estuaries

                           Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                             Bay      Santers    Harbor    Sound      River      River    Sound
 Species/Life Stage Rvr
 Mussel             A     l                                                       

    Mytilis          J     i                                                      
    edulis           L    I                                  
                       E   U                                                        
 Bay scallop        A     U                                                       

    Argopecten       J     N                                                      
    irradians        L     *

 American oyster    A    U           U     E liiI                              El 

    Crassostrea     J      U         U         HI         HI                   0          0:
    virginica        Li              ii        0i                                         11o  
                       El              HII                  I                    El         E
 Common rangia    A       El         El        liEl                 El         El         13
                       S     El        El        El         11         El         Fl        11
    Rangia           J    0l         0         Ii         El         El         El        1:1
    cuneata          L    El         El         El        El         El         El0

 Hard clam          A     HI         HI        HI         U          iH
                       S     HI        HI N      H           Ii                   I
    Mercenaria       J     [9       19H                              i          IE
    species          L    HI         iiI                   iiili
                       E    9I         I          iH                    ii                   i
 Brown shrimp       A     HIH                   IElI                            IH
    Plenaeus        M      li         IH                              IH                   I
    aztecus          L      IHU                            IIEll


                           Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena   Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                             Bay   Santers    Harbor    Sound          River     River     Sound

                                                        Southeast Estuaries

Re liability                                Life Stage
   U  Highly Certain                        A - Adults
                                                S - Spawning adults
ii    Moderately Certain                    J - Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                  L - L~arvae
                                                 E - Eggs

                                                      93








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                             Southeast Estuaries

                       St. Cathe.i Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                        Sapelo     River   St. Simon   River       River      Bay
Species/Life Stage      SonSud
 Mussel             A                UUUUU

   Mytilis          J i                                                
   edulis           L     *
                     EU    U                                           
 Bay scallop        A     U         U          U          0                    E
                     SE              U         U          El                   El
   Argopecten       J     0         U         U          11         El        El
   irradians        L     *         0                               o 11      El
                     E U             U                               17 ElEll
 American oyster   A      9I        Iii        III                  II
                     s o             ElLI                            El        11
    Crassostrea      J  i  9i                  Wi iiii
    virginica       L      El        o         El1        9i         o         11
                     E    11         El         l         ii         El        El
 Common rangia    A    El           El         El         U         U          El
                     S     El         l        El                    El        El
    Rangia          J      El        El        El         U          U         El
   cuneata          L     El        El        El                    El        El
                     E    El         El        El                    El        El
 Hard clam          A     [I    FBII            i          lIE
                     S     9I        I          I          lLIE
    Mercenaria       J    LI         ii        lii        0          i         E
   species          L     ii        9I LII               E           l         E
                     E    9          LI        LII        0E
 Brown shrimp       A    9I         El    a !                       E]         El1
                     Si              U    U                            
    Penaeus          J     9I        El11U                           I          I
    aztecus          L     El        El        El          U         El        El
                     E  U            U         U   a                 U         U

                       St. Cathe.) Altamaha St. An drew/ St. Jon ndaisan
                         Sapelo    River   St. Simon   Rie Rhs       niver Bisayn
                         Sound                Sound      Rie        Rvr        Ba

                                              Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                 Life Stage
   U  Highly Certain                        A - Adults
                                            S - Spawning adults
   II Moderately Certain                    J - Juveniles
   El Reasonable Inference                  L - Larvae
                                             E - Eggs

                                                 94








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                    Southeast Estuaries

                        Albemarle  Pamlico   Pamlio & Neuse    Bogue            New       Caea
                          Sound    Sound    Rivers        River     Sound       River     Fiear
 Species/Life Stage Rvr ie
 Pink shrimp        A      lHEHHHU

    PenaeusJ                         U          lH                              EU
    duorarum         L                iII                                        i
                      EE              U         U          U          U         U          U
 White shrimp       A     HHHE                                                    
                     S  U            U         U                                  
    Penaeus             iJ           El        H           lH                     
    setiferus        L    0                     01        El3        9 

 Grass shrimp       A     UH                    iEHUU

    Palaemonetes   J       El        H         H9         El         H x
    pugio            L    El1        El         El        El         1          H 
                     El              0 0             0           El    H 
 Blue crab          A                HHUHHU

    Calfinectes     J      U                                         E            
    sapidus          L      I    N                                   E            
                     E   H           H                                         El         H
 Atlantic sturgeon   A    H           lE                  E                           
                     S  H IN0                             0          H                
    Acipenser        J     H         El3 ElE                         9 
    oxyrhynchus      L    El         o          lE                   9                    0
                     E    H                     l          lH                     
 Ladyfish           A     H0HHH0                                                          El1
                     SE    H    U    U                                            
    Efops            i    H          El    no             H: H            F     El I
    saurus           L    H       I      N      HH                              0         01
                     E  U            H         U                                  

                        Albemarle  Pamlico  Pamlico &   Neuse    Bogue          New      Cape
                               SoundSoundPungo                          RvrSudierFear
                               Sound    Sound    Rivers   River     Son        Rie        Rvr

                                                     Southeast Estuaries
Reliability                                 Life Stage
0     Highly Certain                        A - Adults
                Moderately Certain S - Spawning adults
           H  Moderately Certain           ~~J - Juveniles
03    Reasonable Inference                  L - Larvae
                                             E - Eggs
                                             M - Mating

                                                  95








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                Southeast Estuaries

                                  N&S
                       Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                         Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound        River      River    Sound
 Species/Life Stage
 Pink shrimp        A     o          O         O          O          O          O          Ci
                    S  *              -                  ï¿½    *ï¿½    [    [
   Penaeus          J  io                      El         13    3         El [I [[
   duorarum         L                                     El   O                          O
                    E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½                             ï¿½  IN
 White shrimp       A     El         E                                 ' I     
                    S   *                      ï¿½ E                             ï¿½ * 
   Penaeus          J     rE                   El []      [El O]                          El
   setiferus        L     O         O          E          i          O         0          9
                    E  *            *          O         ï¿½          El         *          O
 Grass shrimp       A     ï¿½          ï¿½         El         13         E          O          O
                    S     ï¿½                    El        El    M E             O          El
   Palaemonetes   J       ï¿½         *          E]         E         1          El         E1
   pugio            L     *         El                                                    13 I  1  
                    E    *          El         13        13        IE          O          OE
 Blue crab          A     El         O         13         1          E El      -O 
                    M         O     O          13        0                     El 0 
   Callinectes      J     ï¿½         O          O]        El1                   1 O 
   sapidus          L   ï¿½           0 IN                  [E        El         O          [] O
                    E    El         O           3        E          El        [O         OEl
 Atlantic sturgeon   A     EO        O          O         El         E]         17        O[
                    S   O           O          O          EO E                 El         1
   Acipenser        J     [         El        []          E          El        El        1[
   oxyrhynchus      L     h         O          O  O                                       El O
                    E   El    [1               0]    ]0             0          0          0
 Ladyfish           A    El  O []                                     nO Ol                [
                    S  ï¿½            ï¿½          ï¿½         El         ï¿½                     ï¿½
   Elops            J     El        1 1                   El         ï¿½ *El O
   saurus           L     l                                          El        O          E
                    E  [            ï¿½          U         El         U          U          ï¿½
                                  N&S
                       Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                         Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound        River      River    Sound

                                                 Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                 Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                        A - Adults
                                          S - Spawning adults
13    Moderately Certain                    J - Juveniles
O[    Reasonable Inference                   L- Larvae
                                          E- Eggs
                                          M - Mating

                                               96








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                            Southeast Estuaries

                      St. Cathe., Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                        Sapelo    River   St. Simon   River        River       Bay
Species/Life Stage      Sound                Sound
 Pink shrimp        A     9i         iE                              l          l
                    S     *'        UIi                               
   Penaeus          j 
   duorarum         L     o         o          o                    9i         o
                    E    Ii         U                               0i  U   
 White shrimp       A    ii          El        IiUEl                           E
                    S  U            U         U                       
   Penaeus          j     *                                
   setiferus        L      E l o                                               El
                    E  U            U                                  
 Grass shrimp       A     Iii                  13 El      U            
                    S     El        El        El         U                     E
   Palaemonetes   J       lj        E         ElU                              El
   pugio            L     o3        El         El         UUEl
                    E     El        El        El         U                    E
 Blue crab          A     mi         El       1:1 a
                    M     El        El        E]                     lE
    Calfinectes     J      El        El        0lUI 
   sapidus          L     El]       El        ElUlE
                    E    l          El        E                      lE
 Atlantic sturgeon   A    EllEllUU
                    S     El        E          lE 0
   Acipenser        J     El        E           lE                        
    oxyrhynchus      L     El        El        ElElU
                    E    El         El        ElElU
 Ladyfish           A     El         El        ElI                              i

    Elops            i     El1       El        El         9i         U          9i
   saurus           L    9i         El         lIN                   i         El
                    E   U           N                    9                    0i   

                       St. Cathedi Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                        Sapelo      River   St. Simon   River      River       Bay
                        Sound                Sound

                                            Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                 Life Stage
0     Highly Certain                        A - Adults
                                           S - Spawning adults
9i    Moderately Certain                    J - Juveniles
El1   Reasonable Inference                  L - Larvae
                                           E - Eggs
                                           M - Mating

                                                97








Table 4, continued. Data reliability
                                                     Southeast Estuaries

                              Albearl Pa       Pamlico &   NueBg ewCape
                            Albemrle  Pmlico   Pun go       N se        Bue           ew        Fear
                          Sound      Sound       Rivers      River      Sou nd      River      River
 Species/Life Stage
 American eel*'  A                                                                    13E lElE  lE
                     S   U                                                             
   Anguilla          J      ElElEEllEll
   ro~strata         L      El         Q          El          El         E            lE
                      E  0                                                              
 Blueback herring   A       IiE                    lElE                               lE
                     S    E           El                     El          El         El          E
    Alosa             J     El          El3        El                     1 El   A     lE
    aestivalis        L     *            1         0           El         El          El[N
                      E                El 1                   El          El         El          El
 Alewife              A     El         El          El     m e             El          El         E
                     S     U          El          El         El          El1lE
   Alosa              J     El          El         El                     171 El       l
   pseudoharengus L          El         El         ElElElEl
                      E     El         El          ElElElEl
 American shad        A     El         El         El-         E           El          ElE
                      S     El         El          El         El          El         El N        E
    Alosa             J      El         El         El          El         El          ElE
    sapidissima       L      El     IN             El          El         El          El7E
                      E     El         El          El         El          El         ElE
 Atlantic menhaden  A        ElE                    lE                     lE 
                      S   U                                                             
    Brevoortia        J      ElE                   E            lElE 
    tyrannus          L     El          El         El          El         El          El     IN
                      E  U             U                                                
 Bay anchovy          A     ElE                     lElE                              lE
                      S     El         El          ElE                     l          lE
    Anchaa            i      ElE                    lElE                               lE
    mitchilli         L     E            lE                     lE                     lE


                        Albemarle  Pa Pmlico    Pu          Neuse       Bogue       New         Caea
                          Sound      Sound          River River         Sound       River      River

                                                      Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                     Life Stage
   *  Highly Certain                           A - Adults
                                              S - Spawning adults
El     Moderately Certain                       J - Juveniles
   El Reasonable Inference                     L - Larvae
                                              E - Eggs

                                                   98
 **See Life History Notes, p. 12.








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                    Southeast Estuaries

                         Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena   Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                           Bay   Santers    Harbor    Sound          River      River     Sound
 Species/Life Stage
 American eel**     A      E          lI                   lE                    iE
                     S               U          U         U          U                     U
    Anguilla         J    FB                     ]I!                  an 
    rostrata         L     o         El         El          l         El        Cl         El
                     E  U            U          U         U          U          U          ff
 Blueback herring   A     El        111        [IN        Cl         l!         El         El
                     S     El        IN         [I        El         ii         13         1-
    Alosa            j     El        IN         El         13        I!         13         1
    aestivalis       L    o          i          IN]        El 0i 51             131
                     E~lIi                      I          7I                   El         E
 Alewife            A     ElliU                                                    
                     SO   El                    U    U    U    U 
   Alosa             J     El        K!         U      a             U             
   pseudoharengus L        o39af                                      
                     E     El        IN         U         U          0          U          U
 American shad      A      i         El        I!         I!         H]         El         E
                     S     Ii         l         mi        Il     no         F E]           El
    Alosa            J     [i        El         H]          !         H]        El         El
    sapidissima      L   IN          El         I!1       Im     IN             El         El
                     El!E                       IN        I!         H]         H]         El
 Atlantic menhaden  A      H]        11         U                               0]H  lE
                     S  U            U          U   a                              
    Brevoortia       J     I!        I!         El         H]         1         El         El
    tyrannus         L     9         El         o3         El        H          El         El
                     E  E            U   a                                         
 Say anchovy        A     H]                                                    1:1 U  ]IElE
                     SI              ElC        El         HHI N    El                     El
    Anchoa           i     H]        H          U           ]                    13 El     E
    mitchilli        L  IN            ]         El         H]        H          El         E
                     El              El         El        I!         0]E                   El

                         Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena   Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                           Bay   Santers    Harbor    Sound          River      River     Sound

                                                     Southeast Estuaries

Re!liability                                Life Stage
   *  Highly Certain                        A - Adults
                                             S - Spawning adults
   H] Moderately Certain                    J- Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                   L - Larvae
                                             E -Eggs


                                                  99
 **See Life History Notes, p. 12.








Table 4, continued. Data reliability
                                            Southeast Estuaries

                      St. Cathe.l Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                        Sapelo      River   St. Simon                River       Bay
Species/Life Stage
 American eel**      A     O          O          O          O          i          i
                    S[   ï¿½   ï¿½    ï¿½*                                  [
   Anguilla         J  [             3  El                             ï¿½          E
   rostrata         L           O               O           O 
                    E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½                         ï¿½          ï¿½          ï¿½
 Blueback herring  A       O      l              O          0          ï¿½          ï¿½
                    S     [O    O                          O    ï¿½    ï¿½
   Alosa            J     [          [          [I                    * 
   aestivalis       L      o         O          O          O          U          U
                    E  0    O    O                         O    ï¿½                ï¿½
 Alewife             A  aï¿½            ï¿½          *          [          U          ï¿½
                    S  *ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½                                   ï¿½          ï¿½ 
   Alosa             J     * 
  pseudoharengus L  
                    E  ï¿½            ï¿½          ï¿½           El         ï¿½          ï¿½ 
 American shad       A     [    3                O          Elï¿½                   ï¿½ 
                    S      ] O  ï¿½                                                ï¿½0
   Alosa            J   3                       0  ï¿½                              ï¿½E 
   sapidissima      L     O          O          O   
                    E   O              O                    l         ï¿½  ï¿½* 
 Atlantic menhaden  A      0[         0          ï¿½                     O          BI
                    S  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½                         [    ï¿½    ï¿½
    Brevoortia       J      i         0          O          E           l    F I
    tyrannus         L     OEl                   El                       
                    E   *ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½                                  ï¿½    ï¿½
 Bay anchovy         A  E             Cl         O          El         ï¿½          ï¿½
                    S          El    O         O           O          ï¿½          El
   Anchoa           J   D0           0          0          El         * 
    mitchilli        L      i         ï¿½          ï¿½  
                    E     El        O                O    0           ï¿½          El

                       St. Cathe. Altamaha St       . Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                        Sapelo      River   St. Simon   River        River       Bay
                        Sound                 Sound

                                            Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                   Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                          A - Adults
                                           S - Spawning adults
[     Moderately Certain                      J - Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                    L- Larvae
                                           E - Eggs

                                               100
** See Life History Notes, p. 12.








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                 Southeast Estuaries

                       Albemarle  Pamlico Pamlico &   Neuse    Bogue           New       Cape
                        Sound    Sound    Rivers         River    Sound       River      Fear
                                             Rivers                                     River
 Species/Life Stage
 Sheepshead         A      i         [i                    O         O          O          O [
 minnow              S  O            O          O          O         O          O 
    Cyprinodon       J     I3                   El O       O  O                            O[
    variegatus       L     El        O ElO                 0. [El 
                    E  O            O     0-   lO                   O          O          El
 Mummichog          A     O               El              ElO        ï¿½          ï¿½          3
                    S   O    O                 O          O                [] O           E
    Fundulus         J     o         OI         o          O         O          O           i
    heteroclitus     L     O         O          o          o          ï¿½         E          O
                    E  l            El         O         E  O   0l 0I 
 Atlantic silversides A    El]       O          El         i          El        O          OII
                    S     1         0          0          El        13        ï¿½0 E
   Menidia           J                           lO  O               E  El  O   O]
   species           L     I         ï¿½              O                 0         11         0
                    E     El        O E                   El        El        O] 
 White perch        A                     El0   3             El     Ol                    E i
                    S  *            O    [O               O         O           i [       [
    Morone           J     *         0          I           ]         El 0]                El
    americana        L     *         O          O          O          El []                 i]
                    E               El O       O          O         El                    13
 Striped bass        A     ]3       EL         1]          ï¿½ *                   O         E
                    S     E]         ]                                  El  *  O           l [O
    Morone           J     ]                               n El       O                    l i
    saxatilis        L     Il        O          O                     o          O         o
                    E  F]           E]        E]         ï¿½*                    [1         E
 Bluefish           A     1]         ]         O]   El          El              O          O
                    S  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    *    ï¿½                                         ï¿½
    Pomatomus        J     ]          ]         El          l         ]    El     O 
    saltatrix        L     *                                          H   
                    E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½                        ï¿½         ï¿½          ï¿½          ï¿½

                       Albemarle  Pamlico  Paunlico     Neuse    Bogue         New       Cape
                        Sound    Sound    Rivers         River    Sound       River      Fear
                                             Rivers                                     River

                                                  Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                 Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                         A - Adults
                                           S - Spawning adults
13    Moderately Certain                     J -Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                   L- Larvae
                                           E - Eggs

                                               101








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                               Southeast Estuaries

                                 N&S
                       Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                        Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound       River     River    Sound
Species/Life Stage
 Sheepshead         A    i  a                            OEl       O                     []E
 minnow             S         O     O         [1         0         0          O         0
   Cyprinodon      J     130                            0            O  O    O          O[
   variegatus      L    []        1[          O         O          0 O]                 O
                   E        O     O                    EO  O      Ol                   O 
 Mummichog          A    EI                    El       E1                    E Ol
                   S   EO    Ol              E         E          El         O         0
   Fundulus        J    Ii         O          O          i         U         El         o
   heteroclitus    L    O          O          E         E          E         O          O
                   E    El        O  El IN                        1          l         El0 
 Atlantic silversides A   [    El        O    O          O          i         O  El
                   S   [i    Ol                        El ] O     O          O         O
   Menidia          J      3        0         0          0         [I         El         0
  species          L    E          o          E         O                       
                   E    I N    0             13El     10          0                    0[
 White perch        A    *          13        I3         *      a             *     a
                   S  O            O         I         *          *          *         U
   Morone          J    *          1 a                  *          a         *          O
   americana       L    O          O]         13        *          *         * 
                   E     l         E         El]             ï¿½    *          *  .      U
 Striped bass       A      i        ]i        []                    U *                  E 
                   S   i           I         [         []         0          O 
   Morone          J   i            ]         O]                        ] *  O 
   saxatilis       L                                               o     I 
                   E               El        E         El[        El        O          E 
 Bluefish           A    *          El        El]                       El              0 
                   S  *    [    *    *    *    *                                       ï¿½
    Pomatomus       J    *          ElI        *         *             I[                E 
   saltatrix       L    *
                   E  *    *    *    *    *    *    ï¿½

                                 N&S
                       Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad  Savannah Ossabaw
                         Bay      Rivers    Harbor    Sound       River      River    Sound

                                                Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                       A - Adults
                                         S - Spawning adults
13    Moderately Certain                   J - Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                 L- Larvae
                                         E - Eggs


                                             102








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                          Southeast Estuaries

                      St. Cathe.J Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                       Sapelo      River   St. Simon   River       River       Bay
                       Sound                Sound
 Species/Life Stage
 Sheepshead          A   ]           O          O           Iï¿½                   ï¿½ 
 minnow              S Ez            O1  1E    l                      ï¿½E         [
   Cyprinodon       J     Cl         O          O           l        ï¿½          ï¿½O
   variegatus       L     O          O         El          [.        ï¿½      E I
                   E               EO   El   I                      ï¿½          IE
 Mummichog    A EO                   O          [          C1  E                 ï¿½
                   S   o           El         o          a          lI ï¿½E
   Fundulus         J     [          O          O El  E
   heteroclitus     L     O          O         [1          0         I   E
                   E   [O    O                O          O  I                  ï¿½
 Atlantic silversides A    O          0[        0           I[        ï¿½          ï¿½U
                   S     El        13         [                     ï¿½ *        ï¿½
   Menidia           J     O]         O         O          El         ï¿½          O 
   species           L     I               O          O    [El  
                   E   El13        El                               ï¿½    
 White perch        A      ï¿½         ï¿½          ï¿½          *          *          O
                   S            Eï¿½     ï¿½    *    ï¿½    ï¿½
    Morone           J  ï¿½             ï¿½         ï¿½           ï¿½         ï¿½          ï¿½
   americana        L        ï¿½ *                                      ï¿½          ï¿½O
                    E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½
 Striped bass        A     El         O          O          I          ï¿½          ï¿½
                   S   El          0 E                   0                     ï¿½
   Morone           J     El         O          O El                  * U 
   saxatilis        L     O          E l        El         E
                    E     El        O          El         El         ï¿½          ï¿½
 Bluefish           A      ElO       O          O          O           i 
                   S E             ï¿½    *                *    *    ï¿½
    Pomatomus        J I              13         lC1                  0           13
   saltatrix        L                                      I
                   E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½

                      St. Cathe. Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                       Sapelo      River   St. Simon    River      River       Bay
                        Sound                Sound

                                           Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                  Life Stage
M Highly Certain                             A - Adults
                                          S - Spawning adults
13    Moderately Certain                     J -Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                   L- Larvae
                                          E - Eggs

                                              103








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                     Southeast Estuaries

                                               Pam lico &                                    Cape
                        Albemarle  Pamlico   Pu ngo    Neuse    Bogue             New       Fear
                          Sound    Sound    Riv e r River             Sound       River     River
 Species/Life Stagees
 Cobia               A     rll    E li                                                       111I    oI
                      S     IN        El         9II                    l            
    Rachycentron    J      HIHH                             HUElI
    canadum          L      HiUH                             iEElI

 Gray snapper        A     UH                                           IH 

    Lutjanus          i    HHiHElI
    griseus          L     *           IH

 Sheepshead          A     HIH                    IHIH                             lH
                      S   U            I         UU                     l          UE
  Archosargus        J     HIH                    IElH                             lH
  probatocePhalus  L       *ooE                                                    lE
                      E   U            I         UU                     I          UE
 Pinfish             A   Mm           11        El          0          HIElH
                      S  U            U          0          U           U            
    Lagodon          J     HI         El         El         9IH                    l
    rhomboides       L     19          I N    ElH                       l          lH
                      E   U                                                          
 Spotted seatrout   A       M    m    E           lElH                             lE
                      S     U          HI        H          HIME                     
    Cynoscion        J      I N    El            El         El         HIEl
    nebulosus        L     IN         El          I         El         El         El         0
                      E     U         HI         HI          I         El          El 
 Weakfish            A     HI         Ii         HI         HI         HIEl

    Cynoscion        i     El         El         El         0lH                    IH
    regalis          L     HI-        IN         O          0             E1
                      E     9IN       H]         El         El171H

                              Albearl Pa      Pamlico &   NueBueewCape
                            Albemrle  Pmlico   Pu ngo      Nue        Bge          ew        Fear
                          Sound    Sound        Riv e r River         Sound       River     River

                                                      Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                   Life Stage
0     Highly Certain                          A - Adults
                                              S - Spawning adults
HI    Moderately Certain                      J - Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                    L - Larvae
                                               E - Eggs

                                                   104








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                     Southeast Estuaries

                         Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena   Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                           Bay   Santee    Harbor    Sound           River      River     Sound
 Species/Life Stage
 Cobia               A     [l                              91E  l    E           lE

    Rachycentron   Ji    E           li          lE                   E           lE
    canadum          LI              El         9lUE                               

 Gray snapper       A      U                    lE                   E           lE
                     S  U            U          U          U                       
    Lutjanus        Ji    E          El         11         El         U          03         1
    griseus          L     *u                                          iE
                      E  U            U   a                U                        
 Sheepshead          A     El        El         El         E          E         0          El
                      S   U           U          U                    ml E          
  Archosargus        J     El    IN             xlE                   lliE
  probatocephalus  L    El           El                                                    11E  l  lE

 Pinfish            A      lE0                             llEll
                      S               U          U          U         U          U          U
    Lagodon          J     El     F     B    I             E           l          lE
    rhomboides       L     El        Ii0El0El
                      E   U                                                         
 Spotted seatrout    A     El        El         0:         Ii         U          l 

    Cynoscion        J     03         l         0:         El         U          El        El
    nebulosus        L     o          iEl                  11         El         El         El
                      E     E          l0E                                        lE
 Weakfish            A     ElElEEll                                                         l
                     S     El        U           lE                              lE
    Cynoscion        J  IN       FBI E                     El         E          lE
    regalis          L  IN                      El         ElElE
                     FEl             U          E                    19  El      lE

                         Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena   Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                           Bay   Santers    Harbor    Sound          River      River     Sound

                                                     Southeast Estuaries
Reliability                                  Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                         A - Adults
           9  Moderately Certain S - Spawning adults
           El    Moderately Certain        ~J - Juveniles
o1    Reasonable Inference                   L - L~arvae
                                              E - Eggs

                                                  105








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                          Southeast Estuaries

                     St. Cathe. Altamaha St. Anrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                       Sapelo    River   St. Simon   Ri
                          Sound   River    Sound        iver      River      Bay
Species/Life Stage
 Cobia              A     El        Ol         13         O         *          Ii3
                   S        o      1o        1]        oEl                   ï¿½
   Rachycentron   J       El        O         ,3         0          *         13
   canadum          L    O17        0            .O  ï¿½
                   E           E1  0         Cl         ,3         *         O
 Gray snapper       A                3         I3    F l            *          13
                   S  ï¿½    ï¿½ a                          ï¿½    *    ï¿½
   Lutjanus        J El  ]                               ,] El                * 
   griseus          L    l                    ,3 ,i                           1
                   E  ï¿½    ï¿½    *                            ï¿½    ï¿½
 Sheepshead         A     El         I3        I3         O         *           l
                   S  ï¿½  a                   *          ] a   3
  Archosargus       J               13         ,3 I                            El
  probatocephalus   L     El                   13         1                     El
                   E  *ï¿½           ï¿½         O          O El3 
 Pinfish            A     DO        O           l        13         *          EI
                   S  *ï¿½    ï¿½    *    ï¿½    ]    ï¿½
   Lagodon         J      I         13                    3         13        O
   rhomboides      L     [1         El             11   0El  IE
                   E  *            ï¿½ *       *          *  *
 Spotted seatrout   A      I                   IN3        ,3        13         O
                   S     l   I     3          3         [1]        El        1
    Cynoscion       J     El                   O El13                          *  
   nebulosus        L     o  ,                           1 
                   E    13         O         El         ,]         Ol        13
 Weakfish           A     El                   1 ,3      EJ         *      n
                   S     El        0         0          0]         El        [
    Cynoscion       J     El         O         O          0     [ i 
   regalis         L      ci        El        0                               17j
                   E    O]         0         El         0          i         O3

                      St. Cathe.l Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                       Sapelo    River   St. Simon
                                  Sound    Sound       River     River       Bay
                       Sound                Sound

                                          Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                 Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                        A - Adults
                                         S - Spawning adults
BI    Moderately Certain                    J - Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                  L- Larvae
                                         E - Eggs


                                             106








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                            Southeast Estuaries

                    Albemarle  Pamlico  Pungo         Neuse    Bogue        New       Cape
                                         Pungo                                       Fear
                      Sound    Sound                   River     Sound      River      River
                                         Rivers                                     River
Species/Life Stage
 Spot                A   I           [          [          [         U          H          i
                  S  *    *    *    *    *    *    U
   Leiostomus       J     E          1         E           3         E          O          O
   xanthurus        L     El          l        O           ].        O          O 
                  E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½
 Southern kingfish  A      Cl        0                    13                    0 [
                  S  ï¿½    *    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½
   Menticirhhus    J   E                       Q []       [          O         1          3
   americanus    L   o              O          O [                   o          O         o
                  E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    *    ï¿½    *    ï¿½
Atlantic croaker    A     E         O E    l [0                      E l        O 
                  S  ï¿½    ï¿½    *    *    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½
  Micropogonias    J      I                     [E    E               l   OM               El
  undulatus         L                13                    i         O          ]          iE
                  E  ï¿½            ï¿½          *         *          *          *          O
 Black drum         A     1O I                                             E3  0  0 
                  S   ï¿½           [I    *               *         ï¿½          ï¿½          ï¿½
   Pogonias         J     0         El         O          a 0        0         0           S
   cromis           L IN            0                 [              0          0         [
                  E  *    0    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½
 Red drum            A     ï¿½         E          1          E          l         [0 
                  S               0ï¿½   ï¿½ *    0    0 I
   Sciaenops        J     1         13         H          H          O          O         0
   ocellatus        L     *         o          H          H          0            
                  E   ï¿½           O          E         ï¿½          O   []                E
 Striped mullet     A      13        E          H         H                     O 0        0
                  S  *ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    *    ï¿½    ï¿½ 
   Mugil            J         me    H                                           O         O M 0  0
   cephalus         L     H                               0          0         0          IO
                  E  ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½    ï¿½

                    Albemarle  Pam lico P         &   Neuse    Bogue        New       Cape
                                         Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungo  River Sound River Fear
                      Sound    Sound    Rivers         River    Sound       River
                                         Rivers                                     River

                                             Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                 Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                         A - Adults
                                       S - Spawning adults
Mm Moderately Certain                        J -Juveniles
0]    Reasonable Inference                   L - Larvae
                                       E - Eggs


                                          107








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                      Southeast Estuaries

                          Winyah    Santee  Charleston St. Helena   Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                            Bay      Rivers  Harbor    Sound           River      River     Sound
 Species/Life Stage
 Spot                A     El         E          El         ElElEl
                      S                          0          0                        
   Lelostomus       i                           1:1 El                110-        11 El  l 
   xanthurus         L     UElE                                        lE                     l

 Southern kingfish  A      1:3        El         El    IN              El         OlE
                      SE              U    U    U    U    0    0
    Menticirhhus    i      El    IN              El     FBI El                    El 
    americanus       L      El        El         El         El         El         El          E
                      E   U                                               0E
 Atlantic croaker    A      ElE                   lE                               lE
                      S  U            U                                               
  Micropogonias    J       El       I     N      E           l                     lE
  undulatus          L     ElEEll                                                             l
                      EU              U                                U           U          U
 Black drum          A     [J         E          El         El         El M       1          El
                      S    O           E         El          El         U         El          13
    Pogonias         J      0                    El         El         no         El 3       1
    cromis           L      El        El         1:         El         El         11          El


 Red drum            A     El         El         El         El         El                     El
                      S     El    IN             01         El          U          11         1
    Sciaenops        J      El        El         El         El         El         El          E
    ocellatus        L      El    I El           El         El                    El          11
                      E     El        El         ElE                               Cl         E
 Striped mullet      A     El         El         E1 ElEE                                      l
                      S  U             U         U           U          U          U          U
    Mugil            J      El        El         El         El1        no         El          El
    cephalus         L      *          l         El         El         El         O           El
                      E  0            U          0          0           0          U          a

                          Winyah    Santee  Charleston St. Helena   Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                            Bay   Santers       Harbor    Sound        River      River      Sound

                                                      Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                   Life Stage
0     Highly Certain                          A - Adults
                                               S - Spawning adults
El    Moderately Certain                      J - Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                    L - Larvae
                                               E - Eggs


                                                   108








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                 Southeast Estuaries

                         St. Cathe.i Altamaha St. Andrewl St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                          Sapelo      River   St. Simon    River       River       Bay
Species/Life StageSonBud
 Spot                A     MlE                    lE                    lE

   Leiostomus        J iE                        lE                     lE
   xanthurus         L     ElI]E                            E           lE
                      E   U                                                
 Southern kingfish  A      El         nlE                               JE
                      S     El         11E                   E             
    Menticirhhus    i       ElE                                         lE
    americanus       L      E                                            lE
                      E~lE                        l          E             
 Atlantic croaker    A      El        ElE                                lE
                      SE    U    U                                         
  Micropogonias    j       [J         ElEllEll
  undulatus          L     o          o                     El 0El                El
                      E  U            0          U           U          U a
 Black drum          A     El         El         El         01         U          El
                      S     El         El        El          El         U     
    Pogonias         J      El        11         11         El          UE
    cromis           L      El        01          1         El          U          El
                      E     El        El         El          11         U          E
 Red drum            A      E3        El         11         0      I I       I    El
                      S     El         El        El          El         El         El
    Sciaenops        J      El        El         El         El          El         El
    ocellatus        L      El        El         El1        El          El         El
                       E     El        El         El         13          El         El
 Striped mullet      A     El         El         El         El         U          El
                      S  U             N          U          U          U          U
    Mugil            J      El         El        El          El                    El
    cephalus         L      El        El         El         El          U          El
                       E  U            U          U           U          U          U

                         St. Cathe i Altamaha St. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                           Sapelo      River   St. Simon    River       River       Bay
                           Sound                 Sound

                                                 Southeast Estuaries

Reliability                                   Life Stage
   U  Highly Certain                          A - Adults
                                                S - Spawning adults
   El Moderately Certain                      J  -Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                    L - Larvae
                                                E - Eggs

                                                     109








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                                Southeast Estuaries

                                          Pamlico &                                   Cape
                      Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungo       Neuse    Bogue        New        Fear
                       Sound    Sound                  River    Sound       River      River
Species/Life Stage
 Spanish mackerel  A                 [                    i [i                    [i
                   S  *    *    *    *                             !         *          U
  Scomberomorus  J                            E          O           l        Cl         E I
  maculatus         L    *          0         0          E               El              i
                   E  *    *    *                       *         *          *          [
 Gulf flounder      A     *                                          ] *E     [1 13
                   S  *    *    *    *                             *         *          [
   Paralichthys    J      *         I N       *          EI         E                    i
   albigutta        L    *          I         *          E          *         [          ï¿½
                   E  *    *    *                       *          *         *          U
 Summer flounder   A      EI         iO                   O          i          L 
                   S  *    *    *    *    *                                  *    U
  Paralichthys      J     El         l         O                    El         O]         [
  dentatus          L    0           I         0          0         E          o          u
                   E  *    *    *  a                               *    *    [
 Southern flounder A      13        El         O          El        I                     [ l
                   S  *    *    *    *    *    *    U
   Paralichthys    J      E]3                 El         El Ei                Cl         [ 
   lethostigma      L                         I                     ï¿½    O               E
                   E  *            *         *          *          *         *          O

                                          Pamlico &                                   Cape
                      Albemarle  Pamlico   Pungo       Neuse    Bogue        New        Fear
                                            m~co   Pungo                               Fear
                       Sound    Sound    Rivers        River    Sound       River      River

                                                Southeast Estuaries


Reliability                                 Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                        A - Adults
                                          S - Spawning adults
Il    Moderately Certain                    J - Juveniles
EO    Reasonable Inference                  L - Larvae
                                          E - Eggs











                                             1101








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                               Southeast Estuaries

                       Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                         Bay   Santers    Harbor    Sound         River      River    Sound
 Species/Life Stage
 Spanish mackerel  A    Ni          [I]       ElIl                  iEll

  Scomberomorus  i    9                                 ii 
  maculatus        L    ii                    o3        11         0          1-1E
                   E  U                      U 
 Gulf flounder      A    El                             111 El  Ii  0                    0E

    Paralichthys    i    Q                     0i El     0l                              11ElE
   albigutta       L    o           i         El                   o          l  

 Summer flounder   A      IiEEli                                    Ui]i

  Paralichthys      J     i        El 1:1               no         U         El         El
  dentatus          L    ~IN        9i        El         El         El        El         13
                   E  U            U         U         U          U            
 Southern flounder A  no                                 1:3 El  El  U        E:

   Paralichthys    J     9i        Ni El                E                     lE
   letho stigma    L    Iili                  El        ElElElE
                   E  U           U          U         U          U   a                ff

                       Winyah   Santee  Charleston St. Helena  Broad   Savannah Ossabaw
                        Bay   Santers    Harbor    Sound         River      River    Sound

                                                Southeast Estuaries


Reliability                                Life Stage
   *  Highly Certain                       A - Adults
                                         S - Spawning adults
9i    Moderately Certain                   J - Juveniles
El    Reasonable Inference                  L - Larvae
                                         E - Eggs








Table 4, continued. Data reliability

                                           Southeast Estuaries

                      St. Cathe.  Altamaha St Andrew/St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                       Sapelo      River   St. Simon    River        River       Bay
                       Sound                 Sound
 Species/Life Stage
 Spanish mackerel  A        ]          O          O          O          O          Ei
                   S  O    O    O    *    *    [
  Scomberomorus J   [                 [          [          [3    I[
  maculatus          L     El                    O          0          3 
                   E  O             O          O          *           *          U
 Gulf flounder       A      Ol        El         O           O          El  Ii
                   S  *             ï¿½ *    *    *    *
   Paralichthys     J      [          [                                           [  
   albigutta         L     o          o          o          O           L          O
                    E  ï¿½    ï¿½    *    *    *    ï¿½
 Summer flounder   A        [          [                                O           ï¿½
                   S  *ï¿½            ï¿½          *          ï¿½          * 
  Paralichthys       J      ]O                   O El                   O  
  dentatus           L      E         El   O                 El         E 
                    E               *ï¿½    *    *    *                             ï¿½
 Southern flounder  A       El        E          O           El         El         1
                   S  ï¿½    *    *    *    *    ï¿½
   Paralichthys     J      El         0          E          E           li        El
   lethostigma       L     O          O          O           l          O          O
                    E  *             *          *          *          *           *

                      St. Cathe.l           St. Andrewi
                       Sapelo t. CatheAltamaha S  t. Andrew/ St. Johns   Indian   Biscayne
                        Sapelo      River   St. Simon    River       River       Bay
                        Sound                 Sound

                                           Southeast Estuaries


Reliability                                   Life Stage
*     Highly Certain                          A - Adults
                                          S - Spawning adults
13    Moderately Certain                      J - Juveniles
EO    Reasonable Inference                    L- Larvae
                                          E - Eggs











                                              112






            MWOM" -  - .                * -        g~ * -

'Highest relative abundance of adults or juveniles in any salinity zone, in any month.
Relative Abundance:                            Estuary
   S-Highly Abundant 
   -i -Abundant        b~                     -~
  CD-Common
  4 -Rare
Blank -Not Present
Species                                          /     c   c:'.4

blue mussel         '1      4 '   '1 '
bay scallop                 I~S'                                     0
American oyster  O          0               WW    a    V0(  
common rangia    ï¿½ .filO00 04ODOC Ol000 :04:
hard clam                    *6.001 O  000(D0 :0: 
brown shrimp     0l 1       : 0           0 W6S     0 C   D    (9 0Q   0
pink shrimp      O             9.C  00.     
white shrimp          (D~  00  O    I 0 0         V. 6i . . .W a 6604
grass shrimp    V. 9l             a       g      o      a      a     0
blue crab              a                Y 0BIN9Wa1B
Atlantic sturgeon  0000        '100    ' 00           00       1
ladyfish         0000                                  (D00000 00G0 0, 0
American eel     R~ S: 6) 60 0 W II 0(00~D: 0            ~:W: 0
blueback herring  *6     U ' O~0             0    0    0    0
alewife                      4~~'  '1 4
American shad    W 0 010.4'1.       O*0Q'100(D   .           Q00
Atlanticmenhaden    a      aS.  OM  a W~(~
bay anchovy
sheepshead minnow  ~.       &1           D     D&9O 
mummichog        OS         a6              S iS S S~
Atlantic silversides  ~(,~  M      a      OG        9I    9O
white perch       5000               CD OC
striped bass    OCD   O   0         0 : 00(G      0   ~ 4oCD~Vo
bluefish         Qï¿½~0,:0  W  0ï¿½(          0 0:0  O0 01000100C6A 
cobia               0        D 00      00'1ooo Oo   1o0Oo  l
gray snapper      404444440044                      444a0 66
sheepshead        '       40                                      fbl0o 00 @'
pinfish    a           (R    Wea  1111101Q0 1ï¿½OC~0 0.0000R 40
spotted seatrout  Wï¿½   G00@ï¿½ 0 0   C     ~W6    0    .A   D D,0



southernkingfish  0 0 0 0~  9O         W       1* a a a a  a  5 5 0:0 41
Atlantic croaker  ~   S S 6 6 6 ~                  6 6 ~          '
black drum        40  004'140              0   O0: 0:0  *l IN
red drum          40 00ï¿½4l    41 0000CD:O    66lla R19 
striped mullet   9~~1          6            * aaaa1   
spanish mackerel    0o 0 0 0 ~ f9    0 0:4 0C0 0 0 0 C0 0 0 0 CD0
gulf flounder       0        00440    444CD4060 C
summer flounder  0             ~0Q1        .l     
southern flounder  W~        Y      1

                                      113







                                  Appendices


Appendix 1. Nationwide ELMR estuary list
Appendix 2. Nationwide ELMR species list
Appendix 3. National Estuarine Inventory map of Pamlico Sound
Appendix 4. Life history summary: bluefish, northeast region
Appendix 5. Table of references and personal communications
Appendix 6. Life history table headers
Appendix 7. Personal communications
Appendix 8. References





































                                         115









Northeast ELMR Estuaries (n=34)            Southeast ELMR Estuaries (n=20)

Estuary                        State       Estuary                        State
Passamaquoddy Bay              ME          Albemarle Sound                NCNA
Englishman Bay                 ME          Pamlico Sound                  NC
Narraguagus Bay                ME          Pamlico and Pungo Rivers       NC
Blue Hill Bay                  ME'         Neuse River                    NC
Penobscot Bay                  ME          Bogue Sound                    NC
Muscongus Bay                  ME          New River                      NC
Sheepscot Bay                  ME          Cape Fear River                NC
Casco Bay                      ME          Winyah Bay                     SC
Saco Bay                       ME          Charleston Harbor              SC
Great Bay                      ME/NH       North and South Santee Rivers  SC
Merrimack River                NH/MA       St. Helena Sound               SC
Massachusetts Bay              MA          Broad River                    SC
Boston Bay                     MA          Savannah River                 GA/SC
Cape Cod Bay                   MA          Ossabaw Sound                  GA
Buzzards Bay                   MA          St. Catherine's / Sapelo Sound   GA
Narragansett Bay               RI          Altamaha River                 GA
Gardiners Bay                  NY          St. Andrew / St. Simon's Sound  GA
Long Island Sound              CT/NY       St. Johns River                FL
Connecticut River              CT          Indian River                   FL
Great South Bay                NY          Biscayne Bay                   FL
Hudson River/Raritan Bay       NJ/NY
Barnegat Bay                   NJ
Delaware Bay                   DE/NJ/PA
Delaware Inland Bays           DE
Chincoteague Bay               MD/VA
Chesapeake Bay                 MD/VA
Potomac River               DC/MD/VA
Rappahannock River             VA
York River                     VA
James River                    VA
Patuxent River                 MD
Chester River                  MD
Choptank River                 MD
Tangier/Pocomoke Sound         MD










                                        116







Gulf of Mexico ELMR Estuaries (n=31)      West Coast ELMR Estuaries (n=32)

Estuary                       State       Estuary                       State
Florida Bay                   FL          PugetSound                    WA
Ten Thousand Islands          FL          Hood Canal                    WA
Caloosahatchee River          FL          Skagit Bay                    WA
Charlotte Harbor              FL          Grays Harbor                  WA
Tampa Bay                     FL          Willapa Bay                   WA
Suwannee River                FL          Columbia River                OR/WA
Apalachee Bay                 FL          Nehalem Bay                    OR
Apalachicola Bay              FL          Tillamook Bay                  OR
St.Andrew Bay                 FL          Netarts Bay                   OR
Choctawhatchee Bay            FL          Siletz River                  OR
Pensacola Bay                 FL          Yaquina Bay                   OR
Perdido Bay                   FL/AL       Alsea River                   OR
Mobile Bay                    AL          Siuslaw River                 OR
Mississippi Sound             MS/LA       Umpqua River                  OR
Lake Borgne                   LA          Coos Bay                      OR
Lake Pontchartrain            LA          Rogue River                   OR
Breton/Chandeleur Sounds      LA          Klamath River                 CA
Mississippi River             LA          Humboldt Bay                   CA
Barataria Bay                 LA          Eel River                     CA
Terrebonne/Timbalier Bays     LA          Tomales Bay                    CA
AtchafalayaNermilion Bays     LA          Central San Francisco Bay*     CA
Calcasieu Lake                LA          South San Francisco Bay        CA
Sabine Lake                   LA/TX       Elkhorn Slough                 CA
Galveston Bay                 TX          Morro Bay                      CA
Brazos River                  TX          Santa Monica Bay              CA
Matagorda Bay                 TX          San Pedro Bay                 CA
San Antonio Bay               TX          Alamitos Bay                   CA
Aransas Bay                   TX          Anaheim Bay                    CA
Corpus Christi Bay            TX          Newport Bay                    CA
Laguna Madre                  TX          Mission Bay                   CA
Baffin Bay                    TX          San Diego Bay                 CA
                                         Tijuana Estuary               CA

                                         *includes San Pablo and Suisun Bays.












                                       117









Northeast ELMR Species (n=62)                        Mullet                  Mugil species
                                                    Sand lance              Ammodytes americanus
Common name             Scientific Name              Gobies                   Gobisoma speies
Blue mussel             Mytilus edulis               Atlantic mackerel       Scomber scombrus
Bay scallop             Argopecten irradians         Butterfish              Peprilus triacanthus
American oyster         Crassostrea virginica        Northern searobin        Prionotus carolinus
Hard clam               Mercenaria species           Summer flounder         Paralichthys dentatus
Eastern softshell clam    Mya arenaria               Windowpane flounder    Scophthalmus aquosus
Short-fin squid         Illex brevis                 Winter flounder    Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Brown shrimp            Penaeus aztecus              Hogchoker                Trinectes maculatus
Grass shrimp            Palaemonetes pugio
Northern shrimp         Pandalus borealis
Sand shrimp             Crangon septemspinosa        Southeast ELMR Species (n=40)
American lobster        Homarus americanus
Blue crab               Callinectes sapidus          Common  name            Scientific Name
Skates                  Raja species                 Blue mussel              Mytilus edulis
Atlantic stingray       Dasyatis sabina              Bay scallop              Argopecten irradians
Cownose ray             Rhinoptera bonasus           American oyster          Crassostrea virginica
Shortnose sturgeon      Acipenser brevirostrum       Common rangia            Rangia cuneata
Atlantic sturgeon       Acipenser oxyrhynchus        Hard clam                Mercenaria species
American eel            Anguilla rostrata            Brown shrimp             Penaeus aztecus
Blueback herring        Alosa aestivalis             Pink shrimp              Penaeus duorarum
Alewife                 Alosa pseudoharengus         White shrimp             Penaeus setiferus
American shad           Alosa sapidissima            Grass shrimp             Palaemonetes pugio
Atlantic menhaden       Brevoortia tyrannus          Blue crab                Callinectes sapidus
Atlantic herring         Clupea harengus             Atlantic sturgeon        Acipenser oxyrhynchus
Bay anchovy             Anchoa mitchilli             Ladyfish                 Elops saurus
Atlantic salmon         Salmo salar                  American eel             Anguilla rostrata
Channel catfish         Ictalurus punctatus          Blueback herring         Alosa aestivalis
Oyster toadfish         Opsanus tau                  Alewife                  Alosa pseudoharengus
Atlantic cod             Gadus morhua                American shad            Alosa sapidissima
Haddock               Melanogrammus aeglefinus    Atlantic menhaden           Brevoortia tyrannus
Atlantic tomcod         Microgadus tomcod            Bay anchovy              Anchoa mitchilli
Pollock                 Pollachius virens            Sheepshead minnow        Cyprinodon variegatus
Red hake                Urophycis chuss              Mummichog                Fundulus heteroclitus
Sheepshead minnow        Cyprinodon variegatus       Silversides              Menidia species
Mummichogs              Fundulus species             White perch              Morone americana
Silversides             Menidia species              Striped bass             Morone saxatilis
Northern pipefish       Syngnathus fuscus            Bluefish                 Pomatomus saltatrix
White perch             Morone americana             Cobia                    Rachycentron canadum
Striped bass            Morone saxatilis             Gray snapper             Lutjanus griseus
Black sea bass          Centropristis striata        Sheepshead           Archosargus probatocephalus
Yellow perch            Perca flavescens             Pinfish                  Lagodon rhomboides
Bluefish                Pomatomus saltatrix          Spotted seatrout         Cynoscion nebulosus
Pinfish                 Lagodon rhomboides           Weakfish                 Cynoscion regalis
Scup                    Stenotomus chrysops          Spot                     Leiostomus xanthurus
Spotted seatrout         Cynoscion nebulosus         Southern kingfish        Menticirrhus americanus
Weakfish                 Cynoscion regalis           Atlantic croaker         Micropogonias undulatus
Spot                    Leiostomus xanthurus         Black drum               Pogonias cromis
Northern kingfish       Menticirrhus saxatilis       Red drum                 Sciaenops ocellatus
Atlantic croaker        Micropogonias undulatus      Striped mullet           Mugil cephalus
Black drum              Pogonias cromis              Spanish mackerel       Scomberomorus maculatus
Red drum                Sciaenops ocellatus          Gulf flounder            Paralichthys albigutta
Tautog                   Tautog unitis               Summer flounder          Paralichthys dentatus
Cunner                   Tautogolabrus adspersus     Southern flounder        Paralichthys lethostigma

                                                 118








Gulf of Mexico ELMR Species (n=44)                   West Coast ELMR Species (n=47)

Common                     entfc Name                Common name Scientific Name
Bay scallop             Argopecten irradians         Blue mussel              Mytilus edulis
American oyster          Crassostrea virginica       Pacific oyster           Crassostrea gigas
Common rangia           Rangia cuneata               Fat gaper                Tresus capax
Hard clam               Mercenaria species           Pacific gaper            Tresus nuttalli
Bay squid               Lolliguncula brevis          California jacknife clam   Tagelus californianus
Brown shrimp            Penaeus aztecus              Pacific littleneck clam  Protothaca staminea
Pink shrimp             Penaeus duorarum             Manila clam              Venerupisjaponica
White shrimp             Penaeus setiferus           Softshell                Mya arenaria
Grass shrimp            Palaemonetes pugio           Geoduck                  Panope abrupta
Spiny lobster           Panulirus argus              Bay shrimp               Crangon franciscorum
Blue crab                Callinectes sapidus       - Dungeness crab           Cancer magister
Gulf stone crab         Menippe adina                Leopard shark            Triakis semifasciata
Stone crab               Menippe mercenaria          Green sturgeon           Acipenser medirostris
Bull shark              Carcharhinus leucas          White sturgeon           Acipenser transmontanus
Tarpon                  Megalops atlanticus          American shad            Alosa sapidissima
Alabama shad            Alosa alabamae               Pacific herring          Clupea harengus pallasi
Gulf menhaden           Brevoortia patronus          Deepbody anchovy         Anchoa compressa
Yellowfin menhaden      Brevoortia smithi            Slough anchovy           Anchoa delicatissima
Gizzard shad            Dorosoma cepedianum          Northern anchovy         Engraulis mordax
Bay anchovy             Anchoa mitchilli             Cutthroat trout          Oncorhynchus clarki
Hardhead catfish        Arius felis                  Pink salmon              Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Sheepshead minnow        Cyprinodon variegatus       Chum salmon              Oncorhynchus keta
Gulf killifish           Fundulus grandis            Coho salmon              Oncorhynchus kisutch
Silversides             Menidia species              Steelhead                Oncorhynchus mykiss
Snook                    Centropomus undecimalis    Sockeye salmon            Oncorhynchus nerka
Bluefish                 Pomatomus saltatrix         Chinook salmon         Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Blue runner              Caranx crysos               Surf smelt               Hypomesus pretiosus
Crevalle jack            Caranx hippos               Longfin smelt            Spirinchus thaleichthys
Florida pompano          Trachinotus carolinus       Eulachon                 Thaleichthys pacificus
Gray snapper            Lutjanus griseus             Pacific tomcod           Microgadus proximus
Sheepshead           Archosargus probatocephalus    Topsmelt                  Atherinops affinis
Pinfish                 Lagodon rhomboides           Jacksmelt                Atherinopsis californiensis
Silver perch            Bairdiella chrysoura         Threespine stickleback   Gasterosteus aculeatus
Sand seatrout            Cynoscion arenarius         Striped bass             Morone saxatilis
Spotted seatrout         Cynoscion nebulosus         Kelp bass                Paralabrax clathratus
Spot                    Leiostomus xanthurus         Barred sand bass         Paralabrax nebulifer
Atlantic croaker        Micropogonias undulatus      White seabass            Atractoscion nobilis
Black drum              Pogonias cromis              White croaker            Genyonemus lineatus
Red drum                Sciaenops ocellatus          Shiner perch             Cymatogaster aggregata
Striped mullet           Mugil cephalus              Pacific sand lance       Ammodytes hexapterus
Code goby                Gobiosoma robustum          Arrow goby               Clevelandia ios
Spanish mackerel       Scomberomorus maculatus    Lingcod                     Ophiodon elongatus
Gulf flounder            Paralichthys albigutta      Pacific staghorn sculpin  Leptocottus armatus
Southern flounder        Paralichthys lethostigma    California halibut       Paralichthys californicus
                                                     Diamond turbot          Hypsopsetta guttulata
                                                     English sole            Pleuronectes vetulus
                                                     Starry flounder         Platichthys stellatus








                                                 119


















National Estuarine Atlas

                                                                                                       T70                                                                                        FI I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7~          Pamlico Sound
           PHYSICAL AND HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS                                                                                               CF                                                                                         P
                                                                             36'
           PHYSICAL          FRESHWATER INFLOW              TIDAL DATA
                                                                                       03010107


                                    *44*0. ~~~~~~~I~ 23  MI14
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                          A                             hI,* u~4slaa~.                                                      ASHINGTON  TYRRELL                                              I                                  0


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                                                0~..~  nI.1 ~..~.~   .         103020202  BEAUORT
          '*T                                        on./~Y 'r~1C                                                                                                                                                                                Tide Gage
                      44.1411.118.3  C*5 8              CoO 4C..    C-9 9,259,                                                             PALC                                                                       O Flow Gage

            C    C,                                                  EEEr                                                                                                                                                                  E1-Head of Tide
          [l~ne lur~a       8.510 403140 In                                                                                                                                                                                                [1111]0   /- ~ I> /  








                                 9011113*41054340                                                                                                                             C 09,                                                           Estuarina Drainage Area (EDA)
                                                            T  '.~~~~~~~~~~~~-r  TA                      '5,1      ..4* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tidal Fresh Zone

            Oft ~      ~                  C42 153. 409    ~ n on   ,.9PIl                                                                                                                                                                   *Mixing Zone
              008     201                                                                                                                                                                                                         *j Seawater Zone

            F-it Bu d
                                                                                                                                                                                                    ..~~&I4  I     ~        Hydrologic Cataloing Untoudr
                                                4090042~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                                                                                                                                         C R Eal~  OG "H County Boundary
                                     -                                    4                 ~~~~~~~~~~                                                                                                                                ~      ~~~~~~~~030200I  Salcinly Zone Boundary - Low Variabiity
         /31            r-'   501*583                      C,03. 3044


          5,2810004381






     NoteMs:. --I                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Salinity Zone Boundary - Moderate Variability
          ralnntey      Z    one                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Bo Eauariye Da g  Area Hi ahoen on snap. Drainage Divide
    represent  portion of Estuarine Drainage Area boundary rot coiding  wUlint Zone                                                                                                                                                                                u
    Gaoioglcai Survey cetaioging  unit boundary. Tidal prism calcuiatis  assume a
    Unifonn 0.5 t                           tide range except at tha ocean Inlets. Flows Include treshwater input
    from precIpItatIon.

    References:
    Bowden and Hobbie. 1977. Bowd en and Hobble. 1977. oeise. at at., 1979. Gunter. et  _
    aL. 1982. Jackson. n~d. Schwartz and Chestnut. 1973. U.S. Department at  ue                  s                                                                                                                                        ___
    Commerce. 193g.                                                                  l4Tun Is     1 4                                                         24  MILES

                                                                                                                                                                   10       20        30       40 KILOMETERS   Off-o                  as           ,n.A-~a,,.           20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          8002,aI      ~an g42,       2             .02








 '_ ,    , -     '      -     ï¿½                  .     both numbers of fish caught and weight every year.
                                                       Bluefish are well-known to sport fishermen for their
ELMR Life History Summary                               incredible biting power and voracious feeding habits.
Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)                          They are relatively easy to catch, and can be taken
Northeast region                                        using a wide variety of techniques, including trolling,
                                                       casting, live-bait fishing, jigging, still fishing, and drift
             Common Name: Bluefish                      fishing (Pottern et al. 1989).  They are caught from
      Scientific Name: Pomatomus saltatrix             boats, piers, bridges, jetties, and the surf (Manooch
                                                       1984). Smaller bluefish (generally less than one kilo-
Other Common Names:  Blue, tailor, elf, fatback,    gram) are sometimes used as live bait by pier and boat
snapper, snap mackerel, skipjack,  skip mackerel,    anglersfishingforcobia (Rachycentron canadum),king
horse mackerel, greenfish, chopper (Bigelow and    mackerel (Scomberomorous cavalla) and greater am-
Schroeder 1953; Manooch 1984; Pottern et al. 1989)    berjack (Seriola dumerell).

Classification                                          Indicatorof Environmental Stress: Mahoney et al. (1973)
                Phylum:    Chordata                     found a high incidence of fin rot disease in bluefish
                Class:      Osteichthyes                during the summers each year from 1967 through
                Order:      Perciformes                 1973. The authors suggested that heavy metal con-
                Family:     Pomatomidae                 taminants present in high concentrations in the area
                                                       (copper, zinc, chromium, and lead) weakened the
Value                                                   fishes' immune response to the bacteria that caused
Commercial: Bluefish are harvested almost entirelyfor   the disease. These bacteria were also present in high
the fresh market and sold as whole fish or fillets. This    concentrations because of poorly treated municipal
is a result of the relatively poor freezing qualities of   and industrial sewage discharge.  It has also been
bluefish due to the oily, soft nature of the flesh. The    found that concentrations of metals in the liver (Mears
market price is generally low and subject to the mercy    and Eisler 1977) and white muscle (Cross et al. 1973)
of short-term, localized market demand, but can help to   are positively correlated with body size.
supplement fishermen's incomes when more desir-
able species are not available (Pottern et al. 1989;    Ecological: Due to the size and speed of bluefish, only
Manooch 1984). Bluefish is not a significant contributor   a few large predators, such as sharks, tunas, sword-
to the overall commercial harvest in the region, ac-   fish, and wahoo would pose a threat (Wilk 1977; Mid-
counting for only about 0.5 % of the Atlantic coast    Atlantic FMC 1984). However, the bluefish's piscivo-
finfish and shellfish industry landings from 1980 to   rous, predacious habits could put it in competition with
1983. Pottern et al. (1989) summarized the commer-    otherpredatorssuch asstripedbass(Moronesaxatilis),
cial bluefish landings for the mid-Atlantic region from    Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorous maculatus), king
1950 to 1985.  For the 10 year period from 1975 to    mackerel (Scomberomorous cavalla), and large
1985, the area from Massachusetts to Virginia ac-   weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) (Wilk 1977; Mid-Atlantic
counted for 54.3 percent of the U.S. total landings of    FMC 1984).
bluefish. Approximately one-fifth of the U.S. total was
taken from Chesapeake Bay. Historically, most of the    Range
U.S. commercialcatch of bluefish (approximately90%)    Overall: Bluefish occur on the continental shelf and in
wastakenfewerthanthreemilesfromshore. However,    estuarine waters in temperate and tropical waters
since the late 1970s, offshore fishing has increased    aroundmuchoftheworld. In NorthAmericatheyoccur
and inshore catch has dropped to about 70 percent of   in Atlantic coastal waters from Nova Scotia to northern
the total (Pottern et al. 1989). From Massachusetts to    Mexico. Elsewhere in the Atlantic they occur in Ber-
Delaware commercial fishing takes place primarily    muda, Cuba, Venezuela, Brazilto Uruguay, the Azores,
between May and November, with peak catches from    Portugal to Senegal, including the Mediterranean and
July to September. Bluefish are caught year-round in   Black Seas, and Angola to South Africa. In the Indian
Maryland and Virginia with peak catches early in the    Ocean they occur on the east coast of southern Africa,
summer (Pottern et al. 1989).  Fishing gear varies    Madagascar, the Malay Peninsula, Tasmania, and
widely with location; otter trawls, gill nets, and pound    southern andwestem Australia (Bigelowand Schroeder
nets yield most of the commercial catch, with traps,    1953; Wilk 1977; Manooch 1984; Mid-Atlantic FMC
hand lines and seines also used (Mid-Atlantic FMC    1984; Pottern et al. 1989).
1984; Pottern et al. 1989).
                                                       Within Study Area: Bluefish are found throughout the
Recreational:  Bluefish is one of the most important    studyareaandaremostcommonfromVirginiatoCape
sport fish in the study area, and usually ranks first in   Cod(BigelowandSchroederl953;Wilk1977;Manooch

                                                    122






Appendix 4, continued.
1984; Mid-Atlantic FMC 1984).  Historically, abun-    and as high as 30.4ï¿½ C. Temperature was also found
dance in the Gulf of Maine. undergoes marked fluc-   to directly influence swimming speed (Olla and
tuations that appear to be related to the overall abun-    Studholme 1971).
dance of the north Atlantic bluefish stock (Bigelow and
Schroeder 1953).                                      Salinity: Bluefish larvae have been found in salinities
                                                       as high as 35-38 ppt (Kendall and Walford 1979). Little
Life Mode                                             information is available on the lower limits of salinity
The bluefish is a migratory, pelagic speciesthat prima-    tolerance for bluefish, but Norcross et al. (1974) indi-
rily travels in schools. These schools are generally    cated that they received a personal communication
groups of like-sized fish that can form aggregations    reportingjuvenile bluefish caught inthe Rappahannock
that covertens of square miles (Bigelow and Schroeder    River, Virginia, 135 km from the mouth of the Chesa-
1953; Wilk 1977; Mid-Atlantic FMC 1984). Spawning    peake Bay. Salinity at the point of capture was not
occurs primarily over the outer half of the continental   indicated, but the water must have been nearly fresh.
shelf (Norcross 1974). Eggs are found at the surface
(Deuel et al 1966). Larvae are strongly associated with    Migrations and Movements
the surface (Kendall and Walford 1979) and show a net   Bluefish undergo extensive onshore-offshore and north-
movement inshore as the growing season progresses    south migrations. Adults overwinter off the southeast-
(Norcross et al. 1974), but are not commonly found in   ern coast of Florida and begin a northerly migration in
nearshore waters (Boreman 1983).  There are few    the spring. Duringthe migration north, aspringspawning
recorded cases of bluefish larvae being caught in   period occurs just shoreward of the Gulf Stream from
estuaries; a single larva of 3.12 mm was caught in   southern North Carolina to Florida, and a summer
Narragansett bay in July 1957 (Herman 1963). Juve-    spawning period occurs off the mid-Atlantic region
niles from spring spawning move into bays and estuar-    (Lund and Maltezos 1970; Wilk 1977; Kendall and
ies as waters warm during early summer.  While    Walford 1979).  Bluefish that have completed the
inshore, they feed heavily and grow rapidly until fall,   spring spawning in the southern Atlantic region move
when they migrate offshore and south (Hardy 1978;    shoreward, with the smaller fish generally moving
Pottern et al. 1989). Juvenilesfrom summerspawning    west, more toward northern North Carolina and the
remain mostly over continental shelf waters for the    Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. The largerfish move
remainder of the summer and make their first coastal   towards shore further north in areas such as Long
appearance the following spring (Wilk 1977; Pottern et   Island Sound and Narragansett Bay, or may continue
al. 1989). Little information exists on the age at which    north around Cape Cod (Pottern et al. 1989). Bluefish
bluefish mature, but Deuel (1964) reported most blue-   that have completed the summer spawning move
fish are mature by age two.                           toward shore in the mid-Atlantic and north Atlantic
                                                       (Lund and Maltezos 1970) and depart in the autumn,
Habitat                                               along with the spring spawners, for their southern
Tvoe: Eaas are spawned in the deep waters of the   wintering grounds (Pottern 1989). Larvae from the
continentalshelf. Eggs and larvae remain mostlyatthe    spring spawning are carried north by currents past
surface.  Juveniles are found from the surface to   Cape Hatteras in April and May and become spread
possibly the thermocline (Norcross et al. 1974), and    outoverthecontinental shelf off the mid-Atlantic Bight.
from rivers and estuaries to almost 100 km offshore   As shelf waters warm, juveniles move inshore and
(Clark et al. 1969). Adults are highly migratory and    enterestuaries,wheretheyspendthesummer. Inthe
pelagic and are found in a wide variety of habitats from    early fall, these fish migrate out of the estuaries and
coastal rivers and the surf zone of coastal beaches to   move south along the coast. Larvae from the summer
the waters of the continental shelf.                   spawning move toward shore, but few enter estuaries,
                                                       and those that do spend at most a month. They also
Substrate: Due to their migratory and pelagic nature,    move southward by mid- fall but their distribution in late
bluefish are generally not thought of as being associ-   fall and winter is still not known (Kendall and Walford
ated with a particular substrate.  Juveniles in the    1979). Ingeneral,duringthethefallmigrationsyounger,
Delaware River estuary were found over bottoms of   immature fish move southward close to shore, while
sand and gravel (deSylva et al. 1962; Smith 1971).     the mature fish move southward, more offshore (Lund
                                                       and Maltezos 1970).
Phvsical/Chemical Characteristics:
Temperature:  Eggs taken from bluefish captured in   Reproduction
New York hatched in 46 to 48 hours at 200 C (Deuel et   Mode: Bluefish are sexual and have separate sexes
al. 1966). Eggsfromthe BlackSeahatchedin46hours    with external fertilization (Wilk 1977).
at 20.3ï¿½ C (Pottern et al. 1989). Adults under laboratory
conditions survived temperatures as low as 11.80 C

                                                   123






Appendix 4, continued.
Matina and SDawnino: No information could be found    Adults: There are reliable records of bluefish up to 9
on the mating behavior of bluefish. Times of spawning    years old (Wilk 1977) and as big as 3.5 feet and 27
have been inferred by the presence of larvae and to a    pounds (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
lesser extent, eggs. The spring spawning in the south-
ern Atlantic probably occurs in April and May.  The    Food and Feeding
summer spawning in the mid-Atlantic probably occurs    Juvenile bluefish in Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey were
mostly in JulyandAugust. Norcross et al. (1974) found    found to feed on several species of fish and inverte-
that in summer spawning in the Chesapeake Bight,    brates, including oppossum  shrimp Neomysis
most bluefish began spawning at 220 C and that 25.60    americana, sand shrimp Crangonseptemspinosa, grass
C was the average temperature at maximum spawn-    shrimp Palaemonetes vulgaris, gammarid amphipods,
ing. Salinity was also found to have an effect on the    bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, striped killifish Fundulus
distribution of eggs, with an optimum salinity for   majalis, mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus, and At-
spawning of 31 ppt. There is also a smaller fall and    lantic silversides Menidia menidia. Invertebrates were
winter spawning that occurs offshore of Cape Hatteras    the main prey items in two of the three years that
from which larvae have been obtained in October    sampling took place in Sandy Hook Bay but bluefish
(Kendall and Walford 1979).                            were heavier at length when fish dominated their diets
                                                       (Friedland et al. 1988). Bluefish are primarily visual
ReDroductive Canacitv: The only estimate of fecundity    predators, but can also respond to olfactory stimuli
that could be found for East Coast fish was for a small    (Wilk 1977). In laboratory experiments, bluefish showed
sampleof 3-to4-year-oldfemalesfromNorthCarolina    a preference for larger prey items, suggesting that
that ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 million eggs (Pottern et al.   feeding motivation is in part influenced by prey size
1989).                                                  (Olla et al. 1970). It was also shown in these experi-
                                                       ments that schooling behavior broke down during
Growth and Development                                  feeding as individuals chased prey items. Bluefish are
Eggs:  In fertilized eggs, the smooth spherical egg    noted for feeding 'frenzies," periods during which they
capsule is transparent, the yolk pale amber and the   violently feed on schools of bait fish, leaving behind
single large oil globule a deeper amber. The diameter    scraps that are eagerly fed on by gulls. The presence
is0.9to 1.20 mm, averaging 1.0 mm, andtheoilglobule   of these birds makes it easy to spot the schools of
is 0.22 to 0.30 mm, averaging 0.25 mm. Eggs held in   bluefish fromconsiderable distances. In fact, in at least
seawater of 20ï¿½ C and 32.5 ppt salinity hatched in 46    one documented case, a school of large bluefish in a
to 48 hours (Deuel et al. 1966).                        feeding frenzy in Dade County, Florida attacked a
                                                       group of swimmers and caused several injuries requir-
Larvae: Yolk-sac larvae are generally 2.0 to 2.2 mm at   ing stitches (de Sylva 1976). There was no indication
hatching with a maximum size of 3.08 mm. At hatching,   that the attack was deliberate, but ratherthe swimmers
yolk covers more than half the length of the larva but is   happened to be in the way of bluefish chasing a school
largely consumed at a length of 3.08 mm (approxi-    of mullet.  Adult bluefish feed throughout the water
mately 100 hours). Larval bluefish range from 3.0 to   column on a wide variety of fish and invertebrates.
about 14 mm.  Initially, the body is slender with a    Common prey species include squid (Loligo peal/),
relatively large head, but the body depth is noticeably   butterfish (Peprilustriacanthus), menhaden (Brevoortia
increased by 6.0 mm.  The gas bladder is visible in   tyrannus), round herring (Etrumeus teres), alewife
larvae from 3.0 to 10.0 mm before becoming obscured    (Alosa pseudoharengus), bay anchovy (Anchoa
by overlying musculature (Norcross et al. 1974).        mitchilli), silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), spot
                                                       (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic croaker
Juveniles: Minimum size is approximately 14.0 mm.    (Micropogonias undulatus), mackerel (Scomber
The body is fusiform by 16.5 mm and larger (Norcross    scombrus), Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia),
et al. 1974) and by 21.0 mm is covered with fine spots.    young weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) and young blue-
Juveniles from the spring spawning grow rapidly once    fish (Richards 1976; Wilk 1977).
they enter estuaries and coastal bays. Juveniles that
enter mid-Atlantic bays are approximately 25.0 to 50.0    References
mm standard length (SL) but may be as large as 175 to   Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of
200 mm (SL) by the time of their southerly migration in   the Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 53.
the fall. Juveniles from the summer spawning do not
spend the summer in the nutrient-rich estuaries and lag    Boreman, J. 1983. Status of bluefish along the Atlantic
behind in growth, obtaining lengths of 40 to 70 mm SL    coast, 1982. U.S. Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Woods Hole
prior to their southerly migration (Pottern et al. 1989).    Lab. Ref. Doc. No. 83-28. 35 pp.



                                                    124







Appendix 4, continued.
Clark, J., W.G. Smith, A.W. Kendall, Jr., and M.P.    seum of Natural History, Raleigh, N.C.
Fahay. 1969. Studies of estuarine dependence of
Atlantic coastal fishes. Data report 1: Northern sec-    Mears, H.C., and Eisler, R. 1977. Trace metals in liver
tion, Cape Cod to Cape Lookout. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish.    from bluefish, tautog, and tilefish in relation to body
Wildl. Tech. Pap. No. 59. 97 pp.                         length. Chesapeake Sci. 18(3):315-318.

Cross, F.A., L.H. Hardy, N.Y. Jones, and R.T. Barber.    Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council (Mid-Atlan-
1973. Relation between total bodyweight and concen-    tic FMC).  1984. Bluefish fishery management plan.
trations of manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and mercury    Mid-Atlantic FMC in cooperation with the U.S. Natl.
in white muscle of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix and a    Mar. Fish. Serv., New England FMC, and South Atlantic
bathy-demersal fish Antimora rostrata. J. Fish. Res.    FMC. 109 pp. + appendices.
Board Can. 30(9):1287-1291.
                                                        Norcross, J.J., S.L. Richardson, W.H. Massman, and
de Sylva, D.P., F.A. Kalber, Jr., and C.N. Shuster, Jr.    E.B. Joseph. 1974. Development of young bluefish
1962. Fishesandecologicalconditionsintheshorezone    (Pomatomus saltatrix) and distribution of eggs and
of the Delaware estuary, with notes on other species    young in Virginian coastal waters. Trans. Am. Fish.
collected in deeperwater. Univ. Del. Mar. Lab. Inf. Ser.    Soc. 103:477-497.
Publ. 164 pp.
                                                       Olla, B.L., H.M. Katz, and A.L. Studhome. 1970. Prey
de Sylva, D.P. 1976. Attacks by bluefish (Pomatomus    capture and feeding motivation in the bluefish,
saltatrix) on humans  in south Florida.   Copeia    Pomatomus saltatrix. Copeia 1970(2):360-362.
1976(1):196-198.
                                                       Olla, B.L., and A.L. Studhome. 1971. The effect of
Deuel, D.G., J.R. Clark, and A.J. Mansueti.  1966.    temperature on the activity of bluefish, Pomatomus
Description of embryonic and early larval stages of    saltatrix L. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 141:337-349.
bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
95:264-271.                                               Pottern, G.B., M.T. Huish, and J.H. Kerby.  1989.
                                                       Species profiles: life histories and environmental re-
Friedland, K.D., G.C. Garman, A.J. Bejda, A.L.    quirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (mid-
Studholme, and B. Olla. 1988. Interannual variation in    Atlantic) - bluefish. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep.
diet and condition in juvenile bluefish during estuarine    82(11.94). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-
residency. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 117:474-479.            4. 20 pp.

Hardy, J.D., Jr. 1978. Development of fishes of the    Richards, S.W.  1976.  Age, growth, and food of
mid-Atlantic bight.  In: An atlas of egg, larval and    bluefish (Pomatomussaltatrix) from East-Central Long
juvenile stages. Vol 3. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Serv.    Island SoundfromJulythrough November 1975. Trans.
Program. FWS/OBS-78/12. Pages 339-353.                   Am. Fish. Soc. 105:523-525.

Herman, S.S. 1963. Planktonic fish eggs and larvae    Smith, B.A.  1971.  The fish of four low-salinity tidal
of Narragansett Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. 8:103-109.        tributaries of the Delaware River estuary. M.S. Thesis.
                                                       Cornell University. 304 pp.
Kendall, A.W., Jr., and L.A Walford. 1979. Sources
and distribution of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, lar-   Wilk, S.J.  1977.  Biological and fisheries data on
vae and juvenilesof the eastcoastof the United States.    bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix. U.S. Nat. Mar. Fish.
U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull. 77(1):213-227.    Serv., Sandy Hook Lab., Highlands, N.J. Tech. Serv.
                                                       Rep. 11.
Lund, W.A., Jr., and G.C. Maltezos. 1970. Movements
and migrations of the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix,
tagged in waters of New York and southern New
England. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99:719-725.

Mahoney, J., F. Midlige, and D. Deuel. 1973. The fin
rot disease of marine and euryhaline fishes in the New
York Bight. Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 102(3):596-605.

Manooch, C.S. III. 1984. Fisherman's guide to the
fishes of the southeastern United States. N.C. Mu-

                                                    125

























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 Common/Scientific Name         Albemarle Sound, NC
Mussel                          554
   Mytilis edulls               McKenna, Winslow
Bay scallop
   ArooDecten irradians         McKenna, Taylor. J. Ross. Chester. Winslow
American oyster                 57, 86, 133, 134
   Crassostrea virolnica        McKenna, Marshall. J. Ross, Chester, Winslow
Common rangia                   86, 289, 509, 588
   Ranolia cuneata              McKenna, Winslow
Hard dam                        134,138
   Mercenaria soecies           McKenna. Winslow
Brown shrimp                    86, 217, 586
   Penaeus aztecus              McKenna, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry
Pink shrimp
   Penaeus duorarum             McKenna, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow
White shrimp                    371
   Penaeus setiferus            McKenna. J. Ross. Chester. Winslow
Grass shrimp                    86, 217, 319, 586
   Palaemonetes puolo           Winslow, McKenna, Henry
Blue crab                       86, 133, 201,203, 217, 245, 358, 579, 586
   Callinectes sapidus          Manooch, Winslow. J. Ross
Atlantic sturgeon               86, 133, 203,248, 427, 522
   AciDenser oxvrhvnchus        Manooch. J. Ross. Winslow. Henry
Ladyfish                        133, 586
   Elops saurus                 Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow, Henry
American eel                    86, 133, 201,203, 217, 245, 260, 432, 521,586
   Anouilla rostrata            Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow, Henry
Blueback herring                86, 133, 203, 217,248, 381,585, 586
   Alosa aestivalis             Winslow. Manooch. J. Ross. Henry
Alewife                         86, 133,203,217,248,381,585,586
   Alosa oseudoharenqus         Manooch, Winslow. J. Ross. Henry
American shad                   86, 133, 141,203, 248, 256, 507, 585, 586
   Alosa sapidissima            Manooch, Winslow. J. Ross. Henry
Atlantic menhaden               86,133, 203, 217, 432
   Brevoortia nvrannus          Ahrenholz
Bay anchovy                     86. 133, 203, 206, 217, 586
   Anchoa mitchilli             J. Ross. Chester. Winslow. Henry
Sheepshead minnow               133, 220
   Cyprinodon varieoatus        Henry. Winslow. J. Ross
Mummichog                       2,133
   Fundulus heteroclitus        J. Ross. Winslow. Henry
Atlantic silversides            133, 147,203,408
   Menidia species              J. Ross. Winslow
White perch                     86,133, 201,203, 217, 245, 260, 432, 480, 586
   Morone americana             Manooch, Winslow, J. Ross. Henry, Chester
Striped bass                    73, 86, 202, 203, 217, 248, 245, 256, 316, 432, 584, 585, 586
   Morone saxatilis             Manooch. Chester. S. Ross. J. Ross. Winslow. Hawkins
Bluefish                        133. 245, 586
    Pomatomus saltatrix         Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow, Henry
Cobia
   Rachycentron canadum         Manooch, J. Smith, J. Ross. Winslow
Gray snapper                    133, 203
   Lutianus oriseus             Manooch. J. Ross, Chester. Winslow, Henry
Sheepshead                      133, 245
   ArchosarPusp robatocephalus  J. Ross, Winslow, Henry
Pinfish                         133, 203, 586
   Laqodon rhomboides           J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry
Spotted seatrout                86. 247, 245, 339. 341
   Cvnoscion nebulosus          Manooch. J. Ross. Chester. Winslow. Henrv
Weakfish                        86, 133, 217, 247, 245, 338, 343, 346,586
   Cvnoscion regalis            Winslow, Henry. Manooch, Chester, J. Ross
Spot                            86,133, 203, 217, 245, 345, 401,586
   Leiostomus xanthurus         Winslow, Chester, S. Ross
Southern kingfish               133, 247
   Menticirrhus americanus      J. Ross. Winslow
Atlantic croaker                86, 133, 203, 217, 245,344, 432, 586
   Micropooonias undulatus      S. Ross. Chester, Winslow, J. Ross
Black drum                      133, 247, 376. 462
    Pooonias cromis             Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow
Red drum                        133, 247, 340,342, 462, 505
    Sciaenons ocellatus         J. Ross, Winslow. Chester, S. Ross
Striped mullet                  86, 133, 203, 245, 586
    Muqul cephalus              J. Ross. Chester, Winslow. Henry
Spanish mackerel                133,586
   Scomberomorus maculatus    Manooch, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry
Gulf flounder                   402
   Paralichthvs albioutta       Powell, Manooch. Winslow. Henry
Summer flounder                 86, 203, 217, 400,402
   Paralichthvs dentatus        Powell, Manooch. J. Ross, Winslow, Chester
Southern flounder               86, 201,203, 217, 245, 400, 402
   Paralichthys lethostioma     Powell, Manooch. J. Ross, Chester
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to Individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.          128








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/Scientific Name        Pamlico Sound, NC
 Mussel                        554   -
   MYth/s edulls              McKenna
 Bay scallop                   133. 134,477
   Arrzopecten irradjans      Taylor. McKenna. Freeman
American oyster               57,85, 133, 134,245
   Crassostrea Wi/na          McKenna, Taylor. Freeman, Mm-shall, Cheater
 Common rangla                 85, 134, 289,5609, 668,688
   Ranao/a wuneata            Freeman, McKenna, Taylor
 Hard clam                     85, 134,138,398
   Mercenarla sDectes         Freeman. McKenna. Taylor. Marshall
 Brown shrimp                  85. 133.,134,206,242.251,319,357,408.426,477,58ol
   Penaeus aziecus            Freeman. McKenna. Taylor. J1. Ross. Chester
 Pink shrimp                   85, 133,134. 206.319. 408,428,477
   Penae us duorerum          Freeman. McKenna. Taylor, J. Ross, Chester
White shrimp                  85, 133, 134, 206, 371, 426
   Penaeus sellfer us         Freeman. McKenna. Taylor. J. Ross. Chester
Grass shrimp                  85,134,206,319
   Palaemanetes pug/a         McKenna
 Blue crab                     85,118,122,123,133,134,206,251,319.358,358,408,426,477,579
   Callinectes sajpidus       Freeman, Taylor. Winslow, S. Ross, Chester, Hawkins
Atlantic sturgeon             85, 134,245,256.356,424,426,427,522
   Ac/Denseroaxvhvnchus        Manooch
 Ladyf ish                     133,206,271,358,408,429,505
   Elaps saurus               Move, Manooch, J. Ross. Hettler
American eel                  85, 133, 134. 201. 206, 245, 260,271, 366, 408, 426, 429, 505, 521, 585, 586
   Ancullia rastrata           Move, J. Ross
 Blueback herring              85,133,134,204,205,206, 245,258,271,358,381,408,426,427,429,505,585,588
   Alosa aesfivalis            Move. Manooch. J. Ross. Chester
Alewife                       85.,133,134,204,205,206,245,251,266,271,358, 381,408,428,427,429,505.585,586
   Alasa pseudoharengus        Move. Manooch,. J. Ross, Chester
American shad                 85, 133, 134, 141, 204, 205, 206, 248, 256, 271, 356, 426, 429, 505, 507. 533.5685, 586
   Alosa sapid/ssima          Move. J. Ross
Atlantic menhaden             85, 133,.134,208.217,2-51,*271,354,356.357,396,408,424,426,429,505
   Brevoorfia twrannus        Ahrenholz
Bay anchovy                   85, 133, 134. 206, 271, 319,358,357, 408, 426, 429, 463,5605,586
   Anchoa mitchilli            Move. J. Ross, Chester
 Sheepshead minnow             133, 220,319,408,5605
   COArina dot? varierialus   Marraro
Mummichog                     2,133,206,271,319,357,505
   Fundulus heterndltus    Wyve. Marraro
Allanfic silversides          85, 133,134. 147,206,319,356,426,505
   Menidia species            J. Ross
White perch                   85,133,134,206,245,251,271,358,408,426,429,480
   MArane americana           Move. J. Ross. Chester
 Striped bass                  85, 134,204, 205,245,258,356,357,426,429
   Morone saxati/is           Chester. S. Ross. Winslow, J. Ross. Manooch. Hawk!ins
Bluefish                      85, 118,133, 206,245.356,408,424,426>,429.505
    Pomatomus saltatrix        Move. Manooch. J. Ross, Chester
 Coble.                        426
   Rachycentron canadum       Manooch. J. Smith, J. Ross
Gray snapper                  85,118,133, 206,358,408,426,477,505
   Lullanus: oriseus           Manooch. J. Ross
Sheepshead                    85,118, 133,206,245.356,408.424,426
   Archosargus Pro batocepha/us  Move, Manooch, J. Ross
 Pinfish                       85,118, 133, 134,206,271,319.358,408,424,426,429.505
   Latoadon rhomboides         Move. J. Ross, Chester
 Spotted seatrout              85, 118,133.,134,206.247,245,251,339,341,356,408.424,426,429,505
   Cvnascfon nebulosus         Move. Manooch. J. Ross
Weakfish                      85, 133, 134.206.247,245,251,338,343,348,3.58,424,426,505
   Cynoscaon rea/is           Move, Manooch, J. Ross, Chester
Spot                          85,99, 118, 133,134.206, 245.251,271,319.345,356, 357, 366,396.401.408,424, 426. 429. 463, 477,5605,549,566
   Leiasromus xanthurus       Winslow, Chester, Hawkins
Southern kingfish             118.,133, 134,206,247,245,356.408.424.426
   Mentic/rrhus armericanus    Move. J. Ross
Atlantic croaker              85,99. 118, 133, 134,206, 217,245,251.271,319.344, 355,358,357,366,408, 424,425,426, 429, 463, 505,566
   Milicropooonias undulatus  J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Hawkins
Black drum                    85, 133.206, 247.358,376,424,426.462
    Pojaonias cromis           Move. Manooch. J. Ross
 Red drum                      85,133.,134, 206.217,247,245.340,342,356,408,424, 426.462,505
    Sc/aenoos ocel/atus        Manooch, Chester, S. Ross. J. Ross. riawkins
Striped mullet                85.,118,133, 134.206,245,271.319.356,408,426,429,505
    Muoul cepha/us             Move, J. Ross, Chester
Spanish mackerel              118, 133,206,245.408,426, 505
   Scomberamarus maculatus    Move, Manooch. J. Ross
Gulf flounder                 402,424,426.477
   Para//chthvs a/b/a uta      Move, Powell. J. Ross, Chester
Summer flounder               a5, 118,119,133,134,206,245,356,357,400,402,408,424,426,477,505
   Para//chthys dentatus      Move. Powell, Manooch, J. Ross, Chester
Southern flounder             85.,117,118, 119,133,.134,206, 245,251, 271,356,357.400,402,408,424, 426, 429,477,494,505
   Para/ichthys letha st/ama   Move. J. Ross, Chester, Manooch, Powell
Numbers correspond to references In Appendix 8, p. 151 -177.
Names correspond to Individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.       129








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/Scientific Name          Pamlico and Pungo Rivers, NC
Mussel                          554
   Mytilis edulls               McKenna
Bay scallop                     85,134
   Aroolecten Irradlans         Chester. Taylor. McKenna
American oyster                 57, 85, 134
   Crassostrea virn/lnca        McKenna. Marshall. Chester
Common rangla                   85, 134,289. 395
   Ranola cuneata               McKenna, Marshall
Hard cldam                      85,134,138
   Mercenaria species           Chester. McKenna
Brown shrimp                    85, 133,134,206,393,426
   Penaeus aztecus              McKenna. Chester
Pink shrimp                     85. 133, 134,206,426,581
   Penaeus duorarum             McKenna, Chester
White shrimp                    85, 133,134,206,371
   Penaeus setiferus            McKenna. Chester
Grass shrimp                     85,206
   Palaemonetes Pqtalo          McKenna
Blue crab                       85,122,123,133,206,356,358,426,579
   Callinectes saPidus          Chester. Winslow. S. Ross, Hawkins
Atlantic sturgeon               85, 134,245,256,356,426,427,522
   Adcenseroxvrhvnchus          not reviewed
Ladyfish                        133, 356
   Elors saurus                 Move. Manooch
American eel                    85, 133, 134, 356, 426, 521
   Anouilla rostrata             Move
Blueback herring                85, 133, 134,204,245,256,356,426,585
   Alosa aestivalis             Manooch, Move. Chester
Alewife                         85, 133, 134,204,256,356. 426, 585
   Alosa pseudoharenrus         Manooch, Moye, Chester
American shad                   85, 133, 134, 141,204, 256,356,426,585
   Alosa sapidissima            Manooch, Move
Atlantic menhaden               85, 134.206,356,396,424,426,429
   Brevoortia tvrannus          Ahrenholz
Bay anchovy                     85, 356, 426, 505
   Anchoa mrchili               Move. Chester
Sheepshead minnow               133, 220
   Cvprinodon varienatus        not reviewed
Mummichog                       2,133
   Fundulus heteroclitus        Move
Atlantic silversides            85, 133,134, 147,356,426
   Menidla specles              not reviewed
White perch                     85,133, 134,245,356,480
   Morone americana             Move, Chester
Striped bass                    85,204,256,356
   Morone saxatilis             Chester. S. Ross. Winslow. J. Ross. Hawkins
Bluefish                        85,133,245,356,426
    Pomatomus saltatrix          Manooch, Move. Chester
Cobia
   Rachycentron canadum         Move. Smith. J.
Gray snapper                    85,.133, 356,408,426
   Lutlanus ariseus             Manooch. Chester
Sheepshead                      85, 133, 356, 408, 424, 426
   Archosar.ous probatocenhalus  Manooch. Moye, Chester
Pinfish                         85,133, 206,356,426
   Laoodon rhomboides           Move. Chester
Spotted seatrout                85. 133, 134, 206, 247, 245,339,341,356, 426
   Cvnoscion nebulosus          Manooch. Move
Weakfish                        85,133. 134,206. 247,245.338,343,346,356,426,494
   Cynoscion reoalis            Manooch, Move. Chester
Spot                            85, 133, 134, 206, 345, 356, 357, 401,424, 426
   Leiostomus xanthurus         S. Ross, Chester, Winslow. J. Ross. Hawkins
Southern kingfish               133, 134,206,247.356,426
   Mentidcirrhus americanus     Move
Atlantic croaker                85, 133,134,344,356,357,424,425,426,494
   Micropoqonias undulatus      S. Ross, Chester, Winslow, J. Ross, Hawkins
Black drum                      85,133, 134, 206, 247, 356,376, 426, 462
    Poqonias craoms              Manooch, Move
Red drum                        85, 133,134, 206,247,340,342,356,426,462
    Scaenops ocellarus           Winslow. Chester. Ross. J. S. Ross. Hawkins
Striped mullet                  85, 133, 134,206,356
    Muoul cephalus               Move, Chester
Spanish mackerel                133,206,426
   Scomberomorus maculatus    Manooch, Move
Gulfflounder                   402
   Paralichthys albiautta       Powell. Move. Chester
Summer flounder                 85,117, 133,134,356,400,402,426
   Paralichthys dentatus        Manooch, Powell, Move. Chester
Southem flounder                85,119, 133,134,206,356,400,402,426, 494
   Paralichthys lethositema     Manooch, Powell, Moye, Chester
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to Individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.           130








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Common/Scientific Name         Neuse River, NO
Mussel                         554-
   WV&li edulis                McKenna
Bay scallop                    134
   Aroopecfen irradians        Chester. Taylor. McKenna
American oyster                57, 134
   Crassostrea viminica        McKenna. Marshall. Chester
Common rangia                  289.588
   Ranoia cuneala              McKenna. Marshall
Harddcam                       134,138
   Mercenaria species          McKenna. Chester
Brown shrimp                   134,206,217.426
   Penaeus aztecuts            McKenna, Chester
Plnkshrimp                     206,217
   Penaeus duorarum            McKenna, Chester
White shrimp                   206,217,371
   Penaeus sefifenus           McKenna. Chester
Grass shrimp                   217
   Palaemonetes Ducio          McKenna
Blue crab                      122,123,217,358,579
   Callinectes savidus         Chester. S. Ross. Winslow, Hawkins
Atlantic sturgeon              205,256,427.522
   AcInenser oxvrhvnchus        not reviewed
Ladyfish                       206.271,505
   Elops saurus                Manooch. Move
American eel                   134. 206,217. 271. 505.521
   Anoul/la rostrata            Move. Manooch
Blueback herding               134,205.206.256.271,505,585
   Alosa aestivalls             Move. Manooch, Chester
Alewife                        134.205. 206.217.256,271.505
   Alosajoseudoharernaus        Move. Manooch, Chester
American shad                  141, 205. 256.271. 505
   Alosa sapidiss/ma            Move
Atlantic menhaden              206, 271. 950
   Brevoortia tyrannus         Ahrenholz
Bay anchovy                    206,217,271, 580
   Anchoa ma~lld!~              Move. Chester
Sheepshead minnow              133,220,505
   Cyprinodon varnecatus       Move, Marraro
Mummichog                      2.271,*505
   Fundulus heteroclitus       Marraro
Atlantic silversides            147, 206. 505
   Menidia species              not reviewed
White perch                    206,217.271,480
   Morone americana             Move. Chester
Striped bass                   205. 256
   Morone saxatilis            Chester. S. Ross, Winslow. J. Ross. Manooch. Hawkins
Bluefish                       206,217.505
    Pomatomus saftatrix         Move, Manooch
Cobla
   Rachycentron canadum        Move. Manooch, Smith, J.
Gray snapper                   206,505
   Lutianus ariseus            Manooch. Chester
Sheepshead                     424
   Archosargus Drobatocephalus  Move. Manooch, Chester
Pinfish                        206,217.271,505
   Laoodon rhomboides           Move. Chester
Spotted seatrout               134,206,247.339.341, 505
   Cynosafon nebosus            Move. Manooch,
Weakfish                       206,217, 247.338,343,346,505
   Cynoscion renalls           Move. Manooch, Chester
Spot                           206,217,271,345,401,426,483,494,505
   Leiostomus xanlhurtus       S. Ross, Chester, Winslow, J. Ross, Hawkins
Southern kingfish              206, 247
   Menfic~hus americanus        Move. Manooch. Chester
Atlantic croaker               206,217,271,344,425,426,463,505
   Micropooonias undulatus      S. Ross, Winslow, J. Ross, Hawkins
Black drum                      133. 134,206,247,376,426,462
    Poqonias cromis             Manooch. Move
Red drum                       206,217, 247, 340,342,462,505
    Sciaenops ocellatus         Winslow. J. Ross. Chester. S. Ross. Hawkins
Striped mullet                  133,206,217, 271.505
    Muoul cephalus              Move. Chester
Spanish mackerel               133, 206,426, 505
   scomberomowu maculatus    Move. Manooch
Gulf flounder                   117, 402
   Parafichtfhvs albiouffa      Move. Powell, Chester
Summer flounder                206, 400, 402. 505
   Paralichthys dentatus        Move, Powell, Manooch, Chester
Southern flounder              118, 119. 206.,217.,271,400, 402, 426, 505, 581
   Paralichthys lethoskema      Move, Powell, Manooch. Chester
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to Individuals In Appendix 7. p. 148-150.           131








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/Scientific Name          Bogue Sound, NC
 Mussel                         46, 272, 325, 554
    Mvtlis edulls               not reviewed
 Bay scallop                     148, 188, 435, 436, 477, 496
    ArooDecten Irradians         Taylor. Frreman
 American oyster                 27, 57, 75, 76, 77, 185, 553
    Crassostrea virolnlca        Marshall. Freeman. Taylor
 Common rangia                  61, 231,289, 509, 553, 587, 588
    Ranoia cuneata               Freeman
 Hard clam                      72, 75, 138, 398, 479, 553
    Mercenaria species           Freeman. Marshall. Taylor
 Brown shrimp                   82, 152.1,329, 380, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579
    Penaeus aztecus              Taylor. Freeman
 Pink shrimp                    87, 152.1,329,380,574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579
    Penaeus duorarum             Taylor. Freeman
 White shrimp                    298,329,371,380, 574, 575, 577, 578, 579
    Penaeus setiferus            Taylor. Freeman
 Grass shrimp                    12, 52,152.1,284, 319,513, 578, 579
    Palaemonetes pouglo          not reviewed
 Blue crab                       122, 123. 258. 523. 578. 579
    Callinectes sapidus          Taylor. Freeman
 Atlantic sturgeon               372, 427, 441,455. 464, 522
    Acipenser oxvrhvnchus        not reviewed
 Ladyfish                        250,257, 293, 505, 516, 550
    Elops saurus                 Hetter. Manooch. Spence
 American eel                    142, 194, 497, 505, 511. 516, 521,550
    Anuilla rostrata            Spence
 Blueback herring                146.243. 390, 431,455, 516
    Alosa aestivalis             not reviewed
 Alewife                         146,243, 390. 455
    Alosa oseudoharenous         not reviewed
 American shad                   141,205, 243, 455, 456, 506, 516
    Alosa sapidissima            not reviewed
 Atlantic menhaden               218,243,259,291, 293, 294, 295, 420, 423. 463, 510, 511,.516, 550,573
    Brevoortia tvrannus          Ahrenholz. Heter
 Bay anchovy                     218, 223, 243, 286, 293, 463, 505, 511, 516, 550
    Anchoa mitchIlli             Mercer. Manooch., Spence, Hertier
 Sheepshead minnow               194, 218,220, 243. 505, 516
    Cvprinodon varieqlatus       Hettler, SPence
 Mummlchog                       2, 194, 218, 243. 274, 282. 505, 516
    Fundulus heteroclitus        Hettler. Spence
 Atlantic silversides            147.218. 221. 243. 293. 505. 511, 516
    Menidia species              Hettler, Spence
 White perch                     195, 516
    Morone americana             not reviewed
 Striped bass                    149,195, 205, 448
   Morone saxatilis             not reviewed
 Bluefish                        80, 243, 257, 265, 399, 423, 505, 516. 571
    Pomatomus saltatrix         Manooch, Mercer, Monaghan, Spence
 Cobla                           195,243, 315
    Rachycentron canadum         Smith. J., Manooch, Monaahan
 Gray snapper                    195,243, 505, 516
    Lutianus oriseus             Mercer. Manooch. Spence
 Sheepshead                      218, 225, 243, 247. 264, 315. 440, 511,516
   Archosar.us probatocephalus  Mercer, Spence. Monaghan, Manooch
 Pinfish                         5, 108, 218. 234, 243, 257, 293, 505, 510, 511,516, 550
   Laoodon rhomboides           Mercer. Monaghan. Spence, Hettler
 Spotted seatrout                224,243, 257, 339. 341,502, 516, 555
    Cvnoscion nebulosus          Manooch. Mercer. Monaahan. Spence
 Weakfish                        224,243, 257, 338. 343, 346, 423, 516, 555
   Cynoscion regalis            Manooch, Mercer, Monaghan. Spence
 Spot                            218, 223. 243, 257, 292, 293, 345. 401,406, 423. 463, 505, 510. 511, 516, 548, 550.549
   Leiostomus xanthurus         Mercer, Monaohan. Spence. Hettler. Lewis
 Southern kingfish               224, 243. 247. 423, 516
   Menticirrhus americanus      Spence. Mercer
Atlantic croaker                218. 223, 243, 257, 292, 293, 344, 406, 423, 463. 511, 516, 548, 550
   Micropogonias undulatus      Mercer, Monaghan. Spence. Hettler. Lewis
Black drum                      243,247, 315, 376, 423, 462. 516
    Pogonias cromis             Manooch, Monaghan. Spence. Mercer
 Red drum                        247,340, 342, 394. 462, 505
    SciaenoDs ocellatus         Monaohan, Mercer. Manooch. Soence
Striped mullet                  14, 218, 243, 293. 315, 319, 505, 511,516, 550
    Muoul cephalus              Monaahan, Spence
Spanish mackerel                80, 157, 225. 243, 511,516
   Scomberomorus maculatus    Mercer. Monaahan. Manooch. Spence
Gulf flounder                   132, 243, 400, 505, 516. 550, 581, 589
   Paralichthys albiouna        Powell. Mercer. Monaahan. Spence. Burke
Summer flounder                 243,293, 365, 400, 421, 505, 516, 550, 589
   Paralichthys dentatus        Powell, Burke. Mercer, Monachan, Spence
 Southern flounder               132, 243, 400. 505, 516, 550, 589
   Paralichthys lethostiQma     Powell, Manooch, Burke. Mercer, Monaghan, Spence
Numbers correspond to references In Appendix 8. p. 151-177.
Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.             132









Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/Scientific Name         New River, NG
 Mussel                         46, 272,325, 554
    WyINiS edulis               flat reviewed 
 Bay scallop                    148, 188,435,436.477
   Argop~e c/en Irrad/ans      Taylor
 American oyster                27,57.75,76,77, 185,55W
    Crassostrea virgin/ca       Marshall, Parker, Taylor
 Common rangia                  61,231.289,509.553,587,588
    Ranoia cuneata              not reviewed
 Hard clam                      72,75. 138,398,479,553
    mercenarla Species          Marshall. Parker, Taylor
 Brown shrimp                   82,329,380,574,575,576,577.579
    Penaeus aztecus             Allison, Taylor
 Pink shrimp                    87,329,380.574; 575,576,577,578,579
    Penaeus duararumn           Allison, Taylor
 White shrimp                   298,329,371,380,574.575.577,578,579
   Penaeus setlerus           Allison, Taylor
 Grass shrimp                   12,52,284.319,513.578,579
    Palaemane/es pug/a          Schoolfield
 Blue crab                      122,123,258,523,578,579
   Callinectes saoidus         Schoolfield
 Atlantic sturgeon              372, 427, 441,455, 484, 522
   Ac/penser oxythynchus        Schoolfield
 Ladyfish                       250,257,293,505,516,550
   Elaps saurus                 Schoolfield
 American eel                    142, 194,497,505,511, 516, 521.550
   Angullia rostrala            Schoolfield
 Blueback herring               146,243,390,431,455,516
   A/oas aestival/s             Schoolfield
 Alewife                        146, 243, 390. 455
   A/oas pseudoharengus         Schoolfield
 American shad                  141.205.243.455. 456.506.516
   Alosa sap/diss/ma            Schoolfield
 Atlantic menhaden              218,243,259,291,293.294,295,420,423,453.510.511,516,550.573
   Orevoartia tyrannus         Ahrenholz, Schoolfield
 Bay anchovy                    218,223,243,286,293,463, 505,511,516,550
   Anchoa mitchitlli            Schoolfield
 Sheepshead minnow              194, 218, 220, 243. 505,5616
   Cyprlnadan var/eva/us       Schoolfield
 Mummichog                      2, 194.218,243,274,282,505,516
   Fundu/us hetero cl/us        Schoolfield
Atlintic sliversldes            147, 218, 221, 243, 293, 505, 511, 5186
   Men/dia species              Schoolfield
 White perch                    195,516
   Adrane americana             Schoolfield. Rohde
 Striped bass                   149,195,205,448
   Morone saxat//is             Schoolfield
 Bluefish                       80.243,257,265,399,423,505.516,571
    Pomalomnus sa/talr/x        Schoolfield
Cobla                          195,243,315
   Flachiycentran canadum       Manooch. Smith, J.
 Gray snapper                    195,243. 505,516
   Lutlanus grlseus             Marnooch, Schoolfield
Shaepshead                     218,225,243,247,264,315,511,516
   Archasargous prabatacepha/us  Manooch, Schoolfiled
Pinlish                        5.,108,218,234,243,257,293,505. 510,511,516, 550
   Lagadan rhamnba/des          Schoolfield
Spotted seatrout               224,243,257,339.341.502,516.555
   Cynoscion nebulasus          Manoach, Schoolfield
Weakfish                       224,243.257,338.343.346,423,516,555
   Cynascian regal/s            Manooch, Schoolfield
Spot                           216, 223,243, 257.292,293,345,401,406,423, 463, 505, 510,511.,516, 548.,550, 549
   Le/ostamus xanthurus         Lewis, Schoolfield
Southemn kingfish              224, 243. 247, 423. 516
   Ment/cirrhus ameilcanus      Rohde
Atlantic croaker               218,223,243,257.292,293,344,406,423,463,511,516, 548, 550
   M/crapa-ganias undu/atus     Rohde, Lewis
Black drum                     243,247,315,376.423,462,515
    Pagan/as cramn/s            Manooch. Rohde
Red drum                       247,340.342,394,462.505
    Sciaenaps ace//at us        Rohde, Manooch
Striped mullet                 14,218,243,293,315,319,505,511,516,550
    Mugul cepha/us              Rohde
Spanish mackerel               80,157,225, 243.511,516
   Scamberamarus: macu/atus    Manooch. Rohde
Gulf flounder                   132,243,400C,505,516,550,581, 589
   Para/ich/hys a/b/gut/a       Powell, Rohde
Summer flounder                243,293,365,400,421,505,516,550,589
   Para//chthys den/a/us        Powell. Rohde
Southemn flounder              132, 243. 400, 505. 51 6,550, 589
   Paralic~hthys lethastigma    Powell. Rohde
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.         133








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Common/Scientific Name           Cape Fear River, NC
Mussel                           554
   Mytilis edulis                not reviewed
Bay scallop                       148
   Argopecten irradlans          Taylor, Parker
American oyster                  27, 57, 69
   Crassostrea virginica         Parker
Common rangla                     1, 231,289
   Ranoia cuneata                Llndaulst
Hard clam                        138
   Mercenarla species            Parker
Brown shrimp                     69, 70, 227, 240, 551
   Penaeus aztecus               Allison, Cooke, Lindquist
Pink shrimp                      70, 227, 551
   Penaeus duorarum              Allison, Cooke, Lindaulst
White shrimp                     70, 371. 578, 579
   Penaeus setiferus             Allison, Cooke, Llndqulst
Grass shrimp                      12, 47
   Palaemonetes pugio             Pollard
Blue crab                         122, 304,428, 523, 578, 579
   Callinectes sapidus           Pollard. Schoolfleld, Lindqulst
Atlantic sturgeon                41,250,315, 427, 442, 443, 444
   Acipenseroxyrhynchus           Schoolfield, Undquist, Thompson, Moser, S. Ross
Ladyfish                         250,442
   Elops saurus                  Schoolfield, Thompson, Lindquist
American eel                      143, 442, 521
   Anouilla rostrata             Schoolfield. Lindqulst
Blueback herring                  109, 151,315,441,442
   Alosa aestivalis              Schoolfield. Thompson, Lindqulst, Moser
Alewife                           109,151,315,442
   Alosa pseudoharengus           Schoolfield, Thompson. Lindqulst, Moser
American shad                     109, 151.315,442, 457
   Alosa sapidissima              Pollard. Schoolfield. Lindaulst, Moser
Atlantic menhaden                6. 69, 70, 83, 259, 291,428. 442, 551
   Brevoortia tyrannus           Ahrenholz, Smith, J.
Bay anchovy                      70, 240,428, 442, 514, 551
   Anchoa mitchilli               Schoolflield, Cooke, Llndquist
Sheepshead minnow                 194, 220, 442
   Cyprinodon varienatus          Lindqulst
Mummichog                         194,428,442
   Fundulus heteroditus           Schoolfield, Pollard, Llndquist
Atlantic silversides              70, 147, 442
   Menidia species                Schoolfield, Cooke, Llndquist
White perch                       195, 315. 442
   Morone americana               Rohde, Lindquist
 Striped bass                      151,442.457
   Morone saxatilis               Rohde, Thompson, Lindquist, Moser, S. Ross
 Bluefish                         80,442
    Pomatomus saltatrix           Rohde. Benedict, Llndquist
Cobia                            315,442
    Rachdcentron canadum           Rohde, Llndquist, J. Smith, Herrina
Gray snapper                     240, 315, 442
    Lutlanus griseus              Manooch, Herring, Llndquist, Rohde
 Sheepshead                        143, 264, 315, 442, 440
   Archosargusprobatocephalus  Rohde, Herring, Llndqulst
 Pinfish                           108, 442, 443,444
    Laoodon rhomboides             Rohde. Herrina, Llndquist
 Spotted seatrout                 227, 240, 247, 315, 442
    Cynosdon nebulosus            Benedict, Rohde, Lindquist
Weakfish                         70. 240. 338, 346, 442, 443, 444
   Cynoscion regalis             Schoolfield, Benedict, Lindquist
Spot                             47, 70, 99, 227, 428, 443, 444, 549,551,552
   Leiostomus xanthurus           Schoolfield, Cates, Lindquist
Southern kingfish                247, 376, 442
   Menticirrhus americanus        Schoolfield, Cates, Lindquist
Atlantic croaker                  47, 70, 99, 240, 442, 443, 444. 548
   Micropogonias undu/atus        Cates, Schoolfield, Llndquist
Black drum                       247, 315, 376,442, 462
    Pogonias cromis               Lindquist. Benedict, Schoolfield
Red drum                         240, 442, 462,551
    SciaenoDs ocellatus           Schoolfield, Benedict, Llndquist
Striped mullet                    69, 79, 442, 551
    Mugul cephalus                Pollard, Schoolfield, Lindquist
Spanish mackerel                 80, 240. 442
   Scomberomorus maculatus        Schoolfield, Pollard, Llndqulst
Gulf flounder                     84, 442
   Paralichthys albigurra         Rohde, Herring
Summer flounder                  70, 84, 376, 421, 442, 443, 444, 551
   Paralichthys dentatus          Powell, Herring. Rohde, Lindquist
Southern flounder                84, 117. 240, 442, 443, 444
   Paralichthys lethostiqma       Rohde. Herring. Lindquist
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.              134








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/scien~fifc Name         Winyah Bay, SO
 Mussel                         11,1153,433,593
   MYth/S edulis                Allen, 06bur. Anderson
 Bay scallop                    63,153,184,593
   Argopecten Irradians         Allen, Ogburn. Anderson
 American oyster     S     .     ,27,57.,183,226,282,263.269,3(07.335,476
   Crassostrea virginica        Allen, Ogiburn Anderson
 Common rangla                  61,289,593
   Ranni/a cuneata              Allen. Onburn. Anderson
 Hard clam                      8, 13. 138.139, 140, 18, 226,317
   Mercenaria species           Allen, Ogburn, Anderson
 Brown shrimp                   9,34, 38,82, 144, 145,226.329,385, 387,5S12, 559,564,579
   Penaeus aztecus              Whitaker, Delancey. Allen, Ogburn
 Pink shrimp                    9,38,87, 130,144,228,329,385,387.512.559.564,579
   Penaeus duorarum            Whitaker. Delancey, Allen, COobum
 White shrimp                   8,9, 34,130, 144,226,297,298,329.371,385, 387,512,559,584, 579
   Penaeus sef/fetus           Whitaker, Delancey, Allen, Ogburn
 Grass shrimp                   8.9, 10.12. 284,387,452. 459,559,584,579-
   Pa/aemonetes puglo          Whitaker. Delancey, Allen, Ogbumn
 Blue crab                      89,9.131,226,304,328,385,449,452,523,584,579
   Call/nec/es sap/dus         Whitaker. Delancey, Allen, Ooabumn
 Atlantic sturgeon              33, 290, 372, 470, 472, 473. 522, 564
   Adpoenser oxythynchus       Allen. Ogburn, Moore
 Ladyfish                       89,933,59,80,222,250,315,593
   Elops saurus                Allen, Ogburn, Moore
 American eel                   8, 9.59, 60,192,194, 197,232, 449.521, 584
   Arzoulla ro strata          Allen, COburn. Moore
 Blueback herring               8.9.,59,60, 146.250.338.,385,390,451,452,519.,564
    Alosa aestivalis            Allen, COoburn, Moore
 Alewife                        146, 250,390
   Alosa pseudoharengius       Allen, Ogburn, Moore
 American shad                  96, 97, 141, 519. 520,533, 564
   A losa sapidissima          Allen. Coburn, Moore
Atlantic menhaden              7.8, 9.50.59,385.411,420.451.452.564
   Bra voortia tyrannus        Allen, Ogburn, Moore
 Bay anchovy                    7,8,9,50.59,60.226,385.449,451.452.564
   Ancltoa mitch/i/i           Allen, Ogburn, Moore
 Sheepshead minnow              9.59,60. 194,593
   Cyprinodon vanepatus        Allen. Coburn. Moore
 Mummichog                      2,7. 9,59.60, 194,385,452
   Fun dulus heterc cl/f us    Allen, Ogburn, Moore
Atlantic silversides           8,9, 59,60, 147,221,349, 351,452
   Mlenidia species            Allen, Ogburn, Moore
White perch                    8, 196,338,385,564
   Wo one americana            Allen. DOburn. Moore
 Striped bass                   8, 149, 195,474,519,564
   Morone saxaifis            Allen, Ogburn, Moore
 Bluefish                       9. 33, 38, 59, 60. 80, 68.1, 305, 3185.399. 564
    Pomra/omus sallatrix        Allen, Caburn. Moore
Cobia                          9.33. 195.385
   Rachycentnon canadum        Allen, Coburn. Moore
Gray snapper                   8, 9, 59, 195. 385. 564, 593
   Lurianus griseus            Allen, Moore, Ogiburn
 Sheepshead                     9,5S9, 60,225, 247, 305, 564.593
   Archosargus probatocepha/us  Allen, Cgburn, Moore
 Pinfish                        7,8, 9,33, 50,59,60,385. 452,564
   Lagodon nrhomboldes         Allen, DOburn, Moore
 Spotted seatrout               7.9, 33,59,60,247,305,339,341,385,405,502,564
   Cynoscion nebulosus         Allen, Ogburn, Moore
Weakfish                       7,8,9,308,338,343,385,449,451,564
   Cynoscion reca/is           Allen, COaburn. Moore
Spot                           7.8,9.50.59,60,111,305,345,385,449,451,452,564
   Leiostomus xanthurus        Allen, Onburn. Moore
Southern kingfish              8, 9, 33, 35, 385, 451, 465, 564
   Men//iarthus amrer/canus    Allen, Oglburn, Moore
Atlantic croaker               7, 8, 9. 36, 50. 59. 60. 305333, 352, 385, 449, 564
   Micropogonias undula/us     Allen, COburn. Moore
Black drum                     7.9, 38.247,376, 564
    Poooionas atomis            Allen. Ooburn. Moore
Red drum                       7,8, 9,33,38,59.60.247.305.342, 584
    Sciaenops oce//atus         Allen, Cgburn. Moore
Striped mullet                 8,9,14,50,59,60,385,452,584
    Mugul cepha/us9             Allen, Oqburn, Moore
Spanish mackerel               33.59,60,80, 157,225,305,385, 593
   Scomberomotus macu/a/us    Allen, Oqburn. Moore
Gulf flounder                  50. 132.385.451,452,593
   Para/ich/hys a/bigut/a      Allen, Ogburn, Moore
Summer flounder                7,8. 9,33,50,59,60,385,421,452,564
   Patalich/hys den/at us      Allen, Opburn. Moore
Southern flounder              7, 8, 9, 50, 59, 60, 385, 452, 564
   Patalichthys Jethos/tiorra  Allen, Onburn. Moore
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8. p. 151 -1 77.
Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 7. p. 1148-1150.       135








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Comnmon/Scientific Name       North and South Santee Rivers, SC
Mussel                         1. 153, 593    -
   MVtilis eduls               Anderson
Bay scallop                    153,593
   Arqopecten Itradians        Anderson
American oyster               27, 57, 64, 183. 262. 263, 335, 476
   Crassostrea virolnica       Stender. Anderson
Common rangia                  61.289, 593
   Ranola cuneata              Anderson
Hard clam                      13,56,64,138, 139,140,184,317,414
   Mercenaria species          Stender, Anderson
Brown shrimp                  34,38,64,82,130, 144,329,387,512,559,580,579
   Penaeus aztecus             Stender. Whitaker, Delancey
Pink shrimp                   87, 130, 144,329,387,SI12,559, 583, 579
   Pena eus duorarum           Stender. Whitaker. Delancey
While shrimp                   64, 130, 144,297,298,329,371,387.,512,559,563,579
   Penaeus sefif erus          Stender, Whitaker. Delancey
Grass shrimp                   10, 12,64,284, 387.459,559, 563,579
   Palaemonetes puLtqo         Stender. Whitaker, Delancey
SIlue crab                    64, 131,304,328,523.559,563, 579
   Calilnectes sarpldus:       Stender. Whitaker. Delancey
Atlantic sturgeon              33, 290, 372, 470. 472, 473, 522
   Acloenser oxyrhynchus       Stender. Moore
Ladyfish                      33. 222,250, 325. 557, 593
   Elops saurus                Stender. Moore
American eel                   192, 194.232,328,521,557.563
   Anqulila to strata          Moore
Blueback herring              54, 148,250.338,390,519,563 
   Alosa aesfivalls            Stender. Moore
Alewife                        146,250,390.519,593
   Alosa Pseudoharenous        Slender. Moore
American shad                  96,97. 141.519,520,533,563
   Alosa sajoidissima          Stander. Moore
Atlantic menhaden              328.411,420,557.563
   Brevooflia tytannus         Stender. Moore
Bay anchovy                    7,326,412,449.451,557,563
   Anchoa mitchfill           Stender. Moore
Sheepshead minnow              194,326, 557.593
   Cieprinodon variecatus      Moore
Mummichog                      2.60, 194.326.412.557
   Fundulus hetetoafitus       Moore
Atlantic sliversides           147,P221. 326,349,350,351,383,412,557,563
   Menidia species             Stander. Moore
White perch                    195,338,557.583
   Wr one americana            Slender. Moore
Striped bass                   149,195,320,445,446,474,404,519,557,583
   Mo one saxatilis            Stender. Moore
Bluefish                      9. 33,8$0.68.1, 305, 399. 557, 563
    Pomalomus saltatrix        Stender. Moore
Cobia                          33,195
   Rlachvcentmon canadumn      Stender. Moore
Gray snapper                   9, 195,326,557, 563
   Lulianus qrjtseus           Stender, Moore
Sheepshead                     9. 247,326,557, 563.593
   Archosarous prolbatoceph~alus  Stender. Moore
Pinfish                        108,326.557, 563
   Lariodon nrIomboides        Stander. Moore
Spotted seatrout               33,247,305,326,339,341,405.,502, 557,563
   Cynoscion nebulosus         Stender. Moore
Weakfish                       308, 326,338,343,449, 451,557.563
   Cynosafon teqalis           Slender, Moore
Spot                           111,326,345,449,451, 557, 563
   Lelostomus xanthutus        Stander. Moore
Southern kingfish              33,35, 247,326,451,465. 557,563
   Menticirrhus americanus     Stander, Moore
Atlantic croaker               38. 326. 352, 449, 451, 557. 563
   Micropooonias undulatus     Stender. Moore
Black drum                     7. 38, 247, 325. 376, 557
   P0 conias cromis           Stander, Moore
Red drum                       33,247,305,326,342,557, 148
    Sclaenops ocellatus        Stander, Moore
Striped mullet                 14, 328. 557, 563
   Mumqul cephalus            Stender, Moore
Spanish mackerel               33,80,157,225, 305, 593
   Scomberomotus maculatus    Stender, Moore
Gulf flounder                  326, 557
   Plaraiichthys albiqutta     Slender, Moore
Summer flounder                33,326,421, 557.563
   Parafichrths denratus       Stander. Moore
Southern flounder              326,449,451,557, 563
   Patafichthys lethostioma    Stander. Moore
Numbers correspond to references In Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to individuals In Appendix 7, p. 148-1 50.         136








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Commocn/Scientifc Name         Charleston Harbor, SO
Mussel                         1, 153, 593
   MY11is edulis              Anderson, Martone
Bay scallop                    153,593
   Arrjopecten loadans         Andeson. Martone. VanDolahl
American oyster                27.,57,183, 184,282,263,335,476,524
   Crassostrea virglnica       Anderson, Martone
Common rangia                  61, 289,593
   Ranola cuneala              Anderson, Martone
Hard clam                      13,138,139,140.184,317,524
   Miercenara species          Anderson, Martone
Brown shrimp  -                38,82,329,450,483,512,524.580.585,562,579
   Penaeus aziecus             Whitaker, Delancey, Martone, Archambault, Wenner, Van Dolah
Pink shrimp                    87,130),144,329,,483,524,560,565.562,579
   Penaeus duorarum            Whitaker, Delancey. Marione. Archambault. Wenner, Van Dolah
White shrimp                   34.,130, 144, 145.,297,298,329.371,450,483,512.,524.680,565, 562.579
   Penaeus sefiferus           Whitaker, Delancey, Martone. Archambault. Wenner. Van Dol-ah
Grass shrimp                   10, 12,284,459,483.517.565,562,579
   Palaemonetes puglo          Whitaker, Delancey, Martone, Archambault, Wenner, Van Dolah
Blue crab                      19, 20.304.328,337.450,483,517,523,524, 565,562,579
   Callinecles sapidus         Whitaker, Delancey, Marione. Archambault. Wenner. Van Dolah
Atlantic sturgeon              33, 290.,372, 449, 470. 472, 473.,522.,565
   A cipenser oxydiynchus       Mariona, VanDolah~
Ladyfish                       9. 33, 222, 250, 326,585, 593
   Elops saurus                Martone
American eel                   191,192.194,196,197,232,517,521,565
   Anguilla rostrata           Martone. VanDolah
Blueback herring               54, 146, 250, 336, 390, 451, 517, 519, 565
   Alosa aestivalis            Martone. VanDolah
Alewife                        146,250,390
   Alosa jpseudoharengus       Marione
American shad                  96, 97,141,450.519.520,533.565
   Alosa sapidissima           Martone. VanDolah
Atlantic menhaden              411,420.450,451.483. 517. 524.565
   Brevoortia tyrannus         Martone, VanDolah
Bay anchovy                    7,250,412,450,451,483.517,524,565
   A nchoa mitchilli           Martone, VanDolah
Sheepshead minnow              194,593
   Cyprnnodon vadecoatus
Mummichiog                     2,60,194.517
   Fundulus heteroclitus       Martone
Atlantic silversldes           147,221,349,351,517,565
   Menidia species             Marione, VanDolah
White perch                    195, 336,585
   Morone amerncana            Martone, VanDolalh
Striped bass                   149,195,320,445,446,474.484,517,519,565
   Morone saxatifls            VanDolah
Bluefish                       33, 80. 68.1, 399, 517,5665
    Pomatomnus sallatrix        Martone. VanDolah
Cobia                          33, 195
   Rachycentron canadum         Martone. VanDolah
Gray snapper                   195.565
   Lutianusjorlseus            VanDolahi
Sheepshead                     247, 565, 593
   Archosacqus probatocephalus  Marione. VanDolah
Pinf ish                       9.50. 108.326,565
   Laqodon rhomboides          Martone. VanDolah
Spotted seatrout               33.,107,247,339,341,406,451.502.517,565, 558
   Cynoscion nebulosus         Martone, VanDolah~
Weakfish                       308,338.343. 451.483, 524. 565
   Cynoscion regal/s            Martone. VanDolahi
Spot                           111,345,451.483.517,524.565
   L elostomus xanthurus       Martone. VanDolahi
Southemn lingfish              33, 35,485, 565
   Menticirrhus americanus     Martone, VanDolah
Atlantic croaker               38, 333,352,451,483,517.524,655
   Micropogonisis undulatus     Martone, VanDolahi
Black drum                     7,247,326.376,451,565
    Pa pan/as croirns
Red drum                       33,107,247,342,565,550
    Sciaenops ace/I atus        Martone, VanDolah~
Striped mullet                 14, 517,5685
    Mugul cephalus              Martone, VanDolah
Spanish mackerel               33, 80, 157,225,585, 593
   Scomberomarus maculatus    Martone. VanDolah~
Gulf flounder                  132. 593
   Paraih~thys albigutta        Marione
Summer flounder                7, 8.326,421,483,517. 56,558
   Paralichthys dentatus        Martone, VanDolah
Southem flounder               7.8,33,328,451,483,517,.565,593,558
   Paralichthys lethostiOmna    Marione. VanDolah
Numbers correspond to references In Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to individuals In Appendix 7, p. 148.150.            137









Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Common/Scientific Name           St. Helena Sound, SC
Mussel                           1,153,5
   Mvtilis edulls                Anderson, Stokes. Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton
Bay scallop                      63,153,184, 593
   ArooPecten irradians          Anderson. Stokes
American oyster                  27, 57, 183, 262, 263, 330, 335, 476
   Crassostrea viroinica         Anderson. Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway. Hamilton
Common rangla                    61,289, 593
   Ranqia cuneata                Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins. Holloway. Hamilton
Hard clam                        13,138.139, 140, 184. 306
   Mercenaria species            Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton
Brown shrimp                     34, 38, 82, 130, 144,329, 449,512, 579
   Penaeus aziecus               Stokes. Whitaker. Delancey. Wenner
Pink shrimp                      34, 38, 87. 130, 144, 329, 449, 512, 579
   Penaeus duorarum              Stokes. Hopkins, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner
White shrimp                     34.38, 62, 63, 130, 144, 145, 297, 298, 329, 371. 449, 512, 579
   Penaeus setiferus             Stokes. Hopkins. Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner
Grass shrimp                     10,12, 284, 449,452, 459. 579
   Palaemonetes Duolo            Stokes. Hopkins. Whitaker. Delancey, Wenner
Blue crab                        304,449, 523, 579
   Callinectes saPldus           Stokes, Hopkins, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner
Atlantic sturgeon                290, 372, 449, 470, 472, 473, 522. 593
   Acipenser oxyrhynchus         Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Moore
Ladyfish                         33,222,250,315,593
   Eloos saurus                  Stokes. Hopkins, Moore
American eel                     192, 194, 197, 232. 521
   Anouilla rostrata             Stokes. Hopkins. Moore
Blueback herring                 146, 250,336, 390, 451,519
   Alosa aesfivalis              Stokes, Hopkins
Alewife                          146,250,390,593
   Alosa oseudoharenous          Stokes. Holloway. Hopkins. Hamilton. Moore
American shad                    141,519. 520, 533, 593
   Alosa sapidissima             Stokes. Holloway., Hopkins. Moore
Atlantic menhaden                50, 336, 411,420, 451
   Brevoorffa tyrannus           Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins. Moore
Bay anchovy                      50, 60, 95, 250, 412, 450, 451.452
   Anchoa mitchllli              Stokes. Hopkins. Moore
Sheepshead minnow                60, 95, 194. 593
   Cyprinodon varlegatus         Stokes. Hopkins, Moore
Mummichog                        2, 60, 95, 194, 412
   Fundulus heteroditus          Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Moore
Atlantic silversides             60, 95, 147, 221,349,351, 363. 412, 452
   Menidia species               Stokes, Holloway. Hopkins. Moore
White perch                      195, 336
   Morone americana              Stokes, Holloway. Hopkins. Hamilton
Striped bass                     149, 195, 449. 474. 519
   Morone saxatflis              Stokes, Holloway. Hamilton
Bluefish                         33, 38, 305, 399,450, 451,593
    Pomatomus saltatrix          Stokes. Holloway. Hamilton
Cobia                            33.38, 195, 305
   Rachycentron canadum          Stokes. Holloway, Hamilton, Moore
Gray snapper                     60,95, 195. 449, 593
   LugJanus griseus              Holloway. Moore
Sheepshead                       38, 247, 593
   Archosarous orobatocephalus  Stokes, Holloway, Hamilton, Moore
Pinfish                          50, 60, 108, 452
   Laoodon rhomboides            Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway. Moore
Spotted seatrout                 33, 247, 308, 339,341,405, 502, 558
   Cvnosdon nebulosus            Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Hamilton, Moore
Weakfish                         308, 338, 343. 406, 449, 451
   Cvnoscion reoalis             Stokes. Hamilton. Holloway, Moore
Spot                             95, 111, 345, 449, 451
   Leiostomus xanthurus          Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway. Moore
Southern kingfish                35, 449, 451,465
   Menficirrhus americanus       Stokes, Holloway, Moore
Atlantic croaker                 36, 333, 352, 449, 451
   Micropooonias undulatus       Stokes, Hamilton. Holloway, Moore
Black drum                       38, 247, 376, 451
    Poqonlas cromis              Stokes, Holloway, Moore
Red drum                         33, 38, 247. 342,558
    SciaenoDs ocellatus          Stokes. Holloway. Moore
Striped mullet                   14, 50, 60, 95
    Muoul cephalus               Stokes. Holloway., Hopkins. Hamilton. Moore
Spanish mackerel                 38, 80. 157, 593
   Scomberomorus maculatus       Stokes, Holloway, Hamilton, Moore
Gulf flounder                    50, 60, 451, 593
   Parallichthys albioutta       Stokes, Hamilton, Moore
Summer flounder                  33, 38,50, 60, 421.451,558, 593
   Paralichthvs dentatus         Stokes. Holloway, Hamilton. Moore
Southern flounder                38, 50, 60, 449, 451,558, 593
   Paralichthys lethostioma      Moore, Stokes
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8. p. 151-177.
Names correspond to Individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.             138








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/Scientific Name          Broad River, SC
 Mussel                          1,153,593
    Myt ifis edulis              Anderson. Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway, Hamilton
 Say scallop                     63. 153. 184. 593
    Aroapecten irradlans         Anderson, Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway. Hamilton
 American oyster                 27.37,57, 183,262.263.335,476
    Crassostrea virninica        Anderson. Stokes. HoDkIns, Holloway. Hamilton
 Common rangia                   61. 289. 593
    Ranaqla cuneala              Anderson. Stakes. Hopkins. Holloway
 Hard clamn                      13,37,138,139,140,184
    Mercenarla speades           Anderson. Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway
 Brown shrimp                    34,37,38,82. 14-4,145,329,449.512,517,570,579
    Penaeus azlecus               Stokes. HopkIns. Holloway. Whltaker. Delancey. Wenner
 Pink shrimp                     34.37,38,87.130, 144,329.512. 579
    Penaeus duorarum              Stokes, Hopkins. Holloway, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner
 White shrimp                    34,37,130,144,145.297,298,371,449,512,579
    Penaeus sefif erus           Stokes, Hopkins. Holloway, Whitaker. Delancey, Wenner
 Grass shrimp                    10. 12,284,452,459,515,579
    Palaemonetes: PuL1          Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway, Whltaker. Delancey. Wenner
 Blue crab                       37. 131,304,328,449,515.523,579
    Callinectes sapidus           Stakes, Hopkins. Holloway, Whitaker. Delancey. Wenner
 Atlanfic sturgeon               219,290,372,470,473,522
    Acipenseroxythync~hus         Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway
 Ladyfish                        33, 219, 222, 250, 515, 593
    Elaos saurus                  Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway
 American eel                    37, 192, 194, 197,232,515,521
    Anquilla rostrala             Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway
 Blueback herring                37, 146,250,336,390,449,519
    Alosa aestivalis              Stakes, Holloway
 Alewife                         146, 250,390
    Alosa oseudoharenous          Stokes. Holloway
 American shad                   141, 519,533
    Alosa sapidissima            Stakes, Hopkins, Holloway
 Atlantic menhaden               37,50,219,336,411,420,449,515
    BreVOortia tyrannus           Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton
 Bay anchovy                     37,250.327,449,451,515
    Anchoa mitchilli              Stokes. Holloway
 Sheepshead minnow               37, 194,593
    Cyprinodon variegalus        Stakes, Hopkins, Holloway
 Mummichog                       2,37,60,194,412.515
    Fundulus heteraclitus        Stokes, Hopkins. Holloway
 Atlantic silversides            37.60,147.221.327,349,363,452.515
    Menidia species              Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway
 White perch                     37,195.336
    Adrone americana              Stokes. Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton
 Striped bass                    149, 195,474,519
    Morone, saxatf us             Stokes. Hopkins, Holloway, HamIlton
 Bluefish                        33, 37, 38,8$0, 219. 68.1, 305, 399, 449, 51 5
    Pomatomus saltatrix         Stokes. Hopkins, Holloway
 Cobia                           33,37,38.195.305
    Radwycentron canadum         Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway
 Gray snapper                    60, 195,515, 593
    Lutianus ariseus             Stokes. Hopkins, Holloway
 Sheepshead                      37,38,60,225, 247, 515,593
   Archosarpus pro balocephalus  Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway
 Pinfish                         33,37,50. 108.452, 515
   Latgodon rhomboides          Stakes, Hopkins, Holloway
 Spotted seatrout                33,37,219,247,339,341,405,502,515
    Cynoscion nebulosus          Stokes. Hamilton, Holloway
 Weakfish                        37, 219,308, 338,343,449,451,515
    Cvnoscdon reqalis            Stokes, Hamilton. Holloway
 Spot                            37,50,111,219,345.449,451,515
   Leiostomus xanthurus         Stokes. Holloway
 Southern kingfish               33,35.37, 247, 449.451,465
   Menficirrhus americanus      Stokes. Holloway
Atlantic croaker                36,37,50,219,333,352,449,451,515
   Micro~ooonias undulatus      Stokes. Hopkins. Holloway
 Black drum                      37,38,219,247,376,515
    Poponias cromis              Stokes, Holloway
 Red drum                        33,37,38,219,247.342,515
    Sciaenops ocellatus         Stokes, Holloway
Striped mullet                  14,37.50, 515
    Muoul cephalus              Stokes, Hamilton. Holloway
Spanish mackerel                37,80. 157,515, 593
   Scomberomorus maculatus    Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway
Gulf flounder                   37, 132.451,515
   Paralichthys albloutta       Stokes, Hamilton
Summer flounder                 33.37.386,0,60,219,421,515,593
   Parelichthys dentatus        Stokes, Hamilton. Holloway
Southern flounder               33,37,38,219,449,515,593
   Parafichthys lethostioma     Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8. p. 151-177.
Names correspond to Individuals In Appendix 7, p. 148-150.13









Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/Scientific Name         Savannah River, GA
 Mussel                          1,378
    Mvytilis edulis
 Bay scallop                     211,229
   Areopecten Irradians         Music
 American oyster                 57, 67, 200, 208, 210, 228, 300, 384, 528, 540
    Crassostrea viroinica        Music
 Common rangla                   289
    Ranela cuneata               Music
 Hard clam                       21., 138, 209. 241,368. 397, 528, 534, 535, 536, 538, 540. 541. 542, 543, 546
    Mercenaria species           Music. Walker
 Brown shrimp                    16. 68. 199 288, 312. 313, 374. 377. 486. 487. 489.490
    Penaeus aztecus              Music
 Pink shrimp                     16, 45, 312, 313, 367, 374, 377, 487, 489
    Penaeus duorarum             Music
 White shrimp                    68, 199, 290,312, 313,371,374, 377, 486, 487, 489.490,529,567
    Penaeus setiferus            Music
 Grass shrimp                    101, 127, 154, 189,207, 238, 239, 276, 277, 280,281,376, 415, 416
    Palaemonetes puolo
 Blue crab                       21,67, 208,312, 313, 314,374, 377,389, 453, 486, 487, 490, 523, 540
    Calinectes sapldus          Music
 Atlantic sturgeon               42, 103, 105, 290, 312, 313,372, 430, 438, 522
   Acidenser oxvrhynchus        Music
 Ladyfish                        103,164, 312, 313, 377, 388, 438
    EloDs saurus
 American eel                    42, 103, 105, 312, 313, 377, 388, 410, 438, 467, 468, 521
   Anqul/la rostrata             Music
 Blueback herring                42, 51,103,105, 312, 313, 377, 390,430, 438, 467, 468, 492, 495. 518
   Alosa aestivalis             Music
 Alewife                         51. 105.390
   Alosa oseudoharenous         Music. Schmitt
 American shad                   42, 67, 103,105.135,141, 176, 193, 375, 410, 430,438, 467, 468, 487,518, 533
   Alosa sapidissima            Music, Schmitt
 Atlantic menhaden               103, 283. 312, 313, 377. 410, 420.438, 467. 468, 486, 487, 489, 490
   Brevoortia lyrannus          Music
 Bay anchovy                     103, 312, 313, 377, 410,438, 467, 468, 486, 487, 489, 490
   Anchoa mitchilli             Music
 Sheepshead minnow               103, 220, 438
    Cyprlnodon varleqatus
 Mummichog                       2,103, 278, 313,438
   Fundulus heteroclitus
 Atlantic silversides            103, 147, 312, 313, 377, 410,467, 468
   Menidia species              Music
 White perch                     103
   Morone americana             Music
 Striped bass                    42, 103. 105, 124, 125. 126, 165, 312, 313, 323, 324, 388, 410, 430,438, 467, 468, 469, 474,490, 518, 568
   Morone saxatilis             Music. Schmitt
 Bluefish                        103, 261,283. 312, 313, 377. 386, 388, 438, 487, 489, 490. 571
    Pomatomus saltatrix          Music
 Cobia                           103, 195, 312,313, 388
   Rachycentron canadum         Music
 Gray snapper                    49,312, 313, 388, 438, 487
   Lutianus priseus             Music
 Sheepshead                      103, 261.312, 313, 376. 377, 388, 438
   Archosarous orobatocephalus   Music
 Pinfish                         103, 108, 312, 313, 377, 388, 438, 487
   Lagodon rhomboides           Music
 Spotted seatrout                103, 249, 261,285, 312, 313, 339,376, 377, 388,438, 487
   Cynoscion nebulosus          Music
Weakfish                        103, 261,283, 312, 313, 338, 343, 376, 377, 388,486, 487, 489,490,572
   Cvnoscion reaalis            Music
 Spot                            103, 190, 261,283, 312, 313, 345, 376, 377, 388,438, 486, 487, 488, 489,490
   Leiostomus xanthurus          Music
Southern kingfish               67, 103, 261,283, 312, 313,376. 377, 388, 460,487, 489, 490
   Menticirhus americanus        Music
Atlantic croaker                103, 120, 261,283, 312, 313. 344, 376, 377, 388,486, 487, 489,490
   Microoooonias undulatus      Music
Black drum                      103, 155, 247, 261,312,313, 376, 388, 438, 461
    Poqonlas cromis              Music
Red drum                        53, 103, 261,312,313, 340,341,376, 377, 388, 438, 490
    Sciaenops ocellatus          Music
Striped mullet                  14, 79, 103, 105, 312, 313, 377, 388, 410, 438, 467, 468, 487, 489, 490
    Muoul cephalus               Music, Schmitt
Spanish mackerel                80,103. 173. 261,283, 312,313, 377, 38, 487, 489,490
   Scomberomorus maculatus      Music
Gulf flounder                   67,103,132,164, 569
   Paralichthvs albioutta       Music
Summer flounder                 67, 103, 164, 312, 313, 376,377, 388, 421,487, 569
   Paralichthvs dentatus        Music
Southern flounder               67. 103, 132, 164, 283, 312, 313, 376. 377, 388, 410, 438, 486, 487, 489, 490, 569
   Paralichthys lethostiornma   Music
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 7. p. 148-150.          140









Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/Scientific Name          Ossabaw Sound, GA
 Mussel                          1,378
    Mytilis edulis
 Bay scallop                     211,229
   Araopecten Irradians          Music
 American oyster                 57, 67, 88, 200, 228, 267, 300,384, 528
    Crassostrea virginica         Music
 Common rangia                   289
    Rangia cuneata                Music
 Hard dam                         138, 368, 528, 543
    Mercenaria species            Music. Walker
 Brown shrimp                     16, 68, 156, 199,288, 312, 313, 374, 377, 486, 487
    Penaeus aztecus               Music
 Pink shrimp                      16, 45, 156. 312, 313, 367, 377, 453
    Penaeus duorarum              Music
 White shrimp                    68, 156, 199.267, 290,312, 313, 371,374, 377,453, 486. 487. 529. 5687
    Penaeus setiferus             Music
 Grass shrimp                     101, 127, 154. 189, 207, 238. 239,276, 277, 280.281,376, 415, 416
   Palaemonetes puglo
 Blue crab                       67, 156, 312, 313, 374, 377, 389,453, 486. 487, 523
    Callinectes sapidus           Music
 Atlantic sturgeon                103, 312, 313, 372, 430, 522
   Acipenser oxyrhynchus
 Ladyfish                         103, 164, 312, 313, 377, 388
    Elops saurus                  Schmitt
 American eel                     103, 312, 313, 377, 388, 410,437, 453, 521
   Anguilla rostrata             Music, Schmitt
 Blueback herring                51,103, 312, 313, 377, 390, 430, 453, 467, 468, 492, 518
   Alosa aestivalis              Music
 Alewife                         51,105,390
   Alosa pseudoharengus          Music, Schmitt
 American shad                   67. 103, 135. 141, 193, 233, 347, 375, 407, 410, 430,437, 453, 467, 468, 487, 498, 507, 518, 533
   Alosa saDidissima             Music. Schmitt
Atlantic menhaden                103. 283, 312, 313, 377. 410. 420. 422, 453, 467, 468, 486, 487
   Brevoortia lyrannus           Music
 Bay anchovy                     103. 312, 313, 377. 410.453. 467. 468.486, 487
   Anchoa mitchilli              Music
 Sheepshead minnow                103, 220, 313
    Cyprinodon varlegatus
 Mummlchog                       2, 103, 278, 313, 453, 467, 468, 487
   Fundulus heterociltus
Atlantic silversides             103, 147, 312, 313, 377, 453, 467, 468, 487
   Menidia species               Music
White perch                      103, 388
   Morone americana              Music
 Striped bass            I.       103,161,162. 230, 233, 312, 313, 323, 324, 388. 410, 430,437, 467, 468, 469,474, 518, 568
   Morone saxatilis              Music. Schmitt
 Bluefish                         103, 261,283, 312, 313. 377, 386. 388, 453, 487, 571
    Pomatomus saltatrix           Music
Cobia                            103. 195, 312, 313, 388
   Rachycentron canadum          Music
Gray snapper                    49, 312, 313, 388, 453
   Lu/ianus oriseus              Music
 Sheepshead                       103, 261,312, 313, 376. 377. 388, 453
   Archosarqus probatocePhalus   Music
Pinfish                          103,108, 312, 313, 377, 388, 453, 487
   Lagodon rhomboides            Music
Spotted seatrout                 103, 156, 162, 233, 249, 261.285, 312, 313. 339, 376, 377, 388, 453, 487
   Cynosdcion nebulosus          Music
Weakfish                         103,156, 261,283, 312, 313, 338, 343. 376. 377, 388, 453, 486, 487, 572
   Cynoscion regalis             Music
Spot                             103,156, 190, 261,283. 312. 313, 345,376. 377. 388, 422, 437, 453, 467, 468, 486, 487, 488. 489
   Leiostomus xanthurus          Music
Southern kingfish                67,103, 261,283. 312, 313, 376, 377, 388,453, 460, 487
   Mentidrrhus americanus        Music
Atlantic croaker                 103. 120.156. 261.267. 283, 312, 313. 344. 376, 377, 388. 422. 453, 467. 468, 486, 487
   Micropogonias undulatus       Music
Black drum                       103,155, 247, 261.312. 313, 376, 388.453,461
    Pogonias cromis               Music
Red drum                        53.103.162. 233. 261,312, 313, 340. 341.376, 377, 388, 437, 453
    Sciaenops ocellatus           Music
Striped mullet                   14, 79, 103, 312. 313, 377, 388. 410,422, 437, 453, 467, 468, 487
    Mugul cephalus                Music
Spanish mackerel                80,103,173, 261,283, 312, 313, 377, 388, 487
   Scomberomorus maculatus       Music
Gulf flounder                    67,103,132,164
   Paralichthvs alb/iutta        Music
Summer flounder                 67, 103, 164, 312, 313, 376. 377. 388,421,453, 487
   Paralichthys dentatus         Music
Southern flounder               67, 103, 132, 164, 283, 312, 313, 376, 377. 388, 410,422, 453, 467. 468. 486. 487
   Paralichthys lethostigma      Music
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8. p. 151-177.
Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.              141









Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Common/Scientific, Name       St. Cathernne/Sapelo Sound, GA
Mussel                        1,378
   MYtills edulls
Bay scailop                   211,229
   Amoogecten irradians        Music
American oyster               26. 57,67. 128, 154, 188,200,207,228.238. 239,299,300,384,485,528,583
   Crassostrea virginica       Music
Common rangla                 289
   Rangla cun eats             Music
Hard clamn                    127, 138. 178, 207, 241. 368, 528,83W, 544. 543
   Mercenaria species          Music. Walker
Brown shrimp                  18,688, 101,156, 199,207,229,238.239,278,287,288,311,313,322,374,377
   Penaeus azlecus             Music
Pink shrimp                   16, 45,158,207,229,311,-313, 367,377
   Penaeus duorarum            Music
White shrimp                  68, 101, 106,154.188.199,207,229.238. 239,276.287,290,311.313.322.371.374,377,415.416,567
   Penaeus set/ferns           Kneib. Music
Grass shrimp                  101,127,154,189,207,238,239,276,277,280,281,376,415,416
   Palaemonetes puplo          Kneib
Blue crab                     67,101,154, 156.229,238,239. 276,299,311,313,314,322,374, 377, 389,415.416,453,523.583
   Cafllnectes sapidus         Music
Atlantic sturgeon             103, 311. 313, 372, 430, 522
   A cipenser oxvrtwnchus      Music
Ladyflsh                      100, 101, 103, 164.238,239,311,313,377,388,415,416
   Elops saurus
American eel                  101, 103,104,105.311, 313,377, 388, 521
   Anguilla rostrata           Music
Blueback herring              51, 101,103,311,313,377,390,430,518
   Alosa aestiivalis           Music
Alewife                       51. 105.390
   Alosa pseudoharengus        Music
American shad                 67, 101,103,104,105,135,141,430,518,833
   Alosa sapidissima           Music
Atlantic menhaden             100,101, 103,104.238,239,283,311,313.377,382,383,415,416,420
   Brevoortia tyrannus         Kneib. Music
Bay anchovy                   100,101,103.104, 229,311.313,322,377,415.416.447
   Anchoa mit/chitll           Music
Sheepshead minnow             101,103,220,415,416
   Cypdnhodon variegatus
Mummichog                     2,101,103,104.154,238,239,275.276,278.279,280,322,409,415,416
   Fundulus heteroclitus       Kneib
Atlantic silversides          100,103,104,147,311,313,322,377
   Adonidia species            Music
White perch                   103,388
   Mdomne americana            Music
Striped bass                  101, 103,388,430,474,518
   Morons, saxafilis           Music
Bluefish                      101.103,104,229,261, 283,311.313,377,386,388,571
   Pomnatomus saltawrx        Music
Cobia                         103,195,388
   Rachycentron canadum        Music
Gray snapper                  49,311,313,388
   L utianus guiseus   ,       Music
Sheepshead                    101,103, 261,299,311,313,376,377,388
   Archosargus probatocephalus  Music
Pinfish                       101,103.108, 229,238,239,311,313,377,388
   Lago don rhomboides         Music
Spotted seatrout              101,103,104,156.,229,238,239,249,261,285,311,313,322,339,376,377,388,415,416,447
   Cynoscion nebulosus         Kneib. Music
Weakfish                      100.103,104, 106.,156,229,261,283,311,313,338,343,376,377,388,447,572
   Cynoscion regalia           Music
Spot                          101.,103, 104, 158.,190,229, 238,239,261.283,311,313.322,345,376,377,388.416,447,488.583
   Lejostomus xanthunus        Kneib, Music
Southern kingfish             87, 100, 101, 103.,104, 229,261, 283.,311,313, 376,377,388,447, 460
   Menficirrhus americanus     Music
Atlantic croaker              101. 103, 104. 106. 120, 156,229,261,283,311,313,32-2,34.4.378,377,388
   Micropooonias undulatus     Music
Black drum                    101. 103,104, 106, 155, 247, 261.299,311, 313,376,388.481
   Pogonias cromis            Music
Red drum                      53.,101,103,238,239,261,311,313,340.341.376.377,388.447
   Sciaenops ocellatus        Music
Striped mullet                14,55, 101, 103,104, 105, 154.238,239,311, 313,322,377,382,383,388,409,415.416
   Mug ut cephalus            Kneib, Music
Spanish mackerel              80,101, 103,173,261,283,311,313,377,388
   Scomberomorus maculatus    Music
Gulf flounder                 67,101,103,104,132,164
   Parafichfths aiblautta      Music
Summer flounder               67,100. 101,103, 104, 164,229.238,239,311,313,376,377.388, 421
   Parahchthys dentatus        Music
Southern flounder             67,100,101,103,104,132,164.229,283,311,313,378.377,388
   Parahlchthys lethostiqma   Music
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to Individuals In Appendix 7, p. 148-150.         142








Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

 Common/Scientific Name          Altamaha River, GA
 Mussel                          1,378  -
    MytIis edulis
 Bay scallop                     211,229
   Aroopecten irradians          Music
 American oyster                 57, 67, 200, 228, 238, 239, 299, 300, 384, 528, 583
    Crassostrea virolnica        Music
 Common rangia                   174, 175, 289
    Ranola cuneata               Music
 Hard clam                       138, 174, 368, 528, 543
   Mercenarla species            Music, Walker
 Brown shrimp                    16, 68,238, 239, 288, 311,313,377, 453
   Penaeus aztecus               Music
 Pink shrimp                     16, 45, 229, 311,313, 367, 377
   Penaeus duorarum             Music
 White shrimp                    68, 238, 239, 290, 311,313, 371,374, 377, 567, 591
    Penaeus setiferus             Music
 Grass shrimp                    101,127, 154, 189,207,238, 239.276. 277,280, 281,376, 415, 416
   Palaemonetes Ouoio
 Blue crab                       67,229,238,239,311,313,314,374,377,389,453,523,583
    Callinectes sapidus          Music
 Atlantic sturgeon               103, 105, 235, 311,313, 372, 430,522
   AciPenser oxyrhynchus
 Ladyfish                        103, 164, 238, 239, 253, 311, 313, 353, 377, 388
    Eloos saurus
 American eel                    103, 105. 212. 213. 214. 235, 253. 311,313, 353, 377. 388, 467, 468, 521
   Arinul/la rostrata            Music
 Blueback herring                3, 4, 51, 103, 105, 179,235, 253, 311,313, 353. 377, 390, 430, 466, 467. 468, 492. 493. 495, 518
   Alosa aestivalis              Music
 Alewife  .                      51, 105,390
   Alosa pseudoharenous          Music
American shad                   3, 67. 103,105, 135, 141,176, 180, 179.193, 235. 253. 347, 348, 353, 375, 407, 430, 466, 467, 468, 495. 518, 527. 533
   Alosa sapidissima             Music
Atlantic menhaden               103, 238. 239. 253, 283, 311,313, 353, 377, 420,591
   Brevoorta tyrannus            Music
 Bay anchovy                     103, 229, 253, 311,313, 353, 377, 467, 468, 591
   Anchoa mitchlli               Music
 Sheepshead minnow               103, 220, 253, 353
   Cyprinodon varieqatus
Mummichog                       2,103, 238, 239,253, 278, 313, 353, 591
   Fundulus heteroditus
Atlantic silversides            103, 147, 253, 311,313, 353, 377, 467, 468, 591
   Menidia species               Music
White perch                     103, 388
   Morone americana              Music
Striped bass                    103, 105, 235, 323, 388, 430, 466, 467, 468,474, 518, 568
   Morone saxatilis              Music
Bluefish                        103, 253, 261,283, 311,313, 353, 377, 386, 388, 571
    Pomatomus saltatrix          Music
Cobia                           103, 195,388
   Rachycentron canadum          Music
Gray snapper                    49, 235,253, 311,312, 353, 388
   Lufianus riseus               Music
Sheepshead                      103, 253. 261,313, 353, 376, 377, 388
   Archosarous probatocechalus   Music
Pinfish                         103, 108, 229,238. 239, 253, 311,313, 353, 377, 388, 591
   Laoodon rhomboides            Music
Spotted seatrout                103, 229, 235, 238, 239, 249, 253, 261,285, 311,313,. 339, 353, 376, 377. 388, 447, 591
   Cynoscion nebulosus           Music
Weakfish                        103, 229. 253, 261.283, 311,313, 338, 343, 353. 376, 377, 388, 447, 572, 591
   Cvnoscion reoalis             Music
Spot                            103, 190, 229, 238, 239,253, 261,283, 311,313, 345. 353, 373, 376, 377, 388, 447, 467, 468. 488. 583
   Leiostomus xanthurus          Music
Southern kingfish               67. 103, 229, 253, 261,283, 311,313,353, 376, 377, 388, 447, 460, 591
   Menticirhus amencanus         Music
Atlantic croaker                103, 120, 229, 253, 261,283, 311,313, 344, 353, 376, 377, 388, 447, 467, 468
   Micropooonias undulatus       Music
Black drum                      103, 155, 247, 253, 261.311,313, 353, 376, 388. 461,591
    Pogonias cromis              Music
Red drum                        53, 103, 235, 238, 239, 253, 261,311,313, 340, 341,353, 376, 377, 388, 447
    Sciaenops ocellatus          Music
Striped mullet                  14, 79, 103, 105,235, 238, 239,253, 311,313, 377, 388, 467, 468
    Muoul ceohalus               Music
Spanish mackerel                80,103, 173, 253, 261, 283, 311,313,353, 377, 388
   Scomberomorus maculatus       Music
Gulf flounder                   67, 103,132, 164, 353
   Paralichthys albioutta        Music
Summer flounder                 67, 103, 164, 229, 235, 238, 239,253,311,313. 353, 376, 377, 388, 421,591
   Paralichthvs dentatus         Music
Southem flounder                67,103,132,164, 229, 235, 253, 283, 311.313, 353, 376, 377, 388, 467, 468, 591
   Paralichthys lethost/ma       Music
Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to Individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.          143







Appendix-6, continued, Table of references and personal communications.

Common/Scientific Namne        St. Andrew/St. Simon Sound, GA
Mussel                         1,378

Bay scallop                    211,229
   Araot.ecten Irmadlans        Music
American oyster                57,67,200,228,286,267,300,321,376,384,528
   Crassostrea virglnica        Music
Common rangia                  174,266,289
   Rangla cuneata               Music
Hard clan,                     138,177,178,241,267,368.376,528,543
   Mercenana species            Music, Walker
Brown shrimp                   16, 68,156. 189, 199, 266, 267. 288, 310, 313, 374, 376, 377
   Penaeus azfecus      ,       Music
Pink shrimp                    16, 45,156, 310, 313, 367,,376, 377
   Penaeus duorarum             Music
White shrimp                   68.,156, 189, 199.,267, 290, 310.,313, 371,374. 376, 377,5667, 591
   Penaeus sefiferus            Music
Grass shrimp                   101, 127. 154,189,207,238,239.266,276,277,280,281, 376, 415,416
   Pataemoneles Duglo
Blue crab                      67,156,189,266.310,313,314,374,376,377,389,453,523
   Calline~ctes sapidus         MUSIC
Atlantic sturgeon              15,103,267,310,313,372,430,522
   Acioenser oxyrhynchus
Ladyfish                       103,164,310,313.376,377,388
   Elops saunus
American eel                   103,189,310.313,376,377,388,521
   Anguilla rostrafa            MUSIC
Biueback herring               51. 103,310,313,377,390,430.518
   Alosa aestivalis             Music
Alewife                        51. 105, 390
   Alosa pseudoharenqus         Music
American shad                  67. 103, 135,141,193,430,518,533
   Alosa sapidissima            Music
Atiantic menhaden              15.,103.,189,283,309,310,313,376,377,420,591
   Brevoortla lyrannus          Music
Bay anchovy                    15.,103,189,309,310,313,376,377,591
   Anchoa mitchfilli            Music
Sheepshead minnow              103, 220, 309, 375
   Cyp~rinodon variegatus
Mummichog                      2,103.,189,278,309, 310.,313,376, 591
   Fundulus heteroclitus
Atlantic sliversides           103,147, 310.313,376,377,591
   Menidia species              Music
While perch                    103, 388
   Worong americana             Music
Striped bass                   103,310,313,388.430,474.518,568
   Worong saxatills             Music
Bluefish                       15.103.261.283,310,313,377,386,388,571
   Pomatomus saltatlrix        Music
Cobia                          15, 103, 195,310,313.388
   Rachycentron canadum,        Music
Gray snapper                   49, 189,310,313.376, 388
   Lutianus vriseus,            Music
Sheepshead                     103,189.261,310.313,376,377,388
  Archosargus probatocephalus, Music
Pinfish                        15.,103,108, 189,310,313,376,377,388,591
   Lagodon rhomboides           Music
Spatted seatrout               15,103,156, 189.,249,281,267,285,310,313,339,376,377,388, 591
   Cynoscion nebulosus          Music
Weakfish                       15, 103, 156,189,261,2831,309.310,313,338,343,376,377,388,572,591
   Cynoscion reca/is            Music
Spot                           15, 103.,156.189,190,261,267,283,310,313.345.373.376,377,388.488,591
   Lejostomus xanthurus         Music
Southern kingfish              15,67,103, 189.281.283,310.313,376.377,388.460.591
   Menticirrhus amnericanus     Music
Atlantic croaker               15,103,120.,156,189,261,266,267,283,310,313,344,376,377,388,591
  Micropogonias undulatus      Music
Black drum                     15,103, 155, 189,247.261,266.310,313,376,388.461,591
   Pogonias cromis             Music
Red drum                       53,103, 106, 261,310,313,340, 341,376, 377,388
   Sciaenojos ocellatus        Music
Striped mullet                 14, 15,79,103, 106.,189,310,313,377,388,591
   Mugul cepitalus             Music
Spanish mackerel               80.103,173,261.283,310,313,377,388
   Scombemomorus maculatus      Music
Gulf flounder                  67.103,132,164,376
   ParafIi cithvs aiblaulta     Music
Summer flounder                15,67,103.164,310.313,376,377,388.421,591
   Paralichthys dents/US        Music
Southern flounder              67, 103,108,132, 164, 189,283,310,313,376,377,388,591
  Parafi chf hys lelhosligma   Music
Numbers correspond to references In Appendix 8, p. 151 -177.
Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.         144







 Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Common/Scientific Namne       St. John's River, FL
Mussel                        1,378-
   Mytills edulis              A.D. White
Bay scallop                   152
   Argoioecten Iffadlans       A.G. White
American oyster               27.57, 150,152. 244,302
   Crassostrea virginica       A.D. White
Common rangia        .        94,289
   Rangia cuneata              A.Q. White
Hard clam                     138.152.215
   Mercenaria species          A.Q. White
Brown shrimp                  82, 150,264,255,288,329,579
   Penaeus aztecus             DeMort. A.O. White
Pink shrimp                   87, 126.1, 254,265,288.329,579
   Penaeus duorarum            DehOrt, A.O. White
White shrimp                  112,150,152.254,255,297,298,329,371,579
   Penaeus setifenis           DeMort. A.O. White
Grass shrimp                  12,74,90,579
   Pala emonetes puglo         A.Q. White
Blue crab                     92, 128.1, 150, 152,381,503,523,579
   Calfinectes sapldus         DeMort, A.Q. White
Atlantic sturgeon             31, 89,91,152,331,361,372,522
   Acipenser oxyrhynchius      A.G. White
Ladyfish                      31,71,74,89,90,91,92,94, 129, 150, 152,250,331,380,504
   Elops saurus                DeMort, A.Q. White
American eel                  31.74.89,90,91,92,93,94, 150.152, 194,331,360,381,362,504,521
   Arnguilla rostrata          DeMorn, A.Q. White
Blueback herring              31.74.89,90,91,92,94, 146,250.331,360, 381,504
   Alosa aeslivalls            DeMort. A.G. White
Alewife                        146,250,361
   Alosa pseudoharengus        DeNort, A.G. While
American shad                 31,74,89,90,91,94,110,141,152,331,360,361.379,532,533,582
   Alosa sai dissima           De~ort. A.Q. White
Atlantic menhaden             31,71,74,90,91,92, 150, 152,259,420,504
   Brevoortia lyrannus         DeMort. A.Q. White
Bay anchovy                   71,74,89,90,91,92.250.331,361,504
   Anchoa mitchifli            De~ort, A.Q. White
Sheepshead minnow             31,71,89,90,91,92,93,94, 194,331,361,504
   Cypninodon vanegatus        DeMort, A.Q. White
Mummichog                     2,31,71,194.331.361,504
   Fundulus heteroclitus       Dektort. A.O. White
Atlantic silversides          31,74,89.90,91.92,93,94. 147.221.331, 361, 504
   Menidia species             De~ort, A.Q. White
White perch                   195
   Mdorone americana           A.Q. White
Striped bass                  31,74,89.90.91,92,94,149,195,331,360,361,474.504
   Mobrone saxafifis           De~ort. A.G. White
Bluefish                      150,152,386
   Pomatorrus saltatuix       DeMort. A.D. While
Cobia                         152,195
   Rachycenfron canadum        A.G. White
Gray snapper                  31,49.71,90,152,195,331, 360,361.504
   Lutianus oriseus            DeMorn. A.G. White
Sheepshead                    31,71,90,152,247,331,360,361, 504
   Archosargus, probatocephalus DeMort, A.D. White
Pinfish                       31,71,90,92,108.150,331,360,361,504
   Lagodon rhomboides          De~ort. AGD. White
Spotted seatrout              31. 71, 74, 89, 92, 128.1, 150. 152. 247, 249, 331, 339, 341, 360, 361, 501, 503
   Cynoscion nebulosus         DeMon., AGD. White
Weakfish                      31,74,90, 150, 152.338,343,504
   Cynoscion regalis           DeMort, A.G. White
Spot                          31. 71, 74. 150. 152. 331. 345.360. 361, 362, 504
   Leiostomus xanrhurus        DeMort, A.Q. White
Southern kingfish             31.224,247, 465.504
   Menficirrhus amnericanus    DeMort, A.G. White
Atiantic croaker              31,71,74.89,90,91,92,94.,150. 152,331,344,360,361,362,504
   Micropogonias undulatus     De~ort, A.G. White
Black drum                    31,71, 150, 152,247,331,360,378,504
   Pogonias cromis            DeMort, A.D. White
Red drum                      31, 71, 74, 90, 94, 126.1, 150, 152, 247, 246, 331, 340, 342, 360, 361, 394, 504, 592
   Sciaenops ocellaatis       DeMort. AGD. White
Striped mullet                14,31,71.74,79,89.90,91,92,93,94,116, 150,152,331.360,361,362,504
   Muoqul cephalus             DeMort. AGD. White
Spanish mackerel              31,40. 152, 157, 173,403, 504,590
   Scomberomnorus maculatus    DeMort, A.G. While
Gulf flounder                 31, 152, 164, 504
  Plaralichihys albiquita     DeMort. AGD. White
Summer flounder               31, 150, 152, 164, 421,504
  Paralichthys dentatus       DeMort, A.Q. While
Southern flounder             31,71,74,89,90,91.94, 152,164,331,360,361,504
   Paralichthys lethosbrnga    DeMort, A.G. White
Numbers correspond to references In Appendix 8, p. 151-1 77.
Names correspond to Individuals In Appendix 7, p. 1148-1-50.     145







Appendix 6, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Common/Scientific Name         Indian River, FL
Mussel                         1,378-
   Mytifs edulis                Hall, Provencha. c: White
Say scallop                    30,152,270
   Armopecten Ifradians         Hall. Provencha. c. White
American oyster                27,57, 152, 159.,186.1,244,270,302,413,588.1
   Crassostrea virolnica        Hall. Provencha. c. While
Common rangia                  187,289,413,5868.11
   Ranoia cuneata               C. White
Hard clam                      58, 138,152,172,216,215, 270, 318,413,588.
   Mercenarla species           Hall. Provencha. C. While
Brown shrimp                   18, 82, 112, 181,182, 187,255,270,288,329,579
   Penaeus aztecus              Hall, Provencha. c. While
Pink shrimp                    18,87,98,112,181, 182, 186,187,254,255,268,270,329,579
   Penaeus duoranum,            Hall, Provencha, c. White
White shrimp                   18,112,152,188,187,254,255,270,297,298,329,367,579
   Penaeus sedlerus            Hall. Provencha. C. White
Grass shrimp                   12,18,112,181,162,188,187,270,530,568.11,579
   Palaemonetes puglo           Hall, Provencha, C. White
Blue crab                      17,18,152,181,182,188,187,270,391, 503,523,579
   Cafilnecres sapidus          Hall, Provencha. C. White
Atlantic sturgeon              152, 189, 170,372,522
   Acipenser oxyrhynchus        Glimore, Hall. Provencha
Ladyfish                       17,129,152, 168,167,169, 171, 187, 198,250,252,270,296,389,370,475.547
   Elops saurus                 Gilmore
American eel                   78,152, 168,167, 169,194,270,475,478,521
   Anguilla rostrata            Glimore, Hall, Provencha.
Blueback herring               146,250
   Alosa aestivalis             Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
Alewife                        146.250
   Alosa pseudoharengus         Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
American shad                  136, 141. 152.166, 167, 169.270,533
   Alosa sapidissima            Gilmore, Hall, Provencha.
Atlantic menhaden              78, 136, 152.188, 167, 169,187,270,420,475,478,547
   Brevoortia tvrannus         Hall, Provenchat
Bay anchovy                    18,78,166,167,168,169,171,187,250,252,270,296, 332,389,370,439,475,478,547
   Anchoa mitchilli             Gilmore. Hall, Provencha
Sheepshead minnow              136, 168,187,168,169,187,194, 198,270,296,332,439,475,547
   Cyprinodon vanegatus         Gilmore. Hall, Provencha
Mummichog                      2, 136, 167,169, 194,270,332,475
   Fundulus heterocltus         Gilmore. Hall, Provencha.
Atlantic sliversides           147, 188,167, 169,171,187,221,252.270.296, 332, 439,475,547
   Menidia species              Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
White perch                    195
   Morone americana             Glimore, Hall, Provencha.
Striped bass                   149,169,170,195,474
   Morone saxatifis             Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
Bluefish                       17,78,136,152,188,.167,169.252,270,386,475
    Pomnalamus saltatrix        Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
Cobia                          78, 152, 166, 167,169,195,270
   Rachycentron canadum         Glimore, Hall, Provencha
Gray snapper                   17,49,78, 152,168, 167, 169,171,187, 195,252,270,296,369,370,475,478,481,491
   Lu! anus jonseus             Glimore, Hall, Provencha
Sheepshead                     17.18.78,136, 152,166,167,169,171,187,247,252,270,296,369,370,475,478
   Archosargus, probatocephalus  Glimore, Hall, Provencha
Pinfish                        17.18,78,108,136.168,167,169,171,187,252,270,296,332,334,369, 370.,439,475,478,491
   Lago don rhomboides          Glimore, Hall, Provencha
Spotted seatrout               17.78, 136.,152,168,167, 169, 171,187,247,249,252,270,339,341, 389,370,439,475,478, 499, 500, 501, 502, 547
   Cynoscion nebulosus          Glimore, Hall, Provencha
Weakfish                       152.,168,167.,169.,187.270,338,343,389,370,475,478
   Cynoscion regafis            Glimore, Hall, Provencha.
Spot                           17, 18,78,138,152,168,167,169, 171.187.252.270,296.332,345,389,370,439,478
   Lelostomus xanthurus         Glimore, Hall, Provencha
Southern kingfish              18, 136. 168, 167,169,187,224, 247,270,369,370,439, 465,475
   Menticirthus amerlcanus      Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
Atlantic croaker               17.,18,78,138,152, 168, 167, 169,187,252,270,296,332,344,369, 370,475,478
   Micropogonias undulatus      Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
Black drum                     17.78.,136. 152,168.,167, 169, 167,247.252,270.296.369.370.376.439.475
   Pogonias cromis             Glimore, Hall, Provencha
Red drum                       17,78,136,152,168,167,169,171,187.247,246,252,270,296,340.342, 394,439,475.592
   Sciaenops ocellatus         Glimore, Hall, Provencha
Striped mullet                 14, 17,78,79, 116, 136, 152, 188,167.,169,171,187,198,296,332,439,475,.547
   MuQul cephalus              Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
Spanish mackerel               40.,136, 152.,157, 168,167, 169, 173.,252, 270.403.475, 590
   Scomberomorus maculatus      Gilmore, Hall, Provencha
Gull flounder                  18,78,152,164,166,167,169,270,369,370,475
   Parafichthys albiqutta       Gilmore
Summer flounder                152,164,166,167, 169,270
   Paralichthys dentlatus       Gilmore
Southern flounder              78, 136, 152, 164, 168,167, 169, 270, 475
   Parafichthys lefthstigma     Glimore
Numbers correspond to references In Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
Names correspond to individuals In Appendix 7, p. 148-1 50.          146








"l't  i;'Aippendix 6, continued: Table of references and personal communications.

         Common/Scientific Name           Biscayne Bay, FL
         Mussel                           1. 378 -
            Mytlis edulis                  Rutledge
         Bay scallop                      22. 23, 24, 25, 30,152, 419,418
            Araopecten irradians           Rutledne. Curry. Tllmant
         American oyster                  25, 27, 57, 152, 244, 302, 419, 418
            Crassostrea virglnica          Rutledge, Curry
         Common rangla                    289
            Rangia cuneata                 Rutledge
         Hard clam                        138, 152. 172
            Mercenaria species             Rutledge. Tilmant
         Brown shrimp                     22, 23, 25, 82, 255, 288, 419, 418, 434, 531,579
            Penaeus aztecus                Rutledge. Tilmant
         Pink shrimp                      22, 23, 24, 25, 43, 66, 87, 255, 268, 419, 418, 434, 531,579
            Penaeus duorarum               Rutledge, Tilmant
         White shrimp                     152, 255, 298, 367, 579
            Penaeus seftferus              Rutledge, Tllmant
         Grass shrimp                     12, 22, 23, 43, 419, 418, 579
            Palaemonetes puglo             Rutledge
         Blue crab                        22, 24, 25, 43, 152, 419,418, 458, 523, 579
            Callinectes sapidus            Rutledge
         Atlantic sturgeon                470, 522
            Acipenser oxvrhynchus          Rutledge
         Ladyfish                         43, 113, 129, 152, 250,303. 359. 531
            Elops saunrus                  Rutledge, Tllmant
         American eel                     113, 152, 194, 521,531
            Anguil/a rostrata              Rutledge, Tllmant
         Blueback herring                 146, 250
            Alosa aestivalis               Rutledae
         Alewife                          146,250
            Alosa pseudoharengus           Rutledge
         American shad                    141,533
            Alosa sapidissima              Rutledge
         Atlantic menhaden                40, 152, 236. 303, 420, 526
            Brevoortia tyrannus            Rutledae. Schmidt
         Bay anchovy                      11,22, 23, 25, 31,43, 113, 114, 236, 237, 250, 303, 531
            Anchoa mitchil/               Rutledge, Schmidt
         Sheepshead minnow                43, 113, 194, 303, 359,531
            Cyprinodon variegatus          Rutledge, Schmidt
         Mummichog                        2, 194
            Fundulus heteroclitus          Rutledae. Schmidt
         Atlantic silversides             115, 147, 221,531
            Menidia species                Rutledge, Schmidt
         White perch                      195
            Morone americana               Rutledge
         Striped bass                     149,195
            Morone saxaells                Rutledge
         Bluefish                         43, 113, 115, 152, 359,386, 458. 531
             Pomatomus saltatrix           Rutledge, Tllmant
         Cobia                            43,113, 152,195, 359, 531
            Rachycentron canadum           Rutledge
         Gray snapper                     22, 23, 25, 43, 44, 49, 65, 113, 115, 152, 195, 303, 418, 458, 482, 531
            Lutianus griseus               Rutledge
         Sheepshead                       43, 113,114, 152. 247, 303, 359,418, 458, 531
            Archosargus probatocephalus   Rutledge
         Pinfish                          22, 23,24,25,44,49,65,108,113, 114,115,303. 359,418, 458
            Lagodon rhomboides             Rutledge
         Spotted seatrout                 11, 23.43,44. 113. 152, 236, 247, 249, 303, 339,341,359,418, 465, 502, 531
            Cynosdon nebulosus             Rutledge
         Weakfish                         113, 152, 338. 531
            Cynosdon regalis               Rutledge
         Spot                             113, 114, 152, 303, 345, 531
            Leiostomus xanthurus           Rutledge
         Southern kingfish                113, 224. 247, 531
            Menticirrhus americanus        Rutledge
         Atlantic croaker                 11, 113. 152. 236. 303, 344, 531
            Micropogonias undulatus        Rutledge
         Black drum                       43,113,115. 152, 247, 376, 458
            Pogonias cromis               Rutledge
         Red drum                         115, 152, 247, 340, 342, 359,394, 531,592
            Sciaenops ocellatus           Rutledge
         Striped mullet                   14, 43, 79, 113, 114, 116, 152, 303, 359, 458, 478, 531
            Mugul cephalus                Rutledge, Tilmant
         Spanish mackerel                 40, 43,. 113, 114, 115. 152, 157, 173, 273, 303, 359, 403, 458, 531, 590
            Scomberomorus maculatus        Rutledge
         Gulf flounder                    22, 25,43, 44, 113, 114, 152, 164, 236, 303, 418, 531
            Paralichthys albioutta         Rutledge
         Summer flounder                  152, 164
            Paralichthys dentatus          Rutledge
         Southern flounder                152,164
            Paralichthys lethostigma       Rutledge, Schmidt, Tllmant
        Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 8, p. 151-177.
        Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 7, p. 148-150.                147











Name              Affiliation

D. Ahrenholz      NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

D. Allen          Univ. of South Carolina, Belle Baruch Marine Lab., Georgetown, SC

M. Allison        North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Wilmington Dist. Ofc., Wilmington, NC

W. Anderson       South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

J. Archambault   South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

C. Benedict       Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

G.F. Booth        Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

J. Burke          NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

K.N. Cates        Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

S.E. Chester      NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

D.S. Cooke        Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

R. Curry          US Natl. Park Serv, Biscayne Bay Natl. Park, Homestead, FL

L. Delancey       South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

C. DeMort         Univ. of N. Florida, Coastal Fisheries Lab., Jacksonville, FL

D. Freeman        North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

R.G. Gilmore      Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, FL

C. Hall           Bionetic Corp. Environmental Labs., Kennedy Space Center, FL

D. Hamilton       South Carolina Wildl. & Marine Res., Waddell Mariculture Ctr., Bluffton, SC

J. Hawkins        North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Washington Dist. Ofc., Washington, NC

L. Henry          North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Elizabeth City Dist. Ofc., Elizabeth City, NC

W.E. Herring, Jr. Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

W. Hettler        NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

J. Holloway       South Carolina Wildl. & Marine Res., Waddell Mariculture Ctr., Bluffton, SC

S. Hopkins        South Carolina Wildl. & Marine Res., Waddell Mariculture Ctr., Bluffton, SC

R.T. Kneib        Univ. of Georgia, Marine Inst., Sapelo Island, GA

R.M. Lewis        NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC


                                                    148






Appendix'7, continued; Personal communications
D. Lindquist      Univ. of North Carolina - Wilmington, Dept. of Biol. Sci., Wilmington, NC

C. Manooch        NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

P. Marraro        NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

M. Marshall       North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

R. Martore        South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

S. McKenna        North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Washington Dist. Ofc., Washington, NC

L. Mercer         North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

R. Monaghan       North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

R. Moore          Univ. of South Carolina, Coastal Carolina College, Conway, SC

M. Moser          North Carolina State Univ., Zoology Dept., Raleigh, NC

D. Moye           North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Washington Dist. Ofc., Washington, NC

J. Music          Georgia Dept. Nat. Res., Coastal Resources Div., Brunswick, GA

G. Ogbum          Univ. of South Carolina, Belle Baruch Marine Lab., Georgetown, SC

J. Parker         North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Wilmington Dist. Ofc., Wilmington, NC

L.W. Pollard      Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

A. Powell         NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

M. Provencha    Bionetic Corp. Environmental Labs., Kennedy Space Center, FL

F. Rohde          North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Wilmington Dist. Ofc., Wilmington, NC

J. Ross           North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Manteo Field Ofc., Manteo, NC

S. Ross           North Carolina State Univ., Zoology Dept., Raleigh, NC

T. Rutledge       US Natl. Park Serv, Biscayne Bay Natl. Park, Homestead, FL

T. Schmidt        US Natl. Park Serv, Everglades Natl. Park, Homestead, FL

D.N. Schmitt      Georgia Dept. Nat. Res., Game & Fish Div., Richmond Hill, GA

J. Schoolfield    North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Wilmington Dist. Ofc., Wilmington, NC

J. Smith          NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

S. Spence         North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

B. Stender        South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

A. Stokes         South Carolina Wildl. & Marine Res., Waddell Mariculture Ctr., Bluffton, SC

D. Taylor         North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

                                                    149






Appendix 7, continued. Personal communications

T.E. Thompson   Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

J. Tilmant        US Natl. Park Service, Everglades Natl. Park, Homestead, FL

R. VanDolah       South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

R.L. Walker       Univ. of Georgia, Marine Extension Service, Savannah, GA

E. Wenner         South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

D. Whitaker       South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

A.Q. White        Jacksonville Univ., Div. of Sci. & Math, Jacksonville, FL

C. White          Brevard County Ofc. of Nat. Res. Mgt., Merrit Island, FL

S. Winslow        North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Elizabeth City Dist. Ofc., Elizabeth City, NC










































                                                    150








                       _ *.  *  _     _12. Anderson, G. 1985. Species profiles: life histories
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1. Abbott, R.T., and S.P. Dance. 1986. Compendium    Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.35).
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                                                      and J.L. Steinmeyer. 1978. A survey of South Carolina
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3. Adams, J.G. 1970. Clupeids in the Altamaha River,    along the south Atlantic coast of the United States.
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                                                       15. Anderson, W.W. 1968. Fishes taken during
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                                                       20. Archambault, J.A., E.L. Wenner, and J. D. Whitaker.
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11. Alpern, J.D. 1981. Relationships between larval   Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point.  Univ.
fishes and their prey in Biscayne Bay, Florida. M.S.    Miami Institute of Marine Sciences, Progress Report to
Thesis, Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 103 p.          the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.  Contract No.
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23.  Bader, R.G., and M.A. Roessler.  1971.  An    34. Bearden, C.M. 1961b. Notes on post larvae of
ecological survey of south Biscayne Bay and Card    commercial shrimp (Penaeus) in South Carolina.
Sound. Univ. Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and    Contrib. Bears Bluff Lab. No. 33, 8 p.
Atmospheric Sciences, Progress Report to the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission andthe Florida Power and    35. Bearden, C.M. 1963. A contribution to the biology
Light Co. Contract No. (AT-(40-1)-3801-3).             of the king whitings, genus Menticirrhus, of South
                                                       Carolina. Contrib. Bears Bluff. No. 38, 27 p.
24. Bader, R.G., and M.A. Roessler. 1972. An
ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card    36. Bearden, C.M. 1964. Distribution and abundance
Sound.  Univ. of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine    of Atlantic croaker, Micropogon undulatus, in South
and Atmospheric Science, Progress Report to the U.S.    Carolina. Contrib. Bears Bluff Lab. No. 40, 23 p.
Atomic Energy Commission and the Florida Power and
Light Co. Contract No. (AT-(40-1)-3801-4).             37.  Bearden, C.M., and C.H. Farmer, III.  1972.
                                                       Fishery resources of Port Royal Sound Estuary. In Port
25. Bader, R.G., and D.C. Tabb. 1970. An ecological    Royal Sound Environmental Study, p. 204-212. South
study of south Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey    Carolina Water Resources Commission, Columbia,
Point. Univ. Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and    S.C.
Atmospheric Sciences, Progress Report to the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission. Contract No. (AT-(40-1)-   38. Bearden, C., R. Low, R. Rhodes, R. Van Dolah, C.
3801-2).                                               Wenner, E. Wenner, and D. Whitaker. 1985. A review
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26. Bahr, L.M., Jr. 1974. Aspects of the structure and    sounds and bays of South Carolina. S.C. Mar. Resour.
function of the intertidal oyster community in Georgia.    Cent., Tech. Rep. No. 61, 51 p.
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                                                       39. Beaumariage, D.S. 1969. Returns from the 1965
27. Bahr, L.M., Jr. and W.P. Lanier. 1981. The ecology    Schlitztagging program including a cumulative analysis
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                                                       40. Beaumariage, D.S. 1970. Current status of the
28. Baisden, V.W. 1983a. Juvenile penaeid shrimp,    biological investigations of Florida's mackerel fisheries.
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34                                                     41. Benedict, C., and M.T. Hirsh. 1982. Sonictracking
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32. Battle, J.D. 1892. An investigation of the coast    45.  Bielsa, L.M., W.H. Murdich, and R.F. Labisky.
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South Carolina. Contrib. Bears Bluff Lab. No. 34,47 p.


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46. Bird, S.O. 1970. Shallow-marine and estuarine    58. Busby, D. (editor). 1986. An overview of the Indian
benthic molluscan communities from area of Beaufort,    River clamming industry and the Indian River Lagoon.
NC. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 54(9): 1651-1676.    Fla. Sea Grant College Tech. Paper No. 44.

47. Birkhead, W.A., B.J. Copeland, and R.G. Hodson.    59. Cain, R.L. 1973. The annual occurrence, abun-
1979. Ecological monitoring in the lower Cape Fear    dance, and diversity of fishes in an intertidal creek.
River estuary 1971-1976. Report 79-1, Carolina Power    M.S. Thesis, Univ. South Carolina, Columbia, S.C., 80
and Light Company, Raleigh, NC, 292 p.                   p.

48. Bishop, J.M, and M.H. Shealy. 1977. Biological    60. Cain, R.L., and J.M. Dean. 1976. Annual occur-
observations on commercial Penaeid shrimps caught    rence, abundance, and diversity of fish in a South
by bottom trawl in South Carolina estuaries-February    Carolina intertidal creek. Mar. Biol., 36: 369-379.
1973-January 1975. S.C. Mar. Resour. Cent., Tech.
Rep. No. 25, 97 p.                                    - 61. Cain, T.D. 1975. Reproduction and recruitment of
                                                       the brackish water clam Rangia cuneata in the James
49. Bortone, S.A. and J.L. Williams. 1986. Species    River, Virginia. Fish. Bull., U.S. 73: 412-430.
profiles: life histories and environmental requirements
of coastal fishes and invertebrates(South Florida) -   62. Calder, D.R., and B.B. Boothe, Jr. 1977a. Data
gray, lane, mutton, and yellowtail snappers. U.S. Fish    from some subtidal quantitative benthic samples taken
Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.52). 18 p.                 in estuaries of South Carolina. Data Rep. No. 3., S.C.
                                                       Wildl. Mar. Resour. Dep., Charleston, S.C.
50. Bozeman, E.L., Jr., and J.M. Dean. 1980. The
abundance of estuarine larval and juvenile fishes in a    63. Calder, D.R., and B.B. Boothe, Jr. 1977b. Some
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72. Carriker, M.R. 1961. Interrelation of functional    83. Copeland, B.J., and R.G. Hodson. 1977. Larvae
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73. Chapoton, R.B., and J.E. Sykes. 1961. Atlantic   84. Copeland, B.J., R.G. Hodson, and R.J. Monroe.
coast migration of large striped bass as evidenced by    1979. Larvae and post-larvae in the Cape Fear Estuary,
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93. Cox, D.T., E. Vosatka, and D. Mannes.  1974.    103. Dahlberg, M.D. 1975. Guide to coastal fishes of
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94.  Cox, D.T., E.D. Vosatka, K.E. Rawlings, H.L.   sity in Georgia fish populations. Am. Midi. Nat. 83(2):
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95.  Crabtree, R.E., and J.M. Dean.  1982.  The    106. Dahlberg, M.D. and F.G. Smith. 1970. Mortality
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96. Crochet, D.W., D.E. Allen, and M.L. Hornberger.    107. Daniel, L.B., 111. 1988. Aspects of the biology of
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136. Evermann, B.W., and B.A. Bean. 1897. Indian    quirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (mid-
River and its fishes. U.S. Comm. Fish Fish. Rep. Prt.   Atlantic)-Atlantic silversides. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.
XXII 1896: 227-248.                                    Biol. Rep. 82(11.10).

137.  Evermann, B.W., and N.C. Kendall.  1900.    148. Fay, C.W., R.J. Neves, and G.B. Pardue. 1983c.
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143. Fahay, M.P. 1983. Guide to the early stages of   153. Fox, R.S., and E.E. Ruppert.  1985. Shallow-
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157. Fritzsche, R.A. 1978. Development of fishes of   central Florida. N.E. Gulf Sci. 5(2): 25-37.
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Proj. 2-10-R.                                           Sci. 46: 22-30.

159.  Futch, C.R.  1967.  A survey of the oyster    171. Gilmore, R.G.,G.R. Kulczycki, P.A. Hastings, and
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166. Gilmore, R.G., Jr. 1974. A regional description    177. Godwin, W.F. 1968c. The growth and survival of
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167. Gilmore, R.G., Jr. 1977. Fishes of the Indian    density of the hard-clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, on
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168. Gilmore, R.G., D.W. Cooke, and C.J. Donohoe.    179. Godwin, W.F. and J.G. Adams.  1969. Young
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Georgia.  Ga. Game Fish Comm., Mar. Fish. Div.,   of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur), in
Contrib. Ser. No. 2. 24 p.                             brackish water portions of Cooper River, South Caro-
                                                       lina. M.S. Thesis, Clemson Univ., Clemson, S.C., 45 p.
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185. Graves, C. 1903. Investigation forthe promotion    196. Harrell, R.M. 1977. Age, growth, and sex ratio of
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202. Hassler,W.W. 1984. The status and abundance    213. Helfman, G.S. and E.L. Bozeman. 1984. Size,
of striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in the Roanoke River    age, and sex of American eels in a Georgia river.
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225. Hildebrand, S.F., and L.E. Cable. 1938. Further    236. Houde, E.D., and J.A. Lovdal. 1984. Seasonality
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248. Johnson, H.B., S.E. Winslow, D.W. Crocker, B.F.    258. Judy, M.H., and D.L. Dudley. 1970. Movements
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274. Kneib,R.T. 1976. Feeding, reproduction, growth,    286. Kuntz, A. 1914. Embryology and larval devel-
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280. Kneib, R.T. 1987a. Predation risk and use of    292. Lewis, R.M., and M.H. Judy. 1983. The occur-
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293. Lewis, R.M., and W.C. Mann. 1971. Occurrence    304. Low, R., R. Rhodes, E.R. Hens, D. Theiling, E.
and abundance of larval Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia   Wenner, and D. Whitaker. 1987. A profile of the blue
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299.  Linton, T.L.  1968.  Feasibility studies of raft-   311. Mahood, R.K., C.D. Harris, J.L. Music, Jr. and
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315. Manooch, C.S., III. 1984. Fisherman's guide to   326. McGovern, J.C. 1986. Seasonal recruitment of
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N.C. 362 p.                                           Charleston, Charleston, S.C., 123 p.

316.  Manooch, C.S. Ill, and R.A. Rulifson, editors.   327. McKenney, T.W. 1972. Fish eggs and larvae
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317. Manzi, J.J., M.Y. Bobo, and V.G. Burrell, Jr. 1985.    Mar. Resour. Cent., Tech. Rep. No. 1, 45 p.
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319. Marshall, H.L. 1976. Effects of mosquito ditching   331. McLane, W.M. 1955. The fishes of the St. Johns
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322. Mayer, M.A. 1985. Ecology of juvenile white    334.  McNeese, P.L.  1986.  Spatial and temporal
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337. Mense, D.J., and E.L. Wenner. 1989. Distribution   side. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113: 462-478.
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Charleston, S.C. Estuaries 12: 157-168.                 Reproductive behaviorof the Atlantic silverside, Menidia
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profile of weakfish, Cynoscion regalis. N.C. Divn. Mar.
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339. Mercer, L.P. 1984a. A biological and fisheries    (Micropogonias undulatus) in relation to bottom salinity
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N.C. Divn. Mar. Fish., Spec. Sci. Rep. 40, 87 p.        ies 5(3): 216-223.

340. Mercer, L.P. 1984b. A biological and fisheries    353. Miller, G.L. and S.C. Jorgenson. 1969. Seasonal
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344. Mercer, L.P. 1987a. Fishery management plan    356.  Miller, J.M., and D.S. Peters.  Unpublished
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350. Middaugh, D.P., R.G. Donney, and G.I. Scott.    362. Moody,H.L.,T.E. Cheek, L.L. Connor, E.A. Long,
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364. Morse, W.W.  1980.  Maturity, spawning, and    rine sport fishes in Georgia's coastal waters. Georgia
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368. Mulholland, R. 1984b. Habitat suitability index    380.  North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries.
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369. Mulligan,T.J. 1981. Summerseasonpopulations    381. O'Rear, C.W.  1983.  A study of river herring
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389.  Palmer, B.A.  1974.  Studies of the blue crab    400.  Powell, A.B.  1974.  Biology of the summer
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409. Rawson, M.V., Jr. 1973. The development and    420. Rogers, S.G., and M.J. Van Den Avyle. 1983a.
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410.  Rees, R.A.  1972.  A survey of the aquatic    421. Rogers, S.G., and M.J. Van Den Avyle. 1983b.
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411.  Reintjes, J.W., and A. Pacheco.  1966.  The    422. Rogers, S.G., T.E. Targett, and S.B. Van Sant.
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452.  Shenker, J.M., and J.M. Dean.  1979.  The    465. Smith, J.W., and C.A. Wenner. 1985. Biology of
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