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"'tot QK 86 P9 W66 1975 J 4-5 01Z RARE A]@D, ENDANGERED PLANTS OF PUERTORICO a committee. report 4" Published by: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE In Cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO 7975 RARE ANDENDANGERED PLANTS OF PUERTO RICO a committee report Reynosia guana, Guama No. 371 Published by: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE In Cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES COMKONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO 1975 All plant drawings on this publication were prepared by and are a courtesy of the Institute of Tropical Forestry, U. S. Forest Service, Rio Piedra, Puerto Rico. Cover Drawing: Miconia pycnoneura, Camasey Number 135--Rare Endemic Plant Species of Puerto Rico. AUTHORSHIP THE PRINCIPAL AUTHOR OF THIS PLANT LIST AND THE PRIMARY EXPERT RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS WORK'S SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT IS MR. ROY WOODBURY, BOTANIST IN RESIDENCE OF TEE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND BOTANIST AT TEE DEPARTMENT OFBIOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO. OTHER MEMBERS OF,THE COMMITTEE,WHO ACTED IN AN ADVISORY AND SUPPORTIVE CAPACITY, INCLUDE HERBERT RAFFAELE AND MITCHELL FRAM, DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES; CARLOS RIOS, OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT, ENVT-RON- MENTAL QUALITY BOARD; LEON LIEGEL, USDA-FOREST SERVICE; WILLIE CUMPIANO AND AURELIO SIERRA, USDA-SOIL CONSER- VATION SERVICE; JOSE MARRERO, RETIRED FORESTER; AND JOHN WHELAN, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PUERTO RICO. 1,L-11,926 PREFACE In an effort to prepare a watchlist of raxe and endangered. plant species for Puerto Rico, the Soil Conservation Service consulted with agencies, organizations, and individuals and a committee was organized December 4t 1973, to accomplish this objective --a similar committee published a report.of rare and endangered animal species of Puerto Rico. The Committee is greatly indebted to the USDA-Soil Conser- vation Service and agencies of the Commonwealth Government of Puerto Rico, particularly, the Department of Natural Re- sources, which so generously allowed their employees and con- sultants to participate. The Committee also expresses its deepest appreciation to Miss Quirina Rivera, of the USDA-Soil Conservation Service, for her assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. 2 CONTENTS Page AUTHORSHIP..................................... 1 PREFACE........................................ 2 CONTENTS....................................... 3 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS................... 4 LIST OF RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES Endangered Endemio Plants................ 9 Rare Endemic Plants...................... 23 Endangered Nonendemic Plants............. 27 Rare Nonendemic Plants................... 53 CAUSES OF ENDANGERMENT A. Destruction or Disturbance of Habitat.... 67 B. Extremely Limited Natural Range.......... 68 C. Plant Collecting or Harvesting........... 68 D. Environmental Stresses................... 68 LIST OF ENDANGERED HABITAT Areas of Rare and Endangered Plant Species... 69 Map of Puerto Rico Showing Areas Where Rare and Endangered Plant Species Occur....... 70 Areas Where Rare and Endangered Plant Species Occur in Puerto Rico..................... 71 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A PLAN OF ACTION........... 82 REFERENCES..................................... 85 3 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS Concern for vanishing species has traditionally focused on the animal kingdom, particularly, the higher orders of the animal kingdom. Toads and snails get scant attention; plants receive even less. Yett we have come to realize that life is a web, no part of which is entirely independent. It is a concern for the integrity of the whole web of life, as well as the intrinsic value of individual plant species, that has drawn this committee together and is the spirit of this report. Our hope is that this document, probably the most comprehensive work yet assembled on en- dangered local plants of a regiont will stimu- late greater interest in the diverse and unique flora of Puerto Rico and will lead to a more ef- fective protection of this natural heritage. We further hope that this publication will serve to _2 stimulate works of a similar nature in other re- gions of the world. The report contains a list of rare and endangered species, a discussion of causes of endangerment a H and endangered habitats, and recommendations for a plan of action. The species list is arranged in two general sections: those plants which are endangered and those considered rare. These sections, in turn, have been organized in groups of endemic and nonendemic plants. Ilex sintenisii No. 126 4 Introduction and Definitions (con.) Within each category of this text,the species are presented in alphabetical order by family. Under IM each family, plants are listed alphabetically by scientific names. Although the arrangement generally connotates an order of priority, the reader should not conclude that the lowest priority is therefore not critic- al. The fact that a plant is nonendemic does not mean it can be found in abundance elsewhere. For some nonendemic species9the greatest number found anywhere in the world is the small endangered po- yLtlation found here in Puerto Rico (e.g.: C6bana negra. Stahlia monosperma, though considered non- endemic in Puerto Rico, is only known outside the Island from a single collection in Hispaniola). The list is long. This is the result of several factors: the Island has extraordinary plant di- versity due to its proximity to Central and South America --the greatest centers of floral.spe- ciation in the world. Yet, as species became es- tablished or evolved in Puerto Rico, they filled limited niches on a very limited land mass. Their distribution was, thus, greatly restricted. A further factor in causing endangerment has been V. the increasing pressure of the Island's human po- pulation on plant habitats. This final factor is the one responsible for extensive additions to the list and is the only controllable one. Ravenia =hanii Tortugo prieto 5 No. 103 DEFINITIONS THE FOLLOWING ARE THE DEFINITIONS USED IN THIS PUBLICATION: R A R E --Those species which occur in small numbers, usually in a limited range or such restricted or specialized habitat that an in- crease in pressure on them or their habitat could cause their endangerment. E N D A N G E R E D --Species that are in immediate danger of extinction and are un- likely to survive without special protective measures. They usually occur in small numbers and have a specialized habitat or limited range. rLT E N D E M I C --A species of extremely limited range. In this list, it applies to species found only in Puerto Rico. Quina Antirhea sintenisii No. 97 Definitions (con.) N 0 N B N D E M 1 0 --A species of broad range. In this list it applies to indigenous or native forms that occur outside Puerto Rico as well as on the Island. T. L I M I T E D D I S T R I B U T 1 0 N Refers to species with restricted ranges or those with scattered or local populations spread over large areas. HA.BITAT D E S T R U C T 1 0 N The complete or partial alteration of a natural environment by man. Persea krugii Canela No. 254 7 ENDANGERED ENDEMIC'. PLANT SPECIES.,. Crescentia, portoricensis, Higuero de Sierra Number 8--Endangered Endemic Plant Species .,of Paerto.Rico.. ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 11 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABITAT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE 1 ACANTHACEAE Herb Wooded slopes by Utuado and ravines near Cosmo, Habitat destruction Diapedium Krugii 2 Justicia borinquensis Herb Open wooded areas of Monte Cerrote, Adjuntas Limited Distribution 3 Justicia Culebritae Herb Culebrita-wooded slopes. Limited distribution APOCYNACEA 4 Plumeria portoricensis Alelf cimarron Tree Rio Maricao, One collection. Unknown Frangipani AQUIFOLIACEAE 5 Ilex cookii Te Tree Limited to peaks and upper wet ridges of Limited distribution Holly Toro Negro. ASCLEPIADACEAE 6 Cynanchium monenee Herb vine Rare on plateau of mona. Limited distribution 7 Marsdenia elliptica Herb vine One collection in mountain forests - Luquillo. Unknown BIGNONIACEAE 8 Cresentia portoricensis Higuero de sierra Tree Wet forests of upper Monte del Estado, Maricao. Limited distribution Calabash BORAGIMACEAE 9 Heliotropium guanicenae Cotorrilla Shrub Only in Punta Aguila, Cabo Rojo. Limited distribution Heliotrope BROMELIACEAE 10 Tillandeia lineatispica Pinon Epiphyte On rocks and bases of trees of Viaquas and Limited distribution Culebra. CACTACEAE 11 Harrisia portoricensis Higo chumbo Tree Being attacjed by the larva of the Cactus moth. Cactus moth and Restricted to Mona, Monito, and Desecheo. limited distribution ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 12 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE CACTACEAE 12 Leptocerous quadricostatus Sebucan Tree Limited to southwestern Puerto Rico. Limited Distribution 13 Opuntia borinquensis Olaga Shrub Morrillos de Cabo Rojo, Habitat destruction CANELLACEAE 14 Pleodendron Macranthum Chupagallo Tree Very rare on moist-to-wet western slopes Limited distribution of the Luquillo Mountains. CANNACEAE 15 Canna pertusa Maraca Shrub Along banks and streams - central and Limited distribution mountains. CASSIACEAE 16 Caesalpinia oulebrae Mato amarillo Woody vine Sandy beaches of Culebra. Limited distribution Smooth yellow nicker 17 Caesalpinia Monensis Mato negro Tree Plateau of Mona. Limited distribution 18 Caesalpinia portoricensis Mato Woody vine Beaches of Guanica Limited Distribution Brown nicker 19 Cassia exunguis Tamarindillo Shrub Open slopes - Coamo area. Habitat 20 Cassia mirabilis Shrub Moist sand, Dorado and Tortuguero. Habitat destruction CELASTRACEAE 21 Maytensu elongata Cuero de sapo Tree Scattered in moist areas from El Verde, Limited distrubution Luquillo,to Monte del Estado Maricao 22 Maytenus Ponceana Cuero de sapo Tree A small tree of moist areas near Florida Habitat destruction and Rio Portugues (north of Ponce). and limited destri- bution COMPOSITAE 23 Eupatorium droserolepis Oreganillo Shrub Summit of Central Cordillers. Habitat Destruction ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE COMPOSITAE (Con.) 24 Mikania stevensiana Guaco Slender vine Ravines-Monte del Estado, Maricao Limited distribution CONVOLVULACEAE 25 Ipomoea krugii White morning Slender vine Marshes of western Puerto Rico. Habitat destruction glory 26 Ipomoea palustris Bejuco de puerco Slender vine Swamps in siliceous sand - Bayamon Limited Distribution Morning glory also Dorado and Tortuguero. and habitat destruction CUCURBITACEAE 27 Anguria cookiana Algodoncillo Slender vine Ravine north of Cosmo. Habitat destruction CYATHEACEAE 28 Cyathea dryopteroides Helecho Shrub Upper forests-Central Cordillera. Habitat destruction EHRETIACEAE 29 Cordia bellonis Shrub Wet serpentine forests-Maricao. Limited distribution 30 Cordia Wagnerorum Shrub Wet mountain ridges-Luquillo. Limited distribution CYPERACEAE 31 Cyperus urbani Sedge Very rare in Cosmo area and Vieques Limited distribution grassy slopes. 32 Soleria doradoensis Sedge Marshy areas-Tortuguero and Dorado. Habitat destruction 33 Soleria stevensiana Sedge One collection in swamp near Lares. Unknown Not recently seen. EUPHORBIACEAE 34 Chamaesyce monensis Lechecillo Herb Rare on Mona plateau. Limited distribution ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 14 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE EUPHORBIACEAE (Con.) 35 Croton impressus Croton Shrub Very local on moist serpentine Habitat destruction mountain slopes 36 Hyeronima clusioides Cedro macho Tree Good wood. Moist hills and moun- Lumbering and limited tain forests-central and western distribution Puerto Rico. FLACOURTIACEAE 37 Banara portoricensis Palo de Ramon Tree Higher moist areas of Central Cordillera. Limited distribution 38 Banara vanderbiltii Tree Very rare in moist limestone hills near Limited distribution Bayamon. Only a few trees known. 39 Xylosma pachyphyllum Tree Higher elevations in Monte del Estado, Limited distribution Maricao. 40 Xylosma Schwaneckeanum Palo de candela Tree Of wet to moist slopes in carite and EL Limited distribution Verde. GESNERIACEAE 41 Gesneria pauciflora Herb Upper mountain drainage areas of Monte Limited distribution del Estado. GRAMINEAE 42 Aristida portoricensis Triple del diablo Grass Serpentine slopes of western Puerto Rico. Limited distribution Triple-awned grass 43 Panicum stevensianum Grass Margin of Tortuguero Lake only. Very limited distribution ICACINACEAE 44 Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon Palo de rosa Tree Very rare-found near Mayaguez. Unknown LYCOPODIACEAE 45 Lycopodium portoricensis Club moss Herb Wet banks in Luquillo Mountains. Limited distribution Page 15 ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE LORANTHACEAE 46 Dendropemon sintenisii Hicaquillo Mistletoe Epiphyte One collection near Aibanito. Limited distribution MAGNOLIACEAE 47 Magnolia portoricensis Jaguilla Tree Virgin wet forest of Central Cor- Habitat destruction dillers. Wet central Mountain Ridge. 48 Magnolia splendens Laurel sabino Tree Excellent wood. Limited to wet, Lumbering, slow middle and upper regions of reproduction Luquillo Mountains. MALPIGHIACEAE 49 Byrsonima horniana Maricao cimarron Tree Very rare and local on moist slopes Habitat destruction of western Puerto Rico. 50 Byrsonima ophiticola Maricao cimarron Tree Of moist slopes and scattered dis- Habitat destruction tribution in western Puerto Rico. 51 Byrsonima wadsworthii Almendrillo Tree Few in numbers widely scattered in Unknown wet mountains at middle to high elevations. 52 Malpighia shaferi Olaga Tree Only in moist ravines on Vieques. Habitat destruction Pasture destroying habitat. MALVACEAE 53 Abutilon commutatum Terciopelo Shrub Thickets of Guanica Limited distribution 54 Montezuma speciosissima Maga Tree Valuable wood of moist to wet woods Limited distribution and on roadsides. MELASTOMACEAE 55 Clidemia umbrosa Camasey Tree Limited to Carite Forest at middle Limited distribution evelations in wet areas. 56 Henrietella membranifolia Camasey Tree Moist hills between Lares and Aguada. Limited distribution 57 Ossaea krugiana Camasey Tree Upper Central Cordillera. Limited distribution ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 16 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE MELIACEAE 58 Trichilia triacantha Bariaco Tree Rare in dry southwestern Puerto Rico. Limited distribution MIMOSACEAE 59 Schrankia portoricenois Zarzarilla Shrub Dry to moist open forests - Coamo area. Habitat destruction MYRICACEAE 60 Myrica holdridgii Arraydn Tree Upper Luquillo Mountains. Limited distribution Wax-berry MYRSINACEAE, 61 Grammadenia sintenisii Tree Local in upper Luquillo Mountains. Limited distribution MYRTACEAE 62 Calyptranthes luguilleneis Tree Middle elevation wet areas of El Verde region of Limited distribution Luquillo Mountains. 63 Calyptranthes peduncularis Tree Upper moist regions of Monte del Estado, Maricao Limited distribution 64 Calyptranthes portoricensis Tree Upper moist areas of Monte del Estado, Maricao Limited distribution 65 Calyptranthes triflorum Tree Upper moist regions of Monte del Estado, Maricao Limited distribution 66 Calyptropsidium sintenisii Hoja menuda Tree Rare in wet upper forests of Luquillo Mountains. Limited distribution 67 Eugenia bellonis Shrub Dry rocky slopes - GuAnica and Caja de Muertos Unknown Not well known. 68 Eugenia bogueronensis Tree Coastal slopes. Not well known. Unknown 69 Eugenia corozalensie Tree Limestone hills - Corozal. Not well known. Unknown ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO CO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION mYRTACEAE (con.) 70 Eugenia eggersii Guasavara Tree Very rare at middle to higher elevations. 71 Eugenia faJardenis Tree Moist forest, Fajardo. Not well known. 72 Eugenia haematocarpa Tree Wet middle areas of El Verde, Luquillo. 73 Eugenia margarettae Tree Upper wet regions of Toro Negro. 74 Eugenia serrasuela Serrasuela Tree Collected by Bello near Anones, Las Marfas. Not well known. 75 Eugenia underwoodiana Tree Moist hills near Yauco. 76 Marlierea sintenisii Marta Tree Upper wet ridges in the Luquillo Mountains. 77 Myrcia pagni Ausu Tree Western moist limestone hills. OLACACEAE. 78 Schoepfia arenaria Arana Tree Moist hills of the north coast. OLEACEAE 79 Linociera holdridgii Hueso prieto Tree Local in dry forests of Guanica and Susda, Yauco, Limited distribution ORCHIDACEAE 80 Brachionidium ciliatum Epiphyte Mossy forest - East Peak area of Luquillo Limited distribution Mountains. 81 Epidendrum krugii Epiphyte Southwestern areas. Collecting and limited distribution ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE ORCHIDACEAE (Con.) 82 Epidendrum lacerum Epiphyte Monte Cedro, thickets (Adjuntas). Not well known Unknown Reported from Cuba. 83 Lepanthes dodiana Epiphyte Upper eastern mountains, very local. Limited distrubition 84 Lepanthes eltorensis Epiphyte Upper Luquillo Mountains. Two locations only Limited distribution PAIMACEAE 85 Aiphanes acanthophylla Coyure Tree Of moist limestone hills. An understory palm Limited distribution Ruffle palm of scattered distribution. 86 Calyptrogyne rivalis Manaca Tree Of moist limestone hills. Very rare and local Limited distribution Only two small colonies known. 87 Gaussia attenuata Llume Tree Near the tops of moist limestone hills. Limited distribution 88 Sabal causiarum Palma de sobrero Tree Mainly of western Puerto Rico near Ramey Base Harvesting and Puerto Rican hat palm and Joyuda Lagoon, Mayaguez. habitat destruction PAPILIONACEAE 89 Erythrina horrida Pinon espinoso Tree Moist limestone hills of north coast. Limited distribution Cockspur PIPERACEAE 90 Peperomia wheeleri Peperomia Herb On forest rocks, Culebra. Habitat destruction POLYGALACEAE 91 Polygala cowellii Palo do violets, Tree Used for fences. Of wide distribution, but rare Habitat destruction Violet tree in dry-to-moist coastal hills. and collection 92 Polygala portoricensis Tree Upper dry slopes of Monte del Estado, Maricao Limited distribution POLYGONACEAE 93 Coccoloba rugosa Ortegon Tree In coastal hills of northeast and east coasts Habitat destruction and collection ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE POLYGONACEAE (con.) 94 Coccoloba sintenisii var. alba Uvero del monte Tree Confined to dry upper slopes above Coamo. Habitat destruction RHAMNACEAE 95 Reynosia krugli Tree Very scattered moist forests in the mountains an Habitat destruction wet limestone hills. and limited distrubition RUBIACEAE 96 Antirhea portoricensis Quina. Tree Moist forests local. Habitat destruction 97 Antirhea sintenisii Quina Tree Moist forests local. Habitat destruction 98 Erithalis revoluta Shrub Coastal forest - Cana Gorda, Guanica. Habitat destruction 99 Mitracarpus maxwelliae Herb Coastal plate rock - Guanica. Limited distribution 100 Mitracarpus polycladus Herb Coastal rocky thicket - Guanica. Limited distribution 101 Palicourea brevithyrsa Shrub Mountain forests of Monte Cerrote, Adjuntas. Limited distribution 102 Randia portoricensis Shrub Coastal thickets and hills - Ponce to Guanica. Limited distribution and habitat destruction RUTACEAE 103 Ravenia urbania. Tortugo prieto Tree Of ornamental value with limited distribution Limited distribution in wet mountains at middle elevations. Local in El Verde and Carite. 104 Zanthoxylum bifoliatum Tree Moist to dry upper slopes of Monte del Estado, Limited distribution Maricao, and Susua Yauco. 105 Zanthoxylum thomasianum Tree, Dry ridges and slopes near Rio Cuyon to Asomante, Aibonito. Possibly St. Thomas, V. I. Limited distribution ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 20 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE SABIACEAE lo6 Meliosma obtusifolia Arroyo Tree Scattered on middle moist slopes. Limited distribution SAPOTACEAE 107 Dipholis bellonis Tabloncillo Tree Western districts. Not well known. Unknown SOLANACEAE* 106 Brunfelsia portoricensis Shrub Wet forests El Verde, Luquillo. Limited distribution 109 Goetzea elegans Mata busy Tree Extremely local in moist woodlands. Limited distribution 110 Solanum drymophilum Embia Tree Wet mountain forests - very local. Limited distribution Ill Solanum. mucronatum Shrub Mountain woodlands - Coamo area. Possibly in Unknown St. John and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Not well known. 112 Solanum riedlei Shrub Not well known. Reported from Puerto Rioo. Unknown STYRACACEAE 113 Styrax: portoricensis Palo de jazmfn Tree Local in Luquillo Mountains. Limited distribution SYMPLOCACEAE 114 Symplocos lanata Nfspero cimarr6n Tree Mountain forests near Adjuntas. Limited distribution THEACEAE 115 Laplacea portoricensis Nifio de cota, Marioao Tree Wet-to-moist western slopes of the Luquillo Limited distribution Verde Mountains. 116 T rnstroemia heptasepala Tree Wet ridges only in the Luquillo Mountains. Limited distribution ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 21 NO. 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 * SCIENTIFIC NAME THEACEAE (Con.) Ternstroemia luguillensis Ternstroemia subsessilis URTICACEAE Urera chlorocarpa Pilea leptophylla Pilea multicaulis VERBENCEAE Callicarpa ampla Cornutia obovata Priva portoricensis ZANNICHELLIACEAE Ruppia anomala SOLANACEAE Solanum woodburyi (Insert after No. 112) COMMON NAME Palo colorado Ortiga colorad Nettle Capa rosa Nigua Vervain Yerba de zanja HABIT Tree Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Shurb DISTRIBUTION Very wet areas or peaks and ridges in the Luquillo Mountains. Mountain peaks in Luquillo and Monte del estado, Maricao. Virgin forest of Central Cordillera. Cerro la Pabndura, Maunabo. Eastern mountain. One collection. Moist-to-wet mountain forests. Very local. Mountain peaks, Monte La Torrecilla. Thickets near Guanica. Aquatic plant, Guanica only. Wet, upper Luquillo Mountains. Very local. CAUSE Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction Very limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Limited distribution RARE ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES 4p. 23 Brunfelsia lactea, Vega blanoa Number 143--Rare Endemic Plant Species, of Puerto Rico 24 RARE ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO- NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION AQUIFOLIACEAE 126 Ilex sintenisii Tree Wet montane peaks - Luquillo Mountains only. ARALIACEAE 127 Didymopanax Aleasoni Yuquilla Tree Scattered and rare in upper mountain forests. COMPOSITAE 128 Fupatorium oteroi Shrub Coastal cliffs - Mona and Quebradillas. 129 Osmia borinquensis Slender vine Wet limestone hills - western areas. 130 Vernonia borinquensis Shrub Moist-to-wet western hills. KBENACEAE 131 DiospyTos sinteniaii Guayabota, nspero Tree Local in moist forests of middle and western Puerto Rico. EERETIACEAE 132 Cordia rupicola Shrub Dry thickets - southwestern Puerto Rico. MELASTOMACEAE 133 Menendezia, stahlii Camasey Tree Wet mountains of El Verde, Guavate, and Bayam6n. May not be distinct from M. urbanii. 134 Miconia foveolata Cnmasey Tree Only in the upper ridges and peaks of the Luquillo Mountains. 135 Miconia pycnoneura Camasey Tree Only on the peaks of the Luquillo Mountains and Cerro de Punta area, Jayuya. MYRSINACEAE 136 Ardisia luguillensis Mameyuelo Tree Upper Luquillo Mountains. RARE ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION MYRTACEAE 137 Eugenia stewardsonii Tree Upper Central Cordillera. ORCHTDACEAE 136 Epidendrum brittonianum Epiphyte Confined and widespread on Mona. PORTULACACEAE 139 Portulaca caulerpoides Herb Coastal limestone on Caja de Maertos and Mon RUBIACEAE 140 Scolosanthus grandifolius Espuela de galgn Shrub Upper western mountains - local. SAPDDACEAE 141 Thouinia portoricensis SerraEruela, Quebracho Tree Dry woodland and thickets - southwestern Pus Rico. SOLANACEAE 142 Brunfelsia densifolia Tree Upper serpentine slopes, western Puerto Rico. 143 Brunfelsia lactea Vega blanca Tree Upper-wet eastern mountains. SAPOTACEAE 144 Pouteria, diotyoneura Tree Few mature trees. Moist limestone hills of coast. URTICACEAE 145 ELLea yunuensis Herb Upper wet mountains of Luquillo and Toro Neg. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES 21 PLA 27 Persea krugii, Canela Number 254--Endangered Nonendemic Plant Species of Puerto Rico 28 ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE AIZOACEAE 146 Sesuvium maritimum Verdolaga del mar Herb Margin of Guanica Lake. Habitat destruction Sea purslane Widespread elsewhere. AMARANTHACEAE 147 Acnida cuspidata Blero de agua Shrub Coastal marshes of Tortuguero. Hatitat destruction Water hemp Through Florida and West 148 Achyranthes ramosissima Herb Coastal sands of San Juan. Also Hatitat destruction Florida, Central and South America. 149 Celosia virgata Albabaca Herb Monte Ventana, Vieques. Also Cuba, Limited distribution Central and South America. ANONACEAE 150 Oxandra lanceolata Haya prieta Tree Forests near Cabo Rojo and Harvesting and habitat Lancewood Quebradillas. Through Greater destruction Antilles. 151 Rollinia mucosa Anon cimarron Tree Good wood. Rare in moist forests. Lumbering Through West Indies and Mexico. APOCYNACEAE 152 Anechites nerium Woody vine One collection. Open areas near Vega Habitat destruction Baja. Also Greater Antilles and South America. AQUIFOLIACEAE 153 Ilex urbaniana Cuero de sapo Tree Forests near Utuado. Also Tortola. Limited distribution ARACEAE 154 Dracontium polyphyllum Guapa Shrub Individual plants near streams. Also Habitat destruction Hispaniola and northern South America. 155 Montrichardia arborescens Yautia madera Shrub Marsh plant not seen recently. Lesser Unknown Antilles to South America. 156 Philodendron fragrantissima Epiphyte Local in two river canyons. Also Ornamental value and limited South America. distribution ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE ASCLEPIADACEAE 157 Oxypetalum cordifolium Herb vine Recorded from Puerto Rico. Scattered Limited distribution in American tropics. BALANOPHORACEAE 158 Scybalium jamicense Herb Cerro Garzas, Adjuntas. Throughout Very limited distribution Greater Antilles. BIGNONIACEA 159 Arrabidaea chioa Woody vine Forests of Bayamon Area. Also Trinidad Limited distribution and South America. BORAGINACEAE 160 Heliotropium antillanum Herb One collection - coastal plain by Vega Limited distribution Baja. Also Cuba. BROMELIACEAE 161 Aechmea nudicaulis Epiphyte Rocks and bases of trees near Punta Very limited distribution Picua,Luquillo, and Garrochales, Barceloneta. Through tropical America. 162 Guzmania erythrolepis Pirigallo Epiphyte On rocks and bases of trees on Monte Limited distribution Alegrillo, Maricao. Also Jamaica and Cuba. 163 Tillandsia araujei Epiphyte One collection on dry mountain ridge Very local distribution south of Rio Cuyon, Aibonito. Also Brazil. 164 Tillandsia juncea Epiphyte One collection near Adjuntas. From Very limited distribution Florida to South America. 165 Tillandsia pruinosa Epiphyte Rare in Susua Forest, Yauco. Florida Limited distribution to Brazil. 166 Vriesia ringens Pirigallo Epiphyte Only two smalllocations in Luquillo Limited distribution Mountains. Lesser Antilles to South America. 167 Wittmackia lingulata Pina cortadora Epiphyte On rocks near Caguas. Also Lesser Antilles. Limited distribution BUXACEAE 168 Buxus citrifolia Tree Moist forests - very local. Also Venezuela. Limited distribution ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 31 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMONNAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE BUXACZAE (con.) 169 Buxus vahlii Tree Very local in coastal limestone hills near Limited distribution Bayam6n, Rinc6n, and Ponce. St. Croix and Jamaica (?). May be endemic. Requires more study. CACTACEAE 71 170 Opuntia moniliformis Tuna Tree Forest thickets of Desecheo and Mona. Cactus moth and Also Hispaniola. limited distribution CAPPARIDACEAE 171 Morisonia americans. Palo de peo Tree Moist forests of Desecheo, Culebra, and Vieques. Habitat destruction Also common in the Lesser Antilles. CASSTACM 172 Caesalpinis. bunduc Mato Woody vine Coastal area near Isabela. Widespread in Unknown Yellow nicker tropics. 173 Caesalpinia melanosperma Mato Woody vine Mona coastal plain. Also Lesser Antilles. Limited distribution Black nicker 174 Cassia bacillaris Woody vine Lower Luquillo Mountains. Lesser Antilles to Habitat destruction Cockrico bush South and Centra2 America. 175 Stahlia monosperma. C6bana negra Tree Furniture wood. Margins of mangroves, south- Limited distribution western and eastern coasts of Vieques. Also and lumbering Hispaniola. 176 Cynometra portoricensis Oreganillo Tree Moist limestone hills. Also Hispaniola. Limited distribution and habitat destruction CELASTRACEAE 177 Maytenus cymosa. Tree Coastal forests of eastern Puerto Rico. Also Limited distribution Lesser Antilles. CHENOPODIACM 178 Salicornia bigelowii Chifle Herb Salt flat near Cabo Rojo. Widespread elsewhere. Very limited distri- Glasswort bution 0 ENDANGERED NONENDE NIIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RI NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION COMMELINACEAE 179 Campelia zanonia Cohitre blanco Shrub Craggy mountain slopes - Coano area. Greater Antilles, Central and South America COPTOSITAE 180 Ambrosia tenuifolia Herb Tortuguero - dry siliceous sand. 181 Bacchaxis dioica Shrub Coastal rocky slopes. Through West Indies. Broom bush 182 Wedelia gracilis Herb Reported from eastern Puerto Rico. Through Greater Anti,lles. CON-VOLVULACEAE 183 Ipomoea ca-rnea Gloria de la maaana Woody vine Moist ravines, Coamo area and east. Scatte Morning glory in West Indies, Central and South America. 184 Ipomoea horsfolliae Gloria de la maRana roja Slender vine Southern moist slopes in woodland. Also iqn Red morning glory Jamaica and cultivated in tropics. Of or= tal value. 185 Ipomoea tricolor Slender vine One collection near MayagUez. CUCURDITACFAE 186 Anguria, ottoniana, Slender vine One collection. Also Cuba, Tobago, and Venezuela. 187 Anguria trifoliata Slender vine One collection. Also Hispaniola. CUSCUTACEAE 186 Cuscuta indecora Bejuco de Mona Epiphyte Shore of Lake Gunica. Videspread in Ameri Dodder tropics. CYATHEACFAE (Fern) 189 Cyathea brooksii Shrub Upper western mountains. Through Greater Antilles. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 33 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE CYATHEACEAE (Con.) 190 Hemitelia escuquensis Helecho arboreo Tree Wet Central Cordillera and western mountains. Limited distribution Tree fern Also Venezuela. CYPERACEAE 191 Bulbostylis curassavica Junquillo Sedge Dry wooded areas - Guanica and Caja de Muertos. Limited distribution Through West Indies. 192 Bulbostylis junciformis Junquillo Sedge Dry-to-moist siliceous sand - Tortuguero. Limited distribution Also Lesser Antilles to South America. 193 Cyperus confertus Sedge Local coastal plant of Catano area. Very limited distri- Of wide tropical distribution. bution 194 Cyperus eggersii Sedge High swampy areas from Guajataca to Lares. Limited distribution Through Greater Antilles. 195 Cyperus flavescens Sedge Moist grassy areas in Dorado and Bayamon. Limited distribution Widespread in tropics. 196 Cyperus fuligineus Sedge Open areas on Icacos Cay, Fajardo. Limited distributio Florida and West Indies. 197 Cyperus nanus var. subtenuis Sedge Only one collection near Yauco. Rare in Cuba Limited distribution and Jamaica. 198 Cyperus swartzii Sedge Only two collections in Guanica and Penuelas. Limited distribution Scattered in West Indies. 199 Cyperus unioloides Sedge Wet grasslands - Only one collection near Lares. Unknown A little known species. Greater Antilles, Central and South America. 200 Cyperus virens Sedge Swampy grassland west of Bayamon. Widspread Habitat destruction in tropics and subtropics. 201 Eleocharis fallax Junco Sedge Guanica Lake and one location in the Luquillo Habitat destruction Mountains. Rare in the Greater Antilles. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO PAGE 34 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE CYPERACEAE (con.) 202 Eleocharis pachystyla Junco Sedge Only one collection in wet siliceous sands of Limited distribution Dorado. West Indies to Central and South America. 203 Eleocharis radicans Junco Sedge One collection. Not recently seen. Local in Unknows tropical and temperate areas. 204 Hemicarpha micrantha Sedge Local in siliceous sands of Tortuguero. Limited distribution Widespread in tropics and temperate regions. 205 Lagenocarpus guianensis Sedge Low wet areas in siliceous sand of Dorado and Limited distribution Tortuguero. Lesser Antilles to South America. 206 Psilocarya nitens Sedge Marshy areas about Lake Tortuguero. Limited distribution Subtropical to temperate United States. 207 Rhynchospora brachychata Sedge Only one collection in Luquillo Mountains. Limited distribution A questionable species. 208 Rhynchospora filifornis Sedge Reported from Puerto Rico. Not recently seen. Unknown 209 Rhynchospora hispidula Sedge Recorded from Puerto Rico. Not recently seen. Unknown 210 Rhynchospora microcarpa Sedge Rare in swamps of Tortuguero. Southern United Limited distribution States and West Indies. 211 Rhynchospora miliacea Sedge Recorded from Puerto Rico. Not recently seen. Unknown 212 Rhynchospora odorata Sedge One collection near Catano Swamp. Greater Very limited distri- Antilles and Southern United States. bution 213 Rhynchospora oqliganth Sedge Wet grassy areas in the Luquillo Mountains, Very limited distri- Tortuguero, and Dorado. Eastern United States bution and Greater Antilles. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 35 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE CYPERACEAE (Con.) 214 Rhynchospora oligantha, var. Sedge Wet grassy areas - upper Luquillo Mountains, Limited distribution breviseta Tortuguero, and Dorado. In Florida and the Greater Antilles. 215 Rhynchospora podosperma Sedge Recorded from Puerto Rico. Not recently seen. Unknown 216 Rliynchospora rariflora Sedge Wet grassy areas around Lake Tortuguero. Limited distribution In Florida and the Greater Antilles. 217 Rhynchospora rufa Sedge Swamps of north coast - two collections. Limited Distribution Also Cuba and South and Central America. 218 Scleria gracilis Sedge Wet grassy areas of Tortuguero. Southern Limited distribution Nut-rush United States and West Indies. 219 Scleria mitis Cortadora Sedge One collection in BayamOn. West Indies, Unknown Central and South America. Not recently seen. 220 Scleria pauciflora Sedge Wet grassy areas of Tortuguero. Eastern Limited distribution Nut rush United States and West Indies. DILLENIACEAE 221 Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus Woody vine Very local in coastal moist forests of north Limited distribution coast. DROSERACEAE 222 Drosera capillaris Herb Wet siliceous sand. Canada to Brazil. Habitat destriction Sundew EHRETIACEAE 223 Bourreria revoluta Tree Moist coastal woodland - Quebradillas. Greater Limited distribution Antilles to Florida. 224 Rochefortia acanthophora Juso Tree Southwestern Puerto Rico - Coastal forests. Limited distribution Through West Indies. 225 Rochefortia cuneata Espino Tree One collection at La Plata, GuAnica. West Limited distribution Indies. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION EUPHORBIACEAE 226 Chamaosyce anegadensis Herb Very rare on rocky plateau of Mona. Also Anegada. 227 Chamaesyce cowelii Herb Dry coastal rocky thickets of southwestern Puerto Rico, Caja do Muertos, and Mona. Als Anegada and Dominican Republic. 228 Croton nunumilariaefolius Shrub Very local in rocky coastal thickets - Gudni Also Cuba and Hispaniola. 229 Drypetes ilicifolia Encinillo Tree Rare in moist coastal hills of the north coa Also Jampica FLACOURTIACEAE 230 Lunania buchii Tree Forest of upper Monte del Estado. Also Hispaniola. 231 Prockia cruis Tree Very local in Vieques and southeastern Puert Rico - moist forests. Through tropical Amer GFNTIANACEAE 232 Enicostems. verlicillatum Herb Recorded from Puerto Rico. Not recently see West Indies and Old World tropics. 233 Schultesia brachyptera Herb Only one collection in wet sand near Bayamon Through Greater Antilles, Central and South America. GRAMINEAF 234 Andropogon domingensis Barbas Grass Only along Rio Maricao, Puerto Rico. Beardgrase Occurs west to Florida. 235 Aristida cognata Pelos del diablo Grass Rocky slopes near Boueron. Rare in the Lee Triple-awned grass Antillest Jamaica, and the Bahamas. 236 Aristida spiciformis Pelos del diablo Grass Moist siliceous sandy areas of Tortuguero. Triple-awned grass Also scattered in the Isle of Pines (Cuba), Florida. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 37 NO. 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 SCIENTIFIC NAME GRAMINEAE (Con.) Bouteloa juncea Chusquea abietifolia Cymnopogon foliosus Panicum fusiforme Paspalum parviflorum Paspalum rupestre Sjporobolus cubensis Syntherisma argillacea HIPPOCRATEACEAE Hippocratea caribaea HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum asplenioides ICACINACEAE Mappia racemosa COMMON NAME Lamilla Bambui trepador Bamboograss Matojo Panicum Matojito Matojo cubano Drop seed Pata de gallina Fingergrass HABIT Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Woody vine Epiphyte Tree DISTRIBUTION Dry coastal plain near Guanica. Also Hispaniola. Western mountains of Puerto Rico. Also Hispaniola and Jamaica. Siliceous sand of Tortuguero. Also St. Thomas, Hispaniola, and South America. Summit of el Yunque. Of wide tropical distribution. One collection in Puerto rico and rare in South America. Tortuguero. Serpentine soils at higher elevations. Also in Cuba. Rare in Monte Mesa, Mayaguez. Also in Cuba. Western open areas and Tortuguero. Also in Cuba. One collection from Cerro La Pandura. Also the Windward Islands. Not well known. Moist to wet forests - Maricao. Through Greater Antilles, Central and South America. Very rare in coastal moist forest - Quebradillas area. Also Greater Antilles. CAUSE Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Unknown Limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Limited distribution Limited distribution ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 38 NO. 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 SCIENTIFIC NAME JUGLANDACEAE Juglans jamaicensis LABIATE (Lamiaceae) Hyptis spioigera Hyptis verticillata LAURACEAE Aniba braoteata Ocotea wrightii Persea krugii LORANTHACEAE Dendropemon purpureus Eubrachion ambiguum Ixidium wrightii LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium curvatum COMMON NAME Nogal Tropical walnut Marrubio Marrubio Canelillo Palo santo Laurel canelo CAnela Hicaquillo Mistletoe Club moss HABITAT Tree Shrub Shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Epiphyte Epiphyte Epiphyte Herb DISTRIBUTION Central Cordillera and western mountains. also Hispaniola. Not recently seen. One collection near Cabo Rojo. Greater Antilles, Central South America. Open Slopes of eastern Puerto Rico. Also tropical America. Mosist eastern mountain. Also Lesser Antilles. Mountain peaks near Cerro de Punta. Also Cuba. Upper Central Cordillera. Also Cuba. Upper western mountains. Also Hispaniola. Dry forest near Guanica. Also Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola. Monte del Estado (one peak). Also Hispaniola and Jamaica. Mountain forests. Also Hispaniola and Cuba. Sphagnum areas of Luquillo Mountains. Also Jamaica. CAUSE Limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction Limited distribution Limited distrubution Limited distrubution Habitat destruction Very limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OFITPUERTO RICO PA 0A I; NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMONNAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE LYCOPODIACEAE (Con.) 259 Lycopodium meridionale Herb Wet, grassy areas of Luquillo mountains. Limited distribution Club moss Tropical America. 260 Lycopodium tenuicaule Epiphyte Wet forests of Luquillo Mountains. Also Limited distribution Club moss Lesser Antilles. 261 Lycopodium wilsoni Epiphyte Upper Luquillo Mountains. Guadeloupe and Limited distribution Club moss Colombia. MALPIGHIACEAE 262 Banisteriopsis lucida Paralejo de monte Woody vine One collection, maybe exterminated. Also Habitat destruction St. Vincent and northern South America. 263 Bunchosia glandulifera Caf4 falso Tree One locale in forests of Sierra de Yabucoa. Limited distribution Also Montserrat to South America. 264 Bunchosia nitida Tree Recorded in woodland of southwestern Puerto Limited distribution Rico. Also Hispaniola and Lesser Antilles. 265 Heteropteris wyclleriana Woody vine Mountains of western Puerto Rico. Habitat destruction 266 MalDighia fucata Olaga Tree Coastal and river thickets. Also U.S. Virgin Habitat destruction Islands and Jamaica. 267 Malpighia infestissima. Tree Coastal thickets. Very local distribution. Limited distribution Cowhage cherry Isla Maguey, Lajas. Also U.S. Virgin Islands. 268 Malpighi linearis Tree Coastal thickets of eastern Puerto Rico. Limited distribution Stinging bush Also Lesser Antilles to Montserrat. 269 aLLSMaphyjLon diversifolium Bejuco de paralejo Woody vine Two coastal records. Needs more study, very Unknown similar to another species. Also Hispaniola and Cuba. 270 Stigmaphyllon puberum Woody vine Recorded from eastern Puerto Rico in small Limited distribution numbers. West Indies, Central and South America ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 40 NO. 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 SCIENTIFIC NAME MALVACEAE Bastardia bivalvis Hibiscus clypeatus Hibiscus trilobus Lebretonia paniculata Sida eggersii MARATTIACEAE Danaea jenmani MARSILIACEAE marsilia berteroi Marsilia Polycarpa MELIACEAE Cedrela odorata MELASTOMACEAE Conostegia Hotteana Heterotrichum Angustifolium COMMON NAME Escoba babosa Huevo de gato CAdillo anaranjado Cedro Spanish cedar Camasey HABIT Shrub Tree Shrub Shrub Tree Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree DISTRIBUTI0N One collection. Fields near Coamo. also tropical America. Dry forests near Guanica. Through Greater Antilles, Mexico, Cayman Islands. Rare in marshes. Also Hispaniola, Trinidada, Jamaica, and French Guiana. Wet ground near Bayamon and Lares. Also Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Central and South America. Hills of Culebra. Also Virgin Islands. Wet upper mountain forests - Adjuntas. Also Jamaica. Borders of ponds. Local in tropics. Borders of ponds. Local in tropics. Very good timber, but poor reporduction. Moist mountain woodlands. Planted in tropical America. Very local in wet forests of eastern mountains. Also Haiti. Recorded from Puerto Rico. Also Hispanola. CAUSE Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Lumbering and disease Limited distribution Unknown ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 41 NO. 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 SCIENTIFIC NAME MELASTOMACEAE (Con.) Miconia lanata Miconia microcarpa Miconia ottoschulzii Miconia punctata Miconia rubiginosa Mouriri domingensis Ossaea domingensis Ossaea soabrosa Rhexia cubensis Tetrazygiz angustifolia MIMOSACEAE Calliandra haematostoma Entada polyphylla COMMON NAME Camasey Camasey Camasey Camasey Camasey Murta Camasey Camasey Camasey marino West-Indian Meadow-beauty Cenizo Caliandra Red anneslia Tamarindillo HABIT Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Shrub Shrub Herb Tree Tree Woody vine DISTRIBUTION Recorded to have been collected in Puerto Rico. Also in Cuba, St. Vincent, Trinidad, northern South America. Wet-to-moist upland forests near Juncos (Monte Santo de Leon). Also Cuba and French Guiana. Recorded from forest at Isabon near Utuado. Also the Dominican Republic. Mountain forests near Utado. Also found in Cuba, Hispaniola, Guatemala, and Boliva. Of middle elevations in western Puerto Rico. Also Hispaniola and Central and South America. Local in moist forests. Scattered in WEst Indies. One collection in Central Cordillera. Also Hispaniola. Very local in upper wet Central Cordillera. Also Jamaica to Cuba. Very local in siliceous sand marshes near Dorado and Tortuguero. Also Florida and Cuba. Moist seasonal forest south of Isabela and eastern Puerto Rico. Also the Lesser Antilles. Guayanilla area. Through Greater Antilles. River banks of Fajardo and Vega Baja. Also South America. CAUSE Unknown Unknown Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction and limited distribution Habitat destruction Limited distribution ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 42 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE MYRSINACEAE 294 Stylogyne lateriflora Shrub Luquillo Mountains. Collected only once. Limited distribution Rare in Lesser Antilles. MYRTACEAE 295 Calyptranthes thomasiana Tree Monte Ventana. Vieques. Also Signal Hill, Limited distribution St. Thomas. Not well known. 296 Calyptranthes zuzygium Tree Cambalache Forest, Barceloneta. Through Limited distribution Myrtle-of-the-river Greater Antilles and South Florida. NAIDACEAE 297 Naias marina Yerba de zanja Herb An aquatic plant in Puerto Rico confined to Limited distribution Lake Tortuguero. Elsewhere widespread, but local. NYCTAGINACEAE 298 Guapira discolor Palo de corcho Tree Dry forests of Montalva, Ensenada; Mona and Limited distribution Desecheo. Through Greater Antilles and Bahamas. 299 Pisonia helleri Woody vine Moist limestone thickets. Through West Indies. Habitat destruction OLACACEAE 300 Schoepfia schreberi Tree Woodlands of Vieques. Also Lesser Antilles, Habitat destruction Central and South America. ORCHIDACEAE 301 Basiphyllaea angustifolia Herb Monte del Estado. Also Cuba. Limited distribution 302 Bletia patula var. alba Bletia Herb Open moist slopes near Dares. Also Hispanic Limited distribution Cuba, and Florida. 303 Brachionidium parvum Herb Wet banks and slopes - Upper Luquillo and Limited distribution Guavate forests. Also Lesser Antilles. 304 Drassavola cucullata Epiphyte Reported in Puerto Rico. Lesser Antilles to Unknown South America. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 43 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE ORCHIDACEAE (Con.) 305 Brassavola nodosa Epiphyte Reported in Puerto Rico, may be an escape. Unknown Also Central and South America. 306 Bulbophyllum pachyrrhachis Epiphyte Western mountains. Greater Antilles and Habitat destruction Trinidad to Central America. 307 Campylocentrum monteverdii Epiphyte Central Cordillera. Also Cuba. Limited distribution 308 Campylocentrum pachyrrizum Epiphyte Western mountains and limestone hills. Habitat destruction Florida and West Indies. 309 Cochleanthes flabelliformis Epiphyte Moist mountain forests. Collecting 310 Coelia triptera Herb Rocky, mountain areas of western Puerto Rico. Limited distribution Greater Antilles and Central America. 311 Cyrtopodium punctatum Pifiuela Epiphyte Northern slopes. Also Greater Antilles, Collecting and Cow horn orchid Trinidad, and South America. harvesting 312 Epidendrum bifidum Epiphyte Eastern Puerto Rico. Also Lesser Antilles and Collecting and limited Hispaniola. Common in Lesser Antilles. distribution 313 Epidendrum cochleatum var. album Cafiuela Epiphyte Maxicao Mountains. Rare in West Indies. Limited distribution 314 Epidendrum furcatum Epiphyte Central Cordillera. Through Greater Antilles. Limited distribution 315 Epidendrum oncidioides var. Epiphyte Western Puerto Rico. Also South America. Limited distribution gravidum 316 Epidendrum ottonis Epiphyte Rare on palm trunks of Utuado area. Through Limited distribution Greater Antilles and South America. 317 Epidendrum pallidiflorum Epiphyte Raze in upper Lupuillo Mountains. Also in Limited distribution Lesser Antilles. ENDANGERED N0NENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 44 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE ORCHIDACEAE (Con.) 318 Epidendrum patens Epiphyte Upper Luquillo and Carite mountains. Limited distribution Also in Trinidad. Poorly known. 319 Epidendrum sintenisii Epiphyte Western mountains. Also rare in Cuba and Limited distribution Jamaica. 320 Eurystyles ananassocomos Epiphyte On trunks of mountain palms. Through Greater Limited distribution Antilles. 321 Habenaria distans Herb Grassy areas of Monte Mesa, Mayagtiez. Through Limited distribution Greater Antilles to Florida and Guatemala. 322 Habenaria dussii Herb Mosey forests of Luquillo Mountains. Also Limited distribtuion Guadeloupe. 323 Jacquiniella teretifolia Epiphyte Rare on upper Toro Negro Mountain. Through Very limited distri- West Indies, Central and South America. bution 324 Koellensteinia graminea Epiphyte Forests near Utuado. Also South America. Very limited distri- bution 325 Liparis eggersii Herb Monte Mesa, Mayagtiez. Also St. Thomas. Limited distribution Not well known. 326 Liparis vexillifera Herb Rare in Central Cordillera and western mount Limited distribution Also West Indies, Central and South America. 327 Lycaste barringtoniae Epiphyte Rare in western mountains. Uncommon through Limited distribution Greater Antilles. 328 Maxillaria confertum Epiphyte Forests near Utuado. Also Cuba and the Less Limited distribution Antilles. 329 Pleurothallis foliata Epiphyte Upper Luquillo Mountains. Through West Ind Very limited distri- to Central and South America. Not common bution anywhere. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 45 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE ORCHIDACEAE (Con.) 330 Xylobium palmifolium Epiphyte Upper Maricao Mountain. Through Greater Unknown Antilles. Only one collection. OCHNACEAE 331 Ouratea striata Tree Very local on wet mountain peaks and ridges. Limited distribution Through Greater Antilles. OLEACEAE 332 Linociera axilliflora Hueso Tree Local in Guanica ridge forests. Also Cuba. Limited distribution 333 Linociera ligustrina Hueso Tree Moist limestone hills of northwestern Puerto Limited distribution Rico. Through Greater Antilles. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Ferns) 334 Botrychium jenmani Herb Wet, open serpentine mountain slopes. Through Limited distribution Greater Antilles. 0SMUNDACEAE (Fern) 335 Osminda cinnamomea Herb Margins of swamps - Lake Tortuguero. Limited distribution Cinnamon fern PAPILIONACEAE (Fabaceae) 336 Centrosema plumieri Gallinita Herbaceous vine Only one collection - thickets near Bayamon. Limited distribution Also tropical America. 337 Crotalaria maritima Herb Siliceous sands of north coast. Also in Limited distribution southeastern United States. 338 Desmodium affine Herb Mountains west of Cayey - Open areas. Greater Limited distribution Antilles and South America. 339 Desmodium cubense Shrub Open slopes of Coamo area. Also Hispaniola Habitat destruction and Cuba. 340 Dioclea refleya Bejuco de mato Woody vine Moist coastal forests. Very local and rare. Limited distribution Rare in West Indies. ENDANGERED N0NENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE PAPILIONACAE (Fabaceae) (con.) Herbaceous vinE One collection in siliceous sands of Tortugqi Limited distribution 341 Eriosema crinatum Weedy open areas. Also Cuba, Central and S America. 342 Mucuna sloanea Ojo de busy Woody vine Rare in coastal wet forests. Pan tropical. Collecting Horse-eye bean 343 Muouna urens Tortera Woody vine Western coastal forests. Rare and local in Collecting Ox-eye bean West Indies. 344 Sophora tomentosa Shrub Southwestern coastal plain and Vieques. Al Limited distribution Necklace pod wide tropical range. PASSIFLORACEAE 345 Passiflora anadenia Slender vine GuKnica Forest. Also Hispaniola. Limited distribution 346 Passiflora bilobata Slender vine Local in coastal forests west of Ponce. Habitat destruction Also Hispaniola. and limited distribution 347 Passiflora murucuia Slender vine Local in coastal forests of Quebradillas. Habitat destruction Also Hispaniola. and limited distribution PIPERACE AE 348 Piper dilotatum Higuillo Shrub Rio Abajo Forest. Also Lesser Antilles. Limited distribution Central and South America. 349 Ep swartzianum Higaillo Shrub Moist Central Cordillera. Also Hispaniola. Habitat destruction 350 Peporomia myrtifolia Peperomia Herb Rocks on Monte Ventana, Vieques. Also Limited distribution St. Croix and Virgen Gorda. POLYGONACEAE 351 Coccoloba pallida Uvillo Tree Coastal forest near Quebradillas. Habitat destruction Through Greater Antilles. ENDANGERED NONEDEMIC PLANTS OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE POLYGONACEAE (con.) 352 Coccoloba tenuifolia Uvillo Tree Coastal forest near Quebradillas. Also the Habitat destruction Bahamas. POLYPODIAGEAE 353 Adiantopsis paupercul Herb On rocks, Rio Maricao. Also Cuba and Jamaica. Limited distribution 354 Adjantum, macrophyllum Herb Mountain ravines. Local in tropical America. Collecting Maiden-hair fern 355 Adiantum rigidulum Herb Listed from Yauco. Also Virgin Islands and Limited distribution Jamaica (?) 356 Aaiantum villosum Herb Moist ravines of eastern Puerto Rico. Tropical Limited distribution America. 357 Adiantum wilsoni Herb Local in very wet ravines. Local in tropical Limited distribution America. 358 Dennstaedtia cicataria Shrub Moist forests - Caguas. Also Cuba, Jamaica, Limited distribution Central and South America. 359 Dennstaedtia plobulifera Shrub Moist thickets near Quebradillas. Greater Limited distribution Antilles and South America. 360 Diplazium expansum Herb Mountain forests near Adjuntas. Also Jamaica, Limited distribution Cuba, and South America. 361 Grammitis myosouroides Epiphyte Wet forests by Rio de Maricao. Also Jamaica. Limited distribution 362 Hecistopteris pumila Epiphyte On rotting logs and stumps of western mountains. Limited distribution Tropical America. 363 Lindsaea portoricensis Herb Thickets in wet siliceous sand,Tortuguero. Limited distribution Through tropical America. ENDANGERED N0NENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE POLYPODIACEAE (Con.) 364 Lindsaea stricta Herb Open areas in mossy forest, Luquillo. Limited distribution Local in West Indies, Central and South Ame 365 Poly-podium sectifrons Epiphyte Moist-to-wet mountain forests. Scattered in Limited distribution West Indies, common in Costa Rica. 366 Polystichum polystichiforme Herb. Forested slopes - Monte La Torrecilla. Gres. Limited distribution Antilles. 367 Psilogramme hispidul Herb Rocky summits El Yunque area. South Americ Limited distribution 368 Pteris deflex, Herb Summit of Monte La Torrecilla and near Utua Limited distribution Hispaniola and South America. 369 PthlyPtexis serrata Herb Swamp near Utuado. Local in tropical America. Limited distribution RHAMNACEAE 370 Hybosperma spinorium Shrub Rocky crests of hills,guanica. Limited distribution Also Hispaniola. 371 Reynosia guama GuamA Tree Coastal forests of Guanica. Also Virgin Limited distribution Islands. 372 Rhamnus sphacosperma Tree Very local on mountain peaks. Through Limited distribution West Indian buckthorn Greater Antilles. 373 Zizy-phus taylori Tree Dry forest, Mona. Also Bahamas. Limited distribution 374 Zizy-phus rignonii Tree Coastal forests, Fajardo area. Also Limited distribution Virgin Islands. RUBIACEAE 375 Catesbaea melanocarPa Shrub Dry forests, Montalva, Ensenada, to Guinica Limited distribution Also Lesser Antilles. N0NENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE RUBIACAE (Con.) 376 Chione semnerviis Tree Local in dwarf forest of Cerro de Punta area. Limited distribution Also Hispaniola. 377 Exostema ellipticum Plateado Tree Upper Central Cordillera forests. Also Cuba. Limited distribution 378 Exostema sanctae-luciae Tree Very local in forests of Upper serpentine Limited distribution mountains. Rare in West Indies. 379 Metracaxpus hirtus Herb Local in wet open swampy areas. Habitat destruction 380 Psychotria involucrata Cachimbo verde Shrub Thicket near Bayamon. West indies to South Limited distribution America. 381 Psychotria nutans Cachimbo de mona Tree Sink holes in plateau, Mona. Also Hispaniola. Limited distribution 382 Sabicea cinera Shrub Coastal moist forests, Dorado. Also French Limited distribution Gudana and Guiana. RUTACFAE 333 Amyris balsamifera Teilla Tree Woodlands near Gu4nica. Also tropical America. Limited distribution WINDACDAE 384 Serjania diversifolia Woody vine One collection in forests near Utuado. Also Limited distribution Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola. SAPOTACEAE 385 Pouteria hotteana Tree Local on Monte del Estado. Also Haiti. Limited distribution SCHIZADACM 386 Anemia hirsuta Herb Upper rocky banks, Coamo area. Tropical America Limited distribution 387 Schizaea pennula Herb Wet to moist thickets (siliceous sand areas). Habitat destruction Curlygrass fern Lesser Antilleo, Central and South America. and limited distribution. ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 50 NO. 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 SCIENTIFIC NAME SCROPHULARIACEAE Buchnera elongata SIMAROUBACEAE Castela erecta Picrasma excelsa SOLANACEAE Cestrum alternifolium Lycium americanum Saracha antillana solanum Aantillarum Solanum polygamum Solanum pterocaulon THEACEAE Cleyera albopunctata TURNERACEAE Piriqueta ovata COMMON NAME Espiga de San Antonio Bitterwood Cakalaka-berry Teta Prieta HABIT Herb Tree Tree Shrub Shrub Shrub Tree Tree Shrub Tree Herb DISTRIBUTION Wet siliceous sand of north coast. Greater Antilles and Florida. Coatal thickets of southwestern Puerto Rico. Also Lesser Antilles to Venezuela. Moist woodland, Coamo Springs area. Through Greater Antilles. REported from Luquillo Mountains. Lesser Antilles to South America. Rocky soil, Monito, and very local in West Indies. Woodland, Caguas. Through Greater Antilles. MOist mountain ravines, very local. Greater Antilles. One collection in Puerto Rico. Coastal forests by Salinas. Also Virgin Islands. Moist forests, Caguas. Also Mexico South America. Summits of Luquillo Mountains. Also Cuba and Hispanola. Along coast of southwestern Puerto Rico. Also Dutch Islands and Hispanola. CAUSE Habitat destruction and limited distribution Habitat destructin and limited distribution Habitat destruction and limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limted distribution (?) Poor reproduction and limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution ENDANGERED NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 51 NO. 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 SCIENTIFIC NAME TURNERACEAE (Con.) Piriqueta viscosa URTICACEAE Urera caracasana Pouzolzia occidentalis Pilea richardi Pilea sanctae-crucis VERBENACEAE Lantana reticulata Lantana trifolia VITACEAE Cissus intermedia Cissus obovata ZANNICHELLIACEAE Potomogeton epydrus ZINGIBERACEAE Costus cylindricus COMMON NAME Ortiga colorada Nettle Cariaquillo Cariaquillo Lino de agua Cana amarga HABIT Herb Tree Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herbaceous vine Herbaceous vine Herb Shrub DISTRIBUTION Thickets or Tortuguero and Culebra. Also St. Thomas, Cuba, and South America. Drainage areas in Luquillo Mountains. Also Lesser Antilles, Central and South America. Forests of Coamo ARea and Vieques. Also Central and South America. One collection near Lares. Also one collection in St. Thomas. Not well known. One collection in Luquillo Mountains. Also Virgin Islands. Not well known. Moist rocky slopes north of Salinas. West Indies and Mexico. Dry south coast. Tropical America and Africa. Recorded from Penuelas and Manati. Also Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola. Recorded from Puerto Rico. Also the Virgin Islands. Aquatic plant reported to be in Puerto Rico. None seen recently. Damp mountain banks. Scattered in West Indies and South America. CAUSE Habitat destruction and limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction Limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction and limited distribution Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Unknown Limited distribution 77-A77"M MSIJKT-,@ W nIM ifLl@c AN 53 Ilox guianensis@ Maconcona. Number 415--Rare Nonendemic Plant Species of Puerto Rico 54 PLANT SP"-'@CIES 07, Pape 59 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE ALISMACEAE 410 Helianthium tenellum. Herb An aquatic plant. Elsewhere widespread. ILimited distribution 411 Sap-ittaria intermedia Herb A marsh plant of the Greater Antilles. Habitat destruction AMYGDALACT'A E 412 Prunus occidentalis Almendrillo Tree Moist mountain forests. Through West Indies Limited distribution Cherrylaurel and in Guatemala. and habitat de- ANNTONAC M- struction 413 Guatteria caribaea Hays, blanca Tree Eastern moist forests. Also Lesser Antilles. Limited distribution 414 Oxandra laurifolia Hays, Tree Rare in mountains. Through West Indies. Habitat destruction Lancewood and. lumbering AQUIFOLIACEAE 415 I.L@ guianonsis Tree Moist coastal forests - north and western areas. Habitat destruction Maconcona Also Hispaniola, Trinidad, and Central and South America. BIGNONIACEAE 416 Enallapnia latifolia Higuerillo Tree Coastal wet areas. Through tropical America. ffabitat destruction Black calabash BORAGINACEAE 417 Tournefortia filiflora Nigua Tree Moist forests of north coast. Also Lesser rTabitat destruction Antilles. BROMIELIACEAE 418 CatoDsis sessil-iflora Epiphyte Scattered in middle Luquillo Mountains. Through Local distribution West Indies, Central and South America. CACTACEAE 419 Pereskia aculeata Woody vine Cultivated for its fruit. Moist open forests. Limited distrib ti n Gooseberry Through tropical America. RARE NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 56 NO. 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 SCIENTIFIC NAME CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia pinnata CUSCUTACEAE Cuscuta gandulosa CYATHEACEAE Cyathea tenera Hemitelia wilsoni CYPERACEAE Bulbostylis pauciflora Cladium restioides Cyperus digitatus Eleocharis rostellata Rhychospora alba Rhynchospora elongata Rhynchospora marisculus Rhychosporta plumosa COMMON NAME Oreganillo Bastard brazilleto Bejunco de Mona Dodder Helecho arboreo Tree fern Helecho arborero Tree fern HABIT Tree Epiphyte Tree Tree Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge DISTRIBUTION Mountain peaks. Through West Indies, Central and South America. Moist areas of eastern regions; a parasite on low plants. Scarce, but widespread elsewhere. Mountain forests - local. Through Greater Antilles. Wet-to-moist mountain forests and banks. Local in Greater Antilles. Open-to-dry wooded areas of Guanica, Vieques, and Tortuguero. Also in St. Croix. Open areas of Luquillo Mountains. West Indies mountain forests. Open, wet areas of southwest coast. Of wide distribution in tropics to subtropics. Local about Tortuguero swamp. United States, Mexico, and Cuba. Grassy areas in upper Luquillo Mountains. A widespread temeprate species. Grassy areas in upper Luquillo Mountains. Also Cuba and Jamaica. Rare in upper Luquillo Mountains. Through American tropics. Wet, grassy areas - Luquillo Mountains, Dorado, and Tortuguero. Florida and Greater Antilles. CAUSE Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Very limited distribution Very limited distribution Limited distribution Limted distribtuion RARE NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 57 NO. 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 SCIENTIFIC NAME CYPERACEAE (Con.) Rhynchospora tenuis Scleria ciliata Scleria secans Scleria triglomerata Scleria verticillata DILLENIACEAE Doliocarpus calinoides EBENACEAE Diospyros ebenaster EHRETIACEAE Bourreria virgata ELAEOCARPACEAE Sloanea amygdalana ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylon rufum EURPHORBIACEAE Andrachne cueifolia COMMON NAME Fringed razorsedge Cortadora de altura Razorgrass Cortadora Whip Razorsedge Cortadora Whorled razorsedge Bejunco de agua Guayabota, ZApote negro Roble de guayo Motillo False cocaine HABIT Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Woody vine Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree DISTRIBUTION Wet, open areas of El Yunque, Tortuguero, and Dorado. Widespread elsewhere. Tortuguero and wet grassy areas with serpentine soils. Southern United States and Greater Antilles. Wooded areas of Caguas and Tortuguero. West Indies, Central and South America. Open serpentine soils and wet sand at Tortuguero. Eastern United States. Wet, grassy areas of Lake Tortuguero. Eastern United States, Mexico, and West Indies. Wet mountain forests. Also Guadeloupe and Trinidad. Only two locations in moist forests of northern districts. Dry forest of southwestern Puerto rico. Also hispaniola. Timber wood of mountain forests in central and western Puerto Rico. Also Hispaniola and Guadeloupe. Moist forest of north coast. Also Cuba, Central and South America. VEry local in dry thickets of southwestern Puerto Rico. Also Cuba. CAUSE Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribtuion Lumbering and limited distribution Habitat destruction Habitat destruction RARE NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE EUPHORBIACEAE (Con.) 443 Ditta myricoides Jaboncillo Tree Eastern mountains. Also Hispaniola and Cuba. Limited distribution 444 Drypetes lateriflora Palo blanco Tree Moist northern limestone hills. Greater Habitat distribution Guiana plum Antilles, Bahamas, Florida, and Central Am 445 Sapium jamaicense Tabaiba Tree Very local in mountain forests. Through Milk wood Greater Antilles and Central America. FLACOURTIACFAE 446 Taetia procera Talantr6n Tree Wet montane forests. Luquillo and Utuado. Limited distribution Through West Indies. GENTIANACEAE 447 Leiphaimos parasitica Herb Moist limestone hills in northern district Also Florida, Greater Antilles, and Central Limited distribution America. GLEICHENIACEA 448 Gleichenia furcata Slender vine Mountain summits - Cerro de Punta. Also Lesser Limited distribution Antilles. GRAMINEAE 449 Andropogon saccharoides Grass Moist open areas of western Puerto Rico. Habitat destruction Silver bluestem Widespread in the tropics. 450 Arthrostylidium multispicatum Grass Local in Central Cordillera and western Limited distribution mountains, Also Hispaniola and Cuba. 451 Ichnanthes axillaris (Nees) Grass Moist upper mountains of Puerto Rico. Also Limited distribution Lesser Antilles to South America. 452 Leptocoryphium lanatum Lanilla Grass Open serpentine soils. West Indies to South Limited distribution America. 453 Muhlenbergia cappilaris Grass Wet grasslands of the northern coast. Also Limited distribution Hairawn muhly Cuba, Bahamas, and United States. RARE NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE GRAMINEAE (Con.) 454 Panicium portoricense Grass Wet siliceous Band. Also southeastern United Limited distribution Witchgrass States. 455 Panicum stenodes Grass Open areas around San Juan. Of wide tropical Habitat destruction distribution. 456 Panicum tenerum Grass In wet siliceous sands. West to Florida. Limited distribution 457 Pharus parvifolius Grass Woodlands south of Arecibo. Throughout West Limited distribution Creeping leafstalkgrass Indies. 458 Setaria magna Grass Wet coastal swamps - Tortuguero to Humacao Limited distribution Giant bristlegrass Widespread in tropics. 459 Sorghastrum parviflorum Grass Found in open areas of siliceous sand. Wide- Habitat destruction spread in tropics. HERNANDIACEAE 460 Hernandia sonora Mago Tree Rare in moist forests. Widespread in tropics. Limited distribution LAURACEAE 461 Beilschmiedia pendula Aguacate cimarr6n Tree Moist forests - scattered. Through West Indies. Limited distribution 462 Licaria triandra Palo misanteco Tree Rare in moist forests. Through 'West Indies. Limited distribution Gulf licaria 463 Nectandra krugii Laurel canel6n Tree Scattered in eastern mountains and Central Limited distribution Cordillera. Also Lesser Antilles. 464 Persea urbaniana Aguacatillo Tree Rare in upper mountains. Also in Jamaica and Limited distribution Lesser Antilles. 465 Phoebe montana Avispillo Tree Scattered in moist mountain forests. Through Limited distribution Greater Antilles. RARE NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE LENTIBULARIACEAE 466 Utricularia gibbs Herb Wet savannas and ponds at Tortuguero. Habitat destruction Bladderwort Widespread elsewhere. and limited distribution 467 Utricularia subulata Herb Wet savannas and ponds at Tortuguero and Luquillo Habitat destruction Bladderwort Mountains. Widespread elsewhere. and limited distribution 468 Utricularia pusilla Herb Wet savannas and ponds at Tortuguero and Luquillo Habitat destruction Bladderwort Mountains. Widespread elsewhere. and limited distribution 469 Utricularia Juncea Herb Wet savannas and ponds at Tortuguero and Luquillo Habitat destruction Bladderwort Mountains. Widespread elsewhere. and limited distribution LOCANIACEAE 470 Polypremum procumbens Herb Weedy siliceous sands --Tortuguero. Limited distribution Widespread elsewhere. MALPIGHIACEAE 471 Tetrapteris inacqualis Bejuco de paralejo Woody vine Coastal thickets. Also Lesser Antilles. Habitat destruction MARATTIACEAE 472 Marattia sp. Herb Drainage areas of Cerro de Punta area. Limited distribution MELASTOMACEAE 473 Tetrazygia crotonifolia Shrub Open cliffs and hillsides at middle elevations Limited distribution (north slopes) of western Puerto Rico. Also Hispaniola. MENISPERMACEAR 474 Hyperbaena domingensis Woody vine Noist districts, very local. Thxough tropic Habitat destruction America. MORACEAF 475 Psoudolmedia spuria Negra lora Tree Moist forests. Through Greater Antilles, Limited distribution Central and South America. RARE NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO Page 61 NO. 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 SCIENTIVIC NAME MYRICACEAE Myrica cerifera MYRTACEAE Eugenia sessiliflora Eugenia sintenisii Psidium amplexicaule NYCTAGINAEAE Guapira obtusata NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea ampla Nymphaea amazonum Nymphaea jamesoniana Nymphaea odorata Nymphaea pulchella Nymphaea rudgeana OLEACEAE Forestiera eggersiana COMMON NAME Wax myrtle Murt Guayaba de monte Mountain guava Corcho prieto Lirio de agua Water lily Lirio de agua Water lily Lirio de agua Water lily Lirio de agua Water lily Lirio de agua Water-lily Lirio de agua Water lily Ink bush HABIT Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree DISTRIBUTION Scattered in moist districts. Also United States, Greater Antilles, and Central America. Moist slopes of Coamo and Cabo San Juan, Fajardo. Also Lesser Antilles. Upper Central Cordillera and western mountains. Also Lesser Antilles. Moist limestone hills. Also Lesser Antilles. Moist forests of western Puerto Rico. Also Cuba, Jamaica, and Bahamas. Ponds, streams, and canals. Also tropical America. Lagoons and canals, northern districts. Also troical America. Ditches near Hatillo and Afiasco, Greater Antilles, and Ecuador. Ditcher, algarrobo, Vega Baja; and tropical America. Lagoons and ponds. Also tropical America. Ponds. Also tropical America. Very scattered in thickets of north coast and dray slopes of south coast. also Lesser Antilles. CAUSE Habitat destruction Limited distribution Limited distribution Limited distribution Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Limited distribution RARE NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO No. SCIENTIFIC NAME CO COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE OLEACKAE (Con.) 408 Forestiera rhamnifolia Tree Forest on Mona. Through West Indies. Limited distribution IInk bush OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Fern) I 489 Ophioglossum palmatum Epiphyte Wet forests on trees or rotting logs. Poor reproduction Hand fern Tropical America. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (FERN) 490 Campylocentrum Pygmaeum Epiphyte Upper mountain forests and Lesser Antilles. Limited distribtion 491 Govenia utriculata Herb I Rare in deep leafmold of limestone forests. Limited distribution Through Greater Antilles to Florida, Centra South America. Not common anywhere. 492 Habenaria, eustachya Herb Rare in upper western mountains. Through Limited distribution Greater Antilles, Florida, and Guatemala. 493 Lepanthes sanguinea Epiphyte Upper Luquillo and Carite mountains. Also Limited distribution I Jamaica. PAPILIONACEAE (Fabacoae) 494 Canavalia rusiosperma Mato oolorad. Woody vine Mountain forests of western Puerto Rico. A Limited distribution Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, St. Thomas and M 495 Parosela domingensie Shrub Dry coastal slopes of southern Puerto Rico. Limited distribution Through Greater Antilles, St. Johns and Sou America. 496 Phaseolus trichocarpus Habichuela cimarrona Herbaceous Marshes of northern and western Puerto Rico Habitat destruction vine Through Greater Antilles and South America. PASSIFLORACEAE 497 Passiflora serrato-digitata Taga-tagua Woody vine River banks in lower montane forests. Also Limited distribution Windward Islands to South America. PIPE RACEAE 498 Peperomia maculosa Herb Mossy rocks and cliffs in mountain forests. Habitat destruction Through Greater Antilles,Central & South Am RARE NONDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO page 63 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE PIPFRACEAE (Con.) 499 Piper tuberculatum Higillo Tree Moist limestone hills. Through Greater Limited distribution Antilles, Central and South America. POLYGALACEA 500 Polygala hectandra Herb Very local in dry southwestern thickets. Limited distribution Also Anegada and Hispaniola. POLYPODIACEAE 501 Poly-podium decumanum Epiphyte Local in wet coastal forests. Hispaniola, Habitat destruction Trinidad, Central and South America. 502 Polystichum tRiangulum Herb Wet limestone hills - Florida area. Limited distribution Greater Antilles. RUBIACEAE 503 Phialanthus myrtilloides Aquil6n prieto Shrub Thickets of upper serpentine mountains. Also Limited distritbution Cuba, Jamaica, and Bahamas. 504 Rondeletia pilosa Cordobancllo peludo Tree Moist slopes of eastern Puerto Rico. Also Habitat destruction Lesser Antilles. 505 Scolosanthus densiflorus Shrub Dry thickets of upper serpentine mountains. Limited distritbution Also Hispaniola and Cuba. SCHIZAEACEAE 506 Schizaea poeppigianum Herb Deep humus - western mountains. Also Cuba, Limited distribution Central and South America. SOLANTACEAE 507 Bunfelsia americana Aguacero Tree Moist slopes - Coamo and east coast. Also Habitat destruction Lesser Antilles. 508 Solanum guanicense Shrub Marshes of southwestern Puerto Rico. Through Limited distribution Greater Antilles and. Costa Rica. and habitat destruction STERCILTACEAE 509 Walteria calicola Shrub Dry hillsides of southwestern Puerto Rico. Also Limited distribution Hispaniola and Jamaica. RARE NONENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF PUERTO RICO page 64 NO. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION CAUSE THEACEAE 510 Ternstroemia Peduncularis Tree Coastal forests of eastern Puerto Rico. Als Habitat destruction Lesser Antilles. VERBENACEAE 511 Cornutia Pyramidata Tree Scattered in moist forests. West Indies and Habitat destruction Central America. 512 Lippia stoechadifolia Poleo Shrub Margins of swamps and lakes. Widespread Used in medicine and elsewhere. limited distribution ZINIGIBERACEAE 513 Costus macrostrobilus Cana de India Shrub Mountain slopes. Also Trinidad. Limited distribution Costus ZYGOPILLACEAE 514 Guaiacum officinale Guayacan Tree Good wood. Dry south coast. Through West Lumbering Common lignumvitae Indies, Central and South America. 515 Guaiacum sanctum Guayacan blanco Tree Dry forests, southwestern Puerto Rico. Goo Lumbering Holywood lignumvitae wood, nearly exterminated. Greater Antilles Yucatan, and Plorida. Ik'x Stahlia, mono@@rma, C6bana negra, Number 175--Endangered Nonendemic Plant Species of Puerto Rico. 66 CAU570S A. DESTRUCTION OR DISTURBANCE OF HABTTATS 1. Upland/montane Habitat 3. Coastal Habitats -foot elevation) Remoteness, relative inaccessibility, and Coastal habitats, other than mangrove, have government ownership have tended to result been practically obliterated in Puerto Rico. in less intense lane, use pressure on upper These include fTesh-water swamps and a -va- montane areas. However, many of these habi- riety of forest types.. Rapid urban, recre- tats have been heavily logged, cleared for ation and tourist developments threaten the pasture or housing, or otherwise disturbed.. few remaining small patches of such habitats. The higher peaks and ridges are especially Aside from land use pressure, the remaining vulnerable. For example, in the past two swamps are also vulnerable to changes in yeaxs,. highway and communications tower their delicate water balance. Mangroves,'iArhile construction have destroyed large areas of still numbering several thousand acres, have elfin and upper montane woodland in Carite been reduced by over 75 percent since the State Forest and Cerro de Punta. Activities arrival of the Spaniards to Puerto Rico, and of this type can be expected to increase, could thus qualify as an endangered habitat. aggravating the problem. 2. Moist Limestone Hills 4. Island (below 1000-foot elevation, noncoastal) Very little natural forest of this type Most of the islands surrounding Puerto Rico remains in Puerto Rico due to intensive have been heavily disturbed by intensive agricultural land usa . Presently, urban agricultural use and military operations. ge development is increasing in this zone. These pressures, combined with the prospects The remaining natural forest is found pri- of industrial and urban developments, will marily in the limestone karst topography create an increasingly severe stress on the of northwestern Puerto Rico. flora of our offshore islands. 67 Causes of Endangerment (con.) B. EXETREMELY LIMITED NATURAL RANGE, D.OTHER ENVIRONMENTA Limited natural range in an uninhabited region Stresses from herbicides, ai f or water contamination:- which, is not a strong cause for alarm,, except the potential threat of natural catastrophes. are forms of habitat disturbai However, on an island as heavily populated as ingly becoming threats to the Rico,. there, are few, localities- safe ous plant communities. These .they come from outside the from possible human intrusion. --Plants in,this category are subject to a swift demise possibly being analyzed, must receiv resulting from a single poorly placed, develop- tention since they have a sign ment. the survival of certain plant 'community and the nature of th whole.- C. PLANT COLLECTING OR HARVESTING While the. controlled collecting,, or harvesting of plants can be compatible with their con- tinued prosperity, overcollecting can cause severe damage to a species and even its ex- tinction. Unfortunately, there is a tendency to collect all the plants of The desired species Exostema ellipticum out of a single area, destroying the seeding No. 377 stock,rather than harvesting a few plants from a series of localities. While the former, pro- dure,is less time consuming and more econo- mical, in the short run it could have a dis- astrous, impact on. a. highly desired plant ,)species... 68 AREAS OF RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES Area Percent of Total Species 1. Luquillo Mountains 19 2. Monte del Estado 17 3. Toro Negro Mountains 14 4. Lake Tortuguero 13 5. Guajataca Forest 9 6. Rio Abajo Forest 9 7. Guanica Forest 8.7 8. Quebradillas 8 9. Sierra de Cayey 7 10. Guilarte Forest 6.1 11. Biafara (near Arecibo) 5.9 12. Campanillas, Toa Baja 5.8 13. Coamo - Cuyon River 5.8 14. Monte La Torrecilla 4.1 15. Susua Forest 3.9 16. Playa de Guayanes (Punta Guayanes) 2.1 17. Cambalache Forest 2 69 MAP OF PUERTO RICO SHOVJING AREAS WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OCCUR 12 CD 15 1 Luquillo Mountains 10. Rio Abajo Forest 2. Sierra de Cayey 11. Cambalache Forest 3- Coajno and east 12. Quebradillas 4. Playa de Guayan4s (Punta Guayan4s) 13- Guajataca Forest 5. Campa:aillas, Toa Baja 14. Guilarte Forest 6. Lake Tortu,-uero 15. Susila Forest 7. Bi9fara (near Arecibo) !6. Gu4nica Forest 8. Monte La Torrecilla 17- Monte del Estado 9. Toro Negro Mountains 70 2.0 1.0 7 SCALE 1:8 1,000 APPROX. MAP SHOWING THE SITE LOCALITY WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OCCUR (OUTSIDE OF STATE AND FEDERAL FORESTS) 0 'JD 'Z z -N- 10 ROAD No., LITT OF muNICIPALIT W.- 'JuAl SCALE 1: 20,000 Area No. 3. COAMO AREA (Refer to maP on -D- 70) 71 MAP SHOWING THE SITE LOCALITY WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OCCUR (OUTSIDE OF STATE AND FEDERAL FORESTS) 0 -N- IMUNI C IPA 1_17- MUNI, Y 0 ((JM .__A C@O )e 4&UC0_4 "b 1150 NN GUAYANES BEACH 0, 4r PUNTA GUAYANES C A R 8 E A N S A SCAL Area No- 4- PLAYA DE GUAYANEES (Punta Guayands) -(Refer to map on P- 7 72 0 0 C) CIA ui 0 P CD Cd z < 4> 0:4 CH < < 4- E-A C/D F-i OOAD 0" V) @D jc);l V3 L) L) R ROAD NO. 165 -rO TOA 0 p ,A-rA @4 e@ MAP SHOWING THE SI'l Z LOCALITY WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLAN] SPECIES OCCUR (OUTSIDE OF STATE AND FEDERAL FORESTS) A r L AN r/ C 0 C C A N Pv r o R r 4/ 67 V C R 0 L A 9 0 0 N Area No. 6. LAKE, TORTUGUER0 AREA (Refer to map on P- 70) 74 MAP SHOWING THE SITE LOCALITY WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OCCUR (OUTSIDE OF STATE AND FEDERAL FORESTS) BlAFARA SCALE 1:20,000 Area. No- 7. BIAFARA AREA (Near Arecibo) (Refer to map on D-. 70) 75 MAP SHOWING THE SITE LOCALITY WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OCCUR (OUTSIDE OF STATE AND FEDERAL FORESTS) 0 CP 0 P CP zi 0 TP LA TORRECiLLA 0 6 10 ROAO No, 0 a RRANQUITAS SCALE 1: 20,000 6n@oco- 0 O'Bol Area No. 8. MONTE LA TORRECILLA, (Refer to map on P- 70) 76 MAP SHOWING THE SITE LOCALITY WHERE RARE AND El NDANGERED PLANT SPECIES 06CUR (OUTSIDE OF STATE AND FEDERAL FORE, STS) A N A N r .4 TO ARE CIRO ROAD -NO- To 2uEuRAC ROAD NO. 113 TO ISMIELA ,ROAD N ILLA CERRO ALTO A SCALE 1:20,000 Area No. 12. QUETRADILLAS AREA (Refer to map on P- 70) 77 AREAS WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OCCUR IN PUERTO RICO Area Area Where Rare ana Spec.Les Number in List Number Endangered Plants Occur 1 Luquillo Mountains 7, 14, 21, 30, 40, 45, 47, 51, 54, 60, 61, 62, 66, 70, 72, 76, 83, 84, 103, lo6, 108, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 126, 127, 134, 135, 136, 143, 145, 154, 157, 166, 174, 207, 213, 214, 230, 240, 251, 258, 259, 26o, 261, 263, 266, 280, 294, 303, 309, 317, 318, 322, 329, 331, 354, 364, 367, 372, 391, 394, 397, 400, 403, 409, 412, 413, 414, 418, 420, 422, 423, 425, 428, 429, 431, 432, 437, 443, 460, 461, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, 489, 490, 4931 497, 510 2 Sierra de Cayey 40, 45, 48, 51, 54-9 55, 70, 83, 103, 110, 127, 133, 136, 137, 143, 166, 258, 280, 303, 318, 320, 331, 365, 413, 418, 425, 434, 437, 443, 462, 463, 474, 478, 490, 493 Y., .1, 3 Coamo an6 east 1, 19, 27, 31, 59, 91, 94, 95, 105, 111, 163, 179, 271, 279, 338, 339, 346, 386, 390, 401, 404, 419, 462, 474, 475, 477, 478, 507 4 Playa de Guayan4s 93, 250, 291, 312, 477, 500, 501, 504, 507, 510 5 Campanillas, Toa Baja 38, 54, 78, 85, 87, 89, 91, 96, 97, 107, 131, 144, 159, 169, 176, 229, 311, 340, 380, 413, 415, 417, 460, 461', 462, 474, 475, 491 78 AREAS WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIE S OCCUR IN PUERTO RICO Area Area Where Rare and Species Number in List Number Endangered Plants Occur 11 Cambalache Forest 54, 87, 89, 91, 131, 229, 415, 462, 479, 480 12 Quebraaillas 54, 78, 79, 85, 89, 91, 107, 109, 128, 131, 144, 150, 168, 176, 223, 225, 229, 247, 265, 279, 298, 332, 333, 340, 34-7, 351, 352, 359, 413, 415, 417, 419, 441, 462, 474, 479, 480, 487, 488, 494 13 Guajataca Forest 29, 36, 54, 56, 77, 78, 85, 87, 89, 95, 96, 97, 107, 129, 130, 131, 144, 151, 156, 168, 194, 265, 279, .298, 309, 311, 340, 354., 413, 4-15, 4-17, 440, 441, 462, 473, 474, 475, 476, 478, 479, 480, 491, 494, 499, 502, 511, 512 14 Guilarte Forest 2, 5, 23, 28, 37, 45, 48, 51, 57, 70, 101, 130, 137, 153, 190, 254, 258, 288, 289, 308,-309, 394, 413, 414, 420, 422, 463, 478, 489, 492, 498 15 Sus-da Forest 35, 4-2, 79, 91, 92, 104, 140, 165, 197, 242, 298, 332, 399, 443, 442., 480, 503, 505 18, 53, 58 16 Guinica Forest 9, 12, L , 67, 68, 79, 81, 91, 98, 99, 100, 102, 124, 125, 132, 139, 141, 146, 191, 198, 201, 224, 227, 228, 237, 255, 272, 332, 345, 370, 371, 375, 383, 389, 405, 424, 439, 442, 487, 495, 509, 514, 515 80 AREAS WHERE RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OCCUR IN PUERTO RICO Area Area Where Rare and Species Number in List Number Endangered Plants Occur 17 Monte del Estado 4, B, 15, 21, 23-- 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 51, 63, 64...; 95, 104, 106, 118, 127, 129, 1 '01 @-89, 190, -08, 230, 234, 238, 242, 2Z.'... @"A, 2 301, 30Q, 310, 315, 31-9, 325, 326, 32 7, 330, 334, 349, 353, 361, 362, 372, @78, 385, 413, 422, 4.27,, 433, 435, 438, 4-4-0, 441, 464, 475, 4-76, 4-80, 489, 491, 492, 494, 498, 499, 500, 503, 505, 506 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A PLAN OF ACTION It is recommended that the Department of Natural Resources implement the following plan of action, or one similar to it: I. REDUCTION OF CAUSES OF ENDANAGERMENT The Department of Natural Resources should pursue a program for reducing the causes of endangerment of the rare and en- dangered species as shown in the report, with emphasis as follows: A. HABITAT PRESERVATION AND MANAGEMENT The key to protection of these species is the preser- vation and management of their habitat against de- struction or development for other land uses. State forests known to support endangered species should have specific plans drawn up for the management of such species. Steps should also be taken to protect endangered forms lying outside the state forests through the creation of sanctuaries or natural areas with strictly enforced regulations and suitable pro- tective buffer zones to minimize the threat of out- side development, watershed. deterioration, or pol- lutants on the site. New sanctuary areas should be considered for: 1. Forests of the Central Mountains and limestone hills 2. Lake Tortuguero and adjacent swamplands and areas of siliceous sand 3. Dry forest habitat in the southwest 82 Recommendations, etc. (con.) 4- Off-shore islands such as Mona, Culebra, and Vieques 5. Other specific areas with unique plants (see map) B. PLANT CO=,CT=-G In places where the taking of plants for or other uses has created such a pressure on the species as to make it rare or endangered, harvesting of that form should be regulated against; and measures to -n-ro- tect remaining specimens should be taken. Conspicuous that need such protection are all examples of plants the orchids and the Melon cactus (.C-actus. intortus), which is not yet on this list, but may soon. be as a result of over collecting. C. LUMBERING The lumbering of species that have become rare or en- dangered. should be curtailed. A plan to replant such trees should be considered. D# RESEEDING The Department of Natural Resources should consider developing a nursery program for the propagation and subsequent outplanting of endangered species. This might be done in conjunction with the Botanical Garden of the University of Puerto Rico. 83 Recommendations, etc. (con.) II. INFORMATION AND EDUCATION The Department of Natural Resources should formulate and pursue an information and education program directed toward other government agencies, the schools and the general public of the facts and needs for preservation of the rare and endangered plant species of Puerto Rico. III. MONITORING AND RESEARCH Organized surveying and monitoring by the Department of Natural Resources should be initiated to keep track of the status of endanagered species. Then, research-- of some degree by the Department of Natural Resources and to a great extent by the universities--should be undertaken to provide data on factors controlling duplication and abun- dance, propagation techinques, etc. The data collected should be given wide dissemination. 84 1 Adams, C. D., 1972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica, Univ. of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. 2. Britton, N. L., and Wilson, Percy, 1923-30. Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. New York Acad. Sci. 5-6. 3. Liogier, Alain H., 1965. Nomenclature Changes and Additions to Britton and Wilson's "Flora of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands." Thodora 67: 315-361. 4. Little, E. L., Jr., Woodbury, R. 0., and Wadsworth, F. H. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handbook 449. 85 I -z 3 6668 14108 9906