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CAULERPA PROLIFERA vs SEAGRESSES- I IN IHE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON: A COMPARISON OF RELATIVE HABITAT VALUE MAR 1988 QK 169 .C37 W55 1988 K 5QT6 .C37 Weorsus Seagrusses IN THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON: A Comparison of Relative Habitat Value INTER IM R EPORT CAULERPA PROLIFERA VERSUS SEAGRASSES In the Indian River Lagoo A COMPARISON OF RELATIVE HABITAT VALUES MARCH 1988 op@ D Lr) L) M "@!v'AqR0 cat, BREVARD COUNTY OFFICE OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2575 NORTH COURTENAY PARKWAY MERRITT ISLAND, FL 32953 The preparation of this report was financed in part by a grant from the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Office of Coastal Zone Management under provisions of Contract CM-177 Caulerpa prolifera versus Seagrasses in the Indian River lagoon: A COMPARISON OF RELATIVE HABITAT VALUES C. WHITE and J. SNODGRASS OFFICE OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT BREVARD COUNTY, FLORIDA 32953 ABSTRACT The relative habitat value of an attached macroalage, Caulerpa prolifera, was compared with shallow water seagrass beds over a 12 month period. Benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes were sampled monthly from two areas within a subtropical, east- central Florida lagoon system (the Indian and Banana Rivers) . In situ growth rate determinations were made on C. prolifera in shallow (<Im) and in deeper areas (-2m). Statistical analysis of benthic macroinvertebrate data for species numbers, diversity, richness, and evenness indicated that differences between C. prolifera and seagrasses in each lagoon system were slight, while differences between systems were conspicuous. Large differences were observed.between C. prolifera and seagrass areas relative to fish numbers. This was attributed to the presence of the dominant fish species, Lucania parva in the seagrass areas. Growth rates of C.prolifera in shallow water were high. Total recovery of experimentally denuded areas occurred in less than four,weeks during October and November. Catastrophic loss of C. prolifera coverage in the Indian River was documented during 1987. The major contributing factor was herbivory by the saccoglossan, E1,ysia cauze. Major losses of C. prolifera in the Banana River during 1987 and 1988 were caused by the synergistic effects of high temperatures in shallow areas of the system (< 0.5 m) that led to thermally induced loss of vegetation, and herbivory by E. cauze. C. prolifera appears to be slightly less valuable quantitatively than seagrass areas (faunal biomass) , but was qualitatively equal to seagrass areas (numbers of species, sediment stabilizing characteristics, nutrient uptake, refuge zones for larval and juvenile organisms) INTRODUCTION The Indian River lagoon systems are shallow, eoline mixed, bar built estuarine type systems that extend approximately 240km along the east-central coast of Florida. The average depth is 1.5m with an approximate maximum depth of 3m. The dominant bottom feature is an unvegetated mixed sand/shell/mud sediment with a shallow profile. The nearshore areas are vegetated with large expanses of seagrasses. The temperature regime can be characterized as predominantly subtropical, but the lagoon fauna has constituents of both Subtropical and Carolinian biogeographical zones. In shallow, estuarine type ecosystems such as found in the Indian and Banana Rivers, the seagrasses serve functions such as 1.) direct and indirect sources of nutrition, 2.) "sanctuaries" for larval and juvenile animals trying to avoid open-water predators by hiding in the dense grass blades, 3.) stabilizers of fine suspended organic and inorganic particulates that could otherwise cause high turbidities during heavy wave action, and 4.) habitats for an intense benthic and epi-benthic macroinvertebrate production that supports more economically important species (Bridges et al, 1978) Decreases in the amount, or quality, of seagrass coverages affects the overall quality and productivity of the lagoons. The dominant seagrass species in Brevard County are, in order of abundance, Cuban Shoalweed, Halodule wrightii, followed closely by Manatee Grass, Syringodium filiforme. Other species found are Star Grass, Halophila engelmanni, and Widgeon Grass, Ruppia maritima. Virnstein and Cairns (1986) and White (1987) documented the distribution and abundance of these and other species of macrophytes (collectively known as submerged aquatic vegetation, or SAV). Personal observations of seagrass areas over time indicated attached macroalga, Caulerpa spp. (the dominant species was C. prolifera), were expanding into areas apparently denuded of seagrasses, and in some cases were moving into seagrass areas. This indicated that C. prolifera had the capacity to 'out- compete' seagrasses for space. C, prolifera attaches to the benthic sediments by the use of rhizomes, and in dense patches C. px-olifera may mimics many of the functions attributed to seagrasses. It's root structures have the potential to serve as a sediment stabilizers, it's blades as points of attachment for epi-benthic macroinvertebrates, as do the seagrass blades, and in areas where C. prolifera coverages mimic seagrass coverages, the beds have the potential to act as a "sanctuary" for larval and juvenile organisms escaping open-water predators. Caulerpa prolifera can be seen as an analogue to the seagrass, Thallassia testudinum. The blade widths and lengths approximate each other closely. White (1987) documented that T. I testudinum did not appear north of Sebastian Inlet in the lagoon system. We have theorized that C. prolifera could be providing the same functions north of the inlet that the seagrass T. testudinum provides south of the inlet because of its physical similarities to T. testudinum. Benthic macroinvertebrate data collected annually by Brevard County from a station located in a C. prolifera area over a ten year period showed diversities within the C. prolifera area often approached diversities found in seagrass areas (d>3.5). Objectives: The loss of seagrass areas may proceed at an accelerated pace as the entire water quality of the Indian and Banana Rivers continues to deteriorate due to increased cultural enrichment. If this is the case, and C. prolifera provides the similar functions as seagrasses, and can grow in areas that have decreased water quality, then a management pl-an must be implemented that would include elements that address levels of protection for C. prolifera, and possibly other macroalga. This study was initiated to determine what the "habitat value" of C. prolifera was in comparison with shallow water seagrasses. HABITAT VALUE in this case was defined in terms of utilitarian applications such as invertebrate and fish standing crop, nutrient sinks and growth rates. During the investigation we fortuitously discovered a major controlling factor in the distribution and abundance of C. prolifera in the lagoon system . Intense herbivory by the saccoglossan, Elysia cauze caused a catastrophic decline of C. prolifera in both the Indian and Banana Rivers. We established feeding rates experimentally and also mapped the loss of C. prolifera as E. cauze rapidly consumed 80 to 90% of the available C. prolifera in the Indian River lagoon in less than a year. 2 METHODS Benthic Macroinvertebrates: Two areas were picked within the lagoon system for monitoring (Fig. 1). The Banana River area was established in water depths of less than 60cm. Two quadrats (100 by 50m) were marked in seagrass and C. prolifera sites. Vegetation densities averaged greater than 50% for each site. An effort was made to establish the experimental plots in monotypic stands of Halodule wrightii and C. prolifera adjacent to each other to minimize location differences, however, no areas were found that were one species. Most seagrass areas investigated for study typically were a mosaic of two or more seagrass and algae species. The areas finally selected for study contained Halodule wrightii as the dominant seagrass; the C. prolifera areas did approximate monotypic stands. The two quadrats in the Indian River were established in similar areas of vegetation densities, but we were unable to locate the experimental plots in similar water depths adjacent to each other. Water depth in the seagrass area was < 60cm, while the water depth in the C. prolifera area was approximately 100cm. Invertebrate samples were taken monthly with a 15cm diameter PVC coring device. A 0.5mm mesh screen was placed over the top of the corer to prevent loss of organisms. Cores were taken to a depth of 15cm. Three cores were taken within each plot. Even though the plots met the overall design requirement of > 50% vegetation coverage, the plots exhibited patchy growth. To facilitate equal sampling the plots were divided into thirds and one core taken within each third. The core was taken in a location that met the requirement of > 50% vegetation coverage. The cores were rough sieved in the field through a 0.5mm screened box, placed in plastic containers, and transported to the laboratory, where they were allowed to 'percolate' for several hours to allow tuberculous organisms to vacate their homes. The samples were fixed in 10% seawater-formalin, and later preserved in 95% ethanol. Rose bengal was added to the samples to enhance sorting. All organisms were enumerated and identified to the lowest taxon possible. The results were compiled and subjected to diversity (d) , richness (r) and evenness (e) analysis. Statistical analysis for differences between C. prolifera and seagrass areas included one-way ANOVA's of species numbers, number of individuals per species, d, r, and e, and Duncan's Multiple-Range Test for each comparison. Physical water characterization of each area was determined for each site during the sampling, including sediment reduction- oxidation measurements. Long term data sets of the physiochemical environment near the sampling areas were obtained from the Brevard County, Office Of Natural Resources Management 3 (see Fig. 1 for station locations) and three month moving average plots constructed. Caulerpa prolifera Mapping: The distribution and density of C. prolifera was estimated by direct diver observations using the techniques described by Virnstein and Cairns (1987) and White (1987). Divers were towed behind small boats along east-west transects from Turnbull-Creek to the Pineda Causeway in the Indian River, and from Banana Creek to the Pineda Causeway in the Banana River. The information gathered during 1987 was compared with data collected in 1986 to determine what the migration rate of C. prolifera was in the Indian River. Elysia cauze: The first evidence of intense herbivory by E. cauze was documented in early November, 1986 near the mouth of Turnbull reek at the head of the Indian River. Major patches of C. prolifera that had appeared healthy in October, 1986 showed C complete loss of blades by November. Large numbers of E. cauze estimated at > 100 to 150 organisms per m2 were observed crawling over the remaining root structures. Observations in the field were performed by divers. Densities of C. prolifera were determined using the method described by Virnstein (1986) and White (1987). Densities of E. cauze were established by placing a 0.5m aluminum quadrate over the area to be sampled and then gently agitating the C. prolifera and collecting the animals as they floated free. Direct counts of the animals as they crawled on the alga blades was difficult because the saccoglossan's green color blended wit@ the color of C. prolifera. Areal loss of C. prolifera was estimated from previous field observations and maps (White, 1987). Estimates of migration directions and impacted area extensions were made by direct observation. An effort was made to correlate field observations of C. prolifera lost over seven months with densities of E. cauze. Sections of undisturbed C. prolifera (approximately 9cm2) were removed complete with runners from areas in the field where no saccoglossans were observed, transported to the laboratory, and placed into 38 1 aquaria. C. prolifera was allowed to acclimate to the conditions for several days. Salinity was maintained at -,. 24 o/oo and temperature at 20 C. The photo-period was maintained at 10 hours light and 14 dark. Mature H. cauze were introduced at 10, 15, 17 and 20 per aquaria. Observations were made every 24 hours and blades that were functionally destroyed removed and preserved in 5 to 7% formaldehyde. When the majority of the blades were consumed the experiment was terminated. A control with no E. cauze was established and allowed to run for the 4 entire experimental length. All animals from the tanks were preserved af ter experiment termination. The leaves f rom, each tank were then placed onto heavy duty paper and covered with translucent acetate with adhesive backing. The leaves were then xerographically photographed. After photographing, the leaves and paper were immersed in water to loosen the adhesive. The leaves were then removed and dried to a constant weight at 105 C. The photographed leaves (Fig.s 2 and 3) were placed onto a digitizing pad (Highpad, Digitizer) and the outlines traced using a digitizing program (Computer Mathware). The data were archived in a Compac 286 computer for later analysis and retrieval. The program provided capabilities for both area and perimeter calculations, and the results were expressed as leaves destroyed per unit time versus total amount of leaf material available. Fish: Two areas were chosen for collection of fish, one in the Banana River and one in the Indian River. The areas wereselected on the basis of percent vegetation coverage, proximity of C. prolifera and seagrass areas to each other, and comparable depths., Monthly samples were taken beginning in October, 1986 (N=3, total months = 12). A 150m wide belt transect, partitioned into 33m quadrates, was established in the Banana river along the west shoreline between SR528 and the NASA Causeway (Fig. 4). Quadrate selection for sampling was done randomly. The growth pattern of C. prolifera in the Indian River did not allow successful application of.the belt transect technique utilized in the Banana River, therefore permanent quadrates (100 x 300m) in dense C. p.rol if era and seagrass areas were established between SR528 and the NASA Causeway (Fig. 4). The areas were sampled monthly (N=12) for each vegetation type. Water temperature, depth, dissolved oxygen, pH, and salinity were taken each collection date. An l1m bag seine (0.64cm mesh) was used to sample each site. The seine was pulled against a barrier net (6.1m minnow seine with a 0.32cm mesh). Once the respective nets were positioned correctly, individuals were positioned at the open ends to discourage fish from escaping in that direction the bag seine was pulled. When the bag seine contacted the barrier net the bag seine was lifted from the water by bringing the lead line up along the barrier net. The seine was pulled a distance of llm (total area sampled = 22m2) . All contents of the seine wings were worked down to the bag, and the fish separated from the debris using a piece of wire mesh placed just below the rim of a dip net. The fish, invertebrates and assorted debris were placed on the wire mesh and the material agitated gently. We found that both fish and invertebrates tended to swim for the bottom and sides of the dip net. This partitioned the fish and free 5 epifaunal invertebrates in the dip net from the debris on the wire mesh. Fish collections were also performed by employing a 1m2 throw net. The net was thrown haphazardly f rom the bow of a small boat by two individuals. The throw net was constructed of a aluminum frame 15cm deep with a 1.2m deep net (0.16cm mesh) clamped to the frame. The net had floats at the top to prevent fish escaping. Collections were made by throwing the net off the front of a small boat. The net was held open by placing stakes in each corner and the fish removed using a small square front dip net. Collections were made along a transect in the Banana River at four water depths, lm, 0.75m, 0.50m, and 0.25m. Five throws were made at each depth. Fish were fixed in 10% formalin and transferred to 70% ethanol after a week. All fish were identified to the lowest possible taxon, enumerated and measured (SL), except Lucania paz-va. Because large numbers of Lucania parva made measurement of all fish time consuming, an aliquot of sixteen randomly selected fish were measured. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple- Range tests. In addition, species diversity, richness and evenness calculations were performed. RESULTS: Physical Environment: Monthly physiochemical monitoring from January, 1981 to December 1986 in the sample areas showed that the Banana River site mimiced closely what we have considered background conditions (Fig.s 5 - 11). Data collected from the Indian River over the same time period in the same basin as the sampling site demonstrated a significant difference for macronutrients between the background conditions (Station 1-2) and sampling site concentrations (Station I-5b). Physical water measurements taken within each sampling area showed that water depth in the Indian River was the only parameter that showed significant difference between C. prolifera and seagrass areas (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the salinity, temperature, D.O. and pH. Salinity varied from 16o/oo in the Banana River to 33o/oo in the Indian River, temperature from 15.5oC to 31oC, D.O. from 2.0 to 20.0 mg/l in the Indian River and pH from 7.05 to 8.75 (Table 1). Benthic Macroinvertebrates: 6 To date, data analyzed f rom the Banana River indicates that little numerical difference exist between seagrass areas and C. p.rolifera areas relative to diversities, richness and evenness (means of d = 2.2 and 2.4, r = 3.3 and 3.0, e = 0.48 and 0.56 respectively) , nor were there statistically significant differences in species numbers (mean numbers of 24.5 and 21.6), and in individuals per species (mean of 1285 and 1091 respectively). The large variance observed in individual numbers made interpretation difficult. The results from the Indian River showed the same pattern that was found in the Banana River. Little statistical difference was evident between C. prolifera and seagrass areas for the aforementioned tests. There were, however, highly significant differences in all the above parameters between the Indian and Banana Rivers! The results of the preliminary analysis indicated that for number of species large dissimilarities existed between the C. prolifera areas in both systems, and between the two seagrass areas (P<0.0014, Tables 1 - 4). Within the Banana River, numerical species dominance (top 5) was divided between a single epifaunal polychaete, S711is (Typosyllis) alternata, and a crustacean complex composed of a Tanaeid, Hargeria rapax, an assortment of tuberculous amphipods, and two isopods, Erichsonella attenuata, and Cymodoce faxoni (see Tables 5 -10 for system-phyla comparisons). Of the data analyzed to date, S. alternata routinely made up 30 to 35% of the sample from both seagrass and C. prolifera areas. This was followed closely by the Tanaeid, H. rapax, the Isopod, E. attenuata, and the amphipod complex. No consistent pattern in the relative position of the top assortment of crustaceans was conspicuous. The species character within the Indian River was much more difficult to interpret for recognizable patterns.. This may be due more to an inadequate database at this juncture. The top species included the usual assortment of amphipods and isopods, with a spattering of polychaetes, and a number of bivalve species. In number of individuals per species, the Banana River was much more productive than the Indian River, while the Indian River had a more balanced allocation of individuals among species than the Banana River. When the water quality data were analyzed the Indian River in the area where we were sampling was significantly different from what we considered background (control) area conditions for the lagoon system (Fig.s 9 - 13). The difference between the Banana River area and the Indian River,, control site were minimal. The area in the Indian River that included the sampling sites was impacted by cultural enrichment connected with wastewater discharges, stormwater outfalls and increased shoreline development. The sites were, however, on the fringes of the impacted areas and not adversely effected to the point of greatly decreased environmental quality. 7 We have concluded that two possible 'functions were working at the Indian River site that allowed more species and better listribution of individuals per species. These were; 1. the increases in nutrient loadings increased plankton primary productivity (food) , which led to higher number of species, and/or 2. that disturbance (e.g. DO sags, sudden increases in vegetation cover, etc) allowed greater niche utilization. Additional analysis of the remaining samples will hopefully give the needed information to accurately predict what the 'habitat value' of C. prolifera is. Elysia cauze : The amount of C. prolifera lost in seven months was estimated to be - 75% in the Indian River and 30% in the Banana River (Fig. 14-). The loss in coverage was total in the effected northern Indian River areas; as of March, 1988, C. prolifera has started to re-establish itself in areas that were denuded in 1987. The areas that had very dense C. prolifera prior to infestation (>80% coverage) typically had E. cauze counts in excess of 100/m2 just before vegetation coverages decreased dramatically. Once C. prolifera was gone individuals were seen in large numbers on drift algae (primarily Gracilaria spp.), presumedly in an attempt to feed. This was very evident in areas where only a few small patches of C. prolifera existed, where previously the area had -very dense coverages. In many instances, the small patches (-500cm2) left were nearly covered with saccoglossans. Migration of E. cauze from effected areas to non-effected ones most likely occurred reproductively rather then by movement of individuals. Movement of individual E. cauze was observed in the field, however, individuals were primaril_y con -f ined to crawling along the sediment surface from vegetation patch to vegetation patch rather then swimming actively. Occasionally individuals were seen floating with the currents. This phenomena was observed in the field and laboratory. Floating was affected by production of mucus strands that acted as parachutes steaming behind the animals, thus allowing the individual to migrate short distances with the current. No predation by fishes was observed during either crawling or floating migrations, however the number of fish per m2 had decreased markedly from when C. prolifera was present. Data on browsing rates were not complete. Additional information will be provided in the final report. Fish: On April 12, 1987 total number of fish per meter squared in C. prolifera and seagrass were not significantly different in both rivers (see Table 12 for means and confidence intervals). 8 In the Banana River there was no significant difference between total number of fish/m2 in C. prolifez-a and seagrass on March 15, 1987 or May 8, 1987. Total number of fish/m2 in seagrass beds of the two rivers showed significant difference on March 15, 1987 and April 12, 1987. A significant difference in total number of fish/m2 between the two rivers in C. prolifera was found on October 23, 1986. On the other collection dates there was no significant difference in total number of fish/m2 in C. prolifera or seagrass beds when the two rivers were compared. Total numbers of f ish were at a low on May 8, 1987 in the Indian River C. prolifera beds (mean = 0 .5 fish/m2). A high in total numbers of fish in C. prolifera beds of the Indian River was observed on October 23, 1986 (7.1 fish/m2). The high and low observation for Indian River seagrass beds were on December 19, 1986 (51.6 fish/m2) and April 12, 1987 (5.2 fish/m2) respectfully. In the C. prolifera beds of the Banana River high and low numbers of fish were recorded on May 8, 1987 (9.6 fish/m2) and October 26, 1986 (1.2 fish/m2) respectfully. In the seagrass beds of the Banana River a high of 51.9 fish/m2 on November 16, 1986 and a low of 1.8 fish/m2 on April 12, 1987 was observed. It should be noted that C. pzolifera in the Indian River in May was showing the detrimental effects of a saccoglossan browsing, but still had good blade densities. By the sampling time of the next month, June 12, 1987, the coverage was 0 Discussion The role that Caulerpa prolifera has assumed in the Indian River lagoon can not be demonstrated conclusively with the limited data analyzed. The additional information provided when the entire dataset is analyzed will allow a more credible explanation of C. prolifera's "worth" to the lagoon ecosystem. It was fortuitous that we were able to document the decline in C. pz-olifera coverage within the lagoon system during 1987. This allowed excellent before and after comparisons between C. prolifera and unvegetated bottoms. The contrasts relative to benthic macroinvertebrate and fish production were extreme, with the vegetated bottoms much more productive than unvegetated ones. The implication was that when larger food sources (standing stock of small invertebrates that act as food sources for juvenile fishes) were available with C. prolifera, the commercial and recreational fisheries were significantly enhanced. The f act that rapid declines in f ish was observed with the deterioration of Caulerpa Prolifera in the Indian River suggest that the algae was acting as an fish attractant. It should be noted that the blue crab industry had one of its best spring catches for 1987 in the northern Indian River judging by the number of observed crab pot floats (actual landings data are not available at this time) 9 at a time when the C. prolifera coverage was at its maximum. In addition, C. prolifera performed a number of other functions that seagrasses have performed. The dense blade growth in good beds slowed water currents, thereby allowing fine suspended materials to become trapped reducing turbidity levels and stabilizing the sediments. Excess nutrients were quickly locked into algae tissue thereby decreasing the amount of nutrients for planktonic growth. Plankton growth in the lagoon is a chronic problem that affects vegetation growth in the enriched portions of the system by decreasing light levels during bloom conditions. The algae was found growing in shallow areas that had no seagrass growth because of decreased light levels, and at depths where the dominant seagrass species were normally lacking. Thus, C. prolifera acted as an "gap filler" within impacted areas. Although on the surface it appeared that C. prolifera acted as a positive agent for the lagoon system, it did show several weaknesses that seagrasses did not have. The first was the algae's intolerance of high temperatures and exposure to air. Seagrasses, particularly Halodule wrightii and Thallassia testudinum can apparently withstand higher temperatures and exposure to air for short periods without loss of root viability. Blade loss during short term catastrophic events was very apparent in seagrass areas, but the roots maintained their viability and produced new blades very quickly after conditions returned to normal. C. prolifera during these same events did not maintain root viability, and recovery of the algae to the denuded areas has not occurred to date. The second "problem" with C. prolifera was that it can be subjected to intense cropping by a saccoglossans (E. cauze). Rapid shifts in macroinvertebrates and concomitant shifts in fish population structure caused by rapid growth and subsequent loss can be a destablizing factor in a already stressed lagoon system. Most importantly, the relationships between valuable commercial and recreation fisheries were not investigated thoroughly. Even though the discernible "positive" impacts of Caulerpa prolifera far exceed the several identified negative points, the interactions of important species and algae growth may have an negative impa'ct. As an speculative example, the spotted seatrout, Cynosion nebulosus, spawns over deeper, unvegetated areas in the lagoon. If the bottoms are covered with a dense growth of C. prolifera, does a decrease in spawn viability occur? Conversely, does the increase in vegetation provide increased sanctuaries and a increase in larval and juvenile survival? There is a desperate need to discover these and other relationships to increase not only our scientific knowledge base of the lagoon, and its important commercial and recreational species, but also to give managers real information, beyond the routine monitoring information most programs yield, with which to make important economic decisions. If we are to invest large 10 I I sums of money to "restore" the lagoon system, we need this type I of basic information to implement the right programs. I I I I I I I I I I I I - I I I i 1 11 i i I LITERATURE CITED Bridges, K.W. , J.C. Zieman and C.P. McRoy. 1978. Seagrass literature survey. Tech. Rpt. D-78-4 U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, MS: 174 pp. Virnstein, R.W., and K.D. Cairns. 1986. Seagrass maps of the Indian River lagoon. Final report to the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Office of Coastal Management. White, c. 1987. Seagrass maps of the Indian and Banana Rivers. Final Report to the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Office of Coastal Management. I I I I I I I I I Figure 1. Area map of Indian River lagoon system in Brevard, County. Water quality stations are indicated by black dots. I I I I I I I I I I BREVARO COUNTY FLORIDA TITUSVILLE JOHN F KENNEDY SPACE CENTER' CAPE CANAVERAL MERRITT AIR FORCE STATION ISLAND E CANAVERAL 44*3 COCOA ROCKLEDGE COCOA BEACH PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE PALM SHORES SATELLITE BEACH INDIAN HARBOUR BEACH --7t MELBO RNE MELBOURNE INDIALANTIC rj VILL I WEST MELBOURNE M LBOURNE -x BEACH PAJ, A MALABAR SEBASTIAN INLET 1900 Figure 2. Xerographic image Of Caulerpa prolifera blades prior to herbivory by El_vsia cauze. Outlines were traced with a digitizor, area and perimeter determined, and data archived in a microcomputer for analysis. AIF I I I I I I I I I Figure 3. Xerographic image of Caulerpa prolifera after intense herbivory by El_vsia cauze. I I I I I I I I I I 0,W11- . @@i - I I I I I I I I I I Figure 4. Fish samPling areas (black) for the Indian and Banana Rivers. I I I I I I I I I I I MI BREVARD COUNTY FLORIDA x JOHN F KENNEDY SPACE CENTER k CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION MERRITT ISLAND PE CANAVERAL CDC A Figure 5. Graphs of temperature measurements from 1981 to 1987. Upper graph depicts the Indian River and the lower the Banana River. See Figure I for station locations. Indian River Tompamture 40 35 - 30- 25- 15 10- 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Jan-el Jan-82 Jan-03 Jan-04 J&U-05 -Jan-96 Jan-87 2 mouth + 15b Banana River 40 30 - 25 0 20 15 LO 0 ........... ........... ........... Jan-61 Jan-62 Jan-83 Jan-44 Jan-05 Jan-86 Month rl D2 D3 Figure 6. Graphs of salinity measurements from 1981 to 1987. Upper graph depicts the Indian River and the lower the Banana River. See Figure 1 for station locations. Indian River 40 - w 30- 20- 15- 10 5- 0-1 ........... .......... I ........... ........... ......... .......... Jan-81 Jan-82 Jan-03 Jan-84 Jan-85 Jan-06 12 Month + 15b Banana River 40 30- 25 - 0 tp 20- 15 - 10 5 0 . . . . . . . ... I I I I I I I I I I I W I I I I I I rr-r . . . . . . . . . . U -Jan-02 Jan-83 Jan-84 Jan-85 jau-86 Month 0 DI D2 D3 Figure 7. Graphs of total phosphorus measurements from 1981 to 1987. Upper graph depicts the Indian River and the lower the Banana River. See Figure 1 for station locations. Indian River TP 0.14- 0.13 - 0.12- 0.11 0.1 - 0.09- 0.08 : 07- *.06 - 0.05 - 0.04 0.03 0.02 ........... ......... T .-rl-r-r-r-r-rl-TY-rT-rT-rT-rl-'r -Jan-81 Jan-02 Jam-83 16-Jan-84 Jan-05 Jan-06 12 month + Mb Banana River Total Phosphoms 0.12 OAL OA - 0.09 - 0.08- 0.07 - 0.06 - 0.05 - 0.04- 0.03 0.02 O.OL - 0 - ........... ........... ........... ........... ....... Jan-81 Jan-02 Jan-83 fan-04 Jan-85 Jan-so Month B1 D2 D3 Figure 8. Graphs of chlorophyll a measurements from 1981 to 1987. Upper graph depicts the Indian River and.the lower the Banana River. See Figure I for station locations. Indian River Chlorophyll a ao 40- 30- 10- 0. ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........ Jan-el Jan-02 Jan-83 Jan-" Jan-85 Jan-86 Month m + 115b Banana River Chorophyll a 50 40 30- 20 - 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jan-81 jan-82 -Jan-63 Jan-" J;@_05 Jan-86 Mouth 13 B1 B-2 D-3 Figure 9 Graphs of total orthophosphorus measurements from 1981to 1987. Upper graph depicts the Indian River and the lower the Banana River. See Figure I for station locations. Indian River TOP 0.13- 0.12- 0.11 0.1 0.091 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.04- 0.08 - 0.02- 0.01 - 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan-OL Jan-82 Jan-83 Jan-84 -Jan-95 -Jan-96 m month + Mb Banana River TOP 0.14 0.13 o.12 -4 0.11 0.1 0.091 0.08 0.07 ID.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . I Jan-82 Jan-83 Jan-64 Jan-85 Jan-86 Month 0 DI D2 D3 Figure 10. Graphs of dissolved oxygen measurements from 1981 to 1987. Upper graph depicts the Indian River and the lower the Banana River. See Figure 1 for station locations. Indian River Dissolved Oxygen 14 13- 12- 11 - I 10- 9- 8- 7 - 4 3 2- 1 - 0- ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... Jan-81. Jan-92 Jan-83 Jan-84 Jmn-85 Jan-86 12 mouth + l5b Banana River Dissolved Oxygen 14 13 12 11 10 2 o4 .................. ........... ........... ........... ....... Jan-61 Jan-02 Jan-83 Jan-84 Jan-85 Jan-so Mouth BI 82 R3 Figure 11. Graphs of TKN measurements from 1981 to 1987. Upper graph depicts the Indian River and the lower the Banana River. See Figure 1 for station locations. Indian River TKX 2.0 - 2.6- 2.4- 2.2- 2 1.8 L 0.8 - 0.6- 0.4 - 0.2 j 0 1 . @T_l .. I........... ........... .......... ........... .......... im-81 Jan-02 Jan-83 Jan-84 Jan-95 JOZ-86 m Month + 15b BANANA RIVER - - - - - ----------------- ---- 2.8 - 2.6 - 2.4- 2.2- 2 4 0 1.8 1.6 MOT 1.2 0.8 0.6 0 O.P 0 ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ......... Jan-81 Jan-92 Jan-83 Jan-84 -85 Jan-se month Di D2 D3 I I I I I I Figure 12. Map indicating southward migration of Elysia I cauze and approximate areal coverage. I I I I I I I I I I I I I MI BRKVARD COUNTY FLORIDA TITUSVILLE JOHN F KENNEDY SPACE CENTER A CAPE CANAVERAL MERRITT AIR FORCE STATION ISLAND @!A 12-03 -86 CAPE CANAVERAL El 3-17-87 CA 4-24-87 -05-87 RO Ktrno COCOA BEACH 6-15-87 6-24-87 PATRICK 10-20-87 AIR FORCE BASE SPALM HORES SATELLITE BEACH INDIAN HARBOLIR BEACH MELSO RNE VILL E MELBOURNE INDIALANTIC WEST MELBOURNE MELBOURNE BEACH PAJ. MALABAR SEBASTIAN INLET I I I I I I Table 1 . Physical measurements taken at each site I (shallow water) during sampling. I I I I I I I I I I I I MRW PM CUUTA M= PMME= a4m Im ICMM ffMM PMMEM DAIE I PH I D.O. ITERP.IDEFIH Iscall I DATE I PH I D.O. lTenp.IDEPIHIsall I I 25-0--tr& 1 1 8.45 124.5 1 0.60 IZ I I 2C>@ 1 1 8.45 124.5 10.45 IZ I I 16-Nov436 18.06 1 5.2D 122.0 1 0.73 116 1 1 16-Nw436 17.93 17.20 122.0 10.56 116 1 1 194)eo-86 18.35 110.20 121.0 1 0.75 125 1 1 iq-@ 18.45 111.10 121.5 10.55 125 1 1 18-jart-87 18.75 1 7-2D 120.0 1 0.78 123 1 1 18-jart-87 18.05 17.90 122.0 10-50 125 1 1 15-Feb-87 18.25 1 9.70 115.5 1 0.65 123 1 1 15--Fd>.87 18.30 110.30 118.0 10.33 124 1 1 154br,87 18.Z 114.40 116.0 1 0.58 IN I I 154br--87 17.70 1, 8.00 117.0 10.39 124 1 1 12-Ap-87 18.75 16.80 12D.5 1 0.61 124 1 1 12-Ap-8T 17.25 1 6.60 121.0 10.25 124 1 1 0&4W437 18.15 1 8.80 128.0 1 0.55 IZ 1 1 08-ft-87 18.20 1 9.80 128.0 10.40 124 1 1 12-jurr-87 18.23 113-00 127.0 1 0.64 124 1 1 12-ju-r@ 18.12 112.60 126.0 10.40 129 1 1 17--%Jul437 17-89 113-10 130.0 1 0.50 123 1 1 17-Jul-87 17.95 1 5.60 128.0 10.95 IZ I I 24-Atg-8T 18.18 1 131.0 1 0.73 126 1 1 24-&@ 18.58 1 131.0 '10-40 12T I I 24-Sep-87 18.05 1 5.10 12T.5 1 0.92 122 1 1 94,@ 18.33 1 7.3D 127.0 10.46 120 1 I 23-Nw-8T 18.00 1 6.80 117.0 1 0.90 1121 1 1 23-Nov-87 18.00 1 6.00 117.0 10.90 118 1 DDIM RM CAUPPA PHYMOL PARXEMC, BUTAN FM SEAGRPM MSTA PAFREIM DATE pH I D.O. I Top. I DEPIH ].gall I DAIE I pli I D.O. ITEnp.]DEFIHisall I Z>-Oc@ 1 120.00 1'23.0 1 1.04 123 1 1 18.3D 112.40 126.0 110.46 121 1 1 16-Nov436 18.09 1 6.50 124.0 1 1.04 116 1 1 16-Nov436 18.23 1 6.10 125.0 11 -C7 115 1 1 19-@ 18.00 1 5.80 120.0 1, 1.00 1124 1, 1 19-Deo-86 18.15 1 8.00 121.5 10.57 124 1 1 18-jarp-87 18.05 17.30 120.0 1 0.90 IZ I I 18-Jar@@ 17.95 11 8.40 123.Q 10.50 124 1 1 15-Fd>-BT 18.05 112.50 119.0 1 0.84 130 1 1 15-Feb-87 17.15 112.2D 119.0 10.33 129 1 1 154tr437 17-05 111.20 117.0 1 1.04 133 1 1 15-Mar-87 11 8.40 113-80 121.5 10-37 132 1 1 12-APr437 17-50 1112.60 122.0 1 0.75 127 1 1 12-Apr-87 18.00 113-20 124.5 10-47 126 1 I U@4W437 18.2D 1 6.80 125.0 1 0.75 130 1 1 08-ft-87 18.20 1 8.40 126.0 10.50 129 1 I 12-ju)-87 18.40 1 2.50 126.0 1 1.00 125 1 1 12,jui-87 18.X 113-40 129.5 10.50 127 1 1 17-Jul-87 17-2D 1 8.00 125.0 1 0.75 122 1 1 17--tJul-87 17.45 110.80 126.0 10.50 119 1 1 24-ALg--87 18-31 17.30 130.0 1 0.75 IN I I 24-Pig--87 18.16 1 2.00 129.0 10.55 IN 11 I 24-Sep-87 18.23 1 5.00 128.0 1 1.00 120 1 1 gkSep-87 18.35 1 9.10 128.0 10.57 120 1 Table 2. Seagrass species list and number of individuals of each species in the Banana River for October, 1986, January and May, 1987. List is a composite of three individual cores. OCTOBER, 1986 Rank Species No. Ind. % ----- ------------------------------- -------- ------ I Syllis (Typosyllis) alternAta 367 46.28 2 Hargeria rapax 101 12.74 3 Erishsonella attenuata 44 5.55 4 Modulus modulus 42 5.30 5 Syllis (Typosyllis) SfIt 40 5.04 6 Polydora ligni 33 4.16 7 Phascolion sp. 1 23 2.90 8 Capitella capatata 22 2.77 9 Prionospio heterobranchia 21 2.65 10 Cymodoce faxoni 17 2.14 11 Cymadusa compta 14 1.77 12 Grandidierella bonnieroides 14 1.77 13 Brachiodontes exhustus 9 1.13 14 Polydora ligni 9 1.13 15 Prunum carneum 7 .88 16 Parahesione luteola 6 .76 17 Haminoea elegans 6 .76 18 Haminoea succinea 4 .50 19 Nereid sp. 1 2 .25 20 Sebellid sp. 1 2 .25 21 Fabriciola trilobata 2 .25 22 Nemertia sp. 1 2 .25 23 Platyhelminthes sp. 2 1 .13 24 Asychis elongatus 1 .13 25 Gyptis brevipalpa 1 .13 26 Thyrax sp. 1 1 .13 27 Bulla striata 1 .13 28 Microspio c.f. pigmentata 1 .13 JANUARY 1987 Rank Species No. Ind. --I-- Syllis-(Typosyllis)-alternata-- -825---- 34.97- 2 Erichsonella attenuata 508 21.53 3 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 171 7.25 4 Hargeria rapax 146 6.19 5 Cymadusa compta 133 5.64 6 Cymodoce faxoni 125 5.30 7 Grandidierella bonnieroides 101 4.28 8 Polydora ligni 71 3.01 9 Serpula vermicularis granulasa 65 2.76 10 Fabriciola trilobata 62 2.63 11 Brachidontes exhustus 34 1.44 12 Nemertian sp. 1 24 1.02 13 Phascolion sp. 1 14 .59 14 Parapionsyllis c.f. longicirata 14 .59 15 Crustacean sp.1 (j) 8 .34 16 Aricidea fragilis 8 .34 17 Sabella microphthalma 7 .30 18 Prionospio heterobranchia 6 .25 19 Jasmineria c.f. bilobata 4 .17 20 Haminoea elegans 4 .17 21 Mogula sp. 1 4 .17 22 Podarke obscura 3 .13 23 Gyptus brevipalpa 3 .13 24 Copepoda sp. 1 3 .13 25 Isopod sp. 1 3 .13 26 Nemertian sp. 2 2 .08 27 Laevicardium sp. 1 1 .04 28 Mercenaria mercenaria 1 .04 29 Palaemontes pugio 1 .04 30 Marphysa sp. 1 1 .04 31 Cumacean sp. 1 1 .04 32 Amygadalum papyrium 1 .04 33 Branchioasychis americana 1 .04 34 Modulus modulus 1 .04 35 Hippolyte zostericola 1 .04 36 Eteone heteropoda 1 .04 37 Sabellidae sp. 1 1 .04 MAY 1987 Rank Speci es No. Ind. ------------------------------- ------- ------ 1 Syllis (Typosyllis) alternata 343 18.12 2 Erichsonella attenuata 234 12.36 3 Grandidierella bonnieroides 199 10.51 4 Hargeria rapax 174 9.19 5 Fabriciola trilobata 172 9.09 6 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 165 8.72 7 Brachidontes exhustus 152 8.03 8 Cymodoce faxoni 114 6.02 9 Cymadusa compta 114 6.02 10 Actinnarid sp. 1 54 2.85 11 Amygadalum papyrium 27 1.43 12 Parapionsyllis longicirata 16 .85 13 Actinnarid sp. 2 14 .74 14 Nemertian sp. 1 12 .63 15 Sabella microphthalma 11 .58 16 Prionospio heterobranchia 10 .53 17 Crepidula fornicata 9 .48 18 Haminoea elegans 6 .32 19 Aricidea fragilis 6 .32 20 Capitella capitata 6 .32 21 Podarke sp. 1 5 .26 22 Modulus modulus 5 .26 23 Polydora ligni 5 .26 24 Opistobranch sp. 1 4 .21 25 Leitoscoloplos fragilis 4 .21 26 Podarke obscura 4 .21 27 Phascolion sp. 1 4 .21 28 Melita sp. 1 4 .21 29 Platyhelminth sp. 1 3 .16 30 Mercenaria mercenaria 2 .11 31 Copepod sp. 1 2 .11 32 Platynereis dumerilii 2 .11 33 Melita appendiculata 2 .11 34 Hesionidae sp. 1 1 .05 35 Diopatra cuprea 1 .05 36 Ampelisca sp. 1 1 .05 37 Ophiophragmus filograneus 1 .05 38 Laevicardium sp. 1 1 .05 39 Branchioasychis americana 1 .05 40 Clymenella torguata 1 .05 41 Marphysa sp. 1 1 .05 42 Tellina sp. 1 1 .05 Table 3. Caulerpa prolifera species list and number of individuals of each species in the Banana River for October, 1986, January and May, 1987. List is a composite of three individual cores. OCTOBER. 1986 Rank Species No. Ind. % ----- ------------------------------- -------- ------ 1 Syllis (Typosyllis) SP. 1 617 36.84 2 Hargeria rapax 555 33.13 3 Polydora ligni 125 7.46 4 Grandidierella bonnieroides 71 4.24 5 Fabriciola trilobata 63 3.76 6 Cymadusa compta 46 2.75 7 Phascolion sp. 1 41 2.45 8 Prionospio heterobranchia 20 1.19 9 Erichsonella attenuata 17 1.01 10 Aricidea (Aedicira) sp. 1 13 .78 11 Modulus carchedonis 13 .78 12 Modiolus carchedonis 11 .66 13 Mellina maculata 11 .66 14 Ophiophragmus fliograneus 10 .60 15 Capitella capitata 10 .60 16 Brachidontes exhustus 8 .48 17 Branchioasychis americana 6 .36 18 Scolelepis sp. 1 6 .36 19 Haminoea elegans 4 .24 20 Prunum carneum 4 .24 21 Paranoidea(Aricidae) sp. 1 3 .18 22 Ampliosca abdita 3 .18 23 Leptosynapta sp. 1 2 .12 24 Ophellid sp 1 2 .12 25 Tellina candenna 2 .12 26 nemertia sp. 2 2 .12 27 Gyptus brevipalpa 1 .06 28 Nereid.sp. 1 1 .06 29 Platy.(c.f. Euplurea) sp.1 1 .06 30 Cymothoidae paras. isopod 1 .06 31 Parahesione luteola 1 .06 32 actinnarid sp. 1 1 .06 33 Cymodoce faxoni 1 .06 34 Actinnarid sp. 2 1 .06 35 Diopatra cuprea 1 .06 36 Capitellid sp 1 1 .06 JANUARY, 1987 Rank Species No. Ind. % ----- ------------------------------- -------- ------ 1 Syllis (Typosyllis) alternata 777 30.69 2 Hargeria rapax 401 15.84 3 Cymadusa compta 334 13.19 4 Grandidierella bonnieroides 333 13.15 5 Brachidontes exhustus 286 11.30 6 Fabriciola trilobata 195 7.70 7 Erichsonella attenuata 31 1.22 8 Skeneopsis c.f. planorbis 23 .91 9 Cymodoce faxoni 19 .75 10 Prionospio heterobranchia 17 .67 11 Nemertian sp. 2 15 .59 12 Platyhelminth sp. 1 15 .59 13 Jasmineria c.f. bilobata 10 .39 14 Amygadalum papyrium 9 .36 15 Gastropod sp. 1 8 .32 16 Aricidea fragilis 6 .24 17 Sabella microphthalma 6 .24 18 Amphicteis c.f. gunneri 4 .16 19 Podarke obscura 4 .16 20 Diopatra cuprea 4 .16 21 Prunum carneum 3 .12 22 Platynereis dumerilii 3 .12 23 Actinnarid sp. 1 3 .12 24 Ophiophragmus filograneus 2 .08 25 Polydora ligni 2 .08 26 Mogula sp. 1 2 .08 27 Crepidula fornicata 2 .08 28 Thyrax sp. 1 2 .08 29 Bivalve sp. 2 2 .08 30 Clymenella torguata 2 .08 31 Bulla c.f. sp. 1 (no shell) 2 .08 32 Laevicardium sp. 1 1 .04 33 Saccoglosan sp. 1 1 .04 34 Saggita sp.1 - 1 .04 35 Peloscolex sp.1 1 .04 36 Gyptus brevipalpa 1 .04 37 Melita appendiculata 1 .04 38 Mercenaria mercenaria 1 .04 39 Phascolion sp. 1 1 .04 40 Capitella capitata 1 .04 41 Branchioasychis americana 1 .04 MAY, 1987 Rank Species No. Ind. % ----- ------------------------------- -------- ------ 1 Syllis (Typosyllis) alternata 791 27.52 2 Brachidontes exhustus 672 23.38 3 Fabriciola trilobata 522 18.16 4 Hargeria rapax 296 10.30 5 Cymadusa compta 117 4.07 6 Grandidierella bonnieroides 98 3.41 7 Actinnarid sp. 1 95 3.31 8 Erichsonella attenuata 78 2.71 9 Melita sp. 1 38 1.32 10 Nemertian sp. 1 31 1.08 11 Polydora ligni 24 .84 12 Amygadalum papyrium 22 .77 13 Sabella microphthalma 11 .38 14 Podarke obscura 8 .28 15 Melita appendiculata 7 .24 16 Cymodoce faxoni 6 .21 17 Notomastus latericeus 5 .17 18 Capitella capitata 5 .17 19 Aricidea fragilis 5 .17 20 Laevicardium sp. 1 4 .14 21 Amphicteis c.f. gunneri 4 .14 22 Platynereis dumerilii 4 .14 23 Prunum sp. 1 3 .10 24 Opistobranch sp. 1 3 .10 25 Platyhelminth sp. 1 3 .10 26 Crepidula fornicata 2 .07 27 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 2 .07 28 Phascolion sp. 1 2 .07 29 Prionospio heterobranchia 2 .07 30 Actinnarid sp. 2 2 .07 31 Parapionsyllis longicirata 2 .07 32 Amphipod sp. 1 (sm juv) 1 .03 33 Nemertian sp. 2 1 .03 34 Saggita sp. 1 1 .03 35 Urosalpinx cinerea 1 .03 36 Prunum carneum 1 .03 37 Branchioasychis americana 1 .03 38 Thyrax sp. 1 1 .03 39 Ophiophragmus filograneus 1 .03 40 Gyptus brevipalpa 1 .03 41 Zoea sp. 1 1 .03 3 Cymadusa compta 334 13.19 4 Grandidierella bonnieroides 333 13.15 5 Brachidontes exhustus 286 11.30 6 Fabriciola trilobata 195 7.70 7 Erichsonella attenuata 31 1.22 8 Skeneopsis c-f- planorbis 23 .91 9 Cymodoce faxoni 19 .75 10 Prionospio heterobranchia 17 .67 11 Nemertian sp. 2 15 .59 12 Platyhelminth sp. 1 15 .59 13 Jasmineria c.f. bilobata 10 .39 14 Amygadalum papyrium 9 .36 15 Gastropod sp. 1 8 .32 16 Aricidea fragilis 6 .24 17 Sabella microphthalma 6 .24 18 Amphicteis c.f. gunneri 4 .16 19 Podarke obscura 4 .16 20 Diopatra cuprea 4 .16 21 Prunum carneum 3 .12 22 Platynereis dumerilii 3 .12 23 Actinnarid sp. 1 3 .12 24 Ophiophragmus filograneus 2 .08 25 Polydora ligni 2 .08 26 Mogula sp. 1 2 .08 27 Crepidula fornicata 2 .08 28 Thyrax sp. 1 2 .08 29 Bivalve sp. 2 2 .08 30 Clymenella torguata 2 .08 31 Bulla c.f. sp. I (no shell) 2 .08 32 Laevicardium sp. 1 1 .04 33 Saccoglosan sp. 1 1 .04 34 Saggita sp.1 1 .04 35 Peloscolex sp.1 1 .04 36 Gyptus.brevipalpa 1 .04 37 Melita appendiculata 1 .04 38 Mercenaria mercenaria 1 .04 39 Phascolion sp. 1 1 .04 40 Capitella capitata 1 .04 41 Branchioasychis americana 1 .04 MAY, 1987 Rank Species No. Ind. % ----- ------------------------------- -------- ------ 1 Syllis (Typosyllis) alternata 791 27.52 2 Brachidontes exhustus 672 23.38 3 Fabriciola trilobata 522 18.16 4 Hargeria rapax 296 10.30 5 Cymadusa compta 117 4.07 6 Grandidierella bonnieroides 98 3.41 7 Actinnarid sp. 1 95 3.31 8 Erichsonella attenuata 78 2.71 9 Melita sp. 1 38 1.32 10 Nemertian sp. 1 31 1.08 11 Polydora ligni 24 .84 12 Amygadalum papyrium 22 .77 13 Sabella microphthalma 11 .38 14 Podarke obscura 8 .28 15 Melita appendiculata 7 .24 16 Cymodoce faxoni 6 .21 17 Notomastus latericeus 5 .17 18 Capitella capitata 5 .17 19 Aricidea fragilis 5 .17 20 baevicardium sp. 1 4 .14 21 Amphicteis c.f. gunneri 4 .14 22 Platynereis dumerilii 4 .14 23 Prunum sp. 1 3 .10 24 Opistobranch sp. 1 3 .10 25 Platyhelminth sp. 1 3 .10 26 Crepidula fornicata 2 .07 27 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 2 .07 28 Phascolion sp. 1 2 .07 29 Prionospio heterobranchia 2 .07 30 Actinnarid sp. 2 2 .07 31 Parapionsyllis longicirata 2 .07 32 Amphipod sp. 1 (sm juv) 1 .03 33 Nemertian sp. 2 1 .03 34 Saggita sp. 1 1 .03 35 Urosalpinx cinerea 1 .03 36 Prunum carneum 1 .03 37 Branchioasychis americana 1 .03 38 Thyrax sp. 1 1 .03 39 ophiophragmus filograneus 1 .03 40 Gyptus brevipalpa 1 .03 41 Zoea sp. 1 1 .03 Table 4. Seagrass species list and number of individuals of each species in the Indian River for October, 1986, January and May, 1987. List is a composite of three individual cores. JANUARY, 1987 Rank Species No. Ind. % --l--- T-e--11-i-n-a--c-.-f-.--c-a-r--ib-a-e-a ----------- -1-4-5----- -1-3.51- 2 Aricidea fragilis 136 12.67 3 Polydora ligni 131 12.21 4 Erichsonella attenuata 114 10.62 5 Ophiophragmus filograneus 76 7.08 6 Cymadusa compta 70 6.52 7 Crepidula fornicata 48 4.47 8 Leitoscoloplos fragilis 38 3.54 9 Capitella capitata 35 3.26 10 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 35 3.26 11 Gyptus brevipalpa 28 2.61 12 Cymodoce faxoni 28 2.61 13 Hargeria rapax 27 2.52 14 Cymodoce faxoni 20 1.86 15 Eteone heteropoda 18 1.68 16 Amphicteis c.f. gunneri 16 1.49 17 Platynereis dumerilii 15 1.40 18 Parapionsyllis longicirata 15 1.40 19 Nemertian sp. 1 10 .93 20 Fabriciola trilobata 8 .75 21 Mediomastus californiensis 7 -65 22 Prionospio heterobranchia 7 .65 23 Podarke obscura 6 .56 24 Sabella microphthalma 5 .47 25 Ostracod sp.1 4 .37 26 Mogula sp. 1 4 .37 27 Lyonisa floridana 3 .28 28 Mitrella lunata 3 .28 29 Melinna maculata 2 .19 30 Cumacean sp. 1 2 .19 31 Neanthes succinea 1 .09 32 Platyhelminth sp. 1 1 .09 33 Amygdalum papyrium 1 .09 34 Mysid sp. 1 1 .09 35 Retusa candei 1 .09 36 Marphysa sp. 1 1 .09 37 Hippolyte zostericola 1 .09 38 Nemertian sp. 2 1 .09 39 Saccoglossan sp. 1 1 .09 40 Brachidontes exhustus 1 .09 41 Saggita sp. 1 1 .09 42 Cerithium muscarum 1 .09 43 Glycinde solitaria 1 .09 44 Nemertian sp. 3 1 .09 45 Marphysa sanquinea .09 46 Mercenaria mercenaria .09 47 Gemma c.f. gemma .09 MAY, 1987 Rank Species No. Ind. % ----- ------------------------------- -------- ------ I Clymenella torguata 445 23.54 2 Aricidea fragilis 227 12.01 3 Cymadusa compta 185 9.79 4 Erichsonella attenuata 127 6.72 5 Parapionsyllis longicirata 107 5.66 6 Hargeria rapax 94 4.97 7 Polydora ligni 92 4.87 8 Capitella capitata 73 3.86 9 Cymodoce faxoni 71 3.76 10 Ostracod sp. 1 54 2.86 11 Tellina c.f. caribaea 54 2.86 12 Ophiophragmus filograneus 37 1.96 13 Mediomastus californiensis 30 1.59 14 Nemertian sp. 1 30 1.59 15 beitoscoloplos fragilis 25 1.32 16 Gyptus brevipalpa 24 1.27 17 Grandidierella bonnieroides 20 1.06 18 Ampelisca abdita 19 1.01 19 Chone americana 17 .90 20 Corophium ellisi 16 .85 21 Actinnarid sp. 1 15 .79 22 Lyonisa floridana 14 .74 23 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 13 .69 24 Amphicteis c.f. gunneri 9 .48 25 Eteone heteropoda 9 .48 26 Scololepis squamata 8 .42 27 Cumacean sp. 1 7 .37 28 Glycinde solitaria 7 .37 29 Platynereis dumerilii 7 .37 30 Arenicola cristata 6 .32 31 Podarke obscura 6 .32 32 Copepod sp. 1 5 .26 33 Edotea trilobata 5 .26 34 Prionospio heterobranchia 5 .26 35 Saccoglosan sp. 1 5 .26 36 Actinnarid sp. 2 2 .11 37 Crepidula fornicata 2 .11 38 Haminoea elegans 2 .11 39 Holothurian sp. 1 2 .11 40 Nemertian sp. 2 2 .11 41 Sabella microphthalma 2 .11 42 Actinnarid sp. 3 1 .05 43 Amygadalum papyrium 1 .05 44 Brachidontes exhustus 1 .05 45 Diopatra cuprea 1 .05 46 Lumbrinereis sp. 1 1 .05 47 Palaemontes pugio 1 .05 48 Paracaprella tenuis 1 .05 49 Pectinnaria gouldii 1 .05 50 Platyhelminth sp. 1 1 .05 51 Syllis (Typosyllis) alternata 1 .05 Table 5. Caulerpa prolifera species list and number of individuals of each species in the Indian River for October, 1986, January and May, 1987. List is a composite of three individual cores. OCTOBER, 1986 Rank Species No. Ind. % ---- ------- --- --- 1 Crepidula fornicata 62 18.96 2 Cymadusa compta 32 9.79 3 Ophiophragmus filograneus 24 7.34 4 Cymodusa compta 23 7.03 5 Erichsonella attenuata 23 7.03 6 Polydora ligni 18 5.50 7 Hargeria rapax 17 5.20 8 Prunum carneum 14 4.28 9 Spirobis spirillum 14 4.28 10 Dioptra cuprea 11 3.36 11 Bulla striata 8 2.45 12 Gyptis brevipalpa 8 2.45 13 Cymodoce faxoni 7 2.14 14 Sabella microphthalma 7 2.14 15 Podarke obscura 6 1.83 16 Serpula vermicularis 6 1.83 17 Capitella capitata 6 1.83 18 Haminoea succinea 5 1.53 19 Exogone verugera 5 1.53 20 Grandidierella bonnieroides 5 1.53 21 Parahesione c.f. luteola 4 1.22 22 Mogula sp. 1 4 1.22 23 Prionospio heterobranchia 2 .61 24 Syllis (Typosyllis) alternata 2 .61 25 Modulas.modulus 2 .61 26 Modulus carchedonius 2 .61 27 Ophiophragmus pulcher 2 .61 28 Nemertian sp. 2 1 .31 29 Spirobranchus sp. 1 1 .31 30 Me1in1na maculata 1 .31 31 Palaemonetes pugio 1 .31 32 Marphysa sanginea 1 .31 33 Melita appendiculata 1 .31 34 Actinnarid sp. 1 1 .31 35 Haminoea elegans 1 .31 JANUARY, 1987 Rank Species No. Ind. % ----- ------------------------------- -------- ------ 1 Capitella capitata 469 29.66 2 Crepidula fornicata 250 15.81 3 Mogula sp. 1 121 7.65 4 Sabella microphthalma 82 5.19 5 Mediomastus californiensis 80 5.06 6 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 80 5.06 7 Ophiophragmus filograneus 73 4.62 8 Parapionsyllis longicirata 54 3.42 9 Grandidierella bonnieroides 40 2.53 10 Cymadusa compta 36 2.28 11 Gyptus brevipalpa 34 2.1-5 12 Cymodoce faxoni 30 1.90 13 Streblospio benedicti 28 1.77 14 Platynereis dumerilii 24 1.52 15 Podarke obscura 24 1.52 16 Erichsonella attenuata 21 1.33 17 Melita appendiculata 20 1.27 18 Hargeria rapax 13 .82 19 Arenicola cristata 12 .76 20 Nemertian sp. 1 8 .51 21 Nemertian sp. 2 8 .51 22 Amygdalum papirium 7 .44 23 Platyhelminth sp. 1 6 .38 24 Modulus modulus 5 .32 25 Glycinde solitaria 5 .32 26 Prunum carneum 4 .25 27 Platyhelminth sp. 2 3 .19 28 Polydora ligni 3 .19 29 Corophium ellisi 3 .19 30 Eteone heteropoda 3 .19 31 Bulla striata 3 .19 32 Brachidontes exustus 3 .19 33 Diopatra cuprea 3 .19 34 Clymenella torquata 2 .13 35 Spionidae sp. 1 2 .13 36 Aonides sp. 1 2 .13 37 Actinnarid sp. 1 2 .13 38 Hipp6lyte zostericola 2 .13 39 Cumacean sp. 1 2 .13 40 Marphysa sp. 1 1 .06 41 Mercenaria mercenaria 1 .06 42 Leitoscoloplos fragilis 1 .06 43 Aricidea fragilis 1 .06 44 Haminoea elegans 1 .06 45 Erichthonius brasilliensis 1 .06 46 Cerithium muscarium 1 .06 47 Syllis (Typosyllis) sp. 1 .06 48 Nemertian sp. 3 .06 49 Triphora c.f. ornata .06 50 Serpula vermicularis .06 51 Mitrella lunata .06 52 Pectinnaria gouldii .06 53 Palaemontes pugio .06 MAY, 1987 Rank Species No. Ind. % 1--- Cymadusa - compta ---------------- 442---- 32.79- 2 Capitella capitata 166 12.31 3 Sabella microphthalma 161 11.94 4 Actinnarid sp. 1 85 6.31 5 Melita appendiculata 74 5.49 6 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 67 4.97 7 Gyptus brevipalpa 33 2.45 8 Polydora ligni 31 2.30 9 Corophium ellisi 28 2.08 10 Ophiophragmus filograneus 28 2.08 11 Actinnarid sp. 2 25 1.85 12 Parapionsyllis longicirata 24 1.78 13 Elysia cauze 24 1.78 14 Podarke obscura 19 1.41 15 Cymodoce faxoni 16 1.19 16 Platynereis dumerilii 16 1.19 17 Crepidula fornicata 13 .96 18 Nemertian sp:.l 12 .89 19 Holothurian sp. 1 11 .82 20 Erichsonella attenuata 10 .74 21 Aricidea fragilis 5 .37 22 Mogula sp. 1 5 .37 23 Copepod sp. 1 4 .30 24 Hargeria rapax 4 .30 25 Arenicola cristata 4 .30 26 Glycinde solitaria 3 .22 27 Grandidierella bonnieroides 3 .22 28 Grandidierella bonnieroides 3 .22 29 Callipallene brevirostris 2 .15 30 Haminoea'elegans 2 .15 31 Amygadalum papyrium 2 .15 32 Phascolion sp. 1 2 .15 33 Pelo scolex sp. 1 2 .15 34 Saggita sp. 1 2 .15 35 Amphipod sp. 2 2 .15 36 Platyhelminth sp. 1 2 .15 37 Leitoscoloplos fragilis 1 .07 38 Gastropod sp. 1 (j) 1 .07 39 Chone americana 1 .07 40 Sabellidae sp. 1 1 .07 41 Mediomastus californiensis 1 .07 42 Paracaprella tenuis .07 43 Prionospio heterobranchia .07 44 Brachidontes exhustus .07 45 Nassarius vibex .07 46 Syllis (Typosyllis) alternata .07 47 Clymenella sp. 1 .07 48 Terebellidae sp. 1 .07 49 Modulus modulus .07 50 Rhithropanopeus harisii 1 .07 51 Cumacean sp. 1 1 .07 52 Tunicate sp. 1 1 .07 Table 6. Benthic macroinvertebrate (polychaetes) comparisons between seagrass and Caulerpa prolifera for the Banana River. P = rank relative to total cores taken in system, 0 = number of times observed in total cores analyzed, NO = number of individuals, and D percent make-up within total number of cores analyzed OCMPARISCKS BETWEEN SYSTEMS AND VEGETATICN TYPES FOR POLYCHAETES AND OUGOM ETES BANANA RIM TAXCN P 0 NO D 7AXCK P 0 NO D SEAGRASS CAULERPA Syllis (Typosyllis) alternata 3.0 7 1054 20.46 Thyrax sp. 1 15.1 1 258.38 Syllis (Typosyllis) sp. 1 2.1 1 165 19.57 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 24.1 1 130.75 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 3.1 5 1827 9.91 Syllis (Typosyllis) alternat 2.2 7 1710 15.21 Fabriciola trilobata 8.6 8 515 2.54 Syllis (Typosyllis) sp. 1 1.1 2 351 14.16 Polydora ligni 11.4 7 60 2.44 Gyptus brevipalpa 18.8 3 3 6.47 Prionospio heterobranchia 13.0 10 39 1.10 Fabriciola trilobata 7.2 8 497 6.36 Parahesione luteola 9.1 1 4 0.64 Pricnospio heterobranchia 9.8 3 19 1.23 Gyptus brevipalpa 17.1 3 4 0.51 Parapionsyllis lcngicirata 20.1 2 2 1.08 Leitoscoloplos fragilis 21.1 1 2 0.44 Polydora ligni 8.4 6 141 1.05 Aricidea fragilis 16.4 4 14 0.41 Peloscolex sp.1 23.1 1 1 0.56 Clymenella torguata 23.1 1 1 0.32 Sabella microphthalm 16.1 6 17 0.52 Parapionsyllis longicirata 16.4 4 22 0.30 Paranoidea (Aricidae) sp. 1 9.1 1 3 0.40 Dippatra cuprea 27.1 1 1 0.28 Capitella capitata 14.9 6 16 0.39 Hesionidae sp. 1 20.1 1 1 0.22 Ophellidae sp 1 16.1 1 2 0.36 Serpula vermicularis 4.1 1 65 0.20 Scolelepis sp 1 17.1 1 2 0.36 Sabellidae sp. 1 24.1 1 1 0.20 Branchioasychis americana 15.7 5 9 0.30 Sabella microphthalma 14.6 4 16 0.18 Diopatra cuprea 17.1 2 2 0.20 Nereid sp. 1 13.1 1 2 0.10 Aricidea fragilis 16.1 3 8 0.19 Asychis elongatus 17.1 1 1 0.10 Podarke obscura 17.4 3 4 0.10 Platynereis dumerilii 22.1 1 1 0.10 Amphicteis c.f. gumeri 14.6 2 5 0.09 Capitella capitata 12.8 3 27 0.10 Platynereis dumerilii 17.6 4 6 0.08 Podarke obscura 11,6 1 1 0*08 Capitellid sp 1 19.1 1 1 0.06 Marphysa sp. 1 22.1 1 1 0.08 Aricidea sp. 1 22.1 1 1 0.06 Jasmineria c.f. bilobata 12.1 1 4 0.07 Microspio pigmentata 16.1 1 1 0.07 Podarke sp. 1 13.1 1 5 0.04 Eteone heteropoda 18.1 1 1 0.04 mm INDIVIDUALS 3841 MTAL INDIVIDUALS 2801 Table 7. Benthic macroinvertebrate (polychaetes) comparisons between seagrass and Caulerpa px-olifera for the Indian River. P = rank relative to total cores taken in system, 0 = number of times observed in total cores analyzed, NO = number of individuals, and D percent make-up within total number of cores analyzed OMPARISCNS BEMM SYSTEKS AND VEGEMTION TYPES FOR POLYCHAM AM OILTGMMM INDIAN RIM TAEN P 0 NO D TAXCN P 0 NO D SEAGRASS CAULZRPA Podarke obscura 23.4 4 8 8.73 Aonides sp. 1 20.1 1 2 0.66 Aricidea fragilis 3.1 5 297 5.63 Arenicola cristata 21.1 2 10 7.67 Clymmella torguata 5.9 5 419 4.33 Aricidea fragilis 19.6 2 4 0.18 Polydora ligni 7.9 5 204 3.67 Capitella capitata 4.7 7 586 9.68 Parapionsyllis lcngicirata 9.3 5 120 2.69 Chone americana 24.1 1 1 24.00 Primospio heterobranchia 21.1 3 8 2.67 Clymenella torquata 25.1 1 2 10.11 Gyptus brevipalpa 13.5 5 41 2.44 Diopatra cuprea 13.1 2 11 1.58 Capitella capitata 8.3 5 91 2.43 Eteone heteropoda 28.6 2 2 3.25 Marphysa sp. 1 23.1 1 1 2.22 Emgone verugera 8.1 1 5 0.77 Diopatra cuprea 34.1 1 1 1.80 Glycinde solitaria 24.6 2 3 2.34 Scololepis squamata 23.1 1 3 1.68 Gyptus brevipalpa 9.1 6 71 2.97 Leitoscoloplos fragilis 11.1 5 53 1.45 Leitoscoloplos fragilis 29.1 1 1 1.12 Amphicteis c.f. gumeri 18.1 5 25 1.32 Marphysa suguinea 15.1 1 1 0.29 Glycinde solitaria 27.8 3 4 1.24 Medicmastus califomiensis 19.8 3 11 0.49 Platynereis dwerilii 20.6 4 13 1.18 Paracaprella tenuis 46.9 1 1 4.49 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 15.3 5 45 1.11 Parapionsyllis longicirata 10.3 5 69 1.90 Medicmastus califomiensis 15.1 3 23 0.93 Pectimiaria gouldii 30.1 1 1 0.17 Fabriciola trilobata 21.6 2 4 0.72 Pelosclex sp. 1 26.1 1 1 2.61 Lumbrinereis sp. 1 31.1 1 1 0.57 Platynereis dumerilii 13.7 5 32 1.02 Eteone heteropoda 19.6 4 16 0.54 Podarke obscura '13.1 7 39 1.21 Sabella microphthalm 26.6 4 6 0.51 Polydora ligni 8.5 5 48 2.88 Chme americana 20.1 2 13 0.45 Pricnospio heterobranchia 25.1 1 1 25.37 Pectinnaria gouldii 32.1 1 1 0.27 Sabella microphthalm 10.2 8 222 1.83 Syllis(Typosyllis) altemata 28.1 1 1 0.27 Sabellidae sp. 1 25.1 1 1 0.48 Arenicola cristata 26.1 1 3 0.19 Serpula vemicularis 15.1 1 2 0.28 Neanthes succinea 24.1 1 1 0.16 Spionidae sp. 1 24.1 1 2 8.88 Spirobis c.f. corrugatus 5.1 3 80 3.56 Spirobranchus sp. 1 15.1 1 1 4.06 Streblospio benedicti 13.6 2 14 0.98 Syllis (Typosyllis) altemat16.6 2 3 0.22 Terebellidae sp. 1 21.1 1 1 0.10 TCTAL INDIVIDUALS 1402 1228 Table 8. Benthic macroinvertebrate (crustaceans) comparisons between seagrass and Caulerpa prolifera for the Indian and Banana Rivers. P = rank relative to total cores taken in system, 0 = number of times observed in total cores analyzed, NO = number of individuals, and D percent make-up within total number of cores analyzed CCMPARISCKS BETWEM SYSTEMS AND VEGETATICN TYPES FOR CRUSTACEANS INDIAN RIM INDIAN RIM MEN P 0 NO D TAXCN P 0 NO D SEAGRASS CAUUMPA Erichscnella attenuata, 3.6 6 241 9.10 Cymadusa. ccmpta 5.1 9 533 17.28 Cymadusa ccmpta 4.9 6 255 8.34 Erichscnella attenuata 13.1 9 54 3.13 Cymodoce famni 6.1 4 119 5.62 Grandidierella bmnieroides 13.7 7 51 1.92 Hargeria rapax 9.3 6 121 3.90 Melinna maculata 16.1 1 1 1.12 0stracod sp. 1 12.1 4 58 2.70 Hargeria rapax 16.2 8 34 2.29 Ampelisca abdita 18.8 20 19 1.01 Copepod sp. 1 17.1 1 4 0.66 Grandidierella bomieroides 19.1 3 20 1.03 Corophium ellisi 17.3 5 31 1.44 Corophium ellisi 19.6 2 16 1.27 opodoce faxcni 17.5 8 53 1.78 Melinna maculata 22.1 1 2 1.14 Melita appendiculata 18.1 1 1 1.12 Hippolyte zostericola 25.1 1 1 0.57 Callipallene brevirostris 21.1 2 2 0.33 Mysid sp. 1 26.1 1 1 0.57 unidentified m#dpods 22.1 1 2 0.58 Cumacean sp. 1 26.8 3 9 0.52 Palaemonetes pugio 22.6 2 2 0.57 Copepod sp. 1 29.1 2 5 0.40 Rhithropanopeus harisii 29.1 1 1 0.27 Palaemonetes pugio 31.1 1 1 0.15 kaphipod sp. 2 29.6 2 2 0.27 Edotea trilobata 31.1 3 5 0.27 Hippolyte zosterioola 31.1 2 2 0.22 Cumacean sp. 1 32.8 3 3 0.25 Erichthonius brasilliensis 34.1 1 1 0.19 WML INDIVIDUALS 873 TOM INDIVIDUALS 777 BANANA RIVER BANANA RI M SEAGRASS CAULERPA, Hargeria rapax 1.3 10 4388 42.76 Hargeria, rapax 1.7 9 6850 48.46 Erichsonella attenuata 4.1 10 801 6.75 Grandidierella bonnieroides 5.0 9 505 4.68 Grandidierella bomieroides 6.7 7 314 2.62 Cymadusa compta 5.3 10 536 4.39 Opoodoce faxoni 6.7 10 324 2.71 Melinna maculata 6.1 1 8 2.23 Cymadusa cmipta 8.1 10 262 1.95 Erichscnella attenuata 7.7 7 113 1.51 Crustacean sp.1 (j) 10.1 1 8 0.56 Melita appendiculata 13.9 4 46 0.71 Melita appendiculata 18.6 2 6 0.13 Ampelisca, abdita 12.1 1 3 0.30 j Palaemonetes pugio 19.1 1 1 0.06 Palaemonetes pugio 12.1 1 1 0.22 Hippolyte zostericola 20.1 1 1 0.06 Offodoce faxord 14.1 8 27 0.22 Cumacean sp. 1 21.1 1 1 0.06 Cymothoidae paras. isopod 19.1 1 1 0.10 Copepod sp. 1 22.4 4 5 0.13 A*dpod sp. 1 (sm juv) 28.1 1 1 0.05 Ampelisca sp. 1 30.1 1 1 0.04 Zoea sp. 1 29.1 1 1 0.05 TOTAL 6112 TOTAL 8092 Table 9. Benthic macroinvertebrate (mollusks) comparisons between seagrass and Caulerpa prolifera for the Indian and Banana Rivers. P = rank relative to total cores taken in system, 0 = number of times observed in total cores analyzed, NO = number of individuals, and D percent make-up within total number of cores analyzed COMPARISCKS BErWEEN SYS'= AND VEGETATION TYPES FOR MMWSCA INDIAN RIM TAXON P 0 NO D TAXON P 0 NO D SEAGRASS CAULERPA BIVALVES BIVALVES Tellina c.f. caribaea 6.7 6 199 8.09 Brachidontes exhustus 24.5 2 4 0.57 Lyonisa floridana 21.8 4 17 0.83 Mercenaria mercenaria 33.0 1 1 0.14 Gemma c.f. genna 27.0 1 1 0.57 Brachidontes exhustus 34.5 2 2 0.37 Mercenaria mercenaria 28.0 1 1 0.20 total 220 total 5 GASTROPODS GASTROPODS Mitrella lunata 22.0 1 3 0.59 Crepidula, fornicata, 8.9 9 325 11.50 Retusa candei 29.0 1 1 0.57 Haminoea succinea 7.0 1 5 4.20 Cerithium muscann 27.0 1 1 0.20 Prunm carnieum 14.3 4 18 3.18 Haminoea elegans 35.0 2 2 0.16 Bulla striata, 15.0 4 11 1.89 Modulus modulus 20.0 6 10 0.89 Haminoea elegans 27.0 3 4 0.45 Gastropod sp. 1 (j) 33.0 1 1 0.27 Cerithium muscann 36.0 1 1 0.19 Nassarius vibex 31.0 1 1 0.17 Mitrella lunata 34.0 1 1 0.14 total 7 total 377 TOTAL INDIVIDUALS 227 79M INDIVIDUALS 382 BANANA RI VER BANANA RIVER SEAGRASS CAULERPA BIVALVES BIVALVES AnWadalm papyrium 14.8 4 28 0.71 Brachidontes exhustus 7.4 10 967 6.37 Mercenaria mercenaria 26.0 3 3 0.14 Amygadalum papyrium 13.5 6 31 0.35 Laevicardium sp. 1 29.5 2 2 0.06 Tellina candema 21.0 2 2 0.21 Tellina sp. 1 32.0 1 1 0.04 Laevicardium sp. 1 21.0 3 5 0.09 Bivalve spp. 24.0 1 1 0.06 total 34 total 1006 GASTROPODS GASTROPODS Modulus modulus 18.3 6 48 2.39 Modulus modulus 8.7 3 25 1.67 Bulla striata, 11.0 1 1 0.67 Skeneopsis c.f. planorbis 16.5 2 23 0.57 Prunum camium 12.3 3 7 0.48 Haminoea, elegans 17.0 2 4 0.31 Haminoea succinea. 14.0 2 4 0.31 Prunum carnium 19.8 6 9 0.17 Crepidula fomicata 19.0 3 9 0.20 Urosalpinx cinerea 22.0 1 1 0.10 Crepidula. fomicata, 23.5 4 4 0.07 Bulla c.f. sp. I (no shell) 27.0 1 1 0.04 total 69 total 67 MISCELLANEOUS MISCELLANEOUS Opistobranch sp. 1 22 2 4 0.09 Opistobranch sp. 1 15.0 1 3 0.17 total 4 total 3 117M INDIVIDUALS 107 TOM INDIVIDUALS 1076 Table 10. Benthic macroinvertebrate (echinoderms) comparisons between seagrass and Caulerpa prolifera for the Indian and Banana Rivers. P = rank relative to total cores taken in system, 0 = number of times observed in total cores analyzed, NO = number of individuals, and D percent make-up within total number of cores analyzed COMPARISMS BMW SYMM AND VEGETATICN TYPES FOR EOMMEMTA INDIAN RIM TAXCN P 0 NO D TAXCK P 0 NO D Seagrass Caulerpa Ophiophragmus filograneus 9 6 113 4.74 Ophiophragms filograneus 9 9 125 4.71 Ophiophra7m puldier BANAM RIM Seagrass Caulerpa Ophiophragms filograneus 17 2 2 0.31 ophiophragmus filograneus 15 7 18 0.47 COMPARISONS BETWEEN SYSTEMS AND VEGETATICK TYPES FOR NEMMU INDIAN RIM TAXCN P 0 NO D TAXCN P 0 NO D Seagrass Caulerpa Nemertian sp. 2 29 2 3 0.29 Nemertian sp. 3 30 2 2 0.52 Nemertian sp. 3 30 1 1 0.26 BANANA RIM Seagrass Caulerpa Nemertina sp. 1 12 8 41 0.49 Nemrtian sp. 1 11 6 45 0.48 Nemertian sp. 2 17 1 2 0.22 Nemertian sp. 2 21 3 4 0.25 Table 11. Benthic macroinvertebrate (miscellaneous phyla) comparisons between seagrass and Caulerpa prolifera for the Indian and Banana Rivers. P = rank relative to total cores taken in system, 0 = number of times observed in total cores analyzed, NO = number of individuals, and D percent make-up within total number of cores analyzed COMPARISONS BETWEM SYSTEMS AND VEGETATICN TYPES FM MISCELLANEOUS PHYLA TAXCN P 0 NO D TAXCN P 0 NO D INDIAN RIM Seagrass Caulerpa Platyhelminth sp. 1 34 2 2 0.18 Saggita sp. 1 23 1 2 0.53 Saccoglosan sp. 1 29 3 6 0.36 Phascolion sp. 1 28 2 2 0.22 Tunicate sp. 1 28 1 1 0.27 BANANA RIM Seagrass Caulerpa Saggita sp. 1 11 1 1.00 0.34 Saggita sp. 1 25 2 2 0.08 Platyhelminth sp. 1 14 3 6 0.31 Platyhelminth sp. 1 20 6 16 0.15 Phascolion sp. 1 14 8 41 1.57 Saccoglosan sp. 1 26 1 1 0.06 Phascolicn sp. 1 15 6 44 1.24 Table 12. Means and 95% confidence intervals (n=3) for individu5i species, total numbers of fishes and total number of fishes/m collected in the Banana and Indian Rivers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBERS OF FISH COLLECTED ON 10-26-86 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM INDIAN RIVER INDIAN RIVER BANANA RIVER BANANA RIVER SPECIES SEAGRASS CAULERPA SEAGRASS CAULERPA -------------------------- --------------------- ------------------- ------------------ ------------------- LUCNIA PARVA 1029.3 +/-328.75 180.7 +/-14.76 643.3 +/-282.67 40.0 +/-19.91 MICROGOBIUS GULOSUS 91.3 +/- 17.68 7.7 +/- 2.74 149.0 +/- 38.54 1.7 +/- 1.62 GOBIOSOMA ROBUSTUM 54.7 +/- 24.28 50.3 +/-13.65 0.7 +/- 0.45 0.3 +/- 0.45 SYNGMATHUS SCOVELLI 1.0 +/- 0.78 22.7 +/- 6.81 6.0 +/- 4.34 ------------------- BAIRDIELLA CHRYSOURA 4.0 +/- 3.57 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- ------------------- CYNOSCION NEBULOSUS --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- FLORIDICHTHYS CARPIO 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- 7.0 +/- 3.57 1.0 +/- 0.78 ACHIRUS LINEATUS --------------------- ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTERAE --------------------- ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 0.3 +/- 0.45 MENIDIA PENINULA 13.7 +/- 12.87 ------------------- 194.0 +/- 88.65 ------------------- POECILIA LATIPINNA --------------------- ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- GAMBUSIA AFFINIA 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- DIAPTERUS OLISTHOSTOMUS --------------------- ------------------- 0.7 +/- 0.90 ------------------- TOTALS 1194.7 +/-384.82 262.0 +/-14.10 1007.0 +/-352.46 43.3 +/-20.40 TOTALS/m2 32.1 +/- 10.36 7.1 +/- 0.38 27.0 +/- 9.49 1.2 +/- 0.55 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NUMBERS OF FISH COLLECTED ON 11-16-86 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM INDIAN RIVER INDIAN RIVER BANANA RIVER BANANA RIVER SPECIES SEAGRASS CAULERPA SEAGRASS CAULERPA -------------------------- --------------------- ------------------- --------------------- -------------------- LUCANIA PARVA 1631.3 +/-227.17 78.3 +/-44.05 1775.0 +/-201.90 129.0 +/-82.50 MICROGOBIUS GULOSUS 151.3 +/-100.13 0.7 +/- 0.90 10.7 +/- 3.92 -------------------- GOBIOSOMA ROBUSTUN 57.3 +/- 14.88 40.7 +/-26.92 1.0 +/- 1.35 0.3 +/- 0.45 SYNGNATHUS SCOVELLI 21.0 +/- 1.56 16.3 +/- 8.55 10.0 +/- 2.06 -------------------- SYNGNATHUS LOUISIANAE --------------------- ------------------- 0.7 +/- 0.45 -------------------- BAIRDELLA CHRYSOURA 1.7 +/- 0.45 0.3 +/- 0.45 --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 FLORIDICHTHYS CARPIO 0.7 +/- 0.90 ------------------- 2.0 +/- 1.35 -------------------- HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTERAE --------------------- 8.3 +/- 5.85 --------------------- -------------------- MENIDIA PENINULA 32.7 +/- 6.54 0.3 +/- 0.45 125.7 +/- 46.27 0.3 +/- 0.45 CHASMODES SABURRAE --------------------- 1.7 +/- 0.45 --------------------- --------------------- HYPORHAMPHUS UNIFASCIATUS --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 --------------------- --------------------- OPSANUS TAU --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 HARENGULA JAGUANA --------------------- -------------------- --------------------- 1.0 +/- 1.35 EUCINOSTOMUS GULA --------------------- -------------------- 1.3 +/- 1.80 --------------------- UNCERTAIN IDENTIFICATION --------------------- -------------------- 3.0 +/- 4.05 --------------------- TOTALS 1907.0 +/-321.04 147.3 +/-75.60 1929.3 +/-169.69 131.3 +/- 80.66 TOTALS/m2 51.3 +/- 8.64 4.0 +/- 2.03 51.9 +/- 4.57 3.5 +/- 2.17 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBERS OF FISH COLLECTED ON 12-19-86 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM INDIAN RIVER INDIAN RIVER BANANA RIVER BANANA RIVER SPECIES SEAGRASS CAULERPA SEAGRASS CAULERPA -------------------------- --------------------- ------------------- --------------------- ------------------- LUCANIA PARVA 1590.3 +/-415.74 20.7 +/-13.10 1213.0 +/-179.43 186.0 +/-61.83 MICROGOBIUS GULOSUS 69.0 +/- 51.18 1.0 +/- 0.78 13.7 +/- 9.00 ------------------- GOBIOSOMA ROBUSTUN 181.3 +/-125.69 78.0 +/-56.15 7.7 +/- 6.35 1.3 +/- 1.19 SYNGNATHUS SCOVELLI 44.7 +/- 5.75 20.7 +/- 5.75 17.0 +/- 1.35 2.0 +/- 2.06 SYNGNATHUS LOUISIANAE --------------------- 0.7 +/- 0.45 0.7 +/- 0.90 ------------------- BAIRDIELLA CHRYSOURA --------------------- -------------------- 0.7 +/- 0.90 0.3 +/- 0.45 FLORIDICHTHYS CARPIO --------------------- -------------------- 5.0 +/- 0.78 0.7 +/- 0.45 EUCINOSTOMUS HARENGUS --------------------- 0.7 +/- 0.45 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTERAE 2.7 +/- 1.19 4.3 +/- 2.38 ---------------------- ------------------- MENIDIA PENINSULA 28.7 +/- 18.52 --------------------- 73.7 +/- 51.72 ------------------- POECILIA LATIPINNA --------------------- --------------------- 33.7 +/- 19.23 0.3 +/- 0.45 HYPLEUROCHILUS GEMIATUS --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ---------------------- ------------------- CHASMODES SABURRAE 0.3 +/- 0.45 --------------------- ---------------------- ------------------- GOBIOSOX STRUMOSUS --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ---------------------- ------------------- OPSANUS TAU --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ---------------------- ------------------- EUCINOSTOMUS GULA 0.3 +/- 0.45 --------------------- ---------------------- 0.7 +/- 0.90 LAGODON RHONBIODES --------------------- --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- EUCINOSTOMUS LEFROYI --------------------- --------------------- 22.0 +/-15.18 ------------------- ACHIRUS LINEATUS --------------------- --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- UNCERTAIN IDENTIFICATION --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- 1.0 +/- 1.35 TOTALS 1917.3 +/-580.55 127.0 +/-68.39 1388.0 +/-204.35 192.3 +/-63.15 TOTALS/m2 51.6 +/- 15.62 3.4 +/- 1.84 37.4 +/- 5.50 5.2 +/- 1.70 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBERS OF FISH COLLECTED ON 3-15-87 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM INDIAN RIVER INDIAN RIVER BANANA RIVER BANANA RIVER SEAGRASS CAULERPA SEAGRASS CAULERPA --------------------------- --------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LUCANI PARVA 1628.7 +/-136.41 21.0 +/- 5.89 95.7 +/- 57.96 147.7 +/-68.46 MICROGOBIUS GULOSUS 41.3 +/- 8.00 ------------------- 4.7 +/- 1.19 ------------------- BOGIOSOMA ROBUSTUN 40.7 +/- 6.35 25.3 +/-25.58 -------------------- 0.7 +/- 0.90 SYNGNATHUS SCOVELLI 28.7 +/- 5.01 1.7 +/- 0.90 8.7 +/- 2.74 0.3 +/- 0.45 SYNCNATHUS LOUISIANAE 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- -------------------- ------------------- BAIRDIELLA CHRYSOURA 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- -------------------- ------------------- CYNOSCION NEBULOSUS --------------------- ------------------- -------------------- ------------------- FLORIDICHTHYS CARPIO 3.0 +/- 2.34 ------------------- 3.7 +/- 1.96 0.7 +/- 0.45 EUCINOSTOMUS LEFROYI --------------------- ------------------- 54.3 +/- 33.83 -------------------- HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTERAE 1.0 +/- 0.78 0.3 +/- 0.45 --------------------- -------------------- MENIDIA PENINULA 1.0 +/- 0.00 7.7 +/-10.35 5.3 +/- 1.19 11.0 +/-14.86 POECILIA LATIPINNA 5.7 +/- 7.65 ------------------- --------------------- -------------------- ACHIRUS LINEATUS --------------------- ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 -------------------- MUGIL CEPHALUS --------------------- ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 -------------------- CHASMODES SABURRAE --------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 --------------------- -------------------- STRONGYLURA NOTATA --------------------- ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 -------------------- LAGODON RHOMBOIDES 3.7 +/- 1.19 ------------------- --------------------- -------------------- GAMBUSIA AFFINIS 0.7 +/- 0.45 ------------------- --------------------- -------------------- TOTALS 1755.0 +/-143.59 56.3 +/-42.67 173.3 +/- 32.12 160.3 +/-71.85 TOTALS/m2 47.2 +/- 3.86 1.5 +/- 1.15 4.7 +/- 0.86 4.3 +/- 1.93 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBERS OF FISH COLLECTED ON 4-12-87 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM INDIAN RIVER INDIAN RIVER BANANA RIVER BANANA RIVER SPECIES SEAGRASS CAULERPA SEAGRASS CAULERPA -------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- LUCANIA PARVA 110.7 +/-48.33 109.0 +/-62.27 50.0 +/-21.20 55.3 +/- 8.69 MICROGOBIUS GULOSUS 5.7 +/- 2.38 ------------------- 2.0 +/- 0.78 1 2.0 +/- 1.35 GOBIOSOMA ROBUSTUM 7.3 +/- 1.80 22.7 +/- 8.55 ------------------- 1.7 +/- 1.19 SYNGNATHUS SCOVELLI 24.0 +/- 6.38 2.7 +/- 0.45 13.3 +/- 7.37 2.3 +/- 2.51 FLORIDICHTHYTS CARPIO 0.7 +/- 0.45 ------------------- 1.0 +/- 0.78 ------------------- GAMBUSIA AFFINIS ------------------- ------------------- 1.0 +/- 0.78 ------------------- HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTERAE 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- ------------------ 0.3 +/- 0.45 MENIDIA PENINULA 43.3 +/-18.72 5.0 +/- 6.75 ------------------- 17.0 +/- 4.87 POECILIA LATIPINNA ------------------- ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- ACHIRUS LINEATUS ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- DIAPTERUS OLISTHOSTOMUS ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- CHASMODES SABURRAE ------------------- 1.0 +/- 1.35 ------------------- ------------------- LAGODON RHOMBOIDES 0.3 +/- 0.45 7.7 +/- 3.68 ------------------- 6.7 +/- 1.96 TOTALS 192.3 +/-38.45 148.0 +/-67.72 67.7 +/-21.17 85.3 +/-17.68 TOTALS/m2 5.2 +/- 1.03 4.0 +/- 1.82 1.8 +/- 0.57 2.3 +/- 0.48 ------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBERS OF FISH COLLECTED ON 5-8-87 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM COLLECTION FROM INDIAN RIVER INDIAN RIVER BANANA RIVER BANANA RIVER SPECIES SEAGRASS CAULERPA SEAGRASS CAULERPA -------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------- LUCANIA PARVA 297.0 +/-66.54 13.7 +/-14.59 185.7 +/-20.66 248.7 +/-211.06 MICROGOBIUS GULOSUS 3.3 +/- 2.38 ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 2.0 +/- 0.78 GOBIOSOMA ROBUSTUM 5.3 +/- 1.62 2.3 +/- 1.96 ------------------- 1.0 +/- 1.35 SYNGNATHUS SCOVELLI 16.3 +/- 9.30 0.3 +/- 0.45 15.7 +/- 3.92 1.7 +/- 0.90 CYNOSCION NEBULOSUS ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 ------------------- -------------------- FLORIDICHTHYS CARPIO 1.3 +/- 1.19 ------------------- -------------------- 8.0 +/- 6.38 STRNGYLURA NOTATA 8.0 +/- 1.56 0.7 +/- 0.45 4.0 +/- 2.06 3.0 +/- 2.81 HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTERAE ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- 0.3 +/- 0.45 MENIDIA PENINULA 55.3 +/-36.67 ------------------- 18.3 +/-11.70 88.3 +/-114.60 POECILIA LATIPINNA ------------------- ------------------- 30.7 /-41.41 -------------------- LAGODON RHOMBOIDES 0.7 +/- 0.90 0.3 +/- 0.45 0.7 +/- 0.90 2.7 +/- 2.95 GAMBUSIA AFFINIS ------------------- ------------------- 1.80 +/- 1.80 -------------------- EUCINOSTOMUS HARENGUS 1.0 +/- 1.35 ------------------- ------------------- 1.3 +/- 1.80 TOTALS 388.3 +/-50.01 17.7 +/- 17.99 256.7 +/-50.32 357.0 +/-176.73 TOTALS/m2 10.5 +/- 1.35 0.5 +/- 0.48 6.9 +/- 1.35 9.6 +/- 4.76 ---- --- ---- - --- --- ---- - --- --- ---- - --- --- ---- 70-@' d. 36668 M 035297 Al OIL