[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]











                    Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program
              K1993 Presque Isle Exotic Plant Species Control Project:
          Restoratlon of Lithospermum caroliniense and Scirpus smithii


                                    December, 1993

                                     SPC # 226290
                                     CZ1:92.04PS



          A Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources to
               The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pursuant to
                               NOAA Award No. NA 27ZO335-01






                            Oaastat


        F's-H N SYLVAN I A

                                                             C.
                                                ME







          Project was financed in part through a federal Coastal Zone Management
          Grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources,
          with funds provided by the NOAA. The views expressed herein are those
          of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or
          any of its subagencies.











                                    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

               Special acknowledgement goes to Kathleen McKenna, Bureau of
          Forestry for helping to develop the plan for the 1993 phase of
          the.Lithospermum caroliniense restoration project and Scirpus
          smithii project. She.also worked to secure funding for the
          project. Funding for this project was received from the Wild
          Resources Conservation Fund and Pennsylvania Coastal Zone
          Mnagement Program, Division of Coastal Zone Management,
          Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.

               Thanks  go to Adjunct Curator of Botany Beverly Danielson who
          volunteered  seven days of work on the project and Norma Kline who
          volunteered  two days of work.

               Thanks  go to Cleveland Heights High School teacher    Blair
          Chirdon and  seven of his students who helped pull out a   20 by 15
          foot meadow  of Phragmites australis and Typha glauca on   March 26.

               Thanks  go to Mercyhurst College Professor Michael   Campbell
          and his students Katy Covin and Akrom Alzught who helped to
          establish and collect base line data from ten 10 by 10 foot plots
          at the Lithospermum caroliniense site.

               Special thanks are given to Museum Botany Department Interns
          Heather Chirdon ' Matthew Collier and Steven Meiers who set up the
          Scirpus.smithii belt transect and pulled Lythrum salicaria and
     0_   Epilobium hirsutum from a 25 by 35 meter area adjacent to the
          Scirpus smithii control plot. They also collected baseline data
          from the only park location of Geranium bicknellii. Removal of
          exotics and common weedy plants from the site is planned for
          1994. Geranium bicknellii has not been seen at the site since
          1986 but seeds are presumed to be present in the soil. Removal
        0 of vegetation at the site in 1994 may trigger release of the rare
      f4) geranium from the seedbank.

               Thanks are given to Park Superintendent Harry Leslie and
          Assi8tent Superintendents Obediah Derr and Peter Houghton for
          giving advice and assistance throughout the study and special
          thanks go to Superintendent Leslie go giving permission to begin
          the Geranium bicknellii restoration project.











                                       METHODS


               In consultation with Kathleen McKenna, Professor Michael
          Campbell of Mercyhurst College and Adjunct Curator of Botany
          Beverly Danielson,, plans were developed for renewal and exansion
          of two of the 1991 exotic control projects. One of the projects
          entailed the removal of Lythrum salicaria, Epilobium hirsutum,
          Typha X glauca, Phragmites and Phalaris arundinacea from the 1991
          Scirpus smithii site. The other project involved the collecting
          data from two Lonicera morrowi removal areas within the
          Lithospermum caroliniense dry sand plain along the south side of
          PA Rt. 832 east of the Light House. Park Maintenance staff
          removed the Lonnicera morrowi from the two areas in 1991. A
          second phase of the puccoon study involved establishing five sets
          of 10 foot by 10 foot plots within the dry sand plain south of PA
          Rt. 832 and east of the Light House. Each of the five sets
          included one plot that was mowed regularly from mid to late
          summer and one plot where the soil was turned over in mid-summer.


               On March 26, seven students from an environmental club at
          Cleveland Heights High School assisted with removal of hairy
          hillow herb (Epilobium, hirsutum) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum
          salicaria from the 1991 Scirpus smithii study area. The
          students, Adjunct Curator Beverly Danielson and Curator James
         ,Bissell also removed a 20 by 1S foot meadow of Phragmites
          australis and Typha x glauca that establish within the northeast
          corner of the 1991 study area during the 1992 field season. On
          April 24, permanent 3 foot by 3 foot sample plots were
          established within the 1991 study area and percentage cover was
          recorded by the permanent plots. The,numbered plots within the
          1991 study area (#1 through #5) are shown on Appendix 2. The
          plots within the 1991 study area were sampled again on September
          27.

               On May 15, an expansion.of the 1991 study area was made by
          removing sandbar willow (Salix exigua) along with a relatively
          solid cover of purple loosestrife and hairy willow herb. This
          expansion is ca lled the Scirpus smithii control plot expansion
          and is shown on-Appendix 2 as the area to the south of the belt
          transect bounded by sample plots numbered 6 through 10. Prior to
          removal of the exotics, percentage cover quadrat analyses was
          collected.from each of the five sample plots and these plots were
          sampled again on September 27..

               On may 15, a different method of palustrine sand plain
          restoration was also initiated. A 10 by 10 foot section of wet
          flats, heavily vegetated with purple loosestrife, hairy willow
          herb and blue joint reed-grass (Calamagrostis canadensis) was
          turned over. The northern edge of the turnover plot is 40 feet
          south of the southern edge-of the Scirpus smithii plot.
          Percentage cover data was taken from five sample plots within the
          turned over area. The turned over area was clipped to within








          four inches of the ground at three week intervals and sampled on
          September 27.

               All percentage cover data collected, both prior and after to
          removal of exotics and is.included within the appendix of this
          report. In addition, the location of all POSCIP plants within
          the 100 by 35 foot Scirpus smithii exotic control plot is shown
          by a series of maps within the Appendix.

               On June 14, a census of the hairy puccoon was taken within
          the sand plain habitat along the south side of PA Rt. 832 to the
          east of the Presque Isle Light House. In addition to counting
          the puccoons, the two areas where Lonicera morrowi were removed
          in 1991 were examined to determine whether any Plants of Special
          Concern in Pennsylvani have estalbished since removal of the
          exotic shrubs.

               On June 29, five sets of two 10 by 10 foot quadrats were
          established within the hairy puccoon sand plain east of the Light
          House and south of PA Rt. 832. At each of the five treatment
          sites the eastern plot was designated as an area to be rototilled
          and the western plot was designated as an area to be mowed.
          Percentage cover data within all the plots was collected on June
          29. Volunteers Katy Covin and Akrom Alzught mowed aft ten plots
          on July 15 and Akrom Alzught rototilled and again on September
          8.













                                     FIELD SCHEDULE
                                           for
                              1993 PRESQUE ISLE STATE PARK
                           EXOTIC SPECIES MANAGEMENT PROJECT
                                CONTRACT NUMBER SP 101727

          March 26              Exotic species removal from Sciryus smithii
                                site.

          April 24              Continue removal from Smiths's bulrush site.

          May 15                Extend exotic species removal area at Smith's
                                bulrush site and collect percentage cover
                                data.

          June 14               Census Lithospermum caroliniense population
                                and inventory for POSCIP species at areas
                                where Lonicera morrowi was removed in 1991.

          June 23               Inventory for POSCIP species at both
                                management areas and removal from exotic
                                species from both areas.

          June 29               Establish sites for quadrats where soil will
                                be turned over and regular mowing will be
                                done.

          July 9                All puccoon 10 ft. test plots were mowed by
                                volunteers Katy Covin and Akrom Alzught.

          July 15               Volunteer Akrom Alzught rototilled five of
                                the puccoon test plots.

          July 24               Lythrum salicaria seedlings were weeded from
                                Smith's bulrush site.

          July 26               Remove Lonicera morrowi seedlings from
                                puccoon quadrats.

          August  6             Establish site for belt transect across the
                                Smith's bulrush exo@ic control plot.

          August  16            Museum interns Matthew Collier, Heather
                                Chirdon and Steve Meiers set up Smith's
                                bulrush belt transect.

          August  17.           Interns work on belt transect.

          August  18            Interns work on belt transect.

          August  19            Interns finish belt transect.

          August  30            Hand pulling of Phalaris arundinacea and










                            1993 Field Schedule (continued)


                               Lythrum salicaria seedlings from Smith's
                               bulrush control plot.

          September 8          Collection of percentage cover from soil
                               turnover plots at puccoon site and.
                               collection of puccoon seed.

          September 27         Collection of percentage cover data from
                               quadrats in Smith's bulrush control plot and
                               interior soil turnover plot; mapping of
                               POSCIP species in Smith's bulrush control
                               plot.













                                       RESULTS


          Scirpus smithii Exotic Control Project and Inerior Soil Turnover
          Project.

               Three Scirpus smithii and several other POSCIP plants
          responded positively to the succession release conditions within
          the 100 by 35 foot area cleared of exotic species. The
          relatively high levels of Lake Erie during the study probably
          account for the low numbers of some of the POSCIP species found
          within the control plot. The lake remained at relatively high
          levels until middle summer and did not undergo a signficant
          decrease during May to July. Stable lake levels during the first
          half of the summer were observed in 1989 to inhibit germination
          of many rare plants that inhabitat the palustrine sand plain
          community and this same paucity of germination was observed
          throughout palustrine sand plains at Presque Isle during 1993.
          Plants of Special Concern in PA, in addition to Scirpus smithii,
          that resonded favorably to removal of exotics within the 35 by
          100 foot control plot include:

               Carex aquatilis
               Carex bebbii
               Cyperus diandrus
               Cyperus odoratus
               Eleocharis olivacea
               Juncus balticus
               Panicum tuckermanii
               Potentilla anserina

               As in 1991, with the exception of Potentilla anserina, all
          of the above POSCIP plants were rare or absent within the
          unweeded areas along the belt transect east and west of the
          control area. Two POSCIP species hot observed in the study area
          in 1991 were found within the Scirpus smithii Control Plot
          Expansion following the removal of exotics:

               Carex bebbii
               Cyperus diiandrus

               The following typical members of the palustrine sand plain
          communit@& also responded positively to succession release within
          the Scirpus smithii control plot:

                    Cyperus bipartitus
                    Cyperus flavescens
                    Cyperus odoratus
                    Cyperus strigosus
                    Juncus nodosus
                    Polygonum punctatum
                    Sci3@pus americanus












          Interior Soil Turnover Plot:


               Within the soil turnover area located 40 feet south of the
          Scirpus smithii Control Plot, only three POSCIP species responded
          to the succession release that resulted from turning over the
          soil and none of these POSCIP plants were present in the dense
          meadows adjacent to the turnover plot:

               Carex bebbii (single plant in north central section
                              of plot and not located in sample
                              quadrats)
               Cyperus odoratus (found in sample quadrats)
               Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum (found in sample
                                                       quadrats)


               Several plants in addition to the POSCIP species listed
          above reponded to release from the seed bank as a result of
          turning over the soil. The realeased plants listed below were
          either rare or not found in the dense vegetation adjacent to the
          turnover plot:

               Alisma subcordatum
               Bidens cernua
               Cyperus poeformis
               Cyperus strigosus
               Eupatorium perfoliatum
               Lindernia dubia
               Ludwigia palustris
               Polygonum punctatum.
               Ranunculus scleratus
               Rorippa islandic"a
               Verbena hastata









           Lithospermum caroliniense Restoration Project:

                 A total of 45 Lithospermum caroliniense plants were counted
           within the dry sand plain along the south side of PA Rt. 832 east
           of the Light House.

                 Several Plants of Special Concern in PA responded positively
           to mowing and/or rototilling within the 10 by 10 foot plots.
           Three POSCIP species showed great reponse to both treatments
           within more than one of the plots:

                 Cyperus schweinitzii
                 Schizachyrium scoparium var. littorale
                 Sporobolus cryptandrus

                 An additional POSCIP plant, Panicum commonsianum, was found
           to be present within mowed plot number 4a and was not observed
           there prior to the mowing.

           Eastern Loncera morrowi pull-out site:

                 Two POSCIP plants were found within the 35 by 25-foot area
           at the eastern edge of study area where a dense thicket of
           Lonicera morrowi was pulled out in,1991:

                 Cyperus schweinitzii
                 Sporobolus cryptandrus

                 Three POSCIP plants were found within the eastern 15 by 15
           foot area where Lonicera morrowi was pulled by park staff in
           1991:


                 Cyperus schweinitzii
                 Panicum commonsianum
                 Sporobolus cryptandrus






                      I











































                                       APPENDIX



































                                          0









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                                                                   5TU DY
                                                                    AREA








                                     Ir






                    3cirpuo omithii Exotic, Control 5tu&;ly
                                                               -1 dI










                                             GO)








                                                                                              Scirpus smithii
                                                                                              Exotic Control Plot
                                                                                              35'X 100'



















                                             t transect
                                                     22'           6
                                                                        08             7
                                                                                              301
                                                                                    0
                                                                    35'



                                                 101           2
                                   (=tuplot)3       4       5

                                                   10,                          Interior Soil Turnover Plot
                                                                                10, X 19


                                                              @sj re
                        1       26'
                                                         f
                                                           9















                               Mean Monthly Lake Erie Levels
                                              1993





                 March   ......................  572.67 feet"

                 April   ......................  573.16 feet

                 May   ........................  573-16 feet

                 May   ......................... 573-06 feet

                 June   .......................  573,06 feet

                 July   .......................  573 feet

                 August   .....................  S72..64 feet

                 September    .................. 572.28 feet

                 October   ....................  571.92 feet


                 November   ...................  571.72 feet










                                                     Percentage Cover
                                                               of
                                                              Five
                                                 3 by 3 foot quadrats
                                                           within
                                  1991 Scirpus smithii exotic control area
                                                      April 24, 1993

                                                                *i cover
               Plot #1 (Northwest             corner of 1991 control plot)

                       Open water                                1000,

               Plot    #2 (Northeast corner of 1991 control plot)

                       Open water                                10006

               Plot    #3      (Center of 78 by         35 foot plot)

                       Phalaris arundinacea.                     1006
                       Typha. X glauca                           300W
                       Phragmites australis                      6016

               Plot #4         (Southwest corner of 78             by 35 foot plot)

                       Bare sand                                 10011,

               Plot    #5      (Southwest corner of 78 by 35 foot plot)

                       Phalaris arundinacea                      5016
                       Typha X glauca                            400-.
                       Bare sand                                 10!@












                                                     PERCENTAGE COVER
                                                               of
                                                              Five
                                                  3 by 3 foot quadrats
                                                            within
                                   1991 Scirpus smithii exotic control area
                                                   September 27, 1993


                Plot   #1        (Northwest corner of 1991 exotic control area)

                       Ceratophyllum demersum                               3%
                       Nymphaea odorata                                     25%
                       Sagittaria rigida                                    3%
                       Vallisneria americana                                10%
                       Bare sand (sumbmersed)                               60%

                Plot   #2 (Northeast corner of 1991 exotic control area)

                       Potamogeton richardsonii                             2%
                       Vallisneria americana                                3%
                       Bare sand (submersed)                                95%

                Plot   #3 (Center of 1991 exotic control area)

                       Scirpus americanus                                   5%
                       Bare sand                                            95%

                Plot   #4 (Southwest corner of 1991 exotic control area)

                       Cyperus bipartitus                                   3%
                       Cyperus odoratus                                     3%
                       Lythrum salicaria                                    3%
                       Myriophyllum spicatum                                1%
                       Polygonum lapathifolium                              2%
                       Ranunculus longirostris                              2%
                       Scirpus americanus                                   4%
                       Scirpus fluviatilis (seedling)                       1%
                       Sparganium eurycarpum                                3%

                Plot   #5 (Southeast corner of 1991 exotic control area)

                       Phalaris arundinacea                                 2%
                       Scirpus americanus                                   3%
                       Bare sand                                            95%






								14.





























































                                                        PERCENTAGE COVER
                                                                   of
                                      Scirpus smithii CONTROL PLOT EXPANSION
                                                            14 May 1993




                Plot     #6 (Northwest corner of 22 feet by 35 feet expansion)
                          Note: All Quadrat sample plots are 3 X 3 feet.
                                                                         % cover
                         Calamagrostis canadensis                           30%
                         Epilobium hirsutum                                  4%
                         Lythrum salicaria                                   3%
                         Salix exigua                                       10%

                Plot     #7 (Northeast corner of 22 by 35 feet expansion)
                         Calamagrostis canadensis                            45%
                         Epilobium hirsutum                                  15%
                         Lythrum salicaria                                    5%
                         Salix exigua                                         9%

                Plot     #8 (Center of 22 by 3S feet expansion)
                         Calamagrostis canadensis                            40%
                         Epilobium hirsutum                                  10%
                         Lythrum salicaria                                    5%
                         Salix exigua                                         7%

                Plot     #9 (Southwest corner of 22 by 3S feet expansion)
                         Calamagrostis canadensis                            50%
                         Epilobium hirsutum                                   2%
                         Lythrum salicaria                                    1%
                         Salix exigua                                         5%

                Plot     #10       (Southeast corner of 22 by 35 feet expansion)
                         Calamagrostis canadensis                            45%
                         Epilobium hirsutum,                                  5%
                         Lythrum salicaria                                    3%
                         Salix exigua                                         3%


                Average Percentage Cover for four dominant species within plots
                                      6 through 10:

                         Calamagrostis canadensis                            42%
                         Epilobium hirsutum                                  7.2%
                         Lythrum salicaria                                   3.4%
                         Salix exigua                                        6.8%







									15.










                                                                   Percentage Cover
                                                                          of
                                                     Scirpus smithii CONTROL PLOT EXPANSION
                                                                    27 September 1993

                      Plot       #6 (Northwest corner of 22 by 35 foot expansion)

                                 Butomus umbellatus                                                           2%
                                 Eleocharis smallii                                                           3%
                                 Leersia oryzoides                                                            2%
                                 Lythrum salicaria                                                            3%
                                 Ranunculus longirostis                                                       2%
                                 Sparganium eurycarpum                                                        20%
                                 Bare sand                                                                    60%

                      Plot       #7 (Northest corner of 22 by 35 foot expansion)

                                 Cyperus strigosus                                                            2%
                                 Epilobium hirsutum                                                           3%
                                 Lycopus americanus                                                           3%
                                 Lythrum salicaria                                                            2%
                                 Phalaris arundinacea                                                         5%
                                 Polygonum punctatum                                                          2%
                                 Scirpus americanus                                                           8%
                                 Bare sand                                                                    80%

                      Plot       #8 (Center of 22 by 35 foot expansion)

                                 Calamagrostis canadensis                                                      35%
                                 Lythrum salicaria                                                             2%
                                 Sagittaria latifolia                                                         2%
                                 Salix exigua                                                                  2%
                                 Scirpus americanus                                                            12%
                                 Sparganium eurycarpum                                                          3%
                                 Bare sand                                                                     50%

                      Plot       #9 (Southwest corner of 22 by 35 foot expansion)

                                 Eleocharis smallii                                                             2%
                                 Lythrum salicaria                                                              2%
                                 Pontederia cordata                                                             1%
                                 Sagittaria latifolia                                                           1%
                                 Scirpus americanus                                                             3%
                                 Sparganium eurycarpum                                                          2%
                                 Bare Sand                                                                     90%








                                                                                                3cirpus smithil
                 Distribution of Carex aquatilis                                                Exot4c Control Plot
                                                                                                36 X 100'
                           Sept














                                           @clt traMSeCt


                                                       221
                                                                       35'            10         30'



                                    (center plot) 3



                                                                                   Intarior5oll Turnover Plot
                                                                                   laxic




                 N
                          1       26'
                A                                               17.
                                                                               11 Etz,10,!3d"








                                                                                                            3cirpus SMOU
                                                                                                            Exotic Control Plot
                                                                                                            36 x 100,

                                                            zm
                 Distribution of Carex bebbii







                                                                                                                (n




                                                                                              C%3






                                                  c tramsect



                                                              22t
                                                                     9          351              10           30'


                                         (camter plot)3                5

                                                             10                               Interior Soil Turnover Flat
                                                                                              laxia




                   N
                  A                   26'
                                                                            "'@ Eii.`10@501









                                                                          3cirpus smithff
                                                                          Exot4c Contrvi Plot
                                                                          35, x 100,

                                             KA
           Distribution of Cyperus diandrus  Z)

















                                 l7elt t-ramswt


                                                       35         10       30'

                                                  2
                           (c,amter plot)3 4


                                          10                    Interior Soil Turnover Plot
                                                                la x 10,




             N
                                              1q,
            A       199   26'
                                           75            @11`tpexriioo 501,









                                                                                                                      5cirpus -4mtrhH
                                                                          API                                         Exat4c Control Flat
                    Distribution of Cyperus odoratus                                                                  35'XIOO'




















                                                                                        4
                                                                    22                    (18
                                                                                                                       30
                                                                                       351                10




                                            (wnur plat)3


                                                                  10                                  IntaHor 5oil Turmover Plot
                                                                                                      19 x 10,




                     N
                                          2ro'
                                                                                                        te'loor-50i,









                                                                                                               3cirpus 5m1thH
                  Distribution of Eleocharis olivacea                                                          Exat4c Contml Flat.
                                                                                                               36 X 100,











                                                                                               It



                                                                                               4r,%3




                                                    It tmmse-t


                                                               221
                                                                      91             a8               7
                                                                                                               30'
                                                                                 351                0



                                                          101.
                                         (center plot)3                5


                                                                                              Interior 5oll Turnover Plot
                                                                                              laxia




                   N
                                      26'
                 A
                                                                                             -11mt4xf41ob5ol,









                                                                                                                            OcIrpue Smithil
                                                                                                                            Exotic Comtrol Plot
                                                                                                                            35'X 100'
                            Distribution of Juncus balticus

















                                                                                                             *%3





                                                         Cit trameact


                                                                       22'
                                                                                                08                 7
                                                                                            351                10            301


                                                                  lot.              2
                                               (center plot)          4
                                                                                 5


                                                                      10                                   Interior Soil Turnover Plot
                                                                                                           laxia






                      A
                                   1         26'









                                                                                                OcIrpus smithil
                                                                                                ExOt4C Control Plot
                                                                                                36 X 100'
                 Distribution of      Juncus brachycephalus



















                                           @'Clt transea


                                                       221
                                                                          08             7
                                                                      35              10         39

                                                                2
                                   (cmUr plcn)3       4       5

                                                     10                           Interior Soil Turnover Flat
                                                                                  V x la




                N
               A           99    Wt                                           1I Eaxr 10' 5 0 i









                                                                                                     Scirpus emIthil
                                                                                                    Exot4c Control Flat
                                                                                                    35, x 100,


                 Distribution of Paniculn tuckemianii














                                              elt transect                4
                                                         221                 08
                                                                                                     30'
                                                                          35             10



                                                     101.
                                     (camter plot)3     4


                                                        10                            Interior 5oll Tumover Plot
                                                                                      laxia




                 N
                           199     269
                                                          75                   111 @01Uxr 1,0or o I I
                A









                                                                                                Scirpus emithff
                                                                                                Exat4c Comtrol Plot
                                                                                                35'X 100'


                   Distribution of Potentilla anserinado



                                                                                                        2

                                                                                                  C',




                                                       221                08
                                                                                                 30'


                                                                      351



                                                  10..           2
                                   (cemter plot)3 4


                                                     10                           InteriorSoil Turnover Plot
                                                                                  117 x 10,



                N
                                 26'
               A
                                                        75








                                                                                                                        Ocirpus Ornithif
                                                                                                                        Exot4c Control Plot
                                                                                                                        35'X 1W



                     Distribution of Scirpus smithii

















                                                     belt transft-t


                                                                    22'
                                                                                            08
                                                                                                                         130'
                                                                                        351                 0


                                                                10.
                                            (center plot) 3        4


                                                                   10                                  Interior 5oil Turmove r Flot
                                                                                                       la x 10,




                     N
                   A            1 99     2659
                                                                      75





                       @cir-Qus Smithii Belt.Transect

                                      by Heather M. Chirdon, Matthew H. Collier,
                                        Claudia Eggers and Stephen R. Meyers

                                                     August 1993




                                                  INTRODUCTION

                    Purple loosestrife (L@thrum salicaria) is an invasive plant that takes over wetlands,

             chokina out all native vegetation. Though it has been present on Presque Isle for a number of

             years, until recently, its impact has been minimal. In the area studied the Lythrum is

             spreading and its detrimental effects are of concern to Presque Isle State Park and the

             Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The purpose of this study is to establish baseline data

             in an area containing the invasive Lythrum. It is hoped that this study will aid in

             understanding the effects of Lythrum upon native plant communities, both before and after its

             removal.




                                                     METHODS


                    A belt tran sect was used to sample an area which had been previously eradicated of

             Lythrum. The transect:was 40 meters in length, beginning and ending in areas of open water.

             Wooden stakes were placed one meter apart at each end and two lengths of string, each 40

             meters long, were tied to them. The transect was divided into forty 1 meter squares. All

             plants in each square meter were identified and "percent coverage" was estimated.



					


								RESULTS
							Table 1: Percent Coverage and Plant Species Found in Transect


								Species								% Cover
							1.  Scripus tabernaemontaini					100%

							2.  Lythrum salicaria						 25%
							    Typha x galuca						 10%
							    Scirpus americanus						  2%
							    Scripus tabernaemontani					 63%

							3.  Scirpus tabernaemontani					 47%
							    Lythrum salicaria					       30%
							    Typha x glauca						 10%
							    Solanum dulcamara						  5%
							    Scirpus americanus					        5%
							    Lycopus virginicus				              2%
							    Salix exigua var. interior				  1%

							4.  Scirpus tabernaemontani				        7%
							    Lythrum salicaria						 30%
							    Sailx exigua var. interior			        1%
							    Nymphaea odorata					        1%
							    Scirpus americanus				             20%
							    Typha x glauca					       40%
							    Calamagrostis spp.						  1%

							5.  Lycopus virginicus						 40%
							    Scirpus americanus						 10%
							    Epilobium hisutum						 10%
							    Scirous tabernaemontani				        5%
							    Calamagrostis spp.						  5%
							    Leersia oryzoides						  5%
							    Typha x glauca						  5%
				 			    Lythrum salicaria						 20%

							6.  Scirpus americanus						 20%
							    Lycopus virginicus				             50%
							    Lythrum salicaria					        5%
							    Calamagrostis spp.					       20%
							    Leersia oryzoides				              5%
			
							7.  Scirpus americanus						 100%

							8.  Scirpus americanus						  92%
							    Typha x glauca						   4%
						          Calamagrostis spp.						   3%
							    Lythrum salicaria					         1%
							    Juncus balticus					         1%



									28	
							

0







                                                     9.    Scirpus americanus                                                    20-.
                                                           Scirpus tabernaemontani                                                  7-.
                                                           Typha x glauca                                                           5t
                                                           Carex auatilis                                                       30-t
                                                           0Juncus balticus                                                          3-0.
                                                           sparganium eur8ycarpum                                                 351%,

                                                  10.      Sparganium eur8ycarpum                                               30-4.-
                                                           Ca0rex auatilis                                                     25-oo-
                                                           Scirpus tabernaemontani                                               5-*-.
                                                           Scirpus americanus                                                  10%,
                                                           Juncus balticus                                                       3 It
                                                           Juncus brach8ycephalus                                                 5%
                                                           Carex spp.                                                            1-9t
                                                           Sagitcaria latifolia                                                  5-00-
                                                           Nymphaea cdorata                                                      1-90
                                                           Lythrum salicaria                                                   15-go

                                                  11.      Scirpus americanus                                                  1520*
                                                           Scirpus tabernae0montani                                               3-01-
                                                           Spar8ganium eurycarpum                                               50-00-
                                                           0Juncus balticus                                                     10-00*
                                                           4Juncus brachycephalus                                                 5-9.
                                                           Juncus nodosus                                                        1 SO.
                                                           Carex auatilis                                                     10 Sal
                                                           L8ythrum salicaria                                                     59.
                                                           Eleocharis small'ii                                                   1X.

                                                  12.      Sagittaria latifolia                                                10-9t
                                                           Spar6ganium euryca0rpum                                               75-41,
                                                           Lythrum salicaria                                                     5-.
                                                           Scirpus americanus                                                  10-9F

                                                  13.      Sparganium eurycarpum                                               70-9.
                                                           Scirpus americanus                                                  20-91,
                                                           Alisma triviale                                                     10-10

                                                  14.      Sparganium euryc0arpum                                               75-91
                                                           Lythrum salicaria                                                     5-90
                                                           Calamagrostis spp.                                                  10-9.
                                                           Eleochari0s sm0allii                                                  10-101-

                                                  15.      Nymphaea odorata                                                    32-t
                                                           Scirpus americanus                                                    5-1.1-
                                                           Salix exigua var. interior                                            5t
                                                           Sa36gi0t0taria la6tifolia
                                                           Spa6rganium eu6ryc0a6rpum                                               43-91r.
                                                           Lythrum salicaria                                                     24520-
                                                           Eleochar0is 0sma6ll0ii                                                    4S_.
 

0







                                                  16.      Sparganium eu4rycarpum                                               20t
                                                           Sci0rpus americanus                                                  25-oo-
                                                           Pontederia cordata                                                  30-0.-,
                                                           Nymphaea odorata
                                                           Carex auatilis
                                                           sagittaria latifolia                                                  5-9.-

                                                  17.      6Butomus umbellatus                                                    5-40-
                                                           Sagittaria latifolia                                                30-0-o
                                                           Pontederia cordata                                                  35-4.,
                                                           Nymphaea odora ta                                                     2-4.-
                                                           Sci0rpus americanus                                                    2-9.-
                                                           Sparganium eur8ycarpum
                                                           L4ythrum salicaria                                                     1911-

                                                  18.      Pontederia cordata                                                  70-91
                                                           Sparganium eu4rycarpum                                               24-*o-
                                                           Sagittaria latifolia                                                  5 -.
                                                           Scirpus americanus                                                    1-90

                                                  19.      Sparganium             eur8ycarpum                                   35-.,,
                                                           Pontederia             cordata                                      60-,,,
                                                           Sagittaria             latifolia                                      5-sol

                                                  20.      Pontederia             cordata                                      35-9o,
                                                           Sagittaria             latifolia                                      5-00-
                                                           Sparganium             eur8ycarpum                                   35-%.,,
                                                           Nymphaea odorata                                                  .25-oo-

                                                  21.      Pontederia             cordata                                      25-91,
                                                           Sagittaria             latif4olia                                      5-9.
                                                           Sparganium             eurycarpum                                   651-
                                                           Nymphaea odorata                                                      5 -95'

                                                  22.      Pontederia cordata                                                  14-9.
                                                           Sagittaria latifolia                                                25t
                                                           Sparganium eurycarpum                                               60-111,
                                                           Nymphaea odorata

                                                  23.      Sparganium eur8ycarpum                                               75-91,
                                                           Sa2gittaria latifolia                                                1590
                                                           Pont4ederia cordata                                                  10 -90*

                                                  24.      Scirpus taberneamontani                                             100
                                                           Spa00rganium euryca2rpum                                               70-.,
                                                           Sagittaria latifolia                                                10-101,
                                                           Nymphaea odora ta                                                   010 All

                                                  25.      Sparganium euryca2rpum                                               7011,
                                                           Sci00rpus 0tabernaemontani                                             41245-OI
                                                           Sagi6ttaria latif6olia                                                14-41,
                                                           Pon0tederia corda6ta
 









                                                 26.      Sparganium eurycarpum                                               60%
                                                          Pontederia cordata                                                     9% 
                                                          Sagittaria latifolia                                                20%
                                                          Scirpus tabernaemontani                                             10%
                                                          Nymphaea odorata                                                      1%

                                                 27.      Sagittaria latifolia                                                10%
                                                          Scirpus americanus                                                     5%

                                                          Sparganium eurycarpum                                               80%
                                                          Scirpus tabernaemontani                                                5%

                                                 28.      Sparganium eurycarpum                                               70%
                                                          Sagitcaria latifolia                                                15%
                                                          Scirpus tabernaemontani                                             15%

                                                 29.      Sparganium eurycarpum                                               70%
                                                          Sagictaria latifolia                                                15%
                                                          Scirpus tabereamontani                                              15%

                                                 30.      Pontederia cordata                                                  10%
                                                          Sagittaria latifolia                                                25%
                                                          Sparganium eurycarpum                                               40%
                                                          Scirpus taberneamontani                                             25%

                                                 31.      Sparganium eurycarpum                                               65%
                                                          Sagittaria latifolia                                                 7%
                                                          Nymphaea ordorata                                                    5%
                                                          Pontederia cordata                                                   3%
                                                          Scirpus tabernaemontani                                             20%

                                                 32.      Sparganium eurycarpum                                               70%
                                                          Pontederia cordata                                                  20%
                                                          Scirpus tabernaemontani                                              1%
                                                          Scirpus americanus                                                   8%
                                                          Nymphaea odorata									 1%

                                                 33.      Sparganium  eurycarpum								85%
                                                          Pontederia  cordata									 5%
                                                          Sagittaria  latifolia								10%

                                                 34.      Pontederia cordata		                                            5%
                                                          Sparganium eurycarpum		                                     60%
                                                          Sagittaria latifloia                                                 15%
                                                          Scirpus americanus                                                   20%

                                                 35.      Nymphaea odordata									25%
                                                          Pontederia cordata                                                  50%
                                                          Sparganium eurycarpum                                               25%

                                                 36.      Nymphaea odorata                                                    70%
                                                          Sagittaria latifolia                                                20%
                                                          Sparganium eurycarpum                                                9%
                                                          Scirpus americanus                                                   1%
											31









                                                  37.      Sparganium eurycarpum                                                 70%
                                                           Nymphaea odorata									    6%
                                                           Sagittaria latifolia                                                    4%
                                                           Scirpus americanus                                                   20%

                                                  38.      Pontederia cordata									  1%
                                                           Sparganium eurycarpum                                               99%

                                                  39.      No vegetation

                                                  40.      No vegetation





                                                                                DISCUSSION


                                After the data was collected, Lythru salicaria was cleared from an area

                     approximately 35 meters by 25 meters. Entire plants were removed, in an attempt to

                     minimize possible resurgence of the loosestrife. This area will continue to be monitored to

                     determine the success of this project.




                                                                       ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


                                Special thanks to Jim Bissell for identifying unknown plants and getting us started on

                     the project.
										32










                                                   Percentage Cover
                                                             of
                                            Five 3 by 3 foot Quadrats
                                                          within
                                              Interior    10 by 10 foot
                                                 Soil Turnover Plot
                                                       14 May 1993

              Plot #1 (Northwestern corner                 of turnover plot)

                      Calamagrostis canadensis                                   30%
                      Epilobium hirsutum                                         10%
                      Lythrum salicaria                                          30%

              Plot #2 (Northeastern corner                 of turnover plot)

                      Calamagrostis canadensis                                   20%
                      Carex stricta                                                2%
                      Epilobium hirsutum                                           5%
                      Lythrum salicaria                                          25%


              Plot    #3 (Center of turnover plot)

                      Calamagrostis canadensis                                   60%
                      0Epilobium hirsutum                                           5%
                      Lythrum salicaria                                          20%;

              Plot    #4 (Southwest corner of              turnover plot)

                      Calamagrostis canadensis                                   20%
                      Epilobium hirsutum                                           5%
                      Lythrum salicaria                                          30%

              Plot    #5 (Southeast corner of turnover plot)

                      Calamagrostis canadensis                                   25%
                      Carex stricta                                                3%
                      Lythrum salicaria                                          30%





                                                           33


0










                                         PERCENTAGE COVER
                                                 of
                                                FIVE
                                      3  by 3 foot Quadrats
                                              within
                                           10 by 10 Foot
                                  Interior Soil Turnover Plot
                                        September 27, 1993


            Plot #1 (Northwest corner of Turnover Plot)

                  Alisma. subcordatum,                     2%
                  Bidens cernua                            1%
                  Calamagrostis canadensis                 6%
                  Convolvulus sepium                       1%
                  Cyperus strigosus                        3%
                  Lythrum salicaria                        1%
                  Polygonum amphibium stipulaceum          2%
                  Polygonum punctatum                      1%
            Plot  #2 (Northeast corner of Turnover        Plot)

                  Calamagrostis canadensis                 5%
                  Convolvulus sepium                       3%
                  Cyperus poeformis                        2%
                  Galium tinctorium                        2%
                  Lythrum salicaria.                       3%
                  Ludwigia palustris                       2%
                  Rorippa islandica                        2%

            Plot  #3 (Center of Turnover Plot)

                  Cyperus odoratus                         2%
                  Cyperus strigosus                        3%
                  Galium, tinctorium.                      2%
                  Juncus tenuis uniflorus                  10%
                  Lindernia dubia                          2%
                  Lythrum salicaria                       2%
                  Mimulus alatus*     (seedlings)          8%
                  Polygonum amphibium stipulaceum          2$
                  Ranunculus scleratus*                    2$
                  Rorippa isilandica.                    2$
                  Sparganium eurycarpum                    2$
                  Verbena hastata*                         2$


            Plot  #4 (Southwest corner      of Turnover   Plot)

                  Cardamine pennsylvanica.                 2%
                  Convolvulus sepium                       3%
                  Cyperus odoratus*                        2$
                  Eupatorium perfoliatum                   10%
                  Lythrum salicaria                        26%


0









                                                                     Turnover Plot (continued)
                                                                               September 27, 1993

                                   Mimulus alatus*                                                                    3%
                                   Ranunculus scleratus*                                                              3%



                       Plot        #5 (Southeast Corner                                of Turnover Plot)

                                   Carex stricta                                                                      20%
                                   Convolvulus sepium                                                                   2%
                                   Cyperus odoratus*                                                                    2%
                                   Eupatorium perfoliatum                                                               2%
                                   Leersia oryzoides                                                                    2%
                                   Ludwigia palustris                                                                 10%
                                   Mimulus alatus*                                                                    15%
                                   Polygonum amphibium stipulaceum                                                      1%
                                   Polygonum punctatum.                                                                 3%






























                                                                                       35
 



            Composition of ground-cover in 10' X 10' areas in the habitat of hairy
               puccoon on Presque Isle (S side of PA 832 east of the lighthouse)
               on 29 June 1993.

                                               Percentage of Total Ground-Cover
              Taxon                        1 la      2 2a     3 3a      4 4a      5 5a
            Bryophyta     Musci                               1    4
            Equisetaceae
             Equisetum laevigatum                    1
            Graminae
             Agropyron repens                                                         2
             Bromus tectorum                                       I
             Calamagrostis canadensis     40 25                         4
             Dactylis glomerata                              30 15
             Panicum virgatum                            3         <1
             Poa compressa                                   30    5    2   7     1   2
             Poa pratensis                 1        10   5         5    2   5     1   4
             Sorghastrum natans                    30   1    2        <1         1   3
            Cyperaceae
             Carex Muhlenbergii                      4
            Myricaceae
            0yrica pensylvanica              <1                       <1   2     3
            Polygonaceae
             Rumex acetosella              20            35  40    5    4   3     <1
            Caryophyllaceae
             Lychnis alba                  3
             Scleranthus annuus                                    I
             Saponaria officinalis            <1
             Stellaria media                                      <1
            Rosaceae
             Potentilla argentea                             <1
             Potentilla recta                                <1
             Rubus (flagellaris)?          90 90    80 50              85 95    65 60
            Leguminosae
             Trifolium dubium                                 4
            Oxalidaceae
             Oxalis sp.                                       1
            Euphorbiaceae
             Euphorbia cyparissias                                              50 30
            Anacardiaceae
             ToxicodeLidron radicans       1 10     20 10               1   2     7   6
            Guttiferae
             Hypericum. Perforatum                       2
            Asclepiadaceae
             Asclepias syriaca                  1                                     <1
            Convolvulaceae
             Convolvulus arvensis           1                <1
            Scrophulariaceae
             Verbascum thpsus              5
            Plantaginaceae
             Plantago lanceolata                         5   30 15
            Caprifoliaceae
             Lonicera Morrowi               1 2      41   01             <1   01
            Compositae
             Achillea millefolium           5
             Centaurea maculosa                          20        2
             Erigeron annuus                                  21 10
             Taraxacum officinale                            <1 <1
             Traopogon Pratensis                             <1


                                              36









              Effects of mowing and soil turn-over on vegetation communities
                in the habitat of hairy puccoon (Lithospermum caroliniense)
                at Presque Isle.





                       Experimental Design




          Five pairs of 10' X 10' squares of habitat (adjacent to living puccoon
              plants) were marked on 29 June 1993 and the composition of ground-
              cover plant communities was determined.


          All ten squares were mowed to within 4" of the ground on 9 July 1993.


          The eastern-most square of each pair was rototilled to turn over the
              soil to an average depth of 3" on 15.July 1993.


          On the attached data table, the squares are numbered as they occurred
              from the east to west. Squares-1-5 were both mowed and roto-
              tilled. Squares la-5a were only mowed.





























                                              37












                                             PRESQUE ISLE PUCCOON SITE-SURVEY
                                                         September 8, 1993




                  Composition of ground cover in 10' x 10' areas in the habitat of
                  hairy puccoon on Presque Isle (S side of PA 832 east of the
                  lighthouse) on September 8, 1993. Squares are numbered from east
                  to west. Squares 1-5 were both mowed and roto-tilled and squares
                  la-5a were mowed only. Percentage data for areas where Lonicera
                  morrowi was removed in 1991 follow the five sets of quadrat data.

                  SURVEY SITES:
                          #1 Turned-over
                  Bare ground                                       90%
                  Calamagrostis canadensis                          10%
                  Saponaria officinalis                             5%
                  Rubus flagellaris                                 4%
                  Rumex acetocella                                  4%
                  Achillea millefolia                               2%
                  Setaria viridis                                   2%
                  Solanum carolinense                               1%
                  Asclepias syriaca                                 1%
                  Digitaria sanguinalis                             1%
                  Toxicodendron radicans                            1%
                  Oxalis stricta                                   <1%
                  Rosa multiflora                                  <1%
                  Cyperus  schweinitzii                            <1%
                  Panicum capillare                                <1%
                  Phytolacca americana                             <1%

                          #la Mowed
                  Bare ground
                  Calamagrostia canadensis                         10%
                  Rubus flagellaris                                 5%
                  Lonicer morrowi (seedlings)                       5%
                  Sorghastrum natans                                1%
                  Toxicodendron radicans                            1%

                          #2 turned-over
                  Bare ground                                      70%
                  Panicum virgatum                                  4%
                  Rubus flagellaris                                 2%
                  Solanum carolinense                               2%
                  Toxicondendron radicans            			  1%
                  Carex rugosperma						 <1%
                  Equisetum laevigatum					 <1% 
                  Schizahyrium scoparium					
                          var. littorale                            1 seedling in middle
 










                                      #2a mowed
                          Bare ground                                                                 10%
                          Sporobolus cryptandrus                                                       4%
                          Plantago laceolata                                                           2%
                          Sorghastrum nutans                                                           2%
                          Panicum virgatum                                                             2%
                          Rumex acctocella                                                             (many seedlings)
                          Oxallis stricta                                                             <1%
                          Rubus falbellaris                                                            5%
                          Centaurea macurata                                                           3%
                          Schizachyrium scoparium
                                      var. littoralis                                                  1%
                          oenothera beinnis                                                            1%
                          Poa compressa                                                                4%
                                          



                                      3 turned-over


                          Bare ground                                                                 45'
                          Carpetweed Molluge verticcllata                                             10%
                          Digitaria sanguinalis                                                        3%
                          Dactylis glomerata                                                           3%
                          Plantago lanceolata                                                          3%
                          Ta axacilm officinale                                                   2%
                          Calamagrostis canadensis                                                     1%
                          Sporobolus cryptandrus                                                       1% (6 plants)
                         
                          Oxalis stricta											<1%
                          Conza canadensis										<1%
                          Panicum digitaria                                                            ?
                          Portulaca oleracea                                         			 ?


                                      #3a mowed
                          Bare ground                                                                30%
                          Sporobolus cryptandrus                                                      4%
                          Conyza canadensis                                                           4%
                          Dactylis glomerata                                                          3%
                          Panicum Virgatum                                                		2%
                          Plantago lanceolata                                                        	2%
                          Schizachyrium scoparium
                                      var. littorale                                                  2%
                          Centaurea maculata                                                          1%
                                                        								
                          Taraxacum officinale										1%
                          Rumex acetocella										1%
                          Digitaria sanguinalis                                                       1%
                          Oxalis stricta                                                             <1%
                          Euphorbia maculata                                                         <1%
 

		4 turned-over
Bare ground					50%
Rubus flagellaris				4%
Rumex acetosella				3%
Calamagrostis canadensis		2%
Cyperus filiculmis		     <1%

		4a mowed
Rubus flagellaris				80%
Lonicera morrowi				4%
Rumex acetosella				4%
Bare ground					2%
grass						2%
Panicum commonsianum			1% 9 plants)
Cyperus filiculmis			1% 
Prunus serotina			     <1%
Myrica pensylcanica                <1%

		5 turned-over
Bare ground					90%
Rubus flagellaris				3%
Euphorbia cyparissias			2%
Digitaria sanguinalis			1%
Sporobolus cryptandrus			1%
Mollugo verticillata			1%
Panicum virgatum			     <1%
Portulaca oleracea		     <1%

		5a mowed
Rubus flagellaris				25%
Panicum virgatum				10%
Euphorbia cyparissias			5%
Sporobolus cryptandrus			2.3?
Bare ground				     <1%
Ambrosia artemisifolia			(one plant)
Cyperus schweinitzii			(one depauperate plant)





								40

Eastern Lonicera morrowi "pull out site"

	35 'E-W x 25' N-S area cleared by park in 1991. Exotic plants
	hand weeded out by JKB and volunteers in early 1993.

Bare ground							40%
Calamagrostis canadensis				5%	
Cyperus schweinitzii					5%
Rumex acetocella						4%
Conyza canadensis						3-4%
Sporobolus cryptandrus					3%
Carex blanda						3%
Rubus occidentalis					3%
Plantago lanceolata					2%
Euphorbia maculata					2%
Ambrosia artemisiifolia					2%
Oxalis stricta						2%
Panicum virgatum						2%
Poa compressa						2%
Euphorbia maculata					2%
Asclepias syriaca						1%
Digitaria sanguinalis					1%
Gnaphalium obtusifolium					1%
Oenothera biennis						1%
Setaria viridis						1%
Solanum carolinense					1%
Sorghastrum notans					1%
Rubus flagellaris						<1%
Euphorbia cyparissias					<1%
Physalis heterophylla					<1%
Rhus typhina						<1%
Verbena hastata						<1%

	15' X 15'
	Western Lonicera morrowi pull-out (shaded) - located at 
western end of study area

Cyperus filiculmis					5%
Rubus flagellaris						3%
Poa compressa						3%
Panicum commonsianum					2%  (4 plants)
Carex rugosperma						2%
Cyperus schweinitzii					1%  (4 plants)
Lonicera morrowi						1%  (seedlings)
Carex blanda						1%
Physalis heterophylla					<1%
Sporobolus cryptandrus					<1% (1 plant)
Verbascum thapsus						?%



								41


                                                                                                                                                                         I
                                                                                                                              NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY


                                                                                                                         - 3 6668 14111931 5-