[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
ECOLOGICAL AND FLORISTIC SURVEY OF Pa J. HOFFMASTER STATE PARK, OTTAWA ANDMUSKEGON COUNTIES, MICHIGA14 QK 167 M41 1983 016 c8C Libtaty ECOLOGICAL AND FLORISTIC SURVEY OF P. J. HOFFMASTER STATE PARK, OTTAWA AND MUSKEGON COUNTIES, MIGHIGAN James R. Wells and Paul W. Thompson Cranbrook Institute of Science Bloomfield Hills, Michigan Contract Between State of Michigan - Department of Natural Resources and Cranbrook Institute of Science Contract No. SDPMA 83-A October, 1983 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Acknowledgments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ii Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Description of Study Site - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Methods and Procedures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Analysis of Plant Communities - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 Open Dunes Vegetation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 Forested Dunes Vegetation - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Aquatic Vegetation Little Black Lake Shoreline - - - - - - - - - 39 Stream and Associat ed Wetland - - - - - - - - 41 Floristics - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 Summary and Conclusions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 Table 1 - Tree Basal Area Results from Quadrat Analyses 47 Phylogenetic Checklist of Vascular Plants - - - - - - - 48 Seleeted*Bibliography for Michigan Sand Dunes - - - - - 60 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their appreciation to Mr. Leonard Torrence and his staff at Muskegon State Park for their assistance in our field work during the course of this project. Staff at the E. Genevieve Gillette Nature Center have been most helpful on a number of occasions. The volunteer field assistant work of Ms. Susan Matthews of the Great Lakes Research Group at Grosse Isle, Michigan is gratefully acknowledged. The Herbarium Conmittee of the Cranbrook Institute of Science kindly aided in the processing of voucher herbarium specimens which are on deposit in the Billington Herbarium at the Institute. INTRODUCTION Although this represents the eighth in a series of ecological and floristic studies we have carried out on Michigan's sand dunes it is our first study in a state park. Since the readership of this report may therefore be expanded to include other branches of state government we have re-stated selected portions from earlier studies; namely, the methods and materials section as well as a general bibliography on Michigan's sand dunes. The P. J. Hoffmaster State Park with its 417 hectares (1@043 acres) is the-.largest-study-.area we-have examined in this our fifth year of research on Michigan's sand dunes. The Park was named in honor of the former director of the Department of Conservation who served in that capacity from 1934 to 1951. All field work for this report took place during the months of April through September, 1983. Visits to the site throughout the growing season provided ample opportunity to sample the vegetation in each of the seasonal aspects. Based upon comparisons with our earlier studies in western lower Michigan we believe that the 1983 spring growing season was two weeks later in arriving than might otherwise obtain. During our early June visit we noted spring flora which is normally past flowering stage by that date. Although our primary focus was upon areas that have experienced little or no recent disturbance by man we did include parking lots and campgrounds within the general purview of our study. Such areas can often be the sites of initial invasion by weedy or other foreign floristic elements brought in through various means by visitors. In the same regard we paid some attention to the small amount of frontage within the Park 2 - boundary on Little Black Lake although we presume this area is little used by the majority of Park visitors. In our earlier studies (Wells and Thompson, 1979a, 1979b, 1980, 1981a, 1981b, 1981c, and 1982) we have focused upon dunes sites in western Michigan from Sturgeon Bay in Emmet County southward to those in Berrien County. This report concerns an area located somewhat in the middle between the two geographical extremes. Since this "mid- point" area is a dedicated park it will presumably persist for such comparative purposes for decades to come. The primary purpose of this study was not to compare one area with another but to characterize plant habitat types and to correlate this information with the various types of dune morphology. Our work is carried out under the provisions of Act 222, the Sand Dune Protection and Management Act of 1972. 3 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY SITE The location of the study site is shown on the map (Fig. 1) along Lake Michigan's eastern shore. Most of its 417 hectares (11043 acres) are situated in Muskegon County but the southern portion (Fig. 2) is in Ottawa County. Also depicted in Fig. 2 are the location of the E. Genevieve Gillette Nature Center and campground accomodating more than 300 camping units as well as other visitor convenience facilities. The 16 km (10 mi) of trails pass through principal natural features of one of the state's premier sand dunes areas. Within the Gillette Nature Center building is a three-dimensional relief map of the area (Fig. 3). The 4 km (2.5 mi) of Lake Michigan shore- line stretch in front of eight extensive dune blowouts. We have numbered these blowouts consecutively from south to north--on Fig. 3, left to right. Thus, the Gillette Nature Center is between blowouts four and five and the large parking lot between blowouts six and seven. This is the largest assemblage of blowouts we have seen in any study site and with their size and height, up to 250 meters (820 ft.) in blowout number eight, they consititute a geological feature of considerable significance.. Eastward. of the range of dunes that include the blowouts the altitudinal variation is less extreme and along the eastern border and at the north end of the park the land shows little variation in altitude. Little effort seems to have been warranted in calling the-public's attention to that small east- ern portion of the Park bordering Little Black Lake. Except for the shoreline, blowouts and areas devoted to public accom- odation the Park is essentially forested, albeit sometimes the result of reforestation efforts as in the southern sector. Large trees occur in a number of localities but there is no extensive area we would characterize as having--"virgin" timber. Recent timber harvesting was not in evidence. 4 oughto ............. Ontonagon Bara'ga Marquette Luce gar Chippewa Iran Schoolcraft son l5im in MackinaW L._ . ....... 7, a Delta VA '9 rne We &Z rl he I L_ ... IWI-pena A btsego morency: eelanau I'kaska:Crawford: Oscoda Alcona rand verse Wt ........ :6@emaw: IOSCO W& NW'W;r mssaukeeiRoscorrOn Caie ... sceola Clare @Gladwin son Arenac Huron say ---_----------------- --- - ----- Oceana'-Newaygo: Mecosta lsa@ella :Midland: Tuscola ISanii'a_c- aw .......... [email protected] Gratiot Sagin I L - -` I _. Ti skeFo; ' I r JL&pe , Ken+ ---------- Genesee! St. Clair f Shia. i awa Ion,& in on wassee Oakland Barry Eaton uren alamazoo: Calhoun __@tenaw, Way j..ks.n j Was Cass _Joe@61 T _iram@ Hillsdale -_7 Fig. 1. Map showing location of P. J. Hoffmaster State Park 'n Muskegon and Ottawa Counties, Michigan. R J. HC)FFMASTER STATE PARK' @Imc 81,4CIr 1,4 E 01 LAKE LEGEND CK 0 LITTLE SL 0 ?1 - PAVED ROAD .4 I-h HEADQUARTERS m W CAMPGROUND PRIVATE LAND Il m H CL H- AREA BOUNDARY BRIDLE TRAIL \% ------ FOOT TRAIL \ . ...... . Fu m PARK* ...........-CROSS COUNTRY SKI TRAIL RESIDENCE F:@r P m v wmic SITE SERVICE AREA TE t W N OQ 0 HENRY ST. 0 NATURE 0 A) CONTACT CENTER rt STATION DUNE OVERLO PLATFORM rt 0 A PARK 0 RESIDENCE 0 t-h ------ % I QUIET ARE CONTACT t rt C) STATION I ,TRAIL TO NATURE CENTER H- rt 0 ct NITATION cr STATION m cl 4=r rt rt CHANGE COURT w 1-4 CONCESSION a TOILET@,--- m 10 11 1" H 0 Tot TS BEACH" SHOWERS rt I-h rt TOILETS "CAMPER BEACH. A -7 ----------- _7 4KI .1 the UOV-%-% .1 I-f U-.-t 'Fig. 3. Photograph of model of relief map in Gillette Nature Center, Hoffmaster State Park. Note eight '4W"" 7V .dune blowouts along the western, Lake Michigan, shoreline and the small amount of frontage on Little Black Lake along the eastern Park boundary. The Nature Center is strategically situated in the central portion of the Park and the campground is at the extreme north portion. 7 The average frost-free period for the Muskegon area is 160 to 170 days. Lake Michigan has a moderating effect on climate resulting in a somewhat later arrival of spring than occurs at similar latitudes farther inland and correspondingly later appearance of fall temperatures. The monthly mean temperatures for the period 1940-1971 have been compiled by the U. S. Dept. of Commerce (1971) and are graphically depicted in Fig. 4. The "bulge" in the graph for the months July through October is due to the influence of the now warmer water of the tremendous thermal mass of Lake Michigan--which effect we alluded to above. Mean annual precipitation is 79.3 cm (31.22 in) and its mean monthly distribution is indicated in Fig. 5. Precipitation is relatively equally distributed throughout the year with February having-the least with 4.50 cm (1.77 in) and September the wettest month with a mean of 8.28 cm (3.26 in). According to the U. S. Dept of Commerce (1971) snowfall aver- ages around 218 cm (B6 in) annually. Relative humidity averages about 73%. Annual mean humidity measure- ments taken at 01:00 hrs. is 78%; at 07:00 hrs.,-81%; at 13:00 hrs., 64%; and at 19:00 hrs., 67% (U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 1971). These figures represent a length of record of 11 years. The lowest monthly mean hum- idity reading is for May at 13:00 hrs.--52% and the highest mean record- ings were at 07:00 hrs. for August and September with 86%. High monthly humidity means for this region increase the precipitation effectiveness. This factor together with the moderating effects of Lake Michigan and the evenness of precipitation throughout the year create a very desirable climatic regime for farming--a fact of which all fruit crop growers take full advantage. Mean wind speed is 17.38 km/hr (10.8 mi/hr) and the prevailing di" rection. is SSW, (U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 1971). Monthly means vary from 8 Fig. 4. Mean monthly temperature profile, OC (OF), for Muskegon, Michigan for period 1940 1971. DEC JAN FEB NOV MAR APR OCT MAY SEPT AUG JUNE JULY Jan. -4.5 (23.9) July 21.1 (70.0) Feb. -4.1 (24.6) Aug. 20.4 (68.8) March 0.0 (32.0) Sept. 16.4 (61.6) April 7.4 (45.3) Oct. 11.0 (51.8) May 13.0 (55.4) Nov. 3.9 (39.1) June 18.7 (65.7) Dec. -1.8 (28.7) Annual mean 8.4 (47.2) Data compiled by U. S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA and Michigan Weather Service, 1971. 9 Fig. 5. Mean monthly precipitation profile, cm (in), for Muskegon Michigan for Period 1940 1971. DEC JAN NOV FEB MAR OCT APRIL MAY SEPT UNE JULY Jan. 5.69 (2.24) July 6.20 (2.44) Feb. 4.50 (1.77) Aug. 6.63 (2.61) March 6.05 (2.38) Sept. 8.28 (3.26) April 7.90 (3.11) Oct. 6.68 (2.63) May 6.81 (2.68) Nov. 7.65 (3.01) June 6.58 (2.59) Dec. 6.35 (2.50) Mean annual total 79.30 (31.22) Monthly mean 6.60 (2.60) AUG i Data compiled by U. S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA and Michigan Weather Service, 1971. 10 - a low of 13.52 km/hr (8.4 mi/hr) in July' and August to a high of 19.95 km/hr (12.4 mi/hr) for January. The predominant soil type in the study site is Bridgman fine sand (Wheeting and Matthews, 1929). Along the western bordeT.-of Little Black Lake the predominant soil type is Saugatuck sand but near the Muskegon- Ottawa County line along the same lake border Houghton muck is found. Bridgman fine sand is typically overlain with litter beneath which is a grayish fine or medium sand some 10-15 cm (4-6 in) in depth. The subsoil is pale yellow in the upper portion and less so with increasing depth. Fertility is low and acidity is moderate to high. Saugatuck sand has a surface zone of 15-30 cm (6-12 in) of gray loamy sand which is underlain by a lighter gray sand extending to depths of 30-60 cm (12- 24 in). Beneath the latter horizon is a coffee brown or dull yellow sand 45-106 cm (18-42 in) in depth that is cemented to varying degrees of hardness (Wheeting and Matthews, 1929). Muck consists of plant parts in varying degrees of decomposition. Organic matter varies from 15% to 95% and were it not for the muck's high water concentration it would be transformed into humus. Muck accumulations tend to be shallow-- often not exceeding 1 m (3 ft) in depth and their pH tends toward neu- trality (Wheeting and Matthews, 1929). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Our seven earlier reports to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (Wells and Thompson 1979a, 1979b, 1980, 1981a, 1981b, 1981c,- and 19,82Y are based u*pon-the-same methods and-proceduris; employed-in thi�-study. The nine quadrats in this study measured-20 meters on a side and-,,.. compass lines were used to establish coordinates for boundaries on north- south and east-west lines. Each quadrat was then subdivided into four 10 x 10 meter units to enhance detail of coverage. Each vascular plant species was categorized as to its placement in the community structure as a member of the canopy, shrub, or ground cover. By employing a combination of scales used by Braun-Blanquet (1932) and Benninghoff (1966) we arrived at the following cover-abundance scale-for ground cover species: 5 = cover more than 3/4 of area ( 75%). 4 = cover 1/2 to 3/4 of area (50-75%) 3= cover 1/4 to 1/2 of area (25-50%) 2= cover 1/20 to 1/4 of area (5-25%) I= numerous but less than 1/20 ( 5%) += few with small cover r= solitary with small cover For understory analysis the following 'scale was employed. It was an attempt to estimate the total number of stems with a tally for each species. 4 = over 100 individuals 3 = 11-100 individuals 2 = 2-10 individuals 1 = one stem only - + stem off plot, overhangs into area 12 - All tree species with stems at least 8 cm diameter at breast height (DBH = 1.3 m, = 43,1 ft.) were identified and their diameters recorded separately. For these measurempants a steel diameter tape was used. From DBH measurements basal area values were obtained and herein used as a measure of relative abundance of a given species within that quadrat. Amalyses of basal area values by species and quadrat appear in Table 1. Trips were made to the study site during the growing seasons of 1983. All of our v6ucher collections of vascular plants were prepared and are on permanent deposit at Cranbrook Institute of Science's Billington Herbarium. Plant identifications follow the taxonomy of Gleason (1952) and Voss (1972). The checklists included as part of this report, i.e. the appendices, represent all species we found in the study area during the course of our investigation. Quadrats of the Hoffmaster State Park bear the prefix "H" denoting the eighth set of plots studied by these workers. Thus, quadrat H-5 would indicate the fifth quadrat analyzed in a chronological sequence among the eighth set of dune studies. 13 ANALYSIS OF PLANT COMMUNITIES An aerial view of Hoffmaster State Park points up several of its principal characteristics--the geomorphic features consisting of eight blowouts which are the best set of parabolic blowouts we have seen along Lake Michigan's eastern shore, and the unbroken stretch of shoreline some 4 km (2.5 mi) in length. A third dominant feature is forest-covered land. Although these forested lands have been subjected to selective cutting some decades past they will, in time, with the present ownership and management strategy evolve into even more magnificant examples of mature dunes vegetation. Some signs of this are already apparent, Our observations concerning plant communities of the Park fall into two categories, those pertaining to the communities we examined in greater detail in localities scattered throughout the Park (Fig. 6) and general comments concerning other areas of the Park also included -iii. this section of our report. In our initial reconnaissance of the study area we walked over dunes, on and off many of the trails in order that we might obtain a general impression of what we were to see in greater detail later. The nine quadrat study sites represent samples of plant communities which may 2 be much greater in extent of coverage that our 20 rd quadrat or the quad- rat's vegetation type may be very restricted in area. Our quadrat studies, then, indicate example-s-of plant habitat types present at this time and which may be present to a greater or lesser degree in the future. In addition to the locality map to quadrat sites (Fig. 6) we have included a photograph for each of the nine quadrats to aid in our description as well as to provide some opportunity for comparison in the future. For several reasons permanent stakes denoting quadrat boundaries were deemed inadvisable. LITTLE BLACK SUN-D,W. tv 60@., LIK 2 6"D8 Qv IW- (_15@ VICINITY MAP SIC, It CAWMES 91161 ACRES =Tft WRIAGL ftI.L .4-114 ........ . .C." lot" C-5.11S - r 3.0 Wt$ Ft A R14A MAI. kt! I, it f ol % '17 r CAMPGRO W I.@ J"A :1. 1 Jilt -If J j q -.Y, L A K E M -1 =-Z= 6HK VET 08004UVt DATE MOTOORAPHY A TOP06RAPHY INDEX iUR EY MkW MAPIPItI& \OPQ@L 19 7_9,.S PATE Fig. 6.. Map of P. J. Hoffmaster State Park showing localities Of nine study qua@ 15 - Open Dunes Vegetation The vegetation of open dunes areas at any given point in time suffers one of two typical fates. It is succeeded by forest cover or else is de- stroyed by shifting sand only to be replaced by the same species or by other species collectively presenting the same treeless aspect on dune-. slopes and ridges. The principal examples of open dunes vegetation at Hoffmaster Park are the eight extensive blowouts which extend inland from Lake Michigan as indicated on the map (Fig. 6). We have chosen to number the eight blowouts sequentially beginning at the south end of the Park with no. l,a photograph of which is shown below (Fig. 7). It is at the eastern end of some of these blowouts that we find the Park's highest elevations--up to 250 m (820 ft). Since the average elevation of Lake Michigan is 177 m (580 ft) (Dorr & Eschmann, 1970) the sand accumulations in these blowouts may be as high as 73 m (240 ft) above the level of Lake Michigan. In the southern section of blowout no. 1 we carried out a quadrat analysis in the location indicated by the numeral "3" on the map (Fig. 6). A view of this quadrat site appears below (Fig. 8). The vegetation in this blowout typifies much of the open dune vegetation east of the foredunes along Lake Michigan. Quadrat H-3 was situated only about 100 m (300 ft.) inland from Lake Michigan yet was completely devoid of marram. grass (Ammbphila'brdViliguldta Fern.). Although tree species were represented in the quadrat including cottonwood'(P60tilug ddlt6ides Marsh.), red oak (Quercus borealis Michaux f.) and dune willow (Sdlix gldud6@hyll6ides Fern..) all were in early growth stages. Other woody plants included sand cherry (Ptunut Pumila L.) and river-bank grape (Vitis'tipAria* Michaux). 16 LI ;7n7 a- Zin VI- w.,w 417 ilk S@ ON '2- @-' T, yi IWO IZZI, lb:.,- 114 - t W7 Fig..7. View from Lake Michigan of blowout no. 1 at south end of Park. Note common juniper in right foreground. Photographed April 29, 1983. 17 -4) ;q, A 41, Fig* 8* South-facing view of quadrat H-3 near blowout no. 1. Although near Lake Michigan this quadrat lacked marram grass. Photographed June 8, 1983. 18 Cover plants in greatest abundance were sand reed-grass (Calamovilfa longifolia (Hooker) Scribner), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius Michaux) along with some horse mint (Monatda punctata L.), sand cress (Arabis lyrata L.), hoary puccoon (Lith6spe'rmum ddr6lin6nse (Walter) MacM.).ahd beach wormwood (Artemisia caudata Michaux). Minor constituents also present were common milkweed'(AscldPia6'r;ykiAca L.), evening primrose'(06riothera biennis L.) and dune goldenrod (S6lidAg6'6pAthuldta DC.). Of special note was Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri (Torrey) T. & G.) which is on the list of rare and threatened species in Michigan (Wagner et al, 1977) as well as for the United States (Ayensu & DeFilipps, 1978). It appears that the presence of shifting sand favors the occurrence of marram grass over other dune grass species which lack the ability to con- tinue sufficient-vertical-growth along with the accumulations of sand. It therefore becomes common to encounter marram grass on the windward side of, foredunes as depicted in'quadrat H-8 (Fig. 9). In areas where the blowing of sand occurs to a somewhat less degree, such as in quadrat H-3 (Fig. 8), other grass-species and forbs are competitively favored over marram grass. In quadrat H-8 the only woody species found were small specimens of sand cherry, cottonwood, and heart-leaved willow'(Salix dordata.Michaux). The grou-nd-cover was almost totally that of marram grass with a few plants of dune goldenrod and beach wormwood. It is in this type of shoreline plant community that one can see dramatic effects of erosion due to high wind and wave action. In some instances there may result a vertical drop- off of 1-2 m (3-6 ft.), or even more, along Lake Michigan's shore. The slope of quadrat H-8 was 130 in a westerly direction although much steeper slopes are not uncommon. Farther north near the entrance to blowout no. 8 we noted seedlings of bugseed'(Cori6p6i@turft'hy-.@,-@6pifolium L.) along the foredune. Just inland 19 - 4 Ail N V6 .IKT*L_@ IM 11 N 'IF p 1XV WZ K 7 vt A 4 ba, - Z-N I 7@ VA. " rh_- Fig. 9. South-facing view of quadrat H-8 near blowout no. 6. The dominant species on this 130 west-facing slope was marram grass. Photographed June 9, 1983. - 20 - over the first foredune and south of the entrance to blowout no. 8 along a ridge was a stand of about a dozen wafer-ash (Ptelea trifoliata L.) plants which included some of the largest we have seen.. Forested Dunes Vegetation A total of six quadrats were set up to assist in the identification and characterization of principal kinds of forest communities in the study area. Quadrats H-l.and H-2 consisted of a "matched pair", i.e. south- and north-facing, respectively, on opposite sides of a common valley. The relative dominance of a given tree species is indicated by the total basal area for stems of that species taken at 1.4 m, (4 1/2 ft.). This value, expressed as percent coverage, along with total number of trees and total basal area for each quadrat are listed in Table 1. The south-facing quadrat, H-1 was dominated by red oak (69.5%) and beech (21.6%). Minor amounts of basswood and white ash were also present. The principal understory constituents on this 32 slope were maple- leaved viburnum. (Viburnum acerifolium. L.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) along with lesser amounts of such species as beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), prickly gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati L.), choke cherry (Prunus virginiana L.), hop-hornbeam. (Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch) and black maple (Acer nigrum. Michaux f.). Also present among understory species was river-bank grape which is shown below (Fig. 10). However, one of the largest specimens of river-bank grape we have seen was located near quadrat H-2 and this specimen had a DBH of 12 cm. (4.7 in.). A photograph of this plant is shown in Fig. 11. The most conspicuous species among ground cover In H-1 included large white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum. Michaux Salisb.), sweet cicely 21 Fig. 10. South-facing view in center of quadrat H-1 showing entanglement of grape vines (Vitis riparia . Photographed June 7, 1983. 22 a M-P. M M M,@W. LI 7e 141 SOW E, 49. A@ OM fir 'W'L @- @ I - .;.4. C *1 -, ar@ A. WV Z k@2 46 $ 79 00 IL Fig. 11 . Large grape ... v'ine (Vit3IA tiparia) with a DBH of 12 cm. (4.7 in.) located near quadrat H-2. Photographed June-7, 1983 showing author Paul Thompson. - 23 - (Osmorhiza claytoni (Michaux) Clarke), marginal shield-fern (Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray), false Solomon's-seal (Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.) and numerous plants but less than 5% cover for each of the following: Canada Mayflower (Maianthemum canadense Desf.), hairy Solomon's-seal (Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh), blue-stemmed goldenrod (Solidago caesia L.), bellwort (Uvularia grandflora Sm.), and long-spurred violet (Viola rostrata Pursh). Some of the remaining 21 herbaceous species noted were less conspicuous such as columbine (Aquilegia canadensis.L.), white lettuce (Prenanthes alba L.), bishop's-cap (Mitella diphylla L.), poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata L.), rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum (L.)Sw.), large-leaved aster (Aster macrophyllus L.), wild sarsaparilla ( Aralia nudicaulis L.), and common greenbrier (Smilax rotun- difolia L.). Quadrat H-2 is the north-facing slope counterpart of H-1 and their relative locations are indicated on the map (Fig. 6). Quadrats on both slopes had a 32 slope and both were dominated by red oak and beech. However, the total basal area in H-2 was about twice that in H-1 (Table 1). Among the differences we noted between the two quadrats was the greater dominance of beech in the north-facing slope as well as the presence of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) and fly honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis Marsh) in the shrub zone. Sugar maples of tree size were present in H-2 with a relative dominance factor of 7%. Only saplings of this species were noted on the south-facing slope. As this forest matures we can expect sugar maple and hemlock to become increasingly important on the north-facing slope. Marginal shield-fern was predictably more common on the north-facing slope quadrat than on the south facing quadrat. A suggestion of the ground cover is offered in the photograph of quadrat H-2 (Fig. 12). Of interest among ground cover species were such 24 4 1A, ir -:'n- N- -A NN , @O-,e 16 Oal 'Fig. 12. View of quadrat H-2, a 320 north-facing slope showing a 54.7 cm (21.5 in) DBH red oak. Photographed June 7, 1983. 25 species as starflower (Trientalis borealis Raf.), bishop's-cap, fringed polygala (Polygala paucifolia Willd.), partridge-berry (Mitchella repens L.), indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana L.), wood betony (Pedicularis canadensis L.), blunt-lobed hepatica (Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker), wild sarsaparilla, white baneberry (Actaea alba (L.) Miller), spinulose shield- fern (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar), several species of sedges (Carex spp.) and Canada mayflower. This partial listing of ground cover species indicates a very rich spring flora near the Gillette Nature Center building. The greater richness of the flora of the north-facing slope is suggested by the much greater coverage value of tree stem basal area (Table I)--almost 15,000 cm 2 (2,400 in2) compared to 8*300 cm'2J1028 in2) for the south-facing slope. All of Hoffmaster Park seems to have been cut over leaving no virgin stands of timber. During our preliminary reconnaissance of the study site we noted a considerable number of young hemlock trees scatter,ed throughout the area. These young hemlocks were most conspicuous in spring prior to canopy closure as suggested in the photograph below (Fig. 13). Given sufficient time they can be expected to regain the stature the species once held as constituents of the canopy layer. Along north-facing slopes such as that shown in Fig. 13 is a prime exposure on which to expect their best development. This development can be attributed to effects of reduced in- solation resulting in greater moisture effectiveness which favors hemlock over many broad-leaved tree species. Optimal growing conditions can result in pure stands of mature hemlock such as we have seen in other sand dune localities. A search was made for a stand of mature hemlock in which to carry out a quadrat analysis. The scarcity of mature hemlock in this site which con- tains so many young trees of the same species attests to the successional 26 St- zv; w K iM A .4, PS "A. 'Fig. 13. Early spring aspect showing hemlock succession in a deciduous forest. This north-facing slope is located near the south end of the Park. Photographed April 29, 1983. 27 - stages in this maturing forest. One of the best stands of mature hemlock was found just east of quadrats H-1 and H-2. Its location is indicated on the map (Fig. 6) and is designated by the numeral "9". In quadrat H-9 a total of six species were noted as having attained tree size. These six are listed in Table I and show hemlock to be dominant with approximately 37% of the basal area recorded therein. About equal dominance is suggested (15-18%) for each of beech, black cherry and sugar maple. Smaller amounts of red oak and basswood were present. Woody plants in the understory included seedlings of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniengis Britton), hazel'(C6rylus Americana Walter), white ash, sugar maple, witch hazel, beech, basswood (Tilia americana L.), red oak and prickly gooseberry. Of these understory species the most abundant were white ash, sugar maple, witch hazel and hazel. The development of the understory layer in this forested quadrat was quite sparse resulting in an open, park-like aspect (Fig. 14.) such as one typically finds in hemlock stands elsewhere. Although 15 species were found in the ground cover layer, their abundance is sparse. Wild sarsaparilla is the most common species followed by Canada mayflower, large white trillium, sweet cicely, hairy Solomon's- seal, and marginal shield-fern. Our 20 m2 quadrat included most of this hemlock stand. As a result of the edge effect which here included increased light. the che'Cklist-bf species although limited might have.,been even some-:- what'less if taken from the central portion of a larger hemlock stand. Several centuries are required for conditions, including soil development, leading up to the establishment of a mature hemlock stand having begun with open dunes sand. F-A 4 i f-k 0 rL 17T 1@q -C-0 !v wm;,ptv_; 030 rLH -S 03 OrQ A, c 7111 17 A _tl0 Iv UIA Ln :3' lk 71-3) Mo A, @k 6 CA :,I rt V 44. F4 1-d ra rt 0:4 OQ Prl m iN -N L-i I'Dm Mrt F4 r 29 - A quadrat (H-4) was laid out in a broad, slightly undulating, forested ravine. Its location between blowouts no's. one and two, shown on the map (Fig. 6), is along the north edge of an east-west trail. Our data on tree measurements (Table 1) show 14 trees in the quadrat with a total basal area of 22,423 cm2 (3,588.in2). This unusually.high-value (one of the highest we have recorded) is due principally to the few very large beech, red oak, and black cherry each of which comprised about 30% of the basal area. B asswood and sugar maple contributed the remainder to the quadrat's forest composition with two trees for each species. The DBH of the largest red oak, shown in Fig. 15, was 89.3 cm (35.2 in) while that of the largest beech, also shown in Fig. 15, was 82.7 cm (32.6 in). The twojarg6st black cherry trees each measured slightly more than 52 cm (20.5 in). An understory layer was dominated by such species as maple-leaved viburnum, beech sugar maple ahd black.cherry. Somewhat less abundant were red-berried elder (Sambucus pubens Michaux), prickly gooseberry, white ash, hazel, hop-hornbeam, witch hazel, blackberry (Rubus alleghaniensis Porter), red oak and basswood. This floristically diverse site included 21 species in the ground cover. Among the more important finds were squirrel corn'(Dicentra can- adensis (Goldie) Walp.), long-spurred violet, jack-in-the pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum, (L.) Schott), Canada mayflower, early bedstraw'(Galium aparine L beech-drops (Epifagus'Vitginiana (L.) Bart.), smooth yellow violet (V16lA'6ti6ddtpa Schw.), bellwort, sweet cicely, marginal shield-fern, indian cucumber root, and wild sarsaparilla. 30 44 @17 tv 7, 7 'fat j-.,j ,36 zz zVU 7 4ML gee., Fig. 15 East-facing view of quadrat H-4 showing beech at left and red oak at right whose DBH measured 89.3 cm (35.2 in). Photographed June 8, 1983. 31 - Located east of the major dunes in a section of hardwood forest is an extensive flat area wherein we set up quadrat H-6 (Fig. 6). It closely resembled quadrat H-2 with its total basal area of 14,704 cm2 (2,353 in2 ) as shown in Table 1. Also as in H-2 it was dominated by red oak. However, in H-6 quadrat the relative dominance of sugar maple (28.5%) and beech (5.5%) were essentially the reciprocal of what we found in H-2. It is tempting to suggest that forests in both quadrat sites are moving toward a beech-maple climax and that the 320 north-facing slope of H-2 is pro- ceeding in that direction at a somewhat more advanced stage. In the understory layer we observed successional species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Neither of these were found in quadrat H-2. Understory dominants included such species. as sugar maple, beech, mapleleaved viburnum, white ash and black cherry. Noteworthy but less abundant were fly honeysuckle, shadbush(Amelanchier arborea Michaux f.) and hazel. The aspect of this understory is suggested in Fig, 16, The herbaceous species comprising the ground cover were not abundant but principal among them were wild sarsaparilla, false Solomon's-seal and hairy-Solomon's-seal. Smaller amounts of the following were noted: sweet- scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum Michaux), lance-leaved wild licorice (Galuim lanceolatum Torrey), partridge-berry, rice-grass(Oryzopsis asperifolia Michaux), large leaved aster and white lettuce. Of special interest was a plant of spotted wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh) --a rare species in Michigan (Wagner et al.., 1977), 32 Iit- jr V M 'd IS A X- Am 7 7 *1 ski 4 A m Ot ro 5 4t IF , z .7vi W 4 (44. -0-100 7 WA ILI .5, z, A A ,7' 4@r 7 iz y -wi, C7 1V 7, 41 .K Fig. j6. North-facing view of quadrat H-6 showing 3 trees in foreground, 1. to r., hop hornbeam, DBH 11.7 cm (4.6 in), and.two red [email protected] cm .(10.6 in), 41.0 cm (16.1 in). Photographed June 8, 1983. 33 - In the northern sector of the Park is a large swampy area. A forest along the edge of this area has a number of northern hardwood character- istics quite unlike anything else we observed in the study site. A study quadrat (H-7) was made at this location (Fig. 6). These data show red maple to be a dominant species with its 44% basal area cover and a co- dominant, red oak with a 20% basal area factor. Of special interest is the 15% basal area supplied by yellow birch. Other species in the canopy layer include hemlock (4%), beech (9%), black cherry (6%), and sugar maple (3%). Some large trees in this quadrat are shown below (Fig. 17). The total number of woody plant species recorded was 16. Among the species comprising the understory the most abundant were spice bush (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume), sugar maple, black cherry, red maple, red oak, white ash, and maple-leaved viburnum. Other species in the understory included mountain ash (Sorbus americana Marsh), alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia L. F.), fly honeysuckle, hemlock, shadbush and red-berried elder. The most conspicuous species in the ground cover which included 24 species were marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris Schott), cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea L.), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) and Canada mayflower. Other common species included indian cucumber-root, partridge-berry, starflower, wild sarsaparilla, lady fern (Athyrium filix- femina (L.) Roth) and hairy Solomon's-seal. Among the more uncommonly found species in the Park were jack-in-the-pulpit, fringed polygala, dwarf ginseng (Pariak-ttifolium L.) and stemless lady's-slipper (Cypripedium acaule Aiton). 34 14- owl A6 t. J f ONZ V e; K MW kZ '4 X A @10 K, :4 jrz r f6 ;0j:1 Fig.,17.,.East-facing view of quadrat H-7 showing red maple, 76.0 cm. (29.9 in), in the center foreground and yellow birch, 44.6 cm. (17.6 in) at extreme left. At right of center are hemlock and black cherry. Photographed June 8, 1983. 35 - In the south-central part of the study site near the county line (Fig. 2) we set up quadrat H-5 (Fig. 6). This area does not easily fit into the category of open sand dunes vegetation nor as forested dunes but is, to a degree, intermediate between the two. This area is typified by a sterile, sandy soil on which grow trees of scrubby growth form as indicated in the photograph (Fig. 18). In our quadrat only one tree, a small red oak, qualified for measurement (DBH 8.5 cm = 3.3 in.). Other woody plants in the shrub layer were small trees of red oak, choke cherry, white ash along with sand cherry and river-bank grape. The most common species in the ground cover layer were sand reed- grass, Canada bluegrass (Poa'ddm0�69sa L.) and little bluestem. Other species with small coverage included dwarf dandelion (Krigia virginica L. (Wtlld.), dune goldenrod, sand cress, common milkweed, sheep-sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), horse mint and blue toadflax (Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum.). The cryptogamic species., reindeer lichen (Cladonia spp.) and earthstar mushroom .(Geastrum.spp.) noted here are both indicators of sterile soils. The total acreage occupied by vegetation such as in quadrat H-5 is not extensive but is unique owing to its aspect and floristic composition. Sitauted on flat, sterile, saddy soils,it will likely persist in,its-pre- sent state longer than would be anticipated e.g. on a north-facing slope with the typically increased moisture effectiveness. The species now present which are typical of open dunes such as sand reed-grass and little bluestem will cease to exist as the mixed hardwood forest develops. In time coniferous species are expected to join the assemblage prior to the return of climax forest some centuries hence. 36 Are. 4t xe Fig. 18, Quadrat H-5 as viewed from the south. Note sparse vegetation and depauperate growth form of trees. Photographed June 8, 1983. 37 - Located south of quadrat H-5 is a stand of Norway pines (Pinus resinosa Aiton). The aspect of this plantation, shown in Fig. 19, is one of uniform-aged trees (? 30 years) with little development in the understory or in ground cover. Seedling trees noted in the understory were sassafras, white ash, black cherry and sugar maple. No seedling pines were noted. Along the western perimeter of this stand we saw several plants of stemless lady's-slipper and the Michigan rare spotted wintergreen. Bracken fern was the most common herbaceous species with a smaller amount of Canada Mayflower. As this stand of Norway pines matures we would anticipate that some thinning will occur normally. In time, this stand can be expected to give rise to a mixed deciduous forest which is now in the developmental sapling stage. At the present time this younger stage excludes essentially all coniferous species. Barring any catastrophe a small amount of white pine may ultimately occupy a position in the canopy layer. Located somewhat eastward from this pine plantation near Little Black Lake are the remnants of a nursery. Herein are found a number of introduced cultivars of hyd rangea and juniper along with a number of coniferous tree species. Adjacent to the rows of planted trees is a slight depression-- presumably low due to removal of top soil. In this low area we found lance- leaved violet (Viola lanceolata L.) in considerable abundance along with bog clubmoss (Lycopodium inundatum L.), yellow-eyed grass (Xyris difformis Chapman), sundew (Drosera intermedia Hayne), rough goldenrod (Solidago rugosa Miller), ticklegrass (Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) BSP.), boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum L.), marsh St. John's-wort' (Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gl.) and other St. John's-wort species (Hypericum spp.). A small pond near this site yielded American Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum Nutt.) and the pondweeds (Potamogeton gramineus L. and Potamogeton pectinatus L.). Ar V.i 'tT It IR X.,w AA iIF 1".L -Ar. ,X N. @@i T @@'v V'Q TV A Ai 00 "ALM fo ISP;o 1@ 'A r4d. -j I k Ir 39 - AQUATIC VEGETATION. For purposes of this study we have excluded submersed aquatic species that may occur near the shore of Lake Michigan. In recent years we have begun to notice occasional presence of some plant material along the beach following strong winds. At Hoffmaster Park this included green algae, presumably Cladophora sp., and some of the pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.). Without further consideration to the small pond located near the abandoned nursery to which we earlier alluded we recognize two principal aquatic habitats; namely, the shore of Little Black Lake and the streams with their associated wetlands located in the northern sector of the study site. Little Black Lake Shoreline In the illustrations outlining HAffmaster Park boundaries (Figs. 2, 3, and 6) it can be observed that Little Black Lake lies along portions of the Park's eastern boundary. During a late fall trip to the study site we were able to observe the sandy shoreline when the Lake level was some 0.3 m (1 ft.) lower than it had been earlier in the season. Rooted aquatics included such species as fragrant water lily (Nympaea odorata Aiton), water- shield (Brasenia shreberi Gmel.), pickerelweed(Pontederia cordata L.) and pipewort(Eriocaulon septangulare With.). Species of pondweed were also present. This sandy shoreline changes to a wetland quaking bog as one approaches the Ottawa-Muskegon County line. The aspect at this point is depicted in the photograph below (Fig. 20). Much of this area is covered by such sedges as Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh., C. laptalea Wahl., twig rush (Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torrey) and cotton-grass (Erinophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern.). Growing among the sedges are such entities as pitcher-plant 40 J Z@vr V, so FE Aj V t -A it N,@ Al Fig. 20. North-facing view of bog area along west shore of Little Black Lake near the Muskegon-Ottawa County line. Photographed June 9, 1983. 41 (Sarracenia purpurea L.), marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris Schott), royal fern (Osmunda regalis L.) and threesquare (Scirpus americanus Pers.). Other plants growing in the-sedge mat included marsh St. John's- wort, Michigan lily (Lilium michiganense Farw.), water willow (Decodon verticillatus(L.) Ell.), common cat-tail (Typha latifolia L.), marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides L.), marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.), swamp rose (Rosa palustris Marsh) and marsh skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata L,). Among the slightly wetter areas one finds pickerelweed and arrow-arum (Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott & Endl.). The species along the border to the north include Michigan holly (Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray), speckled alder (Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Sprengel), larch (Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch) and black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Ell.). Inland from this shrub border occurs red maple, tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and red oak. Stream and Associated Wetland The broad valley at the junction of Little Black Creek and a second stream along the north boundary of the Park is depicted below (Fig. 21). Dominant species here include such sedges as water sedge(Carex aquatilis Wahl.), swollen sedge (Carex intumescens Rudge), fox sedge (Carex vulpin- oidea Michaux) along with Carex lurida Wahl. Important grasses here in- clude such species as blue-joint (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) Beauv.), rattlesnake grass(Glyceria canadensis (Michaux) Trin.), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundiancea L.)and fowl manna grass(Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc.). Broad-leaved herbaceous species include hedge bindweed (Convolvulus septium L.), touch-me-not (Impatiens biflora Willd.), black bindweed (Polygonum convolvulus L.), Canada anemone (Anemone can- adensis L.), stiff bedstraw (Galium tinctorium L.), hog-peanut (Amphicarpa 42 NT I, FF 71 '.A ifr 16 jf jig. I%% (_@ *14, A A A 14-110 J4 @A I-jF A A 4@j & I . I @7 or . ........ tj' WU - Fig. 21. Broad stream valley, probably glacially derived, in northwest sector of the Park. This west-fdcing view was photographed May 1, 1983. -43- bracteata (L.) Fern.), cursed crowfoot (Ranunculus scleratus L.) and yarrow (Achillea millefouium L.). Near the streambank one finds duckweed (Lemna minor L.), marsh fern, water plantain (Alisma plantage-aquatica L.) and water cress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.). Shrucb species scattered within this wetland area include highbush cranberry (Viburnum Opulus L.), common elder (Sambucus canacensis L.) and peach-leaved willow (Salix amygdaloides Andersson). Shrub species are found in greatest abundance around the perimeter of the wetland. Among the more interestign finds in this wetland site are monkey- flowers (Nimulus ringens L.), the sedge (Carex projecta Mack.)--a county record, and two other county records; namely, reed anary grass and helleborine (Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz). As the stream flows westward it broadens considreably (Fig. 22). On the south border of the stream near Lake Michigan one finds a con- siderable stand of Canada yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh.) and the only population of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare L.) we found in the Park. FLORISTICS During the course of our study we found a total of 468 species of vascular plants representing 93 families and 278 genera. This total excludes a number of cultivars of horticultural species remaining in the abandoned nursery alluded to on p. 37. We believe that a floristics study of this site carried out over a period of several years might re- sult in as many as 550 species for the "final" checklist. A number of county records were noted among monocots, i.e. no listed is distribution maps (Voxx, 1972). These records include: Muskegon Co.-- Virginia wild rye (Elymus virginicus L.), hooded ladies'-tresses 0 4L X- P@ Ai "I I@tr 17 @4 Fig. 22. View of mouth of Little Black Creek at Lake Michigan. This photograph, of May 1., 1983, was taken near the site of common polypody fern. 45 - (Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham.), dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) Gray), the sedge (Carex projecta Mack.), helleborine (Epipactis helleb-prine (L.) Crantz), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), bracted orchid (Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br.), the sedge (Carex tribuloides Wahl.), cotton-grass (Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern.) and bluegrass (Poa saultensis Fern. & Wieg.). The rarest plant we collected was Childing pink (Petrorhagia pr-olif-era (L.) Ball & Heywood) which we found growing near the main Park entrance. This is the third known Michigan collection, not a county record, since its initial discovery in Michigan on August 8, 1976. Since it is an introduced species it is excluded from the state's list of rare, endangered and threat- ened species. Among the species collected a total of 3 are on the list of rare and threatened species (Wagner, et al., 1977). The first of these is Pitcher's thistle'(Citsium-'2'itc'he'ri (Torrey) T. & G.) which is on the U. S. and Michigan lists of threatened species (Wagner, et-al., 1977, and Ayensu & beFilipps, 1978) is ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). Spotted wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh) is listed as V'rare". The common polypody (Polypodium vulgare (L.) is of interest owing to its'relative scarcity in the Lake Michigan dunes region. Two common species we expected to find but did not see were Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and wild bergamot (Monarda fi9tulosa L.). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS P. J. Hoffmaster State Park with its 1 043 acres and six major blow- outs as well as dunes rising to 250 m (820 ft.) elevation is a real jewel among conservation efforts along Lake Michigan's eastern shore. The vege- tation with at least 468 species of vascular plants contains approximately 46 25% of the total for the state. Forest maturation seems to be progressing satisfactorily and in time will lead to an interesting diversity of climax types including both con- iferous and deciduous species. At present the forests are not as mature as selected portions of the Mt. Edward and Sturgeon Bay tracts. However, tree succession already underway gives a distinct impression as to what we might expect with the passage of several more decades. Hemlock will be a more important forest constituent--especially on north-facing slopes. The tract north of the campground site (quadrat H-7 locality) is reminiscent of more northern Michigan tracts and will likely remain essentially the same in floristic composition and dominant species. A threat to the integrity of the Park should be addressed. Park officials are aware of the great amount of dune destruction occurring in the southern sectors of the Park--activity of off-road vehicles. Adequate funding,must be found to protect in the southern portion of the Park that which is "interpreted" in the central portion of the Park--i.e. at the Gillette Nature Center. if it became d-esirablO-to make available.on a wider basis wetland habitats one might suggest trails (? boardwalks) along the bog area of Little Black Lake as well as into the sedge meadow just north of the campground. Both plant communities are likely'viewed at present by the general public as Irtoo threatening". .'(We did see a large massasauga rattlesnake along Little Black Lake's border near an abandone d shack.) Park management as well as physical facilities must here be a model for other state parks. The wide variety of plant life will ever provide a stimulus and challenge to the park's interpretive naturalists. We find ourselves wondering what the aspect of the park is like during mid-winter? Perhaps this winter we shall find out, Table 1. Tree basal area results from 20m x 20m plots. Total number of trees, species basal area (cm2 and (% coverage). Total Total P. LO 0 $4 0 U 0 pa -10-1 Plot Slope No. of no. of Basal 0 0 -W r4 -A r-4 Cd w 0 0 0 :3 w no. Species Trees Area 14 $4 2 6 6 H-1 320S 4 15 89341 487 @1805 5800 249 (5.8) (21.6) (69.5) (2.9) 7 6 3 H-2 320N 3 16 14,778 5033 8719 1026 1 (34.0) (59.0) (6.9) 2 4 4 2 2 H-4 flat 5 14 22,423 1387 6150 7415 7171 300 (6.2) (27.4) (33.1) (32.0) (1.3) 1 H-5 flat 1 1 57 57 (100.0) 1 1 5 16 B-6 flat 4 23 14,704 814 108 9587 4195 (5.5) (0.7) (65.2) (28.5) 3 1 1 7 2 1 2 H-7 flat 7 17 19,431 1684 1116 755 8596 3884 527 2869 (8.7) (5.7) (3.9) (44.2) (20.0) (2.7) (14.8) 1 4 2 7 1 2 H-9 90S 6 17 15,332 611 2841 2574 5621 1439 2246 (3.9) (18.5) (16.8) (36.7) (9.4) (14.6) 48 - PHYLOGENETIC CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS LYCOPODIACEAE - Clubmoss Family Lycopodium clavatum L. Running Clubmoss Lycopodium complanatum L. Ground Cedar Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog Clubmoss Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux Shining Clubmoss Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground Pine Lycopodium tristachyu-m Pursh Ground Cedar EQUISETACEAE - Horsetail Family Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile L. Pipes Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring-rush OPHIOGLOSSACEAE - Adderts-tongue Family Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern OSMUNDACEAE - Royal Fern Family Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern Osmunda regalis L. Royal Fern POLYPODIACEAE - Polypody Family Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Lady Fern' Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar Spinulose Shield-fern Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Cray Marginal Shield-fern Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern Polypodium vulgare L. Common Polypody Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Bracken Thelypteris palustris Schott. Marsh Fern TAXACEAE - Yew Family Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada Yew PINACEAE - Pine Family Abies balsamea (L.) Miller Balsam'Fir Larix decidua Miller Larch Larix laricina (DuR6i) K. Koch Larch Picea glauca (Moench) A. Voss White Spruce Picea pungens Engelm. Blue Spruce Pinus resinosa Aiton Red Pine, Norway Pine Pinus strobus L. White Pine Pinus sylvestris L. Scots Pine Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. Douglas Fir Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock CUPRESSACEAE - Cypress Family Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh Common Juniper Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar Thu ja occidentalis L. Arbor Vitae, White Cedar TYPHACEAE - Cat-tail Family Typha latifolia L. Common Cat-tail 49 SPARGANIACEAE - Bur-reed Family Sparganium americanum Nutt. American Bur-reed POTAMOGETONACEAE - Pondweed Family Potamogeton gramineus L. Grass-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton natans L. Common Pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus L. Sago Pondweed Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen White-stemmed Pondweed ALISMATACEAE - Water-plantain Family Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Water-plantain Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Wapato HYDROCHARITACEAE - Frog's-bit Family Elodea canadensis Michaux Waterweed GRAMINEAE - Grass Family Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quack Grass Agrostis gigantea Roth Redtop Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) BSP. Ticklegrass Ammophila breviligulata Fern. Beach Grass Andropogon scoparius Michaux Little Bluestem Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal Grass Bromus inermis Leysser Smooth Brome Bromus tectorum L. Downy Chess Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) Beauv. Blue-joint Calamovilfa longifolia (Hooker) Scribner Sand Reed-grass Dactylis glomerata (L.) Orchard Grass Danthonia spicata (L.) R.-& S. Poverty Grass Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Hairgrass Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crab Grass Elymus canadensis L. Canada Wild-rye Elymus virginicus L. Virginia Wild-rye Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steudel Tumble Grass Festuca obtusa Biehler Nodding Fescue Festuca saximontana Rydb. Fescue Grass Glyceria canadensis (Michaux) Trin. Rattlesnake Grass Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fowl Manna Grass Holcus lanatus L. Velvet Grass Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Cut Grass Oryzopsis asperifolia Michaux Rice-g rass Panicum clandestinum, L. Panic Grass Panicum implicatum Britton Panic Grass Panicum virgatum L. Switch Grass Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass Phleum pratense L. Timothy Elymus canadensis L. Canada Wild-rye Festuca obtusa Biehler Nodding Fescue Festuca saximontana Rydb. Fescue Grass Glyceria canadensis (Michaux) Trin. Rattlesnake Grass Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fowl Manna Grass Holcus lanatus L. Velvet Grass Oryzopsis asperifolia Michaux Rice-grass Panicum. clandestinum L. Panic Grass Panicum implicatum Britton Panic Grass 50 Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass Phleum pratense L. Timothy Poa alsodes Gray Grove Bluegrass Poa compressa L. Canada Bluegrass Poa saultensis Fern. & Wieg. Bluegrass Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) Gray Dropseed CYPERACEAE - Sedge Family Carex albursina Sheldon Sedge Carex aquatilis Wahl. Water Sedge Carex arctata Boott Drooping Wood Sedge Carex argyrantha Tuckerman Sedge Carex bromoides Willd. Sedge Carex cephalophora Willd. Sedge Carex communis Bailey Fibrous-rooted Sedge Carex eburnea Boott Sedge Carex hitchcockiana Dewey Sedge Carex intumescens Rudge Swollen Sedge Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Sedge Carex leptalea Wahl. Sedge Carex lurida Wahl. Sedge Carex pedunculata Willd. Stalked Sedge Carex pensylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge Carex projecta Mack. Sedge Carex rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge Carex tribuloides Wahl. Sedge Carex viridula Michaux Sedge Carex vulpinoidea Michaux Fox Sedge Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torrey Twig-rush Cyperus rivularis Kunth Nut-grass Cyperus schweinitzii Torrey Nut-grass Dulicium arundinaceum (L.) Britton Three-way Sedge Eleocharis erythropoda Steudel Spike-rush Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. Cotton-grass Scirpus americanus Pers. Threesquare Scripus atrovirens Willd. Dark-green Rush Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth Wool-grass Scirpus validus Vahl Softstem Bulrush ARACEAE - Arum Family Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Jdck-in-the-pulpit Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott & Endl. Arrow-arum LEMNACEAE - Duckweed Family Lemna minor L. Duckweed XYRIDACEAE - Yellow-eyed-grass Family Xyris difformis Chapman Yellow-eyed-grass ERIOCAULACEAE - Pipewort Family Eriocaulon.septangulare With. Pipewort PONTEDERIACEAE - Pickerel-weed Family Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed 51 - JUNCACEAE - Rush Family Juncus balticus Willd. Baltic' Rush Juncus dudleyi. Wieg. Dudley's Rush Juncus effusus L. Common Rush Juncus nodosus L. Rush LILIACEAE - Lily Family Aletris farinosa L. Colic-root Allium vineale L. Field Garlic Asparagus officinalis L. Garden Asparagus Lilium michiganense Farw. Michigan Lily Maianthemum canadense Desf. Canada Mayflower Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh Hairy Solomon's@-seal Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. False Solomon's-seal Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Starry False Solomon's-seal Smilax illinoensis Mangalay Carrion-flower Smilax lasioneura Hooker Carrion-flower Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier Smilax tamnoides L. Bristly Greenbrier Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisb. Large White Trillium Uvularia grandiflora Sm. Bellwort DIOSCOREACEAE - Yam Family Dioscorea villosa L. Wild Yam IRIDACEAE - Iris Family Iris virginica L. Southern Blue Flag ORCHIDACEAE - Orchid Family Corallorhiza trifida Chat. Early Coral-root Cypripedium acaule Aiton Stemless Lady's-slipper Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Helleborine Habenaria orbiculata.(Pursh) Torrey Round-leaved Orchid Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. Bracted Orchid Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. Hooded Ladies'-tresses Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. Nodding Ladies'-tresses SALICACEAE - Willow Family Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood Populus grandidentata Michaux Large-toothed Aspen Populus tremuloides Michaux Quaking Aspen Salix amygdaloides Andersson Peach-leaved Willow Salix cordata Michaux Heart-leaved Willow Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow Salix glaucophylloides Fern. Dune'Willow Salix interior Rowlee Sandbar Willow Salix nigra L. Black Willow ' Salix rigida Muhl.. Heart-1eaved Willow JUGLANDACEAE Walnut Family Juglans cinerea L. Butternut 52 BETULACEAE - Birch Family Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Sprengel Speckled Alder Betula allegbaniensis Britton Yellow Birch Betula papyrifera Marsh White Birch Carpinus caroliniana Walter Blue Beech Corylus americana Walter Hazel , Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch Hop-hornbeam FAGACEAE - Beech Family Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech Quercus alba. White Oak Quercus borealis Michaux f. Northern Red Oak Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak ULMACEAE - Elm Family Ulmus americana L. American Elm URTICACEAE - Nettle Family Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. Wood Nettle POLYGONACEAE - Smartweed Family Polygonum cilinode Michaux Bindweed Polygonum convolvulus L. Black Bindweed Polygonum, hydropiperoides Michaux -Mild Water Pepper Polygonum persicaria L. Lady's-thumb Polygonum punctatum Ell., Dotted Smartweed Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow-Leaved Tear-thumb Rumex acetosella L. Sheep-sorrel Rumex crispus L. Sour Dock Rumex obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock CHENOPODIACEAE - Goosefoot Family Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Bugseed Salsola kali L. Russian Thistle AMARANTRACEAE --Amaranth Family Amaranthus, retroflexus L, Pigweed PHYTOLACCACEAE - Pokeweed Family Phytolacca americana. L. Pokeweed PORTULACACEAE - Purslane Family Claytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty. CAROPHYLLACEAE - Pink Family Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort Cerastium vulgatum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed Dianthus ameria L. Deptford Pink Lychnis alba Miller White Campion Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) Ball & Heywood Childing Pink =Tunica prolifera (L.) Scop. 53 - Saponaria of f icinalis L. Bouncing Bet Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel Silene cucubalus Wibel Bladder Campion Stellaria graminea L. Common Stitchwort Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Common Chickweed NYMPHAEACEAE - Water Lily Family Brasenia schreberi Gmel. Water-shield Nuphar advena Aiton Yellow Water Lily Nymphaea odorata Aiton Fragrant Water Lily MAGNOLTACEAE - Magnolia Family Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip-tree RANUNCULACEAE - Buttercup Family Actaea alba (L.) Miller White Baneberry Anemone canadensis L. Canada Anemone Aquilegia canadensis L. Columbine Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigold Clematis virginiana L. Virgin's-bower Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Goldthread Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Blunt-lobed Hepatica Ranunculus acris L. Tall Buttercup Ranunculus scleratus L. Cursed Crowfoot Thalictrum. dasycarpu m Fischer & Ave-Lall. Purple Meadow-rue BERBERIDACEAE -.Barberry Family Berberis thunbergii DC. Japanese Barberry Podophyllum peltatum L. Mayapple LAURACEAE - Laurel Family Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume Spice Bush Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Sassafras FUMARIACEAE - Fumitory Family Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel-corn Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches CRUCIFERAE - Mustard Family Alliaria officinalis Andrz. Garlic-mustard Alyssum alyssoides L. Alyssum Arabis canadensis L. Sickle Pod Arabis drummondi Gray Drummond's Rock Cress Arabis lyrata L. Sand Cress Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Yellow Rocket Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum: Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hooker Sea-rocket Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Shepherd's Purse Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber) BSP. Bulbous Cress Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Field Cress Lepidiura virginicum L. Pepper Grass Nasturtium-officinale R. Br. Water Cress $-tsy*brium. altissimum. L, Tumbling Mustard 54 SARRACENIACEAE - Pitcher-plant Family Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant DROSERACEAE - Sundew Family Drosera intermedia Hayne Sundew Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew SAXIFRAGACEAE - Saxifrage Family Mitella diphylla L. Bishop's-cap Ribes cynosbati L. Prickly Gooseberry HAMAMELIDACEAE - Witch Hazel Family Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch Hazel ROSACEAE - Rose Family Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Agrimony Amelanchier arborea (Michaux f.) Fern. Shadbush Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Ell. Black Chokeberry Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Strawberry Geum laciniatum. Murray Rough Avens Geum. rivale L. Purple Avens Potentilla anserina L. Silverweed Potentilla argentea L. Silvery Cinquefoil Potentilla arguta Pursh Tall Cinquefoil Potentilla norvegica L. Rough Cinquefoil Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh Cinquefoil Potentilla recta L. Sulfur Cinquefoil Potentilla pimplex.Michaux Old-field Cinquefoil Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry Prunus pumila L. Sand Cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry Prunus virginiana L. Choke Cherry Rosa carolina L. Pasture Rose Rosa palustris Marsh Swamp Rose Rubus alleghaniensis Porter Common Blackberry Rubus flagellaris L. Northern Dewberry Rubus hispidus L. Dewberry Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry Rubus pubescens Raf. Dwarf Raspberry Rubus strigosus Michaux Red Raspberry Sorbus americana Marsh American Mountain Ash Spiraea alba DuRoi Meadow@"sweet Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardhack FABACEAE @- Bean Family Amphicarpa bracteata--CLj'.Fern,. Hog-peanut Lathyrus maritimus- L. Bigelov'--Bea6h@pea Medicago lupulina L. Black Medick Melilotus alba Desr. White Sweet Clover Melilotus officinalis (L..)-Desr. Yellow Sweet Clover Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black Locust Trifolium agrarium L. Hop@clover Trifolium arvense L. Rabbit-foot Clover 55 Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover Trifolium repens L. White Clover Vicia angustifolia Reichard Common Vetch Vicia carolina. Walter Carolina Vetch Vicia villosa Roth Hairy Vetch OXALIDACEAE - Wood Sorrel Family Oxalis stricta L. Common Wood Sorrel GERANIACEAE - Geranium Family Erodium cicutarium. (L.) L'Her Stork's-bill LINACEAE - Flax Family Linum striatum Walter Stiff Yellow Flax RUTACEAE - Rue Family Ptelea trifoliata L. Wafer-ash POLYGALACEAE - Milkwort Family Polygala paucifolia Willd. Fringed Polygala EUPHORBIACEAE - Spurge Family Euphorbia corollata L. Flowering Spurge Euphorbia cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge Euphorbia maculata L. Wartweed Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Seaside Spurge ANACARDIACEAE - Cashew Family Rhus copallina L. Shining Sumac Rhus radicans L. Poison Ivy Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac AQUIFOLIACEAE 0 Holly Family Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray Michigan Holly CELASTRACEAE - Staff-tree Family Celastrus scandens L. Bittersweet ACERACEAE - Maple Family Acer nigrum. Michaux f. Black Maple Acer rubrum L. Red Maple Acer saccharum Marsh Sugar Maple BALSAMINACEAE - Touch-me-not Family Impatiens biflora Willd. Touch-me-not RHAMNACEAE - Buckthorn Family Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea VITACEAE - Grape Family Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch Virginia Creeper Vitis aestivalis Michaux Summer Grape Vitis riparia Michaux River-bank Grape TILIACEAE - Linden Family Tilia americana L. Basswood, Linden 56 MALVACEAE - Mallow Family Malva neglecta Wallr. Common Mallow HYPERICACEAE - St. John's-wort Family Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell Northern St. John's-wort Hypericum kalmianum L. Kalm's St. John's-wort Hypericum majus (Gray) Britton St. John's-wort Hypericum mutilum L. St. John's-wort Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort Hypericum punctatum Lam. St. John's-wort Triadenum fraseri (Spach) GI. Marsh St. John's-wort VIOLACEAE - Violet Family Viola cucullata Aiton Blue Marsh Violet Viola eriocarpa Schw. Smooth Yellow Violet Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaved Violet Viola pallens (Banks) Brainerd Smooth White Violet Viola pubescens Aiton Downy Yellow Violet Viola rostrata Pursh Long-spurred Violet Viola striata Aiton Cream Violet ELEAGNACEAE - Oleaster Family Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Buffalo-berry LYTHRACEAE - Loosestrife Family Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Water Willow ONAGRACEAE - Evening-primrose Family Circaea alpina L. Enchanter's Nightshade Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. Enchanter's Nightshade Epilobium hirsutum L. Hairy Willow-herb Epilobium coloratum Biehler Cinnamon Willow-herb Ludwigia'palustris (L.) Ell. Marsh Purslane Oenotbera biennis L. Evening-primrose ARALIACEAE - Genseng Family Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng Panax trifolium L. Dwarf Ginseng UMBELLIFERAE - Parsley Family. Cicuta bulbifera L. Bulblet Water Hemlock Daucus carota L. Wild Carrot Osmorhiza claytoni (14ichaux) Clarke Sweet Cicely Sanicula marilandica L. Black Snakeroot CORNACEAE - Dogwood Family Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternate-leaved Dogwood Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood Cornus purpusi Koehne Silky Dogwood Cornus racemosa Lam. Gray Dogwood Cornus stolonifera Michaux Red Osier Nyssa sylvatica Marsh Black Gum 57 ERICACEAE - Heath Family Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel Bearberry Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Leather-leaf Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Spotted Wintergreen Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart. Prince's Pine, Pipsissewa Epigaea repens L. Trailing Arbutus Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Elliptic Shinleaf Pyrola rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Shinleaf Vaccinium angustif6lium Aiton Low Blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L. High-bush Blueberry Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux Velvet-leaf Blueberry PRIMULACEAE - Primrose Family Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Swamp Candles Trientalis borealis Raf. Starflower OLEACEAE - Olive Family Fraxinus americana L. White Ash Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash APOGYNACEAE - Dogbane Family Vinca minor L. Periwinkle ASCLEPIADACEAE, - Milkweed Family Asclepias exaltata L. Poke Milkweed Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed CONVOLVULACEAE - Morning-glory Family ConVolvulus sepium L. Hedge Bindweed BORAGINACEAE - Borage Family Lithospermum carolinense (Walter) MacM. Puccoon VERBENACEAE - Ver:vain Family Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain LABIATAE - Mint Family Lamium purpureum L. Purple Dead-nettle Leonurus cardiaca L. Motherwort Lycopus americanus Muhl. Bugleweed Lycopus virginicus L. Bugleweed Mentha arvensis L. Wild Mint Monarda punctata L. Horse Mint Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele Mother-of-thyme Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch Wild Basil Scutellaria galericulata L. Marsh Skullcap Stachys hispida Pursh Rough Hedge-nettle SOLANACEAE - Nightshade Family Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy Ground-cherry Solanum dulcamara L. Bittersweet Nightshade 58 SCROPHULARIACEAE - Figwort Family Gerardia purpurea L. Purple False Foxglove Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Slender False Foxglove Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum. Blue Toadflax Linaria vulgaris Hill Butter-and-eggs Melampyrum lineare Desr. Cow-wheat Mimulus ringens L. Monkey-flower Pedicularis canadensis L. Wood Betony Scrophularia marilandica L. Late Figwort Verbascum blattaria L. Moth-mullein Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein Veronica arvensis L. Corn Speedwell BIGNONIACEAE - Trumpet Creeper Family Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Trumpet Creeper OROBANCHACEAE - Bro omrape Family Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Beech-drops LENTIBULARIACEAE - Bladderwort Family Utricularia gibba L. Humped Bladderwort PHRYMACEAE - Lopseed Family Phryma, leptostachya L. Lopseed PLANTAGINACEAE - Plantain Family Plantago lanceolata L. English Plantain Plantago major L. Common Plantain RUBIACEAE - Madder Family Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush Galium aparine L. Early Bedstraw Galium lanceolatum Torrey Lance-leaved Wild Licorice Galium pilosum Aiton Hairy Bedstraw Galium tinctorium L. Stiff Bedstraw Galium triflorum Michaux Sweet-scented Bedstraw Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry CAPRIFOLIACEAE - Honeysuckle Family Diervilla lonicera Miller Bush Honeysuckle Lonicera canadensis Marsh Fly Honeysuckle Lonicera dioica L. Wild Honeysuckle Lonicera morrovi Gray Honeysuckle Sambucus canadensis L. Common Elder Sambucus pubens Michaux Red-berried Elder Viburnum acerifolium L. Maple-leaved Viburnum Viburnum opulus L. Highbush Cranberry CAMPANUIACEAE - Harebell Family Campanula aparinoides L. Marsh Bellflower Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco 59 COMPOSITAE - Composite Family Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Common Ragweed Anthemis arvensis L. Dogfennel Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Common Burdock Artimisia absinthium L. Wormwood Artemisia caudata Michaux Beach Wormwood Aster laevis L. Smooth Blue Aster Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton Side-flowering Aster Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster Aster pilosus' Willd. Hairy Aster Aster puniceus L. Swamp Aster Aster simplex Willd. Panicled Aster Aster umbellatus Miller Flat-top Aster Bidens cernua L. Nodding Bur-marigold Bidens coronata (L.) Britton Tickseed-sunflower Bidens tripartita L. Beggar-ticks Centaurea maculosa Lam. Star-thistle Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Ox@eye Daisy Cichorium intybus L. Chicory Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle Cirsium pitcheri (Torrey) T. & G. Pitcher's Thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore Bull Thistle Conyza canadensis Cron. Horseweed Erigeron annuus (L,)-Pers. Annual Fleabane Erigeron strigosus Muhl. Daisy Fleabane Eupatorium maculatum L. Joe@Pye Weed Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Boneset Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Cudweed Hieracium aurantiacum L, Tawny Hawkweed Hieracium gronovii L, Hairy Hawkweed Hieracium pratense Tausch Field Hawkweed Hypochaeris radicata L. Cat`s@ear Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Dwarf Dandelion@. Lactuca canadensis-L, Wild Lettuce Prenanthes alba L.. White Lettuce Prenanthes altissima L. Tall White Lettuce Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort Solidago altissima L. Tall Goldenrod Solidago caesia L. Blue-stemmed Goldenrod Solidago canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod Solidago graminifolia (L.1 Salisb. Grass-rleaved Goldenrod Solidago Juncea Aiton Early Goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Aiton Gray Goldenrod Solidago patula Muhl. Swamp Goldenrod Solidago rugosa Miller Rough Goldenrod Solidago spathulata DC. Dune Goldenrod Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod Solidago tenuffolia Pursh. Slender-,leaved Goldenrod Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog Goldenrod Taraxacum officinale Weber Dandelion Tragopogon dubius'Scop. Goat"s-beard 60 - A Selected Bibliography for Michigan Sand Dunes Ayensu, E. S. and R. A. DeFilipps. 1978. Endangered and Threatened Plants of the United States. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D. C. 403 pp. Ayres, Lewis, Norris and May, Inc. and M. J. Chapman. 1978. An Economic Study of Coastal Sand Dune Mining in Michigan. Rept. of In- vestigation 20. Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources, Geol. Survey Div'. 19 pp. Benninghoff, W. S. 1966. The releve method for describing vegetation. Mich. Botanist 5: 109-114. Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant Sociology The Study of Plant Communities. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. New York. 439 pp. Buckler, W. R. 1978. Dune Type Inventory and Barrier Dune Classification Study of Michigan's Lake Michigan Shore. Submitted to Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources (unpub.). Mich. State Univ., E. Lansing, Mich. 71 pp. Cowles, H. C. 1899. The ecological relationships of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Bot. Gaz. 27: 95-117, 167-202, 281-308, 361-391. Dorr, J. A... Jr., and D. F. Eschman. 1970. Geology of Michigan. The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, Mich. 476 pp. Drexler, C. 1975. Geologic Report on Sleeping Bear Dune National Lake- shore. Submitted to Nat'l. Park Service by Univ. of Mich. Biol. Stn. 52 pp. Forsyth, J. L. and E. S. Hamilton. 1974 Possible origin of unexpectedly high alkalinities in quartz sands of high dunes at Warren Dunes State Park, Michigan. Ohio Jour. Sci. 74: 182-184. Gates, F. C. 1950. The disappearing Sleeping Bear dunes. Ecology 31: 386-392. 61 - Gillis, W. T. and K. I. Bakeman. 1963. The disAppearing sleeping bear sand dune. Mich. Botanist 2: 45-54. Gleason, H. A. 1952. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Bot. Carden, N. Y. 3 vols. Grand Mere Association. 1973. Grand Mere: A Very Special Place. Kalamazoo Nature Center, Kalamazoo, Mich. 102 pp., map. Guire, K. E. and E. G. Voss. 1963. Distributions of distinctive shore- line plants of the Great Lakes region. Mich. Botanist 2: 99-114. Hill, E. J. 1893. Sand-dune flora of Lake Michigan. Garden and Forest. 6: 15. Laing, C. C. 1967. The ecology of Ammophila breviligulata. II. Genetic changes as a factor in population decline on stable dunes. Amer. Midl. Nat. 77: 495-500. Lewis, J. D. 1975. Michigan's Industrial Sand Resources. Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources, Geol. Survey Div . Circ. 11. Olson, J. S. 1951. Vegetation--substrate relations in the Lake Michigan sand'dunes. Ph. D. Dissertation (Botany), Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 127 pp. 1958a. Lake Michigan dune development--l. wind-velocity profiles. Jour. Geol. 66: 254-262. 1958b. Lake Michigan dune development--2. plants as agents and tools in geomorphology. Jour. Geol. 66: 473-483. . 1958c. Lake Michigan dune development--3. lake-level, beach and dune oscillations. Jour. Geol. 66: 473-483. . 1958d. Rates of succession and soil changes on southern Lake Michigan dunes. Bot. Gaz. 119: 127-170. 62 - Peters, B. C. 1980. The origin and meaning of the term "marais" as used on the Lake Superior shoreline of Michigan. Mich. Academician 13: 7-16. Pettijohn, F. J. 1931. Petrography of the beach sands of southern Lake Michigan. Jour. Geol. 39: 432-455. Rabe.ler, R. K. 1980. Petrorhagia prolifera, a naturalized species in Michigan. Mich. Botanist 19: 83-88. Reinking, R. L. and G. D. Gephart. 1978. Pattern of revegetation of a shoreline dune area, Allegan County, Michigan. Mich. Academician. 11: 147-155. Schultink, G. 1978. Monitoring and Inventory Procedures for Sand Dune Mining Operations in Michigan: A Sand Mining Surveillance Manual Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Submitted to Mich. Dept. Nat. Res- ources by Remote Sensing Project, Mich. State Univ., E. Lansing, Mich. 94 pp. Scott, I. D. 1942. The dunes of Lake Michigan and correlated problems. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts and Lett. 44th Ann. Rept. 53-61. Stevenson, E. B. 1931. The dunes of the Manistique area.' Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, Lett. 14: 475-485. Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm. 1979. Plants of the Chicago Region (Rdvised and expanded edition with keys). The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill. 922 pp. Tague, G. C. 1947. The post-glacial geology of the Grand Marais embay- ment in Berrien County, Michigan.. Mich. Geol. Survey Div., Publ. 45, Geol. Ser. 38, Pt. 1. 1-82. Thompson, P.-W. 1967. Vegetation and common plants of Sleeping Bear. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bul 1. 52. Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 47 pp. 63 - U. S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1971. Local climatological data, Muskegon, Michigan (in) Climate of Michigan by Stations. National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina in cooperation with Michigan Weather Service. 4 pp. Veatch, J. 0. et al. 1926. Soil survey of Ottawa County, Michigan. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bureau of Soils. pp. 921-955 + map. Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. pt. 1 Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. 55. Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 488 pp. Wagner, W. H., et al. 1977. Endangered, threatened, and rare vascular plants in Michian. Mich. Botanist 16: 99-110. 1979. Report on the Bridgman Dunes forest area: Berrien County, Michigan (unpub.) 23 pp. Waterman, W. G. 1922. Forests and d unes from Point Betsie to Sleeping Bear, Benzie and Leelanau Counties, Michigan. Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Ill. 20 pp. 1927. Ecology of Glen Lake and Sleeping Bear region. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts. and Lett. 6: 351-376. Walp, R. L. 1935. Shrubs of Cheboygan and Emmet Counties, Michigan. Amer. Midl. Nat. 16: 230-247. Wells, J. R. and P. W. Thompson. 1979a. Vegetation analysis, Manley Brothers sand mining site Peters-Manley property, Berrien County, Michigan. (unpubl.) Rept. to Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources. 42 pp. and 1979b. Vegetation analysis of the Martin Marietta Aggregates site Berrien County, Michigan. (unpubl.) Rept. to Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources. 68 pp. and 1980. Vegetation of the Grand Mere Lakes Area. (unpubl.) Rept. to Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources. 75 pp. 64 - and 1981a. Ecological and floristic survey of the Rosy Mound Sand Dunes Tract. (unpubl.) Rept. to Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources. 37 pp. and 1981b. Ecological and floristic survey of the Ferrysburg sand dunes tract. (unpubl.) Rept. to Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources. 33 pp. and 1981c. Ecological and floristic survey of the Gilligan Lake sand dunes tract, Consumer's Power property. (unpubl.) Rept. to Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources. 61 pp. and 1982. Ecological and floristic survey of the Sturgeon Bay sand dunes tract, Emmet County, Michigan (unpubl.) Rept. to Mich. Dept. Nat. Resources. 56 pp. Wheeting, L. C. and A. E. Matthews. 1929. Soil survey of Muskegon County, Michigan. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. No. 22, Series 1924, 25 pp. + map. Corme center LibrarY .'%.Venue Hill 4,1024101