[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]






           A Survey of the Lake Huron and

           Lake Michigan Coastal Zones for

          Great Lakes Endemic Plant Species

I





















                Michigan Natural Features Inventory
                    5th Floor Mason Building
                        P.O. Box 30444
                    Lansing, Mich. 48909-7944

                       January 31, 1997











      A SURVEY OF THE LAKE HURON

  AND LAKE MICHIGAN COASTAL ZONES

FOR GREAT LAKES ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES






                  prepared by





        Michigan Natural Features Inventory
             5th Floor Mason Building
                 P.O. Box 30444
            Lansing, Mich. 48909-7944





               Michael R. Penskar
                Phyllis J. Higman
                 Judith D. Soule
                 Lyn J. Scrimger


                      for


      Michigan Coastal Management Program
    Land and Water Management Division, MDEQ
   Coastal Management Program Grant #96D-0.01

            Submitted January 31, 1997




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~~~~~~~I      ~~Executive Summary

        This report contains the results of a 1996 inventory conducted to complete a comprehensive
inventory of the Lower Michigan coastal zone for rare plants. The inventory was directed primarily at
achieving a more complete statewide database for the federally listed Houghton's goldenrod, Michigan
monkey-flower, dwarf lake iris, and Pitcher's thistle, the Great Lakes endemics whose best or only
populations occur on Michigan's shores. These well known global rarities are often associated with high
quality natural communities such as sand dunes, coastal wetlands, and several types of shoreline forests,
where a number of other rare species -- both plant and animal -- occur as well.
        Impetus for this inventory was due to the discovery of a population of Pitcher's thistle in the
midst of the construction of a large marina-condominium complex at the mouth of the Manistee River in
 1991. Owing to the delays and subsequent controversy that the late discovery of this population caused,
MNFI initiated a systematic survey of similar drowned river mouth sites along the Lake Michigan coast
in 1992. That inventory resulted in the identification of significant new occurrences of endemics and
other rare plants, as well as several new natural community occurrences within a number of critical dune
areas. In addition, numerous previously documented populations, many of which had been tracked with
virtually no habitat and population status data, were significantly updated with current information. As
part of the 1992 survey, a map and aerial photo analysis was conducted for the entire coastal zone of
Lake Michigan within the Lower Peninsula, resulting in the targeting of numerous areas of probable rare
plant habitat for which either no records or very dated records lacking status data were known.
        Based on the compelling urgency to continue to compile a comprehensive statewide natural
features database for Michigan's coastal zone, largely to facilitate environmental review and enhance
conservation planning decisions, we initiated the present study with the following objectives: 1) to
complete the inventory of the Lake Michigan coastal zone (excluding most islands) based on the gap
areas identified via analyses following the 1992 inventory, 2) systematically assess the entire mainland
shore of Lake Huron in the Lower Peninsula and conduct inventories in all targeted gaps and historical
record sites within a single field season, 3) tally exotic plant species within each survey site and classify
and compare their degree of invasiveness in shoreline natural communities, and 4) use the newly
updated MNFI Biological and Conservation Database (BCD) to provide a comprehensive listing of all
nature feature occurrences (i.e. rare plants, rare animals, and exemplary natural communities) within
designated Critical Dune areas of the Lower Peninsula for consultation by regulatory staff in the Coastal
Zone Management (CZM) Program of the Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ).
        Map and aerial photo interpretation of both the Lake Huron and Lake Michigan shorelines in the
Lower Peninsula resulted in the delineation of 44 potential survey sites. In the field some sites were
combined or augmented, and several additional sites were added, resulting in a total of 52 discrete sites
(28 for Lake Huron and 24 Lake Michigan) ultimately surveyed. Surveys were conducted from May
through October 1996, targeting endemic plant species as well as other shoreline rarities and high quality
natural communities.  In addition, the general quality of the sites including type(s) and extent of
disturbance(s) was described, and the presence of exotic species was recorded, with the assignment of an
invasiveness rank to each species identified. More than 114 miles of Lower Michigan shoreline were
covered in field surveys.
        A total of 24 new rare plant occurrences was identified, consisting of 23 occurrences of
threatened plant species and one occurrence of a special concern species.  One potentially new
occurrence (i.e. suspected but not identifiable) of the federal and state endangered Michigan monkey-
flower was found. Two new natural community occurrences were identified, consisting of one
occurrence of Great Lakes marsh and one occurrence of boreal forest. Updated status information was
obtained for 54 occurrences of previously documented plant species. Many of these updates included
significant range extensions to historically documented colonies. The locations of two previously
documented plant occurrences, one of Houghton's goldenrod and one of Pitcher's thistle, were




                  5                                                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Endemic Plants Survey - Page ii



I         ~~~determined to be extirpated.  In addition, one previously identified natural community of cobble beach
          was re-surveyed and significantly extended. Collectively, a total of 66 different exotic species was
          identified, and of these, 23 species were found at least once on both shorelines. Significant invasive
          species included spotted knapweed, yarrow, sweet white clover, Canada bluegrass, smooth brome grass,
                             Patand animal element occurrence (EO) data was extracted from the BCD for a subset
ï¿½      ~      ~of coastal sections in which critical dunes (CD) occur, and was manually checked against the MNHI
           occurrence maps. This process revealed that the database files did not always reflect the entire extent of
           an occurrence and corrections will be necessary to reconcile discrepancies. While completion of the
I      ~      ~~quality checking of the list (to be completed with other funding sources) may reveal a few more EOs or
          extensions of the range of some EOs, a fairly good picture of the significance of coastal habitats for
           natural features was obtained from the current data. Altogether, the list includes 290 EOs in the state's
           CD, which represents about 13% of the total coastal plant and animal EOs in the MNFI database. This is
           approximately proportional to the portion of the coast that is designated as CD (about 12% of coastal
           sections). Since many of the shoreline plants occur in sparse populations scattered over extensive
           habitat, these EOs frequently occur in more than one section. In addition, many sections have E~s of
           several different species. The total number of CD sections with plant or animal E~s is about 220, or
           about 48% of all the CD sections.
                   Specific recommendations resulting from this study are provided under the following categories:

           1) further survey work, 2) land owner contact and education, 3) exotic species control, and 4) research.




                 3                                                                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Endemic Plants Survey - Page ii



         I                                              ~~~~~~~~TABLE OF CONTENTS


          ABTAT..............................................................................











          THE STUDY AREA.3
U            ENDEMICMI PLTAIVNTRN........................................................Y........
             LAKE HURON INVENTORIES                                                                                                 .......................................................3
                Field Survey Preparation                                                                                            ...........................................................3

                Data Analysis, Transcription, and Updating                                                                          ............................................6
             LAKE MICHIGAN INVENTORIES....................................................6
 I                 Field Surveyuvy Praaioe.....................................................................

                Data Analysis, Transcription, and Updating                                                                           ............................................8
             CRITICAL DUNES ELEMENT OCCURRENCE LIST.....................................8


          ENDEMIC PLANTS INVENTORY......................................................1I0
                Grand Summary .................................................................10
I              LAKE HURONURN INTRIS................................................................1
                Survey Site Identification..........................................................13
                Rare Plant Occurrences ...........................................................14
 I                 Exotic PlantlatSece Sp.....................................................................6
             LAKE MICHIGAN INVENTORIES ...................................................19
                Survey Site Identification..........................................................19
 U              ~~~~~~~Rare Plant Natural Community Occurrences ...........................................20
                Exotic Plant Species ..............................................................21
             SITEARE ................SUM....................................................2
                Lake Huron Survey Sites ..........................................................24
                Lake Michigan Survey Sites........................................................46
          CRITICAL DUNES ELEMENT OCCURRENCE LIST.......................................64



          ENDEMIC PLANTS INVENTORY ......................................................67


5           ~~~~~CRITICAL DUNES ELEMENT OCCURRENCE LIST.......................................74








I       ~~~~SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................75


        RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................................................75
             Further Survey work..............................................................76
             Landowner Contact and Education...................................................77



ft       ACKNOWLEGENS..............................................................7......7

        LIEAURIIED................................................................8......0

        APEDCSP...........................................................A..............i-




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          I                                          ~~~~~~~~~LIST OF TABLES

           Table 1. Criteria for assignment of invasiveness ranks for exotic plant species......................5
           Table 2. Coastal zone survey sites listed from north to south by county...........................12
           Table 3. Rare species that have been reported within the Lower Lake Huron coastal zone           .       ........... 13
           Table 4. Rare plant occurrences identified during the 1996 Lake Huron coastal zone survey ..........15
          Table 5. Exotic plant species identified during the Lake Huron coastal zone survey for

           Table 6. Rare plant and natural community occurrences identified during the 1996 Lake
  I                Michigan coastalsalznesrvy................................................................2
           Table 7. Exotic plant species identified during the Lake Michigan coastal zone survey for
                   endemic plants ................................................................22
U      ~      ~~~Table 8. Plant and Animal Element Occurrences in Coastal Sections - Sample Output ...............65


          1                                         ~~~~~~~~~LIST OF FIGURES
           Figure 1. Study area for Lake Huron and Lake Michigan coastal zone survey for endemic plants              .......4
3         ~~~~~Figure 2. Coastal zone survey sites delineated and inventoried for endemic plants ..11............... 


          3                                       ~~~~~~~~LIST OF APPENDICES

           Appendix A. Maps of survey sites for Lake Huron and specific shoreline areas inventoried..........A-i
3         ~~~~~Appendix B. Maps of survey sites for Lake Michigan and specific shoreline areas inventoried........B-1




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page I



                                          Introduction

       In 1992, a systematic botanical survey of 15 drowned river mouth sites along the Lake Michigan
shore of the Lower Peninsula was conducted by Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI) (Penskar
et al. 1993). This wide-ranging inventory targeted endemic plant species, focusing on Pitcher's thistle
(Cirsium pitcheri), Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii), dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris), and
Michigan monkey-flower (Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis), all of which are federal and state

listed species. These species are well known Great Lakes rarities whose best populations, both in size
and number, are found in Michigan. The majority of these populations also occur largely within the
state's coastal zone, usually in association with significant natural communities such as sand dunes,
Great Lakes marshes, interdunal wetlands, and wooded dune-swale complexes, where they often occur

with a number of other rare plants and animals. Rare associates may include such species as the federal
and state endangered piping plover (Charadrius melodus), the state threatened Lake Huron tansy
(Tanacetum huronense), the state threatened and western disjunct, fascicled broom-rape (Orobanche
fasciculata), the tiny, state threatened grape-fern known as dunewort or prairie moonwort (Botrychium
campestre), and the state special concern and endemic Lake Huron locust (Trimerotropis huroniana), to
name only a few. The Great Lakes plant endemics are therefore critically important barometers of the
ecological condition and environmental health of Michigan's more than 3,000 miles of shoreline
landscapes.
       Impetus for the 1992 inventory was primarily due to the discovery of a previously unknown
occurrence of Pitcher's thistle near the mouth of the Manistee River in the City of Manistee, where a
condominium and marina complex was in the initial stages of construction. The discovery caused many
delays while the status and viability of this new plant population was assessed, a monitoring plan was
prepared, and federal and state permits were arranged. Because several other drowned river mouths and
similar channels along the Lake Michigan shoreline are vulnerable to the same, unabating development
scenario, a rare plant inventory of these sites was proposed and ultimately conducted by MNFI.  The
inventory resulted in the discovery of significant new occurrences for endemic and other rare plant
species, as well as the unexpected identification of several new natural community occurrences within
designated critical dune areas and elsewhere. The surveys also provided important data on several
previously documented rare plant populations, including many dated records, for which status

information (e.g. size, extent, condition) had been minimal or virtually nonexistent, thus further
enhancing the state natural features database for environmental reviews and conservation planning
decisions.




                                                                                    Endemic Plants Survey - Page 2



  I               ~~~~~Following field surveys, the 1992 investigation included a complete aerial photo and topographic
          map analysis of the Lake Michigan coastal zone for Lower Michigan, including significant islands,
I         ~~~utilizing recent (1992) coastal aerial photo imagery.  This analysis was conducted to identify the best
          potential rare plant sites for areas not known to be inventoried previously or for which there were no
          recorded rare plant occurrences in apparently suitable habitat. Relatively dated and historical record sites
          requiring status updates were also targeted. The analysis subsequently resulted in the delineation of
3         ~~~nearly 30 specific areas or "gaps" of shoreline, including several Lake Michigan islands, where there was
          strong merit for future field inventories (Penskar et al. 1993).
                  During this same period, the Environmental Review staff of MNFI (J. Soule et al.) were
          continuing efforts to improve consideration of natural features concerns in the Critical Dunes permitting
U         ~~program.  The process was hampered by the lack of a good tool for screening projects for potential
          protected species prior to field visits by CZM staff. With the completion of the 1996 Lower Peninsula
3         ~~~shoreline plant surveys, the database would finally be quite comprehensive for rare plant occurrences in
          Lower Peninsula dune communities. We thus perceived an opportunity to define much more precisely
3         ~~~the zones where construction in dunes habitat would be likely to impact natural features, and also those
          zones where no natural features were of probable concern. Eventually the aforementioned zones could
          be extended to include the entire shoreline, as well as to cover animals and natural communities, as
          surveys are completed.
  *               ~~~~Based on the urgency to compile a comprehensive statewide database for Michigan's endemic
          plant species of the coastal zone, largely to facilitate environmental review and enhance conservation
          planning decisions, we initiated the present study. Our objectives were to: 1) complete the inventory of

          the Lake Michigan coastal zone, excluding most islands, based on the gap areas identified via analyses
          following the 1992 inventory, 2) systematically assess the entire mainland shore of Lake Huron in the

          Lower Peninsula and conduct inventories in all targeted gaps and historical record sites within a single
          field season, 3) tally exotic plant species within each survey site and classify and compare their degree

          of invasiveness in shoreline natural communities, and 4) use the newly updated MNFI Biological and
          Conservation Database (BCD) to provide a comprehensive listing of all nature feature occurrences (i.e.
I         ~~~rare plants, rare animals, and exemplary natural communities) within designated Critical Dune areas of
          the Lower Peninsula for consultation by regulatory staff in the Coastal Zone Management (CZM)
3         ~~Program of the Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ).




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           I                                             ~~~~~~~~~~Methods


         I                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~Endemic Plants Inventory


5         ~~The Study Area
                   The extent of the study areas identified for the Lake Huron and Lake Michigan coastal zones are
3         ~~presented in Figure 1.  For Lake Huron, the study area extended from the Straits of Mackinac to
           approximately the middle of St. Clair County. For Lake Michigan, all of the mainland coast of the Lower
3         ~~~Peninsula was included as the study area, in addition to two significant near-shore islands (Temperance
           and Waugoshance) within Wilderness State Park in Emmet County'.


                                                   Lake Huron Inventories


           Field Survev Prenaration
                   The USGS topographic quadrangles used by MNFI for mapping element occurrence records
           (EOR's) were reviewed for the entire Lake Huron shoreline in the Lower Peninsula. Rare plants
3         ~~~documented in the MNFJ statewide database for the coastal zone were identified as the principal target
           species. Gaps in survey areas, i.e. areas not known to be inventoried previously but comprising
           apparently suitable habitat, were identified. Following this review, 1:24,000 scale color infrared aerial
           photos were then examined systematically, focusing primarily on these gaps. Based upon the known
           habitat and distribution of the target species, and the condition of the shoreline communities as revealed

           by the aerial photos, high priority areas were ultimately identified for survey. In addition, several sites
           were identified where previous surveys were very dated, or where the level of threat to particularly

           significant occurrences was thought to be quite high. Topographic quadrangles were obtained for all
           priority sites and the locations of all rare plant and natural community records shown on the MNHI maps

           were copied onto them. Field packets for each identified survey site were prepared, including the quad,
           matching 1:24,000 scale black and white aerial photos, and, in some cases, occurrence record data, to be
I         ~~~carried into the field during surveys.





            1Nearly 30 sites for future survey were identified following the 1992 drowned river mouth inventory of the Lake
           Michigan coast; these sites included several significant islands. For the 1996 survey, mainland sites were targeted a
          priori, with the exceptions noted, owing to the logistical difficulty of attempting to inventory the majority of the
5         ~~~island sites within the same field season.



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           Figure 1. Study area for Lake Huron and Lake Michigan coastal zone survey for endemic plants.
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Field Surveys
       Field surveys were conducted from June 24 to September 20, 1996 by P. Higman. Although not
all of the sites could be surveyed during the early, middle, and late portions of the field season, an
attempt was made to time the surveys for early blooming species in at least some of the sites, as well as
for later blooming species. Surveys were conducted systematically by traversing and meander-searching
all potential shoreline habitat for the target species at each site that was identified. In several cases,
where access points were limited, a kayak was used to get to the survey site. Every attempt was made to
thoroughly explore each site with the aid of aerial photos, in order to maximize the encounter of
significant microhabitats. However, many of the identified priority sites included a large component of
private lands and inland access was not always possible. In such cases, the shoreline was surveyed from
the waters edge where at least some of the target species and potential habitat could be identified.  In
some cases, it became apparent that appropriate habitat was not likely present, and further survey work
was aborted at that site. All surveyed areas were marked and dated on the field topographic maps.
       At each site, descriptions indicating the natural communities present, their general quality, and
extent of disturbance were made, with an emphasis on artificial disturbance features, such as off-road-
vehicle (ORV) impacts from excessive recreational activities.   Thorough species lists were also
compiled, with notes made of invasive exotic species.  Such exotic species were assigned a numerical
rank from 1 to 3, indicating the extent of invasiveness based on the qualitative criteria shown in Table 1.
In several instances, when species did not clearly fit one of these arbitrary categories, a "range-rank" was
given, such as "1-2" or "2-3".


          Table 1. Criteria for assignment of invasiveness ranks for exotic plant species.


           1       present but relatively scarce and non-invasive
          [ 2   l moderately abundant, fairly widespread in site, and appearing invasive
          3         well established throughout most of site, abundant, and appearing
                    highly invasive, displacing native vegetation


       Careful attempts were made to locate any rare species occurrences that were previously known
from a site, particularly with regard to very dated or historical records, as well as any new occurrences.
When rare plants were encountered, standard MNFI field forms were completed and, where practical,
tallies were recorded for adult and juvenile (non-flowering) plants. Otherwise, estimates of population
size were made.  In addition, the extent and of populations was clearly delineated and identified on
topographic map. An endangered-threatened species permit was issued by the MDNR Wildlife Division,




                                                                         Endemic Plants Survey - Page 6



and where appropriate, voucher specimens for verification and submission to the University of Michigan
Herbarium (MICH) were collected. The location and extent of each rare species occurrence was marked
on the field topographic maps.  Lastly, photos to document representative portions of shorelines
indicating natural community types, selected species of interest, or examples of characteristic exotic
species and disturbance regimes were taken as necessary.


Data Analysis. Transcription. and Updating
       Following field surveys, inventory data (MNFI field forms, field notes, photos, and topographic
map notations) were compiled, reviewed, and summarized.  Any unidentified specimens that had been
collected during the study were keyed, and in several cases confirmation of the identity was requested
from Dr. Anton A. Reznicek, Assistant Curator of the University of Michigan Herbarium in Ann Arbor.
Field forms were finished with additional data from specimens, field notes, and maps. New plant records
were evaluated, given an element occurrence rank2, and then transcribed.  If specimens had been
collected, they were prepared and submitted to the University of Michigan Herbarium. Field notes were
used to update and expand the data for previously known occurrences that were encountered, for both
plant and natural community records.   Data for several potential new  community  occurrences
encountered during the surveys were also compiled and presented to MNFI staff ecologists D. A. Albert
and P. J. Comer for determination and transcription. Following data analysis, all field forms and updated
and transcribed records were submitted for mapping and entry into the MNFI heritage database, from

which the data will eventually be exported to the statewide MIRIS (Michigan Resource Information
System) and CIWPIS (Coastal Inland Water Permit Information System) databases.


                                     Lake Michigan Inventories


Field Survey Preparation
       Field inventories required little preparation, as map and aerial photo interpretation from the 1992
study (Penskar et al. 1993) had previously delineated the specific shoreline gaps for investigation in
future surveys.  Most islands were excluded for this survey, owing to the logistical difficulties of
attempting to inventory these sites within the same field season. Both Waugoshance Island and
Temperance Island, however, based on their relative proximity to the mainland, were selected for field



2 "Element occurrence rank", noted basically as A, B, C, or D, is a natural heritage evaluation of the quality of the
occurrence; an A-ranked occurrence is considered an exemplary, viable population, whereas D-ranked occurrences
are those that are generally small, occur in degraded sites, and have poor viability.




                                                                        Endemic Plants Survey - Page 7



survey, and thus aerial photos were re-examined to determine the best access and survey routes. Staff of
Wilderness State Park were also consulted just prior to the inventory for guidance on accessing these
sites. Topographic quadrangles were obtained where necessary for the identified shoreline areas. These
maps were then annotated with current information from the MNFI database for any previously known
natural feature occurrences, particularly for any natural community occurrences that might benefit and
direct rare plant inventory efforts. Selected 1:24,000 scale aerial photographs were examined and then
compiled for use in field inventories.


Field Surveys
       As in 1992, field work was targeted for late summer to early fall inventories, as there would be
virtually no opportunities for repeat visits to sites, in contrast to the more extensive work required for the
Lake Huron surveys. Because earlier blooming species such as Pitcher's thistle, dwarf lake iris, and
Lake Huron tansy could be easily recognized until early fall, surveys were conducted from August

through late October. This gave us the potential to seek several additional rare plant species, such as
Houghton's goldenrod, northern appressed clubmosses (Lycopodiella spp.), and zigzag bladderwort
(Utricularia subulata), among others, that could be sought in shoreline natural communities (e.g.
interdunal wetlands) and enable definitive identification to be made. It was recognized that certain rare
plant species, such as the prairie dunewort (Botrychium campestre), are visible only until about mid-
June, and could not be sought in several potential sites for this taxon. Field surveys, nonetheless, were
targeted for recognizing the optimal number of Great Lakes endemics and other associated shoreline
rarities.
       Field surveys were not initiated until August 15, and were conducted until October 29, primarily
by M. Penskar, with assistance from P. Higman for selected Emmet County sites.  Because of the
emphasis on late season inventory, Lake Michigan sites were inventoried from north to south, beginning
in Emmet County and ending in Berrien County. Field survey sites were based on the specifically
delineated regions of shoreline from the 1992 investigation (see Appendix B in Penskar et al. 1993),
although in some cases not all of a broadly defined shoreline area could be practically done nor
reasonably accessed, though this was atypical. When it was apparent after cursory reconnaissance or
limited survey that a site, or portions of it, had little merit, the inventory was concluded or abandoned
outright. This enabled more time to be spent elsewhere.  Occasionally, areas beyond those originally
delineated were recognized while in the field, and these were investigated where possible to attempt to
identify additional discoveries. In several instances, access to sites was necessarily gained by asking for
permission from private landowners, none of whom denied entry. These landowners also provided




                                                                                   Endemic Plants Survey - Page 8



I(  ~      guidance on walking the shoreline in areas of multiple small ownerships, such as in subdivisions or other
          similar clusters of residences.
 I~                  ~ ~~Field surveys were conducted essentially as described above for the Lake Huron localities,
          usually employing a meander-search technique to cover as much of a potential habitat as possible to
3I  ~      optimize the encountering of rare plant populations.  When found, a population tally was made if
          numbers of plants were relatively low, with special emphasis given to colonies of Pitcher's thistle. When
31  ~      colonies were large, numbering above a few hundred individuals, population size was estimated. The
          area covered in the field was marked on a topographic map, in addition to the specific localities of rare
3I  ~      plant colonies. MNFI data forms were completed for each survey sites, including at least a site summary
          form for each site, with natural community forms and special plant forms completed as needed. A
5I  ~     species list of all vascular plants observed was completed, including exotic plant species and their
          respective invasiveness rating as applied above, and notes were taken to compile any additional
31  ~      ecological data and descriptions of artificial disturbance features and threats. Finally, a selected series of
          photos were taken to record examples of shorelines areas surveyed and depict some of the rare species

31   ~ documented.


3(I  ~     Data Analysis. Transcriotion. and Uodatina
                  Following the field season, field forms and notes were compiled and organized by survey site.
          Field forms were finished with additional data gleaned from field notes and maps. The MNFI data base
          was again compared with the survey results. This was done to determine if new localities for rare species
          were best represented as extensions of known occurrences or could be distinguished as discrete, new

          populations. New plant records were evaluated, assigned element occurrence ranks, and then transcribed
          for entry into the state BCD. Field notes were used to update and enhance the data for previously known
          occurrences that were encountered, for both plant and natural community records.   Subsequent
          consultation with MNFI staff ecologists D.A. Albert and P.J. Comer resulted in the recognition of new
          natural community occurrences; these were also transcribed and given to ecology staff for assignment of
          occurrence rank. Following data analysis, all field forms and updated and transcribed records were
~I  ~      submitted for mapping and entry into the MNFI heritage database, from where the data will eventually be
          exported to the statewide MIRIS and CIWPIS databases.




                                                                                   Endemic Plants Survey -Page 9



       I                              ~~~~~~~~Critical Dunes Element Occurrence List


                  A list of all plant and animal element occurrences ("EOs") that fall in coastal sections, including
          all designated Critical Dunes (CD), was extracted from the MNFI statewide database, Biological and
          Conservation Database (BCD). From this list, we derived a subset of the CD sections with associated
          EOs for use as a screening tool for CD permitting staff. Natural community occurrences were not
3         ~~~included in this list, because of technical difficulties in translating community boundaries to the database
          product, and because in nearly all cases natural communities occurrences within CD areas also include
3        ~~plant EOs. We expect the MNFI database to be translated to a Geographic Information System (GIS)
          environment in the next 1-3 years, and at that time, the natural community element occurrences can be
5         ~~~added to this product.
                  The list of plant and animal element occurrences within designated CD is stored as a Microsoft
          Excel file that can be sorted by Town, Range, and Section into regions of interest for easy reference

          during project screening. Elements are referenced by scientific name, MNFI EO code number, and a
          letter code (5, M, or G) that indicates the extent of the occurrence. A code of S indicates a very local

          occurrence, whereas M indicates an occurrence extending up to 1.5 miles from the mapped location; G
          indicates an occurrence extending up to 5 miles.

                  To quality test the list we manually checked EOs with an extent label of M or G against
          occurrence maps. This process revealed that the database files did not always reflect the entire extent of

          an occurrence. This grant did not include enough funding to complete the process of correcting these
          discrepancies. We expect to complete this work under other funding within the next 6 months.




                                                                          Endemic Plants Survey - Page 10



                                               Results


                                      Endemic Plants Inventory

Grand Summary
        Analyses of potential rare species habitats and distributions, in conjunction with aerial photo
review of the entire designated coastal zones for both lakes, resulted in the identification of 52 specific
survey sites inventoried in 1996 (Figure 2, Table 2). Overall, it was estimated that approximately 114
lineal miles of shoreline were collectively covered during these inventories3. A total of 24 new rare plant
occurrences was identified, consisting of 23 occurrences of threatened plant species and one occurrence
of a special concern species. One potentially new occurrence (i.e. suspected but not identifiable) of the
federal and state endangered Michigan monkey-flower was found.   Two  new natural community
occurrences were identified, consisting of one occurrence of Great Lakes marsh and one occurrence of
boreal forest (MNFI 1990). Updated status information was obtained for 54 occurrences of previously
documented plant species. Many of these updates included significant range extensions to known or
historically documented colonies. The locations of two previously documented plant occurrences, one of
Houghton's goldenrod and one of Pitcher's thistle, were inventoried sufficiently to determine that
populations at these sites were extirpated. In addition, one previously identified natural community of
cobble beach was re-surveyed and significantly extended.
        Numerous exotic plant species were observed and recorded from both the Lake Huron and Lake
Michigan shorelines. Collectively, a total of 66 different species was identified, and of these, 23 species
were found at least once on both shorelines. For Lake Huron, a total of 38 exotic species was observed,
whereas on Lake Michigan a significantly higher total of 51 species was encountered.
        Although not specifically targeted during inventories, some data were compiled for listed animal
species. Observations of a pair of immature bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, federal and state
threatened) for a possible nesting site and a sighting of a Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus, state special
concern) were made, as well as the apparent identification of an historical site for Lake Huron locust
(Trimerotropis huroniana, state threatened and former federal candidate species), the latter an insect
endemic to the Great Lakes.
        The following sections detail the results for the different shorelines that were inventoried.


3 The collective mileage estimate for the shoreline area covered can be considered a highly conservative one, as it is
drawn from freehand measurements of survey site inventory routes on topographic maps. Moreover, since survey
sites were often assessed by walking out and then back in different areas, and typically included meander-searches to
traverse as much of each site as possible, the actual distance covered, albeit difficult to precisely compute, was easily
more than double the figure provided.



                                                                        Endemic Plants Survey-Page]]
U
I
I
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
           Figure 2. Coastal zone survey sites delineated and inventoried for endemic plants.
I
I




                                                                              Endemic Plants Survey - Page 12



Table 2. Coastal zone survey sites listed from north to south by county.



  County                   Survey Site                  County                    Survey Site
Emmet           1. Waugoshance Island                 Cheboygan        1. Mackinac City to Cadottes Point
               2. Temperance Island                                   2. Mill Creek
               3. M-1 19 to Pike Road                                 3. Nipigon Point to Pries Landing
               4. Good Hart                                           4. Stoney Point
               5. Middle Village South                                5. Cheboygan State Park West
Charlevoix     6. Fisherman's Island S.P.                              6. Cheboygan State Park East

Antrim         7. Banks Township Park                                 7. Cordwood Point
Leelanau        8. Peterson Park North                                 8. High Banks
               9. Peterson Park                      Presque Isle     9. Huron Beach
                10. Gills Pier                                         10. Mast Point
                11. Glen Arbor                                         11. Hammond Bay East
Benzie          12. Herring Lake Embayment                             12. Evergreen Beach
                13. Watervale South                                    13. Hoeft State Park
Manistee        14. Bishop Road                                        14. Black Point
                15. Pierport West                                      15. Bolton Point to Rockport (in part)
                16. Merkey Road                       Alpena           15. Bolton Point to Rockport (in part)
                17. Magoon Creek North                                 16. Rockport South
Muskegon        18. Meinert Park                                       17. North Point
                19. Sadony Bayou                                       18. Partridge Point
Allegan        20. Lake Macatawa South                Alcona           19. Harrisville State Park
               21. Miami Park                        losco            20. OscodaNorth
Van Buren      22. Ruggles Road                                        21. Au Sable Point
               23. Linden Hills South                                 22. Tawas Point
Berrien        24. Mizpah Park                        Huron            23. Sleeper State Park
                                                                      24. Port Crescent State Park
                                                                      25. Port Austin
                                                      Sanilac         26. New London Point
                                                      St. Clair       27. Lake Huron Camp

                                                                      28. Lakport State Park




                                                                         Endemic Plants Survey - Page 13





                                       Lake Huron Inventories

Survey Site Identification
        Review of the MNFI maps revealed that a total of 24 state listed species has been documented

along the Lower Lake Huron shoreline. Seven of these species were noted from the southern Saginaw
Bay region where a high concentration of lakeplain prairie habitat occurs. This region, however, was
recently targeted during a statewide lakeplain prairie survey (Comer et al. 1995), and has been
thoroughly covered during status surveys for high priority plants, such as the federal threatened and state
endangered Eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Case & Case 1990), and through
other statewide community inventories (see Albert et al. 1988 for the results of a Great Lakes marsh
survey).  Given the intensive coverage of this region, southern Saginaw Bay and its associated rare
species were not considered for the current study.
        Among the remaining species considered, those that are known in greatest abundance along the
Lake Huron coastal zone are Great Lakes endemics such as dwarf lake iris, Houghton's goldenrod, and
Pitcher's thistle, as well as Lake Huron tansy, the latter a non-endemic but rare shoreline associate.
Because of their abundance and restricted habitat, these four species were considered high priority target
species for this study.  The four high priority target species and all other potential target species are
shown in Table 3.


Table 3. Rare species that have been reported within the Lower Lake Huron coastal zone.

Adlumiafungosa           climbing fumitory (SC) 4   Drosera anglica             English sundew (SC)
Armoracia aquatica       lake cress (T)            Iris lacustris               dwarf lake iris (T/T)
Calypso bulbosa         calypso orchid T)          Pinguicula vulgaris          butterwort (SC)
Carex nigra             black sedge (E)            Polygonum careyi             Carey's smartweed (T)
Carex richardsonis      Richardson's sedge (SC)    Pterospora andromeda         pine drops (T)
Carex scirpoidea        bulrush sedge (T)          Pycnanthemum verticillatum  whorled mountain mint (SC)
Cirsium pitcheri        Pitcher's thistle (T/LT)   Solidago houghtonii          Houghton's       goldenrod
                                                                              (T/LT)
Crataegus douglasii     black hawthorn (SC)        Tanacetum huronense          Lake Huron tansy (T/T)
Cypripedium arietinum   ram's head orchid (SC)



        Based upon the known habitats and distributions of all species shown, the gap analysis of
previous survey work, and systematic aerial photo review, a total of 28 sites was ultimately delineated for
field surveys (Figure 2). A review of the distributions of the target species revealed that only one of the


4 State status followed by federal status, where appropriate. SC=special concern; T=threatened; E=endangered




                                                                                  Endemic Plants Survey - Page 14



~I  ~     priority species, Pitcher's thistle, was known to occur south of Partridge Point in Alpena County. The
          vast majority of the other noted species were also known mostly from this northern region. Therefore, the
          majority of survey sites identified, 18 of them, were delineated north of Partridge Point. A considerable
          amount of survey work has already been conducted in the northern portion of the Lake Huron coastal
~I  ~     zone.  Thus for the most part, the new survey sites identified here were in areas that tended to be
          contiguous with former survey sites where concentrations of rarities and high quality natural
          communities had been previously found. The potential extensions of known occurrences were therefore
          well anticipated.
                  Several southern survey sites were also identified for inventory.   To our knowledge, no
          systematic rare plant survey has ever been conducted along the entire Lake Huron shoreline, the known
          records resulting either from relatively recent surveys of specific sites, or from herbarium records where
          a collector happened to prepare a voucher specimen. Therefore, the true southern limit for Pitcher's
*(  ~     thistle had not been established and the entire Lake Huron shoreline was considered to constitute
          potential habitat for this species. Several of the southern sites that were identified were chosen because
          of known historical occurrences of Pitcher's thistle. These included Port Austin, Albert E. Sleeper State
          Park, Port Crescent State Park, Au Sable Point, and Oscoda North (Table 2). Several additional southern
*1  ~     sites were chosen for survey because aerial photo review revealed at least some dune habitat with the
          potential, however slim, to harbor the thistle. These sites included Lakeport State Park, Lake Huron
          Camp, New London Pt., Tawas Pt., and Harrisville State Park. Although Cirsium pitcheri was the prime
          target in these southern sites, complete species lists were compiled, such that should any other rarity
          occur there it would also be uncovered. In addition, Harrisville State Park was the site of a previously
          documented occurrence of black sedge (Carex nigra), an unusual, state endangered boreal disjunct, and
          this species was also specifically targeted there for a status inventory. Maps of all specific survey sites,
          indicating the extent of field coverage, are provided in Appendix A. Accompanying detailed descriptions
          of each survey site are also provided in the site summary section. From the topographic maps, it was
          calculated that a minimum of 67 miles of lineal shoreline was inventoried.


*1  ~     Rare plant occurrences
                  A total of 52 rare plant occurrences representing eight species was located during the Lake
          Huron coastal zone surveys (Table 4).  Twelve of these were new occurrences, including three of
          Pitcher's thistle, one of ram's head orchid, four of Lake Huron tansy, and four of dwarf lake iris. Twenty-
          five significant extensions of known occurrences, including ten of Pitcher's thistle, six of Lake Huron
          tansy, three of dwarf lake iris, five of Houghton's goldenrod, and one of beauty sedge, were documented.




                                                                         Endemic Plants Survey - Page 15



Three known occurrences of dwarf lake iris, one each of black sedge and butterwort, and two each of
Pitcher's thistle, Lake Huron tansy, and Houghton's goldenrod were relocated but showed little significant
change in status from earlier observations.  Two occurrences of Pitcher's thistle, one in Huron County
and another in Iosco County, showed a significant decline from their previous status, while one
occurrence of this species in losco County was determined to be extirpated.  One occurrence of
Houghton's goldenrod in Cheboygan County was also been determined to be extirpated. Table 4
summarizes the rare plant occurrences found at each survey site.


Table 4. Rare plant occurrences identified during the 1996 MNFI Lake Huron coastal zone survey.

 $Site Nme                          Ruowntllv20vlt22200  El0 jj~X f  06t:0  ement  Occurrences    ew   Eleen  ences
                                    Relocated and Updatedf             Documented
 1. Mackinac City to Cadottes      Iris lacustris (#.052)6
    Point                           Solidago  houghtonii  (#.057)
                                    [extirpated]
 2. Mill Creek                      None
 3. Nipigon Point to Pries          Cirsium pitcheri (#. 120)
    Landing                         Iris lacustris (#.011)
                                    Solidago houghtonii (#.050)
                                    Solidago houghtonii (#.024)
 4. Stoney Point                    Iris lacustris (#.011)
                                    Solidago houghtonii (#.036)
                                    Tanacetum huronense (#.027)
 5. Cheboygan State Park West       Solidago houghtonii (#.022)
                                    Tanacetum huronense (#.016)
 6. Cheboygan State Park East       Cirsium pitcheri (#. 106)          Tanacetum huronense
                                    Iris lacustris (#.024, .033)
                                    Solidago houghtonii (#.003)
 7. Cordwood Point                  Cirsium pitcheri (#.024)
                                    Tanacetum huronense (#.015)
 8. High Banks                                                         Cirsium pitcheri
                                                                        Tanacetum huronense
                                                                        Tanacetum huronense
 9. Huron Beach                     Cirsium pitcheri (#.071)
                                    Tanacetum huronense (#.089)
 10. Mast Point                     Cirsium pitcheri (#.080)           Tanacetum huronense
                                    Potamogeton hillii (#.009)
                                    Solidago houghtonii (#.006, .025)
                                    Tanacetum huronense (#.024)
 11. Hammond Bay East               Cirsium pitcheri (#.081)

 5 Because of the large coastline areas surveyed along Lake Michigan, multiple occurrences of some elements within
the same survey site are identified in the table. Distinct occurrences are those that are sufficiently distant from one
 another such that they can be considered two different populations.
6 Element occurrence number assigned by MNFI.




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 16



I  Site  iame   0I~u~wu E;o   i  X     ; lw ementOu           rcs Nrew   Eleuent  Occurrences
                                  Relocated and Updated5              Dometed
11. Hammond Bay East (cont'd)    Solidago houghtonii (#.005)
                                   Tanacetum huronense (#.047)
12. Evergreen Beach                Cirsium pitcheri (#.078, .082)
                                  Pinguicula vulgaris (#.010)
                                  Solidago houghtonii (#.029)
                                  Tanacetum huronense (#.067 &
                                   .068)
13. Hoeft State Park               Cirsium pitcheri (#.083)            Iris lacustris
                                   Tanacetum huronense (#.046)
14. Black Point                    Carex concinna (#.019)
                                   Cirsium pitcheri (#.087)
                                  Iris lacustris (#.003)
                                  Cobble beach (#.006)
15. Bolton Point to Rockport (in  Cirsium pitcheri (#.141)             Cirsium pitcheri
    part)                                                             Cirsium pitcheri
                                  Iris lacustris (#.017)              Iris lacustris
16. Rockport South                                                     Iris lacustris
17. North Point                    Cirsium pitcheri (#095)             Cypripedium arietinum
                                                                      Iris lacustris
18. Partridge Point                None
19. Harrisville State Park         Carex nigra (#.002)
20. Oscoda North                   Cirsium pitcheri (#036)
                                                       [extirpated]
21. Au Sable Point                 Cirsium pitcheri (#.035)
22. Tawas Point                    None
23. Sleeper State Park             None
24. Port Crescent State Park       Cirsium pitcheri (#.089)
25. Port Austin                    None
26. New London Point               None
27. Lake Huron Camp                None
28. Lakeport State Park            None


Exotic plant species
       Numerous exotic species were encountered during the survey and the general amount of each
that was present at each site was noted and rated according to our arbitrary "invasiveness" rank. These
species are compiled in Table 5. A total of 38 exotic species was identified during shoreline surveys.
Many common exotic species, such as wild carrot (Daucus carota) and timothy (Phleum pratense), were
recorded from widely scattered sites, where they were rarely rated as invasive. Several other common
species, however, were particularly notable, occurring in high numbers at a large number of survey sites.
These included such plants as yarrow (Achillea millefolium), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa),










                               Table 5. Exotic plant species identified during the Lake Huron coastal zone survey for endemic plants.





                                                                          0)  

                                                                                00                                                                      0
                                                                        0                                                                              a. 1
                                                                        0    K 00
                                                                                              a~~~~~~~~~~a. ~ ~ ~ ~     ~      ~      ~     C .C  0  .      N  N
                                 Achillea millefollum   yarrow  2   3   3  3    1    2-3 1-3 2-3 2 1-2 1-3      1 1-2 1-2 1-3              2       1 3 2  ~
               Agropyron~ ~ ~ ~ ~                                          00en q              uack              g    r    s     0  -     
                   Agrostis ~~~~                        ~        ~-  giane rdop 1_,_                                         -                                 -2 2
                   Arcti u m ~   ~       ~      ~      ~     ~      ~      0      miu c               omo burdo~             ck0.    ~~               
               Barbarea~~ ~ ~ ~ ~                                                                                 -0gai    yelo oce




               Cichorium intybus                         chicory 2 1  1C0~ ~~~wzC                                    i       .10<~    I   .a                    .

AChilla   leoium yularro                        e                                   2-bull-thsl 2-3      -2  -3     -2-2 -3                      

DAgropyron quepen-   nes l___qace rs                                  1         1-3222

Earcaugmnus                        commot atunnburockv1
Barbarts eaulgabrise               yellbowrocket 
Beteroa ancananhoarytallyfscue                           2  2                                                                                             3 2
Brpomu lascoiznermis  l b      aby's broe           a     t    h    2                                -32 _
Centacume mcuasaspiotted king-deedvi33l 1                                      12 2 1-13 2 1 -  1-1-  1-23   1-3                  3      32  3 1             32
chry sanheu  lecnhemm              on-eysuke das        2  311-3 1                                                  -2                                    3                  o
Cichorium ntbus           whitestclovry2                 2        2     112  1                                     1                              13    12221

Chirsum prulgare                   bulthimothy      I       2       1           2         1        ______
Coronala majra                     crommn platain                                                                                                         2
         D~~~~~~~~~auns adroa    b l   ueen-annes 3lace              1 31                   1332 13 21         ~

Fetua arundnaca                   tal fecu                  2.23                                                                                                  22
GPsohu asoroerella       bulaby self-ealth1 










                          Table 5. Exotic plant species identified during the Lake Huron coastal zone survey for endemic plants.





                                                             0)~~0  n
                                                              W"C
                                                    0                           Sia.
                                                       0    I'd wa                                                  0 C
                                                               0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S a
                                                         o~~~~~~0  M
                                                                 0 ~   ~      ~      ~                            - ro
                                                               ~~M-       -C ~b                                        CAN zS0MCqN     Cj 0W
            Rh a m      n       ~      ~      ~             ouso            0rngl        g    lss buc kthon .W                &     o        2
             Rosa~~~- :ulifor mutflr                                r            ose                        2                        5
            Rumex crispus   c   u      r      l     y      z   >  do, o         m .~         ck       ~ o. o~.. 
                          Saponaria officinali  b~~ounin be    2                                                               3      a21              8. 222  



Rhamnus  ragul                  glows bcthisten                                                  1                                                     2
Rosaceu mulgarlorare mutifoanrsy

Sedxaum  ofiialcremmons stondelion                                           1               1      12                         1                     3



Tragopogan sp.                  goat's beard             1                                                        2                  1  2
Trifollum spp.                  clover               2  1                             1         1                     3
Verbascus thapsus               mullein              1  1                                                  1  1-21











                                                                                                                                                         CIO


                                                                                                                                                         003




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 19



and Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), which comprised the most widespread and invasive taxa.  Of
somewhat lesser frequency with regard to the number of survey sites but found to be relatively invasive
were such species as redtop (Agrostis gigantea), smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis), ox-eye daisy
(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), white sweet clover (Melilotus alba), and bouncing bet (Saponaria
officinalis).
       In terms of a breakdown by life-form, the vast majority of the exotics consisted of forbs and
herbs, as only four woody plant species were recorded.  However, all of the woody plant taxa found,
which included autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.), glossy buckthorn
(Rhamnusfrangula), and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), are well-known, notoriously invasive species.
Nearly one-half of the total species recorded consisted of grasses and composites (18 species), with the
remainder  consisting  primarily  of  mustards  (Cruciferae),  pinks  (Caryophyllaceae),  and  mints
(Lamiaceae). Interestingly, a non-native orchid species, European helleborine (Epipactus helleborine)
was noted in two widely scattered sites, indicative of its rapid spread in the state in recent years,
especially along coastal areas, although this species is not currently thought of as problematical nor
invasive.


                                    Lake Michigan Inventories


Survev Site Identification
       For the Lake Michigan coastal zone in Lower Michigan, numerous potential survey sites had
been identified following the 1992 inventory of drowned river mouth areas (Penskar et al. 1993). These
sites were well scattered along the Lower Peninsula coast, ranging from Wilderness State Park in Emmet
County to Berrien County in southwestern Lower Michigan. In addition, a number of sites had been
delineated following the analysis of significant island groups, including portions of Beaver Island,
Garden Island, High Island, Gull Island, and Hog Island. Because of the difficulty in accessing the
majority of the islands, these were excluded a priori from this inventory, with the exception of
Waugoshance and Temperance islands, which occur in close proximity to Wilderness Point in
Wilderness State Park. Of the numerous areas delineated on maps B1-B16 in the 1993 CZM report (i.e.
representing the 16 general survey regions of shoreline targeted for this inventory, including all of the
mainland areas and the two above islands), a total of 24 discrete survey sites was ultimately identified
and inventoried (Figure 2, Table 2). Some of the broad shoreline areas identified in 1993 were later
determined to comprise, for practical purposes, two or more distinct survey sites. In addition, other sites
not previously detected were found fortuitously during field surveys, typically while conducting




                                                                         Endemic Plants Survey - Page 20



reconnaissance to determine how to best access a targeted site. Maps of all specific survey sites,
indicating the extent of field coverage, are provided in Appendix B. Accompanying detailed descriptions
of each survey site are also provided in the site summary section. From the topographic maps, it was
calculated that a minimum of 47 miles of lineal shoreline was inventoried.


Rare Plant and Natural Community Occurrences
       For the 24 sites inventoried along the Lake Michigan coastal zone, a total of 20 rare plant
occurrences representing four species was documented, summarized in Table 6. Twelve of these were
new occurrences, consisting of eight of Pitcher's thistle, two of Lake Huron tansy, one of Houghton's
goldenrod, and one of fascicled broom-rape. In Leelanau County, a site was discovered that potentially
represents a new occurrence for Michigan monkey-flower, based on suspected but unidentifiable sterile
plants occurring in suitable habitat for this species. In addition to the several new rare plant occurrences,
two significant natural community occurrences were identified, consisting of an exemplary occurrence of
boreal forest on Waugoshance Island and a similarly high quality occurrence of Great Lakes marsh on
both Waugoshance and Temperance islands. Temperance Island was particularly noteworthy, as it was
also found to support two of the aforementioned rare plant occurrences, including one of Pitcher's thistle
and the only new population of Houghton's goldenrod discovered during the Lake Michigan inventory.
        Of the eight previously known occurrences relocated during surveys, significant new status
information was obtained for three occurrences of Lake Huron tansy and three of Pitcher's thistle;
inventories of these populations also resulted in significant extensions of their localities as well. Of the
two remaining relocated occurrences, a site for Pitcher's thistle in Muskegon County indicated a possible
significant decline, and the periphery of a known occurrence in Van Buren County was unsuccessfully
searched to determine if the population extended further in apparently suitable habitat.


Table 6. Element occurrences identified during the 1996 MNFI Lake Michigan coastal zone survey.


           Site Name                  Kn'5own Element Occurrences          New           E        n
                                         Rel cated and Updated7                   ocumented
1.  Waugoshance Island                                                     Boreal Forest
                                                                          Great Lakes marsh
2.  Temperance Island                                                      Cirsium pitcheri
                                                                          Solidago houghtonii
                                                                          Great Lakes marsh

7 Because of the large coastline areas surveyed along Lake Michigan, multiple occurrences of some elements are
identified in the table. Distinct occurrences are those that are sufficiently distant from one another such that they can
be considered two different populations.




                                                                                Endemic Plants Survey - Page 21



I~ S0i te1 NameSS  lWUwn Eeent  curences.    Ne                                          emt OcurrnCes
                        t0;;0t4  0Relocate an  Uda;;ted1aO              Oa               Documente d 
          3.  M-119 to Pike Road                                                 Cirsium pitcheri
                                                                                 Tanacetum huronense
          4.  Good Hart                     Tanacetum huronense (#.063)
          5.  Middle Village South          Tanacetum huronense (#.063)          Cirsium pitcheri
          6.  Fisherman's Island State Park  Cirsium pitcheri (#.093)            Tanacetum huronense
          7.  Banks Township Park           Tanacetum huronense (#.059)          Cirsium pitcheri
          8.  Peterson Park North                                                Cirsium pitcheri
          9.  Peterson Park
          10. Gills Pier                    Cirsium pitcheri (#.041)             Mimulus glabratus var.
                                                                                 michiganensis (potential
                                                                                 new site)
          11. Glen Arbor                                                         Cirsium pitcheri
          12. Herring Lake Embayment        Cirsium pitcheri (#.051)
          13. Watervale South                                                    Cirsium pitcheri
          14. Bishop Road
          15. Pierport West                                                      Orobanchefasciculata
          16. Merkey Road
          17. Magoon Creek Natural Area                                          Cirsium pitcheri
          18. Meinert Park                  Cirsium pitcheri (#.026)
          19. Sadony Bayou
          20. Lake Macatawa South
          21. Miami Park
          22. Ruggles Road
          23. Linden Hills South            Cirsium pitcheri (#.109)
          24. Mizpah Park


          Exotic Plant Species
                  A large number of exotic plant species were identified during Lake Michigan shoreline surveys,
          with a total of 51 observed. These species are compiled and presented in Table 6. A significant number
          of these species, approximately 50% of the list, were observed at four or fewer sites, where they were
          rarely considered invasive. These species included such common and widespread plants as yellow rocket
          (Barbarea vulgaris), ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare),
          winged pigweed (Cycloloma atriplicifolium), orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum), motherwort
          (Leonurus cardiaca), black medick (Medicago lupulina), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and mullein
          (Verbascum thapsus). The most notable and widespread invasive species recorded were smooth brome
          grass (Bromus inermis), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata),
          white sweet clover (Melilotus alba), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), Lombardy poplar (Populus
          nigra var. italica), bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), and bladder campion (Silene vulgaris).










                       Table 7. Exotic plant species identified during the Lake Michigan coastal zone survey for endemic plants.


                                                       70 ~  ~    ~    U4
                                                                                      0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                                                                                 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- C a E 
                                                   tM          O m                          CD                                   0
                                                          - Q~~~~~~~~~D                    0                       Z   'FD

                                                                                    it~~~~~~~~~ M




Achillea millefolium            yarrow1 1 1 1                               1 1         11 1                             11
Agropyron repens                 quack grass                    1   1-2     1-2                                          1       2
Agrostis gigantea                redtop                1                    1           1-2        __        1_1
Barbarea vulgaris               yelIlow rocket             1
Brassica sp.                    mustard                                                                          1 1
Bromus inermus         _smooth brome                            1-2 1   1   1-2    11   I                            2
Centaurea maculosa              spotted knapweed       2       1  2         1-2 1-2 1-2 2-3 1-2 3   1-2 1        12-3 3   1  -2
Chrysanthemum leucanthemu m   ox-eye daisy                 1
Cirsium palustre                marsh-thistle              1   1
Cirsium vulgare                 bull thistle               11
Cycloloma atriplicifolium-      winged pigweed1 1
Daucus carota                   wild carrot                I                        1   1   1                1       1-21     1 
Elaea gnus umbellata            autumn olive                                            13~1
Elymus arenarius                Lyme grass 
Epipactus helleborine           helleborine       
Euphorbia cyparissius           Cypress spurge                                  2-3
Gypsophila paniculata           baby's-breath                                                            1
Hibiscus palustris              swamp rose-mallow1
Hieracium aurantiacum           orange hawkweed1
Hieracium caespitosum           hawkweed I
Hypericum perforatum            St. John's-wort        1 I                  1 
Leonurus cardiaca               motherwort       I         11
Linaria vulgaris                butter-and-eggs        11
Lythrum salicaria               purple loosestrife
Malus pumila                    common apple11









                         Table 7. Exotic plant species identified during the Lake Michigan coastal zone survey for endemic plants.








                                                                        2~~~~~~~-                                        0 
                                                           M M   to            Z, oTmyM




Medicago /upulina               black-medick1
AMedicago sativa                alfalfa1
Me/flotus a/ba                  white sweet clover    I                     1       1   2   1                    1   ~1  3   1 1-2
Nepeta cataria                  catnip                      1                                                              -
Pastinaca sativa        -       wild-parsnip-,__            1-2
Ph/eum pratense                 timothy11
Pinus sy/vestris                Scotch pine                                                                                                       2
Poa compressa                   Canada bluegrass       1  2-3 1   1         1   1   1   2   2   _    _1  2 121-2                          1            _
Polygonum cuspidatum            Japanese knotweed1
Polygonum persicaria             lady's thumb     I         11
Popu/us a/ba                    white poplar                                                                 1
Populus nigra var. italica      Lombardy popular                                3               2  -1                    1 -1-2               1  2
Potenti/la fruticosa            shrubby cinquefoil__
Prune/Ia vu/garis               heal-all         I                          1
Robinia pseudoacacia             black locust                       2                                                V1                       2
Rumex crispus                   curly dock                                                                       I
Saflx purpurea                  basket willow                       2       2
Sa/ix Sp.                       willow                              11
Saponaria officina/is           bouncing bet                                    1   1       1   1                1       2  1   3   1  2   2  l
Silene vu/garis                  bladder campion           1 1   1    1       1  1 1   1-2 1             1   1  ~2                1
So/anum dulcamara               bittersweet nightshade     EC-                                                                
Taraxacum officinale            dandelion1                      1 1
Tragopogon sp.                  oyster plant                                                                           _____
Verbascum thapsus               mullein                1    111V
Veronica officina/is            co-mmon-speedwell          1
Viburnum opu/us                 highbush cranberry                                              11




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 24



       Two species of particular note, although they were each recorded from only one site, were baby's
breath (Gypsophila paniculata) and Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias). These exotics, especially
baby's breath, have the potential to spread very rapidly in coastal dune systems.  Similarly, a single
occurrence of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) along a marshy shore near Fisherman's Island State
Park in Charlevoix County was duly noted (after which the only observed clump was pulled out).
       With regard to life-form, approximately 20% of the list was comprised of woody plants, with
nearly equal numbers of trees and shrubs. These included many well-known invasive species, such as
Lombardy poplar, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), white poplar (Populus alba), Scotch pine (Pinus
sylvestris), and basket willow (Salix purpurea).  Of the herbs and forbs, which dominated the list, a
significant portion (25%) was comprised of grasses and composites (13 species), with the remainder
representing of a wide variety of plant families, especially legumes (Fabaceae), pinks (Caryophyllaceae),
mints (Lamiaceae), parsleys (Apiaceae), nightshades (Solanaceae), snapdragons (Scrophulariaceae), and
smartweeds (Polygonaceae).


                                         Site Summaries


       As established in the format of several previous MNFI reports regarding inventories with the
Michigan coastal zone, we provide here a similarly detailed summary description of the specific sites
covered. Our intention for this section is to provide a summary of each site in a commentary format that
can be used for meaningful consultation and reference in the future. Because sites are very likely to be
considered in a stand-alone sense, we have followed our previous format protocol of repeatedly giving
the scientific names for all the species referenced in each summary.


Lake Huron Survev Sites


1. Mackinac to Cadottes Point (Cheboygan Co.):  Several old records for shoreline endemics and
Lake Huron tansy were noted in the vicinity of Mackinac City east and south to Cadottes Point. Since
this area has experienced and continues to experience considerable development pressure, it was deemed
important to confirm the presence of these occurrences in order to revitalize protection measures should
they still persist there. The shoreline was walked from the bridge approximately 0.4 miles east and from
the southern edge of Edgewater Beach to Cadottes Point. The public shoreline park near the bridge is
highly disturbed as evidenced by the manicured lawn projecting to the edge of a narrow sand beach
dominated by weedy species such as spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), bouncing bet (Saponaria




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officinalis), white sweet clover (Melilotis alba), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa) and many others.
Some remnants of the native vegetation can be found here and there in small patches including such

species as marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), silverweed (Potentilla
anserina), and rush (Juncus balticus).
       The sand beach eventually gives way to large rocky boulders fronting private residences. From
here south to Edgewater Beach the shoreline is mostly private property, primarily residences, motels,
hotels, and boat docks. It was apparent that extensive modification of the shoreline here precluded the
presence of any of the endemics or other rare species and thus this portion was not surveyed. Much of
the shoreline south of here is typified by marly swales and moist sands dominated by species such as
rushes (Juncus balticus, J. nodosus), Kalm's lobelia (Lobelia kalmii), silverweed (Potentilla anserina),
(Mentha arvensis), and purple gerardia (Agalinis purpurea), or in some areas, extensive emergent
marshes.   Further inland are shoreline boreal forests typical of the northern Great Lakes region,
dominated by Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), white spruce (Picea glauca), and paper birch
(Betula papyifera). Scattered along the edge of the woods, in openings and in some areas extending
under the canopy, a previously documented Iris lacustris population still persists, albeit highly
fragmented. Although difficult to quantify, this fragmented population has undoubtedly experienced
further reduction since last observations.  This was the only rare plant occurrence documented at this
survey site. It is recommended that landowner contact activities be pursued actively in this region.


2. Mill Creek (Cheboygan Co.): Access to this portion of the shoreline was gained at Mill Creek
Historic Site and surveys were conducted from the north boundary of the Historic Site to approximately
0.5 miles south of the town of Freedom. Much of the relatively narrow and rocky/gravely shoreline in
these region is comprised of shallow depressions characterized by widely scattered vegetation such as
bulrushes (Scirpus acutus, S. americanus), silverweed (Potentilla anserina), rush (Juncus balticus),
sedge (Carex viridula), water-horehound (Lycopus americanus), Kalm's lobelia (Lobelia kalmii), and

grass-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia). Dryer zones typically border the residential lots which
are heavily disturbed with a marked invasion of weedy species such as white sweet clover (Melilotis
alba), ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum),  bladder campion  (Silene vulgaris), chicory
(Cichorium intybus), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) which far outnumber native species. Several
fast flowing streamlets flow into Lake Huron along this stretch with typical emergent species lining their
shores such as rice grass (Glyceria striata), marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris), rushes (Juncus spp.),
swamp  buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus),  wild mint (Mentha arvensis),  sensitive fern (Onoclea
sensibilis), and ostrich fern (Matteucia struthiopteris). Spot checks were taken further down the




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shoreline by Grand View and just north of Point Nipigon with similar results. South of Grand View, the
shoreline develops a steep bluff with rising from the still very narrow strip of rocky shoreline. This is
about the only undeveloped stretch of shoreline in the survey site, however, it has already been platted
and lots are advertised for sale. No shoreline endemics or other rare species were found throughout this
entire survey site.


3. Nipigon Point to Pries Landing (Cheboygan Co.):  Access to the shoreline was gained at Pries
Landing through private property at the site of a previously documented Houghton's goldenrod
occurrence.  The shoreline was surveyed from this point northward to Nipigon Point. The Houghton's
population flourishes at Pries Landing on a flat, moist, sand beach with co-dominants silverweed
(Potentilla anserina), bulrush (Scirpus americanus), and rush (Juncus balticus). Several weedy species
are also common including yarrow ( Achillea millefolium), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), and
white sweet clover (Melilotis alba). Not noted in the original occurrence, Houghton's goldenrod is also
found less than 0.25 miles north in a disturbed, rocky field behind which is a house under construction.
Here, it grows with Ohio goldenrod (Solidago ohioensis) forming a dense golden stand. Northward, the
shoreline remains somewhat rocky with scattered emergent wetlands at the water's edge and several
inland fens typified by sweet gale (Myrica gale), shrubby cinquefoil (Potentillafruticosa), sedges (Carex
flava C. lasiocarpa), spike-rush (Eleocharis rostellata), pitcher-plant (Sarracenia purpurea), and twig-
rush (Cladium mariscoides). Dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) was found scattered at the edges of the fens
and the surrounding Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) dominated woods. Cottages are found
throughout.
        The coastal zone maintains its rocky sand character all the way to Nipigon Point where it widens
into a significant dune complex with a sand beach backed by a low foredune, and then onto flats with
sparse conifer cover. Near the point itself the beach becomes a series of cobble and sand ridges, finally
narrowing to the end of the point where it is dominated by large boulders with little vegetation. The dune
complex appears to be relatively high quality habitat dominated by native dune vegetation including
creeping and common juniper (Juniperus horizontalis, J. communis), wormwood (Artemisia campestris),
marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), and white camus (Zigadenus glauca).  A small population
(<100 individual stems) of Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii) occurs on a sandy bluff south of
the point on a residential lot and a single flowering plant and one rosette of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium
pitcheri) were found growing on the foredune just slightly north of this. Only small numbers of exotic
species were apparent from the shoreline including, most notably, populations of bouncing bet
(Saponaria officinalis) and bladder campion (Silene vulgaris). We were unable to locate the owners to




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obtain permission to explore this complex further during this study, however, it is quite possible that
additional numbers of at least some of the shoreline endemics may be found. There appears to be
development pressures leading toward increased use and fragmentation of the dunes at Nipigon Point.
Landowner contact encouraging thoughtful planning and conservation easements is advised.


4. Stoney Point (Cheboygan Co.): Access to Stoney Point was gained at Turner Park on the north side
of Cheboygan River via kayak. Emergent marsh dominates the shoreline just east of the mouth of the
river and appropriate habitat for the target species was lacking. Further east towards Stoney Point it
becomes rocky and sandy and numerous stops were made such that the entire survey site from this point
westward was traversed on foot. In many places the shoreline has been heavily disturbed by private
beach use by the local residents, and numerous weedy species such as spotted knapweed (Centaurea
maculosa), white sweet clover (Melilotis alba), and bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculata) are common.
       The Point itself extends out into the lake forming a rocky and sandy spit dominated by 3-4"

diameter trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and willow (Salix spp..) shrubs in conjunction with wet
sand-beach herbs such as silverweed (Potentilla anserina), rush (Juncus balticus), Kalm's lobelia
(Lobelia kalmii), goldenrod (Solidago altissima), and Eastern lined aster (Aster lanceolatus). Along the
west side of the point the shoreline is rocky with emergent wetlands that grade into a long shoreline
swale occupied by Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii). This shoreline depression widens
westward to approximately 30 ft with a likewise increase in Houghton's goldenrod. Just inland from the
swale is a sandy foredune ridge with a small population of Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense).
Other species on the ridge include willow (Salix spp.), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), rush

(Juncus balticus), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), and marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata).
Further inland, dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) is found in the Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis)
and birch (Betula papyrifera) dominated woods. These rare plant populations are restricted to a small
region around the Point with the exception of Houghton's goldenrod which was found growing
considerably inland in wetland depressions bordering Stoney Point Rd.
       Further west past Stoney Point Bay, the shoreline broadens to a foredune ridge and flat extending
inland to large, widely spaced residences.  The shoreline communities here, in contrast to those
encountered earlier, remain relatively natural, dominated by such species as marram grass (Ammophila
breviligulata), beach grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), and wormwood (Artemisia campestris).  Several
properties do not appear to have been used for several years and moderately-sized populations of both
Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense) and dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) were encountered.




                                                                     Endemic Plants Survey - Page 28



5. Cheboygan State Park West (Cheboygan Co.): The west edge of Cheboygan State Park along the
shoreline is composed of a sandy beach and foredune behind which lies a wide interdunal wetland with
approximately 6" of standing water during the time of survey.  The inland edge of the wetland was
bordered with such species such as larch (Larix laricina), Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis),
white spruce (Picea glauca), buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), and sweet gale (Myrica gale), while
twig-rush (Cladium mariscoides), bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), sedge (Carex stricta),
bulrush (Scirpus americanus), and Kalm's St. John's-wort (Hypericum kalmianum) predominated in the
wetland. Towards the lakeside edge, as the wetland grades into the foredune, grass leaved goldenrod
(Euthamia graminifolia), Kalm's lobelia (Lobelia kalmii), water-horehound (Lycopus spp.), little
bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), and silverweed (Potentilla anserina), were dominant. A large
population of Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii) numbering in the hundreds was found in this
zone. This population is a continuation of a larger population extending east along the shoreline
interdunal wetlands well into Cheboygan State Park.  The interdunal wetland gradually tapers off
westward towards private property where the shoreline consists of a relatively narrow strip of wet sand

beach, which in most places appears to be heavily used by residents. A single population of Lake Huron
tansy (Tanacetum huronense) consisting of 3 flowering stems and 2 sterile rosettes was observed just
west of the park boundary. As the shoreline arches northwestward, emergent marsh becomes the
dominant community. The interdunal wetland itself was free of exotics for the most part with the
exception of a small amount of redtop (Agrostis gigantea). The sand beach, however especially along
the private property zone, has experienced a considerable invasion of Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa)
and  smaller amounts of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) and white sweet clover (Melilotis

alba).


6. Cheboygan State Park East (Cheboygan Co.): The shoreline near the east border of Cheboygan
State Park consists of a narrow zone of bare sand beach grading to a vegetated foredune zone backed up
against a cedar and pine forest or, in many places, interdunal wetlands and then forest. The foredune was
dominated by beach grass (Ammophila breviligulata), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), Canada wild-
rye (Elymus canadensis), evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) and scattered clumps of Lake Huron
tansy (Tanacetum huronense). In addition, 84 Pitcher's thistle plants were counted in this region,
forming an extension of a previously documented population found in the dunes to the west. The sand
beach zone narrows southeastward toward Grass Bay finally giving way to wet sand with scattered,
shallow interdunal flats. These depressions are dominated by bulrush (Scirpus americanus), with other
common associates such as bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), sedge (Carex lasiocarpa),




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 29



buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), bladderworts (Utricularia cornuta, U. intermedia), pitcher-plant
(Sarracenia purpurea), and grass-of-Parnassus (Parnassia glauca). Towards Grass Bay, black spruce
(Picea mariana) becomes a dominant species in the inland forest which now forms an extensive dune and
swale complex, ultimately forming a steep bluff to U.S. 23. Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii)
is common along the edges of the depressions in an almost continuous band from well within Cheboygan
State Park all the way to Grass Bay. Likewise dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) is found in abundance along
this entire stretch at the interface with the forested zone.


7.  Cordwood Point (Cheboygan Co.):  From High Banks Drive to the tip of Cordwood Point the
shoreline consists of only a narrow strip of wet sand beach backed by a steep wooded rocky bluff
occupied by private residences. The woods is dominated by white pine (Pinus strobus), red pine (Pinus
resinosa), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). The shoreline is
characterized by scattered clumps of marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), wormwood (Artemisia
campestris), evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), eastern lined aster (Aster lanceolatus), goldenrod
(Solidago altissima), and grass-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia), in addition to the exotic
species white sweet clover (Melilotis alba) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) which are
occasional to common.
       The west side of the point, also occupied by residences, has a broader beach zone and lacks the
steep bluff found on the east. Typical open dune species dominate this area including the marram grass
(Ammophila breviligulata), beach grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), wormwood (Artemisia campestris),
beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum) and
white camus (Zigadenus glauca). Although unable to survey the private properties in detail, numerous
plants of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) and Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense) were spotted
from the shoreline along this portion of the point all the way to Grass Bay where both species are known
to occur in abundance. Although residential use and development of these properties has most likely been
responsible for decline of these species in this area, the fact that the populations still persist along with
other native dune species, makes this area a prime target for landowner contact activities. The only
exotic species observed from the water's edge on the west side of the point were Canada blue-grass (Poa
compressa) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), both in small numbers.


8. High Banks (Cheboygan Co.): Access to this region of the shoreline was gained at a roadside park
just north along M-23 from Nine Mile Point. The shoreline was surveyed from this point approximately
one mile south to the beginning of dense residential lots of Huron Beach, and north approximately 3.5-4




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 30



miles. The park itself is on a sandy bluff with scattered trees and directly accessible from the highway.
Just south of the park, open shoreline is for the most part very limited, comprised of a rocky strip
immediately adjacent to a dense spruce (Picea glauca) and Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis)
dominated woods, in many places unpassable without wading in the water. The area is apparently too
dense to support dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) since no populations were found.  The woods diminish
further east with the open beach zone once again extending inland to the heavily traveled U.S.-23
highway. That the direct access from the road has served to form a seed transport corridor is evidenced
by the heavy invasion of such weedy species as Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), bladder campion
(Silene vulgaris), and yarrow (Achillea millefolium).
       The region immediately north of the park begins similarly rocky, but once around the first point
opens up into a shallow dune flat with a wooded bluff set well back from the water's edge.  Here the
most extensive open dune development along this stretch of shoreline occurs. Canada wild rye (Elymus
canadensis), marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), and wormwood  (Artemisia campestris) are
frequent dominants occurring in association with many other common  dune plants.  Exotics are
widespread in places including sow thistle (Sonchus sp.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), spotted
knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), bladder campion (Silene vulgaris), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa),
white sweet clover (Melilotis alba), and brome grass (Bromus inermis). As the shoreline curves further
northward the wooded bluff once again nears the water's edge. Most of this stretch is divided into
residential lots and there is little open dune development.  Two small sandy coves were discovered that
harbor shoreline rarities. One of these contained small populations of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri;
15 plants) and Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense; -50 plants), and the other a sizable (250+)
population of Lake Huron tansy. The latter site has an unusually high component of exotic species
including yarrow (Achillea millefolium), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), bladder campion

(Silene vulgaris), and Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa). This is likely due to the proximity of a two
track road. These occurrences were the only rare plant discoveries at this survey site and may be the only
remaining seed source along this stretch of the shoreline.


9. Huron Beach (Presque Isle Co.): To complete the survey gap between Cordwood Point and Barnard
E. Jarvis State Roadside Park, the shoreline was surveyed from the park north along Huron Beach to
Lone Pine Creek. The northern portion of this site is residential with widely spaced, large houses set
well back from the water, and an open dune zone that is generally broad especially on the points that
define the numerous small coves that occur here. Surveys in this area were conducted from the water's
edge. For the most part there are several low dune ridges supporting typical dune species such as marram




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 31



grass  (Ammophila  breviligulata),  beach  grass  (Calamovilfa  longifolia), wheatgrass  (Agropyron
dasystachyum), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), Canada wild rye (Elymus canadensis), white camus
(Zigadenus glauca), Gillman's goldenrod (Solidago simplex), Eastern lined aster (Aster lanceolatus),
sand cherry (Prunus pumila), common juniper (Juniperus communis), and creeping juniper (J.
horizontalis). Occasionally the beach area narrows and becomes rocky.
       At the south end of the residential area lies Barnard E. Jarvis State Roadside Park, which
supports a diverse dune community that, despite its proximity to the heavily traveled US-23, retains much
of its native character. The same species noted above dominate here with a larger component of common
and creeping juniper. In addition, a several shallow interdunal depressions supporting grass-of-Parnassus
(Parnassia glauca), false asphodel (Tofieldia glutinosa), round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia),
small fringed gentian (Gentianopsis procera), and beak-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea) amongst others
occurs here. A large population of Houghton's goldenrod is found in these depressions at the park and
continues south into the next survey site (see Mast Point below).  Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum
huronense) is abundant at the north end of the park and is scattered in pockets northward along the entire

survey site. Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) is also scattered along the entire survey site becoming

common, but not abundant, at the roadside park where it merges with a previously well documented

occurrence of this species.
       Exotic species along the residential portion of this survey site are minimal with small amounts of
timothy grass (Phleum pratense), white sweet clover (Melilotis alba), and yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
scattered here and there. Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) was common on several properties,
but appeared to be absent from most. Exotic species were more widespread at the park in localized areas

and included quackgrass (Agropryon repens), bladder campion (Silene vulgaris), redtop (Agrostis
gigantea), and Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa) in addition to those already mentioned above. Due to
the apparent sensitivity of landowners in the residential area, as witnessed by the subtle character and
placement of homes in the landscape, and to the continuous populations of species, this area should be
given high priority for landowner contact.


10. Mast Point (Presque Isle Co.): This survey site extends from the Harbor of Refuge and boat launch
at the south end of Barnard E. Jarvis State Roadside Park, south past Black Mallard Creek approximately

0.5 miles to north Hammond Bay. Parallel elongate interdunal wetlands begin to dominate the shoreline
immediately south of the Harbor of Refuge, interspersed with and often lying behind narrow dune ridges.
These wetlands support characteristic species such as twig-rush (Cladium mariscoides), small fringed
gentian (Gentianopsis procera), Kalm's St. John's-wort (Hypericum kalmianum), purple gerardia




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 32



(Agalinis purpurea), lady's-tresses orchid (Spiranthes sp.), false asphodel (Tofieldia glutinosa), grass-of-
Parnassus (Parnassia glauca), and silverweed (Potentilla anserina). Typical species on the dune ridges
include marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), and sand cherry
(Prunus pumila). U.S. 23 parallels the shoreline quite closely throughout the survey site, in some areas
directly abutting the open dune ridges and wetlands, while in other areas, especially further south, a cedar
(Thuja occidentalis) and spruce (Picea glauca) dominated forest develops between the road and the open
shoreline communities.  The extent of open dune increases in places, particularly at Grace and Black
Mallard Creeks where there are two sizable ridges, portions of which have developed considerable
topography. Even in these areas, interdunal wetlands can be seen behind the dunes ridges.
       The most striking feature of this coastal zone area is the abundant population of Houghton's
goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii). The goldenrod occurs in high numbers in the interdunal depressions
all the way to Mallard Creek and on into residential properties in north Hammond Bay. It is also
abundant immediately north of the Harbor of Refuge in the previous survey site (see Huron Beach
above). Further survey may show it to continue even further south into Hammond Bay. In several places
where US-23 runs especially close to the shoreline, the goldenrod is found across the highway on the
west side. It can be safely said that this population of Houghton's goldenrod, which covers close to five
miles of shoreline, is the most significant occurrence of this species along the entire Lower Peninsula
Lake Huron shoreline.
       Several small populations of Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense) were found between the
Harbor of Refuge and Mast Point, and it becomes common approximately 0.75 miles south of Mast Point
in both the sandy dune ridge and wet sand beach areas. Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was also
found in the dunes north and south of Black Mallard Creek. Although not counted in high numbers,
detailed survey could not be conducted on private property. It is likely that Cirsium occurs in higher
numbers than actually seen. A previously known occurrence of Hill's pondweed (Potamogeton hillii)
was also reconfirmed at the mouth of Black Mallard Creek where it was found among other pondweeds
(P. pectinatus, P. richardsonii, P. amplifolius, P. gramineus) and waterweed (Elodea canadensis).
       Weedy species are evident to a greater or lesser extent throughout this survey site, the most
problematic including yarrow (Achillea millefolium), white sweet clover (Melilotis alba), redtop
(Agrostis gigantea), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), and Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa).
Due to the significant extent of these element occurrences, especially Houghton's goldenrod, high
priority should be placed on landowner contact and exotic weed control on both public and private lands.
Surveys are also recommended further south into Hammond Bay.




                                                                      Endemic Plants Survey - Page 33



11. Hammond Bay East (Presque Isle Co.): The shoreline was surveyed westward from Hammond to
Bell's Landing and east of Hammond approximately one mile. Shrub wetlands occur on the west side of
Hammond Point gradually grading to emergent marsh and finally to a wet, rocky sand beach dominated
by bulrush (Scirpus americanus) and common horsetail (Equisetum arvense). Other species occurring
frequently here include small fringed gentian (Gentianopsis procera), silverweed (Potentilla anserina),
water-horehound (Lycopus americanus), purple gerardia (Agalinis purpurea), grass-of-Parnassus
(Parnassia glauca), and hooded lady's-tresses (Spiranthes romanzoffiana). Large interdunal wetlands lie
behind the rocky shoreline characterized by shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa),  twig-rush
(Cladium  mariscoides),  cat-tail  (Typha  latifolia),  sweet  gale  (Myrica  gale),  bluejoint  grass
(Calamagrostis canadensis), Kalm's St. John's-wort (Hypericum kalmianum), and   pitcher-plant
(Sarracenia purpurea), and bordered inland by cedar (Thuja occidentalis) and larch (Larix laricina).
Further west the beach widens to a low dune ridge dominated by marram grass (Ammophila
breviligulata) followed by an extensive complex of graminoid-dominated interdunal swales interspersed
with narrow upland ridges.
       Much of the area is private with cottages and residences occurring on most lots, and beach use
appears to be heavy. Despite this, Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii) is abundant along the
edges of the wetlands and along the wet rocky beach for approximately one mile west of the Point. Lake
Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense) is common along the rocky beach and dune areas all the way to
Bell's Landing as is Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri). These two species are particularly abundant in
one section of undeveloped lots which lacks much of the wetland component. Exotics are fairly common
along much of the shoreline here and include Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), spotted knapweed
(Centaurea maculosa), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), bladder campion (Silene vulgaris), and white

sweet clover (Melilotis alba).
       Immediately west of Hammond lies an interdunal swale dominated by sedges and rushes, grading
to shallow depressions and a wet, rocky sand beach. The species composition is similar to that on the
west side of the point including significant numbers of Houghton's goldenrod. Further west, the open
shoreline narrows to a rocky strip with sparse vegetation, and scattered emergent wetlands along the
water's edge. Directly inland lies a thick Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) and balsam fir (Abies
balsamea) dominated forest which has been subdivided into residential lots, only some of which are
already occupied.  A large component of the sparse vegetation along this portion of the survey site is
comprised of weedy exotic species including Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), yarrow (Achillea
millefolium), spotted knapweed, and (Centaurea maculosa).




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12. Evergreen Beach (Presque Isle Co.): This survey site begins just southeast of Forty Mile Point and
continues west past Evergreen Beach to the end of Range 4 East. An historic lighthouse is located at
Forty Mile Point and the area has been heavily disturbed by visitors. There is a shallow sandy beach
with scattered clumps of vegetation comprised almost solely of weedy exotics including brome grass
(Bromus inermis), quackgrass (Agropyron repens), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), and bladder
campion (Silene vulgaris). The beach retains a similar weedy character to the southeast. Just past the
western boundary of the lighthouse property, a single small population of Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum
huronense) was found. Although some weedy component remains northwest, dune development
increases all the way to its peak at Evergreen beach including several significant blowout regions. The
predominance of weedy species at 40 miles point gradually gives way to native dune species. Lake
Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense) and Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) were found in fair numbers
all along this portion.
       A series of marly interdunal pools commences at Evergreen beach and continues westward
around the point backed by a lowland forest dominated by cedar (Thuja occidentalis), larch (Larix
laricina) and black spruce (Picea glauca). Species diversity in the interdunal pools is high including
such species as Kalm's lobelia (Lobelia kalmii), small fringed gentian (Gentianopsis procera), round-
leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia),  twig-rush (Cladium mariscoides),  pitcher-plant (Sarracenia
purpurea), bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), bird's-eye primrose (Primula mistassinica), and purple
gerardia (Agalinis purpurea).  In addition, huge populations of two rarities, Houghton's goldenrod
(Solidago houghtonii) and butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) form a striking presence. Further west, the
pools diminish giving way to a relatively high dune and eventually narrowing to a sandy strip with a

steep forested bluff rising above. Approximately 2.0 miles west of Evergreen Beach, the narrow open
shoreline strip becomes rocky where it merges with the previous survey site (see Hammond Bay East
above).
       For most of western portion of the survey site, sizable cottages are set well back in the dunes at
the interface with inland woods. Lake Huron tansy and Pitcher's thistle were also found scattered all the
way to the extreme west edge of the rocky shoreline where one final population of Lake Huron tansy was
discovered. The tansy was abundant near the water's edge, while the thistle was seen in low numbers,
primarily on the foredune ridge. However, since this region was private property and was not surveyed
inland, it is highly likely that the thistle is actually present in much higher numbers.  This is further
supported by the fact that this site was surveyed near the tail end of the season, and the thistle was
particularly hard to pick out. Exotic weeds were not particularly troublesome here, with bouncing bet




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(Saponaria officinale), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), and bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) being
the most notable.


13. Hoeft State Park (Presque Isle Co.): Access to this portion of the shoreline was gained from the
Driftwood Motel in Rogers City which opens up directly onto a flat, wide, sandy beach dominated in
places by marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata). Other portions of the beach have been cleared of
most vegetation in order to provide sunbathing spots and a nice "sand" beach. From here west to the
docks of Rogers City docks is a sand and gravel strip dominated by marram grass and a multitude of
weedy species. To the west of the access point, the shore is rocky becoming sandy and weedy again at
Seagull Point. West of Seagull Point is a small bay bordering a shallow dune community which broadens
inland.  Despite the proximity to roads and the presence of a parking area directly inland from this
community, it supports a diversity of native dune species such as common and creeping juniper
(Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), marram grass, wormwood
(Artemisia campestris), wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum), and white camus (Zigadenus glauca). It
also harbors a sizable population (159 individuals counted, 55 of which were in bud) of Pitcher's thistle
(Cirsium pitcheri) as well as a fair sized population (over 265 individual shoots) of Lake Huron tansy
(Tanacetum huronense).
       The dune system narrows northwestward all the way to Hoeft State Park where it once again
extends broadly inland.  Pitcher's thistle and Lake Huron tansy occur all along this section with the
exception of an approximately 0.33 mile residential stretch immediately west of Hoeft State Park.
Hundreds of Pitcher's thistle plants were seen within the park itself, while only a small amount of tansy
was observed near the southeastern boundary. US-23 parallels the shoreline closely for much of this
portion of the survey site, sitting on top of a shallow, but steep, dune bluff. Just southwest of the state
park, inland on the west side of US-23, a small population of dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) was also
found in a small interdunal depression; a remnant of a larger wetland system disrupted and fragmented by
the building of US-23. North of the park the open dune community narrows once again, although
retaining a sizable foredune area with large well set-back homes. Pitcher's thistle becomes sparse and
eventually ends approximately 0.5 miles south of Forty Mile Point, while tansy is common just north of
the park, becoming sparse but persisting almost all the way to the Point. In contrast to the initial portions
of this survey site, much of the more highly developed open dune areas are relatively free from exotics.


14. Black Point (Presque Isle Co.): The shoreline was accessed here by a foot trail at the eastern edge
of Black Lake State Forest and was traversed westward to Thompson's Harbor State Park and north and




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east to the edge of Range 7 East, beyond which is heavily posted private property. The foot trail opens
up onto a fairly extensive open dune system characterized by scattered cedar (Thuja occidentalis),
common and creeping juniper (Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-
ursi), Canada wild rye (Elymus canadensis), white camus (Zigadenus glaucus), wormwood (Artemisia
campestris), marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), and beach grass (Calamovilfa longifolius).  A
sizable population of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) is found throughout the open dune. Further west
the open shoreline narrows to a shallow sand beach backed by a boreal woods dominated by cedar (Thuja
occidentalis), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and white spruce (Picea glauca). Dwarf lake iris (Iris
lacustris) is found in abundance at the edges and in openings of the woods and extends even into portions
of the open dune especially near the top of the slope. Small amounts of iris were also noted in the woods
behind the dune and it becomes abundant once again well inland (approximately 0.5 mile) where the foot
trail comes out to State Road.
       Traveling eastward from the open dune, the shoreline becomes a series of parallel ridges of
limestone cobble, and glades characterized by Indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea), blue-eyed grass
(Sisyrinchium spp.), bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), Kalm's St. John's-wort (Hypericum
kalmianum), false asphodel (Tofieldia glutinosa), sedge (Carex capillaris), bird's-eye primrose (Primula
mistassinica), and in many places dense beds of dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris). Also found in abundance
here at the interface with the inland boreal forest was beauty sedge (Carex concinna). For the most part
this survey site was fairly free from exotics.  Small amounts of Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa),
stonecrop (Sedum acre), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), and ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum) were noted.


15. Bolton Point to Rockport (Presque Isle, Alpena Co.): Survey of this site began at Besser Natural
Area just south of Bolton Point and continued south to Rockport public boat launch. Besser Natural Area
contains a good quality shoreline dune community defined by a small foredune near the water and an
upland dry conifer forest inland. A known occurrence of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) persists in
the dunes. Near the southern edge of Besser Natural Area the inland woods transitions to boreal forest,
dominated by Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and white spruce
(Picea glauca), and a series of shallow marly flats occurs along the shore exhibiting a diversity of species
including Indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea), purple gerardia (Agalinis purpurea), Ohio goldenrod
(Solidago ohioensis), and yellow ladyslipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus). From this point south, the
open dune shoreline narrow and widen to various extents forming a mosaic with the forest that extends
quite far inland much of the way to Rockport. Two additional small populations of Pitcher's thistle were




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found along the shoreline, the first approximately one mile south, and the second another mile south, just
past Ferron Point. In addition, two individual Pitcher's thistle plants were found several hundred feet
inland in the dune mosaic just south of Besser Natural Area. Scattered extensively throughout the boreal
forest in openings and along the edges (especially evident along roadsides), extending almost to Ferron
Point is dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris).
       Several sizable calcareous wetlands occur at Ferron Point, none of which provide habitat for
shoreline rarities. A previously documented occurrence of Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii)
was not relocated on the wet sandy shore here. The survey of this site was not conducted at the optimal
time for this species, however, and it is possible that the goldenrod still occurs there. Further south the
shoreline becomes rocky and the wooded area gradually nears the water. The topography also begins to
rise reaching its highest point at the quarry north of Rockport boat launch. One additional population of
dwarf lake iris was found approximately 0.5 miles south of Ferron Point, comprised of thousands of
shoots, but covering a relatively small area. Exotic species were not particularly prevalent at this survey
site. The most notable presence was the fairly widespread population of spotted knapweed (Centaurea
maculosa) in the dunes of Besser Natural Area.


16.  Rockport South (Alpena Co.):  The shoreline was accessed from the public boat launch at
Rockport and was traversed approximately 1.5 miles to the south, extending survey work that had been
previously conducted further south.  The shoreline here is comprised of several cobble beach ridges
behind which is a very steep and high bluff which gradually lessons to the south. The cobble beach is
quite weedy near the boat launch with numerous exotic species including honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.),
Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), hawkweed (Hieracium sp.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), dandelion
(Taraxacum officinale), and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Further south. exotic species
grow smaller in number but still maintain a presence.
       As the topography gradually decreases southward, shallow swales containing such species as
spike-rushes (Eleocharis spp.), rice grass (Glyceria striata), sedges (Carex viridula, C. aquatilis),
silverweed (Potentilla anserina), and golden ragwort (Senecio aureus) were seen behind the cobble
ridges. Boreal forest dominated by Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), white spruce (Picea
glauca), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) occur inland. A moderately sized and somewhat fragmented
population of dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) was found near the southern end of the survey area in
openings and along the edges of the inland woods.




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17. North Point (Alpena Co.): Approximately three miles of shoreline were surveyed eastward from
the end of the paved portion of North Point Road along the southern shore of North Point. Cobble beach
and a small foredune ridge characterizes the initial stretch, behind which several interdunal wetland
pockets are found ultimately giving way to woods dominated by Northern white cedar (Thuja
occidentalis), white spruce (Picea glauca), and white pine (Pinus strobus).  Dwarf lake iris (Iris
lacustris) is found in abundance in openings and along the edges of the forested area extending almost
continuously to the end of the point.  A  single ram's-head orchid (Cypripedium arietinum) was
discovered in the wooded area near the starting point of the survey, and on the sandy foredune seven
Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) plants were found, reconfirming a previously documented occurrence
there. Other vegetation is sparse on the beach; however, at this particular spot, a considerable amount of
the exotic spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) was noted.
       The open beach area varies in width and character eastward toward the point, with a steep
wooded inland bluff (now upland red oak) nearing the waters edge in some places, and sizable emergent
wetlands occurring in others. Spotted knapweed becomes much rarer and other vegetation remains

sparse, with the exception of several areas where a significant amount of marram grass (Ammophila
breviligulata) was observed. Pitcher's thistle was scattered in low density along the entire three mile

stretch, extending this previously known occurrence considerably. A total of 94 plants was observed, 23
of which were in bud. Other typical species included Canada wild rye (Elymus glauca), little bluestem
(Andropogon scoparius), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), bearberry

(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis).
Exotic species found at this survey site, other than the knapweed, included mossy stonecrop (Sedum
acre), common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), Canada
bluegrass (Poa compressa), common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), and self-heal (Prunella vulgaris).
       Although somewhat remote, and mostly free from buildings and homes, this site has experienced
some disturbance as evidenced by the exotic species, and the numerous trails, roads and stumps seen
inland in the woods. Time did not permit further exploration, however, it is recommended that
permission be obtained for access to the shoreline along the northern side of the point where further
populations of the iris, and possibly the thistle and/or the orchid are likely to occur.  A previously
documented occurrence of climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa) may also be extant at the tip of the
point.


18. Partridge Point (Alpena Co.):  Historical (1912) occurrences of Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum
huronense) and butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) are noted south of Alpena along the shoreline. Data for




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these occurrences are not very precise, however their locations can be narrowed down to areas that have
experienced extensive development since 1912. Aerial photo review of the shoreline in the vicinity area
of these records revealed that one of the few areas retaining any potential for harboring these species was
Partridge Point. Potential was also noted here for dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris) which is known inland,
and Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii), which although not yet documented this far south,
could possibly occur here. In an effort to locate potentially overlooked populations of any of these
species, several portions of Partridge Point were surveyed. The first, a marly wetland complex occurring
on the easternmost portion of the north side of the Point, is characterized by a mosaic of calcareous,
herbaceous openings amongst tree and shrub zones.  Dominant trees species include larch (Larix
laricina), Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and trembling
aspen (Populus tremuloides), while common shrubs included sandbar willow (Salix exigua), balsam
poplar (Populus balsamifera), red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), tag alder (Alnus rugosa), and
sweet gale (Myrica gale).  The openings are densely vegetated with a multitude of species including
Indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea), silverweed (Potentilla anserina), golden ragwort (Senecio
aureus), swamp betony (Pedicularis lanceolata), blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium sp.), bastard toadflax,
(Comandra umbellata), false asphodel (Tofieldia glutinosa), sedges (Carex buxbaumii, C. crawei, C.
viridula), bird's-eye primrose (Primula mistassinica), Ohio goldenrod (Solidago ohioensis), and many
others. Towards Lake Huron, this complex grades into a sedge meadow and finally to an extensive
emergent marsh at the water's edge. No rare species were found here.
       The point was explored further along the eastern and southern portions of the tip, which are
characterized by a rocky, calcareous substrate with many weedy species including (Sedum acre), spotted
knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), hawkweeds (Hieracium spp.), and
clovers (Trifolium spp.), amongst several common native graminoids such as spike-rushes (Eleocharis
spp.), rushes (Juncus spp.) and sedges (Carex spp.), and several goldenrods, including Ohio goldenrod
(Solidago ohioensis) and grass-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia). Some pockets occur here and
there with a species composition more similar to the openings of the northern site. Although much of
this habitat was appropriate for the targeted species none were found in the areas surveyed.


19. Harrisville State Park (Alcona Co.): The state endangered black sedge, (Carex nigra), was
discovered in a campsite at Harrisville State Park in 1985. This site was re-visited during this study in
order to assess the current status of the population. The sedge was found growing in a slight depression
at the bases of several Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) trees in an actively used campsite in the
Park. Associates included orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum), tall buttercup (Ranunculus




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acris),  red clover (Trifolium pratense), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and common  plantain
(Plantago major), all of which are weedy, exotic species. This seems like an unlikely spot to find a very
rare, but apparently bonafide native Michigan species, which in the heart of its range along the Atlantic
coast, normally inhabiting wet meadows and salt marshes. One other occurrence of Carex nigra has been
documented in Michigan, in a remote site described as a "relict glacial shoreline", in Schoolcraft County
in the central Upper Peninsula. Due to its occurrence in what appears to be a higher quality and more
typical habitat in Michigan, the population at Harrisville State Park has not been simply dismissed as a
waif. More intensive survey in the vicinity is warranted.


20. Oscoda North (Iosco Co.): Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was documented in 1981 along the
Lake Huron shoreline approximately four miles north of Oscoda. Development in this area has increased
significantly, and this site was resurveyed during this study in order to determine the current status of the
population. The shoreline was accessed at a roadside park south of the described location and traversed
northward for approximately 1.5 miles. The shoreline here can be similarly characterized as it was in
1981, as a "low foredunes fronting on a beach" (MNFI 1981a). U.S. 23 runs immediately adjacent to it,
and once beyond the roadside park, the road divides the residential lots, running between the homes and
their associated beach area.  Much of the beach zone is bare sand, almost completely devoid of
vegetation, having been cleared by the landowners to provide an open sand beach. A few areas are
overrun with weeds, and in some places dense patches of marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata) are
found. Exotic species in the area include Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), quackgrass (Agropyron
repens), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), and
sow thistle (Sonchus sp.). No evidence of Pitcher's thistle was found, nor any likely habitat and this
population can be considered extirpated.


21. Au Sable Point (Iosco Co.): An occurrence of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was documented
in 1981 at Au Sable Point, just north of Tawas City, where the species was described as "frequent on the
foredune and flat" (MFNI 1981b). An effort was made during this study to assess the status of this
population. The shoreline was accessed by a pathway leading through the residential area immediately
west of the point and was walked from here to the end of the point. Fronting the homes in the residential
area, the shoreline consists of heavily used, relatively flat, and mostly vegetation free, sand beach dotted
with various watercraft, picnic areas, and beach furniture. This contrasts strikingly with the south side of
the point which harbors a comparatively undisturbed dune community dominated by unusually dense
natural vegetation. Usage of this portion of beach appears to have been regulated for some time. This is




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supported by a sign which highlights the importance of the dune community and the impact that
disturbance has on it. The region is characterized by a beach and foredune backed by a 30-40 foot wide
flat which slopes to an interdunal wetland. The foredune is dominated by densely growing marram grass
(Ammophila breviligulata), beach grass (Calamovilfa longifolius), and wheatgrass (Andropogon
dasystachyum), with lesser amounts of slender wheatgrass (Agropyron trachycaulum), Canada wild rye
(Elymus canadensis), and little bluestem  (Andropogon scoparius).   Young  paper birch (Betula
papyrifera) and dune willow (Salix cordata) were common at the peak of the foredune ridge, with little
bluestem becoming dominant on the flat. Several gazebos are present at the top of the foredune with
bridges leading inland over the swale to a cedar (Thuja occidentalis), juniper (Juniperus communis, J.
horizontalis), and pine (Pinus sp.) dominated forest. Although not visible from the shoreline, homes are
presumably located further inland.
        Pitcher's thistle was no longer frequent on the point; and in fact it proved difficult to find at all. A
total of 29 individuals was finally discovered in two local concentrations just over the foredune rise near
several of the gazebos. The region where the plants were found was more open than much of the
remainder of the dune, a condition known to be necessary for successful establishment of Pitcher's thistle
(Bowles et al. 1993). It is ironic that the apparent enforced lack of disturbance to the foredune has
ultimately allowed the growth of vegetation to flourish, thus diminishing potential habitat for the thistle.
This site lends itself to experimental clearing to see if the Pitcher's thistle numbers can be increased by
providing more open colonization sites.


22. Tawas Point (Iosco Co.): Aerial photo review indicated a significant stretch of low dunes around
the point of Tawas Point State Park. Although no occurrences of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) are
known from here, no record of a systematic survey of the area was found. Therefore a survey of the
point was conducted during this study. The area experiences high usage due to the location of a
campground, public swimming beach area, light house with a gravel road leading to it, and numerous
trails throughout the point including an extensive boardwalk system. The greatest dune development is
on the east side where species such as marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), beach pea (Lathyrus
japonicus), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), Canada wild rye (Elymus
canadensis), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), and several willows (Salix cordata, S. exigua) occur. Pitcher's
thistle was not found. Towards the point are many sand flats typified by species such as grass-leaved
goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia), silverweed (Potentilla anserina), and rush (Juncus balticus). Much
of the remainder of the point is unsuitable habitat for the thistle. The west side of the point is generally
wetter with little dune or sand beach development while several large wetlands with standing water lie




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further inland.  Many exotic species occur on the point including spotted knapweed  (Centaurea
maculosa), redtop (Agrostis gigantea), and Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa).


23. Sleeper State Park (Huron Co.): The shoreline area of Sleeper State Park and Philip County Park
to the west were surveyed for Pitcher's thistle which historically was common in this region (see #24
below). The park itself is part of a large wooded dune and swale complex, as described by Comer et al.
(1993) in a report on the inventory and status of these complexes in Michigan.  The beach ridge is
wooded with red oak (Quercus rubra), white pine (Pinus strobus) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana). Other
species include wormwood (Artemisia campestris), starry false Solomon's-seal (Smilacina stellata),
riverbank grape (Vitis riparia), and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). The exotic species Canada
bluegrass (Poa compressa), quackgrass (Agropyron repens), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa),
and bouncing bet (Saponaria officinale) are also common. Several stairways lead to the heavily used
sand beach which is virtually barren of vegetation over much of its length. Patches of very dense marram
grass can be seen here and there with wormwood and beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), as well as the
exotic species spotted knapweed and bouncing bet, which are scattered within.  Other exotic species
noted along the shoreline include brome grass (Bromus inermis), chicory (Cichorium intybus), yarrow
(Achillea millefolium), and goat's beard (Tragopogon sp.). Immediately east and west of the Park are
cottages and houses with manicured "lawns" fronting the water. Little hope remains for Pitcher's thistle
along this portion of the shoreline.


24. Port Crescent State Park (Huron Co.):  Review of MNFI occurrence records revealed that the
southernmost known location for Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was from Port Crescent State Park
Known historically from the region as early as 1896 it was described as "common from Sand Point [on
Wild Fowl Bay] to Port Austin" by Dodge in 1909 (MNFI 1990). A MNFI survey conducted in 1981 at
Port Crescent State Park and nearby Flat Rock Point did not turn up the species. However, in 1990 a
small population was subsequently found in the park by William Collins (MNFI 1990). He observed a
total of seven individuals, three of which were flowering. They were located "along the edge of an old
backdune oak forest and an sparsely vegetated open sand area" that had apparently been recently
excavated. Interestingly, this remnant population is approximately 0.25 to 0.5 miles inland from where
early records place the original population along the shoreline.  Collins postulated that disturbance
caused by excavation may have provided the appropriate condition for seed germination and seedling
establishment.




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       The dune system at Port Crescent State Park was surveyed extensively in order to determine if
the 1990 documented population still persists, or if other remnant populations could be discovered. The
extreme east portion of the park is heavily used by campers as reflected by the disturbed sandy shoreline
which is very sparsely vegetated with such species such as marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata),
beach grass (Calamovilfa breviligulata), riverbank grape (Vitis riparia), wormwood  (Artemisia
campestris), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum), and various
willows (Salix spp.).  Behind this are remnants of the presettlement oak forest that has been highly
fragmented by the campground. Numerous exotic species were found here including spotted knapweed
(Centaurea maculosa), chicory (Cichorium intybus), burdock (Arctium minus), and autumn olive
(Elaeagnus umbellata).
       Further west of this region between the east side of the Pinnebog River and an unnamed branch,
the open dune zone is highly developed consisting of a sand beach zone and foredune ridge followed by a
high and steeply sloping backdune.  The foredune ridge area is dominated by 4-5 foot cottonwood
(Populus deltoides) with little other vegetation occurring towards the water. Behind the foredune,
marram and beach grass dominate in extensive, dense patches with other typical open dune species
scattered throughout. This grades eventually to an oak forest covering much of the back dune. The open
dune system along Lake Huron and in front of the wooded zone was thoroughly scoured and only two
Pitcher's thistle plants were found, one of which was flowering. This portion of the park was relatively
free from exotics with the exception of the edge of the woods where a significant invasion of Canada
bluegrass (Poa compressa), bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), goat's beard (Tragopogon sp.), white
sweet clover (Melilotis alba), and spotted knapweed was observed. Canada bluegrass and spotted

knapweed were particularly abundant.
       The open dunes continue inland along the east side of the Pinnebog River to the cleared area
where Pitcher's thistle was discovered in 1990. This area was also thoroughly scoured and two more
Pitcher's thistle plants, one of which was also in flower, were found. Associated species in the clearing
include little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), milkweeds (Asclepias syriaca, A. tuberosa),
Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), hairy puccoon (Lithospermum caroliniense), wormwood
(Artemisia campestris), marram grass and beach grass, however the clearing is being overtaken by the
invasive exotics spotted knapweed and Canada bluegrass.
       The open dune system also extends west of the Pinnebog River eventually grading into a dune
and swale system at the far west edge of the Park. The dune ridges here are dominated by jack pine
while common species in the wetlands include beak-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea),  twig-rush
(Cladium mariscoides), ragwort (Senecio sp.), and panic grass (Panicum sp.) Along the shoreline,




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marram grass and beach grass again dominate, forming patches similar to those in other portions of the
shoreline. This area was searched extensively, however no Pitcher's thistle was found.
       Although it is possible that more Pitcher 's thistle plants could be present at Port Crescent State
Park, it is obvious that the population(s) have declined dramatically since the records of the late 1800's
and early 1900's. Whether this is due simply to human impact by heavy use, indirect effects of extensive
shoreline development nearby, or other more subtle reasons is uncertain. The density of the beachgrass
in much of the park is likely a factor since Pitcher's thistle requires 70% bare sand substrate for
successful germination and establishment (Bowles et al. 1993). It would be interesting to conduct some
experimental clearing and plantings of this species to see if populations can be augmented at the Park.


25. Port Austin (Huron Co.): As noted in #24 above, Pitcher's thistle was known historically from the
thumb region as early as 1896 and was described as "common from Sand Point [on Wild Fowl Bay] to
Port Austin" by Dodge in 1909 (MNFI 1990).  Although aerial photo review did not reveal much
remaining potential habitat due to the heavily populated coastal zone, stops were made at as many easily
accessed points as possible during this study in order to better assess the potential for the persistence of
this species in this region. Sleeper State Park and Port Crescent State Park are described separately
above. This survey site included a stop at the end of Lamed Road of near Port Austin and in the sub-
division just west of it, as well as further south at Jenks County Park. Each of these locations provided
fairly long views of the coastal zone.
       Approximately 30 feet of sandy shoreline dominated by weedy species occurs at the end of
Lamed Rd. To the east, the shoreline is dotted with private cottages and homes with manicured lawns
extending to the water's edge. Immediately to the west, the shoreline is rocky and then becomes similar to
the eastern portion with cottages and homes dotted all the way to Flat Rock Point. Jenks County Park
occurs on a sandy bluff with an upland forest dominated by hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red and white
pine (Pinus resinosa, P. strobus), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). The slope down to the water
opens up into a low diversity dune community dominated by marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata)
and beach grass (Calamovilfa longifolius), gradually grading to a sand beach mostly devoid of
vegetation. Several native species are scattered sparsely amongst the beach grasses including milkweed
(Asclepias syriaca), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), poison ivy
(Toxicodendron radicans), stunted red oak (Quercus rubra), and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). In
addition, a large component of weedy exotics were present such as quackgrass (Agropyron repens),
Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), and a small amount of spotted
knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) and curly dock (Rumex crispus). Several stairways lead down to the




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beach and many paths crisscross the dune slope itself. North and south of the Park, cottages and homes
line the shoreline. The potential for Pitcher's thistle habitat was slim, and further survey in this region
was determined to be low priority.


26. New London Point (Sanilac Co.):  Aerial photo review revealed a sandy point with potential for
dune habitat in the region of New London Point and Camp Ozanam, approximately three miles south of
Port Sanilac. Access was sought here, in order to determine if there was any quality dune habitat that
might harbor Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri). Permission was granted to access the shoreline at New
London and approximately 0.75 mile was traversed. An additional a stop at a roadside park immediately
north of this point was also made. At New London Point, the shoreline consisted of heavily used sandy
beach rising slightly from the water's edge with scattered vegetation dominated by staghorn sumac (Rhus
typhina), riverbank grape (Vitis riparia), willow (Salix sp.), poplars (Populus spp.), and the exotic
species ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), yarrow
(Achillea millefolium), quackgrass (Agropyron repens), and honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.). Further north at
the roadside park the shoreline narrows to a rocky strip dominated by paper birch, riverbank grape, and
staghorn sumac. No evidence of Pitcher's thistle or quality habitat was found here and further survey was
discontinued.


27. Lake Huron Camp (St. Clair Co.): Aerial photo review revealed a sandy point with potential for
dune habitat in the region of Lake Huron Camp just north of North Lakeport. Permission was granted to
access the shoreline here and approximately 0.5 mile was traversed. Survey revealed a sandy shoreline

that experiences heavy use as evidenced by numerous picnic areas, recently used fire pits, and the
predominance of weedy exotic species. These included spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa),
bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), white sweet clover (Melilotis alba), crown vetch (Coronilla varia),
and mossy stonecrop (Sedum acre). No evidence of Pitcher's thistle or quality habitat was found here
and further survey was aborted.


28. Lakeport State Park (St. Clair Co.):  Lakeport State Park was the southernmost portion of the

Lake Huron shoreline that was surveyed during this study. Although numerous county, city, and
township parks occur along the extreme southern coastal zone, Lakeport State Park is one of the few
public land areas with a significant stretch of undeveloped beach and woodland. Surveys were
conducted here primarily to characterize the lower Huron shoreline, and to gain a sense if any potential
for Pitcher's thistle habitat exists this far south. Most of the wooded portion of the park is lowland




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hardwoods dominated by silver maple (Acer saccharinum), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), red oak
(Quercus rubra), basswood (Tilia americana), and occasional pockets of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis).
Red maple (Acer rubrum), blue-beech (Carpinus caroliniana), and black cherry (Prunus serotina)
dominate the understory and common ground cover species include sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis),
Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), baneberry (Actaea sp.), enchanter's nightshade (Circaea
lutetiana), and nodding trillium (Trillium cernuum). No rare species were found here. The shoreline
consists of a narrow beach zone that varies from cobble to cobbly sand with widely scattered pockets of
shrubs and herbs such as willows (Salix sp.), box elder (Acer negundo), cottonwood (Populus deltoides),
riverbank grape (Vitis riparia), bulrush (Scirpus cyperinus), sedge (Carex vulpinoidea), rushes (Juncus
sp.), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), and goldenrod (Solidago altissima). In addition, a large component
of weedy exotics were observed, including Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), spotted knapweed
(Centaurea maculosa), bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), and yarrow ( Achillea millefolium), among
many others. No evidence of Pitcher's thistle or potential habitat was found and further survey in this
region of the coastal zone was abandoned.


Lake Michigan Survev Sites


1.  Waugoshance Island (Emmet  Co.).   This island, located approximately two miles west of
Waugoshance Point, comprises the westernmost portion of Wilderness State Park. The more than one
and a half-mile-long island is dominated by an extensive boreal forest over the western two-thirds, with
Great Lakes marsh forming the principal habitat in the eastern one-third. The boreal forest was surveyed
only via brief reconnaissance, but sufficiently to identify it as a significant natural community occurrence
for the statewide database, based on its structure, the largely undisturbed condition, and its extent of
approximately 200 acres.  Northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) was observed to dominate the
periphery of the forest, giving way to balsam fir (Abies balsamea), trembling aspen (Populus
tremuloides), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) in the interior. Since the inventory was very cursory,
there are likely other co-dominant trees present such as balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) and white
spruce (Picea glauca). Many blowdowns and gnarled cedars were observed along portions of the forest
edge on a faint series of cobbly storm beach ridges where there is greater exposure to wind. Within the
interior of the eastern portion of the forest, a large shallow lake/marl pond occurs, where the first of
several sightings of the same presumed pair of immature bald eagles were recorded. It is possible that
these eagles originated from a nest on the island, although no eagle nest records have been recorded from
this island, Temperance Island, nor the tip of Waugoshance Point on the mainland.




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       The Great Lakes marsh is essentially contiguous with the much more extensive marsh of the
adjacent Temperance Island, forming a series of meadows, cobbly marl flats, and emergent marsh zones.
Within the more or less contiguous marsh areas are low dune and storm ridges with narrow strings of
woody vegetation, including trees. The vegetation of the marsh zones undoubtedly changes markedly
with year to year fluctuations in lake levels, which is the primary abiotic influence in this community.
Dominant species here included bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), hardstem bulrush (Scirpus
acutus), rush (Juncus balticus), twig-rush (Cladium mariscoides), beak-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea),
and many other species typical of marl flats, cobble shores, shoreline fens, and beaches in this region.
Several common exotic plant species were recorded, with only spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa)
found to be moderately invasive in some areas.


2.   Temperance  Island (Emmet  Co.).   Located between Waugoshance  Island and the tip of
Waugoshance Point, this island was found to be comprised primarily of Great Lakes marsh, consisting of
broad areas of loosely connected marl flats, cobble shores, and submergent to emergent marsh zones. The
marsh is more or less contiguous with marsh comprising the eastern portion of Waugoshance Island.
Relatively small areas of woody vegetation were found on the localized ridges and other isolated sites of
low relief scattered across the north shore, the western portion of the island, and intermittently on the
south side. Although best described as being comprised of Great Lakes marsh, the island was observed
to be very heterogeneous in community structure, ranging from emergent marsh zones to shallow,
inundated marl flats to cobble and small boulder areas. In some portions of the island, these wetland
zones gave way abruptly to cobble-sand dune ridges and low dunes supporting upland vegetation.
Typical vegetation of these zones included hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus), spike-rush (Eleocharis
elliptica), bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), giant bulrush (Phragmites australis), arrow-grass
(Triglochin maritimum and T. palustre), Arkansas mint (Calamintha arkansana), sedge (Carex crawei),
and many other species. Upland vegetation included such species as Northern white-cedar (Thuja
occidentalis), common juniper (Juniperus communis), creeping juniper (J. horizontalis), Canada rye
grass (Elymus canadensis), Gillman's goldenrod (Solidago simplex), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), and
wormwood (Artemisia campestris).  Overall, it is likely that the vegetation of this island changes
dramatically in response to the lake level, with the marsh areas in particular expanding in low water years
and contracting in extent during high water years. High water years result in the reduction of the limited
upland habitats as well.
        On the northeast shore of the island, a local but large population of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium
pitcheri) was discovered on a low, cobbly dune ridge. Large numbers of juvenile and adult plants were




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observed, composing a population estimated to be at least 2000 individuals or more.  Adjacent to this
area a colony of Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii) was found, occurring in somewhat dry
back dunes and interdunal depressions.  Subsequent survey of the entire island resulted in identifying
numerous patches of this species, occurring primarily along the edges of shoreline marl flats and other
interdunal sites. Several exotic species were noted on this island, the most troublesome being Canada
bluegrass (Poa compressa) and wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa). Canada bluegrass was found to be
locally dominant in some dune areas, with parsnip occurring in numbers in meadow zones.


3. M-119 to Pike Road (Emmet Co.). This section of Lake Michigan shoreline is relatively remote and
difficult to access, with the few existing roads consisting of private drives to widely scattered seasonal
homes built along the abrupt shoreline bluff. The shoreline is fronted by a relatively narrow beach strand
and a broad, low, well developed foredune dominated by marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), with
scattered colonies of beach grass (Calamovilfa longifolia) and such typical dune species as wormwood
(Artemisia campestris), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), starry false
Solomon's-seal (Smilacina stellata), wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum), beach pea (Lathyrus
japonicus), Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis), and beach
pea (Lathyrus japonicus), among several other species. Along portions of the shoreline, the foredune is
followed by poorly developed back dunes of very limited extent; in all sections of the shore in this survey
area the narrow dunes are backed by an abrupt, steep, forested slope. Despite the limited nature of the
dunes, they were found to be of good quality. Survey of more than one mile of shoreline resulted in the
discovery of small new population of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) and also several widely
scattered colonies of a new population of Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense). Relatively few
exotics were recorded, including such common and ubiquitous species as spotted knapweed (Centaurea
maculosa), smooth brome (Bromus inermis), and quackgrass (Agropyron repens), all evaluated as being
insignificant at this time.


4. Good Hart (Emmet Co.). The more than three miles of shoreline north of Good Hart, extending to
the edge of the above M-119 to Pike Road site, comprised this survey site. The shoreline consists of a
narrow beach strand throughout, backed by very limited open sand areas and sparse patches of dunes and
dune vegetation. In vegetated areas, the dominant species was marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata),
with other typical species such as Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis), riverbank grape (Vitis riparia),
Gillman's goldenrod (Solidago simplex), red osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), wormwood (Artemisia
campestris), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), sea rocket (Cakile edentula), and sandbar willow




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(Salix  exigua).  The shore is mostly developed with an uninterrupted series of large, seasonal, and
permanent homes for more than two miles north of Good Hart. Little available dune habitat was found
that could support colonies of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri), which was carefully sought but not
found. A few limited colonies of Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense) were documented, all
occurring within the range of a previously documented occurrence last observed in 1981.  Occasional
tracks from off-road-vehicles (ORVs) were noted, although this activity did not appear to be extensive,
and the shoreline in general appeared to be well cared for by the residents, as evidenced by a lack of
refuse and the sensitive use of beach access trails and the like. The shoreline, however, was somewhat
more disturbed here than in stretches to the north, with several potentially serious exotic plant species
noted. Basket willow (Salix purpurea), a tall shrubby willow, was found along the shore in several large
colonies, and was rated as moderately invasive. Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. italica), a frequent
introduced species found along most of the Lake Michigan shore, was also found to be moderately
invasive, as was black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), a species often planted for erosion control, and the
widespread spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Both of the aforementioned tree species are clone
formers and are thus potentially aggressive wherever found.


5. Middle Village South (Emmet Co.). This site is comprised of the approximately three-mile stretch of
shoreline immediately south of the Middle Village cemetery. The shore consists of a beach strand that is
relatively wide in portions, backed by a discontinuous series of foredunes abruptly backed by a steep
forested bluff. Largely seasonal homes occur in a densely developed area for about one and a half miles
south of Middle Village.  The shoreline in this area demonstrates recreational use of the shore with

relatively little overt artificial disturbance, although numerous homes are built virtually at the edge of the
beach and foredune.   Where present, the foredune is dominated by marram grass (Ammophila
breviligulata), with small amounts of dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia) and such typical associates as
wormwood (Artemisia campestris), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), balsam poplar (Populus
balsamifera), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis), red osier dogwood
(Cornus stolonifera), and sand cherry (Prunus pumila). New colonies of Lake Huron tansy were
discovered, extending the distribution of the known occurrence noted under the above Good Hart site,
and a small population of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was found in the more extensive beach and
dune area occurring immediately behind the Middle Village cemetery. Few exotic plants were recorded,
none of which were observed as being invasive.
6. Fisherman's Island State Park (Charlevoix Co.). The survey site consisted of the shoreline within
the park from the mouth of Whisky Creek to the southern border, and also the area from Norwood north




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to the park boundary.  Between Norwood and the park boundary, the shoreline was found to be fairly
disturbed, with a narrow sandy cobbly beach backed by a low series of dunes which were are in turn
backed by an abrupt forest boundary. Several significant exotics were noted south of the park boundary,
including bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), and Canada
bluegrass (Poa compressa). In addition, stranded party balloons with ribbon streamers were found to be
common along the beach, a problematic type of refuse noted during the 1992 CZM shoreline inventory
for endemic plants (Penskar et al.). Entering the park from the south, the shoreline was noted as being
less disturbed and the dunes more extensive in scope. The dunes were dominated by marram grass
(Ammophila breviligulata), with lesser amount of dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), Canada rye grass
(Elymus canadensis), and wheatgrass (Agropyron repens). In more vegetated areas, common species
included horizontal juniper (Juniperus horizontalis), bearberry (Arctostapylos uva-ursi), little bluestem
(Andropogon scoparius), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans),
common juniper (Juniperus communis), and dune willow (Salix myricoides).
       More than 100 plants of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) were tallied within the park, part of a
previously documented occurrence not observed since 1964. Data gathered during the inventory resulted
in an extension of this occurrence, and also provided significant status and ecological data. In addition, a
few small colonies of Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense) were discovered, constituting a new
occurrence. Observations were made of what appeared to be frequent sightings of Lake Huron locust
(Trimerotropis huroniana), a Great Lakes endemic locust, with MNFI data indicating a general record for
this region last observed in 1923. Overall, several exotic plants were observed during this site survey,
the most problematic being -- in addition to those noted above -- quackgrass (Agropyron repens), smooth
brome (Bromus inermis), and basket willow (Salix purpurea), all rated as moderately invasive.


7. Banks Township Park (Antrim Co.).  Shoreline in this survey site was inventoried from the park
south to the mouth of Antrim Creek, approximately one mile in distance. The shoreline consisted of a
wide, low-sloping beach area, grading to small expanses of foredunes backed abruptly by forest. The
area demonstrated moderate to heavy recreational use and locally heavy use of ORVs. The dune areas
were dominated by marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata) and common associates such as wheatgrass
(Agropyron dasystachyum), Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis), wormwood (Artemisia campestris),
bearberry (Arctostapylos uva-ursi), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), sand cherry (Prunus
pumila), common juniper (Juniperus communis), and dune willow (Salix cordata). A new population of
Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was found, with about 100 plants tallied throughout the site.  In




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addition, several colonies of a previously identified occurrence of Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum
huronense) not observed since 1981 were identified and recorded.


8. Peterson Park North. (Leelanau Co.) This survey site consisted of the shoreline from Peterson Park
running northeast approximately one and a half miles to Christmas Cove. The shoreline in this region is
comprised of a high, steep, eroding moraine bluff with a narrow strand of beach along the base. The
sandy end moraine face is vegetated in many portions, interspersed with areas of slumping and active
erosion. Relatively little habitat is available for rare plants, owing to the extremely narrow beach zone at
the base of the bluff, which throughout most of the shoreline consists almost entirely of cobble beach.
This active storm beach is prized by Petoskey stone gatherers, who were encountered frequently near the
public access sites at Peterson Park and Christmas Cove. Despite the apparent paucity of habitat found
when the site was first observed in the field, a reasonable length of shoreline was searched to
characterize this area.
       In a very limited expanse of sandy-cobbly foredune no more than approximately 50 m in extent, a
small colony of three adult plants of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) were found. Common associates
in this site, and sparsely elsewhere in this general survey area, were such species marram grass
(Ammophila  breviligulata), Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis), common  juniper (Juniperus
communis), sea rocket (Cakile edentula), wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum), sand cherry (Prunus
pumila), and wormwood (Artemisia campestris). Although heavily vegetated over much of its face, the
eroding moraine bluff is potential habitat for the rare dunewort (Botrychium campestre), a state
threatened grape-fern species with a high fidelity to perched dune and eroding moraine habitats in this
region of the state, to which it is primarily restricted. Several common exotic plants were noted, with the
ubiquitous spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) being noted as borderline moderately invasive.


9. Peterson Park (Leelanau Co.). Approximately one and one-half miles of additional shoreline
southwest of Peterson Park was inventoried, concentrating again on the narrow strand of beach at the
base of the steep, high, eroding moraine bluff. The restricted beach area was found to consist almost
entirely of a cobble shore backed abruptly by the wooded bluff dominated by Northern white cedar
(Thuja occidentalis). The bluff was noted as being somewhat weedy where actively eroding, with such
exotic species as spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), white sweet clover (Melilotus alba), Canada
bluegrass (Poa compressa), and bladder campion (Silene vulgaris). These exotics were classified as
moderately invasive throughout the site, with the exception of spotted knapweed, which was found to be
extremely invasive. Several typical shoreline and dune plants were observed, such as hair grass




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 52



(Deschampsia cespitosa), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), Canada
rye grass (Elymus canadensis), sea rocket (Cakile edentula), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), and marram

grass (Ammophila breviligulata), among several others.  Calcareous seeps and springs were found
occasionally at the base of the slope; these microhabitats supported such plants as grass-of-Parnassus

(Parnassia glauca) and Kalm's lobelia (Lobelia kalmii), indicating the alkaline nature of the
groundwater. The federal and state endangered Michigan monkey-flower (Mimulus glabratus var.
michiganensis), known to inhabit cold streams, seeps, and springs in this region of state, was sought but
not found. It is likely that these spring areas are too small and limited to support monkey-flower
colonies, though there may still be potential elsewhere both north and south of this survey site.


10.  Gills Pier (Leelanau Co.).  An extensive, heterogeneous portion of shoreline approximately 4.5
miles in length was inventoried, beginning from Onomonee Road and extending to the shoreline region

near the north edge of Lake Leelanau.  In the vicinity of the end of Onomonee Road and immediately
south, a small new population of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was discovered, occurring on low,
cobble-strewn dunes of minimal extent. Despite the restricted amount of dune habitat available between
the beach and numerous, densely placed seasonal cottages, several adult as well as juvenile plants were
tallied, indicating successful reproduction and moderate viability. The discovery was fortuitous, as the
habitat delineated for study had been identified as from Gills Pier southward; with the Onomonee Road
vicinity being used only as a shoreline access site. Approximately one-half mile south of the access site,
the shoreline was reduced to a narrow, sandy beach strand backed by an abrupt, wooded slope. In this
area, numerous homes have been placed at the top of bluff and along the slope toward the base where
possible. Numerous springs and seeps emanate from the base of the slope, forming small pools and
rivulets of relatively cold, alkaline water. On the north side of the mouth of Gills Creek bubbling springs

were observed, and it was within this microsite that sterile plants were found of what might possibly be
Michigan monkey-flower (Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis). More extensive mats of plants were

found at the mouth of Gills Creek, which appeared to provide the cold groundwater necessary for
Michigan monkey-flower (Penskar 1997). The specific site location was noted such that this possible
rare plant location can be surveyed in 1997 during the blooming period, when a positive identification
can be made.
       Southwest of the mouth of Gills Creek, the shoreline is comprised largely of a wide beach and
well developed foredune areas, backed by wooded areas heavily developed with cottages and seasonal
homes. Pitcher's thistle was encountered again below Gills Pier, and nearly 200 plants were tallied until
a wider dune expanse with an estimated several hundred individuals was found in the shoreline area




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 53



north of Lake Leelanau in section 26. Within this larger dune field, however, were several new private
residences built within the dunes proper, primarily at its periphery. Currently there does not appear to be
heavy recreational use of the site, but such increased activities may eventually threaten the Pitcher's
thistle population. Overall, survey of this site resulted in the extension of the Pitcher' s thistle occurrence

last observed in 1954, and thus provided significant status information.  Common dune associates
included such species as marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), wormwood (Artemisia campestris),
wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum), starry false Solomon's-seal (Smilacina stellata), riverbank grape
(Vitis riparia), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), poison ivy
(Toxicodendron radicans), horizontal juniper (Juniperus horizontalis), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus),
sea rocket (Cakile edentula), and dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia). Relatively few exotic plants were
noted, the most invasive being spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) and Canada bluegrass (Poa
compressa); other common exotics included smooth brome (Bromus inermis), bladder campion (Silene
vulgaris), bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), and wild carrot (Daucus carota). One plant of the state
special concern swamp rose-mallow (Hibiscus palustris) was noted along the beach, but this widely
planted species was likely a waif and a garden escape, since all known native occurrences are within
southern tier counties of Lower Michigan.


11. Glen Arbor (Leelanau Co.). Prior to the survey of this site, correspondence and pictures of a large
Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) colony were received from a private landowner, Ms. Kay Barnell, (K.
Barnell pers. comm. 1996) confirming an expected new occurrence for this area. Expectations of the
occurrence were based on the proximity of a known population to the immediate west at Glen Haven, as
well as the presence of apparently good habitat identified from aerial photos. No data had been obtained
previously to document Pitcher's thistle here, and the area had been identified as having high potential.

The shoreline on the north edge of the city of Glen Arbor was found to consist of a relatively wide
foredune and several backdune fields, although because the area is virtually entirely developed with
residences, the backdune areas literally comprise the yards of these homes behind the beach and
foredune. The foredune was found to be low and broad, dominated by marram grass (Ammophila
breviligulata) and to a lesser extent dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), the latter species typically
occurring behind the pioneering and dune-stabilizing marram grass. Pitcher's thistle, as demonstrated in
the Barnell photos, was found to be locally abundant on the foredune and in the backdune areas
immediately behind the foredune, even where somewhat disturbed and where competing exotic plants
were present.




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       Typical open dune associates were noted, such as wormwood (Artemisia campestris), milkweed
(Asclepias syriaca), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), seaside spurge
(Euphorbia polygonifolia), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis),
horizontal juniper (Juniperus horizontalis), and Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis). Jack pine (Pinus
banksiana) was common in the backdunes, forming small groves.  Hairy puccoon (Lithospermum
caroliniense) was encountered locally, the first time this species was encountered from the north to south
range of sites covered along Lake Michigan. From the Glen Arbor public access area to the west, the
foredune dominates along the broad, strongly curving shoreline. The sensitive and careful placement of
paths to the beach areas indicated that many landowners are minimizing their impacts to the dune areas.
Locally, though, there are pernicious weeds, the most problematic being spotted knapweed (Centaurea
maculosa), which was found to be highly invasive throughout most of this survey site. A few other
exotics were noted, with Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. italica) considered moderately invasive.
The shoreline was explored up to about one mile to the west of Glen Arbor, where dune habitat and
presumably additional Pitcher's thistle colonies continue. It was then inventoried to the northeast all the
way to the mouth of the Crystal River near the Leelanau School. East and northeast of the Glen Arbor
public access, the beach and dunes were relatively disturbed and weedy, with Pitcher's thistle becoming
patchy and sparse. Approximately one-half mile south of the mouth of the Crystal River, the dune habitat
encountered was of better quality, with larger colonies of thistle. The limited dunes near Leelanau
School near the river mouth were found to be carefully maintained and managed, as demonstrated by the
placement of trails and appropriate signage noting the sensitivity of the habitat. Additional exotic species
recorded, though not considered invasive, were white sweet clover (Melilotus alba) and bouncing bet
(Saponaria officinalis).


12. Herring Lake Embayment (Benzie Co.). The focus of this survey was a delineated region of what
appeared to be high quality dunes, including a distinct parabolic blowout area, along a region of shoreline
not previously inventoried according to MNFI records.  This private land was accessed and surveyed
through the permission of the owner, Dr. Sivert H. Glarum, a seasonal resident whose extended family
owned the majority of the land inventoried. Dr. Glarum provided a personal tour of the property during
the survey and provided several observations of particular features of the site, noting that he had spent
more than 30 summers at this family cabin. Open dunes along the immediate shore consisted primarily
of a well developed foredune dominated by marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), with dune grass
(Calamovilfa longifolia) occurring behind the foredune and in the blowout. A narrow depressional area
occurred behind the foredune, and this zone was backed by an abrupt mesic northern forest edge. Typical




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open dune associates included wormwood (Artemisia campestris), sea rocket (Cakile edentula), hairy
puccoon (Lithospermum caroliniense), bugseed (Corispermum hyssopifolium, seaside spurge (Euphorbia

polygonifolia), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), bearberry (Arctostapylos uva-ursi), milkweed
(Asclepias syriaca), and common juniper (Juniperus communis).  Though limited in aerial extent, the
dunes were observed to be of good quality, with only one exotic species noted for the site, spotted
knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), which occurred locally near the cabin. Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium
pitcheri) was found to be frequent throughout the open dunes, with several hundred plants estimated.
Many particularly robust individuals were observed, with the survey resulting in extensions to the
previously documented occurrence for this locality.
       A narrow, high, parabolic blowout extending about 0.25 miles inland was traversed to its peak.
Active erosion and sand movement were evident across the entire blowout, and numerous plants of
Pitcher's thistle were found. At the peak of the blowout, sand deposition was resulting in aggressive
encroachment at the forest boundary, where northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white pine (Pinus
strobus), and basswood (Tilia americana) were undergoing active burial. Dr. Glarum noted that although
active sand movement was occurring in some areas of the shoreline, others had not changed in his
memory in more than three decades, such as the foredune area in front of his cabin. In an site about 50
meters south of his cabin, Glarum pointed out a large deposition of sand occurring inside the mature
forest boundary. He noted that a short fence set a few years ago to contain this breach was now buried
under several feet of sand; the erosion had apparently been caused originally by the establishment of a
simple human footpath.


13. Watervale South (Benzie Co.). This site consisted of a well developed eroding moraine bluff
comprising approximately two miles of the shoreline south of Lower Herring Lake. The steep bluff face

was traversed over about one and one-half miles of its length, where primarily the lower slope areas were
examined for potential rare plant species. The bluff was sufficiently stable over portions to support
scattered trees, shrubs, and often an unstable turf of grasses and forbs. In many areas, however, the bluff
face had actively eroding and slumping soil, frequently displaying bands of clay in the exposed glacial
drift profile. Along upper edges of the bluff, holes excavated by cliff swallows were common. Pitcher's
thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was documented, comprising a new state occurrence. Plants were found
principally along the lower one-third of the bluff, where deeper sand occurred.  An estimated 100-200
plants were observed, many of which were large, robust juveniles and adults thriving best in the areas of
the most active sand movement.  Common associates included dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia),
marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), Gillman's goldenrod (Solidago simplex), bugseed




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 (Corispermum hyssopifolium), wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum), white camas (Zigadenus glaucus),
evening primrose (Oenothera sp.), and willows (Salix cordata, S. exigua). A few exotic species were
recorded, including Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), and
bladder campion (Silene vulgaris), none of which were found to be invasive. A species of baby's-breath
found to be pernicious elsewhere in this region, Gypsophila paniculata, was found but was not observed
to be invasive at this time; it is possible that the very active erosion on the bluff prevents this species
from becoming more competitive.  The shoreline was explored to the northern extent of the bluff and
then beyond to inventory the beach nearly to Watervale. No additional plants of Pitcher's thistle were
observed beyond the bluff.  The eroding moraine is likely to support an occurrence of dunewort
(Botrychium campestre), which has a high fidelity to this habitat, but must be surveyed for in early June.
The state threatened fascicled broom-rape (Orobanchefasciculata) is also of potential in this site, but is
best sought in early to mid-July.


14. Bishop Road (Manistee Co.). A portion of a high, steep, eroding moraine bluff not previously
inventoried was surveyed from approximately the end of Bishop Road to an area about 0.75 miles south
of where the bluff tailed out. Previous MNFI inventories had covered the area north of Bishop Road to
Arcadia Lake. The bluff was accessed via a steep ravine oriented perpendicular to the shoreline bluff.
The moraine face was actively slumping and eroding, exposing the sandy-clayey drift in many areas.
Dune vegetation was present across much of bluff face, including such species as wormwood (Artemisia
campestris), marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), Gillman's
goldenrod (Solidago simplex), Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis), dune willow (Salix myricoides),
milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), bugseed (Corispermum hyssopifolium), and sea rocket (Cakile edentula).
Additional woody plants included Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), which formed small
patches across portions of the bluff, paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and white ash (Fraxinus
americana). This habitat is of excellent potential for dunewort (Botrychium campestre), which could not
be sought during this late season inventory. Exploration of the base of the bluff revealed that an
extremely narrow beach strand was present, with little suitable habitat for Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium
pitcheri), and none was found during the survey of both the beach and bluff face.  Overall, the site
provided little habitat for Pitcher's thistle or fascicled broom-rape (Orobanchefasciculata), both species
of which are known less than two miles to the north in dunes adjacent to Arcadia Lake. Several common
exotic plants were recorded, such as bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), spotted knapweed (Centaurea
maculosa), redtop (Agrostis gigantea), and Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), with Lombardy poplar
(Populus nigra var. italica) and bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) considered to be moderately invasive.




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15.  Pierport West (Manistee Co.). The shoreline in this survey site was accessed via the public beach
in Pierport to inventory a short stretch of beach and narrow foredune as well as an approximate 0.75 mile
expanse of an eroding moraine bluff face. South of the Pierport public beach, the shoreline consists of a
moderately wide beach strand and small areas of foredune. The foredune was dominated by marram
grass (Ammophila breviligulata); common associates included dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia),
wormwood (Artemisia campestris), dune willow (Salix myricoides), Canada rye grass (Elymus
canadensis), horsetails (Equisetum hyemale and E. arvense), Gillman's goldenrod (Solidago simplex),
beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), bugseed (Corispermum hyssopifolium), and Eastern cottonwood
(Populus deltoides). Just over 0.5 miles south of the access point, the foredune gives way to a high,
steep, eroding moraine face. The bluff face was actively slumping and eroding, with thick deposits of
sand deposited at the base. Lenses of clay within the moraine were occasionally visible along the lower
slope. Most of the site appeared to provide potential habitat for Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri),
which was sought along the preceding foredunes and along the sandy lower slope of the moraine face,
but no plants were observed. However, because of the difficulty of thoroughly surveying the steep face,
it is possible that this species occurs at this site. In the northern portion of the eroding moraine area, a
new occurrence of the state threatened broom-rape (Orobanche fasciculata) was discovered. The
occurrence consisted of two very withered but recognizable stems at the base of the moraine face, found
in close association with the obligate host plant, wormwood. Additional plants were not found during
this late October inventory, yet is very likely that other plants occur here.
       Several common exotic species were noted, such as spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa),
bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), and white sweet clover
(Melilotus alba), with two species, bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) and Lombardy poplar (Populus
nigra var. italica) being noted as moderately invasive. Lombardy popular, though unable to reproduce
via seed in Michigan due to the lack of female trees, is able to aggressively propagate from rhizomes, and
in this site and elsewhere trees were observed to be spreading vigorously in this manner. One large
individual Lombardy poplar tree was found at the beach periphery, where it was about to be washed out
from the lower slope. Trees being excavated in this way may thus possibly disperse to other shoreline
areas via the fragmentation of rhizomes and/or branches.


16. Merkey Road (Manistee Co.). One to two miles south of the Manistee River mouth, a low eroding
moraine bluff and associated beach were evaluated for their potential to support Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium
pitcheri). This site was difficult to access because it was initially thought to be contained entirely within
private lands. The site was also difficult to access physically because the eroding moraine bluff was




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creviced at the top, and it was evident from the large, vertical monoliths formed that the bluff top was
highly unstable and dangerous to traverse. The eroding moraine was thus viewed from several points
along a hiking path at the top, where it could be observed that the very clayey moraine drift provided
little suitable habitat for Pitcher's thistle, as did the narrow cobbly beach strand. Several exotic plants
were recorded, most of which were ranked as moderately to highly invasive, such as spotted knapweed
(Centaurea maculosa), autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and wild
carrot (Daucus carota). The delineated survey habitat continued more than two miles to the southwest,
where access was limited again by private land and housing developments. Access from an open parcel
0.5 miles south of Merkey Road where a property was for sale demonstrated the presence of similar bluff
habitat, although here the bluff face could be traversed to the bottom for a better view. It was concluded
that no suitable habitat was present in this area for Pitcher's thistle or other rare plants, until a fortuitous
discovery enabled the inventory at Magoon Creek (below).


17. Magoon Creek North (Manistee Co.). As noted above, the area delineated below the Manistee
River mouth was initially thought to be of poor potential, based on two limited reconnaissance areas.
While attempting to access the general shoreline region, most of which is held in private ownership, a
local dedicated natural area was found near the mouth of Magoon Creek, identified in signage as the
Magoon Creek Natural Area. This site is apparently owned and managed by local government, and thus
provided public access to a shoreline area that appeared to be of substantially higher quality than that
observed in the vicinity of Merkey Road. According to the signage at this site, the natural area was
purchased with a Natural Resource Trust Fund grant. The shoreline was then inventoried from the mouth

of Magoon Creek to approximately 1.5 miles north, where suitable rare plant habitat tailed out at the edge
of the eroding moraine site described above. Within the natural area and beyond, the shoreline consisted
of a wide beach strand backed by a low, well developed foredune dominated by marram grass
(Ammophila breviligulata) and dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), with associated typical open dune
species, including wormwood (Artemisia campestris), Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis), beach pea
(Lathyrus japonicus), Gillman's goldenrod (Solidago simplex), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius),
common juniper (Juniperus communis), bearberry (Arctostapylos uva-ursi), dune willow (Salix cordata),
and milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Relatively few exotics were noted, with Canada bluegrass (Poa
compressa) and bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis) noted as moderately invasive and the aggressive
spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) ranked as highly invasive. Just over 0.5 miles northeast of the
Magoon Creek mouth, a new occurrence of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) was discovered, and




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 59



ultimately nearly 200 plants were tallied over the inventory, constituting a reasonably good find in this
rapidly developing region of the state.


18. Meinert Park (Muskegon Co.). This section of shoreline was accessed via the county park and
public beach. Survey was conducted from the park to approximately 1.75 miles south along the shore,
primarily to determine the status of a known Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) occurrence last observed
in 1986 and evaluate possible extensions to this population in additional dune habitat identified to the
south. The thistle was observed within the park, occurring on the foredune and backdunes behind the
wide, low-sloping beach. South of the mouth of Little Flower Creek, Pitcher's thistle was found on low
backdunes, where the dominant vegetation was marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata) and dune grass
(Calamovilfa longifolia). Typical associates were present, including wormwood (Artemisia campestris),
red osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), and Gillman's
goldenrod (Solidago simplex). Most of the shoreline south of the park was heavily developed, with large
homes lining the shore, including many built virtually within the open dune areas and blowouts. Just
over one mile south of Meinert Park, new colonies of Pitcher's thistle were found in section 15,
extending the known occurrence. These individuals were observed primarily from the lake edge, to avoid
traversing private property. Large numbers of plants are likely to occur well within the several parabolic
blowout portions extending up to approximately 0.25 miles inland in markedly higher dune areas.
Marram grass was the dominant dune plant encountered throughout the inventory, with relatively few
exotics noted, including the rarely encountered winged pigweed (Cycloloma atriplicifolium). The most
problematical exotic species was Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. italica), a frequently planted
ornamental along much of the Lake Michigan coast, but especially occurring in southern Lower
Michigan.  As observed elsewhere, this species was found to be propagating vegetatively wherever

planted. Along the beach, stranded helium party balloons with ribbon streamers were observed to be
particularly frequent.
       With regard to the status of Pitcher's thistle, it appears that there are lower numbers of plants
than characterized during the 1986 survey. Although this inventory resulted in an expected extension of
the locality for the known occurrence, the population may be declining, owing to the degree of
development that has occurred. Many large homes have now been built along the shore, including
several constructed directly within the open dune habitats, including the foredunes, the dune fields, and
even within the blowout areas.




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19. Sadony Bayou (Muskegon Co.). This site was inventoried in part during the 1992 CZM survey of
Lake Michigan drowned river mouths, which identified additional potential rare plant habitat to the
north. One mile of shoreline was thus surveyed, beginning at the north edge of the dunes adjacent to
Sadony Bayou. The survey was targeted almost exclusively for discovering a possible new Pitcher's
thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) occurrence. The shoreline was found to consist primarily of a narrow beach
backed by a moderately high, steep, sandy bluff of eroding moraine. Near the dunes at the north edge of
the Bayou, the only potential habitat for Pitcher's thistle was the eroding moraine slope. The slope was
actively eroding, supporting many plant species typical of open dune habitats, including marram grass
(Ammophila breviligulata), dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), Canada rye grass (Elymus canadensis),
wormwood (Artemisia campestris), sea rocket (Cakile edentula), bugseed (Corispermum hyssopifolium),
Gillman's goldenrod (Solidago simplex), dune willow (Salix myricoides), Eastern cottonwood (Populus
deltoides), evening primrose (Oenothera sp.), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), milkweed (Asclepias
syriaca), sandbar willow (Salix exigua), and red osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera).  The eroding
moraine slope also had many weeds present, with such exotics as bittersweet nightshade (Solanum
dulcamara), winged pigweed (Cycloloma atriplicifolium), bladder campion (Silene vulgaris), yarrow
(Achillea millefolium), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), wild carrot (Daucus carota), and white sweet
clover (Melilotus alba).  The most invasive species recorded were quackgrass (Agropyron repens,
Canada blugrass (Poa compressa), the widespread spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), and
especially bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis).  The latter species, often known under the colloquial
name of "soapwort", was widespread and highly invasive throughout much of this site. At the northern
portion of this survey areas, along the north edge of section 35, the bluff was found to be more stabilized
with a turf of vegetation. At the base of the moraine slope, the beach widened, and a low, broad foredune
occurred. The foredune, which was heavily dominated with a dense colony of marram grass, was
surveyed carefully but unsuccessfully for Pitcher's thistle. It was concluded that the mat of marram grass
was so dense and vigorous that no habitat (i.e. the open sand microhabitat required by Pitcher's thistle)
was presently available on this foredune for colonization. Overall, with the relative proximity of
Pitcher's thistle documented a few miles to the north, this site provides marginal but potential
colonization habitat should seeds disperse here.


20. Lake Macatawa South (Allegan Co.). A brief inventory of this site was conducted to determine the
possible presence of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) colonies. Site access, which could not be gained
on the south side of the Lake Macatawa channel during the 1992 drowned river mouth survey (Penskar et
al.), was again attempted via private landowners. Access was given by a resident, Ms. Sandy Clayce,




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who gave permission and subsequent directions to the subdivision's communal walkway to the beach
areas. Because of this unique opportunity, a survey was conducted up to the Lake Macatawa channel to
explore the area not covered in 1992, as well as the delineated shoreline to the south. The shoreline was
found to be heavily developed with residences, which have been built densely along the shoreline though
mostly at the forest edge.  The wide, low-sloping beach graded slowly to a low series of foredune
vegetated with extremely dense patches of marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), which formed a
virtual monoculture throughout much of the site. The shoreline vegetation here was characterized by its
low diversity of plants; among the few associated species were dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia),
wormwood (Artemisia campestris), riverbank grape (Vitis riparia), and staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina).
There was a commensurate low diversity in exotic species, all of which were classed as non-invasive at
this time, including black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), Japanese
knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), and white sweet clover (Melilotus alba). There appears to be a
moderate to heavy seasonal use of the shoreline by recreationists, although recreation is perhaps
somewhat limited by the lack of public access. Pitcher's thistle was not found during the inventory,
although habitat was concluded to be present albeit marginal.


21. Miami Park (Allegan Co.). This site was not fully accessed, but reconnaissance along the bluff
edge indicated that the site provided little habitat of interest for detailed survey. The shoreline was found
to be comprised of an eroding moraine bluff edge with a narrow, cobbly beach strand. Direct access was
difficult, owing to the fact that this survey site was virtually all within private lands. Access was also
difficult due to the structure of the moraine bluff.  Similar to the Merkey Road site encountered in
Manistee County, the eroding moraine was characterized by numerous crevices along the top of bluff,
where large monoliths of the unstable, exposed clay drift were forming and breaking away. Much of the
bluff edge near the roadside was posted with signs warning of the unstable slope. The site was thus
viewed briefly from several aspects along the edge, sufficient to determine that little, if any habitat for
Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) or other possible rare species appeared to be present, and inventory
was thus best directed elsewhere. As expected, the eroding moraine slope was somewhat weedy, as these
habitats are intrinsically suited to more ruderal, disturbance-based plants. The exotic species included
the very ubiquitous bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), white
sweet clover (Melilotus alba), and the ornamental guelder rose or highbush cranberry (Viburnum opulus).
The most invasive species, based on this very cursory reconnaissance, appeared to be bouncing bet and
white sweet clover.




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22. Ruggles road (Van Buren Co.). This site was surveyed to determine if a known occurrence of
Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) in Van Buren State Park could be extended to potential habitat on the
northern border of the park. The dune habitat appeared to be essentially contiguous with that contained
in the park. The site was accessed via Dyckman Swamp, a local nature preserve on the eastern margin of
the shoreline dunes. Of principal interest was the exposed, high dune slope as well as a large blowout
area just to the north of the Dyckman swamp area. At the top of the dunes at the forest edge, active sand
movement was resulting in the encroachment of dunes at the forest bluff edge.  Deep sands were
beginning to accumulate, resulting in the active burial of woody vegetation. The dune slope was found to
be high and steep. Large portions of the dune slope were vegetated with dense patches of marram grass
(Ammophila breviligulata), the dominant species throughout. Some portions of the exposed dune slope,
particularly in the region of several private homes at the top of the dune bluff, were obviously stabilized
with dense, vigorously growing colonies of marram grass, down to the rip-rapped base of the slope and
beach zone. In one instance, a landowner provided signage for his planting, encouraging pedestrians to
avoid destabilizing the dune slope by hiking across it. Marram grass is available in quantity through
various nurseries, although this may often be derived from out-of-state seed sources, and many
landowners along Lake Michigan have obtained and planted erosional areas for natural stabilization in
this manner.  In this site, impressive expanses of the dune slopes were hand planted with this species,
often in dense patches.
       Approximately one mile of shoreline was surveyed, up to a large blowout-like area in section 29.
The open expanse encountered was a large, hilly dune area that was virtually denuded of vegetation by
excessive ORV use. Where not heavily damaged, marram grass provided the majority of the vegetative
cover. This site was clearly the most degraded area observed during the Lake Michigan inventory. The
degree and recency of recreational vehicle use indicated that this site will continue to be utilized in this
fashion, and thus recovery cannot be presumed for the near future. Expansion of the non-vegetated areas
is likely following this excessive artificial disturbance. Associated dune species were few, but included
Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), bugseed (Corispermum
hyssopifolium), wormwood (Artemisia campestris), wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa), and red osier
dogwood  (Cornus  stolonifera).   Several  exotics were  noted,  including black  locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia), bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), and Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. italica),
all of which were found to be moderately invasive at the site. On the way out of the site, plants of sea
rocket (Cakile edentula) were found at the top of the bluff, established within the forest boundary,
indicating the ability of the prevailing western winds to disperse a typical beach strand species across a
high dune slope and significantly inland.




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23. Linden Hills South (Van Buren Co.). This site was accessed via a small township park adjacent to
Linden Hills, and an approximately 1.5 miles of shoreline was briefly inventoried to attempt to find
colonies of Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) in what appeared to be somewhat limited but potential
dune habitat. The shoreline was densely developed with what were apparently seasonal homes and
cottages, many of which were built extremely close to the immediate shore and had extensive rip-rapping
to reduce erosion. The shoreline had more limited and marginal habitat than indicated by the topographic
quadrangle and recent aerial photo imagery.  A moderately wide expanse of dunes occurred near the
township park, consisting of low foredunes dominated by marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata) with
some dune grass (Calamovilfa longifolia). This habitat quickly tailed out as the zone narrowed and a
densely developed area occurred about 0.5 miles southeast of the park. The cottages in some areas were
perched above a vertical "wash-out" zone about 1-2 meters in height; it was along this zone that most
residences had rip-rapping, metal seawalls, and large sandbag-like retaining walls. Only a narrow zone
of dune habitat was left between the homes and the beach proper. The vegetation consisted primarily of
marram grass and dune grass, with common associates such as Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides),
bugseed (Corispermum  hyssopifolium), scarce wormwood  (Artemisia campestris), little bluestem
(Andropogon scoparius), and sea rocket (Cakile edentula). A few exotics were noted, including
Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. italica), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) bouncing bet (Saponaria
officinalis), and a restricted occurrence of Lyme grass (Elymus arenarius), the latter a "rare" though
likely somewhat overlooked exotic species known only from about three counties in the state and here
constituting an apparent county record (a voucher specimen was taken to confirm this). Several homes
were found to be surrounded with frequent plantings of Scotch pine, as well the native white and red

pines (Pinus strobus and P. resinosa, respectively). Pitcher's thistle was carefully sought but could not
be found. A large parabolic blowout area which was on private land and could not be accessed in section
18, approximately 0.5 miles south of Linden Hills, remains potential habitat for Pitcher's thistle. Prior to
large-scale development along the shoreline, it is likely that Pitcher's thistle was once present, as there
are populations known to both the south and north.


24. Mizpah Park (Berrien Co.). This site comprised the last and southernmost survey site, where there
was little expectation for rare species. Because the shoreline could not be definitively determined from
map and aerial photo interpretation, the site had been delineated as a potential survey site. Similar to
other eroding moraine shoreline areas, this shore, with its open slope, could not be reliably distinguished
from sandy slopes that in many areas along the Lake Michigan shore are known to support populations of
Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri). This site was very similar to Miami Park (described above), in that




                  3I~                                                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~Endemic Plants Survey - Page 64



Ij~ the shoreline was found to consist of an abrupt bluff top characterized by crevices and large-scale erosion
          and landsliding. Reconnaissance of a representative portion of the shore from the top of the bluff
1   ~     ~strongly indicated that little habitat was present for Pitcher's thistle or other rare species. The slope and
         bluff were also quite weedy, but a complete plant list was not made as this site was not formally
31  ~     inventoried.  White sweet clover (Melilotus alba) was noted as a prominent weed along the bluff and
          slope. The bluff, which was about 20-30 meters or more above the lake level, was fronted by a narrow
5I  ~     cobbly-sandy beach that clearly was not potential habitat for Pitcher's thistle.


       5I~~~~~~ ~~Critical Dunes Element Occurrence List


                 The list of plant and animal element occurrences within designated Critical Dunes (CD) was
          organized by the Township, Range, and Section(s) of element occurrences (EOs) to allow for easy
          project screening, and consists of a Microsoft Excel file that can be sorted into regional lists. Table 8
          shows a sample output page from the file. In the left column, all Sections within the CD areas are listed.
5t  ~     In the cells to the right, all EOs in each section are listed by scientific name. Each element is followed by
          the BCD record number in parentheses, allowing easy reference to more detailed information in BCD,
          and by a letter code (S, M, G) that indicates the extent of the occurrence. A code of "S" indicates a very
          local occurrence, whereas "M" indicates an occurrence extending up to 1.5 miles from the mapped
f1  ~     location; "G" indicates an occurrence extending up to 5 miles. It is possible to add the common name of
          each species to the list, or to use standard MNFI cross reference lists to obtain common names.
                  Quality checking the complete list against mapped occurrences revealed that the database
          information did not always reflect the complete extent of occurrences. Since this project did not include
          adequate funding to completely correct this problem, we are continuing the process under other funding,

          including a current CZM project that involves examining and analyzing shoreline cumulative impacts.

          The methodology developed here will be crucial for the completion of the cumulative impact project. A
          hard copy and electronic EXCEL file of the complete CD list will be made available to CD permitting
          staff when completed.
                  While completion of the quality checking of the list may reveal a few more EOs or extensions of
          the range of some EOs, the following statistics from the data compiled to date provide a good picture of
~I  ~     significance of coastal habitats for natural features. Altogether, the list includes 290 EOs in the state's
          CD, which represents about 13% of the total coastal plant and animal EOs in the MNFI database. This is
          approximately proportional to the portion of the coast that is designated as CD (about 12% of coastal
          Sections). Since many of the shoreline plants occur in sparse populations scattered over extensive










Table 8: Plant and Animal Element Occurrences in Coastal Sections - Sample Output
           From Michigan Natural Features Inventory Database, December 1996.


    Town   9611E Range  '150eni"l  Nam           ScltfcNm    E#    cex               c Nameft= I                                  30 ScetfcNaeZ.~iicN m

T05N RI 6W S4
T05N R16W S9
TO5S R19W S17
T05S R19W S20          Tipularia discolor (3) G
T05S R19W S29          Castanea dentata (7) S    Hibiscus moscheutos (14) S  Juncus biflorus (14) S   Potamogeton pulcher (4) M  Sabatia angularis (14) S
T05S R1 9W S30
T05S R19W S31          Carex platyphylla (2) M
TO5S R 19W S32         Acris crepitans blanchardi  Hypericumgentianoides(1)  Strophostyles helvula (19)
                       (12) MSG
T06N R16W S16          Panax quinquefolius (35) S
OT6N R16W S21
T06N R1 6W S28
T06N R16W S33
T06N RI 6W S4
T06N R16W 59
TO6S R19W S18          Hieracium paniculatum (1)  Pycnanthemum verticillatum Sabatia angularis (23) S    Spiranthes ochroleuca (1)  Triplasis purpurea (2) M
                       S                         (9) S                                                S
T06S Ri 9W S6          Adlumia fungosa (27) G    Fundulus notti (8) M       Microtus pinetorum (2) S    Triplasis purpurea (8) S
T06S R19W 57
T06S R20W S12
T06S R20W S13
T06S R20W S24          Adlumia fungosa (3) S     Cirsium pitchedi (16) M    Panax quinquefolius (45) S Terrapene carolina carolina Wolff ia papulifera (2) M
                                                                                                    (38) M
T06S R20W S25          Oecanthus pini (3) M
T06S R20W S26          Cirsium pitcheri (16) M   Terrapene carolina carolina  Utricularia subulata (1) M   Vitis vulpina (1) M
                                                (37) M
T06S R20W S34
T06S R20W S35



*For the extent value, S indicates very local occurrence, M indicates extent up to 1.5 mile radius, and G indicates extent up to 5 mile radius



                                                                                 Endemic Plants Survey - Page 66
I               habitat, these EOs frequently occur in more than one Section.  In addition, many Sections have EOs of
             several different species. The total number of CD Sections with plant or animal EOs is about 220, or
I
             about 48% of all the CD Sections.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
U
I
I
I
I
U
I




                                                                                  Endemic Plants Survey - Page 67




           I                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~Discussion


         I                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~Endemic Plants Inventory

3        ~~Lake Huron

                  Numerous survey gaps within the coastal zone were investigated during the inventory, resulting

          in significant new rare plant occurrences and many extensions of previously documented populations.

          The status of many known occurrences that did not result in extensions was also established, and the
          general condition and quality of much of the shoreline was assessed. Based upon the considerable survey

          work that has been conducted along the shoreline through this and previous studies, the northern and
          southern range boundaries of the four primary target species (dwarf lake iris, Houghton's goldenrod,

          Lake Huron tansy, and Pitcher's thistle) has now been well established.
                  Dwarf lake iris occurs from just south of Edgewater Beach in Cheboygan county to just south of

I        ~~Partridge Point in Alpena County. Populations near the north end of its range, at Cadottes Point, Stoney

          Point, and Point Nipigon, are smaller and considerably more fragmented than those further south. This

I        ~~species is abundant in and around Cheboygan State Park where known populations were extended over

          one mile to Grass Bay. It reaches its peak of abundance along a 45+ mile stretch from Adams Point just

5        ~~south of Rogers City to North Point south of Alpena.  Along this stretch Garlitz (1989) documented

          significant populations from Adams Point to False Presque Isle Peninsula, and from Monaghan Point to

3        ~~North Point, while populations at Thompson's Harbor, Besser Natural Area, Rockport, and Northport

          were all extended significantly during the current study. The southernmost known occurrence of dwarf

3        ~~~lake iris along Lake Huron was documented just south of Partridge Point in 1987.

                  Houghton's goldenrod shows the most limited range of distribution of the four target species,

3        ~~occurring from Nipigon Point in Cheboygan County to Evergreen Beach in Presque Isle County. Similar

          to dwarf lake iris, the northernmost occurrences of this species are small compared to those further south.

3         ~~~The most notable presence of Houghton's goldenrod is in the region from Bernard E. Jarvis State

          Roadside Park in Presque Isle County south and east to Hammond Bay, where it occurs by the thousands

3        ~~in several long stretches. Several occurrences were reconfirmed south of this region at Hammond Bay

          East and Evergreen Beach. The southernmost known occurrence, observed in 1982 at Ferron Point in

          Presque Isle County was not reconfirmed; however the potential for it to persist there remains. Additional

          survey during the optimal flowering time is warranted at this site.
                  The northernmost known occurrence of Lake Huron tansy is a small population at Stoney Point,

          while the southernmost known occurrence is a large population beginning just north of Rogers City and
g        ~~extending north approximately 2.5 miles to Hoeft State Park. Due to the numerous extensions of known




                                                                                  Endemic Plants Survey - Page 68



I        ~~occurrences resulting from this study, the tansy is now known to be distributed in high numbers from
         Cheboygan State Park to its southern range boundary near Rogers City. This is particularly so along a
I      ~    ~six mile, more or less contiguous stretch from two miles west of Evergreen Beach in Presque Isle County
         to the north boundary of Hoeft State Park. Other long stretches of Lake Huron tansy occur at Cheboygan
I        ~~State Park and eastward, Grass Bay and eastward, Huron Beach, and Hammond Bay East.
                 Pitcher's thistle covers the greatest range of the four priority species, occurring from its
         northernmost location at Point Nipigon in Cheboygan County to its southernmost occurrence in Huron
         County at Port Crescent State Park. It is found almost in tandem with Lake Huron tansy, particularly in
3        ~~the six mile contiguous stretch described above.  The thistle, however, continues on, more or less, for
         another three miles to the north side of Rogers City. It is also found, unlike the tansy, in considerable
3        ~~numbers at Thompson's Harbor, Besser Natural Area, and North Point.  Those occurrences north of
         Huron Beach in Presque Isle county are small and isolated, as are the two confirmed occurrences south of
3        ~~North Point (Au Sable Point and Port Crescent State Park), both of which have declined dramatically
         since previous observations. One additional southern occurrence, at the Oscoda North site, was found to
3        ~~be extirpated, while two other known occurrences at Negwegon State Park and just south of Oscoda were
         not visited during this study. Regardless of whether these latter two occurrences are considered extant or
         not, any occurrences south of North Point are only remnants of apparently once more abundant and
         widespread populations. This is particularly true for the Thumb region, where numerous herbarium
3        ~~~collections solidly establish the historical presence and abundance of this species there.
                 Because of their declining status, the two confirmed southern occurrences at Au Sable Point and
         Port Crescent State Park provide incentive for the consideration of experimental management for the

         thistle. It appears that one of the reasons for decline in these two areas is the density of vegetation which
         limits the availability of colonization sites. Pitcher's thistle is known to require 70% bare sand substrate

         for successful germination and establishment (Bowles et al. 1993). Experimental clearing and/or
         planting could be attempted at these sites. In addition, several southern areas warrant further survey

         effort including the two known occurrences mentioned above that were not visited during this study.
         Survey at Negwegon State Park, where one of these occurrences is located, should include the area from
I        ~~Black River to Lookout Point in order to evaluate all potential habitat there.  In addition, permission
          should be sought to survey the coastal zone at Pointe Aux Barques in the Thumb region, where potential
*        ~~~habitat occurs.
                 With the exception of those places where it has already been documented, and those places
3        ~~where further survey is recommended, the chances are minimal that additional populations of Pitcher's
         thistle or most other coastal zone rarities will be documented south of Partridge Point in Alpena County.




                                                                        Endemic Plants Survey - Page 69



This is due to the highly developed nature of the shoreline in this region. South of the Thumb region, for
the most part, agricultural activities extend almost to the shoreline, with typically only a narrow band of

non-agricultural land lying between the fields and the heavily used, residential lots lining the water's
edge. Although agricultural land directly adjacent to the shoreline lessens further north, the heavy
concentration of lakeside residences does not, once again precluding the likely persistence of rare plant
species.
       A review of the overlapping concentrations of the four target species reveals that there are
several highly significant regions which harbor at least two if not three or four of the priority species in
either high concentration or over long distances. These include the following:

        *   Cheboygan State Park through Grass Bay to Cordwood Point: (Solidago houghtonii,
           Cirsium pitcheri, Iris lacustris, and Tanacetum huronense)

       *   Huron Beach south past Bernard E. Jarvis State Roadside Park to Hammond Bay:

           (Solidago houghtonii, Cirsium pitcheri, Tanacetum huronense)
        *   Evergreen Beach to 40 Mile Point: (Cirsium pitcheri, Tanacetum huronense)
A fourth area is identified where only one of the high priority species, dwarf lake iris, is found in
abundance, although several other coastal rarities are known to occur in fairly high numbers. These
include populations of Richardson's sedge (Carex richardsonis) and bulrush sedge (Carex scirpoidea)
previously documented by Garlitz, as well as beauty sedge (Carex concinna) documented by Garlitz and
during the current study.
        * Adams Point to North Point: (Iris lacustris, C. richardsonis, C. scirpoidea, C.
           concinna)
       The four areas noted above should be given high priority for conservation action. Notably, a
considerable portion of all of these regions is comprised of privately owned lands. Although numbers of
rare species were not typically found to be as abundant on private lands compared to public lands, their
presence was notable, encouraging, and worthy of attention. It is in these areas where the fragmentation

of populations is most actively occurring, and it is here where fragmentation impacts can be studied and
possibly minimized by creative conservation activities (e.g. easements) that would limit the extent of
direct disturbance and help prevent further fragmentation of known occurrences. As development
pressures continue, as they undoubtedly will, having previously defined conservation actions will help
greatly in the conservation of rare plant populations. Private holdings should be identified in detail and
aggressive landowner contact and education should be implemented.
        Several additional areas of private landholdings, not noted above as high priority because of their
small size and isolation, deserve some mention. These include:




                                                                                   Endemic Plants Survey - Page 70




 I              ~~~~a the northernmost occurrence of dwarf lake iris just north of Cadottes Point in Cheboygan

                      County

  I               *~~~~ Stoney Point in Cheboygan County

                  a Nipigon Point

I        ~~~Landowner contact and education in these areas is recommended as well.

                  Much of the publicly owned coastal lands in the four high priority areas are naturally protected,

I        ~~~due to the difficulty in gaining access to these shores.  But even the public lands are under increasing

          pressure from visitors, and thought should be given towards setting up long-term monitoring strategies.

3        ~~~This would provide a gauge of the status of populations such that early detection of potential problems

          would be more likely.

  3              ~~~~~Additionally, as evidenced by the exotic species observed at each site (Table 5), the continual

          invasion of such species is a serious problem in coastal zone natural communities. Highways and access

I        ~~~roads often occur in close proximity to shoreline areas, and the large majority of sites experience regular

          disturbance activities, thus providing dispersal routes for the spread of invasive species. The abundance

3        ~~of exotic species was largely correlated to the accessibility and amount of disturbance at each site,

          though their presence was evident even in the most remote shores. Relatively few exotic species were

          found to be moderately to highly invasive over a large number of sites. Of the 38 exotic species observed

          during the survey, yarrow, spotted knapweed, and Canada bluegrass, all of which are well known for

3        ~~~their extreme invasiveness, were by far the most problematic. The other species listed were present at

          fewer sites, although in some cases in high numbers, and thus these may represent an incipient threat.

  3              ~~~~Many rare plant occurrences were documented in sites where exotic species were present in

          significant numbers, though generally the weedier the site, the less vigorous the rare species appeared to

          be. This may reflect the continual fragmentation of shoreline habitat through coastal zone development,

          which has enhanced the invasion of exotic species. However, not all rare plant populations appeared to
          be adversely affected by the presence of exotics. Houghton' s goldenrod, for example, was observed in

          high numbers in some sites where exotics were abundant, such as along a several mile stretch at Mast
          Point, and thus this species may be more resilient than others.


          Lake Michigan

 3              ~~~~~Following the 1992 inventory of drowned river mouth sites (Penskar et at. 1993), numerous sites

          within the Lower Peninsula coastal zone were delineated as having merit for future inventory, consisting

3        ~~largely of shoreline dunes, interdunal wetlands, and cobble and sand beaches.  In this study, we

          concentrated on investigating the mainland and two near-shore islands as a logical study area, thus




                                                                                 Endemic Plants Survey - Page 71



I(  ~     leaving the Beaver Island archipelago for subsequent surveys.  Despite the intensive and systematic
          scrutiny of the Lake Michigan coastline in previous MNFI studies (Albert et al. 1988, 1989; Chapman et

          al. 1985; Comer &  Albert 1993), a moderate number of sites were identified, some of which were
          extensive. The vast majority of survey sites, as one might expect, occurred in northern Lower Michigan,
          where there is a markedly higher concentration of coastal dunes and considerably less development.
          Although many of these survey sites did not constitute large sand dune systems, they were found to
          provide apparently sustainable habitat for coastal endemics, particularly Pitcher's thistle.  Survey sites
          often consisted of narrow, linear coastal dunes, comprised of no more than a beach strand, a well
31  ~     developed foredune, and limited back dunes or dune fields, if any. In many cases these confined coastal
          habitats were backed abruptly by forest and/or steep slopes and bluffs of exposed glacial moraine. The
3I  ~     sites were often variable, ranging from long, uniform stretches of continuous beach and foredune to more
          discontinuous areas interspersed with rock and cobble beaches. Despite the restricted depth of these
          coastal communities, the collective available habitat along large stretches of the shore (i.e. up to one or
          more miles) was found to support moderately large rare plant populations.
  3t~ ~Among the most significant areas identified during the inventory were Waugoshance and
          Temperance Islands in Wilderness State Park. No rare plant populations were found on Waugoshance
3I  ~     Island, but a significant, high quality boreal forest occurrence was identified. In addition, observations
          were made of a pair of immature bald eagles that may have fledged from a heretofore unknown nest site.
3I  ~      Similarly, an observation was made of a possible Northern harrier occurrence. Temperance Island was
          the richest site found during the Lake Michigan inventory with regard to new natural feature occurrences;
          inventory there resulted in the discovery of locally abundant numbers of Pitcher's thistle and a

          moderately large population of Houghton's goldenrod. In addition, a significant occurrence of Great
          Lakes marsh was found. Both islands show little artificial disturbance and human use, and are protected
          and managed within Wilderness State Park. Discovery of the above natural features will thus only
          enhance the management, protection, and appreciation of these sites.
                  South of the Straits area, the target species were principally Pitcher's thistle, Michigan monkey-
          flower, and Lake Huron tansy (except in perched dune areas), although the latter species is known to be
~I  ~     restricted in Lake Michigan to the northern portion of the basin and thus was not expected below the
          Grand Traverse Bay region based on the known distribution (Voss 1996). In perched dune areas,

IC.  ~    fascicled broom-rape (Orobanche fasciculata) was sought, as this species occurs in close association
          with this type of dune system. Because of the timing of the survey, we were unable to conduct inventory
          for dunewort (Botrychium campestre), an ephemeral, early flushing grape-fern that withers by mid- to




                                                                       Endemic Plants Survey - Page 72



late-June, although potential habitat for this species (perched dune systems and eroding moraine bluffs)
was noted on field forms when encountered.
       Sites in the southern portion of Emmet County (M-1 19 to Pike Road, Good Hart, Middle Village
South) and in Charlevoix County (Fisherman's Island State Park, Banks Township Park) exemplify the
restricted type of coastal dunes. Here, long stretches of narrow foredunes and cobble and sand beaches
extend for several miles. Several small new occurrences of both Pitcher's thistle and Lake Huron tansy
were collectively catalogued, and significant status updates were obtained for known occurrences of
these species as well. In Fisherman's Island State Park, a population of the Lake Huron locust
(Timerotropis huroniana), a Great Lakes endemic insect, was apparently observed and subsequently
reported to MNFI zoologists. The locust was last observed in this site in 1923.

       For the vast remainder of sites, from Leelanau County to the southernmost locality in Berrien
County, the inventory was almost exclusively targeted for populations of Pitcher's thistle. Within these
areas, several of the sites that were inventoried included portions of larger coastal dune systems, such as

perched dunes with blowouts (Herring Lake Embayment, Watervale South, Bishop Road, and Pierport
West). At Pierport West, a one-mile length of perched dune was surveyed, resulting in the discovery of a
new population of fascicled broom-rape.
       Perhaps the most significant plant discovery of the survey was the identification of a potential
colony of Michigan monkey-flower (Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis) at Gills Pier in Leelanau
County.  Here and in other sites where cold springs, streams, and seeps were present along exposed
glacial moraine bluffs, Michigan monkey-flower was sought. At the mouth of a small stream near Gills
Pier and within adjacent springs, sterile plants of what may be Michigan monkey-flower were collected.

Because only sterile plants were found, this rare federal and state endangered plant could not be
positively identified, but the habitat appeared suitable. This locality will be subsequently accessed and
surveyed during the peak bloom period in July, hopefully resulting in a confirmation. Currently there are
only 14 known extant occurrences for this global rarity that is found only within Michigan (Penskar
1997).
       The southernmost new occurrence of Pitcher's thistle found during the inventory was a
moderately large population found within and near the Magoon Creek Natural Area, just south of the
City of Manistee. This new occurrence is particularly noteworthy, as a population of Pitcher's thistle
discovered in the condominium-marina complex in the city has declined severely and is likely no longer
viable. Knowledge of the Magoon Creek occurrence thus comprises an important remnant population for
the area. Elsewhere to the south, little additional habitat was found ranging down to Berrien County,
although it was known a priori that increasingly marginal sites were being assessed. At Meinert Park in




                                                                        Endemic Plants Survey - Page 73



Muskegon County, an occurrence of Pitcher's thistle was relocated but appeared to be declining. In this
site, numerous homes and cottages were being constructed, many within the dunes proper. This type of
development will likely accelerate the loss of dune function, with the ultimate loss of the viability of this
population. At Ruggles Road in Van Buren County, extensive steep dunes were surveyed in an
unsuccessful attempt to extend the known occurrence of Pitcher's thistle in Van Buren State Park.
Outside the park to the north, however, the dune habitat was found to be severely damaged and denuded
by ORV's, with virtually no vegetation left in areas accessible to these vehicles.  In steep slope areas,
landowners are engaged in the active control of the natural mass wasting of the dune slope, as evidenced
by numerous revetments, pilings, and extensive plantings of marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata).
       With regard to exotic species, relatively few of the 51 species recorded were found to be
moderately to highly invasive at a large number of sites (Table 7). The most notable invasives are well-
known for their ability to invade coastal areas, both with and without artificial disturbance, such as
spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), Lombardy poplar (Populus
nigra var. italica), and bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis). Perhaps the largest potential problems are
spotted knapweed and Lombardy poplar.  The former species has been observed to be aggressively
colonizing sand dunes throughout Lower Michigan, and many land managers are beginning to implement
control measures for this species.  Migration along Michigan's roadsides has likely provided a rapid
route for dispersal, and although artificial disturbance assists in introducing this species, spotted
knapweed is also actively invading undisturbed dunes, owing to the dynamic sand dune environment that
is inherently suited for some weed species. Lombardy poplar, planted extensively as an ornamental
species, apparently consists only of male plants, and is thus not able to produce seed.  However, this
species readily propagates itself via long rhizomes well-suited to dune sands, and clones readily wherever
planted. Fragmentation of the rhizomes and possibly limbs and twigs may be a form of dispersal for this
species along the shoreline. Observations during this survey indicate that artificial disturbance, such as
excessive ORV use, can stimulate the growth of this species.
       Lastly, as observed during the previous coastal zone inventory for endemic plants (Penskar et al.
1993), refuse that represents a potentially serious problem for wildlife as well as humans is the
ubiquitous presence of helium party balloons and ribbon streamers. Released from locations as far away
as Wisconsin, these accumulate along beaches in large numbers, and were found in nearly every site
surveyed. This problem may be peculiar to the Lake Michigan shore, as opposed to other shorelines in
Michigan, due to the westerly wind fetch. Clearly this appears to represent a continuing problem, with
the potential to ensnare wildlife and cause other damage, yet at this time we are unaware of the extent of
reports of this within the literature and elsewhere.




                                                                                    Endemic Plants Survey -Page 74




       I                                 ~~~~~~~~~Critical Dunes Element Occurrence List


  U               ~~~~The high percentage (48%) of Critical Dunes (CD) Sections which contain plant or animal

          Element Occurrences (E~s) and the large number of EOs (about 290) indicates that the CD are highly

3         ~~~significant habitat for the state's rare species. While the current list provides a quite complete picture of

          the rare plants occurring in CD areas, the list is less complete at present for animals. Many segments of

3         ~~~the shoreline have had little if any systematic animal inventory. Eventually, when animal surveys are as

          complete as the plant surveys, and natural community occurrences are also incorporated, this list can be

3         ~~used to delineate sections with no natural features concerns, which will provide highly efficient

           screening for permitting staff. In the meantime, the present list will be helpful for the CD program,

3         ~~because most concerns within the CD are plants. The methodology developed will also be useful for

          production of other lists of coastal features, such as one recently requested by the Army Corps of

3         ~~~Engineers.

                  Production of this list demonstrated some limits of the EO database for extracting information on

3         ~~~coastal occurrences which often extend for more than a mile along the shore. Quality testing of the list

          against manual files indicated that EO extent was not always accurately reflected in the data extracted

3         ~~from the database. To  insure that future shoreline data extractions reflect the full extent of all

          occurrences, MNIFI will need to quality check location information in shoreline plant EOs.

  3               ~~~~~A second limit demonstrated by this project was that these data would be easier to extract in a

          GIS environment than in a database search. The list of coastal Sections is so long (about 4,000 Sections)

          that the database search procedure is complex and time-consuming, and keeping the shoreline EO list UP-

          to-date when records are updated will not be simple. This is one reason why this type of product should
          not be attempted until the inventory work is considered largely complete. However, the CD list will be

          easier to update than the complete shoreline list since EO records falling in CDs include a CD
          designation field.

                  This project provided us the opportunity to take the first step toward a more efficient system for
           screening permitted activities in the coastal zone for impacts on natural features. In the next year we will

3         ~~~be refining this screening tool, and extending this step to a study of cumulative impacts of permitted

          activities in the coastal zone. The methodology developed here will be modified to account for the

3         ~~~difficulties encountered, and then used for the cumulative impact evaluation which will include other

          segments of the coast.




                                                                                  Endemic Plants Survey - Page 75



        I                                 ~~~~~~~~Summary and Recommendations

U~~urg

                  To complete a comprehensive inventory of the Lower Michigan coastal zone for endemic plant
          species, systematic surveys were conducted from May to October, 1996 by MNFI. The purpose of this
I      ~     ~~investigation was to assist in the compilation of thorough natural features database for the state's coastal
          zone, largely to facilitate environmental review and enhance conservation planning decisions. A total of
3        ~~~52 discrete survey sites -- 28 on Lake Huron and 24 on Lake Michigan -- was delineated and inventoried,
          Survey sites for Lake Michigan were based on those selected following a shoreline investigation and
3        ~~analysis in 1992 (Penskar et al. 1993). For Lake Huron, shoreline analyses involving aerial photo and
          database review were conducted in early 1996, followed by site assessments and field inventories within
3        ~~the same year. A total of 24 new rare plant occurrences was identified, in addition to a potentially new

          occurrence for the endemic Michigan monkey-flower, which could not be verified in sterile condition.
3        ~~Two new high quality occurrences of natural communities were documented. Status information was
          obtained for 54 occurrences of previously documented rare plant populations, many of which were
3        ~~~updated with significant range extensions, especially for several historically documented colonies. More
          than 114 miles of Lower Michigan shoreline were covered in field inventories. A total of 66 exotic plant
3         ~~species was tallied, with several rated as being moderately to highly invasive in shoreline natural
          communities.
  3               ~~~~A component of this project, following field surveys and data transcription, was an effort to
          compile a comprehensive database of element occurrences (i.e. natural features) within designated
3         ~~Critical Dunes (CD) for use as a permit and project screening tool by Coastal Program staff. A manual
          check with MNEI maps indicated the files did not always reflect the entire extent of occurrences, and
3         ~~~some occurrences were not included. A reconciliation and quality control procedure was initiated under
          a new, related CZM project (cumulative impacts assessment) to address the discrepancies and ultimately
          build a fully reliable list. Despite the present discrepancies, the current version of the list includes nearly

          300 element occurrences in Michigan's critical dune areas, representing about 13% of the total coastal
          element occurrences in the MNFI  statewide database.   This is proportional to the percentage of

          designated critical dune areas, which comprise about 12% of coastal Sections.


I ~~Recommendations
                  Recommendations based upon the result of this study can be broken down into several categories
3         ~~of action, consisting of:  1) further survey work,  2) landowner contact and education,  3) control of
          exotic species, and 4) potential research. Specific recommendations are detailed below.




                                                                                    Endemic Plants Survey - Page 76



          I                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~Further Survey Work


 N               ~~~~During the course of this study, every attempt was made to cover as much potential habitat as

          possible, in order to investigate shoreline gaps where survey information was lacking, incomplete, or

3         ~~~dated. However, since it is impossible to be in all places at the optimal time for each coastal zone rarity,

          some areas were identified that merit further survey work. In some cases these are sites of previously

          known occurrences that time did not permit visiting, while elsewhere potentially high quality sites were
          identified that were not noted during the original delineation of survey sites. For the Lake Huron

3         ~~~shoreline, the following areas are recommended for further survey:

                    * the southernmost occurrence of Houghton' s goldenrod at Ferron Point

                    * the previously known occurrence of Pitcher's thistle at Negwegon State Park

                    * the previously known occurrence of Pitcher's thistle just south of Oscoda

   5               *  ~~~~the coastal zone at Pointe aux Barques in Huron County where potential Pitcher's thistle
                      habitat occurs

                  For Lake Michigan, inventory coverage of the mainland coastal zone for endemic plant species is

          felt to be complete, with the exception of one area, the Leelanau Peninsula. Based on 1996 surveys in

3         ~~~adjacent areas, portions of the shoreline northeast of Northport may provide sufficient dune habitat for

          Pitcher's thistle and Lake Huron tansy. Several miles of shoreline there, though within an area with

3         ~~~many cottages and homes, may still provide sufficient habitat for rare plants. Currently no records are

          known, and thus at least reconnaissance and possibly inventory are warranted. In addition to this area at

3         ~~~the tip of the peninsula, it will be necessary to return to the Gills Pier locality to try and verify the

          possible new occurrence of Michigan monkey-flower. This colony was tentatively identified from sterile

3         ~~~plants discovered during the 1996 shoreline inventory.  Only 14 localities globally are known for this

          federal and state endangered monkey-flower, and thus a new occurrence would be highly significant.

                  The remaining islands delineated as requiring inventory in the Lower Peninsula region of Lake

          Michigan, namely Beaver Island, Hog Island, Gull Island and High Island, should be surveyed in the near
          future. This may require extensive effort, as all of the area of Great Lakes islands lies within the state

          coastal zone. Survey may thus be needed to address potential high quality natural communities in the
          interior portions of some islands, in addition to the immediate coastal habitats.

  I               ~~~~In addition to the inventories detailed above, it is also recommended that similar work be
          considered for the Upper Peninsula, following analysis of data from previous and ongoing shoreline

I         ~~~studies (e.g. CZM bedrock community surveys).




                                                                      Endemic Plants Survey - Page 77



                                 Landowner Contact and Education


       Four regions of Lake Huron coastal zone were identified where there are overlapping
occurrences of two or more rare plant species, and where significant portions are under private land
ownership. Aggressive landowner contact and education is recommended in these areas. They include
the following:
           Cheboygan State Park through Grass Bay to Cordwood Point: (Solidago houghtonii,
           Cirsium pitcheri, Iris lacustris, and Tanacetum huronense)

       ï¿½  Huron Beach south past Bernard E. Jarvis State Roadside Park to Hammond Bay:
           (Solidago houghtonii, Cirsium pitcheri, Tanacetum huronense)

       ï¿½  Evergreen Beach to 40 Mile Point: (Cirsium pitcheri, Tanacetum huronense)

       *  Adams Point to North Point:  (Iris lacustris, C. richardsonis, C. scirpoidea, C.
           concinna)


Several smaller regions of private land-holdings were also identified where landowner contact and
education could be valuable. These include:

       *  the northernmost occurrence of dwarf lake iris just north of Cadottes Point in Cheboygan

           County

       *  Stoney Point in Cheboygan County

       *  Nipigon Point in Cheboygan County
       Lake Michigan, in comparison to portions of the Lake Huron shore, is markedly different with
regard to the pattern of plant occurrences. It clearly lacks the dense clustering and sheer diversity of rare
plant species such as those found along northern Lake Huron shores. However, the state's best coastal
dune systems are found in the Lake Michigan coastal zone, most of which are found on public lands,
such as Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Ludington Dunes, and others. Accordingly, many of
the state's best populations of species such as Pitcher's thistle, and Western disjuncts such as fascicled
broom-rape and dunewort, occur in this region. Landowner contact is thus of somewhat less urgency,
owing in part to this patterning of rare plant occurrences. Nonetheless, development is occurring at a
rapid pace on the Lake Michigan shore. Currently, MNFI is engaged in an active landowner contact
program that has conducted work in the Emmet County area. Because of the fragility and vulnerability of
populations in the southern region of the Lake Michigan, a general recommendation is made here to
initiate landowner contact at all desirable sites in southern Lower Michigan, where development
recreational pressures are high.




                                                                                     Endemic Plants Survey -Page 78



           I                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Exotic Species


  I               ~~~~Exotic species have long been known to be troublesome in coastal zone communities. This study

          has resulted in the elucidation of those species that are currently most problematic, as well as some

3         ~~~general baseline data.  Although, the presence of exotic species does not preclude the presence of rare

          species, it certainly will erode the viabilities of rare populations over time, as well as those of other
3         ~~~indigenous plants that form the greater portion of native plant communities.  Measures must be taken to

          document and stem their invasion on public lands. Such measures should also be a component of

          landowner contact and education efforts on private lands, which will require information materials to

          assist in the identification of and control target exotic species.


                                                          Research

  3               ~~~~Ultimately, many sites may require intensive management to maintain natural communities and

          rare plant populations. In addition, restoration is likely to be attempted in many areas where landholders,

3         ~~~both in public and private sectors, are committed to sustaining natural diversity.  To this end, research

          will be needed to determine the most appropriate management techniques. Without detailing an

3         ~~~extensive potential list of research areas and specific topics, we would merely like to highlight this

          subject and suggest that consideration be given in future funding to projects that may help ascertain the
3         ~~~specific actions needed to maintain, restore, and perpetuate the biodiversity of coastal ecosystems.




                                                                                  Endemic Plants Survey - Page 79



         I                                       ~~~~~~~~~Acknowledgements


 I               ~~~~~We are indebted to several people that aided greatly in our study. Dr. Anton A. Reznicek of the
          University of Michigan Herbarium examined several plants we brought in for identification. We would
U       ~    ~~like to thank Rob Comstock, manager of Wilderness State Park, for kindly providing advice on kayaking
          to Waugoshance and Temperance islands, as well as for checking on our safe return. A number of
I         ~~~private landowners permitted access to their land and provided information on their sites. We especially
          acknowledge the assistance of Ms. Kay Barnell, a real estate agent and shoreline landowner, who
          provided access at Glen Arbor in Leelanau County, and Dr. Sivert Glarum, who not only provided access
          but took the time to give a guided tour of the dunes on his family's property near Elberta. Dennis Albert
3         ~~and Pat Corner, MNFI's knowledgeable ecologists, reviewed our data for potential natural community
          occurrences, and provided their standard, astute consultations. Jennifer Olson, MNFI Environmental
3        ~~Review Assistant, and Janet Hayward, MNFI Assistant Information Manager, helped enormously by
          taking on the painstaking task of manually reviewing numerous topographic maps for all of the legal
3         ~~~sections that include Michigan's coastal zone. Sue Ridge, MNFI's Director of Administration, provided
          help on some tricky Excel tables and assisted in innumerable ways, as always, throughout both of our
3         ~~~complicated field and report-writing "seasons"~. Finally, we would like to extend special thanks to all of
          the dedicated staff of the Coastal Management Program in Land and Water Management Division
3         ~~~(MDEQ), and especially Maureen Hein, for their patience, interest, and, most importantly, the unflagging
          support of our program.




                                                                    Endemic Plants Survey - Page 80



                                       Literature Cited


Albert, D. A., P. J. Comer, R. A. Corner, D. L. Cuthrell, M. R. Penskar, and M. L. Rabe. 1995. Bedrock
       Shoreline Survey of the Niagaran Escarpment in Michigan's Upper Peninsula: Mackinac County
       to Delta County. Report to Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources, Land and Water Management
       Division. 51 pp.

Albert, D. A., M. R. Penskar and P. J. Comer. 1995. Results of the 1993-1994 Inventories of the
       Northern Lake Huron and McMahon Lake Bioreserves. Report to The Nature Conservancy,
       Michigan Field Office. 44 pp.

Albert, D. A., G. A. Reese, M. R. Penskar, L. A. Wilsmann, and S. J. Ouwinga. 1989. A survey of Great
       Lakes Marshes in the northern half of Michigan's Lower Peninsula and throughout Michigan's
       Upper Peninsula. Lansing, Mich. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Unpub. rept. for Land
       and Water Mgt. Div., MDNR.  124 pp.

Albert, D. A., G. A. Reese, S. R. Crispin, M. R. Penskar, L. A. Wilsmann, and S. J. Ouwinga. 1988. A
       survey of Great Lakes marshes in the southern half of Michigan's Lower Peninsula.  Lansing,
       Mich. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Unpub. rept. for Land and Water Mgt. Div.,
       MDNR. 116 pp.

Albert, D. A., S. R. Crispin, G. A. Reese, L. A. Wilsmann, and S. J. Ouwinga. 1987. A survey of Great
       Lakes marshes in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Lansing, Mich. Michigan Natural Features
       Inventory. Unpub. rept. for Land and Water Mgt. Div., MDNR. 73 pp.

Bowles, N. M., R. Flakne, K. McEachern, and N. Pavlovic.   1993.   Recovery Planning and
       Reintroduction of the Federal Threatened Pitcher's Thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) in Illinois. Nat.
       Areas J. 13:164-176.

Case, F. W. & R. B. Case Jr. 1990. Habitat Survey, Population Census, and Management Suggestions for
     the Endangered Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) in Michigan. Report submitted
     Natural Heritage Non-game Program, MDNR, Lansing, MI.

Case, F. W., Jr. 1987. Orchids of the Western Great Lakes Region. Revised ed. Cranbrook Institute of
       Science, Bull. 48. 251 pp.

Chapman, K. A., S.R. Crispin, L. A. Wilsmann, & S. J. Ouwinga.  1985.  Natural Area Inventory of
       Designated Sand Dune Areas in Michigan. Report to the Michigan Department of Natural
       Resources, Land Resource Programs Division. 46 pp.

Comer, P. J., W. A. MacKinnon, M. L. Rabe, D. L. Cuthrell, M. R. Penskar and D. A. Albert. 1995. A
       Survey of Lakeplain Prairie in Michigan. Report to Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
       Land and Water Management Division, Coastal Zone Management Program. 234 pp.

Comer, P. J. and D. A. Albert. 1993. A survey of wooded dune and swale complexes in Michigan.
       Report to Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Land and Water Management Division,
       Coastal Zone Management Program. 159 pp.




                                                                    Endemic Plants Survey - Page 81



Comer, P. J. 1991. A survey of wooded dune and swale complexes in Michigan in the northern Lower
       and eastern Upper Peninsulas of Michigan. Lansing, Mich. Michigan Natural Features
       Inventory. Unpub. rept. for Land and Water Mgt. Div., MDNR. 99 pp.

Garlitz, F. A. and D. Garlitz. 1989. North Lake Huron Shore Botanical Survey. Unpub. report for
       Natural Heritage Non-game Program, Wildlife Division, MDNR, 33 pp.

MDNR. 1989. Atlas of proposed critical dune areas. Coastal Management Program, Land and Water
       Mgt. Div. Lansing, Mich.

MNFI. 1990. Element occurrence record #.089 for Pitcher's thistle. Michigan Natural Features
       Inventory Statewide Database, Lansing, MI.

MNFI. 1990. Michigan Natural Community Types. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Lansing, MI.

MNFI.  1981a. Element occurrence record #.036 for Pitcher's thistle occurrence.. Michigan Natural
       Features Inventory Statewide Database, Lansing, MI.

MNFI.  1981b. Element occurrence record #.035 for Pitcher's thistle occurrence.. Michigan Natural
       Features Inventory Statewide Database, Lansing, MI.

Penskar, M. R. 1997. Michigan monkey-flower (Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis (Pennell)
       Fassett) Federal Recovery Plan..  Prepared for U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 3
       Endangered Species Office. (in press)

Penskar, M. R., T. R. Leibfreid, and L. J. Scrimger. 1993. A Survey of the Lake Michigan Coastal Zone
       for Great Lakes Endemic Plant Species. Report to the Michigan Department of Natural
       Resources, Land and Water Management Division, Michigan Coastal Management Program. 38
       pp. + appendices.

Penskar, M. R. & J. P. Ludwig. 1981. A Summer Survey of 35 BLM Islands in the St. Mary's River and
       Lake Huron for Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Plants and Animals. Ecological Research
       Services, Iron River, Michigan. 88 pp.

Voss, E. G. 1996. Michigan Flora. Part III. Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst.
       Sci. 61 & Univ. of Michigan Herbarium. 622 pp.



I

I

I

I

I

I

I
                                    APPENDIX A
I Maps of survey sites for Lake Huron and specific shoreline areas inventoried
I

I

I

I
I

I

I

I

I

I

I






                                                                                    1. Mackinac City to Cadottes Point





                                                                                                              *0

















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                      1                                                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2. Mill Creek-
















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                                                                                     3. Point Nipigon to Pries Landing


                               4.




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                                                                                                       5. Cheboygan State Park West


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                                                                  A-6






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           1                                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~15. Bolton Point to Rockport

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                      1                                                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~20. Oscoda North








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                                                                   A-20





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                   U                                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~22. Tawas Point



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                                                       A-22





                                                  23. Albert E. Sleeper State Park




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                   I                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~24. Port Crescent State Park


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                                                             A-24







                     1                                                                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~25. Port Austin










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                                                                         A-25I






                                                                               26. New London Point




























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                1     .5             0                             1~~~~1    KILOMETER



                                       A-26





                I                                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~27. Lake Huron Camp






    I~~~~~~~~~~3


             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~78











                                  SA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~HrnLA  Camp










                                                                   ~~~~Huron~   etl Camp



                              'N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8

~~~~~R T                HVI        L  L- E-




                        y'   ~~~~~~~~Jdo Qua
                    * ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I   M  IL

                               1000    0    1000  2000  3000 4000 5000   6000 7000 FEET ~'

                    woo.~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 I  KIOMTE




                                                         *                A-27nlya





                  1                                                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~28. Lakeport State Park







                         L-, E       Par- I         l     L   as,

                                                 601ei'gSt

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It


       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'I 7



                                                            604  aaI



           I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I



                                                                      IN

                        1 9                  .20

I~~~~~~~~~ 1 'Landing73   *.>
                                                Field  >~  ~        .f ~i~4'. Lalieport


              a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1,




                 W           I                             k L 





   ï¿½                           ~~~~~~~~~~United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic map
                                                   Jeddo, Ruby, and Lakeport Quads
                            1         2                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~0                             1 MILE
                          1000 0   1000 2000             3000    4000    5000    60001   7000 FEET


                                                                 A-28




I
i
I

I

I"
                                          APPENDIX B
it                Maps of survey sites for Lake Michigan and specific shoreline areas inventoried
I
I


I
I
1
I


I
a
I
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        3                                                                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#1. Waugoshance Island










       A.1

        :qi  i                                                   .   

















                                                     W LDE R N  
            I  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~                        ~ ~~~~                                           S~~~~TATE

                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 .



               0 ~~~~~~-atgos                                             2-31




                                                                                               13 L


















                         United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topo~graphic map
                                          Waugoshance Island Quad
                1         ~~5           0        KILOMETERS         I                            2
           1000                         0          METERS          1000                        2000


      1000      0      1000    2000     3000   4000      5000    6000    7000      8000    mm0    10 000


I                                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B-i




                 U                                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#2. Temperance Island











U~~~~RESSA

          I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...T 
         I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~h1  

                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-       -o o ~an,  - -  














         I  i~~~~~~~~~~~~agsandce Island                Q     u    a     d    "

       I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0




            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MILE



                  1000Io200        30       METE000S    1O 700280   000 1 0


            I                              B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1-2




       3                                      #3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. M-119 to Pike Road



















      I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I



             a~~~~~         ~~~~~~ KIOMTES I '  2~ ~
                 1~~~~~~~~~~~-    0
                                                   MILE
                  1000   100  2000  3O    4000   000  M  700    8MO    900 1/  w
I          N                  f~~~~~~~~~~~~-





                                                                                       #4. Good Hart












                               ;-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C













                                                                       .i~~~~~~~~ 












       I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L~
                        N                             7









                                                 13                                       r~~~~~~~~

























                                                             B-4~~~~~~~~~~~B
                                    12,/I                      (

                                            I~~D i 











                             -~~~~   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- -

                                /~~~~~' 4
                    '4~--3




              3~~~~~Uie  ttsGooia  uvy75mnt  oorpi  a
                            .I~~~__                              _________~p ~  -,         r2
                         I:~~~~~~~Go Hart Quad
                                -~~::                              -                        L  _____________
i~~~~~~~~10                                      METERS    100                     20
                            _ _ _ _   . 5 _ _ _   0_                        _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                        z m _   _   _   _   _          _   __          _            _
                 00  ~ 0  100 20    00 40            00 60        00 80           ____
                                                          FFFT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .


                    %"  8~~~~~~~~~-





                                                                              #4. Good Hart, cont'd





        I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I


                               1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
                 N                      .1: '        -, -  _\














                              -lz -
                                            /,.,i1                         ï¿½   


             I~~~~~ 1 


















                                     '~~ 4~~~~"  /  D' ~   C- -,:,;VIL
                           I. 1IiB               /M       ' 200
                            'I~~~" ~ 






















                                                       B-5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?-
                                  /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I


                       $'i    4      -
                         I I                     I,      I               I



                                   I                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 
                                    I-L-1- It ï¿½I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I  -...


                      i~~ ~~~~~~         --       Go  art






                                  ï¿½'~~~Go Hart       Quadr


                   1I ______    .5  ___ 
                            __          _ _            ____




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                                                                                        #5. Middle Village South

                             ~-~"  ~WJP-~/ ' 3E ..  \MOLEZ(t-~ &     I'J-VLLAGJlc 

                                  eviddle                                      1               Gill




                  ~~~~~~~',tIN       V///                    Y78YR






                                                ,n1                                             7~~~~~~~~~~~~N
                 I ~       1uK        )                   -         jD        K




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1                                                                            if~~~~~~~~~~~~i

                                     ~:'?      i7 I'

                                    1                    ~          ~~~~~o (H







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      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ILE
                                          ::~~~~~~~~r:
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     S                                         H : 1             o  ,    I 4   II//I~~~~~~Go o d H a r t Q u a
                                  1  ___ .5  ___    0  KILOMETERS  1                      2~~~~~~"



          I                                         B-6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~






              3                                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#6. Fishermnan's Island State Park




















                                        'U)















                                /&T
 I                         ,~~~~~>       o*  (F~~~~PO""    4



                                                                            ~~~~~RA




  *~~~~~~~~~~~~RE 2/                       3" 7q5







                                      Park I I~~t~wood  Q      u      a     d      I


                    1                  METEN                         IwoA200

                                                   ,/'/~MLE
I~~~~                                                                      ~~~~~~~ /00  200 30040050  00  00    on90   o

                                 JE                 "'~~~~~    " B -





                                                             #7. Banks Township Park











                              II                        Ir
                                                 i~ ï¿½            ~  Wii


                          II         ( ~~~~~~~~'I
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ n*4
     I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 






                   i,.N /62.                               i,
        1~~~ 205 ra                                                r





                       ,,  ..A\Patk~i' i ~UiT\? C
                         i:~ ~   ~ ~ ~ E c;  1Ai  ';\(


                                                 ''~~~~~~~ 















                                               i4-                     " R~~~~~~~~~OAD
                                     0    ILE'f 1T   RS       2











                                     IES






     10  0     102000      300  4    E00S       0 5020SW            000 0  9 0toM
                                     1   _ _ _ _ _   .5  0   _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 I~~~~~~~~ B-S





                                                                                 #8. Peterson Park North









                                                                                   /12

             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                                                                                rsras












                                 ~~~~~SN
                                                                           e ~ ~ rRr 




                    +                                                          _










                                                        41,~~~~~~~~~~~~1














          ï¿½~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~TR I                             DO 00
                                                P ?tersoflar                             r
           5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ï¿½







                                I 01   ~                                 8M       M10










                                                     B-9
               I~~C                                                                   ï¿½



                                  United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic map
                                                 Northport NW Quad ______
                                  .5        0       KO~IIEERS   1_
                                                   METERS       100O               2~00
                         1b ~-- ---  _.5            0      
     I             ~~~~~~~100                    MILES 
                       10 0      ICOO  2000~  300 4 000  5000  6000  7000  8000  9000  10000

S                                                  B-9




                                                                     #9. Peterson Park







                         I              A




I.                          P 3terson      o  
                                         Park


            I~~~~~~~~~~~~o r





                                                "i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i


       S        p                I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ilB~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
                                            MILES
                                             r              -,"PAR  '-ii2

        I~                         I,               -if



            I~I                                 












                           1000~~~~~~~~~~~~~~60 MEER0W 8020 000 1O

                                            I  B-i 0








                                                                            #10. Gills Pier











                 4                ï¿½:~~~~~~~04F

















                -                                                ~~~~leS
                5;  1A                                              _

                   3et Gu 75a
          ï¿½i            PQ






                                              ('...~~~~~~~~~































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                                  A6MES





















                                                  OCT ~ ~ ~~~~~~-











                                   BI
                                    Gil Pie, //r\ï¿½-c`'9\, Qua               __i



                       1000~cz 0                EES10020
                               5;              0


5~~~~~~ Fpl5    T/
                                             B-Il~`'i\Ai





             3                                                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#10. Gills Pier cont'd



I~~~~~~~~~~~





                                                  t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ >'i


                                                                              00,~~~ ' '





                                                                   ~~~(K~~~~ . /P





               I                                                                  _ _ _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-






                                    N~~~~~~~~~~~N






 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j




~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I



                             United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic map
                                                   Gills Pier Quad
                           1  5            0        KI~~~~~~LOMETERS  12
                lwO                       0         METERS        1000                     2000
                         1         5                  ~~~~~~~~~0                                1
           100   I     NO0        2000   3000   4000    5000    6Oo    7000    8000    9000   100co0

                                                       B-12




       3                                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#11. Glen Arbor













                                                    7=







'A~~~~~~~~-



I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ge Aro Qad5M~ 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ILMTR 2
U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0MTR   0020

                                     0~~~~~C'
                 1jK-&22 ~~~~~~ / MLE
           1000~~ 0               ï¿½020030  0M70  wo   9o  1
 I                              '1  -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cr
                       ten Ar~Bor 1  3      




     3                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#12. Herring Lake Embayment



















       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I  7            '
                                                 ~I1   ~  ~   ~CA

          I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i9Lk


          I  (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~h
                                                                                                 164







           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Sai

                                                           Elberta~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~er, Quad



I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MLE
                          low 1000    2000  3000  4000  5000  6000  7DOO  Woo/ 9 000  Ia O7
                                                              CUT~~~~~~~~~~~~'
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~B1





         3                                                                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#13. Watervale South
















                                                                L/~ 77'




       I                                                                   -.tt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  Y~~~~~~~.l~~e
           3                                                                          r> ~~~~~~~~~~~  _  YFIFLDA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                                                                                         ;5

I   ~ ~ ~~~~/~~~~jO g~~~~~








~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I-













                             United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic map
                                                     Elberta Quad             Z
                        1   -~~ ~~~~~~ KILOMETERS                        12
               160-0                        0           METERS         1000                        2000
                   1              ~ ~~~~~.5                0-
                                       _ _ _   _ _   _    _  _      _  _  _ _  _  _ _  _  _  _ _
          10wo      0       1000    20010    3000    4000     5000     600     7000     8000    9000   10 000

 I                                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B-iS5




            3                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#14. Bishop Road





                                           Arccda



    3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IC  


                                             79. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2~ 
                                                               a8,wN-  PD;V,
                          4f9254 1U'











      I   ~~ ~~    ~ ~ 24  -~~~~~~~~  0   *  ' ~~~~~~~~~~ BISHOP  1 p- OD  .. ,



                                                                    orlway
                       7/~Q                        Cern







                                 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~   ,p
       I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Z





I               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4?21-\~-







                        United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic map
                                         Bear Lake Quad


              low~~_____ 0  1000 20003000 4000 5____0_0__0_  8000 9000 100co0

    3~~~~~~~~~~~~~B1





                           3                                                                                                                        #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~15. Pierport West
















                                                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~r 2


                                                                                                                                                    -  rOTTER  6S?































~~~~~~~~~~I   GO   MEER                                                                                         10020


      ï¿½ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~. 0                                                       0, 





              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ILE


                             1000                       0                                MER 1000                                                      2000 30   0   00 W O 7 0     00 1 o

                                            1   _ _ _ _ _ _   .5                   _ _     B 01




                        3                                                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#16. Merkey Road





3~~~~










                                       A-~~~~~ 






                3                                                                       Thr~~~~~~~~~~~~~T










                                                                                 ~~~~~~~  '~~~~~~~~~~~-J

                                                        ,/f.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, /  +              ; 7











                                        United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic map
             3                                       ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Manistee Quad

                                 1000              ~    ~ ~~~~~0 MERS    1000                    2000
                                                                   MILES                _   __
                     low0    0 low0    2000   3000   4000   500    00    7000-  8000   9000 in0000

              I                                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~B-i8





                                                                                   #17. Magoon Creek North


















                            12' 30" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~6                    '5AD-


I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6





             I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O T
                                                           P~  /8?7-K
                                                                   (    ()  2~~~~~~~  ~~~-   C( 






























                                   1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~a C-                            KILOEER

              100   0      1DO2'0  30"-  400 / N               m     700    80       '9  0M
                                                 I                     )B1                  -9
                        ~~896 ~  r 76       -1-                    -                       Ki


                                                  ,   /  .-'             ',   /
              I     -.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D



                             12' ~ ~ ~ ~    ~    ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 L0"   r             AI
                                                                    ' ~      aT 1 C/l
                                                     z-~~~~------"II                   j~j











        I~~~~~~ 






                         1 . 5           0        KILOMETERS     I
                                  1000     0        METERS       1000                   2000~~~a.,  ,
                                                     _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P ~ - _ _ _ _ _
                                                 .5    0     _ _ _ _   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __-II--
                                                        ~~e -~~~~t r~ ~ I-,.  -       ---  - --I E
                1000  0C 100    200 30           00    500    80      00     800    90    00

U~C.                                             B- 19




                                                                       #18. Meinert Park



Ih                                          \
                      3' s. 54

                                                             cli,
                                             I 250   ?EEK   60~~AD        '

               N                                           o









      I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~VV    V                                -











                                 ,1     je~FlowerCr   ee              Qua
                                          k 'i           KIOEES     2





















                   1000a~;.      0      WfET*     100                 2000




       *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ILE
                                                     t~~~~~~.            /22-'i










                                            I---
                                                            B-20
         5                                           - ~ ~    T       _ _





                                                MILES ~    ii .5  0  -  -__AL
                   1000  0i 100 20   00 40  00  600  70   00   90   00

        I~ ~ ~ ~~e  ï¿½.'i




                                                                                                          #19. Sadony Bayou







                                               Old 1hannel Trail






           I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..           i..      
                                               ED@                                          -




                                                                                                            ~--~=- J==
          I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n
                                                                                              C             )~~~~~~~~~~F
                 I                                  ï¿½-'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~R
                                                                                                h


                                                                                                     'J  Idin a
                                                                                              / hnPon

                                              UniedStte Geloicl urey .5miut toogapicma







       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MILE

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Iwo2O 30    0050    00 70    ao90 0M

       *                                     '  YI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p~~~CE

       3                                    I~~~~~~~~~~~~~B2





              3                                                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#20. Lake Macatawa South










                                                                                      7











               /~~~~~~~Otw -                              _6   <
   I                             I,, B~~~~~~~                                       ~~~~~~~~each .'  -






   3                      I        ~~~~~~~~maca   v

















I~~~~~ A








                              United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic map





                          1     .5             0        ~~~~~~____KILOMETERS  1   ____2
                   1000                         0          METERS.         1000                       2000


               1Q00      0       1000     2000    3000    4000     5000    6000     7000    0000     9000   10000


         I    ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~i7~~~B22





                    3                                                                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#21. Miami Park



                                                               -~~~~~~~~~~~    ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~.~~~~








                                                                     C.,~~~~i              mi -,.



                                       -~~~~~~~~~~m Pieasant











                                           J1'* ~ ~ ~     ~      ~     ~     ~      J
               I                                                                 I.    I       I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                                                                            Tr ..aiI            




  3~~~~                                                                                    ~~~~~~Ue State GelgclSuvy75miuetpgrpi a

                                                                    South Hae/Qa
                                                              a ___/LMEL S          . 
                                     low0                        --ETRS wo/00

                                                                              MILES' 

N~~~~~ ~ ~~ 300(  ~4                                                                                  )  m  MM

          *                .~~~~~~~~~~~~~B2





                     1                                                                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#22. Ruggles Road



















                                                             /            /                           .~.


                                                                /~~~~~~~~~~~~ /   N                            -v.'
              I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A                           /  /i









                                                                        /                   ~~~~~~~~~4



                                                                  /  /~~~~~~~~~~~~--------- -;---------







                                 ~* I  __IMTR

                              1~~~~~~~~~~~~ .
                                                        ,/  /  /           ~DyMILES
I~~~~~~~~~10                                                                          Sw0o 10020                -00pa  0   0O  00 9  O


           I                                                             ,l                i~~~~~~~~~  Ii~-2






                    5                                                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#23. Linden Hills South






                                                                     Linden  IllI'   '

           *  ________________~~~~~~~~~~~~Tonsjj









        *                      Ii'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4

                         *       K'    /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cl
                                                    I-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Aa Lae 01













                                  /  (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

I  ~         ~~~~~~~~~ /



           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ILE
                                              1000  0  1000   2000  3000  400 0  W=~~~~~~~~~~IOIZIL

           I              6'                                                                               ~~~~~~~~~~~B25





                                                                                                  #24. Mizpah Park












                                               37                / I(













                                       /Al



                                                             kT izilah ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I'.
              I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~






                                                            1                       3S





3                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~688  8


                                                   \J~~~~~                     5 O~

                                                                 I                  S/ *~~Y 










                        UntdSae/elgcl SONe 7RD                 miut topgrphcmap






                                                Benton Heights Quad                     _
                         ~~  t.~~~s:  )..       __,.-KILOMETERS  1                     2
               1000                    0        METERS       1000                  2000
             ___.1 
                        _____   -    t~~~.~~-~a-r2   -zMILS~t rA__ _ _   _   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
          low00          1000 2000     3000 _4000    5000   600    7000   8000    900010000o


   I~~~~~~~~~~~~~B2