[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]







                F   A SURVEY OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN.'COASTAL:- ZONE..FOR
                                GREAT:-LAYES ENDEMIC. PLANT: [email protected] -
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                                                .1.Michael. R.Tenskar, Bota
                                      Teresa Le-ibfre'id, Assistant Information Manager.
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                                             Lyn S(,nmgei; Information Manao

                                                              for -

                                           Mkhigan Co'asW. Managem'ent Progra m.
                                       Land and Water Management Division, -MDNR
                                                   (CZM- Project 14C-309.9)

                                                   :$ubmitted. April 28, 1993.
















































































                                               Pamo


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                    A report of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
                                          pursuant to
              National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA270ZO355











                                            Abstract


              In 1992, a survey of 15 drowned river mouth sites along the Lake Michigan.
         coastal zone was conducted to determine the presence of Great Lakes endemic
         plant species and other rare taxa. The primary objectives of the survey were
         to: 1) survey priority river mouth and lake channel sites to determine the
         presence of endemic and other previously unknown rare plant occurrences, as
         well as to inventory any known occurrences within these sites to obtain
         current status data, and 2) to conduct a systematic review of maps and aerial
         photos of the entire Lake Michigan shoreline in Lower Michigan to delineate
         potential new rare plant sites that merit eventual review. The survey
         resulted in total of four new rare plant occurrences and seven new natural
         community occurrences. Status information and other significant data were
         compiled for 22 rare plant and natural community occurrences relocated during
         .the inventory. Information was also gathered concerning artificial
         disturbance and important exotic plant species that were observed during site
         inventories. Site summaries are presented for each of the 15 sites
         inventoried. A systematic review of topographic maps and aerial photo imagery
         revealed numerous sites that merit field inventory, ranging from Berrien
         County to Emmet and Charlevoix counties. It was recommended that: 1) data on
         new and updated occurrences be promptly conveyed to appropriate management
         agencies, 2) surveys ofthe potential rare plant sites be conducted over the
         next few years, 3) a management strategy be prepared to address the control of
         exotic plants along the coastal zone, and 4) efforts should be made to
         determine the sources of helium balloons and streamers such that this refuse
         that accumulates along the shoreline can be eliminated.











                                           Table of Contents


                                                                                 Rage


          Abstract  ...........................................................    ii


          List of Tables   .....................................................   iv


          List of Figures   .....................................................  iv

          List of Appendices   .................................................   iv
          Introduction   ......................................................... 1

          Methods  .............................................................   2


                The Study Area  .................................................  2

                Field Survey Preparation   ....................................... 2

                Field Surveys  ..................................................  2

                Data Analysis, Transcription, and Updating    .....................6

                Aerial Photo/Topographic Quadrangle Review for Potential
                Rare Plant Sites .................   ............................. 7


          Results  .............................................................   8


                Rare Plants and Natural Communities    ............................8


                Exotic species of the Great Lakes Coastal Zone    .................8

                Potential Rare Plant Sites from Map and Photo Review     .......... 11

          Site Summaries   .....................................................   13


          Discussion and Recommendations    .....................................  30


                Rare Species and Natural Communities    .......................... 30

                Exotic Species and Human Disturbance    .......................... 31

                Potential Rare Plant Sites   ....................................  34


                Recommendations  ...............................................   34


          Acknowledgements   ...................................................   36

          Literature Cited   ...................................................   37


          Appendices  .........................................................    38











                                            List of Tables



                                                                               page


          1.    Element occurrences identified during the 1992 MNFI Lake
                Michigan coastal zone survey ...................................  9

          2.    Significant exotic plant species identified during the
                survey of 15 Lake Michigan coastal zone sites  .................  12



                                           List of Figures

          1.    Location of the 15 principal Lake Michigan inventory sites  ..... 4



                                          List of Appendices

          1.    Maps of survey sites and specific shoreline areas
                inventoried  .................................................. A-1


          2.    Potential rare plant sites identified through map and
                photo review  ................................................. B-1

          3.    Photos of survey sites  ....................................... C-1





























                                                  iv











                                           Introduction


               The Great Lakes coastal zone, which comprises more than 3000 miles of

          shoreline throughout Michigan's peninsulas, forms a unique and fragile

          ecosystem, supporting a number of critically important natural communities and

          species. Fresh water sand dunes, interdunal wetlands, coastal marshes and

          estuaries, bedrock beaches, and other communities provide essential habitat

          for numerous plant and animal species, many of which are rare and dependent on

          the integrity and natural functioning of the shoreline system. Among the most

          fragile and vulnerable rare plants species of the entire Great Lakes region

          are its shoreline endemics. Once more abundant within their historic and


          cu rrently restricted range, populations of these rarities have sustained local

          extirpations, serious fragmentation, and general diminishment largely through

          the direct and indirect effects of developme nt activities within the coastal


          zone.


               Despite a number of systematic shoreline inventories and related surveys

          by Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI) and others (Albert et al. 1989,

          1988, 1987; Comer 1993, 1991; Voice et al. 1982, Penskar & Ludwig 1981), it

          has been shown that there are significant gaps in the statewide natural

          features database, particularly for rare plants. The recent discovery of a

          large population of the endemic Pitcher's thistle (Cirsi   Ritcheri) near the

          mouth of the Manistee River exemplifies the existence of such gaps. This

          federal and state threatened species was no t found until the preliminary

          development stages of a large condominium and marina complex along the river

          mouth and Lake Michigan shore. Because the development was considered vital

          to the City of Manistee, considerablecontrovery arose as work was

          unexpectedly delayed to assess the status and viability of the Pitcher's

          thistle population within the development zone.










               The above situation illustrates the fundamental conflict between


          shoreline development and the necessity of maintaining unfragmented, viable

          habitat for globally rare, endemic species. As the pace of development within

          the coastal zone continues, particularly with regard to the construction of

          Great Lakes marinas and associated facilities, there is a critical need for

          more comprehensive knowledge of occurrences of Michigan's shoreline endemics

          as well as regionally rare (i.e. state listed) species. Although

          controversies with regard to appropriate land-use and the scope of development

          projects will not be avoided, the compilation of a more comprehensive

          shoreline database will enable problems to be identified early in the planning

          process, providing better opportunities for conflict resolution. The

          discovery of the Manistee River mouth Pitcher's thistle population thus

          provided the principal impetus forthe current study.

               The 1992 rare plant inventory of the coastal zone was initiated with two

          basic objectives; 1) to survey 15 priority river mouth and lake channel sites

          along the Lake Michigan basin to determine the presence of endemic and other

          previously unknown rare plant occurrences, as well as to inventory any known

          rare plant and natural community occurrences within these sites to obtain more

          specific status data, and 2) to conduct a systematic review of aerial photo

          imagery and U.S Geological Survey (USGS) topographic quadrangles of the Lake

          Michigan shoreline in Lower Michigan to delineate potential new rare plant

          sites that merit eventual survey.












                                                2











                                              Methods


          The Stuft Area

               Figure I identifies the 15 priority river mouth and lake channel sites

          inventoried during 1992 surveys. The sites, all located along the Lake

          Michigan shoreline, ranged from the Lake Charlevoix-Round Lake channel in

          Charlevoix County to the Galien River mouth in Berrien County. The remainder

          of the Lake Michigan shoreline in Lower Michigan comprises the areas that were

          reviewed through topographic maps  and aerial photo imagery.

          Field Survey Preparation

               Prior to field surveys, USGS topographic quadrangles covering the 15

          river mouth sites and the associated Great Lakes shoreline areas were


          obtained. The corresponding MNFI quads with mapped element occurrence records

          (EOR's) were reviewed. Locations of all rare plant and natural community

          records shown on MNFI maps were then copied onto the quads to be carried into

          the field. Aerial photos were briefly examined for a few of the river mouth-

          lake channel sites, after which it was determined that utilizing these photos

          in the field would only assist minimally. No aerial photos were subsequently

          compiled for use during field surveys.

          Field Surveys

               Field surveys of the 15 priority river mouth sites and adjacent shoreline

          areas were conducted from July 29 to Ociober 27, 1992, by MNFI botanist M. R.

          Penskar. It was intended, based on optimal plant phenologies, to begin

          inventories no earlier than July, based on the blooming/emergence periods for

          Cirsi   Ritcheri (Pitcher's thistle), Soliday-o houghtonii, (Houghton's

          goldenrod, federal and state threatened), Mimulus  Slabratus var, michiganensis

          (Michigan monkey-flower, federal and state endangered), Tanacetum huronense

          (Lake Huron tansy, state threatened), Orobanche fas ciculata (fascicled


                                                 3























                                                                                              EIWENAw          -0





                                                                           HMGNTEN



                                                      ONTONAGON
                                                                                    OARAOA

                                                                                                                                                     ALDER
                                             GOOEBIC

                                                                                                                                                                      LUCE

                                                                                [RON                                                            SCHOOLCRAFT                                     CHIPPEWA

                                                                                                 DICKINSON
                                                                                                                               DELTA                                                   MACKINAC                          A




                                                                                                         MENOMINEE
                                                                                                                 EE


                                                                                                                                                                                          Elwy
                                                                                                                                                LAKE CHAILEVOIX                                                 PRESQUE ISLE
                                                                                                                                                          Q                        CHARLEV A
                                                                                                                                                             LEELANAU            ANTRIM         I           -_              ALPENA

                                                                                                                          BETSIE LAKE                   UNZIE         TRAVER     KALKASKA       CRAWFORD     OSCOUA         ALCONA
                                                                                                                       ARCADIA LAKE
                                                                                                                      PORTAGE LAKE
                                                                                                                  MANISTEE LAKE                      MANISTEE     WEXFORD       WISSAUKEE       ROSCOMMON     OGEM&K       IOSCO


                                                                                                 PERE-MARQUETTE LAKE                            MASON        LAKE        OSCEOLA         CLARE       GLADWIN        ARENAC
                                                                                                           PENTWATER LAKE                                                                                                                       HURON


                                                                                                                                                QCEANA       ME.AIM      MECaSTA        ISAMU.       MIDLAND        MY


                                                                                                                    WHITE LAKE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     SAMILAC
                                                                                                               MUSKEGON LAKE                      MUSXEGm                     MONTCALM          GRATIOT       SADINAW           TUSCOLA

                                                                                                                      SPRING LAKE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        LAPEER
                                                                                                                                                     OTTAWA        KENT           IONIA         MINTON    SHIAWA%SEE     GENESSEE                       ST.CLAIR
                                                                                                                  LAKE MACATAWA
                                                                                                                KALAMAZOO LAKE

                                                                                                                                                     ALLEGAN             BARRY           EATON                                      OAKLAND
                                                                                                                    BLACK RIVER



                                                                                                      ST. JOSEPH RIVER                            VAN BUF"      KALAMA2          CALHOM              ACA5OM         WASHTEMAW         WAYNE


                                                                                                                RIVER                 URRIEW         CASS       ST-Jam?"
                                                                                                  GALIEN                                                                                        LL'           L MANEE






                            Figure 1. Location of the 15 principal Lake Michigan inventory sites.


                                                                                                                                        4









          broom-rape, state threatened), and other potential species.

               Field inventories were conducted by systematically surveying and

          traversing as much potential rare habitat as possible in the immediate

          proximity (and north and south of) river mouth sites.. The areas surveyed were

          marked on the topographic quads. If rare plant, populations were known for a

          site, a careful attempt was made to relocate these populations and obtain data

          on their status and extent. Where practical, rare plant populations were

          censused by maintaining tallies as habitats were meander-searched. For

          Pitcher's thistle populations, separate tallies were recorded for adult

          (flowering) versus juvenile (non-flowering) plants. Habitats were surveyed as

          thoroughly as possibly by traversing back and forth to optimize the coverage

          of sites and the encountering of significant microhabitats, such as interdunal

          wetlands and ecotones. As sites were surveyed, complete lists of vascular

          plants were compiled, including notable, invasive exotic species. In addition

          to a species list for each site, notes were taken'on the general quality of

          the natural communities, including information.on significant natural and

          artifical disturbance features. In most instances, photos were taken from

          representative perspectives within each site; photos were also taken to

          illustrate important exotic species and examples of ORV and other artificial

          disturbances.


              When rare plant populations were identified, standard MNFI field forms

          were completed. Population sizes were tallied where possible or estimated,

          and the location and extent of occurrences were marked on the field


          topographic maps. Where appropriate, voucher specimens for verification and

          submission to the University of Michigan Herbarium were collected via an

        .endangered-threatened species permit issued by the MDNR Wildlife Division.

              When accessible and relatively easy to survey, substantial areas north


                                                5








          and south of river mouth/channel sites were surveyed. In perched dune areas,

          periodic traverses were performed across representative slopes and blowouts.

          Most coastal,dune areas were bordered by an abrupt transition to forested

          habitats (e.g. Mesic Northern Forest, Mesic Southern Forest); little time,

          however, was spent in forested areas even whena rare plant occurrence was

          known (e.g. ginseng) such that the shoreline coverage for endemic species

          would be maximized.


          Data Analysis, TranscriRtion, and UpdatL*n-a

               Following field surveys, inventory data (MNFI field forms, field notes,

          photos, and quad map notations) were compiled, reviewed, and summarized.

          Field forms were finished with additional data from field notes and maps. New

          plant records were evaluated, given an element occurrence ranki, and then

          transcribed. Field notes were used to update and expand the data for known

          occurrences that were encountered, for both plant and natural community

          records. Analysis of field data resulted  in several new natural community

          occurrences for Open Dunes and Interdunal Wetland. Field data and photos of

          potential new natural community occurrences were reviewed with MNFI staff

          ecologists D. A. Albert and P. J. Comer. MNFI forms for these community

          occurrences were subsequently completed such that.these records could later be

          transcribed. Following data analysis, all field forms and updated and

          transcribed records were submitted for mapping and entry into the MNFI

          heritage database, from where the data will eventually be exported to the


          statewide MIRIS and CIWPIS databases.





               "Element occurrence rank", noted basically as A, B, C, or D, is a
          heritage evaluation of the quality of the occurrence; an A-ranked occurrence
          is considered an exemplary, viable population, whereas D-ranked occurrences
          are those that are generally small, occur in degraded sites, and have poor
          viability.

                                                 6









          Aerial Photo/TORORraRhic Quadrangle Review for Potential Rare Plant Sites

               The entire Lake Michigan coastline of the Lower Peninsula was

          systematically examined via USGS topographic quadrangles and 1:24,000 scale

          color infrared aerial photos to determine the presence of,potential new rare

          plant sites. -All major islands in northern Lake Michigan were also evaluated

          in this overview. Areas were selected initially through examination of MNFI

          topographic quads with mapped element occurrences, such that only previously

          unexplored gaps would be evaluated. After this initial delineation of sites,

          aerial photos were reviewed to determine if significant habitat remained, and

          from this, a pool of selected potential sites was identified for future field

          inventories. New aerial photos of the Lower Peninsula shoreline taken in 1992

          were available and subsequently used for this analysis.

































                                                7











                                              Results


          Rare Plants and Natural Communities


               A total of 11 new element occurrences were identified during the

          inventory (Table 1). Maps of the specific areas examined, indicating the

          extent of field coverage, are provided in Appendix A. Four of the occurrences

          were significant rare plant populations, three of which are federally listed

          endemics, consisting of a new population of Solidago houghtonii (Houghton's

          goldenrod, federal and state threatened), two new populations of Cirsium

          Ritcheri (Pitcher's thistle, federal and state threatened), and a new

          population ofLycopodium appress    (appressed clubmoss, state threatened), the

          latter an Atlantic Coastal Plain disjunct species. Seven of the element

          occurrences were new records for natural communities, consisting of six

          occurrences of Open Dunes and one occurrence of Interdunal Wetland. All new

          natural community occurrences documented during the inventory were identified

          within designated Critical Dune Areas (MDNR 1989).

               Twenty-two element occurrences previously identified in the MNFI

          statewide database were relocated. Of these, 16 occurrences were rare plant

          populations, consisting of nine occurrences of Pitcher's thistle, three

          occurrences of Bromus Rmpellianus (Pumpell's brome grass, state threatened),

          two occurrences of Tanacetum huronense (Lake Huron tansy, state threatened),

          and two occurrences of Utricularia subulata (zigzag bladderwort, state

          threatened).

          Exotic Rlant sRecieï¿½ of the Great Lakes Coastal Zone

               A number of exotic plant species were identified during the survey,

          several of which were observed to be widespread on the Lake Michigan

          coastline. These species were identified during th e compilation of thorough

          species lists for each site inventoried. A compilation of the most


                                                8












                                                Table 1. Element occurrences identified during the 1992 MNFI Lake Michigan coastal zone survey.


                    SITE NAME                     KNOWN ELEMENT OCCURRENCES RELOCATED AND UPDATED1                    NEW ELEMENT OCCURRENCES DOCUMENTED


                    1. Lake Charlevoix            Bromus pumpeLLianus (#.017)2                                        SoHdago houghtonii     (Fisherman's Island State Park)
                                                  ir-omus pumpeLLianus 0.003)                                         Open Dunes (Fisherman's Island State Park)
                                                  i-r;iiis pumpetLianus 0.004)                                        InterdunaL WetLand (Fisherman's Island State Park)
                                                  E-1`rsium@ pitcheri 0.006)                                          Open Dunes (McSauba Park)
                                                  Fi-r-s-ium pitcheri 0.075)
                                                  El-r-s-ium pitcheri (#.077)
                                                  Ta-nacetum huronense 0.002)
                                                  Tanacetum huronense 0.007)


                    2. Betsie Lake                Cirsium pitcheri 0.034)                                             Open Dunes (Frankfort)
                                                                                                                      Open Dunes (ELberta)


                    3. Arcadia Lake               Cirsium pitcheri (#.039)                                            Open Dunes (South Arcadia)



                    4. Portage Lake                                                                                   Cirsium pitcheri    (Portage Point)


                    5. Manistee River mouth       Cirsium pitcheri 0.013)


                    6. Pere Marquette Lake


                    7. Pentwater Lake             Cirsium pitcheri 0.030)


                    8. White Lake                                                                                     Open Dunes (Sadony Bayou)


                    9. Muskegon Lake              UtricuLaria subulata 0.002)                                         Cirsium pitcheri    (Muskegon State Park)
                                                  Open Dunes 0.008)                                                   Lycopodi    appress     (Muskegon State Park)
                                                  InterdunaL WetLand 0.002)



                          Because of the Large coastline areas surveyed along Lake Michigan, multiple occurrences of some elements are identified in the table. Distinct
                    occurrences are those that are sufficiently distant from one another such that they can be considered two different populations (for plants and
                    animals) or community sites.

                         2Element occurrence number assigned by MNFI.













                                         Tabte 1 (cont'd). Etement occurrences identified during the 1992 MNFI Lake Michigan coastaL zone survey.



                  SITE NAME                   KNOWN ELEMENT OCCURRENCES RELOCATED AND UPDATED               NEW ELEMENT OCCURRENCES DOCUMENTED

                  10. Spring Lake             Cirsium Pitcheri 0.008)
                                              5@Wn-Dunes (#.014)
                                              InterdunaL Wettand 0.008)



                  11. Lake Macatawa



                  12. KaLamazoo Lake          Cirsium Pitcheri 0.004)
                                              Ut-ricutaria subutata (CO03)
                                              Open Dunes (4020) .
                                              InterdunaL Wettand 0.007)



                  13. Btack River


             F-   14. St. Joseph River
             0


                  15. GaLien River mouth









         significant and invasive species encountered is provided in Table 2.

         Potential Rare Plant Sites


              During the examination of topographic maps and selected aerial photos,

         several Lake Michigan coastal sites were delineated that merit future field

         inventories for rare plant species. These sites are provided in Appendix B.

         More than 40 topographic maps, covering the entire shoreline of the Lower

         Peninsula and the shorelines of all the major islands of northern Lake

         Michigan, were reviewed. Of the maps initially reviewed, 20 contained one or

         more potential sites for examination via aerial photo imagery.









                                                             Table 2. Significant exotic plant species identified during the survey of 15 Lake Michigan coastal zone sites.


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                                                                                                   IMMIN
                                   Agropyron repens (Quack grass)
                                   Centaurea maculosa (Spotted knapweed)                                0
                                   Elaeagnus umbellata (Autumn olive)
                                   Gypsophilapaniculata (Baby's-breath)                                 0

                                   Hypeficum perforatum (St. John's-wort)                                                                                                                    0                            0

                                   Lonwera taftrwa (Tatanan honeysuckle)

                                   Melilotus alba (White sweet clover)

                                   Morus alba (White mulberry)

                                   .Pinusnigra (Black pine)

                                   Pinus rigida (Pitch pine)

                                   Pinus sylvestris (Scotch pine)

                                   Poa compressa (Canada bluegrass)

                                   Populus alba (White poplar)
                                   Popuku mgm var. dahca (Lomba* poplar)

                                   Robiniapseudoacacia (Black locust)
                                   Saponaria officinalis (Soapwort)                          0         9        0          0       0                  0         9        0         0         0                  0         0        0

                                   Silene Pulgaris (Bladder campion)











                                          Site Summaries


              The following provides a short discussion  of each river mouth site

         inventoried. With the exception of two sites,  both sides of each channel or

         river mouth area were surveyed. At Portage Lake in Manistee County, access

         through private land could not be obtained forinventorying the dunes on the

         south side of the channel. At the Galien River mouth, access could not be

         obtained to pass through a gated fence surrounding a tract of condominiums,

         although in this case there was virtually no dune habitat remaining, thus

         there was a poor likelihood that Pitcher's thistle or any other rare plant

         occurred there. Appendix A contains maps for each site inventoried and

         includes the specific shoreline areas covered and the locations of new

         occurrences of special plants and natural communities. Representative photos

         taken via 35 mm slides for most sites are provided in Appendix C. The

         majority of the exotic species noted below are included in Table 2.






         1. Lake Charlevoix (Charlevoix Co.)      Little sand dune habitat was found to


         remain immediately next to the channel that connects Lake Charlevoix to Lake

         Michigan via Round Lake. Despite the paucity of habitat,  two special plant

         occurrences, both previously known, were found to persist along a remnant

         foredune area at the Charlevoix City beach, about 100-200 m south of the

         channel. A small population of Cirsium pitcheri, consisting of 20 plants,

         most of which were sterile rosettes, was observed on the low foredune between

         the forested, developed area and the beach. The thistle occurred on the

         foredune with scattered plants of the state threatened Bromus Rumpellianus

         (Pumpell's brome grass) and typical foredune species such as AmmoRhila

         breviligulata (dune or marram grass), Prumus Rumila (sand cherry), AscleRias


                                               13









         syriaca (milkweed), Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy), and JuniRerus

         horizontalis (creeping juniper). There was some evidence of artificial

         disturbance in these rare plant colonies due to foot-traffic by beach users.

              Due in part to accessibility, a considerable portion of the adjacent

         shoreline was walked and inventoried. North of the Lake Charlevoix channel,

         the shoreline was surveyed all the way to North Point. At McSauba Park, known

         occurrences of Pitcher's thistle, Pumpell's brome grass, and Tanacetum

         huronense (Lake Huron tansy) were observed; the dunes were recorded as a new

         occurrence of Open Dunes. The Open Dunes had not been previously recognized

         by MNFI within this Critical Dune Area (MDNR 1989). South of the channel, the

         entire shoreline was surveyed through Bell's Bay and down to the small

         peninsula jutting out near Fisherman's Island. Known occurrences of Pitcher's

         thistle, Pumpell's brome grass, and Lake Huron tansy were found in Fisherman's

         Island State Park. Additional colonies of Pumpell's brome grass and tansy

         were documented along Bell's Bay, significantly extending the local ranges  of

         the known occurrences.


              Three important new element occurrences were identified in Fisherman's

         Island State Park. An occurrence of Open Dunes and an occurrence Interdunal

         Wetland were recorded within the park's Critical Dune Area (MDNR 1989).

         Within primarily the Interdunal Wetland, a large population of Houghton's

         goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii) was discovered, comprising the southernmost

         population in the Lake Michigan basin. The nearest known population of

         Houghton's goldenrod to the north occurs in Sturgeon Bay, Emmet County, and

         thus the Fisherman's Island State Park population consists of a southern range

         extension of approximately 40 miles (64 km). The discovery of this Houghton's

         goldenrod population was the most significant rare plant identified during

         the coastal zone survey.


                                               14








               In all of the shoreline areas surveyed around Lake Charlevoix, a standard

          array of exotic species was observed, such as SgRonaria officinalis

          (soapwort), Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), Silene vulgaris (bladder

          Campion), and AgrORyro reRens (quack grass). These species were relatively

          common, particularly in disturbed areas such as. along foot-paths, but none

          appeared to be sufficiently invasive to pose a serious problem at this point

          in time.


          2. Betsie Lake (Benzie Co.)      Fairly extensive areas of shoreline north and

          south of the Betsie Lake channel were surveyed. North of the channel at the

          Frankfort City beach, virtually no undisturbed dune habitat remains.

          AmmORhila was noted as being planted in two plots to stabilize an interior

          portion of the public beach. A known Pitcher's thistle colony, last observed

          in 1981 within the beach area, was sought but not found. A small intact dune

          field was surveyed around the Harbor Lights Motel and Condominium complex

          immediately adjacent to the channel; dune vegetation was present but no

          thistle was discovered. Subsequent to this survey, information and photos

          were received from a Leelanau County resident (R. Jones, pers. comm.) who

          documented the existence of a small colony growing among AmmORhil and

          Calamovilfa longifolia (dune grass) near the condominium complex. No count of

          plants was received, but photos indicate that both adult and juvenile plants

          were present. Approximately two miles of shoreline north of the channel were

          surveyed, including a steep perched dune complex within a Critical Dune Area

          (MDNR 1989). The perched dune was recognized as a new Open Dunes occurrence.

              South of the Betsie Lake channel, Pitcher's thistle was found to be

          locally frequent, extending south as far as the shoreline was surveyed, about

          1 mile. Nearly 200 plants were tallied until it was determined that a count

          could not be adequately done; it was estimated that from 400-500 plants were


                                               15








          present. Plants occurred throughout a relatively broad dune field, across the

          face of the perched dune bluff, and in the bowl of a perched blowout. The

          dunes, which occur in a Critical Dune Area (MDNR 1989), were recorded as a new

          community occurrence for Open Dunes. A road actively used by beach visitors

          parallels the beach behind the foredune; this represents a serious degradation

          of the dunes, as does an even wider path apparently created by ORV use that

          follows and then extends the road.


               Exotic species observed around the channel included Saponaria officinalis

          (soapwort), Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), Poa compressa (Canada

          bluegrass), GyRsophila Raniculata (baby's-breath), PoRulus nigra var. italica

          (Lombardy poplar), Melilotus alba (white sweet clover), and Silene vulearis

          (bladder campion). Spotted knapweed was relatively frequent in disturbed

          areas. South of the channel, Lombardy poplar was observed to be aggressively

          spreading in the dunes through cloning via rhizomes.

          3. Arcadia Lake (Benzie Co.)       North of the Arcadia Lake channel


          relatively little dune habitat'was present. Virtually no vegetation occurred

          on the heavily used public beach.  The beach was backed by a small, intact

          foredune and a second, slightly higher backdune. The dunes were noted as

          being fairly disturbed and quite weedy, with such exotic species as Lonicera

         ,tatarica (tatarian honeysuckle), Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), and

          SaRonaria officinalis (soapwort).

              South of the Arcadia Lake channel a wider portion of dune field occurs,

          which changes abruptly about 0.25 mi south to a high, steep, perched dune

          bluff fronted by an extremely narrow beach strand. A known Pitcher's thistle

          population was relocated and tallied. More than 260 plants were counted; 500

          plants were estimated for the site. A known population of Orobanche

          fasciculata (fasciculed broom-rape) was carefully sought in the precise area


                                               16








          where it was identified previously by M. R. Penskar during a 1985 CZM survey.

          Despite careful searching no plants were found. Significant artificial

          disturbances within the habitat may have adversely affected this population.

          An actively used ORV path through the area where the previous colony occurred

          (see photos B-11 to B-13) has seriously degraded a portion of the dune field,

          allowing a number of exotic species to invade. Spotted knapweed, soapwort,

          Silene vulgaris (bladder campion), and Poa coLnRressa (Canada bluegrass) were

          recorded, with knapweed being noted as a significant invasive plant. PoRulus

          nigra var. italica (Lombardy poplar) was also observed to be particularly

          aggressive,spreading through widespread rhizomes (photo B-14). The shoreline

          was surveyed up to nearly 2 miles south of the channel. Pitcher's thistle was

          noted as occurring primarily across the base of the dune bluff. Photos B-16

          to B-18 depict the dunefield and perched dune areas.

          4. Portage Lake (Manistee Co.)       North of.the Portage Lake channel, a small

          tract of open dunes occurrin g in a Critical Dune Area (MDNR 1989) was

          explored. The dunes were of moderately good quality, although bordered by

          numerous tracts of private homes on the forested bluff. A small but

          significant new occurrence of Pitcher's thistle was discovered, occurring

          primarily in the dunefield between the well-developed foredune and forested

          backdune area. Thirty-seven plants were tallied, and it was estimated that

          approximately 50-100 plants were likely present, associated with Ammophila

          breviligulata (marram grass), Artemisia campestris (wormwood), Calamovilfa

          .1ongifolia (dune grass), Solidago sRathulata (dune goldenrod), and EURhorbia

          Rolygonifolia (seaside spurge). Significant alien species included Centaurea

          maculosa (spotted knapweed), PORulus nigra var. italica (Lombardy poplar), Poa

          comipressa (Canada.bluegrass), AgroRyro reRens (quack grass), SaRonaria

          officinalis (soapwort), and Robinia Rseudoacacia (black locust). As in other


                                                17









          sites, both Lombardy poplar and black locust appear to be actively invading

          the dunes through vegetative reproduction.

               South of the channel, a small but apparently intact area of dunes

          appeared to offer a continuation of habitat suitable for more Pitcher's

          thistle colonies. This site, however, could only be viewed from north of the

          channel, as permission could not be obtained to access the south channel area

          through private property.

          5. Manistee River mouth (Manistee Co.)      Immediately north of the Manistee

          River mouth, virtually no dune vegetation remains at the heavily used public

          beach facility. Beyond the parking lot a stretch of remaining dunes begins,

          consisting basically of a small dune ridge that extends well back of the wide

          beach strand, paralleling the entry road. Small colonies of Pitcher's thistle

          occur on the dunes in close proximity to the condominiums being constructed.

          This population was unknown until the initiation of the condomimium-marina

          project, and was well-documented during a biological assessment, although the

          population count was not conducted at an ideal period (early spring). The

          small colonies were identified by flagging and stakes.

               Further north, a few marked plants occurred on the landward side of "Dead

          Lake", a large shallow beach pool separated from Lake Michigan by a thin beach

          and dune strand. Beyond Dead Lake the best stretch of dunes occur, supporting

          a moderate number of Pitcher's thistle plants. The dunes comprise a

          relatively narrow zone restricted to the immediate shoreline area, backed by a

          flat, highly disturbed dunefield. Significant ORV roads were observed in

          portions of the dunes, and a paved road and electical services have been

          constructed for the development of the site; a prominent sign displays the

          development plans for numerous small home or condominium tracts.

               Many exotic species were observed throughout the dunes north of the river


                                                18









          mouth, including SaRonari officinalis (soapwort), Cycloloma atriRlicfolium

          (winged pigweed), Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), Melilotus spp. (sweet

          clover), Mirabilis nyctaginea (wild four-o'clock), and PoRulus nigra var.

          italica (Lombardy poplar).

               South of the Manistee River mouth little dune habitat was found. A

          small, fenced, signed"area, site of a Pitcher's thistle transplant attempt,

          was surveyed to determine the status of the plants. One flowering plant and

          18 mostly large juvenile plants were observed; these were partially shaded by

          an overhanging plant willow tree (Salix spp., possibly a. alba). While

          leaving the river mouth area, a degraded dune area east of Cherry street and

          south of lst street was spotted. A brief, unsuccessful survey was conducted

          to determine the possible presence of Pitcher's thistle.

          6. Pere MarQuette Lake (Mason Co.)      On the north side of the Pere


          Marquette channel, little dune habitat was found at the public beach. The

          small island of remaining dune was briefly surveyed for Pitcher's thistle,

          which was not found. South of the channel, an extensive area of perched dunes

          was surveyed (photos B-18 to B-20). Immediately south of the channel lies a

          densely developed tract of cottages in fairly degraded dunes, which, were not

          closely surveyed. The entire stretch, however, from the township park at

          Buttersville to the Consumer's Power storage reservoir was walked, a distance

          of more than three miles. This stretch of perched dunes is extensive, and it

          was expected that Pitcher's thistle would be found. Careful searching of

          bluff face, the bowl of one blowout, and a dunefield below the reservoir

          failed to reveal any plants. The open dunes were somewhat more disturbed and

          weedy than comparable sites. In several areas along the base of the steep

          dune bluff, which was fronted by a very narrow beach strand, landowners had

          placed broken concrete, stones, and other types of rip-rap to stabilize the


                                                19









          slope. In these portions of the dunes it was also quite weedy, with many

          exotic and commonly cultivated plants not observed elsewhere during the

          shoreline survey. It appears that these plants were largely introduced as

          landowners picked up cast-off materials to use as rip-rap. Within the

          dunefield near the reservoir facility, it was also rather weedy, and there was

          clear evidence of ORV damage.

               Significant and unusual exotic species included Centaurea maculosa

          (spotted knapweed), Loa compressa (Canada bluegrass), Melilotus alba (white

          sweet clover), Polygonum cusRidatum (Japanese knotweed), Syringa vulgaris

          (common lilac), corkscrew willow (SaliX sp.), Robinia pseudoacacia (black

          locust), Populus nigra var. italica (Lombardy poplar), Elaeagnus umbellata

          (autumn olive), and Silene vulgaris (bladder campion).

          7. Pentwater Lake (Oceana Co.)      Approximately,1.5 miles on both sides of

          the Pentwater Lake channel were explored. North of the channel, the dunes are

          partially included within Mears State Park. Immediately north of the channel

          the site is heavily used for recreation. North of the parking lot a

          relatively narrow strip of beach and dunes extends for two miles or more, most

          of the area beyond the park developed via small tracts of cottages and homes.
          Within Mears Park there are trails and benches in the dunes (see photos B-@2

          to B-23). The shoreline is included within a Critical Dunes Area (MDNR 1989).

          Although slightly disturbed, the dunes comprise potential habitat for

          Pitcher's thistle, which was carefully sought through several traverses within

          the dune but not found. Particularly troublesome exotic plants observed were

          PoRulus alba (white poplar) and Robinia Rseudoacacia (black locust).

              South of the channel the dunes are similar but less disturbed (photo B-

          24), although there are numerous small tracts with residences behind the

          dunes. This stretch of shoreline also occurs within a Critical Dune Area



                                                20









          (MDNR 1989). Pitcher's thistle was observed beginning about 0.5 miles south

          of the channel, extending the range of the known occurrence to the south.

          Only 12 juvenile plants were tallied over much apparently suitable habitat.

          Most of the same exotic plants found north of the channel were observed here,

          including PoRulus alba (white poplar), an extremely aggressive clonal.species.

          Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) was suspiciously frequent, indicating that

          it may have been introduced for dune stabilization. A planting of AmmoRhila

          breviligulata (marram grass) for dune stabilization was observed from the

          beach. Along the beach, washed up plants of Potamogeton (pondweed) were

          encrusted with numerous zebra mussels (photo B-25).
          8. White Lake (Muskegon 6o.)      North of the White Lake channel a relatively

          small stretch of dunes of reasonably good quality was explored. The dunes,

          which occur in a,Critical Dune Area (MDNR 1989), are bordered landward by the

          "Sadony Bayou", a sluggish stream drainage formed at the mouth of Pierson

          drain. Some localized artificial disturbance by recreationists, primarily

          fisherman, was observed immediately adjacent to the channel. Behind a well-

          developed foredune, the dunes are characterized by a prominent depression

          photo B-27), at the base of which is the stream channel. The dunes were

          well-vegetated with typical species such as AmmoRhila (marram grass), PoRulus

          deltoides (eastern cottonwood), Vitis ri2aria (riverbank grape), Elymus

          canadensis (Canadian wild rye), Salix Myricoides (dune willow), Pinus

          banksiana (jack pine), Cornus stolonifera (red osier dogwood), and several

          other taxa.. The habitat appeared to be of good potential for Pitcher's

          thistle, but several traverses throughout the dunes were unsuccessful in

          identifying a population. Consultation with MNFI associate ecologist P. Comer

          resulted in the recognition of this site as a new Open Dunes occurrence.

          Common exotic species observed included SaRonaria officinalis (soapwort),


                                                21









          Robinia Rsuedoacacia (black locust), Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed),

          and PoRulus nigra var. nigra (Lombardy poplar). Other notable exotics were

          Lonicera tatarica (tatarian honeysuckle), Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus

          sylvestris (Scotch pine), and Acer Rlatanoides (Norway maple).

               South of the White Lake channel at the lighthouse, a smaller stretch of

          dunes was surveyed; these also occur within a Critical Dune Area (MDNR 1989).

          The foredune was noted as being well-developed and vegetated with AmmoRhila

          (marram grass), Calamovilfa longifolia (dune grass), Elymus canadensis

          (Canadian wild rye), Salix cordata and S. Myricoides (dune willows), and Vitis

          riRaria (riverbank grape). The backdune forested bluff area is densely

          developed with numerous homes on small tracts. One foredune area was thickly

          vegetated with AmmoRhila, which was possibly planted for dune stabilization.

          Pitcher's thistlewas sought but not found; the habitat may not be

          particularly suitable for this species, owing to the heavy vegetation cover

          and lack of exposed sand surfaces required by this species. Exotic species

          south of the channel included several clones of Robinia Rseudoacacia (black

          locust) and a few species of lesser note, such as Verbascum thaRsus (mullein),

          Poa compressa (Canada bluegrass), and Rumex acetosella (sheep sorrel).

          9. Muskegon Lake (Muskegon Co.)      North of the Muskegon Lake channel, the

          dune complex in Muskegon State Park comprises a significant, well-known

          landscape within a Critical Dune Area (14DNR 1989).. A long traverse and

          several meander-searches were conducted through representative portions of the

          dunes, concentrating on several interdunal wetlands and non-forested habitat.

          Most forested portions of the dunes consisted offinus banksigna (Jack pine)

          dominated areas. Data were gathered to update known records of Open Dunes and

          Interdunal Wetland tracked by MNFI. A known occurrence of Utricularia

          subulata (zigzag bladderwort, state threatened), an Atlantic Coastal Plain


                                                22








          disjunct species not observed since its discovery in 1987, was carefully

          sought and found. This species was found in new interdunal wetlands,

          extending its local range, and significant additional data on this plant and

          its habitat was obtained. Zigzag bladderwort, although extremely obscure

          (photos B-28 and B-31), was locally frequent within good quality Interdunal

          Wetlands, occurring in moist, calcareous sand in areas dominated by Cladium

          mariscoides (twig-rush), ScirRus americanus (threesquare), Eleocharis

          elliRtica (spike-rush), Eleocharis Rauciflora (few-flowered spike-rush), and

          Juncus spp. (rushes). Photo B-32 depicts an Interdunal Wetland site that

          contains a colony of Zigzag bladderwort.

               Within the park, two significant new rare plant occurrences were

          documented. A large Interdunal Wetland, several acres in extent within the

          south-central portion of the park, was carefully surveyed, resulting in the

          discovery of L@ycoRodium apRress   (appressed clubmoss, state threatened),

          another Atlantic Coastal Plain disjunct species. This species occurred in a

          more thickly vegetated wetland dominated by Calamagrostis canadensis (blue-

          joint grass), SRiraea tomentosa (steeplebush), Pinus banksiana (jack pine),

          RhyLachospora caRillacea (beak-rush), Eupatori   Verfoliatum (joe-pye-weed).

          Other notable associates included bog species such as LycoRodi     inundatum

          (bog clubmoss), Drosera rotundifolia (round-leaved sundew), and Spha

          subsecundum (sphagnum moss). Zigzag bladderwort was also found in this

          wetland near the periphery of small pools. After several interdunal wetlands

          were explored, open dune areas were carefully meander-searched for Pitcher's

          thistle, previously unknown for the site. Extensive searching revealed a

          relatively small colony on one dune slope and blowout, consisting of 23

          juvenile plants and one flowering individual. The open dunes were estimated

          to support a population of at least 100 plants, based on available habitat.


                                                 23









               South of the Muskegon Lake channel little dune habitat remains. On the

          lake the site is a public beach with little vegetation. A small area of open

          dunes, however, remains within a former sandpit (presumably a sand mining

          area) and this area was briefly explored to determine if Pitcher's thistle

          plants were present (photo B-33). The area was found to support several

          typical dune species, but was fairly disturbed and degraded by ORV paths and

          several exotic species such as Saponaria officinalis (soapwort), Robini

          Rseudo acacia (black locust), Morus alba (white mulberry), and other species.

          10. SRring Lake (Ottawa Co.)      North of the Grand River mouth, past the

          west end of Spring Lake, the shoreline lies within a Critical Dune Area (MDNR

          1989). The Lake Michigan shore is developed for several miles with numerous

          small private tracts of cottages and homes, extending to the southern border

          of P. J. Hoffmaster State Park. The dunes, however, are well-developed in

          this area, and landward the largely forested dune complexes are not densely

          developed. The most significant tract of open dunes and wetland lies within

          the Kitchel Dunes Preserve, which is owned and managed by the City of Grand

          Haven. The preserve, which supports known occurrences of Open Dunes,

          Interdunal Wetland, and Pitcher's thistle, was surveyed throughout all

          representative habitats.

              Data were gathered to update occurrence records for Open Dunes and

          Interdunal Wetland. The open dunes were also explored for Pitcher' thistle,

          which was observed as occasional. Previous data indicate that only a small

          population occurs within the preserve. This miy be due to the fact that much

          of the tract is forested with Pinus banksiana (jack pine) and open dune

          habitat is somewhat limited, restricting sand movement and other processes

          necessary for Pitcher's thistle. Interdunal wetlands within and bordering the

          periphery of Kitchel Dunes were closely examined for Utricularia subulata


                                                24








          (zigzag bladderwort). These wetlands appeared to be of good potential habitat

          for this species but several painstaking searches failed to identify any

          plants.

               Several of the common exotic species observed elsewhere were found in

          Kitchel Dunes, particularly around the more disturbed periphery, including

          such species as Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), Saponaria officinalis

          (soapwort), and Poa coMpress (Canada bluegrass). Pinus sylvestris (Scotch

          pine) was present in the preserve, and more notably, a large plantation of

          Pinus rigida (pitch pine).--identified during a previous CZM survey in 1985--

          was revisited to document its extent (photos C-1 to C-2).

               South of the Grand River mouth the shoreline lies within a Critical Dune


          Area (MDNR 1989). The lakeshore immediately south of the river mouth is a

          public beach with no dune vegetation remaining. Further south the shoreline

          is completely developed. Within the forested dunes, which were not explored,

          there are substantially more homes than in similar habitat north of the river

          mouth.


          11. Lake Macatawa. (Ottawa Co.)      Portions of the shoreline both north and


          south of the Lake Macatawa channel   lie within Critical Dune Areas (MDNR 1989).

          There were no known element occurrences prior to the survey, and no element

          occurrences were identified during field surveys. North of the channel,

          ll'ttle good quality dune habitat remains in Holland State Park (photo C-5).

          What habitat exists was briefly explored and found to be fairly degraded and

          highly disturbed. Numerous exotics were present. One private track visible

          from the park boundary had a planting of Ammophila breviligulata (marram

          grass  with a sign noting the area as a dune grass restoration project. North

          of the park the shore is highly developed and lined with elaborate condominium

          complexes (photo C-3) beyond the park's last foredune. Pitcher's thistle was


                                                  25









          sought but not found.

               South of the channel the shoreline is even more densely developed than

          than to the north. The dunes lie within a Critical Dune Area (MDNR 1989),

          including much of the forested dunes. The shoreline for about one mile south

          of the channel is largely unvegetated beach. Examination of the topographic

          map and photo following the dune survey indicated that,possible Pitcher's

          thistle habitat occurs about 1.5 miles south where there is little


          development; these areas should be incorporated into a subsequent follow-up


          survey.

          12. Kalamazoo Lake (Allegan Co.)       The shoreline near the Kalamazoo River

          mouth comprises a significant Critical Dune Area (MDNR 1989) and includes

          several known elements in addition to a dedicated State Natural Area. North


          of the river mouth, the shoreline was accessed via Saugatuck Dunes State Park

          and surveyed down to the river mouth. The forested portion of the dunes

          consist of mesic forest, giving way to a moderate bluff above the beach. The

          dedicated Saugatuck, Dunes Natural Area (photo C-6), an approximately 300-acre

          area centered around Pelican Peak, was explored throughout the open dunes and

          forested dune habitats. Data were gathered on known occurrences of Open Dunes

          and Interdunal Wetland; most of the latter habitat was surveyed near the

          channel. The natural area is considerably altered by a large planting of

          Pinus nigra (black pine), deliberately introduced to stabilize the dunes. The

          effect of this has been to degrade the dunes by diminishing the natural sand

          movement processes necessary for many sand dune plants, such as Pitcher's

          thistle. After extensive searching, a colony of Pitcher's thistle (part of a

          known occurrence) was finally found in a backdune area behind the black pine

          plantings. The colony, consisting of 22 sterile plants, did not look

          vigorous, and was restricted to a small area where there was active sand


                                                26












          movement.


              Between the natural area and the channel, several Interdunal Wetlands

          (such as the one depicted in photo C-7) were carefully searched for possible

          new colonies of Utricularia subulata (zigzag bladderwort), an occurrence of

          which was known only for wetlands south of the channel. No plants were found,

          despite the availability of apparently suitable habitat. It is still

          possible, however, that plants of this species occur in wetlands north of the

          channel. Photo C-@8 depicts a common piece of refuse washed ashore on beaches

          throughout Lake Michigan, the remains of a helim-filled party balloon and

          ribbon. Although the origin of these balloons isunknown, this item was

          observed on beaches throughout the Lake Michigan coastal zone, becoming more

          common in southern Lake Michigan. It is likely that the balloons and ribbons

          are a serious threat to wildlife that may become entangled in them.

              South of the channel, the dune complex was surveyed from Oval Beach up to

          the channel. The Open Dunes within the city beach and park were found to be

          of good quality, although Populus nigra var. italica was noted as being

          .particularly invasive in places and clearly presents a potential serious

          problem. Pitcher's thistle was found to be scattered to locally frequent in

          the backdune field near Oval Beach, with both adult and juvenile plants

          present. Several Interdunal Wetlands were carefully explored between Oval

          Beach and the channel. In the wetlands-closer to the channel, a known

          occurrence of zigzag bladderwort last seen in 1987 was relocated, and in these

          wetlands this species was abundant. As observed in Muskegon State Park, the

          bladderwort was found in Cladium mariscoides (twig-rush) dominated areas of

          the interdunal wetlands. Additional data were gathered to update the

          occurrence record. A known occurrence of Rhexia virginica (meadow-beauty,

          state special concern), an Atlantic Coastal Plain disjunct species, was not


                                               27











          relocated.


          13. Black River (Van Buren Co.)       North of the Black River mouth channel,

          no dune habitat remains other than a wide, bare expanse of sand beach (photos

          C-17 to C-18). No element occurrences were known prior to the survey not

          discovered during the inventory. The shoreline. has been completely developed

          with elaborate homes and condominiums. Several miles to the north there


          appears to be a relatively steep shoreline dune bluff and possible rare plant

          habitat that should be considered in future surveys. South of the river

          mouth, a very limited amount of habitat remains between the low, developed

          bluff and the wide sand beach (photo C-14 to C-15). A brief survey revealed

          very little, other than a thickly vegetated foredune which may have been

          planted with AmmoRhila breviligulata (marram grass) for dune stabilization.

          Several standard exotic species were present, including Populus nigra var.

          italica (Lombardy poplar), Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), SaRonari

          officinalis (soapwort), and Cycloloma atriRlicifolium (winged-pigweed). Here,

          as in several other sites surveyed, were numerous stranded balloons and

          ribbons.


          14. St. JoseRh River (Berrien Co.)        Little dune habitat remains on

          either site of the river mouth. The best of the remaining dunes occurs within

          Tiscornia Park, a city beach and park on the north side of the river mouth.

          The dunes consist of a large foredune dominated by Ammophila breviligulata

          (marram grass), Calamovilfa longifolia (dune grass), Monar   punctat (horse-

          mint), Artemisia cMRestris (wormwood), Prunus Rumila (sand cherry), Salix

          Myricoides (dune willow), and several other typical sand dune species.

          Several exotics were present, particularly in the weedy backdune area,

          including Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), SaRonaria officinalis

          (soapwort), HyReric   Rerforat    (St. John's-wort), Euonymus eurORaea


                                                28









          (European euonymus), Melilotus alba (white sweet clover), PORulus nisra var.

          italica (Lombardy poplar), and Yucca filamentosa (yucca). Remnant plants of

          Pitcher's thistle were sought but not found.

              South of the river mouth channel there was a wide flat expanse of sand

          beach (Silver beach City Park), but the remaining area has been developed. A

          significant area was in the early stages of construction of a building complex

          (apparently a condominium site) and most dune areas that had been present were

          obliterated. The bit of remaining dune and dune vegetation occurred adjacent

          to the channel (photo C-12), consisting of an AmmoRhila-dominated foredune

          with PoRulus deltoides (eastern cottonwood), Panic   virgatum (switch-grass),

          and the exotic Robinia pseudoacacia.


          15. Galien River (Berrien Co.)      North of the river mouth channel lies a


          public park with a small remaining dune of moderate height (photo C-11). The

          dune is dominated primarily by AmmoRhila breviligulata (marram grass) and

          Calamovilfa longifolia (dune grass), with Prunus pumila (sand cherry) and

          eastern cottonwood. A boardwalk and stairs have been constructed along the

          dune for an outlook. Despite the limited habitat, the area was completely

          searched for Pitcher's thistle, and no plants were found. South of the

          channel, the shoreline has been completely developed, with the exception of a

          very small area of dune next to the.channel (photo C-10). Access to the south

          side, through a gated condominium complex, was not gained; however, the

          likelihood of rare species such as Pitcher's thistle occurring in this site

          are minimal, and little was lost by not being able to survey here. Common

          exotics noted near the Galien River mouth were Robinia Rseudoacacia (black

          locust)- and SaRonaria officinalis (soapwort).





                                                29










                                  Discussion and Recommendations


          Rare SRecies and Natural Communities

               Overall, the inventory of 15 river mouth and lake channel sites can be

          considered very productive, resulting in significant new rare plant

          occurrences and a vastly improved database for several previously known

          records. The identification of several new natural community occurrences was

          not anticipated prior to the survey and thus provided an unexpected benefit.

          Several of the new element occurrences were identified because fairly

          extensive areas of the Lake Michigan coastline were explored when river mouth

          and channel sites were accessed. Approximately 23 miles of lineal shoreline

          were covered over the entire survey. This, however, is a conservative

          estimate of the coverage actually achieved, since.most sites were also

          repeatedly traversed through meander searches.

               The identification of a large population of Solidago houghtoni'

          (Houghton's goldenrod) in Fisherman's Island State Park was the most

          significant discovery during the survey. Prior to thi  s discovery, populations

          were known no further south than Summer Island (Delta County) and Sturgeon Bay

          (Emmet County) in the Lake Michigan basin. The occurrence of this species

          south of Charlevoix thus represents an important range extension. The two

          newly documented Cirsium Ritcheri (Pitcher's thistle) populations, found at

          Portage Point and in Muskegon State Park, respectively, were relatively small.

          Both, however, were discovered in close proximity to their respective lake

          channels, and any planned development and recreational activities near these

          channel sites will benefit from knowledge of these rare plant populations.

          The Portage Point colony is particularly important because it lies primarily

          on private land. The fourth new rare plant occurrence found during the

          survey, the discovery of the state threatened LycoRodi    aRRress   (appressed


                                                 30









          clubmoss) within Muskegon State Park, is similarly a significant record.

               An important component of the survey was to relocate known occurrences of

          rare plant populations such that MNFI records' could be improved with updated

          status information. Nearly all known (i.e. MNFI-tracked) occurrences within

          or near the 15 sites were found and appropriate status data were gathered,

          consisting of population tallies or estimates, lists of associate species,

          lists of and notes on invasive exotics, and notes an important natural and

          artificial disturbance factors, particularly human disturbances such as ORV
          incursions. As noted in Table 1, 16 known rare plant occur@ences were

          relocated. For many occurrences, prior record data were minimal2, and the

          survey thus resulted in vastly improved records for these populations. For

          several occurrences, exploration of more extensive areas of the shoreline also

          resulted in significant local range extensions within sites (e.g. the

          identification of colonies in additional sections in townships).

               Although the shoreline survey was not initially conducted with the

          intention of accumulating natural community information, sufficient data were

          gathered such that community occurrences of Open Dunes and Interdunal Wetland

          could be recognized. It is notable that all seven new community occurrences

          were previously unidentified sites within designated Critical Dune Areas. In

          addition to the documentation of new natural community occurrences, six known

          occurrences of Open Dunes and Interdunal Wetland were within the study sites

          (see Table 1), and data gathered during rare plant surveys were used to up    date

          these community occurrence records..





               20ccurrence records are often comprised of the minimal data derived from
          herbarium labels or early, very cursory surveys, and thus many records may
          provide little information on associated species, disturbance, and the extent
          and condition of populations.

                                                  31









          Exotic Species and Human Disturbance

               Several invasive or potentially invasive exotic plant species were noted

          during the survey of coastal sites. The establishment of exotics has occurred

          primarily as a result of artificial disturbance, such as excessive foot-

          traffic and ORV use, or not uncommonly through.deliberate introductions to

          stablize sand dunes and also serve as ornamental species. The net effect has

          been to degrade natural sand dune habitat and partially disable the abioiic

          processes--mostly sand movement--necessary to maintain the dunes and their

          associated biodiversity. Because many of these exotics appeared to pose a

          substantial threat to rare plant populations, appropriate notes were compiled

          on important alien species observed during the inventory.

               A number of the recorded exotic species are widespread throughout the

          state, especially on roadsides and elsewhere, such as Centaurea maculosa

          (spotted knapweed), Poa coLmRressa (Canada bluegrass), Silene vulaaris (bladder

          campion), and Saponaria officinalis (soapwort). Soapwort and bladder campion,

          for example, were found in many of the sites surveyed (Table 2), but like

          Canada bluegrass, AgroRyron reRens (quack grass), and some other species, did

          not seem to be a problem in most of the sites surveyed.

               The most invasive species noted during the inventory were spotted

          knapweed, PORulus nigra var. italica (Lombardy poplar), PORulus alba (white

          poplar), Robinia Rseudoacacia (black locust), Elagagnus umbellata (autumn

          olive), and to some extent Melilotus alba (white sweet clover). Spotted

          knapweed thrives well in sand dune habitats, particularly where artificial

          disturbance occurs, which enhances the ability of this species to invade dunes

          from adjacent roadsides and other areas. As this  plant becomes established it

          will likely be extremely difficult to eradicate as it displaces native

          vegetation. Black locust and especially Lombardy poplar were similarly


                                                32









         observed to be well-established in many dune habitats, and because of their

         ability to form clones (see photo B-14) these species will persist. Autumn

         olive, which was likely introduced as both a wildlife planting and sand dune

         stabilizer, was observed within relatively few sites, but found to be rapidly

         spreading. Based on prior knowledge of this species' biology elsewhere, this

         shrub will continue to aggressively invade the dunes without control efforts.

              White poplar,.although only observed in one site, was noted because of

         its extremely invasive characteristic. Once planted, it readily forms clones

         and is difficult to control. The shoreline sand dunes are highly vulnerable

         to this species, which appears to be well-adapted to the dune environment.

         This species has been observed to be particularly invasive elsewhere along the

         Lake Michigan shore, such as near Cross Village and other sites not within the

         1992 study area.

              Artificial (human) disturbance remains a significant threat along most

         shoreline areas. Other than creating conditions suitable for the invasion of

         exotic plant species, much of this disturbance is a direct threat to the

         integrity and functioning of sand dune systems. Shorelines continue to be

         heavily used for recreation, and where not controlled this threatens many rare

         plant populations. Perhaps the most persistent and pernicious problem is the

         ubiquitous use of ORVIs on beaches and dunes, leading to the unnatural

         destabilization of back dunes and other areas, as depicted in some of the

         photos in Appendix C.

              Lastly, as noted previously, the remains of helium ballons and ribbon

         streamers were found repeatedly along the shoreline (see photo  in Appendix Q.

         Some residents encountered believed these to be released from as far away as

         Wisconsin, although the balloons were not identifiable as to origin. Clearly,

         the abundance of this refuse represents an important potential problem for


                                                33









          wildlife, such as gulls and other Great Lakes birds that may become entangled

          in it. At the very least, the balloons and streamers befoul the beaches and

          dunes to the extent that they degrade them aesthetically, and are very

          annoying to shoreline residents and recreationists.

          Potential Rare Plant Sites


               Systematic examination of the Lake Michigan shoreline via topographic

          maps and aerial photos revealed a number of shoreline areas that merit field

          inspection for rare plants (see Appendix B). These areas ranged  from sites

          delineated in Berrien County to selected shorelines in the Beaver Island

          group, included Garden and Hog islands. Most of the sites identified along

          the southern portion of the Lake Michigan shoreline were of potential

          primarily,for additional Pitcher's thistle populations. To the north,

          particularly in Charlevoix and Emmet counties (especially Beaver, Hog, and

          Garden islands and Waugoshance Island respectively), several areas provide

          potential habitat for several other possible species, including Houghton's

          goldenrod, Dwarf lake iris, Michigan monkey-flower, Lake Huron tansy,

          Pinguicula vulzaris (butterwort), and possibly other species.  Survey of the

          identified sites will unquestionably result in significant new rare plant


          localities.


          Recommendations


          1. Information on new  and updated occurrences should be promptly conveyed to

          appropriate management agencies, such that these occurre nces can be considered

          in future planning activities.

          2.   Surveys of the potential rare plant sites delineated through map and

          aerial photo review should be conducted within the next few years, and

          systematic survey of all remaining Michigan shoreline areas in both peninsulas

          should be initiated.



                                                34








         3.   A management strategy to control the invasion and spread of exotic plant

         species along Great Lakes shorelines should be prepared, including provisions

         for public education and the dissemination of information about the natural

         ecology of the shoreline ecosystem.

         4.   An attempt should be made to determine the source or sources (i.e.

         release points) of helium party balloons and their ribbon streamers, such that

         this frequent refuse along the Lake Michigan shoreline can be eliminated,

         which will enhance the aesthetic aspects of the coastal zone and also assist

         in the protection of wildlife.









































                                               35









                                         Acknowledgements

               We would like to thank the Michigan Coastal Management Program of the

          Land and Water Management Division (MDNR) for their support and assistance

          with this project. Special thanks go to Cathie Cunningham for her constant

          help, support, and abundant patience. Mary Harding of Wildlife Division

          provided assistance with a difficult table for this report, and MNFI

          administrative assistant Sue Ridge provided help, as always, in numerous ways.











































                                                36











                                             Literature Cited


           Albert, D.  A., G. A. Reese, M. R. Penskar, L. A. Wilsmann, and S. J. Ouwinga.
                 1989. A survey of Great Lakes Marshes in the northern half of Michigan's
                 Lower Peninsula and throughout Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Lansing,
                 Mich. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Unpub. rept. for Land and
                 Water Mgt. Div., MDNR. 124 pp.

           Albert, D.  A., G. A. Reese, S. R. Crispin, M. R. Penskar, L. A. Wilsmann, and
                 S. J. Ouwinga. 1988. A survey of Great Lakes marshes in the southern
                 half of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. Lansing, Mich. Michigan Natural
                 Features Inventory. Unpub. rept. for Land and Water Mgt. Div., MDNR.
                 116 pp.

           Albert, D. A., S. R. Crispin, G. A. Reese, L. A. Wilsmann, and S. J. Ouwinga.
                 1987. A survey of Great Lakes marshes in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.
                 Lansing, Mich. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Unpub. rept. for
                 Land and Water Mgt. Div., MDNR. 73 pp.

           Comer, P. J. 1993. A survey of wooded dune and swale complexes in Michigan.
                 (In prep.) Lansing, Mich. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Unpubl.
                 rept. for Land and Water Mgt. Div., MDNR.

           Comer, P. J. 1991. A survey of wooded dune and swale complexes in Michigan
                 in the northern Lower and eastern Upper Peninsulas of Michigan. Lansing,
                 Mich. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Unpubl. rept. for Land and
                 Water Mgt. Div., MDNR. 99 pp.,

           Penskar, M. R. and J. P. Ludwig. 1981. A summer survey of 35 islands owned
                 by the BLM in Michigan in the St. Mary's River and Lake Huron for rare,
                 threatened, and endangered plants and animals. Iron River, Mich.
                 Ecological Research Services, Inc. Unpub. rept. 88 pp.

           Voice, S. P., S. V. Milan, and J. P. Ludwig. 1982. A spring and early summer
                 survey of 62 islands owned by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management in Lake
                 Huron, Lake Michigan, and Lake Superior for rare, threatened, and
                 endangered plants and animals. Iron, Mich. Ecological Research
                 Services, Inc. Unpub. rept. 154 pp.

           MDNR. 1989. Atlas of proposed critical dune areas. Coastal Management
                 Program, Land and Water Mgt. Div.- Lansing, Mich.














                                                    37










































                                            APPENDICES






























  I






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                                                 38







                                     I


























                                           Appendix A
               .  Maps of survey sites and specific shoreline areas inventoried

















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                   IATUM IS LOW WATER 576.8 FEET                                                                                                                                   US. Route            State Route
                                                                                                 MICHIGANn
                   MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS                                                    QUADRANGLE LOCATION                                 NEW BUFFALO WEST, MICH.-IND.
                  ,/EY, WASHINGTON. D. C. 20242                                                                                                                         N4145-w8645/7.5
                   )URCES, INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA 46204                                 WCHIGAN NATUML FEATLIKS
                    SYMBOLS IS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST                                           INVENTORY FROG"                                                                      1970
                                                                                                                                                                 AMS 3667 IV SE-SERIES V862



































                                           Appendix B

                                  Potential new rare plant sites

                              identified through map and photo review






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          --e Mercator grid ticks.                                                                                           THIS MAP COMPLIES WITH NATIONAL MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS
                                                                                                                      FOR    SALE BY U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. WASHINGTON, D. C. 20242
          @I-h ..], landmark buildings are 1h...                                                                A FOLDER    DESCRI13ING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND SYMBOLS IS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST
          @l,e,selecled fence and field lines where
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                   1927 North American Datum                                                                                                                                      AND BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION
                   To place on the predicted North American Datum 1983                                                                                    MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, LANSING, MICHIGAN 40909
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                                         DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR                                                                                                               B-7
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                                                         COMPUMM rWM AnIAL PIWTOMAVW TAMW            .......     ....... 'M
                                                         PMED QW0311)  .... -., n"          MAI ZWED     .............   190                                               loc        0                            'No       aoc      5
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                                                         4M jocauMil VMVrRML TRANIFAM UMCATOR               ........ 10" 0
                                                                    swoo.m.yr YrA-m GoID Tom ...... MICHIGAK CE24MI, ZOM
                                                         virw 00U) DICIMATION    .                     . ......    rty tAffr                                                     looo
                                                         va,. W"ff, M",                                           4*37 wwr                                                                                         COWOUR INTERVAL 5 FEET
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                                                         To plaft an the pn&ctd North A-rk- Da- of 19"                           produced from original                                                     0TMp EL@Anom stoWN To TIM NEARF"l!
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   T.
                                                         low" the Pro*dm Unto as IhaWA by dashed owe" dc"o                       manuscript drawings. Infor-
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                                                         Th. v b. VrE.%. W.Wj.V -I- th. b.-- at -                                motion htlu,n as of date o4f                                    TIM MAE, COMPLIES W111I NAIIONAL MAP ACCUP
                                                         F.dwa W State Racmd- &Wa an dds tup                                     photoRmlhy.                                                   FOR SALE By US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, REMIN,
                                                         14. &*wAlpa .& bottwom bsoots. bat-                 eh- b,"nEs                                                                                        AND GF.OLOCICAL SURVEY DIVES["
                                                                                                                                                                                       WCtUGAN DEPARTMENT OF 14ATURAL RESOURCM LA@





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                                                  ?,,a -loop 9-000              10000                                                      1-     vZ.Road       . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                                         d  Road    . . . . . . . . . . .     - - - - - -
                                                                                                     QUADRAWAZ LocAnoN                     Trail   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                            (Dintee"m Route OU.& Route 0                      SLate Route
                                        "Mal 1@r
                                                                                                                                                      HOG ISLAND WESr, Nil(-Ill(;AN
                                                                                                                                                            PROVISIONAL EDITION 1986
                                                                                                                                                                        4SM-G4-TF-024                            5,0                  7L@
                                                                                          1. @A.MV.AM 7S IVADRANGLE NAM"                           MICHIGAN NATURAL FEATURES
                                                                                                                                                         WVE,1103Y FROCRAU





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                                             Appendix C

                                      Photos of survey sites

                                            (attachment)







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